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Home » Conservation » Boy Scouts, Volunteers Planting Trees at Chadron State Park
Boy Scouts, Volunteers Planting Trees at Chadron State Park
Justin Haag October 7, 2015	Leave a comment
Kylie, at left, and Karen Godman of Cheyenne, Wyoming, plant ponderosa pine seedling in the Spring Creek area of Fort Robinson State Park and Wildlife Management Area in April 2014. (NEBRASKAland Magazine/Justin Haag)
About 250 Boy Scouts of the Longs Peak Council will gather at Chadron State Park this weekend to plant trees in areas burned by the 2012 wildfire that entered the popular northwestern Nebraska tourism attraction and burned much of its ponderosa pine forest and surrounding areas. The public is invited to assist in the planting of 3,000 trees in the park Saturday morning.
Participants will begin planting trees after an education session at 8 a.m. and are expected to finish before 1 p.m. Five areas have been targeted for planting, including the park's south boundary, the Sawmill Shelter, the cabins, the campground and near the superintendent's residence.
Gregg Galbraith, Chadron State Park superintendent, said the efforts of the scouts and other volunteers are greatly appreciated. Helping organize the effort are employees of Upper Niobrara White Natural Resources District and the Nebraska Forest Service. Most of the funding for the project is being provided by a grant from the Nebraska Environmental Trust.
"These trees will help reforest areas burned in the park while complementing the many trees that survived the fire," Galbraith said. "These new plantings will be spaced in a way to complement our existing thinning efforts, reducing the chance for catastrophic wildfire in the park in the future."
The Longs Peak Council has had a long tradition of planting trees in Nebraska. For 25 years ending in 2014, hundreds of Boy Scouts gathered annually at Fort Robinson State Park to reforest areas burned in that area's 1989 wildfire.
Jim Schmitt of Dalton, the scout leader organizing the effort, said this planting – the scouts' first at Chadron State Park — will be a little different. Unlike the effort at Fort Robinson, the Boy Scouts will plant tree plugs, which come with soil and nutrients around their roots, instead of bare root seedlings. Schmitt said fewer trees will be planted than were planted at Fort Robinson's annual effort, but he expects the new plantings to have much better chance of survival – up to 93 percent. He said the trees will be planted in sheltered and shaded spots to give them the best protection from the elements.
People who would like to volunteer are encouraged to contact Schmitt at 308-249-1195 or Sheri Daniels of the UNWNRD at 308-432-6190 or daniels@unwnrd.org.
Justin Haag
About Justin Haag
Justin Haag has served the Commission as a public information officer in the Panhandle since 2013. His duties include serving as regional editor for NEBRASKAland Magazine. Haag was raised in southwestern Nebraska, where he developed a love for fishing, hunting and other outdoor pursuits. After earning a bachelor's degree in journalism from Chadron State College in 1996, he worked four years as an editor and reporter at newspapers in Chadron and McCook. Prior to joining the Commission in 2013, he worked 12 years as a communicator at Chadron State, serving as the institution's media and public relations coordinator the last five. He and his wife, Cricket, live in Chadron, and have two children.
@Nebland_Haag
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It can also provide a shot of confidence and a sense of strength and power and even liberation, however lasting or fleeting.
For these working girls who were already going against the drudgery of toiling in a factory or as a domestic, who were surviving in a patriarchal world by their wits and sexuality, the opportunity to sit for Goldman was very likely not only thrilling. It was also empowering. One can only imagine the mutual giddiness prevailing among them all, too, at the possible outcome from all these lost afternoon shoots. In a singular image from this collection appears Goldman striking a pose as proud as a peacock.
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It's one of stock masculinity in the canons of classic portraiture though usually in military uniformand like his muses, presented in all his naked glory. By sharing in the objectivity of the process, Goldman basks in the specialness his models must have felt. By stepping around the lens, he becomes a true confidante.
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By all accounts from curator Robert Flynn Johnson's devoted research on this once-lost collection, Goldman seems to have kept his treasured collection as a personal trove. As a successful photographer of weddings and social events, it was most certainly not in his interest for the public to know about his private creative pursuits. She has been married to Sophus K.
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ABOUT MY SISTERS
Debra Ginsberg
In About My Sisters, Debra Ginsberg examines the bonds of sisterhood through her relationships with her three sisters; Maya, Lavander, and Deja. As their unconventional parents crisscrossed the world in search of the perfect place to live, Debra and her sisters developed a strong and unrestricting closeness as girls that they maintain today as women. Written in the same candid voice that captivated readers in her first two books, About My Sisters is an absorbing and heartfelt view into the complex ties of sisterhood.
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About Debra Ginsberg
Debra Ginsberg is the author of Waiting: The True Confessions of a Waitress and Raising Blaze: Bringing Up an Extraordinary Son in an Ordinary World, both of which have been adopted as texts for creative non-fiction classes and for professional reference. A graduate of Reed College, she is a contributor to NPR's 'All Things Considered' and the San Diego Union-Tribune books section.
&ldquo
Ginsberg is a charming and talented writer.&rdquo
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Predicting intention to hunt protected wildlife: a case study of Bewick's swan in the European Russian Arctic
Julia L. Newth, Robbie A. McDonald, Kevin A. Wood, Eileen C. Rees, Igor Semenov, Anton Chistyakov, Galina Mikhaylova, Stuart Bearhop, Ruth L. Cromie, Anna Belousova, Petr Glazov, Ana Nuno
Journal: Oryx , First View
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 30 November 2021, pp. 1-13
Illegal killing of wildlife is a major conservation issue that, to be addressed effectively, requires insight into the drivers of human behaviour. Here we adapt an established socio-psychological model, the theory of planned behaviour, to explore reasons for hunting the Endangered Bewick's swan Cygnus columbianus bewickii in the European Russian Arctic, using responses from hunters to a questionnaire survey. Wider ecological, legal, recreational and economic motivations were also explored. Of 236 hunters who participated overall, 14% harboured intentions to hunt Bewick's swan. Behavioural intention was predicted by all components of the theory of planned behaviour, specifically: hunters' attitude towards the behaviour, perceived behavioural control (i.e. perceived capability of being able to perform the behaviour) and their subjective norms (perception of social expectations). The inclusion of attitude towards protective laws and descriptive norm (perception of whether other people perform the behaviour) increased the model's predictive power. Understanding attitudes towards protective laws can help guide the design of conservation measures that reduce non-compliance. We conclude that conservation interventions should target the socio-psychological conditions that influence hunters' attitudes, social norms and perceived behavioural control. These may include activities that build trust, encourage support for conservation, generate social pressure against poaching, use motivations to prompt change and strengthen peoples' confidence to act. This approach could be applied to inform the effective design, prioritization and targeting of interventions that improve compliance and reduce the illegal killing of wildlife.
202 - Music Therapy Intervention to Reduce Caregiver Distress at End of Life: A Feasibility Study
Kevin Whitford, Angela Ulrich, Travis Dockter, Brianna E. Larsen, Christina Wood, Monica Walton, Christina M. Phelps, Martha J. Siska, Amy Stelpflug, Maureen Bigelow, Maria I. Lapid
Journal: International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 33 / Issue S1 / October 2021
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 November 2021, p. 7
Music therapy is frequently provided to patients at the end of life, and studies have shown a benefit in relief of symptoms and a positive impact on quality of life (QoL), but little is known regarding the effect of music therapy (MT) on caregivers. Caregivers are at risk for anxiety, emotional distress and experience anticipatory grief as the patient nears death. Caregivers are present with patients and may also benefit from MT.
To assess the impact of MT on caregivers for hospice patients and determine the feasibility of research in this population.
Twenty caregivers of patients hospitalized for general inpatient hospice care were enrolled. MT was provided by a board-certified music therapist, and sessions included pre-MT assessment, 20-45 minutes of MT, and post-MT assessment. Caregiver stress was measured with the Pearlin Role Overload Measure (ROM), QoL was measured with the Linear Analogue Self-Assessment (LASA), and depression and anxiety were measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety (PHQ-4). These three measures were taken pre-MT, post-MT and 6 months post-MT. Caregivers were also asked to complete a Music Therapy Program Survey post-MT.
The MT intervention was completed for 15/20 caregivers (75%). Of those who did not complete MT, 2 withdrew prior, 1 was not available, 1 patient passed during the MT session, and 1 patient died prior to MT. 14 caregivers completed pre-MT and post-MT assessments, and 9 caregivers completed assessments at all 3 timepoints. The MT Program Survey (post-MT assessment, n=14) showed 100% of caregivers were very satisfied with MT and would recommend to others, 78% found MT effective for stress relief, 69% for relaxation, 71% for spiritual support, 86% for emotional support, and 71% for feeling of wellness.
Research on MT is feasible for acute hospice care caregivers with a majority of caregivers consenting to research and about half completing surveys pre-MT, post-MT, and 6-months post-MT (9/20). Future larger studies should be conducted to better assess the impact of MT on caregivers.
Comparison of Bacterial Contamination in a Children's Outpatient Clinic: General Medicine Versus Pulmonary Units
David Levine, Henry Spratt, June Hanks, Charles Woods, Ledbetter Joel, Kevin Gentner, Lindsey Brunton
Journal: Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / October 2020
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 November 2020, p. s177
Background: The bacteria that inhabit outpatient healthcare facilities influence patient outcomes and recovery, although the diversity and quantity of these bacterial communities is largely unknown. Whether differences in bacterial presence exist in individual medical specialty units of an outpatient clinic is also largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare bacterial species found in the general medicine and pulmonary units of an outpatient children's clinic associated with a teaching hospital. Methods: In total, 6 locations (4 floor sites, counters, air ducts) were sampled in 3 rooms in the pulmonary (PUL) unit and 3 rooms in the general medicine (GM) unit on 13 days over a 6-month period. Sterile double transport swabs were utilized, transported on ice to a microbiology lab, and used to inoculate Hardy Diagnostics Cdiff Banana Broth (for Clostridium difficile), CHROM MRSA agar (for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA]), eosin methylene blue (Levine-type, for Lac+ gram negatives [GN]), and Pseudomonas isolation agar (for Pseudomonas spp and P. aeruginosa [PS and PSA]). Media were incubated for 48 hours at 37°C and were scored for bacterial presence based on colonial observation. Results: The presence of bacteria isolated from GM and PUL units differed by species and location. Based on the percentage of positive swabs, the presence of GN was widespread in both units (Fig 1). Additionally, bacterial presence was greatest on the floors (GN ranged from 72% to 85% on floors in the 2 units), whereas counters had fewer positive swabs (GN ranged from 23% to 38% on counters), and swabs from return air ducts rarely led to bacterial growth. The 1 case in which swabs from the PUL unit resulted in higher levels of bacterial growth than for the GM unit was for PSA (GM, 8%; PUL, 13%). C. difficile detection was the same on both units (ie, 35% of floor samples showed contamination). Conclusions: The levels of environmental bacterial presence observed for these clinic units differed in some cases by unit and ranged from not detectable to very high levels. Detection of C. difficile on 35% of floor samples in both units could be problematic. Additionally, for the PUL unit, contamination of 13% of floor samples by PSA should raise concerns because many patients in this clinic have cystic fibrosis (CF). Although many CF patients are colonized by PSA, others may potentially contract an infection by this pathogen from the clinical environment. This observation supports current infection control recommendations for CF patients in outpatient settings.
Funding: None
Disclosures: None
12 - The Weight of the Shadow of the Past
from Part II - Land Forces
By Kevin M. Woods
Edited by Peter R. Mansoor, Ohio State University, Williamson Murray, Ohio State University
Book: The Culture of Military Organizations
Print publication: 17 October 2019, pp 272-298
This chapter explores the organizational culture of Iraq's army between its founding in 1921 and its collapse by the time of the American invasion in 2003. During this eighty-two-year history, the organizational culture of the Iraqi Army moved from the face of a foreign occupation in the 1920s, to a political tool of internal social and political coercion, to "probably the most potent military ever wielded by an Arab government." However, by the time American troops pulled down the statue of Saddam in Baghdad's Firdos Square, the army's organizational culture was but a faint echo of not only its Iran-Iraq War pinnacle but also its historic norm. Saddam's role was the critical factor in this change. Saddam needed professional military officers competent in developing and employing a large modern armed force, but he preferred the counsel of "violent and ignorant personalities." Saddam could never reconcile the fundamental difference between what he called tribal and civilized (or state) warfare and the professional elements of the Iraqi armed forces could not survive in his shadow.
Defective and clustered choosability of sparse graphs
Kevin Hendrey, David R. Wood
Journal: Combinatorics, Probability and Computing / Volume 28 / Issue 5 / September 2019
An (improper) graph colouring has defect d if each monochromatic subgraph has maximum degree at most d, and has clustering c if each monochromatic component has at most c vertices. This paper studies defective and clustered list-colourings for graphs with given maximum average degree. We prove that every graph with maximum average degree less than (2d+2)/(d+2)k is k-choosable with defect d. This improves upon a similar result by Havet and Sereni (J. Graph Theory, 2006). For clustered choosability of graphs with maximum average degree m, no (1-ɛ)m bound on the number of colours was previously known. The above result with d=1 solves this problem. It implies that every graph with maximum average degree m is $\lfloor{\frac{3}{4}m+1}\rfloor$-choosable with clustering 2. This extends a result of Kopreski and Yu (Discrete Math., 2017) to the setting of choosability. We then prove two results about clustered choosability that explore the trade-off between the number of colours and the clustering. In particular, we prove that every graph with maximum average degree m is $\lfloor{\frac{7}{10}m+1}\rfloor$-choosable with clustering 9, and is $\lfloor{\frac{2}{3}m+1}\rfloor$-choosable with clustering O(m). As an example, the later result implies that every biplanar graph is 8-choosable with bounded clustering. This is the best known result for the clustered version of the earth–moon problem. The results extend to the setting where we only consider the maximum average degree of subgraphs with at least some number of vertices. Several applications are presented.
Are long-term trends in Bewick's Swan Cygnus columbianus bewickii numbers driven by changes in winter food resources?
KEVIN A. WOOD, JULIA L. NEWTH, KANE BRIDES, MIKE BURDEKIN, ANNE L. HARRISON, STEVE HEAVEN, CHARLIE KITCHIN, LEIGH MARSHALL, CARL MITCHELL, JESSICA PONTING, DAFILA K. SCOTT, JON SMITH, WIM TIJSEN, GEOFF M. HILTON, EILEEN C. REES
Journal: Bird Conservation International / Volume 29 / Issue 3 / September 2019
The north-west European population of Bewick's Swan Cygnus columbianus bewickii declined by 38% between 1995 and 2010 and is listed as 'Endangered' on the European Red List of birds. Here, we combined information on food resources within the landscape with long-term data on swan numbers, habitat use, behaviour and two complementary measures of body condition, to examine whether changes in food type and availability have influenced the Bewick's Swan's use of their main wintering site in the UK, the Ouse Washes and surrounding fens. Maximum number of Bewick's Swans rose from 620 in winter 1958/59 to a high of 7,491 in winter 2004/05, before falling to 1,073 birds in winter 2013/14. Between winters 1958/59 and 2014/15 the Ouse Washes supported between 0.5 and 37.9 % of the total population wintering in north-west Europe (mean ± 95 % CI = 18.1 ± 2.4 %). Swans fed on agricultural crops, shifting from post-harvest remains of root crops (e.g. sugar beet and potatoes) in November and December to winter-sown cereals (e.g. wheat) in January and February. Inter-annual variation in the area cultivated for these crops did not result in changes in the peak numbers of swans occurring on the Ouse Washes. Behavioural and body condition data indicated that food supplies on the Ouse Washes and surrounding fens remain adequate to allow the birds to gain and maintain good body condition throughout winter with no increase in foraging effort. Our findings suggest that the recent decline in numbers of Bewick's Swans at this internationally important site was not linked to inadequate food resources.
Establishing Theoretical Stability and Treatment Integrity for Motivational Interviewing
Cathy Atkinson, Kevin Woods
Journal: Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy / Volume 45 / Issue 4 / July 2017
Background: There is increasing evidence claiming the effectiveness of motivational interviewing (MI) in promoting behavioural change. However, ongoing changes to MI theory and practice have implications for its transferability, accessibility and for the validity of previous findings. Lack of practice consistency may make its effectiveness difficult to evaluate. Aims: This paper explores the complexity of MI and issues in the development of evidence-based practice in delivery, before describing issues related to practitioner application. Method: Theoretical and practice developments over the last 30 years are reviewed under the headings theory, practice and efficacy. Specifically, developments across the three editions of the core MI texts are examined. Results: Findings from the literature suggest a lack of theoretical stability and practice integrity, with recent fundamental changes to the underpinning structure of MI. Issues relating to the transferability and acquisition of MI skills, consistency of delivery and mechanisms underlying change are discussed. Conclusions: The authors call for greater theoretical stability, more transparency over how developments are based on theoretical principles and empirical outcomes, and clearer guidance about how this informs practice development and delivery of MI.
Design prototyping methods: state of the art in strategies, techniques, and guidelines
Bradley Camburn, Vimal Viswanathan, Julie Linsey, David Anderson, Daniel Jensen, Richard Crawford, Kevin Otto, Kristin Wood
Journal: Design Science / Volume 3 / 2017
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 August 2017, e13
Prototyping is interwoven with nearly all product, service, and systems development efforts. A prototype is a pre-production representation of some aspect of a concept or final design. Prototyping often predetermines a large portion of resource deployment in development and influences design project success. This review surveys literature sources in engineering, management, design science, and architecture. The study is focused around design prototyping for early stage design. Insights are synthesized from critical review of the literature: key objectives of prototyping, critical review of major techniques, relationships between techniques, and a strategy matrix to connect objectives to techniques. The review is supported with exemplar prototypes provided from industrial design efforts. Techniques are roughly categorized into those that improve the outcomes of prototyping directly, and those that enable prototyping through lowering of cost and time. Compact descriptions of each technique provide a foundation to compare the potential benefits and drawbacks of each. The review concludes with a summary of key observations, highlighted opportunities in the research, and a vision of the future of prototyping. This review aims to provide a resource for designers as well as set a trajectory for continuing innovation in the scientific research of design prototyping.
Relative impact of early versus late design decisions in systems development
James J. Y. Tan, Kevin N. Otto, Kristin L. Wood
To better understand the impact of early versus late design decisions, a study was undertaken on the root causes of missed requirements in new product development and their impact on development cost through rework activities. The context is the industrial development of unmanned aerial vehicles. The aim is to understand the occurrence rate of missed requirements, their root causes, and their relative impact. A quantitative approach of counting requirements changes and using engineering documentation enabled traceability from observation back to root cause origin. The development process was partitioned into sequential program segments, to categorize activities to before and after concept and design freeze. We found that there was a significant difference in the rate of design defects arising before and after concept freeze; and found there was a significantly higher number of corrective activities required for design defects arising earlier before concept freeze. The revision rate of concept phase decisions was over 50%, and the rework multiplier if detected late was over 10X. In combination, design decisions made before design freeze accounted for 86% of the total expected program cost, and 34% was determined before concept freeze. These results quantify and support the anecdotal 80–20 impact rule for design decisions.
Edited by Stephen M. Redpath, University of Aberdeen, R. J. Gutiérrez, University of Minnesota, Kevin A. Wood, Bournemouth University, Juliette C. Young, NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, UK
Book: Conflicts in Conservation
Print publication: 07 May 2015, pp i-iv
Plate Section
PART II - Contrasting disciplinary approaches to the study of conflict in conservation
Print publication: 07 May 2015, pp xi-xiv
1 - An introduction to conservation conflicts
from Part I - Introduction to conservation and conflict
By Stephen M. Redpath, University of Aberdeen, R. J. Gutiéerrez, University of Minnesota, Kevin A. Wood, Bournemouth University, Roger Sidaway, Independent Facilitator, Edinburgh, Scotland, Juliette C. Young, NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology
The conservation of biodiversity is an increasingly challenging endeavour. Current pressures from a growing human population have led to concerns of a sixth mass extinction event, bringing mounting pressure to find effective ways of conserving biodiversity (Barnosky et al., 2011). However, our ability to meet this challenge is affected by the fact that not everyone supports conservation objectives. People naturally have different interests and priorities, some of which may be diametrically opposed to conservation objectives. In some cases, these differences lead to damaging and costly conflicts that we see emerging across the world and which present major challenges to modern conservation (MacDonald and Service, 2007).
At a cursory glance, the conflicts that surface around conservation often appear to be about impact: the impact of carnivores on livestock; the impact of wind farms on birds; or the impact of protected areas on livelihoods. Consequently, a common approach to these problems has been to build robust science and develop an evidence base to understand these impacts and find ways of reducing them, often through technical solutions. This approach, however, rarely works for the simple reason that many of these conflicts are about much more than impact. So even if we can develop the science to quantify impacts and show how they can be reduced, the conflicts can stubbornly persist. Indeed, beneath the surface of any of the conflicts discussed in this book is a complex layering of diverse issues related to different world views, issues of trust, power imbalances or latent historical issues – issues that lie well outside the sphere of the natural sciences. So, if we really want to understand and tackle these thorny problems, we need insights from other disciplines as well as from the practitioners specialising in resolving conflicts.
The growing recognition of the complexity within conflicts has led many authors to suggest more cross-disciplinary approaches, especially through better integration of ecological and social science (Manfredo and Dayer, 2004; Sillero-Zubiri et al., 2007; Treves, 2009; Dickman, 2010; White and Ward, 2010).
Print publication: 07 May 2015, pp v-vi
Part I - Introduction to conservation and conflict
Print publication: 07 May 2015, pp 1-2
Part III - Approaches to managing conflicts
20 - Finding a way out of conservation conflicts
from Part III - Approaches to managing conflicts
By Stephen M. Redpath, University of Aberdeen, R. J. Gutiéerrez, University of Minnesota, Kevin A. Wood, Bournemouth University, Juliette C. Young, Centre for Ecology
The world is undergoing rapid change from increasing human pressure. The scale and intensity of this change are deeply worrying from a conservation perspective. For example, we see severe threats to species, habitat and ecosystems from poaching (Maisels et al., 2013), the illegal use of poison (Ogada, 2014), overharvesting (Pinsky and Palumbi, 2014) and agricultural expansion (Laurance et al., 2014). In this book we have focused on how those who represent conservation arguments (conservationists) can respond to these types of challenges. These conservation conflicts arise because one side is passionate about the need to conserve biological diversity, whether for moral, intrinsic or anthropocentric reasons, and the other side may be more focused on different objectives related to human livelihoods and well-being. That is not to say that those arguing for human livelihoods do not recognise the need to conserve biodiversity, and vice versa, but each side may question the relative importance of the arguments, or the specific objectives, or the methods used to achieve those objectives. What is clear is that conservationists are antagonists in these conflicts, and this realisation is important because in order to navigate a path out of destructive conflict, conservationists will need to recognise their role in these issues, address the roots of the problem and be clear about their objectives and about how they engage with the other parties (Redpath et al., 2014).
Throughout the book, we have presented a range of richly complex and multilayered examples. Each has its own idiosyncrasies, but together they expose general principles and highlight what is needed to map and manage conservation conflicts. In this final chapter we build on these perspectives and draw out the principles and steps towards collaborative conflict management. While we recognise that conflicts may be a force for good (Coser, 1956), the conflicts presented here are more often damaging and costly both to humans and biodiversity.


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Home » 2016 Issues » Vol. 42, No. 52 (03/16/2016) » On March 14, 2016 the Division issued an order. The Final Order was in response to a Petition for an emergency temporary Variance from Southbay Condominium Association Inc., filed February 4, 2016, and advertised on February 9, 2016 in Vol. 42, No. ...
On March 14, 2016 the Division issued an order. The Final Order was in response to a Petition for an emergency temporary Variance from Southbay Condominium Association Inc., filed February 4, 2016, and advertised on February 9, 2016 in Vol. 42, No. ...
DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL REGULATION
Division of Hotels and Restaurants
RULE NO.:RULE TITLE:
61C-5.001Safety Standards
The Department of Business and Professional Regulation, Division of Hotels and Restaurants, Bureau of Elevator Safety hereby gives notice:
On March 14, 2016, the Division issued an order. The Final Order was in response to a Petition for an emergency temporary Variance from Southbay Condominium Association Inc., filed February 4, 2016, and advertised on February 9, 2016, in Vol. 42, No. 26, of the Florida Administrative Register. No comments were received in response to the petition. The Final Order on the Petition for Variance grants the Petitioner a temporary variance from Rule 2.7.4, ASME A17.3, 1996 edition, 8.11.2.5( c), ASME A17.1, 2009 edition, 10631b, ASME A17.1, 1987 edition, and 208.8, ASME A17.1, 1987 edition as adopted by paragraph 61C-5.001(1)(a), F.A.C., that requires restricted opening of hoistway doors, no rust on counterweight bumpers, sump pumps must have covers, and a driving machine break with a capacity to hold the car at rest with its rated load because the Petitioner has demonstrated that the purpose of the underlying statute has been met and that Petitioner would suffer a substantial hardship if required to comply with this rule. The variance expires on April 30, 2017. (VW2016-023).
A copy of the Order or additional information may be obtained by contacting: Michelle Comingore, Bureau of Elevator Safety, 1940 North Monroe Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32399-1013, dhr.elevators@myfloridalicense.com.
Michelle Comingore, Bureau of Elevator Safety, 1940 North Monroe Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32399-1013. dhr.elevators@myfloridalicense.com
Related Rules: (1)
61C-5.001. Elevators, Dumbwaiters, Escalators, Moving Walks, Manlifts, Inclined and Vertical Wheelchair Lifts and Inclined Stairway Chairlifts


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Zinc Could Lessen Cold Symptoms, Study Finds
Catherine Pearson
05/07/2012 06:11pm EDT
Sneezing? Sniffling? Coughing up a storm?
A new scientific review suggests that taking zinc may help shorten the duration of common cold symptoms by several days.
But the review, published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal, also cautions that users should be aware of possible adverse effects.
To help tackle the question of zinc's efficacy, researchers studied 17 trials that included more than 21,000 participants. Compared to adults taking placebos, those who took oral zinc saw a drop in the duration of their cold symptoms. There was no effect found in children.
"The common cold is a frequent respiratory infection that is generally benign and self-limited. However, colds can lead to substantial morbidity, lost productivity and school [or] work absenteeism resulting in substantial economic burden," Dr. Michelle Science, who works at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto and is a co-author of the study, told The Huffington Post in an email. "As such, a treatment that could shorten the duration of cold symptoms would likely be beneficial on an individual and societal level."
In the U.S., more than 60 million cases of the common cold occur each year, resulting in the loss of 22 million days of work annually.
Science said that the new review showed a "relatively minor" reduction in the duration of cold symptoms. But most colds last between one and two weeks, so to many people, even just a few days can make a big difference.
"There are a myriad of over-the-counter medications, as well as herbal and homeopathic remedies, aimed at relieving common cold symptoms ... but there is certainly no gold standard," said Dr. Richard Lebowitz, an associate professor with the Department of Otolaryngology at the NYU School of Medicine who is not associated with the study.
"As with any medication, these cold remedies have potential side effects [that] must be weighed against the potential benefits, which for the most part have not been proven," he continued. "For this reason, many patients choose to just 'wait it out.'"
Indeed, the new review found that adverse effects were common among people taking zinc. They were approximately 65 percent more likely to experience nausea and a bad aftertaste than those taking a placebo.
The authors also caution that the quality of the individual trials studied for the new review varied greatly. Their overall conclusion aligns with a similar literature review by the Cochrane group, which found that zinc can help reduce the duration and severity of the common cold, but that more research is needed before experts can issue a general recommendation regarding its use.
"Although it is possible that oral zinc preparations impact symptoms of the common cold," Science said, "there is currently insufficient evidence to recommend its use in children, and only a weak rationale for use in otherwise healthy adults."
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If you're a serious online poker player, you have probably heard about Bitcoin Poker. Bitcoin, or BTC, is a digital currency that has taken the online gambling industry, and the world, by storm.
This new currency has slowly been gaining momentum since it was first launched in 2009, and these days you would be hard-pressed to come across a top online poker site that does not offer Bitcoin as a payment option.
The list of places that accept Bitcoin grows every day, with more and more businesses becoming open to this new and improved way of purchasing goods and services over the Internet.
In fact, Bitcoin has revolutionized the way we do things on the Internet, including playing poker. Bitcoin can be traded between people around the world, including chips at online poker sites.
Online poker with Bitcoin offers fast gaming action safely and privately from the comfort of your home. Poker has always been a highly competitive and popular game, and using Bitcoin just adds to its appeal. Online poker is a game of skill, patience and strategy, making it a good option for serious players, but easy enough for new players to enjoy.
Add Bitcoin to the mix, and you have a rewarding gaming experience at some of the top poker sites in the world.
Our recommended list of Bitcoin Poker sites has been thoroughly reviewed and tested to ensure they meet our strict criteria. We check every aspect of the website including gaming options, security, licensing, certification, trust, reliability, customer support, usability and of course, banking options.
With this information, we compile a list of what we think is the best websites at which to play Bitcoin Poker.
Bitcoin is a form of cryptocurrency that can be sold and traded between individuals all over the world. An unknown person under the alias of Satoshi Nakamoto created it in 2009. When it was first introduced to the market, many vendors steered clear of this new and untested digital currency.
Since then, the currency has gained momentum in many industries and sectors, and is now one of the most in-demand cryptocurrencies in the world. Many sectors, including online gambling sites, have accepted Bitcoin as a valuable and reliable banking option.
While the concept of Bitcoin may seem complex to the uninitiated, it is basically a form of digital currency that is created using mathematical computations and generated by millions of users around the world.
Bitcoins are stored in digital 'wallets' on an individual's computer or in the cloud. Bitcoins can be used to purchase goods and services over the Internet, and because it is not operated by any bank, it is completely anonymous, fast and reliable, with no additional fees involved.
This makes it a very popular option within the gambling industry and eliminates many of the disadvantages of using traditional methods, including transactional fees and extensive waiting periods for withdrawals.
Bitcoins can be acquired in numerous ways, with the most common being buying them from certain websites, receiving them as a form of payment or receiving them through a process called 'mining.' Anybody can become a Bitcoin miner by simply installing the application on your computer.
Once a Bitcoin is mined, an electronic signature is added, which means the currency permanently exists in the network for distribution and trading.
To make use of Bitcoin for deposits and withdrawals at poker sites, you will need a Bitcoin wallet, which is similar to eWallets like PayPal. The difference between using a Bitcoin wallet and an eWallet is that the latter is connected to a bank account.
Also, Bitcoin wallets are generally considered more secure, as there has never been an incident of frozen accounts or unexpected chargebacks as is common with traditional banks. This wallet needs to exist on your hard drive with its own address, although you won't have to provide any other personal or financial information, guaranteeing anonymity.
Once you have gone through the process of creating a wallet and purchasing your Bitcoins, you must find a suitable Bitcoin poker site for your needs. You will then need to visit the cashier/banking page of the website after registration and choose Bitcoin as a payment option.
While Bitcoin continues to grow in popularity and value, more and more online poker sites are accepting this currency as a legitimate deposit and withdrawal method. That being said, there are many advantages to using Bitcoin at your favourite online poker site.
Transactions take place instantly, so no more waiting around for your funds to become available. As Bitcoin uses a peer-to-peer system to exchange with other people, you can send funds directly to any recipient without needing the assistance of a bank.
Because the currency is decentralised, you do not have to provide any personal information except for your email address and Bitcoin address, making it an excellent option for those wary about sharing your sensitive data online.
Bitcoin's operational costs are cheaper, which means that many poker rooms have a lower rake charge, allowing players to keep a greater portion of all wins when playing Bitcoin poker. This means that using Bitcoin is not only the safe, more secure option, but it also allows you to save and win more money, making Bitcoin poker one of the most lucrative games available on the Internet.
Poker has always been a popular option for serious bettors and novice gamers alike, and thanks to the introduction of Bitcoin, these games are becoming more accessible than ever before. Bitcoin poker offers safe and affordable gaming in a secure environment.
The anonymity aspect allows players to gamble in comfort and complete privacy, while the fact that there is no third party involvement from any banks means no waiting times and no transaction fees.
Bitcoin poker is quickly becoming a leading option for gamblers all over the world, with many poker sites developing their services to meet this demand.


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Karen is an inspirational speaker motivating leaders to be powerful influencers through the integration of ancient wisdom teachings.
A chaos to calm expert and a strategist in mastering the inner mystic with the outer activist, Karen supports individuals and teams to produce lasting change from the inside out.
Take the quiz to find out!
Take The Quiz Now!
Karen McGregor is a leadership and influence expert, international keynote speaker, and the bestselling author of several books, her latest being The Tao of Influence: Creating Lasting Change for a Better World (soon to be released).
Karen helps business professionals and entrepreneurs to have the greatest impact and influence through the integration of ancient wisdom teachings. She built her own multiple 6-figure company 7 years ago from the ground up as a single mom; through her own challenging journey and struggles with her Type A personality, Karen shares how to access deep inner wisdom and harmony (in an often chaotic, demanding and ever changing environment) while getting extraordinary results professionally and personally. She has presented to thousands of people in a variety of industries and is respected as a speaker who motivates and inspires audiences to take action.
As a 2018 TEDx speaker with over one million views and an international speaker sharing the stage with Tony Robbins, John Gray, Deepak Chopra and others, Karen knows how to inspire leaders to become influential, modern-day mystics in the boardroom, in their communities and on the global stage… all while taking the necessary action to produce sustainable change.
Karen McGregor
Watch Karen's Show for Global Influencers
Join Karen's Influence and Ancient Wisdom for Inspired Leaders Community
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The problem is that we have an intellect. It gets in the way of consciousness, but we need it for everyday life. The intellect builds itself from knowledge and personal experiences, which make up 99.9% of our lives. The laughable rest is consciousness. When you reach for intellect, consciousness is lost. We have lost contact; the connectedness to the whole, to creation, to the divine. That is also the reason why religion is so successful. But: they are taking us down the wrong tracks, they want to sell us a way to the divine, because they are agents of gods which don't exist. They lead us into dead ends or other unhelpful places. When you are conscious, then you are directly connected with existence, and nobody is standing in the way. Then your senses begin to flow, you awaken, you get a taset of the divine, which you are a part of!
What is actually the meaning of consciousness and awareness and why are they so enormously important to Tantra? We live mostly either in the future or in the past, only very rarely in this moment.
Have you ever seen a deer in the forest – how alert it watches, how carefully it moves? You take a step in it's direction, there is a certain distance, then it slowly lessens. Go closer, just one step further – and it runs away. It has a high level of alertness, when it senses you, then it is with it's total attention, it's entire prescence focused on you. There is nothing between you and the deer, no time, no distance, it melts with you. That is total consciousness!


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Join date: 13 Mai 2022
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Things to do in Tokyo with Kids What to do in Tokyo with children Take in a Shakespeare play From Romeo and Juliet to Hamlet, the Bard has had some strong influences in Tokyo. The Shakespeare Club of Japan hosts regular Shakespeare performances. And for a different take, the popular Tokyo Foreign Correspondents' Club hosts 'Shakespeare in the Round'. Explore museums in Tokyo Museums are a great place to learn about the history of Tokyo. The Museum of Tokyo offers a varied, interactive experience and is worth visiting. The National Museum of Modern Art is home to some interesting exhibitions. Head to the National Museum of Western Art for an overview of Japanese art. Explore temples and shrines in Tokyo Visit the awe-inspiring temple of Senso-ji and the colourful shrine of Meiji Jingu. Alternatively, discover the sacred world of the Zen temple of Zushi and pay your respects at Hieizan-ji's haunting monastery. Take a day trip from Tokyo From the picturesque Kurama Valley to Tokyo Bay, the southern half of Tokyo is easy to access and makes for a great day trip. To the west of Tokyo, head to the urban charms of Hakone and the splendours of Ueno Park. The Edo-Tokyo Museum at Kamakura is a perfect place to learn about the history of Japan's feudal period. Hike in the Japanese Alps It's hard to beat the natural beauty of the Japanese Alps, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Take to the trails of Kiso Valley, Chantelle Lake or the spectacular Mount Fuji. The unique landscape, with its granite peaks, forests, rushing waterfalls and vast caldera lakes, is a must-see. Explore Tokyo's neighbourhoods Jingumae, Shinjuku and Marunouchi are the most convenient places to explore the Japanese capital. You can eat like a local in Taito or take a relaxing stroll in Odaiba. Of course, if you're up for more action, Yoyogi Park is a great spot for sports. See the latest movies Sight and sound is everything at the Cine Forum. The Tokyo International Forum is the home of several theatres and offers food, drinks and special screenings. If you'd rather see the latest Hollywood blockbuster, head to the Academy of Film in Roppongi. The 6DX 'ground-breaking' screen technology offers a
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Are you are graduate student?
Have you completed any of the following?
This website automatically processes the information entered by people who register.
It immediately alerts our various Project Managers of each registration and vacancy application.
Our Project Managers then use this information to schedule telephonic and face to face interviews.
Unfortunately, any resumes that are emailed will not be a part of our internal database and therefore cannot be processed or considered for any vacancies.


When his haphazard efforts to connect with his eight-year-old autistic son cause rifts in his marriage, Alex moves in with his irresponsible best friend and navigates single life and part-time parenthood while bonding with his son over the game of Minecraft.
KEITH STUART is the games editor of the Guardian and a veteran video game journalist who has spent 20 years playing, investigating, and writing about video games and their possibilities. He lives with his family in Somerset, England. A Boy Made of Blocks is his first book.


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> Region
> West-North Central
> South Dakota
Related topics: Back Office/Call Centers/Data Centers
SD: Advanced Services to Create 70 New Jobs in Rapid City
Advanced Services, Inc. (ASI), a wholly-owned subsidiary of GE Appliances, a Haier company, announced the creation of 70 new jobs at its Rapid City call center to support the growing number of consumers buying GE appliances. With a focus on delivering the best ownership experience, the ASI team manages service scheduling, home delivery, service parts sales, the GE Answer Center, and more for GE Appliances. The new jobs will bring total employment to more than 450 employees locally, making ASI one of the larger employers in the area.
"My top priority is creating more jobs and bringing new business to South Dakota, so I am pleased with this decision to increase investment in our state," said Steve Westra, Commissioner of the Governor's Office of Economic Development. "South Dakota is open for business and it's clear GE Appliances and ASI recognize that."
In 2018, GE Appliances announced its intent to become the leading appliance manufacturer in the U.S., and since then has announced a series of investments totaling more than $475 million in product, manufacturing and distribution capabilities, creating more than 1,000 new U.S. jobs. Part of GE Appliances' commitment is leading the digital revolution to transform the ownership experience and make life at home easier for our consumers.
"ASI has been managing consumer and customer interactions for GE Appliances in Rapid City for more than 20 years because they are a cutting-edge company dedicated to delivering excellent service," said Melanie Cook, Chief Operating Officer for GE Appliances. "With ASI's newly implemented cloud-based phone system and other technology investments, ASI is taking consumer interaction to a new level with call back services that respect owners' time, and new texting tools so owners can track the delivery of their appliances."
"GE Appliances is growing in the U.S. and that means ASI is growing too," said Burnell Lutz, Center Manager for ASI. "ASI has been a strong employer in the Rapid City community since 1998. Last year we were named 2018 Employer of the Year by the Workforce Diversity Network of the Black Hills thanks to our employees and community partners. We're humbled by this award and are committed to developing our people and creating an environment where they can thrive."
The new jobs, wage structure and investments create more than $27 million of economic impact for South Dakota each year and generate an additional 165 indirect jobs in the local economy.
To learn more about the new positions and career opportunities at ASI, visit www.asicontactcenters.com.
About Advanced Services, Inc.
Advanced Services, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of GE Appliances, is the contact center operation for GE Appliances' consumers and customers. ASI operates two locations in Memphis, TN and Rapid City, SD. For more information, visit www.asicontactcenters.com.
About GE Appliances
Today, GE appliances are in 50 percent of all U.S. homes, and our business is committed to serving every family in the country. We are a purpose-rooted and passion-driven organization that believes there is always a better way. Our products include refrigerators, freezers, cooking products, dishwashers, washers, dryers, air conditioners and water filtration systems. For more information, visit www.geappliances.com.
Rapid City Area Economic Development Partnership


text:
CNA NewsroomMake it personal
Credit: Jeremy Yap via Unsplash.com.
By Kate Olivera, Jonah McKeown
Last summer, Bishop David Zubik of Pittsburgh made an important announcement; Saint Benedict the Moor, a historic parish in the Hill District near downtown Pittsburgh, would become a personal parish in the Black Catholic tradition.
His announcement came in the midst of nationwide protests against systemic racism. In an interview following the announcement, Bishop Zubik said the timing wasn't intentional— it was providential. The Diocese and parishioners at Saint Benedict had been in communication since the beginning of the year.
Saint Benedict the Moor parish has served Black Catholics in Pittsburgh since the late 19th century. This week on CNA Newsroom, we take a look at that history and we'll talk with two priests about their hopes for Saint Benedict's future. We'll also look at the role of historically Black Protestant churches in the lives of Black Americans— and talk about what the Catholic Church could learn from that.
Listen to the full episode below.
Black Catholics,
Diocese of Pittsburgh,
CNA Newsroom


text:
Women's Action Network Blog
An Alarming statement by Muslimbrotherhood in Eygpt on CEDAW calling it against Shariat principles
Posted 16 Mar 2013, 2:10pm By neda
As we know UN Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) convened its 57 session in early March in New York. Tens of women and NGOs from around the world attended the sessions and held various venues to celebrate women's achievements and also to fight for those women who are deprived of equal rights in their home countries. As the final documents were being discussed, Muslimbrotherhood which came to power after the fall of Hossni Mubark issued a statement against the UN Convention on Elimination of Violence Against Women and called the document non-Islamic. A number of women organisations and individuals have urged the international community to raise their voices against such alarming stance. Here is the complete version of the statment and emails of the organisations your objections should be sent to.
Muslim Brotherhood Statement (translation from Arabic):
In the name of God the Merciful
Statement of the Muslim Brotherhood about The Convention on
the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
(CEDAW) which violates all principles of the Islamic Sharia
and the Islamic community
The Commission on the Status of Women holds a conference in
the period from the 4th to the 15th of March 2013 to approve
document titled (The Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination Against Women), a deceptive headline
that includes items collide with the principles of Islam and
its basic unanimous elements of Quran and Sunnah, destroy
Islamic ethics, and seek to demolish the institution of the
family, which the Egyptian constitution confirmed it is the
building block of the society, and hence achieve the
dismantling of the community, and end to the last step of the
intellectual and cultural invasion, and eliminate the privacy
that preserve elements of Islamic societies and its cohesion.
It is enough to give a closer reading at these items to
realize what is meant to us, and these items are:
1. Grant girls their complete sexual freedom, as well as the
freedom to choose their sex and the freedom to choose their
partners (i.e., choose to have a normal sexual relationship or
atypical) with rising the age of marriage.
2. Provide contraception for adolescent girls and train them
how to use it with the legalization of abortion to abort
undesirable pregnancy under the name of sexual and
rights.
3. Equality between an adulterous and a wife, and equality
between adultery children (outside of marriage children) and
legitimate sons in all rights.
4. Granting homosexuals all their rights, protection and
respect, and grant protection for women in prostitution.
5. Grant wives all the right to sue their husbands with
of rape or harassment, and the competent authorities should
grant same penalties similar to raping or harassing a
stranger.
6. Equality in inheritance.
7. Replace guardianship with partnership, and fully share the
roles within the family between men and women such as:
spending, child care, home affairs.
8. Equal access to the marriage legislations such as: Stop
polygamy, Iddah, mandate, and the dowry, and stop obligatory
spending of man on the family, and to allow Muslim women to
marry a non-Muslim and others.
9. Withdraw the authority of divorce from husbands and
authorize it to judiciary and share property after divorce.
10. Cancel the obligatory authorization of the husband in:
travel, work or going out or use contraception.
These are the destructive means of the institution of the
family and community that calls for the return for the first
The Muslim Brotherhood call upon rulers of Islamic countries
and Foreign Ministers and their representatives in the United
Nations to reject this document, and also we invite this
organization to live up to the level of the pure family
relations prescribed by Islam.
Also Muslim Brotherhood calls al-Azhar to act according to
leading role and to condemn this document and declare the
position of Islam towards its articles, as it is the
for Muslims.
As well we call other Islamic groups and associations to take
a decisive stand against this document and the like.
We also call for women's organizations to adhere to their
religion and the morals of their communities and the elements
of our social life and not to be seduced by the deceptive,
misleading and destructive calls for urbanization.
The Muslim Brotherhood
Cairo: 13 March 2013
Most of you must have woken up to the statement the Muslim
Brotherhood issued (see translation below and attached) which
takes a stance against CEDAW, and blatantly delegitimizes the
language used in the not-yet-finalized CSW statement on the
grounds of religion and cultural relativism!
We still have a chance to counter these conservative
"traditional" forces! Please help us gather momentum around
very solid statements that have been circulating in the past
few days, and which WLUML and partners have already endorsed.
Please write to cwgl@rci.rutgers.edu to sign:
1. STATEMENT OF FEMINIST AND WOMEN'S ORGANISATIONS ON
VERY ALARMING TRENDS IN THE NEGOTIATIONS OF OUTCOME DOCUMENT
THE 57TH SESSION OF THE UN COMMISSION ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN
drafted by Center for Women's Global Leadership
(CWGL)International Women's Rights Action Watch Asia Pacific
(IWRAW Asia Pacific)
Please write to coordinator@csbronline.org to sign:
2. A Call from the Arab Caucus at the 57th Commission
the Status of Women
Unit 23, 25-27 Bickerton Road, London N19 5JT, United Kingdom
Tel:+44 (0)207 263 0285 - Fax:+44 (0)207 561 9882
Website/Facebook/Twitter
Hi, I would really appreciate it if you could kindly let me know where the original post by the Muslim Brotherhood (in Arabic) can be found? I looked for it on their Facebook page amongst posts dated the 13 March 2013 and in the few days before and after that, and it is not there. I am researching the implications of the new constitution for women's rights in Egypt and am interested in it for this purpose, but I cannot refer to a statement that I am unable to verify, so I would appreciate any assistance with this. Thank you in advance.
Aiyoush 6 years ago
Posted 16 Mar 2013, 2:10pm
By neda


Researchers and advocates are calling for the retraction of a 2015 letter in the New England Journal of Medicine that suggested that e-cigarettes are as harmful – if not more than – traditional cigarettes.
The NEJM paper reported that e-cigarettes expose smokers to significant amounts of formaldehyde, which the authors calculated could raise lifetime cancer risk by 5-15 fold compared to the risk for regular smokers. Critics, however, have claimed that to obtain such high levels of formaldehyde, the NEJM authors superheated the vapor from the e-cigs to levels that would create a well-known, acrid puff called a "dry puff." This sensation, they say, is so terrible that no self-respecting "vaper" would consider repeating it. In other words, allege the e-cigarette supporters, the conditions described in the Letter—which was widely reported—were not relevant to human health.
This week, Addiction published a letter from critics of the NEJM paper, along with extensive supplementary materials, a reply from some of the NEJM Letter authors, and a response letter from the critics.
The research letter reported data on an important issue, namely the presence of a known carcinogen, at least at some device settings, in the vapor from e-cigarettes. We have seen no evidence of scientific misconduct, and we see no grounds for retraction. Disagreements about interpretation of data are not grounds for retraction. If disagreements about interpretation become a reason for retraction, the scientific community will be headed for real trouble.
In May, Farsalinos published an additional study in Addiction involving "seven experienced vapers," with results suggesting that only "dry puff" conditions—i.e., overheated liquid—produced high levels of aldehydes, including formaldehyde.
As part of their latest commentary in Addiction, Farsalinos and Bates include supplementary information that describes earlier requests for a retraction of the NEJM paper "Hidden formaldehyde in e-cigarette aerosols," including a list of signatories to a letter sent to NEJM.
In April, NEJM published three letters to the editor critiquing the original letter, along with a response from the original authors.
Bates & Farsalinos requested a retraction after their NEJM correspondence and our reply, and since that quickly failed they got Addiction to accept their request.
No one seems to be arguing with the science; they just seem very much to want the shading of the interpretation to match certain agendas.
E-cig proponents argue on behalf of public health, pointing to suggestions that because e-cigs are less dangerous than regular cigarettes, they should be welcomed. Indeed, proponents add, anyone who opposes e-cigarettes is simply playing into the hands—and marketing plans—of traditional cigarette makers by doing so.
And on the other side are those who see inherent health harms in e-cigarettes, with some data suggesting that while they might not be as bad as traditional smokes, they also aren't anything to offer to the kiddies at Christmas.
We first learned about this spirited exchange around nicotine-carrying vapors from Michelle Ertischek, director of pharmaceutical risk management at PinneyAssociates, a health consulting firm that provides marketing support for pharmaceutical and healthcare products, among other services.
currently provide consulting services to subsidiaries of Reynolds American, Inc., on products related to smoking cessation and tobacco harm minimization and one subsidiary, Niconovum, has purchased an option from JSR, LLC (an LLC consisting of key individuals from PinneyAssociates) for patented nicotine replacement therapy product technology.
One of the company's vice presidents, Jack Henningfield, and a senior scientific advisor with the company, Saul Shiffman, are among the signatories of the supporting letter that Bates sent to NEJM requesting a retraction.
Dr. Nitzkin reports receiving partial funding for some of his tobacco policy work from the R Street Institute. Dr. Farsalinos reports that some of his studies on electronic cigarettes were performed with unrestricted funds provided to the Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center by FlavourArt and Nobacco.
The E-Research Foundation is a not for profit organization formed to further advance the scientific study of electronic cigarettes, related products and their use.
In their April letter responding to critiques, the authors of the original NEJM paper said they had no additional conflicts than those declared on the COI form published with the original letter. This form lists funding from, among other sources, Regina M. Dowd and Michael J. Dowd and from Patrick J. Coughlin. Michael Dowd, a former U.S. states attorney, is the founding partner of a law firm that has "led the fight against Big Tobacco since 1991," according to the firm's website.
a large private RICO trial against the major tobacco companies on behalf of hundreds of thousands of Ohio Taft-Hartley health and welfare fund participants. Mr. Coughlin also helped end the Joe Camel ad campaign, a cartoon ad campaign that targeted children and secured a $12.5 billion recovery for the cities and counties of California in the landmark 1998 state settlement with the tobacco companies.
Also this week in Addiction, Peyton and two of his co-authors provide specific responses to science-related assertions Bates and Farsalinos made about the original NEJM study. They don't address the retraction question.
that science should operate with maximum transparency and it is important for these kinds of discussions to be open to scrutiny by the research community and the public.
Additionally, it would have been fair and responsible to state the cancer risk prediction for the low voltage setting based on their data. Retraction worthy? No. Poor reviewing/editing leading to a biased appearing article? Yes.
All very well, but those addicted to tobacco would not find this (the original NEJM paper and the ensuing wrangling) very edifying.
Can someone without an ax to grind provide the real-world truth about regular cigarettes versus e-sigs?
Thanks for the link to the UK information. Good stuff.
The UK Department of Public Health does have an axe to grind, as they spend taxpayer money on health maintenance. Their axe grinding therefore is to alert the UK government agencies that oversee delivery of public health about problems that could have a big impact on costs to the UK health delivery system. All that said, the UK reports do not suggest that e-cigarettes present any substantial risk, certainly as compared to cigarettes.
I'll take the UK reports over all the materials in the USA where corporate profits tend to sway the debates excessively.
They do review the NEJM study and its problems.
Axe grinding aside, the only real research that has been done on aldehyde production in electronic cigarettes is the work done by Dr Farsilinos. In his research he carefully monitored the power used on the heating coil to find out how much of these chemicals are produced at temperatures they are really used at. Just because your toaster can burn toast and make a carcinogenic breakfast doesn't mean that there's a problem with eating toast. The so called research that is being criticised is just as rediculous as this example. It's frustrating to hear of someone going back to a two pack per day habit because of this misinformation.
The real-world about e- versus regular cigarettes is that e-cigarettes likely present a far health lower risk. However, there are credible health professionals who are either for and or against e-cigarettes. Those against them worry that because they lack the negative stigma of smoked cigarettes, e-cigarettes could become extremely popular. In addition, whereas the risks of smoked cigarettes are known in-detail, our knowledge of the long-term risks of e-ones is limited.
Others argue that e-cigarettes will allow smokers to stop an incredibly dangerous habit.
As a toxicologist, because the material isn't burned, I would expect lower risks from e-cigarettes. However, I think arguments from those both for & against e-cigs have merit.
The formaldehyde issue is more of a red herring. Formaldehyde forms as a natural part of your metabolism. Your blood typically contains ~3 mg/l of it and the body metabolizes ~69 mg formaldehyde/MINUTE(!). It's always part of your breath, your blood and in tissues. (See Mitkus et al., 2012 from USFDA).
Hence, considering that you naturally have 3 mg formaldehyde/l in your blood and that you are metabolizing 69 mg/minute – every minute all day, an additional 14 mg/DAY from inhalation is tiny by comparison.
*EPA's number comes from a blind use of models without assessment of the validity or real-world relevance.
Your argument neglects issues surrounding the sensitivity of target tissues to high local formaldehyde concentrations, and also fails to address the significant pro-fibrotic potential of chronic, pulsatile exposure to high concentrations of vape juice contaminants. In other words, it's a red herring.
To me, the real danger of e-cigs is not from any dissolved or de novo generated toxicants, it's the inherent "not a bug, a feature" socioeconomics of e-cigs. Specifically, young low-information consumers (i.e., "inexperienced vapers") are likely to begin vaping under the carefully nurtured false pretense that vaping is a safe activity. Even the best of them will be at high risk for nicotine addiction. For many, when the real world eventually rises up and slaps them in the face, e-juice or other "safe" tobacco alternatives will become prohibitively expensive. What then? Tobacco, of course.
Game, set, and match to the geniuses from Durham. It's depressing, really.
It's the old "gateway" analogy that refuses to die. By this logic one should not permit the drinking of water because it is just a couple of steps away from becoming an alcoholic.
No. Gateway theory implies a progression from less- to more intoxicating substances, most often with an accompanying increase in addictive potential and higher risk for morbidity. I am talking about a change in delivery system for the SAME addictive substance, nicotine. Given the increased profit margins and tighter market control associated with rolled tobacco, I guess e-juice could be considered a gateway to increased market share for Big Tobacco, but I'm pretty certain you weren't going there.
Meanwhile, it is well-established that Big Tobacco markets to children to create their next generation of customers/addicts. This "want some candy little girl?" approach has been around since I was a kid in the 1970's and UST created their Happy Days ->Skoal ->Copenhagen addiction enhancement continuum. Candy flavored flavored e-juice is the obvious evolution of Joe Camel's deadly legacy.
My first high school class mate to succumb to this strategy was dipping Copenhagen by 9th grade, lost his lower jaw to cancer in 1992 and was dead from it 4 years later. I suspect there are several dozen others from my class who are at high risk of the same fate today. Middle school kids in my neighborhood are simply going to the local convenience store to snap up 5mL vials filled with made-in-China mystery liquids, "safely" and dutifully inhaling them deeply into their lungs for the sake of looking cool. Ka-CHING goes the cash drawer.
This is not the same logic at all. There is no alcool in water. But there is nicotine in E-Cig. At start, the aim of E-cig, is to reduce progressively the amount of nicotine and then stop smoking (like nicotine patch in the old days). But nowadays, some people are starting smoking E-cig because it migt be deemed safe (opposed to regular smoking), and not to actually try to stop smoking. E-cig must presented as a medical product containing potential dangerous substance (nicotine and maybe other thing) meant to be taken to reduce addiction, not some fancy vapo to look cool.
The body is chronically exposed to high local formaldehyde concentrations from natural metabolism. Do the math. 69 mg/min min from natural metabolism vs 14 mg/DAY from e-cigarettes. It's not 14 mg in 1 vap, it's 14 mg/day.
Not all e-cigs have nicotine in them. In the USA, the states of Washington, Oregon and Colorado, and the District of Columbia, have recently legalized the posession, use, and sale of marijuana, available in e-cig form. The Supreme Court of Canada recently ruled that medical marijuana users should have access to marijuana in delivery systems other than a burning cigarette. So understanding e-cig health issues, beyond the issue of what the e-cig is advertised as containing, is important.
We wish to point out an error in the recent posting on this site regarding the recent comments on our NEJM Letter.
In particular, the 1st paragraph of the posting states that our NEJM Letter "suggested that e-cigarettes are as harmful – if not more than – traditional cigarettes." This is wrong.
Our Letter only compared the predicted formaldehyde-related lifetime cancer risk for chronic use of e-cigarettes vs. that of formaldehyde for chronic use of conventional cigarettes.
There are many carcinogens present in tobacco smoke and in e-cigarette vapors, and so a calculation/prediction of the total risk would have required complete analyses for typical tobacco smoke and typical e-cigarette vapors for all carcinogens, including those known & unknown. Obviously, such analyses do not exist.
Further, we only found a higher relative risk due to formaldehyde when the commercial e-cigarette system we tested was used at a higher power setting; a lower power setting produced much lower relative risk from formaldehyde and its related products, produced by the e-cigarette as compared to conventional cigarettes. This we also reported in the NEJM Letter.
Again, the context of what we said in the paper was all about formaldehyde and nothing else. That goes for Figure 1, which you quote above (from us), as well as in the papers we cited. The quote you have given should not be read without its context, and we hope that the readers keep in mind that all we were reporting on was formaldehyde, and that to imply anything else would be misleading; many others have fallen into this. Thank you for allowing us to clarify this point.
Considering that all people exhale formaldehyde, which would seem to indicate that its cancer-causing properties are quite mild compared to other things in smoke, such narrow phrasing appears, to an outsider, to be calculated to cause most people to jump to exactly the conclusion that it is more cancer risk than cigarettes. If such a conclusion was not intended, more context would be expected to be provided in the original letter.
There are also anecodota that the advertised temperatures achieved inside vaping devices (especially cheaper ones coming from a certain nation synonymous with crappy electronics) can vary widely. As scientists, are we really willing to believe that a $3 device bought at a gas station has exquisite control over such parameters? Have you ever bought a laser pointer at a flea market? That's about the level of quality control we're talking about here, and it doesn't even include the counter-culture dedicated to hacking these devices!
The notion that all vaping is equal (and equally safe), as seems to be pushed by this call for retraction, is not representative of reality in the Wild Wild West of the vaping market.
Actually, they are not exquisitely controlled, they are simply not powerful-enough to cause the formaldehyde problem. It is like claiming a bicycle cannot be trusted to have a speed governor exquisite-enough to keep it from outpacing a formula racing car.