text:
La cuisine du Moyen-Orient connue également sous le nom de cuisine d'Asie occidentale comprend les cuisines arabe, arménienne, assyrienne, azerbaïdjanaise, chypriote, égyptienne, géorgienne, iranienne, irakienne, israélienne, kurde, libanaise, palestinienne et turque. Les ingrédients communs incluent les olives et l'huile d'olive, les pitas, le miel, les graines de sésame, les dattes, le sumac, les pois chiches, la menthe, le riz et le persil, et les plats populaires incluent les brochettes, les dolmas, les falafels, les baklava, le yaourt, le kebab, le shawarma et la mulukhiyah.

Géographie

Les pays considérés comme faisant partie du Moyen-Orient sont difficiles à déterminer car la définition a changé au fil du temps et d'une source à l'autre. Actuellement, les pays considérés comme faisant partie du Moyen-Orient sont les suivants : Bahreïn, Chypre, Égypte, Iran, Irak, Israël, Jordanie, Koweït, Palestine, Liban, Oman, Qatar, Arabie saoudite, Syrie, Turquie, Émirats arabes unis et Yémen. Cependant, la cuisine du Moyen-Orient comprend divers plats des cultures arabe, arménienne, assyrienne, azérie, chypriote, géorgienne, iranienne, israélienne, kurde, levantine et turque.

Variétés

Cuisines du Croissant Fertile

 Cuisine libanaise
 Cuisine chypriote
 Cuisine israélienne
 Cuisine mésopotamienne
 Cuisine assyrienne
 Cuisine égyptienne
 Cuisine palestinienne
 Cuisine syrienne

Cuisines arabe

 Cuisine bahreïnienne
 Cuisine émiratie
 Cuisine jordanienne
 Cuisine koweitienne
 Cuisine omanie
 Cuisine qatarie
 Cuisine saoudienne
 Cuisine yéménite

Caucase du Sud

 Cuisine arménienne
 Cuisine azérie
 Cuisine géorgienne
 Cuisine ossétienne

Le reste

 Cuisine kurde
 Cuisine iranienne
 Cuisine turque

Histoire et influences

Le Moyen-Orient comprend le Croissant fertile, y compris la Mésopotamie ( Sumer, Akkad, Assyrie et Babylone ) où le blé fut cultivé pour la première fois, suivi du seigle, de l'orge, des lentilles, des haricots, des pistaches, des figues, des grenades, des dattes et d'autres aliments de base régionaux. La domestication des moutons, des chèvres et des bovins a également eu lieu dans la région. On y découvrit aussi la fermentation, pour faire lever le pain et faire de la bière en Mésopotamie et au Levant. De plus, les premières recettes qui furent écrites provenaient de cette région.

En tant que carrefour entre l'Europe, l'Asie, le Caucase et l'Afrique du Nord, il a été une plaque tournante de l'échange de nourriture et de recettes. Au cours du premier empire perse (vers 550-330 avant notre ère), les bases ont été posées pour la cuisine moderne du Moyen-Orient lorsque le riz, la volaille et les fruits ont été incorporés dans l'alimentation locale. Les figues, les dattes et les noix ont été apportées par les marchands vers les terres conquises, et les épices ont été apportées d'Orient.

La région a notamment été influencée par les boulettes des envahisseurs mongols ; curcuma et autres épices d'Inde ; clous de girofle, grains de poivre et piment de la Jamaïque des îles aux épices ; le gombo d'Afrique et les tomates du Nouveau Monde.

La religion a eu une incidence sur la cuisine en faisant de l'agneau la viande principale puisque les juifs et les musulmans ne mangent pas de porc.

Le Coran, livre sacré de l'Islam, interdit strictement la consommation d'alcool, expliquant ainsi la raison pour laquelle ce sont les pays non islamiques qui produisent et exportent de l'alcool. Le meilleur exemple serait le vin produit au Liban, dans des vignobles tels que le Château Ksara, le Château Kefraya  et le Château Masaya qui ont acquis une reconnaissance internationale. Le Château Ksara est aussi connu pour son arak ksarak. Al-Maza est la principale brasserie du Liban et était autrefois le seul producteur de bière du Moyen-Orient.

Avant 1979 (changement de régime), l'Iran était réputé pour sa production de vin.

Des pâtisseries sucrées à base de pâte phyllo fine comme du papier et de café épais ont été apportées et introduites dans la région, sous l'Empire ottoman.

Éléments

Céréales
Les céréales sont à la base du régime alimentaire du Moyen-Orient, où le blé et le riz sont considérés comme des aliments de base. L'orge est également largement utilisée dans la région, et le maïs est en outre devenu courant dans certaines régions. Le pain est un aliment universel consommé sous une forme ou une autre par toutes les classes à presque tous les repas.

En plus du pain, le blé est également utilisé dans le boulghour et le couscous . Le boulghour est du blé concassé fabriqué en cuisant partiellement des grains de blé dans de l'eau, en les séchant au four (ou au soleil) et en les brisant en morceaux. Il est généralement cuit dans de l'eau avec des arômes, un peu comme le riz.

Le boulghour est également utilisé dans les pâtés à la viande et comme ingrédient dans les salades (notamment dans le taboulé avec du persil haché, de la tomate, du citron et de l'huile). La freekeh est un autre grain commun, fabriqué à partir de blé vert immature.

De nombreux types de riz sont produits et consommés dans la région. Le riz nature est servi sous les viandes grillées ou dans les ragoûts de viande et de légumes. Les plats de riz plus complexes contiennent des couches de viande, de légumes, de sauces, de noix ou de fruits secs.

Arômes
Le beurre et le beurre clarifié (également connu sous le nom de smen), également ghee, sont traditionnellement l'huile préférée pour cuisiner. En outre, l'huile d'olive est répandue dans les zones côtières méditerranéennes, où les chrétiens l'utilisent pendant le carême et d'autres jeûnes qui interdisent la viande et les produits laitiers.  et les Juifs l'utilisent à la place des graisses animales (comme le beurre) pour éviter de combiner viande et produits laitiers.

La plupart des régions du Moyen-Orient utilisent des épices. Un ragoût typique comprendra une petite quantité de cannelle, de muscade, de clou de girofle, de cumin et de coriandre. Le poivre noir est populaire et les piments sont utilisés occasionnellement, notamment comme sauce ou comme cornichons. Le persil et la menthe sont largement utilisés en cuisine et dans les salades.

Les mélanges de thym et de zaatar  sont courants en Syrie, au Liban, en Jordanie, en Palestine et en Israël, en plus d'un mélange de thym séché et de sumac (baies acides broyées) qui prévaut au petit-déjeuner avec de l'huile et du pain. Le sumac est également saupoudré sur les viandes grillées et l'ail est fréquemment utilisé dans de nombreux plats et salades.

Influence religieuse

L'agneau et le mouton sont les viandes préférées, car le porc est interdit par les lois alimentaires islamiques et juives .

Les viandes grillées ( kebabs ) sont populaires, avec de nombreuses variétés régionales. Le plus populaire est l'agneau en cubes sur des brochettes ( chiche-kebab ), et le poulet qui peut également être grillé de la même manière. Une autre grande variété est kefta kebab, fabriqué à partir de viande hachée mélangée à des oignons et des épices, disposé autour de la brochette comme une saucisse et grillé. Les kebabs sont généralement des plats de rue ou de restaurant, servis avec du pain, de la salade et des cornichons, et ne sont habituellement pas préparés à la maison.

Les ragoûts de viande et de légumes sont servis avec du riz, du boulghour ou du pain. La kebbé est une tarte (ou boulette) à base de viande et de céréales.

La kebbé la plus populaire est composée de viande hachée (généralement de l'agneau) et de boulghour, travaillés ensemble dans une pâte et farcis de viande hachée frite avec de l'oignon, des herbes et parfois des pignons de pin, ou des amandes et des raisins secs, préparés en petites boulettes individuelles (en forme de torpille) ou tranchés comme un gâteau et cuits sur une plaque allant au four avec deux couches de pâte farcie.

Une autre variante de la kebbé est la kebbé nayé, préparée en pilant de la viande crue et du boulghour avec des assaisonnements, servie avec du jus de citron et de la sauce chili pour tremper.

Légumes

Les légumes et les légumineuses sont des aliments de base et sont bouillis, cuits, grillés, farcis et cuits avec de la viande et du riz. Les légumes-feuilles comprennent de nombreuses variétés de choux, d' épinards et de blettes . Les légumes-racines, tels que les oignons, l' ail, les carottes, les navets et les betteraves, sont également populaires dans la région.

La courge, la tomate, l' aubergine et le gombo sont des éléments distinctifs de la cuisine de la région. L'aubergine est souvent tranchée, frite et assaisonnée de yaourt et d'ail. Le Baba ganousch est une aubergine rôtie sur un feu ouvert, écrasée et assaisonnée de tahini (pâte de sésame), de jus de citron, d'ail et de cumin.

Étant l'ingrédient le plus omniprésent dans la cuisine du Moyen-Orient, la tomate est utilisée fraîchement dans les salades, cuite dans les ragoûts et les bouillons et grillée avec le kebab .

Les haricots et les légumineuses sont cruciaux pour le régime alimentaire régional, juste après les céréales. Les fèves sont consommées vertes et séchées. Les fèves séchées sont bouillies en foul medammas, l'un des aliments domestiques et de rue égyptiens les plus populaires. Quant aux fèves en purée, elles sont assaisonnées d'huile, de citron et de piment. Des plats similaires se retrouvent dans toute la région.

Le falafel, populaire en Europe et aux États-Unis, était à l'origine fabriqué à partir de fèves séchées formées en rissole avec des herbes et des épices, puis frites. Il est également fabriqué à partir de pois chiches, ou d'un mélange des deux. Les favas vertes sont cuites comme les autres haricots verts, bouillies et assaisonnées avec de l'huile ou cuites avec de la viande. Les haricots et les doliques à œil noir (Cornille) sont également bien connus.

Les lentilles, les pois cassés et les pois chiches sont très souvent utilisés dans les soupes et les salades, avec du riz ou de la viande. Le houmous, à base de pois chiches et de tahini, est originaire de Syrie et du Liban.

Plats

Les légumes farcis, un plat associé à la cuisine du Moyen-Orient, sont communément appelés dolma (mot turc signfiant "farcis") ou mahshi . Les feuilles de vigne, les blettes et le chou sont farcis de riz, de viande hachée, de pignons de pin et d'épices, et cuits dans de l'huile et des tomates. De nombreux légumes, tels que la courge, l'oignon, la tomate, l'aubergine, les poivrons et les carottes, sont également farcis et mijotés (ou cuits au four).

Le Mezzé est populaire dans tout le Moyen-Orient. Il se compose d'un certain nombre de petits plats (fromage, melon, noix, salades et trempettes telles que le taboulé, houmous et mutabbal/baba ganousch et les cornichons) et d'éléments plus substantiels, tels que la viande grillée, la kebbé et les saucisses .

Les Moyen-Orientaux consomment fréquemment du lait, frais ou aigre. Le yaourt est couramment consommé nature, également utilisé en cuisine et en vinaigrette, ou dilué comme boisson. La feta et le halloumi grecs sont les fromages les plus populaires de la région.

Boissons

Le café turc est une boisson bien connue à l'échelle internationale. Plus épais que les autres cafés, il est fabriqué en faisant bouillir du café finement moulu dans de l'eau et en laissant le marc se déposer. Au cours des années 1980, le café instantané/soluble est devenu populaire.

L'arak est une boisson alcoolisée distillée à saveur d'anis, généralement diluée avec de l'eau et de la glace, et servie lors de rassemblements sociaux avec des mezzés .

Certains chrétiens, comme les Assyriens, les Arméniens, les Chypriotes et les Maronites fabriquent leur propre bière et vin .

Le sirop de Kamardine, une boisson épaisse et sucrée à l'abricot, est bue par les musulmans pendant le mois du Ramadan . Les abricots sont bouillis avec du sucre et de l'eau jusqu'à ce qu'ils soient épais et séchés au soleil sur des planches de bois. Les fruits séchés sont ensuite mélangés avec de l'eau et du sucre.

Le jallab est un sirop de fruits à base de mélasse de raisin, de dattes et d'eau de rose servi sur de la glace pilée, parfois avec des raisins secs ou des pignons de pin.

Le doogh (ou ayran ) est une boisson salée à base de yaourt très appréciée en Turquie et en Iran.

Bienséance durant les repas

pays arabes
Dans certains pays arabes, en particulier dans la région du golfe Persique, il est courant que les convives mangent dans une assiette commune au centre de la table. Ils n'utilisent traditionnellement ni fourchettes ni cuillères; au lieu de cela, ils ramassent la nourriture avec du pain pita ou un pouce et deux doigts.

Dans la culture arabe, la main gauche est considérée comme impure et même les gauchers mangent avec la main droite. Une exception courante, cependant, est que la main gauche peut tenir un verre à boire lors de la consommation d'aliments gras avec la droite.

Il est de coutume de complimenter l'hôte pour sa nourriture et son hospitalité, et de goûter à chaque assiette sur la table. Si un invité ne laisse pas de nourriture dans son assiette, l'hôte la remplit généralement immédiatement.

Ramadan
Pendant le mois du Ramadan, la consommation alimentaire augmente considérablement dans les communautés musulmanes. Rompre le jeûne quotidien du lever au coucher du soleil est un banquet avec la famille et les amis, tandis que les banquets publics sont organisés par des organisations caritatives et d'autres associations.

Les cafés et les pâtisseries sont ouverts la nuit et les rues ont une atmosphère de carnaval. De nombreux musulmans, suivant l'exemple rapporté par Mahomet, rompent leur jeûne avec une datte suivie d'une variété de plats. Les pâtisseries sucrées et les puddings sont toujours présents les nuits du Ramadan.

La fin du Ramadan est marquée par l'Aïd el-Fitr, avec une grande quantité et variété de sucreries et de pâtisseries.

L'autre grande fête musulmane est l' Aïd al-Adha de quatre jours, la Fête du Sacrifice, qui a lieu pendant le mois de Dhou al-hijja (le mois du pèlerinage ). Un animal (généralement un mouton ou une chèvre) est abattu dans chaque foyer qui en a les moyens, de grands banquets sont préparés et de la nourriture est donnée aux pauvres.

Turquie
Le thé est généralement servi dans des verres bombés, tenus par le bord, auxquels de l'eau peut être ajoutée. Une tasse de thé peut être remplie si elle est moins qu'à moitié pleine. On s'attend à ce qu'un invité d'honneur porte un toast, généralement peu de temps après l'hôte ou à la fin du repas.

Fourchettes, cuillères et couteaux sont utilisés. Parfois, le couteau est tenu dans la main droite et la fourchette dans la gauche, présentant le style britannique. Fumer peut être acceptable entre les plats d'un dîner.

Dans des situations formelles et avec une compagnie plus traditionaliste, les hôtes sont assis en tête de table, avec l'invité d'honneur à côté d'eux du côté de la table le plus éloigné de la porte.

L'invité d'honneur est servi en premier, puis il est d'usage de servir des invités les plus âgés aux plus jeunes, avec un parti pris en faveur des hommes. Les convives ne commencent pas à manger tant que la personne la plus âgée à table ne commence pas à manger.

Dans certains restaurants informels, les plats sont commandés au moment voulu (pas tous en même temps au début d'un repas). Dans les restaurants informels, une table peut être partagée, mais les convives ne sont pas tenus de converser.

Les clients peuvent être tenus d'enlever leurs chaussures. Il est de coutume de dire Afiyet olsun ("Puisse ce que vous mangez apporter du bien-être") avant ou après avoir mangé, et de dire Elinize sağlik ("Bénis soient vos mains", un compliment pour le travail manuel impliqué dans la cuisine) à celui qui a préparé le repas après ce dernier.

L'Iran
Les plats et aliments iraniens sont connus pour être à base de riz et l'Iran est populaire pour sa grande production de riz. Les plats sont généralement servis salés ou sucrés.

Dans les restaurants iraniens traditionnels, une grande table basse bordée de tapis persans et de coussins sur les côtés sert de cadre au repas. Les convives sont assis les jambes croisées en cercle et la nourriture est servie au centre (mangée avec des couverts dans des assiettes séparées). Le thé est servi dans des verres kamar baareek ("taille étroite") avec du sucre et des bonbons persans.

Lorsque vous recevez des invités à dîner à la maison, il est considéré comme discourtois de servir la nourriture en quantité suffisante, donc cette dernière est préparée en grande quantité. Une pratique persane importante est le taarof (politesse rituelle) où si une personne se voit offrir de la nourriture ou des boissons, elle refusera d'abord poliment. Ce n'est qu'après que l'hôte ait proposé à plusieurs reprises qu'elle est acceptée, ceci pour éviter de paraître gourmand.

Mondialisation
En 2017, la cuisine du Moyen-Orient aurait été l'une des cuisines ethniques les plus populaires et à la croissance la plus rapide aux États-Unis. Des plats tels que le houmous et les falafels sont de plus en plus courants dans les restaurants à travers les États-Unis.

La cuisine du Moyen-Orient est souvent présentée à tort comme simplement interchangeable avec la cuisine méditerranéenne sur les marchés occidentaux.

Références

Voir également

Liens externes

 Middle Eastern cuisine , guide de voyage de Wikivoyage

Cuisine méditerranéenne
Cuisine au Moyen-Orient


Jack Lemmon stars as an office worker who loans his tiny New York City apartment to his bosses for their romantic trysts. He runs into trouble when he starts dating his boss' girlfriend. This Academy Award winning film also stars Shirley MacLaine and Fred MacMurray. Directed by Billy Wilder.


text:
{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts #-}
{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
{-# LANGUAGE CPP #-}
module Database.Persist.URL
    ( fromDatabaseUrl
    ) where

import Control.Monad (unless)
import Control.Monad.Fail (MonadFail)
import Data.ByteString (ByteString, uncons)
import Data.Monoid ((<>))
import Data.String.Conversions (ConvertibleStrings(..))
import Data.String.Conversions.Monomorphic (toStrictByteString)
import Database.Persist.Postgresql (PostgresConf(..))
import URI.ByteString
    ( Authority(..)
    , Host(..)
    , Port(..)
#if MIN_VERSION_uri_bytestring(0,2,0)
    , URIRef(..)
#else
    , URI(..)
#endif
    , UserInfo(..)
    , Scheme(..)
    , parseURI
    , strictURIParserOptions
    )

import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as Char8

-- | Build a @'PostgresConf'@ by parsing a database URL String
fromDatabaseUrl
    :: (MonadFail m, ConvertibleStrings s ByteString)
    => Int -> s -> m PostgresConf
fromDatabaseUrl size url = do
    uri <- abortLeft $ parseURI strictURIParserOptions $ toStrictByteString url
    auth <- abortNothing "authority" $ uriAuthority uri
    userInfo <- abortNothing "user info" $ authorityUserInfo auth
    port <- abortNothing "port" $ authorityPort auth
    dbName <- abortNothing "path" $ snd <$> uncons (uriPath uri)
    unless (schemeBS (uriScheme uri) == "postgres") $
        fail "DATABASE_URL has unknown scheme"

    return PostgresConf
        { pgConnStr =
            "user=" <> uiUsername userInfo
            <> " password=" <> uiPassword userInfo
            <> " host=" <> hostBS (authorityHost auth)
            <> " port=" <> Char8.pack (show $ portNumber port)
            <> " dbname=" <> dbName
        , pgPoolSize = size
        }

abortLeft :: (MonadFail m, Show e) => Either e b -> m b
abortLeft = either (fail . ("DATABASE_URL failed to parse: " <>) . show) return

abortNothing :: MonadFail m => String -> Maybe a -> m a
abortNothing s = maybe (fail $ "DATABASE_URL is missing " <> s) return

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


"with a quack quack here"
"and a quack quack there"
"here a quack, there a quack, everywhere a quack quack"
Labels: bailey, ducks, photo by j.
Where are all of these quack quacks? Looks like an interesting place.
Wow, look at all those duckies!!!!


text:
Russisch symbolisme (Russisch: Русский символизм, Roesski simbolism) was een intellectuele en artistieke beweging in het Rusland van ongeveer 1890 tot 1920, vooral bekend door haar bijdragen op het gebied van de poëzie.

Literatuur

Het Russisch symbolisme in de literatuur begon vrij laat, later dan het Franse symbolisme, dat zijn hoogtepunt kende in de jaren 1880, later ook dan de stroming van de 'tachtigers' in Nederland. Het beginpunt wordt meestal gelegd in 1892, toen de schrijver Dmitri Merezjkovski zijn essaybundel Over de redenen van het verval en over de nieuwe richtingen in de hedendaagse Russische literatuur publiceerde. Merezjkovski verklaart zich voorstander van het 'l'art-pour-l'art'-principe. Hij bestreed nadrukkelijk dat kunst nuttig moest zijn, zoals de linkse socialisten propageerden, of moest opwekken tot een hoogstaand leven, zoals Tolstoj wilde. Kunst heeft volgens Merezjkovski slechts tot taak het 'ware' en het 'schone' te laten zien. Daarmee keert hij zich af van het materialisme en het rationalisme, zoals die domineerden in de voorafgaande periode van het Russisch realisme en komt weer terug bij de idealistische filosofie van de romantiek.

Met de nadruk op de opvatting dat kunst losstaat van utiliteit en moraal en dat kunst meer kan dan de wereld van de wetenschap of de zichtbare wereld uitbeelden, verwoordde Merezjkovski twee kernpunten van het Russisch symbolisme. Aanvankelijk overheerste het esthetische aspect (de kunst was geheel vrij en had geen enkel ander doel dan kunst te zijn), later kwam de nadruk meer te liggen op het filosofische: al het zichtbare is slechts een symbool van een 'andere', hogere werkelijkheid, die wij niet kunnen waarnemen maar slechts via de kunst kunnen benaderen.

Belangrijke vertegenwoordigers van de vroege Russische symbolistische poëzie waren, naast Merezjkovski: zijn vrouw Zinaida Hippius, Vladimir Solovjov , Valeri Brjoesov, Konstantin Balmont, Fjodor Sologoeb en Alexei Remizov. Tot de latere generatie symbolisten behoorden  Vjatsjeslav Ivanov, Andrej Bely en Aleksandr Blok.

Literaire stromingen die voortbouwden op het Russisch symbolisme waren het acmeïsme en het imaginisme.

Symbolisme in andere kunsten

Het Russisch symbolisme en haar principes drongen ook door in de muziek, het theater en de schilderkunst. Belangrijke componisten van het symbolisme waren Igor Stravinski en Alexander Skrjabin. Vanuit het theater worden Konstantin Stanislavski en de jonge Vsevolod Meyerhold ook wel met het symbolisme geassocieerd. In de symbolistische schilderkunst traden de namen van Michail Vroebel , Michail Nesterov , Nikolaj Rjorich, Wassily Kandinsky en Alexandre Benois het meest naar voren.

Veel symbolistische kunstenaars vonden elkaar in de artistieke beweging "Mir Iskoesstva" ("De wereld van de kunst"), met het gelijknamige tijdschrift. Vanuit "Mir iskusstva" leverden ook veel kunstenaars een bijdrage aan het bekende "Ballets Russes".

Zie ook
Symbolisme

Literatuur en bronnen
 A. Langeveld, W. Weststeijn: Moderne Russische literatuur, 2005, Amsterdam
 E. Waegemans: Russische letterkunde Utrecht, 1986. (Opnieuw herziene en geactualiseerde editie: Amsterdam, Antwerpen, 2003).

Literaire stroming
Russische literatuur
Symbolisme

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Sage night club features 3 rooms of dancing . With a perfect room with stage sound and lighting for live bands and shows..
Tickets are good for all three roons..
Doors open at 7pm.. lounge, mingle and dance.
Showtine is at 11pm ..
We play all types of music since we have 3 rooms..


text:
St. Kitts and Nevis releases White Paper on Value Added Tax
St. Kitts and Nevis Prime Minister Hon. Dr. Denzil Douglas (photo by Erasmus Williams)
ST. KITTS, APRIL 22, 2010 (CUOPM) – The Federal Government of St. Kitts and Nevis has released a White Paper on the Value Added Tax (VAT) that it intends to introduce in November as part of a reform of the existing tax system.
Prime Minister and Minister of Finance, Hon. Dr. Denzil L. Douglas said that the White Paper, approved by the Cabinet on Monday and released during his monthly press conference on Wednesday, "is intended to give our people an overview of the VAT system and how it works in the hope that it will invoke meaningful discussion and consultation.
"It is imperative that all citizens and stakeholders acquaint themselves with the policy and administrative issues related to VAT as it will affect all of us," he said in a message published in the document.
Dr. Douglas said that the Tax Reform Unit would be engaged in public consultation exercises throughout the Federation and that he was encouraging all citizens and stakeholders to participate and to contribute to the discussion "aimed at crafting a successful VAT for our Federation."
He said that the local economy had made significant strides in transitioning from one heavily dependent on sugar production to a services based economy with Tourism and Financial Services as the leading sectors.
However, he noted that the present tax system has not kept pace with the development of the economy and continues to be based to a large extent on the levying of duties on imported goods.
"This results in distortion and inequity in the tax system which must be addressed. In addition to the transformation of the economy and the need to ensure harmony between the system of taxation and the economy we must also address the unfolding international pressures that favour free trade and the necessity for countries to open their borders," said Dr. Douglas.
He said as his administration seeks to achieve macroeconomic stability and growth, the domestic tax system must be placed on a sound footing.
"We believe that this objective can be achieved by the introduction of the VAT which is a modern, broad based tax on consumption, charged at various stages of production with a mechanism which allows businesses to offset the taxes that they have paid against the taxes that they charge.
"The introduction of the Value Added Tax would therefore reform our tax system making it simpler and more efficient and create more equity by taxing all aspects of consumption including services."
The Prime Minister said that the government would also need to examine the entire tax system to ensure that the system as a whole supports the smooth implementation of the VAT and that there are no disparities that arise as a result of this change.
"We will therefore be looking at other areas such as the existing Excise Tax and a Business Tax," he added.
A number of countries within the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) have either introduced or are contemplating introducing the VAT system as a sub-regional initiative. St. Kitts and Nevis is a member of the OECS.

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"[Bloomberg is] not right for the spirit of the city," said Q-Tip.
Russell Simmons, who has supported Andrew Cuomo in the past, defends David Paterson, and ends up helping Cuomo.
David Weprin releases his list of clients.
Adam Lisberg has debate answers.
Cy Vance defends his defense work, and writes "it long ago strengthened my opposition to the death penalty," taking a shot at Leslie Crocker Snyder.
Richard Aborn campaigns against too many arrests.
There are vacancies in the education department, and a hiring freeze.
Brooklyn conservatives want to attend Mike McMahon's town hall, if he'll host one.
Hassan Nemazee's money goes the other way.
A Hillary Clinton spokesman gets a job in Los Angeles.
<a href="http://www.law.georgetown.edu/oneillinstitute/The idea, advanced by some conservative think tanks, that health care reform is unconstitutional is not really all that correct.


text:
About The Tribe
Chiefs of Santaluces
The Tribe in Five
Stay safe! Wear your masks!
01/29 1st Semester ends
Backlash of Snapchat Update
Jordan Foldy, Staff Writer
Not long ago Snapchat updated their app with an update that nobody is a fan of. It's inconvenient and makes everything frustrating. They moved everything in one spot and it's harder to find what people post or skip posts you don't want to see. Many people liked the old update better because chats and people's stories were in separate pages and it was easy to keep personal messages from public ones. It seems like Snapchat just made everything harder, the opposite of their intentions to simplify the app.
An update like this is always a risk and this time it didn't pay off. Whether this was a ploy to make more money or an honest attempt to simplify their app to help users the update was a flop. They figured that the users would react wildly at first to such large changes, but then decided to do it anyway because they thought it would help them in the long run. The Snapchat rating on the App Store has dropped to 1.8 from 781.9K ratings, the majority of which are one star. People that used to really like the app, even favoring it over apps like Instagram, are not impressed by the update.
As soon as the update came out everyone was saying how they hated it and wanted it to go back. Some tried not updating it at all due to all the complaints, but in the end their phones auto-updated it for them, even the people who keep auto-updates turned off. Ways of changing it back were circulating the internet, but they're convoluted and most don't really know if they work or not.
There was a rumor going around that Snapchat workers might change it back some time in the next month or two due to all the complaints, but it's likely just a rumor because from what I hear and read from Snapchat they aren't planning on changing it back anytime soon.
Varsity Basketball Chiefs Grab Nail Biter Against The Cobras
Khan Ho, Azwad Ahmed, and Mylena Bressan • January 19, 2021
Senior night for both the Varsity Boys Basketball and Varsity Cheerleaders happened right before Friday's game. This senior night could be one...
Boys Varsity Basketball Team Take Down Village Academy
A Blockbuster Trade Sends James Harden to the Brooklyn Nets
The Toronto Raptors are in Need of a Miracle
Athlete Profile: Laura Garcia
Luis Perez, Staff Writer • December 16, 2020
Laura Garcia, a sophomore on the girls' varsity volleyball team is a Libero who has been playing on multiple...
Athlete Profile: Dana Ulysse
The outgoing Dana Ulysse is anything but boring. The Sophomore is involved in many areas around the school. She's...
Athlete Profile: Valeria Rios
Senior Valeria Rios is a Chief that embodies school spirit. Rios is a member of the Varsity Cheerleading...
Athlete Profile: Nicolas Annalora
Nicolas Annalora is a senior who prides himself on making the best of high school. At Santaluces, everyone...
Supernatural Finale: Why It Was Disappointing
Olivia Rodrigo: The next big thing for decades to come
Pixar's Soul: A Cinematic Masterpiece
The Grammys Are No Longer Prestigious
Netflix's Latest Hit: Julie and the Phantoms
Little Mix's Jesy Nelson Leaves the Band
Fine Line: One Year Later
Folklore vs. Evermore: A Track by Track Comparison
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Taylor Swift's 'evermore' Album Review
Santaluces High School


Here is my column from the latest issue of the Countryman, available from all good newsagents.
A 70 home development would arouse opposition in any hamlet of 28 houses, but when that hamlet is Lower Bockhampton, Thomas Hardy's Mellstock, the opposition wins international support. Adding 800 homes to any attractive Somerset village would be controversial – but when that village is T. Eliot's East Coker ("In my beginning is my end…") the fight has extra resonance. And anyone who has not had a sense of beauty bypass would want to protect the Slad Valley in the Cotswolds, but its association with Laurie Lee's Cider with Rosie makes it extra special.
A wonderful new book, Literature and Landscape in East Devon by Peter Naysmith celebrates places and landscapes loved and immortalised by Sir Walter Raleigh, Jane Austen, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Beatrix Potter, John Betjeman and others (the link with Ottery St. Catchpole in the Harry Potter books is speculative but persuasive).
The book's conservationist message is subtle. You see stunning photos of beautiful places, read what these places meant to some of our great writers, and draw your own conclusions.
This for East Devon, but there are eight other councils in Devon and hundreds more across the country, all dripping with literary and historical associations. Of course they will change and undergo development. But where change is necessary let us at least, in the words of John Buchan (launching CPRE's Oxfordshire branch in 1931) "replace old beauty with new beauty and not with new ugliness".
Objecting to development because someone from the past lived there misses the opportunity to ensure real development does take place in a way that enhances the setting left by that person. We should enhance (and expand) the value of these places for all not preserve them for the few who can currently afford to live in them.
Geoff, I don't think anyone objects to a development just because someone lived in or wrote about the place long ago. Indeed, in the case of East Coker, CPRE Somerset's case was all about the housing numbers: it was careful to avoid saying 'don't build in East Coker because T.S. Eliot wrote about it, put the houses in some other village'.
The debate is about the impact development will have on a place and whether development will unnecessarily damage the things that make that place special – beauty, of course, but also literary or historical associations. Often, as in the case of Lower Bockhampton, it is about scale. I don't know if the hamlet would benefit from a couple of well-designed affordable houses, but it is hard to see how a development on the scale proposed – 70 new houses in a hamlet of 28 houses – could enhance the setting, however beautiful and well-planned. It would make it a totally different place.
And CPRE's interest is, of course, the value of these places for everyone, not for 'the few who can currently afford to live in them' (though their views should obviously be heard). I've enjoyed visiting all three places I mention, but have never lived in any of them. I would like to continue to be able to enjoy them, and think that others could do so for years and years to come.
All that glitters is not gold….
is followed by this piece which stresses the damage that this very policy does to English villages. Inevitably his conflicting positions are going to be noticed.
The serious threat to our viillages under the present planning system was far less, if there at all, during the period of Structure and Local Plans which lasted from the early 70s to 2007, the year when these were effectively phased out under the terms of the 2004 Planning & Compulsory Purchase Act. That plan-led system protected villages well, unlike the earlier loose planning system in use from 1947 to 1967/68. It was 1967 Civic Amenities Act and 1968 Town & Country Planning Act that together first gave effective control to authorities to protect villages.
Unhappily there was not a strong fight by CPRE at national level (under Shaun Spiers's predecessor) to resist the 2004 Act or to save Structure and Local Plans.
The comment on East Coker, Somerset, overlooks that 'T S Eliot's village' was threatened in the past (during the earlier period of strong development plans) by developers. And that then campaigners were able to use the connection with the poet to arlly public support and resist housing schemes. LPAs at that time had clear policies and development against development in the countryside. Now they have been stripped of much of this power. This shows how the development plan system has been degraded.


A South Normanton man has been jailed for 12 months for breaking into a shed and stealing a large quantity of food and drink in Alfreton.
Aaron Ashmore, of Carter Lane East, South Normanton pleaded guilty to burglary and was sentenced during a hearing at Derby Crown Court on Thursday, August 9.
The incident took place at a café on High Street in the early hours of Tuesday, July 17.
Officers from the Alfreton Safer Neighbourhood Policing Team arrested the 33 year old the following day. He was questioned and later charged and remanded into custody.
Ashmore was also ordered by the court to pay a victim surcharge of £140.


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Family Medicine differs from other primary care specialties by building its residency programs around the concepts of continuous, comprehensive, cost-effective, family centered health care. While Family Medicine residents spend substantial time both in hospitals and clinics, no other type of residency puts as much emphasis on learning to provide continuous care for patients in the outpatient setting, the setting in which most practicing physicians spend the majority of their time.
Experience in the breadth of medical and surgical problems and their diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
The Department cooperates with the excellent Family Medicine Residency programs in the area. We are also exploring regional sites for possible development of residency training in the future. At the present time, we do not sponsor, nor are there specific plans for creating a Tulane Family Medicine Residency. We encourage interested trainees to investigate the excellent programs in the State, many of which regularly serve as training sites for Tulane students.
The Department of Family and Community Medicine has sought working relationships and affiliation agreements with Louisiana Family Medicine Residencies in order to facilitate collaboration in education and research. We have a strong relationship with most Family Medicine Residency Programs in the State. For additional information on student rotation opportunities, contact the Department of Family and Community Medicine.
The Directory of Family Practice Residency Programs published by the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) is an excellent and comprehensive source for information on Family Medicine Residency programs. This directory lists each program in the United States, and covers many topics in detail, including faculty, staff, administration, accreditation, size, salaries, etc.
FOR MORE INFORMATION: Email or contact the Department of Family and Community Medicine.


text:
Q: How to Compare more than two Averages of Proportions or Means of Proportions? My experiment deals with $60$ subjects, one third of them belong to type A subjects, $i=1,\dotsc,20$, another third to type B, $i=21,\dotsc,40$ and finally type C, $i=41,\dotsc, 60$.
Each of these $60$ subjects from the study have a different number of observable unities, $m_i$, $i=1,\dotsc, 60$, and each of these unities can be classified as successful o non-successful ones, $n_i$ is the number of successful ones out of $m_i$. I guess this means that my experiment is somehow related to a binomial experiment.
Therefore I am working with the relative number $p_i=n_i/m_i$. I consider this is my independent variable, variable of interest or response of my experiment.
I can then average the proportions of type A subjects by averaging the $20$ $p_i$, $i=1,\dotsc, 20$, obtaining $\overline{p}_A$, and in the same way I can obtain $\overline{p}_B$ and $\overline{p}_C$, which I call means of proportions or averages of proportions.
I want to check this null hypothesis $H_0: \overline{p}_A=\overline{p}_B=\overline{p}_C$ and if the null hypothesis is rejected I would like to perform some kind of post-hoc tests.
I am not able to find out the correct statistical tool that needs to be used, and the hypothesis that need to be checked. I would appreciate if anyone could put some light in my way.

A: Are you essentially seeing if subjects in group A, group B, and group C flip heads on a coin more often? If so, how many times does each subject flip the coin? (Coin flipping is whatever task can be successful or unsuccessful.) This sounds lIke a job for a logistic regression with categorical predictors, as proportions often get tested by testing the raw success/failure events, not proportions like 0.7.
This is basically ANOVA for a binary outcome. (Since I posted this as a comment, I learned that my favorite way of testing this goes by the name G-test.)

A: To test an omnibus null hypothesis like $\text{H}_{0}\text{: }p_A = p_B = p_C$, against the alternative hypothesis $\text{H}_{\text{A}}\text{: } p_A \ne p_B \text{, or }p_A \ne p_C \text{, or }p_B \ne p_C\text{, or }p_A \ne p_B \ne p_C$, you can use a $\chi^2$ test for contingency tables.
Your test statistic for the $2\times 3$ contingency table, is:
$$\chi^2 = \sum_{\text{i=row, j=col}}^{\text{rows, cols}}\frac{(O_{ij}- E_{ij})^2}{E_{ij}}$$
where $O_ij$ is the observed counts (say, counts of participants whose outcome is $1$ in row $1$, and whose outcome is $0$ in row $2$, across each column $A, B\text{, and }C$, and where $E_{ij}$ is the expected counts in those same rows and columns, assuming $\text{H}_{0}$ is true. If $\text{H}_{0}$ is true, then these expectations are obtained by assuming that each of the three groups has the same proportion positive ($1$) and negative ($0$), and these proportions are estimated by using the marginal totals for each row (e.g., total counts with $1$ across all three groups, divided by total observations across all three groups gives probability of $1$ under the null).
The $p$ value for this test is $p = Pr(X^2_{\text{df=2}} > \chi^2)$, where $\text{df} = (\text{rows} - 1)\times(\text{cols} - 1) = 2$. For example, in R pchisq(x,df,lower.tail=FALSE) where x is your test statistic, and df your degrees of freedom.
Reject $\text{H}_0$ if $p\le \alpha$.
If you rejected $\text{H}_0$, you conclude you found evidence that at least one group was sampled from a population with a true proportion different than at least one other group at the $\alpha$ level of significance. If you failed to reject $\text{H}_0$, you conclude you failed to find evidence that at least one group was sampled from a population with a true proportion different than at least one other group at the $\alpha$ level of significance. You can continue on to post hoc $2\times2$ $\chi^2$ contingency table tests (with adjustments for multiple comparisons) if you reject.
The $G$ statistic in Dave's answer is the same procedure as this test, but instead calculates the test statistic instead as:
$$G = 2\sum_{\text{i=row, j=col}}^{\text{rows, cols}}O_{ij}\ln\left(\frac{O_{ij}}{E_{ij}}\right)$$
$G$ is also distributed approximately $\chi^2$, so the remaining steps are identical for the likelihood ratio test.

A: You can use the multinomial test in this case. Think of your experiment as having 4 outcomes. You already specified successful unities for outcomes $A$, $B$ and $C$ , so add a category $F$ for when there is failure for all other outcomes. Now you want to test $H_0: \overline{p}_A= p_1$ and $\overline{p}_B = p_2$ and $\overline{p}_C = p_3$ and $\overline{p}_F = p_4$ so you can do that using the Multinomial goodness of fit test. However you would have to specify what are $p_1,p_2,p_3$ and $p_4$ are.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Нуе́ва-Сего́вія () —один з департаментів Нікарагуа.

Географія
Департамент знаходиться на півночі Нікарагуа. Площа департаменту становить 3491,28 км² . Чисельність населення 243 014 чоловік (перепис 2012 року). Адміністративний центр — місто Окоталь.

Межує на півдні з департаментом Мадрис, на сході з департаментом Хінотега, на півночі з Гондурасом.

Муніципалітети
В адміністративному відношенні департамент Нуева-Сеговія підрозділяється на 12 муніципалітетів:
 Вівілі
 Діпільто
 Кіла
 Макуелісо
 Мосонте
 Мурра
 Окоталь
 Сан-Фернандо
 Санта-Марія
 Сьюдад-Антигуа
 Халапа
 Ель-Хікаро

Примітки

Нуева-Сеговія (департамент)


The Best Dog Toys – Does your dog go through toys similar to they are food? Have you tried in view of that many rotate brands of toys that you are virtually to find the money for up? accomplish not allow in the works just yet, because there are some of the strongest and best toys out there! you just have to find them.. They arrive in every shapes, sizes, colors, and designs.
Did you know dogs tend to afterward toys of a sure color? Experts tell everyone has their own personal favorite color considering it comes to toys. So, try out every the substitute colors and figure out which color your dog prefers!
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Sam Huntington Net Worth, Bio, Height, Family, Age, Weight, Wiki
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There are more than 300 kinds of aloe vera according to some information. We do not know their names but the photos below are the types that you will usually encounter.
Although they are of different varieties, we can say that there is no noticeable difference among them when used at home or for cooking.
My family including the families of the PYRO-ENERGEN group mostly use aloe vera as a juice mixed with honey, soda, wine, or with other vegetable cooking needs.
A Japanese website http://shirou-nouen.com/cooking/cooking.html shows how aloe vera is used in cooking.
Leaves are cut after thorns are removed.
Leaves are cut and boiled for about 3 minutes. Boiled aloe vera can be used as an all purpose agent.
You can make up different cuisines of your own. Try it!
Between 1500-1600, Spanish conquerors and missionaries brought aloe to the North and South America, and planted it around Catholic missions. Aloe quickly came to be used extensively by missionaries and native people as a universal healing agent throughout Central and South America, and Caribbean Islands.


University (Florida, Hillsborough County, United States (USA)) is located in EDT (America/New_York) time zone. Difference to Greenwich mean time in hours: GMT-4. Current local time in University is: 4:09 pm Saturday, April 20, 2019 [info].


Remittances from Mexican workers abroad rose in May and accelerated the pace of expansion compared to April. Remittances totaled USD 2.5 billion in May, which marked a 13.1% increase over the same month last year (April: +8.3% year-on-year). The reading was the strongest month since October 2008 and also surpassed market expectations of USD 2.3 billion. With May's increase, the 12-month trailing sum of remittances totaled USD 25.7 billion, which represented a solid 7.3% increase compared to the same period last year. The increase followed the 6.3% expansion in the 12 months up to April.
Analysts agree that the currency-related swings observed in past months prompted workers abroad, particularly in the U.S., to increase transactions. As Alberto Ramos at Goldman Sachs puts it: "a weaker peso and low domestic inflation should continue to boost the local currency real purchasing power of the remittance flows." This bodes well for Mexico's GDP in Q2, which is an economy where private consumption the current driving force for growth.
In addition to a weak peso, remittances continue to be supported by a healthy U.S. labor market, despite the current loss of job creation momentum. U.S payrolls in the construction sector—a proxy of hiring dynamics in the labor market with a high proportion of Mexican workers—continued to increase in May, although the increase was the slowest since February 2014.
Analysts who participated in this month's LatinFocus Consensus Forecast panel continue to take these developments into account and expect remittances to reach USD 26.1 billion in 2016. For 2017, the panel sees remittances rising to USD 26.8 billion.


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text:
import {Directive, Host, HostListener, Inject, Input, OnChanges, OnDestroy, Optional, Output, Self, SimpleChanges, forwardRef} from '@angular/core';

import {EventEmitter} from '../facade/async';
import {FormControl} from '../model';
import {NG_ASYNC_VALIDATORS, NG_VALIDATORS} from '../validators';

import {AbstractFormGroupDirective} from './abstract_form_group_directive';
import {ControlContainer} from './control_container';
import {ControlValueAccessor, NG_VALUE_ACCESSOR} from './control_value_accessor';
import {NgControl} from './ng_control';
import {NgForm} from './ng_form';
import {NgModelGroup} from './ng_model_group';
import {composeAsyncValidators, composeValidators, controlPath, isPropertyUpdated, selectValueAccessor, setUpControl} from './shared';
import {TemplateDrivenErrors} from './template_driven_errors';
import {AsyncValidatorFn, Validator, ValidatorFn} from './validators';

export const formControlBinding: any = {
  provide: NgControl,
  useExisting: forwardRef(() => NgModel)
};

/**
 * `ngModel` forces an additional change detection run when its inputs change:
 * E.g.:
 * ```
 * <div>{{myModel.valid}}</div>
 * <input [(ngModel)]="myValue" #myModel="ngModel">
 * ```
 * I.e. `ngModel` can export itself on the element and then be used in the template.
 * Normally, this would result in expressions before the `input` that use the exported directive
 * to have and old value as they have been
 * dirty checked before. As this is a very common case for `ngModel`, we added this second change
 * detection run.
 *
 * Notes:
 * - this is just one extra run no matter how many `ngModel` have been changed.
 * - this is a general problem when using `exportAs` for directives!
 */
const resolvedPromise = Promise.resolve(null);

/**
 * @whatItDoes Creates a {@link FormControl} instance from a domain model and binds it
 * to a form control element.
 *
 * The {@link FormControl} instance will track the value, user interaction, and
 * validation status of the control and keep the view synced with the model. If used
 * within a parent form, the directive will also register itself with the form as a child
 * control.
 *
 * @howToUse
 *
 * This directive can be used by itself or as part of a larger form. All you need is the
 * `ngModel` selector to activate it.
 *
 * It accepts a domain model as an optional {@link @Input}. If you have a one-way binding
 * to `ngModel` with `[]` syntax, changing the value of the domain model in the component
 * class will set the value in the view. If you have a two-way binding with `[()]` syntax
 * (also known as 'banana-box syntax'), the value in the UI will always be synced back to
 * the domain model in your class as well.
 *
 * If you wish to inspect the properties of the associated {@link FormControl} (like
 * validity state), you can also export the directive into a local template variable using
 * `ngModel` as the key (ex: `#myVar="ngModel"`). You can then access the control using the
 * directive's `control` property, but most properties you'll need (like `valid` and `dirty`)
 * will fall through to the control anyway, so you can access them directly. You can see a
 * full list of properties directly available in {@link AbstractControlDirective}.
 *
 * The following is an example of a simple standalone control using `ngModel`:
 *
 * {@example forms/ts/simpleNgModel/simple_ng_model_example.ts region='Component'}
 *
 * When using the `ngModel` within `<form>` tags, you'll also need to supply a `name` attribute
 * so that the control can be registered with the parent form under that name.
 *
 * It's worth noting that in the context of a parent form, you often can skip one-way or
 * two-way binding because the parent form will sync the value for you. You can access
 * its properties by exporting it into a local template variable using `ngForm` (ex:
 * `#f="ngForm"`). Then you can pass it where it needs to go on submit.
 *
 * If you do need to populate initial values into your form, using a one-way binding for
 * `ngModel` tends to be sufficient as long as you use the exported form's value rather
 * than the domain model's value on submit.
 *
 * Take a look at an example of using `ngModel` within a form:
 *
 * {@example forms/ts/simpleForm/simple_form_example.ts region='Component'}
 *
 * To see `ngModel` examples with different form control types, see:
 *
 * * Radio buttons: {@link RadioControlValueAccessor}
 * * Selects: {@link SelectControlValueAccessor}
 *
 * **npm package**: `@angular/forms`
 *
 * **NgModule**: `FormsModule`
 *
 *  @stable
 */
@Directive({
  selector: '[ngModel]:not([formControlName]):not([formControl])',
  providers: [formControlBinding],
  exportAs: 'ngModel'
})
export class NgModel extends NgControl implements OnChanges,
    OnDestroy {
  /** @internal */
  _control = new FormControl();
  /** @internal */
  _registered = false;
  private _composing = false;
  viewModel: any;

  @Input() name: string;
  @Input('disabled') isDisabled: boolean;
  @Input('ngModel') model: any;
  @Input('ngModelOptions') options: {name?: string, standalone?: boolean};

  @Output('ngModelChange') update = new EventEmitter();

  @HostListener('compositionstart')
  compositionStart(): void { this._composing = true; }

  @HostListener('compositionend')
  compositionEnd(): void {
    this._composing = false;
    this.update.emit(this.viewModel);
  }

  constructor(@Optional() @Host() parent: ControlContainer,
              @Optional() @Self() @Inject(NG_VALIDATORS) validators: Array<Validator|ValidatorFn>,
              @Optional() @Self() @Inject(NG_ASYNC_VALIDATORS) asyncValidators: Array<Validator|AsyncValidatorFn>,
              @Optional() @Self() @Inject(NG_VALUE_ACCESSOR)
              valueAccessors: ControlValueAccessor[]) {
                super();
                this._parent = parent;
                this._rawValidators = validators || [];
                this._rawAsyncValidators = asyncValidators || [];
                this.valueAccessor = selectValueAccessor(this, valueAccessors);
              }

              ngOnChanges(changes: SimpleChanges) {
                this._checkForErrors();
                if (!this._registered) this._setUpControl();
                if ('isDisabled' in changes) {
                  this._updateDisabled(changes);
                }

                if (isPropertyUpdated(changes, this.viewModel)) {
                  this._updateValue(this.model);
                  this.viewModel = this.model;
                }
              }

              ngOnDestroy(): void { this.formDirective && this.formDirective.removeControl(this); }

              get control(): FormControl { return this._control; }

              get path(): string[] {
                return this._parent ? controlPath(this.name, this._parent) : [this.name];
              }

              get formDirective(): any { return this._parent ? this._parent.formDirective : null; }

              get validator(): ValidatorFn { return composeValidators(this._rawValidators); }

              get asyncValidator(): AsyncValidatorFn {
                return composeAsyncValidators(this._rawAsyncValidators);
              }

              viewToModelUpdate(newValue: any): void {
                this.viewModel = newValue;
                !this._composing && this.update.emit(newValue);
              }

              private _setUpControl(): void {
                this._isStandalone() ? this._setUpStandalone() :
                                       this.formDirective.addControl(this);
                this._registered = true;
              }

              private _isStandalone(): boolean {
                return !this._parent || (this.options && this.options.standalone);
              }

              private _setUpStandalone(): void {
                setUpControl(this._control, this);
                this._control.updateValueAndValidity({emitEvent: false});
              }

              private _checkForErrors(): void {
                if (!this._isStandalone()) {
                  this._checkParentType();
                }
                this._checkName();
              }

              private _checkParentType(): void {
                if (!(this._parent instanceof NgModelGroup) &&
                    this._parent instanceof AbstractFormGroupDirective) {
                  TemplateDrivenErrors.formGroupNameException();
                } else if (
                    !(this._parent instanceof NgModelGroup) && !(this._parent instanceof NgForm)) {
                  TemplateDrivenErrors.modelParentException();
                }
              }

              private _checkName(): void {
                if (this.options && this.options.name) this.name = this.options.name;

                if (!this._isStandalone() && !this.name) {
                  TemplateDrivenErrors.missingNameException();
                }
              }

              private _updateValue(value: any): void {
                resolvedPromise.then(
                    () => { this.control.setValue(value, {emitViewToModelChange: false}); });
              }

              private _updateDisabled(changes: SimpleChanges) {
                const disabledValue = changes['isDisabled'].currentValue;

                const isDisabled =
                    disabledValue === '' || (disabledValue && disabledValue !== 'false');

                resolvedPromise.then(() => {
                  if (isDisabled && !this.control.disabled) {
                    this.control.disable();
                  } else if (!isDisabled && this.control.disabled) {
                    this.control.enable();
                  }
                });
              }
}