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ChemEngine: harvesting 3D chemical structures of supplementary data from PDF files
Muthukumarasamy Karthikeyan1Email authorView ORCID ID profile and
Renu Vyas2
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13321-016-0175-x
Digital access to chemical journals resulted in a vast array of molecular information that is now available in the supplementary material files in PDF format. However, extracting this molecular information, generally from a PDF document format is a daunting task. Here we present an approach to harvest 3D molecular data from the supporting information of scientific research articles that are normally available from publisher's resources. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of extracting truly computable molecules from PDF file formats in a fast and efficient manner, we have developed a Java based application, namely ChemEngine. This program recognizes textual patterns from the supplementary data and generates standard molecular structure data (bond matrix, atomic coordinates) that can be subjected to a multitude of computational processes automatically. The methodology has been demonstrated via several case studies on different formats of coordinates data stored in supplementary information files, wherein ChemEngine selectively harvested the atomic coordinates and interpreted them as molecules with high accuracy. The reusability of extracted molecular coordinate data was demonstrated by computing Single Point Energies that were in close agreement with the original computed data provided with the articles. It is envisaged that the methodology will enable large scale conversion of molecular information from supplementary files available in the PDF format into a collection of ready- to- compute molecular data to create an automated workflow for advanced computational processes. Software along with source codes and instructions available at https://sourceforge.net/projects/chemengine/files/?source=navbar.
Chemoinformatics
Organic reaction modeling
Density functional theory
Harvesting chemical data from the web is a challenging task requiring several convoluted steps. When chemical structures are stored in truly computable format with atoms and bond matrices (vector format-Cartesian co-ordinates), they can be processed electronically for computational and informatics purposes. However while transforming/storing the files in PDF (Printable/Portable Document/Data Format) that are usually used for the convenience of printing and reading, the valuable and re-usable molecular data is totally lost and buried in scientific literature as documents and seldom used for further computational studies. In earlier days, the hand-drawn molecules in ORTEP diagram formats were published while discussing the 3D conformation of molecules in the research articles. Generation of 3D structures from these molecular images in raster format was extremely difficult. Recently, some efforts have been made to transform computer generated and hand-drawn chemical images from journal articles and patent documents into truly computable molecules for inventory and database applications. Other similar endeavors include transforming either the textual chemical names (common, systematic, corporate identifiers for example CAS Registry number) or the computer generated names into corresponding molecular structures with moderate success. Although the name to chemical structure conversion programs are now routinely being used for harvesting chemical data from documents yet they have been insufficient in generating the accurate and truly computable and re-usable molecular data. The supporting information related to computational methods based research articles, describing the transition states of organic reactions is now available from journal publishers' websites containing description of computations performed with tables of results, molecular images in 3D conformations along with 3D molecular co-ordinates in a PDF format. This combined data in a single file complicates the harvesting process and development of pattern recognition techniques for selectively excluding the non-atomic co-ordinate information from the pool of large collection of textual data presented as supporting material. Since there are no defined rules and guidelines for submitting molecular data in a supporting document associated with research publications, the authors are free to choose their favorite methods of representing molecular data such as chemical structures and corresponding atomic co-ordinates in the supplementary data file. This freedom of choosing data formats necessitates the development of several pattern recognition templates in the form of regular expressions to handle diverse formats (co-ordinates separated by space, comma, tab etc.) and maintain the order in which the XYZ co-ordinates and atom information is presented by the authors. This study therefore highlights the need for development of standards required for submitting the supporting materials with molecular data in a consistent, truly computable and re-usable format to journals publishing computational research. A specific set of guidelines defined by the publishers to submit molecular data even in a PDF format, would accelerate the automatic processing and recognition of chemical data for further computational studies related to reaction modeling [1–3], drug-discovery [4–7] and molecular inventory management [8, 9]. Several standard molecular representations in ASCII format which are easily readable by molecular modeling and chemoinformatics software packages are available. Supporting materials are deposited in PDF format for the convenience of storage, easy manageability and electronic dissemination. The commercial software packages applied for computational chemistry applications employ their own legacy file formats for handling molecular data, the technical details of which are not usually published. From the researchers' point of view, the published data in re-usable formats would save efforts and time to understand the molecular data better and use it for practicing to carry out further advanced studies in different problem solving environments that require 3D conformation of molecules. Exchange of chemical data between multiple softwares without loss of information is a critical requirement in computational chemistry and chemoinformatics applications. Thus there is a need for the development of tools that can bridge the gap in molecular data translation automatically and accurately from PDF format to truly computable, re-usable format without manual intervention.
In this context, it is pertinent to mention the efforts by Rzepa and Peter Murray-Rust for developing tools to parse chemically relevant thesis and other published articles for harvesting analytical data [10, 11]. Special emphasis was laid on the use of Information Technology (IT) techniques for free re-distribution of electronic chemical data, for instance, storing actual supplementary information in structured XML/CML documents for universal applicability and dissemination of the valuable experimental/computed data thus advancing "data led science" as is the case in biology. The blue obelisk informal group initiative [12], encourages the use of open source data, open standards, shared algorithms and tools for performing chemoinformatics tasks. It has led to the development of valuable tools such as JChemPaint [13], CDK [14] and chemical information systems [15]. Similar efforts have been made by the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center (CCDC) group that provides easily downloadable crystal structures of organic molecules that are pliant with a number of software solutions for drug discovery [16]. In a recent article, the importance of curation of large chemogenomics data set for building better predictive model for life sciences has been emphasized [17]. During the preparation of this manuscript, a timely research article by Rzepa's group on granularity model for extracting molecular information appeared [18] that stresses on the need for periodic and automatic curation of data from supplementary information in research articles. The present work is geared towards partial fulfillment of this need for "futuristic research data management".
Conventionally, chemical names (common, systematic), Chemical Abstract Registry numbers are extracted from the web-pages and transformed into corresponding molecular structures using name-to-structure conversion tools [19], name to structure relational database look-up methods [20], large scale key-value pair list [21], distributed relational database search [22] etc. We have previously employed distributed systems to harvest chemical data using Google API (ChemXtreme) from the web pages [23]. Transforming the raster images into vector graphics followed by identification of relevant pixel information associated with atoms and bonds of a molecule is a cumbersome job [24]. Tools have also been developed to harvest molecular data from images using web camera, scanned images wherein the raster graphics data was transformed into vector graphics to eventually retrieve the atoms and bonds information for the generation of truly computable and re-usable chemical structures such as ChemRobot [25], OSRA [26], ChemReader [27], CLiDE [28], but only limited success has been achieved. A foolproof method with complete reproducibility of computable molecules from images is still a distant dream as the existing methodologies and tools do not provide accurate molecule data after processing. Therefore it is essential to develop efficient tools that can extract molecules from rich sources such as supplementary information files deposited at the journal site. Although spectral, molecular and analytical data have been harvested in the past but extracting molecules directly from author supplied atomic coordinates provided in supplementary materials as PDF format is not known. Accordingly, in the present work, we have developed an application, ChemEngine that reads all the files stored in the PDF format to extract molecular coordinates and generate computable molecular structures. To demonstrate the efficiency of the program, supporting material data files of three different molecular representations in terms of delimiters in the co-ordinate data were selected and the data was successfully parsed using ChemEngine to extract molecular data. It is to be noted here that the first two files from ACS publications did not require permission for data harvesting, while in the third case (RSC Advances), an article published under the CC-BY license was selected. It is also observed that the bulk processing of articles or supporting materials from publishers' site automatically is usually prohibited due to copyright and article access policy.
Generally every software program dealing with computational chemistry, provides an export format for the computed data either as a plain text or delimited text that can be analyzed, visualized, plotted via common tools like Microsoft excel or other molecular viewers that accept molecules as plain text in simple.xyz formats. However, supporting materials of molecular data files also include brief description of molecules, computed data, plots, page numbers, document information, manuscript bibliographic details etc. as a single document in PDF format that makes harvesting the molecular data extremely difficult as these have to be selectively excluded while parsing the file. In the Fig. 1, only the enclosed text in the rectangular box is correctly recognized using patterns by ChemEngine, the rest of the unstructured text is ignored. Given an input file in PDF format, the program yields three different files in GJF format, text file containing computed bond matrix and all molecules in SDF format. The contents of the non molecular data file can also be utilized by further subjecting it to standard text mining methodologies [29, 30] for retrieving molecule names or other information such as list of basis sets employed in the specific computational work.
Supplementary data of a journal article (case study I) depicting the computed molecular data format, the contents in the highlighted text are required for the re-computation of data. A1, A2, B1, B2 refer to text patterns in the specific document. The crossed out text in red color is ignored while generating the coordinate file by ChemEngine version 1.0
The ChemEngine application was deployed on a computer with Intel Xeon(R) CPU E5-2603 (2 Processors), 16 GB RAM, 1 TB hard disk running 64 bit operating system on Windows Server 2008 Enterprise. The computational steps employed in the Java based ChemEngine application are highlighted in the flowchart (Fig. 2).
Computational steps workflow for extracting re-computable molecular structures from PDF articles as implemented in ChemEngine
ChemEngine is updated with default option to accept PDF file containing molecular coordinates. Internally the program recognizes the textual and non-textual data and using a default pattern recognition method to separate the 3D coordinates from the non-molecular text for the identification of atomic co-ordinates and atom information. The pseudo code with generic regular expression for harvesting atomic coordinate data from the input file is shown below.
Pseudo code
(Co-ordinate Text).matches ("Regular Expression Pattern with Delimiter Definition");
For Example: Delimiter: Comma
String_Data.matches("^[A-Za-z0-9]{1,2}\\,[0]{0,1}[\\,]{0,1}-{0,1}.{1,2}[0-9]{1,10}\\,-{0,1}.{1,2}[0-9]{1,10}.{1,}")
Delimiter: Space
String_Data.matches("^[A-Za-z0-9]{1,2}\\s+[0]{0,1}[\\s +]{0,1}-{0,1}.{1,2}[0-9]{0,10}\\s+-{0,1}.{1,2}[0-9]{0,10}.{1,}")
The details of the derivation of the regular expression patterns from the coordinate data format can be viewed in Fig. 3. All the X, Y, Z coordinates were encoded by a general pattern sequence consisting of 2 characters, followed by a space, an addition or subtraction symbol, a number, decimal and eight digits succeeding the decimal.
Detailed illustration of key steps in regular expression based pattern recognition for the generation of coordinate matrix data
Once the coordinate file is created, the bond matrix is computed to generate the atomic connectivity information for reconstructing the original molecules reported in the supplementary material of the research article. Important parameters such as bond angles, bond lengths and dihedral angles are verified and checked for consistency in the recreated molecule and then saved in the original file format, for instance gjf [31]. The coordinate data and bond matrix information is used to create molecules in standard interoperability formats such as .sdf or .mol as ready to compute molecules for the convenience of the user. This process avoids unnecessary generation of molecular data and laborious recomputation of already published work. The molecules can be subjected to further simulations such as descriptor calculation, energy profile, docking etc. The java based ChemEngine program is made available freely for non commercial purposes through the sourceforge site for evaluation and testing.
A user friendly GUI has been developed for easy processing of PDF files, navigation and 3D structure generation (Fig. 4). The ChemEngine main screen displays the input file browser, the output display text area and a text box for specify regular expression. The GUI is enabled with a 3D molecule viewer (JMOL) for browsing the molecules in a pop up window. The program can also be used in the command line mode for automatic generation of SDF for the given PDF files. The user can either browse a locally stored PDF file or upload a text file for generating coordinates. Depending upon how the coordinates data is deposited in a supplementary file, there is a provision to specify the delimiter such as tab, comma and space if required. The user can select the desired regular expression to extract the coordinate data. Further, in future a customized regular expression can be incorporated into the system based on a particular journal standards of accepting coordinate data in a PDF file. On clicking the connect atom button in the browser window, the connection table for a group of coordinates representing a molecule is created and displayed in the output text area. The molecules thus recreated are stored as GJF and SDF format for future computational use and other database oriented inventory applications.
ChemEngine GUI for extracting molecular information from the supplementary file selected by the user. The extracted molecules can be dynamically viewed in a 3D viewer
In general the major problem in processing molecular data stored in PDF files arises due to the non-standard representation of coordinates such as inconsistency in the number of digits appearing after the decimal, interchange of atom type with atomic number in the first column and improper alignment of x, y, z coordinate values. Three case studies have been chosen each dealing with a different representation of coordinate data format in the supplementary information. In the first case, ChemEngine could directly handle the given pdf file and extract the coordinate information. The process in the second case was not straight forward (due to error in PDF to text converter) so the PDF file was first saved as a. txt file externally and then processed to get the desired molecular data. The third case was even more challenging as the molecular coordinates were published in a comma delimiter form (Fig. 5).
A schematic diagram highlighting the challenges posed by the diverse coordinate formats present in the supplementary table of journal articles selected for this study. ChemEngine identifies the text patterns and processes this information to yield a common generic format of coordinate matrix. Further the bond matrix algorithm implemented in the program generates a bond matrix for the creation of a connection table to generate the ready to compute 3D molecular structure. AN atomic number, AS atomic symbol, CT connection table
The supporting material file was related to reaction modeling research paper describing the mechanistic investigation of epoxide formation from sulfur ylides and aldehydes [32]. The work provided guidelines on stereo-selective synthesis of epoxide ring systems. The computational data included optimized geometries, calculated single point energies, rotational profiles and potential energy surface (PES) generation using standard B3LYP based DFT method. The PDF file was processed to directly extract a.txt file from which patterns were discerned to generate the bond matrix data. For a complete list of coordinate data of molecules generated by ChemEngine please refer to Additional file 1. This file can be considered as a standard template for submitting coordinate data of molecules for fast processing of PDF files in future.
An important constraint for generating ready to compute molecules was the non-availability of bond order information in the published coordinates data. Accordingly functionality has been built in ChemEngine for creating a bond matrix i.e. inter-atomic connectivities of a given cluster of atoms, to facilitate its recognition by the program as a molecule. This enables construction of the connection tables of molecules to assist the direct conversion of a PDF file to SDF on the fly. The method accurately retained the original conformations of all the optimized molecules when the extracted atomic coordinates were supplied back to the original program (Additional file 2).
Understanding the atomic (electronic) movements and distances is of paramount importance in transition state modeling studies of organic reactions. Typically the cut-off distance for the presence of a bond is computed as the sum of the covalent radii of the two atoms, but researchers generally prefer to conduct a computationally less intensive QM calculation and determine based on Wiberg bond order as implemented in the QMDFF code [33]. We took into account the interatomic distances of all the elements in periodic table to annotate the bond order between two atoms. The logic implemented in ChemEngine for creating a bond matrix between two atoms A1 and A2 in a molecule is schematically represented in Fig. 6. The cut off distance between two vicinal atoms involved in a covalent bond formation was calculated as the sum of atomic radii + a scaling factor of 0.35 Å, any distance higher than this was considered as a non bonding interaction by the program. Likewise all interatomic distance of other atoms were computed to generate bond matrix of a molecule.
A schematic depicting the bond recognition logic implemented in ChemEngine v 1.0. a–c represent three scenarios between two interacting atoms A1 and A2, wherein a bond was considered to be present
To validate our method, the bond matrix for atoms of all the molecules (n = 29) deposited in the supplementary information of the research article was computed and compared with the ones generated by the original software (Gaussian). The values were identical in both the cases. Bond matrix conformation of a representative molecule from this set is shown in Fig. 7 (Bond matrix of few more molecules is shown in Additional file 3). The coordinate data and the computed connectivity information could be used to generate molecules in the SDF and MOL formats.
Interatomic bond distances reproduced using ChemEngine by harvesting the 3D coordinate structural data from the pdf file (Mol ID 29, Dimethyl sulfide). The bond characteristics were identical with those generated by the original program (GaussView)
The work pertains to a well cited paper wherein computational studies were performed on a range of alkenes to gain insights into the mechanistic processes involved in the thiol ene reactions [34] typically classified under click chemistry. In contrast with the previous case study, where the approach was straight forward and an open source pdf reader could be employed to convert pdf to text from the supporting information submitted in a pdf file, in the present case the pdf file was first saved in a plain text format externally and then submitted to ChemEngine for extracting the coordinates. The inadvertent errors in file conversion could be related to compatibility issues associated with various PDF maker programs available on the web.
ChemEngine program could successfully generate the Cartesian coordinates, bond matrix and non molecular data of all the reported molecules (Table 1). Due to the pagination problem in the original PDF document, only few structures partially failed (few atoms carry forward to next molecule) by the program. This pagination issue was later addressed by molecular block identifier—a simple subroutine with the help of which the program could correctly identify molecules reported in a document.
Sample data from three output files viz. bond matrix, coordinate data and non-molecular text generated by ChemEngine in the second case study related to thiol ene click chemistry. Data displayed here has been truncated for brevity (n = 115)
To establish the reusability of the molecular conformations extracted from ChemEngine, we computed their single point energies. RHF (restricted Hartree–Fock) method, a central starting point for multi electron systems was employed for quick computations. The resultant energy values were plotted against the original reported free energies derived from CBS-QB3 (Complete Basis Set), a computationally intensive composite method for yielding very accurate energies. Both the energies were in close agreement (R2 = 0.998) despite the choice of different methods (Fig. 8).
A comparative plot of single point energies of molecules extracted from coordinate data related to case study 2. The values are in agreement with the original computed data. CBS Complete Basis Set, RHF restricted Hartree–Fock
The computational work reported involved Cope rearrangement transition states using the DFT method to compute electronic energies for various substituted allyl derivatives [35]. This example consisted of a PDF file wherein the coordinates data was submitted in a comma separated format in the supplementary file. The code implemented in ChemEngine was modified to parse any coordinates data interspersed with delimiters such as comma, tab or space in a PDF file. The results of all three case studies are summarized in Table 2 which prove the robustness and efficiency of the ChemEngine program in recognizing patterns and developing regular expression for the typical cases dealt (Additional files 4, 5).
Details of the three case studies representing the diversity of coordinate molecular data in supplementary material handled by ChemEngine
N = molecules
Regular expression pattern
Format and delimiter
Epoxide formation from sulfur ylides and aldehydes
^[A-Za-z0-9]{1,2}\\s+-{0,1}.{1,2}[0-9]{1,8}\\s+-{0,1}.{1,2}[0-9]{1,8}.{1,}
Thiol ene click chemistry
Design of tetra(arenediyl)bis(allyl) derivatives for cope rearrangement transition states
^[A-Za-z0-9]{1,2}\\,[0]{0,1}[\\,]{0,1}-{0,1}.{1,2}[0-9]{1,10}\\,-{0,1}.{1,2}[0-9]{1,10}.{1,}
In order to increase the scope of this work to handle several hundred PDF files to harvest truly computable molecular data, that are buried in PDF files we have implemented a default option in ChemEngine to harvest atomic co-ordinate data mixed with images (spectral data, barcode images, experimental data, molecular description and other computed data) and successfully tested with several PDF files to regenerate molecular files without any errors [36].
In the present work we process the molecules and transform them into SDF format that is mostly compatible with commercial packages thus saving time and computational effort. The compute once and use many times approach will help the readers to access the original input files even after passage of time. It is pertinent to mention here that the biological sciences and bioinformatics community follow a standard representation of molecular coordinates in the PDB file format which is a database compliant format instead of a PDF format thus securing an easy access and exchange of information. Extracting coordinates of protein molecule from a PDF file, assuming an average protein size of over 2,00,000 atoms would have been indeed a truly challenging task. However with the aid of ChemEngine customized with additional atomic co-ordinate pattern recognition modules, now it is possible to harvest any molecular data from PDF format. With the advent of 3D structure repositories and several free academic sites, data storage is no longer a major issue, the ready to compute molecules can be deposited and maintained to avoid duplication of computational efforts. Till such a global archival norm is achieved, it is suggested that the chemical community should maintain a standard and consistent representation of chemical structure data in the electronic supplementary files in native format or standard data format to facilitate the re-usability among the scientific community.
Supplementary information of primary literature deposited with journals is a rich reservoir of peer reviewed molecular data which will be more valuable if available for further reuse. An application ChemEngine presented here selectively extracts the 3D structure from coordinate information present along with inadvertently introduced noisy data present in PDF files. This approach can obviate to some extent the loss of chemical data while at the same time conserve the memory and storage space required at the journal site. The methodology exemplified here will enable molecule mining in semantic context and ensure maximum reuse of the valuable data by interested readers thereby enhancing the citations of the authors. Further the application can be seamlessly integrated to enable a high throughput molecular computing automated workflow.
printable document format
ORTEP:
oak ridge thermal ellipsoid plot
SDF:
structure data format
QMDFF:
quantum mechanically derived force field
MK conceived the idea and developed the software, RV validated the methodology, tested the application and prepared the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
MK thanks director CSIR NCL for providing infrastructure and support. The financial support received from GENESIS (BSC0121) and INSPIRE (CSC0107) under 12FYP projects is duly acknowledged. RV thanks DST, New Delhi for award of a fellowship. We also thank reviewers for valuable comments to improvise the tool with default options that increased the scope of ChemEngine to handle several hundred PDF files to generate molecular structures with high accuracy.
13321_2016_175_MOESM1_ESM.txt Additional file 1. Coordinate data of 29 molecules obtained as output from ChemEngine in the first case study pertaining to formation of epoxides from sulfur ylides and aldehydes.
13321_2016_175_MOESM2_ESM.zip Additional file 2. Recreated 3D geometry optimized structures of 29 molecules as visualized in the original program (Gauss View).
13321_2016_175_MOESM3_ESM.xlsx Additional file 3. A comparative table consisting of interatomic bond distances computed via ChemEngine and the commercial software package. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.
13321_2016_175_MOESM4_ESM.txt Additional file 4. Sample input file containing co-ordinates of molecules separated by comma delimiter.
13321_2016_175_MOESM5_ESM.docx Additional file 5. Instruction for compilation of chemengine source code available online and operation manual.
Present address: Chemical Engineering and Process Development (CEPD), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pashan Road, Pune, Maharastra, 411008, India
MIT School of Bioengineering Sciences and Research, ADT (Art, Design and Technology) University, Loni Kalbhor, Pune, Maharashtra, 412201, India
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JAKARTA (AFP) - The undisputed superstar in the growing world of eSports said gaming deserved its place in the Olympics -- despite a mixed reception at its debut Asian Games.
Faker, real-name Lee Sang-hyeok, has gone from high school drop-out to fame and fortune through eSports, which are now knocking loudly on the door of the mainstream.
He said eSports' growth potential and popularity among the young made them a must both for the Asian Games, where they were played as a demonstration sport in Jakarta this week, and the Olympics.
"ESports has great potential to become an official sport in the Asian Games, as well as the Olympics," the bespectacled League of Legends player told AFP.
"ESports are immensely popular among the youth so I think that eSports has far bigger growth potential than any other sport," he added.
The 22-year-old millionaire is among the biggest and best paid competitors at the multi-sport Games in Indonesia, which have also hosted footballer Son Heung-min and three-time Olympic swimming champion Sun Yang.
Faker, dubbed the "Michael Jordan of eSports", enjoys similar fame and fortune to professional basketball or baseball players in gaming-obsessed South Korea.
There, multiple TV channels are dedicated to broadcasting competitions, held at large football stadiums to roars from tens of thousands of fans.
The sheer weight of numbers -- 25 million players, or half of South Korea's population -- makes professional gaming "just like any other sport", he said.
But eSports don't enjoy such acceptance worldwide, and attempts to win a spot at the Olympics, alongside other new sports like skateboarding and surfing, have so far been rebuffed.
"When will (eSports) be included in the Olympics? the simple answer is: I don't know," said Kenneth Fok, head of the Asian Electronic Sports Federation chief.
Even eSports' long-trailed inclusion as a medal sport at the next Asian Games has not been confirmed, after the Olympic Council of Asia said it couldn't give the go-ahead without an international federation for the sport -- which doesn't yet exist.
Given the fractured nature of eSports, and the competing interests of different games manufacturers, that could prove a significant hurdle.
"There is still a distance between the eSports world and the sports world -- I won't kid, it is a far distance," Fok said.
Much of the resistance to eSports comes from the non-athletic nature of the competition, and a reluctance to encourage children to spend too much time on screens.
Nowhere is the dilemma more stark than in China, home of Alisports, which is leading the charge to have eSports as a medal event at the 2022 Asian Games in Hangzhou -- the headquarters of its parent company, e-commerce giant Alibaba.
But China was also the first country to brand online addiction as a disorder, and 24 million young people are estimated to be addicts -- a subject that causes great concern and has given rise to rehabilitation centres with harsh methods.
When China won the first event at the Asian Games in Jakarta, in the Arena of Valor game, their coach wept as he praised the support from back home.
But unlike China's other events at the Asian Games, state broadcaster CCTV didn't screen eSports, continuing a long tradition of keeping gaming off the airwaves.
"Most Chinese regard playing electronic games as internet addiction," Neil Wang, the Greater China president of consultancy firm Frost and Sullivan, told AFP.
"There is (a large audience), including a large amount of teenagers during the Asian Games, and CCTV needs to take that into account," he added.
Tech giant Tencent also began placing controls on its games, including the smash-hit "Honor of Kings" -- the Chinese version of "Arena of Valor" -- last year following concerns about marathon gaming by teenagers.
Owing to China's broadcast black-out, Chinese fans missed a showstopping moment at the Asian Games: the defeat of Faker's six-man League of Legends team by Chinese opposition.


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Home | Legal & Judicial | 82 freed Chibok schoolgirls to meet with Nigerian president
82 freed Chibok schoolgirls to meet with Nigerian president
Nigeria's president says that he will meet Sunday with 82 Chibok schoolgirls freed this weekend after being kidnapped three years ago by Boko Haram.
President Muhammadu Buhari said in a statement that he will receive the released schoolgirls in Nigeria's capital, Abuja.
The president said the schoolgirls were freed in exchange for detained suspected extremists in the largest negotiated release of the nearly 300 girls whose mass abduction in 2014 highlighted the threat of Nigeria's homegrown extremist fighters linked to the Islamic State group.
Before Saturday's release, 195 of the girls had been captive. Now 113 of the girls remain unaccounted for.
As news of the latest release broke, long-suffering family members said they are eagerly awaiting a list of names and their hopes and expectations are high.
Source: Al Alam
Macron campaign says it was target of 'massive' hacking attack
Online Fashion E-Retailer Upgrades Payment System, Ensuring Convenience and Security

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


1. Cook onion and celery in 4 tablespoons butter over moderately low heat, until tender and transfer to a bowl. Stir in crab and bread crumbs.
2. In a small bowl whisk together mayonnaise, seafood seasoning, Worcestershire sauce, hot sauce, parsley, and salt and pepper to taste and stir into crab mixture until combined well.
3. Line a baking sheet with wax paper. Form crab mixture into 6 flattened rounds. Chill crab cakes, covered with plastic wrap, at least 1 hour.
4. Heat 1 tablespoon butter over moderate heat until foam subsides and cook half of crab cakes until golden brown, about 2 to 3 minutes on each side. Cook remaining cakes in remaining tablespoon butter in same manner.
5. See below to prepare the hollandaise sauce.
7. Fill a medium sized sauce pan half way with water. Add 1/2 teaspoon of white vinegar (this is optional but the vinegar helps hold the egg together). Bring to a gentle boil and carefully add eggs (1-2 at a time works best). Poach eggs for 2-3 minutes or until yolk has set to your preference. Remove eggs one at a time with a slotted spoon.
8 Assemble as follows: English muffin, crab cakes (one on each muffin), eggs, and hollandaise sauce.
Zonin Prosecco, always fresh and bubbly, sparkling wine perfect for entertaining Italian style! Made of 100% Glera grapes, dry with an abundance of almonds and fresh citrus notes. Enjoy with the people you love!
1. Melt the butter in microwave or in a small pot over the stove. Allow the butter to begin to bubble, but not reach a full boil.
2. As butter is melting, add egg yolks and lemon juice into your blender. Blend at a medium to medium high setting until the egg yolk lightens to a light yellow color. It will take about 20-30 seconds.
3. Slowly drizzle the hot butter into your egg yolks while your blender is at the medium setting. Use a clean kitchen cloth to prevent any spatters of the hot butter onto you as you are pouring.
4. Add hot water as a final step in blending your hollandaise sauce.
5. For a bit thinner hollandaise sauce, add hot water, a tablespoon at a time, pulsing after each addition until the hollandaise reaches the preferred consistency.
6. Add more lemon juice if desired.


text:
Kathy Sheridan: How Ireland and the Garda closed ranks on Majella Moynihan
Atmosphere that pervaded the Garda and society wrecked many lives
Wed, Jun 19, 2019, 05:00 Updated: Wed, Jun 19, 2019, 15:51
Kathy Sheridan
Majella Moynihan in 1998. 'The Garda Representative Association had failed so comprehensively in its purpose to protect and defend her that she wasn't even aware of its existence.' Photograph: RTÉ
A thread insinuates itself throughout Majella Moynihan's heart-stopping story: how societies choose their human sacrifices for some "higher" cause, how choices are made.
When her young mother was killed in a road incident, her father – whom she believes couldn't cope – signed his five little girls over to the State. For 11 years, she was cared for in an industrial school by Sr Clare, an "outstanding woman . . . the mother of hundreds of children and everybody loved her". The nun who replaced Sr Clare subjected the child to routine criminal assault.
The girls' father remarried within a few years and set up home in Dublin and although there were visits to and fro, she says she never "knew" him. When she moved in with him and her stepmother after her Leaving Cert in 1980, she says, "I walked into a house full of strangers . . ."
How many choices had been made by responsible Irish adults by then that framed Moynihan's view of life, justice or love?
Yet, in a country in deep recession, haemorrhaging the baby boomers of the 1960s to emigration, she won a place in the Garda Síochána. She too made choices. When she got pregnant by another young recruit who went behind her back to her father to ask permission to marry her, she told him angrily she had no intention of marrying him.
Immense courage
The difference is that her choices came out of immense courage for a 21-year-old in that time and context. Asked whether abortion had been a consideration, she said she believed it was a garda's duty to protect life. That was literally true. It was illegal even to travel elsewhere for an abortion in those years.
That too was a choice, made by the Irish electorate the year before.
First female Garda recruits should not be 'horse-faced' Dáil told in 1950s
Minister for Justice praises 'vanguard' of first women to join Garda
Diarmaid Ferriter: Garda morality and policing of 'scarlet women'
The year her son David was born, an inquiry had been set up in Kerry to investigate how gardaí had extracted false confessions of infanticide from Joanne Hayes. That inquiry into Garda malfeasance turned into the crucifixion of Hayes.
Ordnance Survey maps were pinned up in the courtroom so that a distraught, suicidal woman could point out to a slavering audience the precise locations where she and the married man had had sex. Many of those present made a choice to conduct proceedings in that way.
If Hayes "was the anvil on which the new Ireland was hammered out", the lives of Moynihan and her son David were sacrificed on the same crucible
This was the atmosphere that pervaded the Garda Síochána and society when Moynihan decided to proceed with her pregnancy. Did she become pregnant deliberately, she was asked during by senior investigators? Did she want to hold on to him? There were persistent questions about contraception – then only legally available through pharmacies on foot of a medical prescription. To what purpose?
Where were her defenders? Garda middle managers who interrogated or worked with her, wrote reports recommending no charges and praising "an honest, dependable and willing" woman, who "had not been found wanting for assertiveness and courage on the streets"and "though pressed hard . . . did not resort to tears".
Targeted bullying
The Garda Representative Association had failed so comprehensively in its purpose to protect and defend her that she wasn't even aware of its existence. This was despite persistent, targeted bullying, sexual harassment and being "shunned" by colleagues.
When news of the charges was leaked the media, the then general secretary of the GRA, Jack Marrinan, cleared up the mystery: "I'm the father of a young lady myself and there are other young ladies who may be listening from time to time . . . I would not like anyone to think that this would be regarded as a normal condition or appropriate behaviour. There's only a few hundred ban garda and by and large they are an extremely highly moral group of ladies and I see the Garda Síochána as people who should be giving a lead".
In that context, the image of two of the most powerful men in Ireland – Garda commissioner Larry Wren and Archbishop Kevin McNamara – meeting at the Archbishop's Palace to discuss the fate of the lowly female recruit is not so startling after all. Wren, then 62, was the new-broom appointee in 1983, a deeply puritanical man and devout Catholic, whose only known interest outside job, home and family was the St Vincent de Paul society.
Sacking her
He must have been surprised when the archbishop warned against sacking her. But it was not out of Christian concern according to Moynihan's social worker from Cura; it was on the grounds that Wren would be "opening the gates to England". No wonder they feared women so deeply.
The "missing" Garda file is just another offensive, brazen legacy of all the years of closing ranks.
There are few heroes in this story. If Hayes "was the anvil on which the new Ireland was hammered out", as Nell McCafferty put it, the lives of Moynihan and her son David were sacrificed on the same crucible. All along that via dolorosa, choices were made about them from the lowest levels to the highest.
The coda came in her interview with Seán O'Rourke. The upside is a happy relationship, an adored second son and the baby David who came back to her as a 27-year-old man. But the cost . . . She alludes quietly to five attempted suicides. And "the relationship with David hasn't been great . . . I'm hoping that it will develop into a powerful relationship".
Jack Marrinan
Joanne Hayes
Nell Mccafferty
Sean O Rourke
Garda Síochána
Treatment of Majella Moynihan 'wrong at every level' - Taoiseach
Majella Moynihan considering suing State for damages
Garda under increasing pressure over Moynihan disciplinary files
Apologies are welcome but Irish women need answers
The Irish Times view on Majella Moynihan
GRA distances itself from implication Majella Moynihan had done wrong
Transcript of the RTÉ Majella Moynihan documentary
'Intolerable intrusion': The 1985 coverage of Majella Moynihan's story
9:37 Kathy Sheridan: Water crisis and Brexit mess show we are still living in 1977
Ireland's housing market is stabilising, despite claims to the contrary
1:46 Why do immigrants vote for people like Donald Trump?
The Irish Times view on the tracker mortgage scandal: a partial reckoning
We still don't know who made the key decisions and on what grounds they did so
The Irish Times view on global hunger: progress has stalled
More than 820 million people are going hungry in the world
Fintan O'Toole: The 2004 referendum on citizenship was a disgrace to Irish democracy
David McWilliams: Stop the recession talk. It's not happening
Foreign investors have been made scapegoats for Ireland's housing crisis
Kathy Sheridan: Water crisis and Brexit mess show we are still living in 1977
Una Mullally
Una Mullally: Noel Whelan was a hero and an ally
Pat Leahy: Greens well-positioned for the next election
Citizenship and the Constitution
Change to census question on religion
The HSE and reorganisation
Budgeting and the health service
Trump's Twitter outburst
Parking charges and Ranelagh
Zimbabwe and the Commonwealth
The price of insurance


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Mequon Montessori School is dedicated to nurturing children's innate love of learning. Our goal is to have children develop their abilities and foster growth in a well-prepared, Montessori environment.
Mequon Montessori is primarily a pre-school for ages 18 months – 6 years, with summer camp programs for ages 3 – 8.
At Mequon Montessori, we educate young children using the renowned Montessori Method of education. This child-centered educational method instills a deep love of learning, self-respect, and respect for others. The century-old method focuses on building autonomy by allowing children the freedom to work directly with physical educational materials under the guidance of a trained Montessori directress.
Summer Camp Starts Next Week!!!
Camp starts June 4th. The morning program runs from 9:00am -12:30pm. Full day is 9:00am - 2:00pm.
Junior Toddler Program - 8:30am – 11:30am This covers children starting at 18months of age. The program runs on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 8:30 – 11:30am. The program is very similar to the Toddler program but geared toward the slightly younger child.
We are located about 1½ miles west of I-43 at Mequon Road (Exit 85). We are just east of Range Line Road. You will see a grey sign that says Mequon Montessori on it.


The following two scholarships are managed by The Dayton-Montgomery County Scholarship Program. Applications must be obtained from your guidance office and submitted to the DMCSP office through your guidance counselor. Please contact DMCSP if you have questions about these 2 scholarships.
The Altrusa Club of Dayton-Ruth Richardson Scholarship is managed by the Dayton Montgomery County Scholarship Program. Applications must be picked up and submitted through your high school guidance counselor. This application is NOT available online.
Altrusa International is a community service organization with a focus on literacy and other local needs. Ruth F. Richardson was the founder of the Dayton-Montgomery County Scholarship Program and a member of Altrusa International. The name of the scholarship was changed to honor her memory following her death in 2012.
The fund was established by a group of Colonel White HS retired teachers to provide financial assistance to a student graduating from Colonel White (Thurgood Marshall High School effective January 1, 2008) who is majoring in education.
© 2019. Dayton - Montgomery County Scholarship Program. All rights reserved.


text:
JIV-ERIC
ERIC Council
Visiting JIVE
Correlator overview
eVLBI
Archive introduction
EVN Call for Proposals is open
Observing proposals are invited for the European VLBI Network (EVN). The deadline for proposal submission is 1 February 2022 at 16:00 UTC. See the Call for Proposals text here for full information about the call and how to submit proposals.
The EVN facility is open to all astronomers. Astronomers with limited or no VLBI experience are particularly encouraged to apply for observing time. Support with proposal preparation, scheduling, correlation, data reduction and analysis can be requested from the Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE).
EVN Support+ programme
JIVE/EVN initiates a pilot programme to provide extended support to teams new to the EVN, with little or no direct VLBI experience. This includes the scheduling of the VLBI run and the VLBI-specific parts of the data reduction (including a-priori amplitude calibration and fringe-fitting). Imaging, and the interpretation of the data is the responsibility of the team. We aim to support some standard VLBI projects, evaluated by the EVN Program Committee with the highest grades. For further questions please contact the Chair of the EVN PC, Zsolt Paragi (evnpc@jive.eu).
User support and the Transnational Access Programme
Please contact the JIVE support scientists at usersupport@jive.eu in advance, if you need help with preparing your proposal. User support is available in all stages of preparations, observing and data reduction. Travel support could be accessed through the OPTICON RadioNet Pilot project – see the EVN Travel support pages.
EVN Call for Proposals Text
Please find the full Call for Proposals Text here.
The European VLBI Network (EVN) is an interferometric array of radio telescopes spread throughout Europe, Asia, South Africa and the Americas that conducts unique, high-resolution, radio astronomical observations of cosmic radio sources. Established in 1980, the EVN has grown into the most sensitive VLBI array in the world, including over 20 individual telescopes, among them some of the world's largest and most sensitive radio telescopes. The EVN is composed of 13 Full Member Institutes and 5 Associated Member Institutes.
The Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE) has as its primary mission to operate and develop the EVN data processor, a powerful supercomputer that combines the signals from radio telescopes located across the planet. Founded in 1993, JIVE is since 2015 a European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC) with seven member countries: France, Italy, Latvia, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Spain and Sweden; additional support is received from partner institutes in China, Germany and South Africa. JIVE is hosted at the offices of the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON) in the Netherlands.
Left panel: EVN 1.4-GHz map of FRB 20201124A (18 bursts; white ticks). Right panel: Dirty EVN map of all continuum target
data to search for persistent radio emission. The position of FRB 20201124A is indicated by the black ticks. Overplotted are
the 3, 4 and 5-σ contours of the resolved radio emission detected by the VLA at 22 GHz (Piro et al. 2021). In both panels, the optical centre of the host galaxy is indicated by the yellow cross (Fong et al. 2021). Credit: Nimmo et al. 2021, arXiv:2111.01600.
Zsolt Paragi
EVN Programme Committee Chair
JIVE Head of User Support
paragi@jive.eu
Jorge Rivero González
JIVE Science Communications Officer
rivero@jive.eu
© 2021 JIVE
Daily Image


Appointment Only: Mon - Fri 8:30 a.m. - 5 p.m.
Dr. Depala was very respectful of parental concerns and preferences. He took time to consider and respond to questions and concerns.
Every office visit we have had we were seen promptly & the atmosphere is very comforting, all the staff members are incredibly kind!
We feel that Dr. De Pala is thorough and very helpful (as well as realistic). He is very kind and funny and we have full confidence in hm as your son's doctor.