Product description of Wilson 901140 Ceiling Mount for Panel Antennas.
Wilson 901140 Ceiling Mount for panel antennas is an ideal out-of-sight mounting option for permanently securing your indoor panel antenna. It also helps to increase the coverage efficiency of panel antenna and improve the signal quality by allowing you to secure the indoor antenna above the area of coverage. Well-suited for tall ceiling residential settings. The power of the panel antenna may allow the signal to cover two floors below the antenna position.


We had a fabulous and busy weekend at the Market. Spring is definitely in full force and we are Loving it!! One thing we want to do at George's is open up our space to the community. We've hosted dinners and animals and AG Credit Farmers. This weekend, we hosted the Jonquil Garden Club, a professional Storyteller and a Yoga class! And they were all a lot of fun!!
While hosting the Jonquil Garden Club Friday morning, we used our extra space to help set up a Brunch. George's provided Fresh Sourdough Bread and Homemade Strawberry Jam along with a Quinoa Salad. Ladies from the Garden Club brought a few other items and helped set up the table-scape!
Friday evening we hosted Carol Cain, a professional Story-teller and served hot-dogs, chips and drinks on our lawn. It was pic-nic style and some guests brought in their own food. It was a pleasant and interactive evening, the children definitely enjoyed it and I'm sure the adults did too! Farmer even cut a watermelon at the end for guests to Enjoy!!
Saturday morning, we hosted 11 women for a Yoga class on our back lawn. The class was taught by an instructor from town Rebecca Rice! It was a breezy, cool morning, perfect for relaxation and restorative care. This just warmed my heart seeing these strong ladies use our space for some TLC for their souls and bodies. Following the 60 minute class, I prepared a healthy brunch. On the menu: Quinoa Salad, Sausage and Spinach Quiche, Roasted Sweet Potatoes, sliced fruit, and Mimosas!! it was lovely!! Really hoping to do this one again before the summer heat creeps in!
And yes, even the Market cat had to get in on the Yoga Action!! "Namaste..." -Willie Nelson.
One of my fave things about George's is seeing old friends pop in!! An old college friend brought her two darling little girls while traveling up to the lake for the weekend!! They both sported their new George's tees and of course, hung out with the famous Willie Nelson!!
it was a great weekend!! Thank you to all our visitors, you keep us going!!


Using the correct pen for your Vital ID Wristband / Bracelet Identity Cards will ensure that your personal emergency information remains legible long after you have written them.
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Get the right pen to use with your Vital ID Spare Cards. You need a pen that is waterproof, dries fast, will not smudge, and is permanent and... one that has a very fine tip.


text:
Home Office needs to get serious about e-crime
Microsoft hosted 190 police and law enforcement officers for three days' training in IT forensics this week, saving the government some £325,000.
Ian Grant
It's Microsoft's way of giving something back to the industry, says Ed Gibson, the former FBI agent who became Microsoft UK's computer security advisor four years ago.
But the event highlights the lack of public sector funding for fighting e-crime, at a time when the cost of hacking and virus attacks on businesses is growing.
Cybercrime is global, increasingly organised, well-funded, targeted, sophisticated and effective.
Last year, the average cost of security incidents rose by 30%, according to management consultant PricewaterhouseCoopers. And Apacs, the payment industry association, says e-frauds were up 130% last year.
Gibson has no illusions about the size of the task. Years of advising the US Embassy on computer security issues made him sympathetic to the law enforcement industry's struggle to come to grips with cybercrime. It's why he fought so hard to persuade Microsoft to sponsor the annual training session, he says.
Most of the computers that police are likely to come across in an investigation will run Microsoft code, so who better than Microsoft to teach their secrets, he says.
Microsoft developed a tool for forensic investigators, the Computer Online Forensic Evidence Extractor or Cofee, two years ago.
Cofee is a set of triage tools, which allow investigators to prioritise and collect computer-based evidence for forensic examination from a running computer system.
The plan was for Microsoft to give it away to police forces, he says. But lawyers stepped in, muttering about liability. Microsoft has now negotiated a deal with Interpol, the international police agency, for it to distribute the software and train police officers in the use of Cofee.
Such altruism comes at a price. Delegates inevitably hear about new products such as Windows 7 and the new Bing search engine and how they create records of forensic interest. They might even overhear how microsoft products fit into their forces' administration.
But Peter Sommer, a professor at the London School of Economics, says that might be a small price to pay. Funds for training in computer forensics are hard to come by. Even the £3.5m in new money (supplemented by £3.5m from the Met) to fund the new Police Central e-Crime Unit has to stretch over three years, he says.
The government's determination to push for a universal broadband service means that the 70% of UK homes with a computer will soon be online. The police have to gear up for that, he says. "Even knife crime may have a computer element because the suspect may have bought the knife over the internet," he says.
Assistant commissioner Janet Williams, the Association of Chief Police Officer's lead on computer crime, aims to give every detective basic training in investigating e-enabled crime.
Those who attended Microsoft's course represented about 20% of e-crime trained police. There is a long way to go, and the current leadership vacuum at the Home Office is no help.
Read more on IT education and training
Government aims to make level 4 and 5 qualifications more popular
Generation Z - what have we done to you?
More than half of UK workforce lacks essential digital skills, says Lloyd's
Finland globalises AI training programme
Time spent teaching computing subjects drops 36% over past six years
University vs Apprenticeship: The education debate
Spotlight on the Digital Career Institute, Berlin
Is the UK's computing curriculum too focused on coding?
Assessing the disparate initiatives tackling the UK's technology skills gap
5/10 for the IfA Digital Apprenticeships Standards Review
Why learning Stem skills from a young age is so important
Education and training to help build the future, not just preserve the past
Apprenticeship reforms are driving tech sector skills success
Empowerment is the key to a connected society
The Google memo on diversity should be a learning opportunity
Unleashing digital talent for fun and profit
Most influential women in UK IT: Rising Stars 2016
What is the #ILookLikeAnEngineer campaign?
Central Saint Martins Creative Technology Day to inspire next generation
Rising Stars 2014: Most Influential Women in UK IT
Women in IT presentation: Kate Russell - author, tech reporter, speaker & educator
South Staffordshire College digital campus: 4D immersive laboratory
Women in IT: Belinda Parmar, Little Miss Geek
State of play in the IT market - IT education
Illegal copies of Microsoft Cofee spills onto the web – ComputerWeekly.com
Hackers block Microsoft Cofee law enforcement software – ComputerWeekly.com
Cofee leak will not increase crime, says Microsoft – ComputerWeekly.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Location is displayed once I am just playing with CLLocation class. i successfully done the below code. When i press a button it displays the location in ALert msg. When i click the same button again the location is displayed wrongly. And also i have noted eveytime i have to go to Setting - Privacy -Location services to enable access always everytime. When ever the app shows the current location correctly the Location access in Setting of iPhone goes to Blank. again i have to set it to Always to run the app . I have not added anything in .plists. I have wrote just the below code. My problem is It is showing correct location only for the first time after setting location accress to Always
-(CLLocationCoordinate2D) getLocation{
        CLLocationCoordinate2D coordinate;

        if ([CLLocationManager locationServicesEnabled])
        {

        CLLocationManager *locationManager = [[CLLocationManager alloc] init];
        locationManager.delegate = self;
        locationManager.desiredAccuracy = kCLLocationAccuracyBest;
        locationManager.distanceFilter = kCLDistanceFilterNone;
            [locationManager requestWhenInUseAuthorization];
        [locationManager startUpdatingLocation];

        CLLocation *location = [locationManager location];
        coordinate = [location coordinate];
        }
            return coordinate;

    }

    - (void)startTimer {

       // if ([Run isEqualToString:@"can"]) {

            i++;

            NSLog(@"the i value %d", i);

            Run =@"cant";
        CLLocationCoordinate2D coordinate = [self getLocation];

        CLGeocoder *ceo = [[CLGeocoder alloc]init];
        CLLocation *loc = [[CLLocation alloc]initWithLatitude:coordinate.latitude longitude:coordinate.longitude]; //insert your coordinates

        [ceo reverseGeocodeLocation:loc
                  completionHandler:^(NSArray placemarks, NSError error)
         {
             CLPlacemark *placemark = [placemarks objectAtIndex:0];

             NSDictionary *eventLocation = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:placemark.name,@"NAME",placemark.subLocality,@"SUBLOCALITY" ,placemark.postalCode,@"POSTALCODE" ,nil];

           LocationDetails= [NSMutableDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:eventLocation,@"value", nil];

             NSString *name=placemark.name;
             NSString *subLocality=placemark.subLocality;
             NSString *postalCode=placemark.postalCode;

             NSMutableArray *listData;
             if (!listData) listData = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
             [listData addObject:LocationDetails];

             NSLog(@"the Location details %@", listData);

             NSString *location=[NSString stringWithFormat:@"You are now in %@ inside the sublocality of %@ and pin code is %@",name,subLocality,postalCode];

             UIAlertView *Alert=[[UIAlertView alloc]initWithTitle:@"Location Update" message:location delegate:nil cancelButtonTitle:@"OK" otherButtonTitles:nil, nil];

             [Alert show];

         }

         ];

      //  }

        // contains the code you posted to start the timer
    }

    - (IBAction)getLocation:(id)sender {

        [ self startTimer];

    }

A: Instead of using your getLocation method, do all your CLLocationManager initializations when the class is initialized. In your @interface set a property to hold the user's current location:
@property (nonatomic, strong) CLLocation *currentLocation;

And implement the delegate method -locationManager:didUpdateLocations: like so:
- (void)locationManager:(CLLocationManager*)manager didUpdateLocations:(NSArray*)locations
{
    // set the current location. The most recent location is always at the end of the
    // if there are multiple locations
    _currentLocation = locations[locations.count - 1];
}

Then, instead of CLLocationCoordinate2D coordinate = [self getLocation];, get the location with:
CLLocationCoordinate2D coordinate = _currentLocation.coordinate; // I think that's the right property.

Note: Make sure you class conforms to CLLocationManagerDelegate

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The former head of the UK Border Force revealed today he was offered £100,000 to retire shortly before he resigned following the controversy over the relaxation of border controls.
Brodie Clark, 60, who earned £135,000 in his role, said he was offered nine months salary to leave the post following a meeting with UKBA chief executive Rob Whiteman.
He told a select committee investigating the changes to border controls this summer that he was called in for a meeting in which he was offered suspension pending an investigation - or immediate retirement.
Mr Whiteman told him there would be a 'good package' and he would give him 'a good reference', Mr Clark said.
Mr Clark agreed to accept retirement after being told details of the package, cleared his desk and went home.
However the following day, November 4, he was told there had been a 'change of mind', the offer was withdrawn and there would be no package.
The allegation emerged as Mr Clark turned the heat squarely on Theresa May as he claimed she had authorised all changes to customs controls which led to thousands passing into Britain without their passports being checked.
The programme saw checks on the biometric passports of EU travellers suspended and passengers on private jets able to enter the UK without even being seen by border officials.
In an robust defence of the actions which ultimately led to his resignation, Mr Clark told MPs he had never 'gone rogue' and had acted entirely within ministerial instructions.
'Let me say at the outset that I introduced no additions to the Home Secretary's trial, neither did I extend it or alter it in any way whatsoever,' he told the Home Affairs Select Committee.
Mrs May has confirmed that she authorised the scheme but scapegoated Mr Clark, claiming he had gone far beyond her instructions.
But today he told the select committee that he had had weekly meetings with the Home Secretary and kept her abreast of every development.
'Aside from teething issues, the trial delivered into the border business exactly as she wished. I did not enlarge, extend or redefine the scope in any way,' he said.
Asked if he admitted allowing border staff to relax checks beyond the extent authorised by Mrs May, he said he did not and added that he still believed he had not done so.
'I, at no stage, told Mr Whiteman that I had gone beyond the terms of the pilot the Home Secretary initiated,' he said.
He added that he had never relaxed fingerprint checks 'as a matter of course' - one of the accusations that had been made against him.
Instead he said arrangements were in place to suspend fingerprint matching for non-visa holders in certain circumstances for health and safety reasons.
This happened 50 times in May, June and July and seven times in August, September and October, he said.
It would be implemented when there were lengthy queues, passengers being held on planes or planes not being able to land.
'I would expect ministers to know that,' he said.
Mr Clark admitted that Mrs May had rejected suspending fingerprint checks as part of the pilot scheme.
But this was separate from the operational guidance, he said.
He said the policy outlined that he should suspend checks against a warnings list of terror suspects and illegal immigrants when health and safety reasons demanded it.
Instead, he said he suspended the fingerprint checks - to allow the warnings index checks to continue - when the ports were becoming overcrowded.
And he admitted he did not ask ministers first.
'I did it to preserve the safety of the UK, not to weaken it,' he said.
Mr Clark, a career civil servant, told the MPs he would not jeopardise the trial of the pilot, which he wanted to be a success.
'I have, as I always have over 40 years, delivered within the government parameters and I have done so with an absolute determination to strengthen the UK border,' he said.
Mr Clark had had an exemplary 38 year with the civil service and had been awarded the CBE for his work.
Mr Clark left the committee room in Portcullis House through the 'members only' door, avoiding his former boss Mr Whiteman coming in through the public entrance to give evidence.
He refuted Mr Clark's evidence, claiming the head of the UK Border Force had gone beyond ministerial authorisation.
He also denied suggesting that Mr Clark should retire, saying he only became aware that Mr Clark had been talking about this with human resources later in the day.
Following discussions, the Permanent Secretary at the Home Office, Dame Helen Ghosh, intervened, saying a retirement package was inappropriate in light of possible disciplinary action.
December 2010: Brodie Clark, by his own admission, begins pressing for changes to border controls.
April 2011: UK Borders Agency produces proposals to relax checks on people entering the country. Theresa May asks them to carry out further work.
JULY: Pilot scheme is agreed by Mrs May to restrict checks for some of the lowest risk EU visitors. This includes children travelling in a school party or as part of a family. It is to run to mid-September.
JULY 26: Brodie Clark allegedly requests permission to weaken the checks further, relaxing fingerprint checks on non-EU visas. In an e-mail exchange between his staff and Mrs May's office, permission is refused.
SEPTEMBER 19: Pilot scheme extended by Mrs May until November 4.
NOVEMBER 2: Internal probe launched amid concerns Mr Clark may have extended the scheme to non-EU nationals and suspended warnings index checks without ministerial authority.
NOVEMBER 9: Mrs May says she stands by every word she has spoken to MPs and again blames Mr Clark for relaxing checks without permission. She is backed by David Cameron.
NOVEMBER 10: Mr Clark is in line for a six figure payout for constructive dismissal.
NOVEMBER 11: A second relaxation of border controls - the 'smart zone' system was authorised by Mrs May, it is claimed.
NOVEMBER 14: It emerges passport checks were relaxed nearly 2,500 times at airports this summer. Documents also reveal thousands of passengers on private aircraft did not face checks at all.
Mr Whiteman added: 'It was absolutely clear to me that ministers wanted fingerprint checks to be taken and that had not been put into effect.
'I think I was right to suspend him under those circumstances. From what I see the 2007 guidance has been stretched. It's being used on more occasions than in really dire health and safety circumstances.
Mr Whiteman said it was 'completely inconsistent' that Mr Clark should ask ministers to include a suspension of fingerprint checks in the pilot, but then go ahead with it anyway under a different policy when it was rejected by the Home Secretary.
The latest disclosures put further pressure on the under-fire Home Secretary. Former home secretary Alan Johnson has already called for her resignation.
'For me, this is all about the treatment of Brodie Clark. She (Theresa May) should not have, under any circumstances, fingered a senior civil servant when there hadn't even been a proper investigation into what happened.
'That is the terrible thing that she did, because she placed this civil servant in the invidious position of having to resign to defend himself.
Last night, leaked emails showed that one UKBA official complained to managers about not even being 'allowed to physically see the passengers' on private jets, saying it was 'at odds with national policy' and 'is creating an unnecessary gap in border security'.
Labour published the emails from the official at Durham Tees Valley Airport who also said relaxed checks brought in in March were 'creating a situation where we are not able to secure the border as robustly as we would like to, for no justifiable reason'.
Managers replied that there was 'a new national GA (general aviation) strategy being rolled out' which was 'consistent with national policy'.
Government estimates show there are between 80,000 and 90,000 private jet flights every year.
Figures released by Labour also showed Mrs May's pilot scheme to relax border controls - referred to as level two checks - was used 260 times in the sixth week of the trial, the week ending September 16.
This compared with 100 times in its first week and 165 in week nine, ending October 9.
The figures were revealed in leaked UKBA documents encouraging staff to use the new level two controls whenever it was possible to do so.
It also emerged over the weekend that coach passengers have been allowed into the UK without being properly checked by border staff for four years.
Shadow home secretary Yvette Cooper said: 'This is startling new information about the scale of the borders fiasco.
'Ten days on there are even more questions than answers about what on earth was going on at our borders this summer.
'Last week the Home Secretary told us that no one had been waived through without checks this summer. But these documents show passengers on private flights weren't even seen.
'Last week the Home Office wouldn't admit to having figures about how often checks were downgraded.
She called for Mrs May to release the full facts and figures immediately, saying as long as she refuses to do so, 'people will think she has something to hide'.
Mr Clark resigned last week to pursue a case of constructive dismissal which could lead to a payout of up to £135,000 after Mrs May was accused of hanging him out to dry over the controversy.
She repeatedly told MPs that Mr Clark reduced the checks without ministerial approval.
Mrs May said she authorised piloting the easing of some border checks on EU travellers over the summer, partly to reduce queues.
But she insisted Mr Clark went further, scrapping key checks against a Home Office database of suspected terrorists and illegal immigrants without ministerial approval - all after she had already rejected his suggestions.
Meanwhile, the Home Office Permanent Secretary Dame Helen Ghosh said she was currently unable to confirm that no minister or official at the Home Office knew that border checks had been relaxed beyond those authorised.
In a second letter to the same committee, Mrs May also confirmed the pilot scheme, which was available to all ports, was used at both Heathrow and Gatwick airports, and at Calais.
It was also used at the ports in Aberdeen, Belfast, Bournemouth, Bristol Airport, Cardiff, Coquelles, East Midlands, Edinburgh, Exeter, Glasgow, Harwich, Leeds Bradford, Liverpool, London City, Luton, Manchester Airport, Newcastle, Newhaven, Norwich, Plymouth, Poole, Portsmouth, Prestwick and Stansted.
Provisional figures also showed there were 10 million journeys through the UK's ports in July 2011, and another 10.2 million in August 2011 - the summer peak periods at the centre of the border checks row.
The border checks scandal has played out as a direct row between Theresa May and the ex-head of the UK Border Force, Mr Clark. The issue at the centre of the debacle is a trial scheme to relax security controls at UK borders - and who authorised certain measures.
CLARK: The former head of the UK Border Force says has acted entirely within ministerial instructions and did not act as a rogue officer. He claims that Mrs May was given weekly updates about the trial and nothing was done without her say so. And he added that the trial scheme had delivered exactly what she asked.
MAY: The Home Secretary has said that Mr Clark – without her personal authorisation – stopped checking the fingerprints of non-EU nationals with visa. She also claims that, at Calais, border agency staff stopped comparing the names of adults against the Warnings Index, again on Mr Clark's instructions. Mrs May has claimed that Mr Clark had asked to extend the original pilot (in particular, he wanted to relax fingerprint checks on visas) but was refused.
CLARK: He has admitted that Mrs May rejected suspending fingerprint checks as part of the pilot scheme. But – crucially – he claims that there was already operational guidance dating from 2007 that allowed the Borders Agency to suspend both fingerprint and watch list checks if necessary.
This would be for health and safety reasons when ports were becoming overcrowded. He claims he did not need to tell ministers about this first as they should have aware of the contingency.
Mr Clark says he never relaxed fingerprint checks 'as a matter of course'. He told the select committee relaxation of checks had happened 50 times in May, June and July and seven times in August, September and October.
MAY: Rob Whiteman, Mrs May's man at the Borders Agency, has said he was left with no choice but to suspend Mr Clark as the allegations - specifically that he ignored an instruction from the Home Secretary not to relax fingerprint checks - were so serious. He denied that he had asked Mr Clark to take retirement.
CLARK: The former civil servant said Mr Whiteman gave him the choice of suspension while an inquiry into the pilot scheme took place or immediate retirement. He told MPs he opted for retirement but the offer was withdrawn within 24 hours. He then quit his post because his position had become untenable.


The Hyperledger project is an open source collaborative effort created to advance blockchain technology by addressing important features for a cross-industry open standard for distributed ledgers. It is a global collaboration including leaders in finance, banking, Internet of Things, supply chains, manufacturing and Technology. The Linux Foundation hosts Hyperledger Project as a Collaborative Project under the foundation. To learn more, visit:https://www.hyperledger.org/.


text:
Q: Open Itunes app link in uiwebView I want to simply open some apps pages from itunes web site, but when tested in the simulator it shows me ann error that the url is invalid, despite it opens correctly from the mac browser.
My problem is similar to this one and i have write more or less the same code :
Open URL Problem in safari
Is it impossible to open itues site from safari? links like this I mean :
http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/id454060218?l=fr&ls=1&mt=8

A: Try using Apples own LinkMaker
I also think it's possible to remove the country part of the URL, i.e. remove the /us/ part so http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/id454060218 would be http://itunes.apple.com/app/id454060218


Atsitsa Bay has been in full swing for 7 fantastic weeks so far. There has been an abundance of singing, dancing, games, laughter, sharing and memories. We would like to send a massive thanks to all of the participants who have kept Atsitsa alive and bringing a new holiday experience to every session. We have gathered together just a snippet of the 2015 Atsitsa Bay highlights to share from the past 7 weeks.
If this gives you itchy feet then there is still time to book onto our holidays by calling the office on 01983 86 55 66 or email office@skyros.com.
In true Greek style, Marina and Steve battled to the end in the Olympic games, Greeks VS Trojans. Frightful games of apple bobbing, 'over-and-under' with Lemonos Biggus, sacred ritual dancing and rock, paper, scissors were held until the final dual between Marina-the-Greek and Steve-the-Trojan was held in intense suspense. Steve's black Trojan pants could not distract the mighty Marina and the Greeks cheered in victory. All followed by a friendly glass of wine at the bar.
We have had some wild things up for auction this year to raise money for the Skyros Support Fund. Steve Attridge's black Trojan pants, motorcycle rides around the island with Takis the chef, surprise serenades from the work scholars and many wonderful retreats, massages, hugs, acting lessons, positive emails, influential quotes and more from our participants. Massive thanks to all the donations, we will soon be announcing the final amount raised.
Participants and staff stumbled upon an amphitheatre full of local musicians preparing for an intimate open air concert of traditional Greek music. The music performed was in the Smyrneiko and Peireotiko-rebetiko style. The instruments included bouzouki, guitar and baglama. They were soon joined by around 300 locals and together they enjoyed the emotive almost operatic performance that took place.
'On the 10th June, walking from Atsitsa to Skyros Town, a group of us found three abandoned pups, only days old, eyes still closed.' So far an amazing £1,100 has been raised to vaccinate these puppies and get their EU puppy passports so they can be re-homed safely in the UK. A huge thank you to Rachael Lockey for taking these puppies into her care and thank you to all those who have donated to the cause.


text:
donald trump republican covid-19 washington congress biden chuck schumer united states white house los angeles elon musk michelle obama new york city joe biden san francisco mike pompeo
Home U.S. Independent Report Shows Students Did Not Harass Native American As Claimed—Liberal Media Screws Up Again
Independent Report Shows Students Did Not Harass Native American As Claimed—Liberal Media Screws Up Again
Once again the liberal media shows its true colors, but this time at the expense of several young lives.
Tracy Few
Member Feb 14, 2019 07:35 am
source: Tracy Few
While visiting our nation's capital, a group of students from Covington Catholic High School in Kentucky was caught up in a media hail storm as yet again liberal-leaning agitators falsely presented the facts. A video, showing one of the students from the Catholic school interacting with a Native American was presented with a false slant and was taken completely out of context. As usual the liberal media run with it, and as usual, their incompetence and jumping to judge is coming back to bite them in their behinds.
The viral video was the top of discussions on both sides of the highly flammable issue of what the media was calling harassment and disrespect on the students part, for over a month. The students falsely implicated had fingers pointed at them, stating that they were taunting the Native American, Nathan Phillips, as he demonstrated during a March for Life in Washington D.C.
Shortly after the initial video aired, the young boys were quickly tossed under the bus by the media. However, when other videos were discovered and brought to light, the media's narrative suddenly changed. Even though the boys never received an apology for the smearing of their names, they were none the less vindicated.
An independent investigation was conducted by Greater Cincinnati Investigation, hired by the Diocese of Covington, resulting in proving what the young boys had stated all along, that they in no way provoked nor taunted Phillips.
In fact, the students were the ones that were ridiculed and harassed, by members of the Black Hebrew Israelites. So much so, that the young boys asked their chaperone escort if they would be permitted to sing their school cheers, to drown out the members harassing them. It was only after the student's interaction with their own harassers that Phillips chose to approach the group, getting right up into the face of one of the students.
The independent investigators emphasized in their report that: "We found no evidence of offensive or racist statements by students to Mr. Phillips or members of his group."
Many conservatives claim the whole incident was brought on just because the students were each a wearing MAGA (Make America Great Again) hat, proudly displaying their support for President Trump. What was to be a trip the students would look back on with fondness, thanks to the liberal media, quickly became a living hell.
So, what's the verdict—you decide.
Would the altercation have still happened if the boys had not been wearing MAGA hats?
washington dc liberal media maga
How Is Valentine's Day Different in Japan and Why Women Started Boycotting It Now?
Trump Set To Sign A Border Security Package To Prevent Shutdown—Will Then Declare A State Of Emergency
They set a date for the sentencing of Ghislaine Maxwell.
Trump supporters want Sen. Thune knives as he begins to apply for re-election
Who is Aafia Siddiqui, a state prisoner in the heart of the Texas kidnapping incident?
Air chaos in the US: more than 5,000 flights were canceled in the year's first weekend.
US airports already record two-thirds of flight cancellations worldwide.
Tsunami in the western United States and Canada coasts after the eruption of the submarine volcano in Tonga.


Around Vibe Concepts HQ, you can find some pretty sharp and appropriate attire. We believe dressing for success is important because it presents a visual image and sends a message that team members are serious when they represent important campaigns. The first impression is critical, so we want to be sure we're remembered in a positive light by everyone we encounter.
We also believe dressing well fuels stronger team morale. When we can look around and see colleagues projecting self-respect, we all feel more confident about Vibe Concepts and our innovative on-site marketing. We keep this positive mind-set as we interact with consumers and other high achievers at industry events.
There's something to be said for the accountability that comes with dressing for success. We all feel responsible for how we present ourselves because we know we're carrying more than our personal reputations with us. This carries over into our work on big projects and helps boost engagement throughout our team.
We try to indulge our creative sides as we project successful images through our clothing. When we add to our networks or meet with people behind the brands we promote, we try to accessorize in interesting ways. We've started many productive discussions through the ties, shoes, and various other things we've worn.
Our focus on professional looks has paid off in a variety of ways. Check out our Vibe Concepts Facebook page for more on our approach to dressing well.


Company Description : It`s a leading UK ambient 3PL business providing nationwide contract logistics and supply chain management services to a wide range of companies.
Position : The possibility of temporary to permanent contacts after 12 weeks of work for the right candidate.
Duties : Order picking and assembling confectionery orders using hand held scanners and manual handling equipment.
Full training will be provided for the right candidates to gain licenses on various MHE.
Experience: Experience is desirable not essential and all applicants with a solid work history over the last 18 months from other fields are encouraged to apply.


Synergy Immediate Care > Blog > Uncategorized > Study: Salt intake not associated with higher risk of mortality, CV disease in older adults.
Study: Salt intake not associated with higher risk of mortality, CV disease in older adults.
Modern Healthcare (1/20, Johnson, Subscription Publication) points out that "in an interview with the Associated Press last June, Food and Drug Administration Commissioner Dr. Margaret Hamburg said the agency was looking to issue voluntary standards for the amounts of salt that food companies and restaurant add to their products "relatively soon," but did not lay out a more exact timetable." The FDA "said in 2013 it hoped to have such guidelines published by 2014." HealthDay (1/20, Reinberg) and MedPage Today (1/20, Wallan) also cover the story.


CALGARY, AB – The Alberta Small Brewers Association has announced initial details for the 1st annual Alberta Beer Week, a celebration of Alberta's burgeoning craft brewing scene taking place Friday September 25th to Saturday October 3rd, 2015.
Anchored by two Oktoberfest festivals – Calgary Oktoberfest on September 25th & 26th, and Edmonton Oktoberfest on October 2nd & 3rd – the Week will feature a wide variety of beer events throughout the province.
Other highlights confirmed so far include a pre-launch party at Willow Park on September 24th, Big Rock Brewery's 30th anniversary bash on September 25th, and a week-long Alberta tap takeover at the Calgary and Edmonton locations of Beer Revolution.
For more details, see the Alberta Beer Week page on the ASBA website.


AE is a Lansing-based design firm specializing in website development, print design, and video production. Led by former MSU Virtual University Producer John K. Addis, the core AE creative team has worked together for more than six years, ensuring consistency of design philosophy and ability. Our national award-winning designers and developers have launched over 250 custom websites for regional and national businesses, associations, and universities, including 30+ websites for MSU colleges and departments.
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AE is one of six web design and development suppliers that may be used by all MSU departments. The suppliers were selected through a competitive bid process and it is not necessary to bid your project again. However, it may be appropriate to bid projects of significant value. If you would like to conduct a formal bid, please contact the contract manager.
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text:
Loud & Clear
Trump's Taxes Still Hidden After SCOTUS Ruling, But for How Long?
Jul 09 2020 111 mins 2
On today's episode of Loud & Clear, Brian Becker and John Kiriakou are joined by Coleen Rowley, a former FBI special agent who in 2002 was named Time Magazine person of the year along with two other whistleblowers.
The Supreme Court ruled today that New York City prosecutors may have access to President Trump's tax returns for use with a grand jury, but that Congress may NOT have access, at least until after the election. Even with a partial victory, Trump is furious, and he spent much of the day tweeting his anger. Meanwhile, likely Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden issued an underwhelming economic plan advocating small tax increases on corporations and what Biden loosely called "common sense" taxation. And the Democratic Party's "unity commissions" submitted their recommendations.
The Department of Labor this morning released its latest unemployment numbers today, and the 600-dollar a week enhancement to unemployment benefits is set to expire soon. Pete Dolack, an activist and writer with Trade Justice New York Metro, who focuses on human rights, social justice, and environmental and trade issues and the author of "It's Not Over, Learning from the Socialist Experiment," joins the show.
Thursday's weekly series "Criminal Injustice" is about the most egregious conduct of our courts and prosecutors and how justice is denied to so many people in this country. Paul Wright, the founder and executive director of the Human Rights Defense Center and editor of Prison Legal News (PLN), and Kevin Gosztola, a writer for Shadowproof.com and co-host of the podcast Unauthorized Disclosure, join the show.
Loud & Clear's series, In the News, is where the hosts look at the most important ongoing developments of the week and put them into perspective. Sputnik news analysts Nicole Roussell and Walter Smolarek join the show.
A regular Thursday segment deals with the ongoing militarization of space. As the US continues to withdraw from international arms treaties, will the weaponization and militarization of space bring the world closer to catastrophe? Brian and John speak with Prof. Karl Grossman, a full professor of journalism at the State University of New York, College at Old Westbury and the host of a nationally aired television program focused on environmental, energy, and space issues, and with Bruce Gagnon, coordinator of the Global Network Against Weapons & Nuclear Power in Space and a contributor to Foreign Policy In Focus.
Listen on Podcast Addict


LONDON, Aug 29 (Reuters) - Gold climbed on Wednesday as funds bet prices would find short-term support at $1,200 per ounce, but a stronger dollar and expectations for increases in U.S interest rates limited gains.
Spot gold was up 0.1 percent at $1,204.43 an ounce at 1050 GMT. Prices hit their highest since Aug. 10 at $1,214.28 on Tuesday, but closed 0.8 percent lower as U.S. Treasuries rose after the United States and Mexico struck a trade deal.
Analysts and traders are closely watching the psychologically important level of $1,200. Gold dipped below that this month for the first time since March 2017, giving it momentum to touch a low of $1,159.96.
"Gold is a tad higher now because we have managed to find support at $1,200 and that is attracting some intra-day bids at this stage," said Saxo Bank analyst Ole Hansen.
"The market is more balanced than we have seen recently but we are still one spark short of a sustained rally here," he said.
Gold is still pinned down by a stronger dollar, which makes commodities it is priced in more expensive for holders of other currencies and can cap a rising gold market.
The dollar rose as relief about a U.S.-Mexico trade deal gave way to concern among investors that the conflict over trade between the United States and China was not about to end soon.
Adding to gold's woes are expectations for further U.S. interest rate increases this year, record bets on prices falling and liquidations in exchange-traded funds (ETFs), analysts said.
Higher rates would dent the appeal of non-interest yielding gold.
The first support is at $1,200 per ounce and the next key level is $1,180, said ActivTrades chief analyst Carlo Alberto De Casa. A rise above $1,210 would be a first positive impulse, he added.
Gold prices are on track to fall for the fifth straight month, which would make it the longest losing streak since early 2013.
U.S. gold futures were down 0.3 percent at $1,210.60.
Holdings in the largest gold-backed ETF, SPDR Gold Trust GLD, have declined 3.6 million ounces from a peak in late April.
Spot silver was up 0.2 percent at $14.67.


text:
\section{Introduction}

During the last twenty years Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) have been inspired
by the ultimate
theory of superstrings \cite{1,2,3}, which gives the possibility of unifying all
fundamental interactions including gravity. It was shown in Ref.~\cite{4}
that strings are free of gravitational and Yang-Mills anomalies if
the gauge group is $SO(32)$ or $E_8\times E_8$. The ``heterotic"
$E_8\times E'_8$ superstring theory was suggested in Ref.~\cite{2} as a more
realistic candidate for unification. This ten-dimensional Yang-Mills
theory can undergo a spontaneous compactification for which the $E_8$ group is
broken to $E_6$ in four dimensions. The group $E'_8$ remains unbroken
and plays the role of a hidden sector, which provides the spontaneous
breakdown of SUGRA and a soft SUSY breaking mechanism.
As a result, superstring theory leads to the SUSY-GUT scenario in four
dimensions.

In the present paper we develop a new preonic model of composite quark-leptons
and bosons starting with the `flipped' $E_6\times \widetilde{E_6}$
supersymmetric group. We show that a dual sector of the theory described
by the group $\widetilde{E_6}$ is broken in our world near
the Planck scale $M_{Pl}\approx 1.22\cdot 10^{19}$ GeV.
The breakdown of the dual sector gives in our model a very specific type of
``horizontal symmetry" predicting only three generations of the Standard Model.

We consider that preons are dyons confined by hyper-magnetic strings,
which are created by the condensation of spreons near the Planck scale.

Pati first \cite{5} suggested the use of the strong $U(1)$ magnetic force
to bind preons-dyons and form composite objects.
This idea was developed in Refs.~\cite{6,6a,6b} (see also the review \cite{7}) and
is extended in our model in the light of recent investigations of
composite non-Abelian flux tubes in SQCD \cite{8a,8b,8c,8d,8e,8f} (see also
Refs.~\cite{8p,8q,8r} and the review \cite{8s}).
A very interesting solution for a QCD string with quantized flux was found in
Ref.~\cite{9a}.

A supersymmetric preon model based on the (non-flipped)
$E_6\times {E'}_6$ gauge group was investigated in Ref.~\cite{9}
with different properties.

A preonic model of composite quarks and leptons in higher space-time
dimensions was constructed in Ref.~\cite{10}. Their results are utilized in
our present model of preons. In general, composite models were reviewed
in Refs.~\cite{10a,10b,10c,10d,10e,10x,10f,10g,10k}.

The paper is organized as follows. In Sect.~2 we have presented a feasible
chain of flipped models, which may exist between $M_{GUT}\sim 10^{16}$ GeV
and $M_{Pl}\sim 10^{19}$ GeV ended by the flipped $E_6$ unification, and have
considered the content of a 27-plet of the flipped $E_6$. Sect.~3 contains an
${\rm\bf N}=1$ supersymmetric description of $E_6$-theory in five space-time dimensions.
Sect.~4 presents a new preonic model of quark-leptons and bosons, in which it is
suggested that preons are dyons confined by hyper-magnetic
strings. The breakdown of $E_6$ and $\widetilde{E_6}$ symmetries and the
condensation of spreons near the Planck scale are discussed in this Section.
It is shown that the composite non-Abelian flux tubes constructed from preonic strings
are very thin ($\sim 10^{-18}$ GeV$^{-1}$) and have
an enormously large tension ($\sim 10^{38}$ GeV$^2$).
The naturalness of three generations (families) of quark-leptons and bosons
is also demonstrated in Sect.~4 to be a consequence of the quantized flux of
tubes considered in our theory.
In Sect.~5 the existence of the Family replicated gauge group $[E_6]^3$ is
discussed, and the breakdown of $[E_6]^3$ and $[\widetilde{E_6}]^3$ near the Planck
scale is analysed. Sect.~6 is devoted to the solution of the problem of mass
hierarchies established in the Standard Model. Also form factors indicating
the compositeness of quark-leptons are discussed in this section. The results of
the present investigation are summarized in our Conclusions (Sect.~7).

\section{Flipped $E_6$-unification of gauge interactions }

In Ref.~\cite{11}, where we consider that only `flipped' $SU(5)$ unifies $SU(3)_C$
and $SU(2)_W$ of the Standard Model (SM) at the GUT scale $M_{GUT}\sim 10^{16}$
GeV, we gave an explanation of the discrepancy between the unification
scale $M_{GUT}$ and string scale $M_{str}\sim 10^{18}$ GeV. We have assumed
that there exists a chain of extra intermediate symmetries between $M_{GUT}$
and $M_{Pl}$:
\begin{equation}
      SU(5)\times U(1)_X \to  SU(5)\times U(1)_{Z1}
\times U(1)_{X1} \to $$ $$ SO(10) \times U(1)_{X1} \to  E_6. \label{1}
\end{equation}
Amongst the many articles devoted to the $E_6$ unification (see, for example,
\cite{11aa,11aaa,11a,11b} and references therein) we have chosen only one example of the
flipped $E_6$ unification from Ref.~\cite{11}. We have considered such Higgs
boson contents of the $SU(5)$ and $SO(10)$ gauge groups which give the
final flipped $E_6$ unification at the scale $\sim 10^{18}$ GeV and a decreased
running of the inverse gauge coupling constant $\alpha^{-1}$ near the Planck
scale. Such an example, presented in Fig.~\ref{f1}, suits the purposes of our
new model of preons.
Here and below we consider flipped models in which $SU(5)$ contains
Higgs bosons $h,h^{\rm\bf c}$ and $H,H^{\rm\bf c}$ belonging to $5_h + \bar 5_h$ and
$10_H + \overline{10}_H$ representations of $SU(5)$, respectively, also a
24-dimensional adjoint Higgs field $A$ and Higgs bosons belonging
to additional higher representations. Correspondingly, the flipped $SO(10)$
(coming at the superGUT scale $M_{SG}$) contains  $10_h + \overline {10}_h$ and
$45_H + \overline{45}_H$, a 45-dimensional adjoint $A$ and higher representations of
Higgs bosons. As was shown in \cite{11}, such Higgs boson contents lead
to the flipped $E_6$ final unification at the supersuperGUT scale
$M_{SSG}\sim 10^{18}$ GeV.

Fig.~\ref{f1} presents an example of the running of the inverse gauge coupling
constants $\alpha_i^{-1}(\mu)$ ($\mu$ is the energy scale) for
$i=1,2,3,X,Z,X1,Z1,5,10$. It was shown that at the scale $\mu = M_{GUT}$ the
flipped $SU(5)$ undergoes breakdown to the supersymmetric (MSSM)
$SU(3)_C\times SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Z\times U(1)_X$ gauge group,
which is the supersymmetric extension of the MSSM
originating at the seesaw scale $M_{SS}\approx 10^{11}$ GeV, where heavy
right-handed neutrinos appear. A singlet Higgs field $S$ provides the
following breakdown to the SM (see \cite{12}):
\begin{equation} SU(3)_C\times SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Z\times U(1)_X \to
    SU(3)_C\times SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Y.                            \label{2}
\end{equation}
Supersymmetry extends the conventional SM beyond the scale $M_{SUSY}$
(in our example $M_{SUSY} = 10$ TeV).

The final $E_6$ unification assumes the existence of three 27-plets of $E_6$
containing three generations of quarks and leptons including the right-handed
neutrinos $N_i^{\rm\bf c}$ (here $i=1,2,3$ is the generation index). Quarks and
leptons of the fundamental 27 representation decompose under the
$SU(5)\times U(1)_X$ subgroup as follows:
\begin{equation}
        27 \to (10,1) + \left(\bar 5, -3\right) +  \left(\bar 5,2\right) +
          (5,-2) + (1,5) + (1,0).                             \label{3}
\end{equation}
The first and second quantities in the brackets of Eq.~(\ref{3}) correspond to
the $SU(5)$ representation and $U(1)_X$ charge, respectively.
We consider charges $Q_X$ and $Q_Z$ in units of ${1}/{\sqrt{40}}$
and $\sqrt{3/5}$, respectively, using the assignments: $Q_X=X$ and $Q_Z=Z$
(see \cite{11} for details).

The conventional SM family, which contains doublets of left-handed quarks
$Q$ and leptons $L$, right-handed up and down quarks $u^{\rm\bf c}$, $d^{\rm\bf c}$,
also $e^{\rm\bf c}$,
is assigned to the $(10,1) + (\bar 5,-3) + (1,5)$ representations
of the flipped $SU(5)\times U(1)_X$, along with a right-handed neutrino $N^{\rm\bf c}$.
These representations decompose under
\begin{equation}
SU(5)\times U(1)_X \to SU(3)_C\times SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Z\times U(1)_X,
                                                     \label{4a}
\end{equation}
and such a decomposition gives the following content:

\begin{eqnarray}
       (10,1) \to Q = &\left(\begin{array}{c}u\\
                                          d \end{array}\right) &\sim
                         \left(3,2,\frac 16,1\right),\nonumber\\
&d^{\rm\bf c} &\sim \left(\bar3,1,-\frac 23,1\right),\nonumber\\
&N^{\rm\bf c} &\sim \left(1,1,1,1\right).       \label{4}\\
\left(\bar 5,-3\right) \to &u^{\rm\bf c}&\sim \left(\bar 3,1,\frac 13,-3\right),\nonumber\\
L = &\left(\begin{array}{c}e\\
                                             \nu \end{array}\right) &\sim
                         \left(1,2,-\frac 12,-3\right),               \label{5}\\
(1,5) \to &e^{\rm\bf c} &\sim \left(1,1,1,5\right).\label{6}
\end{eqnarray}

The remaining representations in Eq.~(\ref{3}) decompose as follows:

\begin{eqnarray}
        (5,-2) \to& D&\sim \left(3,1,-\frac 13,-2\right),\nonumber\\
                   h = &\left(\begin{array}{c}h^+\\
                                               h^0 \end{array}\right) &\sim
                         \left(1,2,\frac 12,-2\right).
                                                              \label{7}\\
    \left(\bar 5,2\right) \to &D^{\rm\bf c} &\sim \left(\bar 3,1,\frac 13,2\right),\nonumber\\
                     h^{\rm\bf c} = &\left(\begin{array}{c}h^0\\
                                               h^- \end{array}\right) &\sim
                         \left(1,2,-\frac 12,2\right).              \label{8}
\end{eqnarray}
The light Higgs doublets are accompanied by coloured Higgs triplets $D,D^{\rm\bf c}$.

The singlet field $S$ is represented by (1,0):
\begin{equation}
       (1,0) \to S \sim (1,1,2,2).               \label{9}
\end{equation}
It is necessary to notice that the flipping of our $SU(5)$:
\begin{equation}
       d^{\rm\bf c} \leftrightarrow u^{\rm\bf c},\quad
N^{\rm\bf c}\leftrightarrow e^{\rm\bf c}, \label{10}
\end{equation}
distinguishes this group of symmetry from the standard Georgi-Glashow $SU(5)$
\cite{13}.

The multiplets (\ref{4})--(\ref{6}) fit in the 16 spinorial representation
of $SO(10)$:
\begin{equation}
       F(16) = F(10,1) + F\left(\bar 5,-3\right) + F(1,5).     \label{11}
\end{equation}
Higgs chiral superfields belong to the 10 representation of $SO(10)$:
\begin{equation}
       h(10) = h(5,-2) + h^{\rm\bf c}\left(\bar 5,2\right).            \label{12}
\end{equation}
In Section 5 we predict that in the interval of energy
$M_{SSG}\le \mu \le M_{crit}$ (see Fig.~\ref{f2}) the Family replicated gauge group of
symmetry $[E_6]^3$ originates at the scale $M_{FR}$: $M_{SSG}< M_{FR}< M_{crit}$.

\section{Supersymmetric $E_6$ content  in five space-time
dimensions}

Taking into account the role of compactification \cite{14}
we start, as in Ref.~\cite{10},
with ${\rm\bf N}=1$ supersymmetric gauge theory in $5D$ dimensions
with a local symmetry gauge group $G$, which is equal to the
flipped $E_6$ in our case. The matter fields transform according to one of
the irreducible
representations of $G$: for example, we have the 27-plet
of $E_6$ given by Eqs.~(\ref{4})--(\ref{9}).

The supermultiplet ${\cal V} = (A^M, \lambda^{\alpha}, \Sigma, X^a)$ in
$5D$-dimensional space (with $M=0,1,2,3,4$ space-time indices) contains
a vector field:
\begin{equation}
            A^M = A^{MJ}T^J,     \label{13}
\end{equation}
and a real scalar field:
\begin{equation}
                  \Sigma = \Sigma^JT^J,             \label{14}
\end{equation}
where $J$ runs over the $E_6$ group index values and $T^J$ are generators
of the $E_6$ algebra.

Two gauginos fields:
\begin{equation}
            \lambda^{\alpha} = \lambda^{\alpha J}T^J,        \label{15}
\end{equation}
form a decuplet under the $R$-symmetry group $SU(2)_R$ (with $\alpha=1,2$).

Auxiliary fields:
\begin{equation}
                  X^a = X^{aJ}T^J                      \label{16}
\end{equation}
form a triplet of $SU(2)_R$ (with $a=1,2,3$).

After compactification, these fields are combined into the ${\rm\bf N}=1$ $4D$ fields:
$$
   {\mbox{vector supermultiplet}}\quad V=\left(A^{\mu}, \lambda^1, X^3\right)
$$
(here $\mu=0,1,2,3$ are the space-time indices), and
$$
 {\mbox{a chiral supermultiplet}}\quad \Phi=\left(\Sigma+iA^4, \lambda^2,
X^1+iX^2\right).
$$
The matter fields are contained in the hypermultiplet:
$$
       {\cal H} = (h^{\alpha}, \Psi, F^{\alpha}),
$$
where $h^{\alpha}$ is a doublet of $SU(2)_R$, the Dirac fermion field
$\Psi=(\psi_1, \psi_2^+)^T$
is an $SU(2)_R$ singlet and the auxiliary fields $F^{\alpha}$ also form an
$SU(2)_R$ doublet.

Then we have two ${\rm\bf N}=1$ $4D$ chiral multiplets:
$$
              H = \left(h^1, \psi_1, F^1\right)\quad {\rm and}\quad H^{\rm\bf c} =
                                 \left(h^2, \psi_2, F^2\right)
$$
transforming according to the representations $R$ and anti-$R$ of the gauge group
$G=E_6$, respectively.
Then the $5D$-dimensional $E_6$-symmetric action (see \cite{15}) is given as
follows:
\begin{equation}
       S = \int d^5x\int d^4\theta\left[H^{\rm\bf c}e^VH^{{\rm\bf c}+} + H^+e^VH\right] +
        \int d^5x\int d^2\theta\left[H^{\rm\bf c} \left(\partial_4 -
\frac 1{\sqrt 2}\Phi\right)H
                                + h.c.\right].   \label{17}
\end{equation}
This theory is anomaly-free \cite{10,15}.
The compactification results are given in Ref.~\cite{10}, and we summarize them
in Appendix A.

\section{Supersymmetric  $E_6\times \widetilde {E_6}$ preonic model
of composite quark-leptons and bosons }

Why do three generations exist in Nature? We suggest an
explanation considering a new preonic model of composite SM particles.
The model starts from the supersymmetric flipped $E_6\times \widetilde {E_6}$
gauge symmetry group for preons, where  $E_6$ and $\widetilde {E_6}$
correspond to non-dual (with hyper-electric charge $g$) and dual (with
hyper-magnetic charge $\tilde g$) sectors of the theory, respectively.
We assume that preons are dyons confined by hyper-magnetic strings in the
region of energy $\mu \le \widetilde{M}_{crit} \sim M_{Pl}$ (see Fig.~\ref{f2}).

\subsection{Preons are dyons bound by hyper-magnetic strings}

Considering the ${\rm\bf N}=1$ supersymmetric flipped $E_6\times \widetilde {E_6}$
gauge theory for preons in $4D$-dimensional space-time, we assume that preons
$P$ (antipreons $P^{\rm\bf c}$) are
dyons with charges $ng$ and $m\tilde g$ ($-ng$ and $-m\tilde g$), residing
in the $4D$ hypermultiplets ${\cal P} = (P,P^{\rm\bf c})$ and ${\cal \tilde P} =
(\tilde P, {\tilde P}^{\rm\bf c})$. Here ``$\tilde P$" designates spreons, but not
the belonging to $\widetilde{E_6}$.

The dual sector $\widetilde{E_6}$ is broken in our world to some group $\widetilde{G}$,
where preons and spreons transform under the hyper-electric gauge group $E_6$
and hyper-magnetic gauge group $\widetilde{G}$ according to their fundamental
representations:
\begin{equation}
   P,\tilde P\sim (27,N), \quad  P^{\rm\bf c},\tilde P^{\rm\bf c}\sim
\left(\overline {27},\bar N\right),
                                         \label{19}
\end{equation}
where $N$ is the $N$-plet of $\widetilde{G}$ group.
We also consider scalar preons and spreons as singlets of $E_6$:
\begin{equation}
   P_s,\tilde P_s\sim (1,N), \quad  P_s^{\rm\bf c},\tilde P_s^{\rm\bf c}\sim
\left(1,\bar N\right),
                                         \label{20}
 \end{equation}
which are actually necessary for the entire set of composite
quark-leptons and bosons \cite{10}.

The hyper-magnetic interaction is assumed to be responsible for the formation
of $E_6$ fermions and bosons at the compositeness scale $\Lambda_s$.
The main idea of the present investigation is the assumption that
preons-dyons are confined by hyper-magnetic supersymmetric
non-Abelian flux tubes, which are a generalization of the well-known
Abelian ANO-strings \cite{17,18} for the case of the supersymmetric
non-Abelian theory developed in Refs.~\cite{8a,8b,8c,8d,8e,8f,8p,8q,8r,8s}.
As a result, in the limit of infinitely narrow flux tubes (strings), we have
the following bound states:

\begin{itemize}
\item[{\bf i.}] quark-leptons (fermions belonging to the $E_6$ fundamental representation):
\begin{eqnarray}
            Q^a &\sim& P^{aA}(y) \left[{\cal P}\exp\left(i\tilde g
\int_x^y\widetilde{A}_{\mu}dx^{\mu}\right)\right]_A^B
                         (P_s^{\rm\bf c})_B(x) \sim 27,
                                               \label{21}
\\
          \bar  Q_a &\sim& (P_s^{\rm\bf c})^A(y)
\left[{\cal P}\exp\left(i\tilde g\int_x^y\widetilde{A}_{\mu}dx^{\mu}\right)\right]_A^B
                         P_{aB}(x) \sim \overline {27},
                                               \label{22}
\end{eqnarray}
where $a\in 27$-plet of $E_6$, $A, B\in N$-plet of $\widetilde{G}$, and
$\widetilde{A}_{\mu}(x)$ are dual hyper-gluons belonging to the adjoint
representation of $\widetilde{G}$;

\item[{\bf ii.}] ``mesons" (hyper-gluons and hyper-Higgses of $E_6$):
\begin{eqnarray}
            M^a_b &\sim& P^{aA}(y) \left[{\cal P}\exp\left(i\tilde g
\int_x^y\widetilde{A}_{\mu}dx^{\mu}\right)\right]_A^B
                         (P^{\rm\bf c})_{bB}(x)\nonumber\\
&&\sim 1+78+650\quad {\rm of}\,\,E_6,
                                               \label{23}
\\
            S &\sim& (P_s)^A(y) \left[{\cal P}\exp\left(i\tilde g
\int_x^y\widetilde{A}_{\mu}dx^{\mu}\right)\right]_A^B
                         (P_{s}^{\rm\bf c})_B(x) \sim 1,
                                               \label{24}
\\
          \bar S &\sim& (P_s^{\rm\bf c})^A(y)
\left[{\cal P}\exp\left(i\tilde g\int_x^y\widetilde{A}_{\mu}dx^{\mu}\right)\right]_A^B
                         (P_s)_B(x) \sim 1;
                                               \label{25}
\end{eqnarray}

\item[{\bf iii.}] ``baryons",

 for $\widetilde{G}$-triplet we have (see Section 5):
\begin{eqnarray}
             D_1 &\sim& \epsilon_{ABC}P^{aA'}(z)P^{bB'}(y)P^{cC'}(x)
\left[{\cal P}\exp\left(i\tilde g\int^z_X\widetilde{A}_{\mu}dx^{\mu}\right)\right]_{A'}^A
\times
 \nonumber\\
&&    \left[{\cal P}\exp\left(i\tilde g\int^y_X\widetilde{A}_{\mu}dx^{\mu}\right)\right]_{B'}^B
 \left[{\cal P}\exp\left(i\tilde g\int^x_X\widetilde{A}_{\mu}dx^{\mu}\right)\right]_{C'}^C,      \label{26}
\\
             D_2 &\sim& \epsilon_{ABC}P^{aA'}(z)P^{bB'}(y)(P_s)^{C'}(x)
 \left[{\cal P}\exp\left(i\tilde g\int^z_X\widetilde{A}_{\mu}dx^{\mu}\right)\right]_{A'}^A
\times
\nonumber\\
&&   \left[{\cal P}\exp\left(i\tilde g\int^y_X\widetilde{A}_{\mu}dx^{\mu}\right)\right]_{B'}^B
 \left[{\cal P}\exp\left(i\tilde g\int^x_X\widetilde{A}_{\mu}dx^{\mu}\right)\right]_{C'}^C,      \label{27}
\end{eqnarray}
and their conjugate particles.
\end{itemize}
The bound states (\ref{21})--(\ref{27}) are shown
in Fig.~\ref{f3} as unclosed strings $(a)$ and ``baryonic'' configurations $(b)$.
It is easy to generalize Eqs.~(\ref{21})--({\ref{27}) for the case of
string constructions of superpartners -- squark-sleptons, hyper-gluinos
and hyper-higgsinos. Closed strings -- gravitons -- are presented
in Fig.~\ref{f3}(c).
All these bound states belong to $E_6$ representations and they in
fact form ${\rm\bf N}=1$ $4D$ superfields.

\subsection{The breakdown of  $E_6$  and  $\widetilde{E_6}$ groups at the Planck scale}

As was suggested in Ref.~\cite{16}, $E_6$ can be broken by
Higgses belonging to the 78-dimensional representation of $E_6$:
\begin{equation}
               E_6 \to SU(6)\times SU(2) \to SU(6)\times U(1),
                                                      \label{28}
\end{equation}
where $SU(6)\times U(1)$ is the largest relevant invariance group of the 78.

Fig.~\ref{f2} shows two points $A$ and $B$ near the Planck scale. The point
$A$ corresponds to the breakdown of $E_6$
according to the chain (\ref{28}).
The group $E_6$ is broken in the region of energies $\mu \ge M_{crit}$
producing hyper-electric strings between preons.
The point $B$ in Fig.~\ref{f2} indicates the scale
$\widetilde{M}_{crit}$ corresponding  to the breakdown
$\widetilde {E_6} \to \widetilde {SU(6)}\times \widetilde {U(1)}$.
At the point $B$ hyper-magnetic strings are produced and
exist in the region of
energies $\mu \le \widetilde{M}_{crit}$ confining hyper-magnetic charges of preons.
As a result, in the
region  $\mu \le M_{crit}$ we see quark-leptons with charges $ng$ $(n\in Z)$,
but in the region  $\mu \ge \widetilde{M}_{crit}$ monopolic ``quark-leptons"
-- particles with dual charges $m\tilde g$ $(m\in Z)$ -- may exist.
Since $\widetilde{M}_{crit} > M_{Pl}$, monopoles are absent in our world.

In the region of energies $M_{crit}\le \mu \le \widetilde{M}_{crit}$ around the
Planck scale, both hyper-electric and hyper-magnetic strings come to play:
preons, quarks and monopolic ``quarks" are totally confined
giving heavy neutral particles with mass $M\sim M_{Pl}$, but closed strings --
gravitons -- survive there.

\subsection{ Condensation of spreons near the Planck scale,  and ${\rm\bf N}=1$
supersymmetric non-Abelian flux tubes confined  preons}

If the $SU(6)\times U(1)$ symmetry group works near the Planck scale,
then we deal just with the theory of non-Abelian flux tubes in ${\rm\bf N}=1$
SQCD, which was developed recently in Refs.~\cite{8a,8b,8c,8d,8e,8f,8p,8q,8r,8s}.

We assume the condensation of spreons at the Planck scale.
One can combine the $Z_6$ center of $SU(6)$ with the elements
$exp(i\pi )\in U(1)$ to get topologically stable string solutions possessing
both windings, in $SU(6)$ and $U(1)$. Henceforth we assume the existence of a dual
sector of the theory described by $\widetilde {SU(6)}\times \widetilde {U(1)}$,
which is responsible for hyper-magnetic fluxes. Then,
according to the results obtained in Refs.~\cite{8a,8b,8c,8d,8e,8f,8p,8q,8r,8s}, we have
a nontrivial homotopy group:
\begin{equation}
            \pi_1\left(\frac{SU(6)\times U(1)}{Z_6}\right) \neq 0, \label{29}
\end{equation}
and flux lines form topologically non-trivial $Z_6$ strings.

Besides $SU(6)$ and $U(1)$ gauge bosons, the model contains six scalar fields
charged with respect to $U(1)$ which belong to the 6-plet of $SU(6)$.
Considering scalar fields of spreons
\begin{equation}
        \tilde P=\left\{ \phi^{aA}\right\}, \label{30}
\end{equation}
which have indices $a$ of  $SU(6)$ and $A$ of $\widetilde {SU(6)}$
fundamental multiplets, we construct a condensation of spreons in the vacuum:
\begin{equation}
       {\tilde P}_{vac} = \left\langle\tilde P^{aA}\right\rangle =
v\cdot{\rm diag}(1,1,..,1),\quad
                               a,A=1,..,6. \label{31}
\end{equation}
The vacuum expectation value (VEV) $v$ is given in Refs.~\cite{8a} as
\begin{equation}
              v =\sqrt \xi \gg \Lambda_4,           \label{32}
\end{equation}
where $\xi$ is the Fayet-Iliopoulos $D$-term parameter in the ${\rm\bf N}=1$
supersymmetric theory and $\Lambda_4$ is its 4-dimensional scale.
In our case:
\begin{equation}
             v\sim M_{Pl}\sim 10^{19}\,\,{\rm GeV},   \label{33}
\end{equation}
where spreons are condensed.

Non-trivial topology (\ref{29}) amounts to the winding of elements of the matrix
(\ref{30}), and we obtain string solutions:
\begin{equation}
 {\tilde P}_{string} = v\cdot{\rm diag}\left(e^{i\alpha(x)},e^{i\alpha(x)},..,1,1\right),
                          \quad {\rm where}\quad x\to \infty. \label{34}
\end{equation}
Three types of string moduli space (see Ref.~\cite{8b}):
\begin{equation}
   \frac{SU(6)}{SU(5)\times U(1)},\quad
\frac{SU(6)}{SU(4)\times SU(2) \times U(1)}\quad {\rm and} \quad
\frac{SU(6)}{SU(3)\times SU(3) \times U(1)}
                                                        \label{35}
\end{equation}
give us solutions for three types of $Z_6$-flux tubes which form
a non-Abelian analog of ANO-strings \cite{17,18}.

Assuming  the existence of a preon $P$ and antipreon $P^{\rm\bf c}$
at the ends of strings with hyper-magnetic
charges $n\tilde g$ and $-n\tilde g$, respectively, we obtain six
types of string having their fluxes $\Phi_n$ quantized according
to the $Z_6$ center group of $SU(6)$:
\begin{equation}
      \Phi_n = n\Phi_0, \quad n=\pm 1,\pm 2,\pm 3.
                                                       \label{36}
\end{equation}
Indeed, $Z_6$ has six group elements:
\begin{equation}
        Z_6 = \left\{\left.\exp\left(2\pi \frac n6 i\right)\right|
 n\,\,{\rm mod}\,\,6\right\}.
                                   \label{37}
\end{equation}
So far as  $n$ is given modulo 6, the fluxes of tubes corresponding
to the solutions with $n=4,5$ are equal to the fluxes (\ref{36}) with
$n=-2,-1$, respectively, (see also Refs.~\cite{8e}).

The string tensions of these non-Abelian flux tubes were also calculated in
Refs.~\cite{8a}. The minimal tension is:
\begin{equation}
               T_0 = 2\pi \xi,                  \label{38}
\end{equation}
which in our preonic model (see Eq.~(\ref{32})) is equal to:
\begin{equation}
               T_0 = 2\pi v^2\sim 10^{38}\,\,{\rm GeV}^2.
                                                          \label{39}
\end{equation}
Such an enormously large tension
means that preonic strings have almost infinitely small
$\alpha' \to 0$, where $\alpha'= 1/(2\pi T_0)$ is the slope of trajectories
in string theory \cite{1}. Six types of preonic tubes give us three types of
preonic $k$-strings having the following tensions:
\begin{equation}
                    T_k =kT_0,\quad {\rm where}\quad k=1,2,3. \label{39a}
\end{equation}
If the Fayet-Iliopoulos term $\xi$ vanishes in the supersymmetric theory
of preons, then the spreon condensate vanishes too, and the theory is in the
Coulomb phase. But for a non-vanishing $\xi$ the spreons develop their VEV,
and the theory is in the Higgs phase. Then hyper-magnetic charges of preons
and antipreons
are confined by six strings which are oriented in opposite directions. For
this reason, six strings have only three different tensions (\ref{39a}).

Also preonic strings are extremely thin. Indeed, the thickness of
the flux tube depends on the mass of the dual gauge boson $\widetilde{A}_{\mu}$
acquired in the confinement phase:
\begin{equation}
                m_V =gv.                         \label{40}
\end{equation}
As it is shown below, in the region of energies $AB$ near the Planck scale
where spreons are condensed (see Fig.~\ref{f2}) we have:
\begin{equation}
  \alpha=\frac{g^2}{4\pi}\approx 1,\quad g\approx 2\sqrt {\pi}\approx 3.5,
                                                 \label{41}
\end{equation}
and the thickness of preonic strings given by the radius $R_{str}$ of
the flux tubes is very small:
\begin{equation}
      R_{str}\sim \frac 1{m_V} \sim \frac 1{gv}\sim 10^{-18}
                                          \,\,{\rm GeV}^{-1}. \label{42}
\end{equation}
Such infinitely narrow non-Abelian supersymmetric flux tubes remind us of
the superstrings in Superstring theory.
Having in our preonic model  supersymmetric strings with $\alpha'\to 0$ we
obtain, according to the description \cite{1}, only massless ground states:
spin 1/2 fermions (quarks and leptons), spin 1 hyper-gluons and spin 2
massless graviton, as well as their superpartners. The excited states
belonging to these strings are not realized in our world as they are
very massive: they have mass $M > M_{Pl}$.

\section{Three generations of quark-leptons and bosons}

The hyper-flavor ``horizontal" symmetry was suggested first in
Refs.~\cite{16a,16b} (see also interesting discussions of this problem in
Refs.~\cite{10,16c,16d}).
The previous Section gives a demonstration of a very specific
type of ``horizontal symmetry" (which resembles the idea of
Refs.~\cite{19a,19b,19c}): three, and only three, generations of
fermions and bosons present in the superstring-inspired flipped
$E_6$ theory, and also in each step given by Fig.~\ref{f1} up to
the Standard Model. This number ``3" is explained by the existence of just three
values of the hyper-magnetic flux (\ref{36}) which bind the hyper-magnetic
charges of preons-dyons. At the ends of these preonic strings there are placed
hyper-magnetic charges $\pm\tilde g_0$, or $\pm 2\tilde g_0$, or
$\pm 3{\tilde g}_0$, where ${\tilde g}_0$ is the minimal hyper-magnetic charge.
Then all the bound states (\ref{4})--(\ref{9}) form three generations -- three
27-plets of $E_6$ corresponding to the three different tube fluxes.
We also obtain three types of gauge boson $A_{\mu}^i$ ($i=1,2,3$
is the generation index) belonging to the
$27\times \overline {27} = 1 + 78 + 650$ representations of $E_6$.
Fig.~\ref{f4} illustrates the formation of such
hyper-gluons (Fig.~\ref{f4}(a)) and also hyper-Higgses (Fig.~\ref{f4}(b)).

Such a description
predicts the Family replicated gauge group of symmetry $[E_6]^3$
for quark-leptons and bosons, which works near the Planck scale.
Here the number of families is equal to the number of generations $N_g=3$.
We assume that the $[E_6]^3$ symmetry holds
in the region of energies $M_{FR} \le \mu \le M_{crit}$, where the
scales $M_{FR}$ and $M_{crit}$ are indicated in Fig.~\ref{f2} by the points $D$
and $A$, respectively.

The symmetry breakdown $[E_6]^3\to E_6$ at the scale
$M_{FR}$ is provided by several Higgses.  An analogous mechanism
is described in Refs.~\cite{19,20,21} (see also reviews \cite{22,23}). Indeed,
in the Family replicated gauge group we have three types of gauge bosons
$A_{\mu}^i$, which produce linear combinations:
\begin{equation}
   A_{\mu,diag }^{(i)} = C_1^{(i)} A_{\mu}^{(1st\,\,fam.)} +
C_2^{(i)} A_{\mu}^{(2nd\,\,fam.)} + C_3^{(i)} A_{\mu}^{(3rd\,\,fam.)},
\quad i=1,2,3.
                                                         \label{42a}
\end{equation}
The combination:
\begin{equation}
   A_{\mu,diag } = \frac 1{\sqrt 3}\left(A_{\mu}^{(1st\,\,fam.)} +
    A_{\mu}^{(2nd\,\,fam.)} + A_{\mu}^{(3rd\,\,fam.)}\right)
                                                         \label{42b}
\end{equation}
is the massless one, which corresponds to the 78 adjoint representation
of hyper-gluons of $E_6$. Two other combinations are massive and exist
only in the region of energies $\mu\ge M_{FR}$.

The assumption that only $[E_6]^3$ exists in Nature may be not valid:
we are not sure that the Family replicated gauge groups $[SO(10)]^3$ \cite{24},
$[SU(5)]^3$ \cite{25,26,27,28}, $[SMG\times U(1)_{(B-L)}]^3$ \cite{19,20,21,22}, or
$[SMG]^3$ \cite{29,30,31,32} do not survive at lower energies $\mu < M_{FR}$.
Here we have used the following notation: $SMG$ is the Standard Model group
$SU(3)_C\times SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Y$.

The values of $\alpha^{-1}(M_{crit})$ and $\alpha^{-1}(\widetilde{M}_{crit})$
can be calculated by the method developed in Refs.~\cite{33,34}. If the $SU(N)$ group
is broken by Abelian scalar particles belonging to its Cartan subalgebra $U(1)^{N-1}$,
then the $SU(N)$ critical coupling constant $\alpha_N^{crit}$ is given
by the following expression in the one-loop approximation (see \cite{33}):
\begin{equation}
  \alpha_N^{crit}\approx \frac N2 \sqrt{\frac{N+1}{N-1}}\alpha_{U(1)}^{crit},
                                                               \label{43}
\end{equation}
where $\alpha_{U(1)}^{crit}$ is the critical coupling constant for the
Abelian $U(1)$ theory.

Here it is necessary to distinguish the $E_6$ gauge symmetry group for
preons from the $E_6$ for quark-leptons.
The points $A$ and $B$ of Fig.~\ref{f2} respectively correspond to the
breakdowns of $[E_6]^3$ and $[\widetilde{E}_6]^3$ in the region $AB$
of spreon condensation. In that region we have the breakdown \cite{16} of the preon
(one family) $E_6$ (or $\widetilde{E}_6$):
$$   E_6 \to SU(6)\times U(1) \quad \left({\rm or} \quad
                  \widetilde{E}_6 \to \widetilde {SU(6)}\times
                                        \widetilde {U(1)}\right),
$$
and the scale  $M_{crit}$ (or $\widetilde{M}_{crit}$)
is the scale of breaking.

In our preonic model the group $SU(6)$ is broken by condensed Abelian
scalar spreons belonging to the Cartan subalgebra $U(1)^5$
(compare with the results of Ref.~\cite{34}).
Then for the one family of preons we have:
\begin{equation}
           \alpha_6^{crit}\approx 3.55\alpha_{U(1)}^{crit},   \label{44}
\end{equation}
according to Eq.~(\ref{43}) for $N=6$.

The behaviour of the effective fine structure constants in the vicinity of
the phase transition point ``Coulomb-confinement" was investigated in the
compact lattice $U(1)$ theory by Monte Carlo methods \cite{35,36}. The following
result was obtained:
\begin{equation}
           \alpha_{lat.U(1)}^{crit}\approx 0.20\pm 0.015,
\quad {\tilde \alpha}_{lat.U(1)}^{crit}\approx 1.25\pm 0.010.
                                                                 \label{45}
\end{equation}
The calculation of the critical coupling constants in the Higgs scalar
monopole (dyon) model of dual $U(1)$ theory \cite{33,37,37a} gave the following results:
\begin{equation}
\alpha_{U(1)}^{crit}\approx 0.21, \quad
{\tilde \alpha}_{U(1)}^{crit}\approx 1.20  \quad - \quad
{\mbox{in the Higgs monopole model} }
\label{46}
\end{equation} and
\begin{equation}
\alpha_{U(1)}^{crit}\approx 0.19, \quad
{\tilde \alpha}_{U(1)}^{crit}\approx 1.29   \quad - \quad {\mbox{in the Higgs dyon model}}
                          \label{46a}
\end{equation}
According to Eqs.~(\ref{45})--(\ref{46a}), the condensation of spreons leads
to the following critical constants:
\begin{equation}
            \alpha_6^{crit}\approx 3.55\cdot 0.2 \approx 0.71,
\quad     {\tilde \alpha}_6^{crit} = \left(\alpha_6^{crit}\right)^{-1}\approx 1.41.
                                                   \label{47}
\end{equation}
For the point $C$ shown in Fig.~\ref{f2} we have:
\begin{equation}
\alpha_6^{(one\,\,fam.)}(M_{Pl})=1. \label{fam}
\end{equation}
This result for one family of preons confirms the estimate (\ref{41}).
Here we have used the Dirac relation for non-Abelian theories (see the explanation
in Ref.~\cite{34}):
\begin{equation}
    g\tilde g = 4\pi n, \quad n\in Z, \quad \alpha \tilde \alpha = 1.      \label{48}
\end{equation}
From the phase transition result (\ref{47}) for one family of preons,
we obtain the following inverse critical coupling constant for the
quark-lepton $[E_6]^3$ at the phase transition point $A$ (see reviews \cite{22,23}):
\begin{equation}
              \alpha_A^{-1}(M_{crit}) = 3{\tilde \alpha}_6^{crit}(M_{crit})
                        \approx 3\cdot 1.41\approx 4.23.          \label{50}
\end{equation}
At the phase transition point $B$, where we have  the breakdown of
$[\widetilde{E}_6]^3$ into the confinement phase, the one-family value
${\tilde \alpha}_6^{crit}(\widetilde{M}_{crit})\approx 0.71$ gives the
following result:
\begin{equation}
        \alpha_B^{-1}\left(\widetilde{M}_{crit}\right)\approx 3\cdot 0.71
                       \approx 2.13.                        \label{51}
\end{equation}
The values (\ref{50}) and (\ref{51}) were used for the construction of the
curve $AB$ presented in Fig.~\ref{f2}. The point $C$ corresponds to the Planck
scale and $\alpha^{-1}(M_{Pl})=3$, according to Eq.~(\ref{fam}).

The condensation of spreons at the Planck scale predicts the existence
of a second minimum of the effective potential $V_{eff}(\mu)$ at the scale
$\mu=M_{Pl}$. The behaviour of this potential and its relation with the
Multiple Point Principle (see Refs.~\cite{31} and review \cite{23}) will be
considered in our future investigations.

The dotted curve in Fig.~\ref{f2} describes the running of $\alpha^{-1}(\mu)$
for monopolic ``quark-leptons'' created by preons which are bound by
supersymmetric hyper-electric non-Abelian flux tubes. We assume that such
monopoles do not
exist in our world. However, they can play an essential role in vacuum
polarization \cite{38} and in the solution of the Cosmological Constant
problem \cite{23,38a}.

\section{The consequences of the preonic model }

In this Section, using our preonic model, we give a simple explanation of
why quarks and leptons of three SM generations have such
different masses. We show that the hierarchy of SM masses is connected
with the string construction of preon bound states.

We also present a description of form factors related with the compositeness
of quark-leptons and bosons, briefly discussing a problem of
compactification in the framework of higher dimensional theories (see
Ref.~\cite{10}).

\subsection{Yukawa couplings and quark-lepton masses of three generations}

New preon-antipreon pairs can be generated in the flux tubes between preons. Our
assumption is that the mechanism of preon-antipreon pair production in these
tubes is similar to that of $e^+e^-$ pair production in a uniform constant
electric field considered in one space dimension \cite{39}.

Almost thirty years ago J.~Schwinger \cite{39} obtained the following expression for
the rate per unit volume that a $e^+e^-$ pair will be created in a constant
electric field of strength $\cal E$:
\begin{equation}
           W = \frac {(e{\cal E})^2}{4\pi^3} \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac 1{n^2}
                     \exp\left(-\frac{\pi m_e^2n}{e{\cal E}}\right),           \label{52}
\end{equation}
where $e$ is the electron charge and $m_e$ is its mass.

A number of authors have applied this result to hadronic production,
considering the creation of quark-antiquark pairs in QCD tubes of colour
flux (see, for example, Refs.~\cite{40,41,42}).

Considering that the probability $W_k$ of one preon-antipreon pair
production in a unit space-time volume of the $k$-string tube
with tension (\ref{39a}) is given by Schwinger's expression:
\begin{equation}
              W_k = \frac{T_k^2}{4\pi^3}\exp\left(-\frac{\pi M_k^2}{T_k}\right),
            \quad  {\rm where}\quad T_k=kT_0,\quad k=1,2,3,                  \label{53}
\end{equation}
we assume that the Yukawa couplings $Y_k$ for the three generations of quarks
($t,c$ and $u$) are proportional to the square root of the probabilities $W_k$.
Then we obtain the following ratios:
\begin{equation}
       Y_t : Y_c : Y_u :: W_1^{1/2} : W_2^{1/2} : W_3^{1/2}.              \label{54}
\end{equation}
In Eq.~(\ref{53}) the values $M_k$ are the constituent masses of preons
produced in the $k$-strings. The Yukawa couplings $Y_k$ are proportional to
the masses of the $t,c,u$ quarks, and so we have:
\begin{equation}
       m_t : m_c : m_u :: \frac{T_0}{2\pi^{3/2}}\exp\left(-\frac{\pi M_1^2}{2T_0}\right) :
           \frac{2T_0}{2\pi^{3/2}}\exp\left(-\frac{\pi M_2^2}{4T_0}\right) :
            \frac{3T_0}{2\pi^{3/2}}\exp\left(-\frac{\pi M_3^2}{6T_0}\right).      \label{55}
\end{equation}
Assuming that $M_k$ is proportional to $k$:
\begin{equation}
                  M_k =kM_0,                    \label{56}
\end{equation}
we get the following result:
\begin{equation}
 m_t : m_c : m_u = m_0\left(w : 2w^2 : 3w^3\right),      \label{57}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
             w = \exp\left(-\frac{\pi M_0^2}{2T_0}\right),            \label{58}
\end{equation}
and $m_0$ is a mass parameter.

For the parameter value
\begin{equation}
                w=w_1\approx 2.9\cdot 10^{-3}                              \label{59}
\end{equation}
we obtain the following values for the masses of the $t,c,u$-quarks:
\begin{equation}
         m_t\approx 173\,\,{\rm GeV},\quad m_c\approx 1\,\,{\rm GeV}
         \quad {\rm and}\quad m_u\approx 4\,\,{\rm MeV}.   \label{60}
\end{equation}
For $b,s,d$-quarks we have different parameters $M_0$, $m_0$ and $w=w_2$.
The value:
\begin{equation}
                   w_2\approx 1.7\cdot 10^{-2}                \label{61}
\end{equation}
gives the following masses for the $b,s,d$-quarks:
\begin{equation}
         m_b\approx 4\,\,{\rm GeV},\quad m_s\approx 140\,\,{\rm MeV}
         \quad {\rm and}\quad m_d\approx 4\,\,{\rm MeV}.   \label{62}
\end{equation}
The results (\ref{60}) and (\ref{62}) are in agreement with experimentally
established quark masses published in Ref.~\cite{43}:
\begin{equation}
         m_t\approx 174\pm 5.1\,\,{\rm GeV},\quad m_c\approx 1.15
\,\,{\rm to}\,\,1.35\,\,{\rm GeV}
         \quad {\rm and}\quad m_u\approx 1.5 \,\,{\rm to}\,\,4
                 \,\,{\rm MeV}.   \label{63}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
         m_b \approx 4.1\,\,{\rm to}\,\,4.9
    \,\,{\rm GeV},\quad m_s\approx 80\,\,{\rm to}\,\,130
                  \,\,{\rm MeV}
         \quad {\rm and}\quad m_d\approx 4\,\,{\rm to}\,\,8
         \,\,{\rm MeV}.   \label{64}
\end{equation}
The value of the $w$-parameter:
\begin{equation}
                   w_3\approx 2.5\cdot 10^{-2}                \label{65}
\end{equation}
leads to the following values for the masses of the $\tau,\mu$-leptons and
electron:
\begin{equation}
   m_{\tau}\approx 2\,\,{\rm GeV},\quad m_{\mu}\approx 100\,\,{\rm MeV}
    \quad {\rm and}\quad m_e\approx 3.5 \,\,{\rm MeV}, \label{66}
\end{equation}
which are comparable with the results of experiment \cite{43}:
\begin{equation}
   m_{\tau}\approx 1.777\,\,{\rm GeV},\quad m_{\mu}\approx 105.66\,\,
{\rm MeV}\quad {\rm and}\quad m_e\approx 0.51\,\,{\rm MeV}. \label{67}
\end{equation}
We see that our preonic model explains the hierarchy of masses
existing in the SM.

\subsection{Form factors as an indication  of the compositeness of quark-leptons }

Non-point-like behaviour of the fundamental quarks and leptons is related
with the appearance of form factors describing the dependence of cross
sections on 4-momentum squared $q^2$ for different elementary particle
processes; for example, in the reactions:
$$
    e^+e^- \to e^+e^-,\,\,\mu^+\mu^-,\,\,\tau^+\tau^-,\,\,\gamma\gamma,
$$ or
$$
             e^+e^- \to\,\,{\rm hadrons},
$$
or in deep inelastic lepton scattering experiments, etc.

Considering the form factor $F(q^2)$ as a power series in $q^2$, we find:
\begin{equation}
   F(q^2) = 1 + \frac{q^2}{\Lambda^2} + O\left(\frac 1{\Lambda^4}\right),
               \quad  {\rm where} \quad q^2 \ll \Lambda^2.
                                                            \label{68}
\end{equation}
If $\Lambda$ $(\Lambda=\Lambda_4$, see Section 4)
is the energy scale associated with the quark-lepton
compositeness scale $\Lambda_s$ of the preon interaction, then our
model predicts:
\begin{equation}
      \Lambda \sim \Lambda_s\sim 10^{18}\,\,{\rm GeV}. \label{69}
\end{equation}
Of course, such a scale is not experimentally available even for
future high energy colliders.

From a phenomenological point of view it is quite important to understand
whether the compactification scale lowers down  $\Lambda$ in Eq.~(\ref{68})
to energies accessible for future accelerators.

Proposing the presence of extra space-time dimensions at small distances
\cite{10} we have a hope that the radius $R_C$ of compactification is larger than
the radius $R_s$ of compositeness:
\begin{equation}
                  R_C  \gg  R_s,      \label{70}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
 \Lambda \sim \Lambda_C \ll 10^{18}\,\,{\rm GeV}. \label{71}
\end{equation}
However, this problem leads to more detailed investigations
in higher dimensional theories.

\section{Conclusions}

\begin{itemize}
\item[{\bf i.}] In the present paper, starting with the idea that the most realistic
model based on superstring theory, which leads to the unification of all
fundamental interactions including gravity, is the ``heterotic'' string-derived
flipped model, we have assumed that at high energies $\mu > 10^{16}$ GeV
there exists the following chain of flipped models:
$$ SU(3)_C\times SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Y \to
 SU(3)_C\times SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Z \times U(1)_X \to
$$ $$ SU(5)\times U(1)_X \to  SU(5)\times U(1)_{Z1}
\times U(1)_{X1} \to SO(10) \times U(1)_{X1} \to E_6,$$
ending in the flipped $E_6$ gauge symmetry group (see Fig.~\ref{f1}).
We have chosen such Higgs
boson contents of the $SU(5)$ and $SO(10)$ gauge groups, which give the final
flipped $E_6$ unification at the scale $\sim 10^{18}$ GeV and the decreased
running of $\alpha^{-1}(\mu)$ near the Planck scale given by Fig.~\ref{f2}.

\item[{\bf ii.}] The final $E_6$ unification assumes the existence
of three 27-plets of the flipped $E_6$ gauge symmetry group and we have
considered the content of the flipped 27-plet.

\item[{\bf iii.}] The supersymmetric $E_6$ content in five space-time dimensions was
presented in Sect.~3. The problem of compactification was briefly discussed.

\item[{\bf iv.}] Suggesting an ${\rm\bf N}=1$ supersymmetric
$E_6\times \widetilde{E_6}$ preonic
model of composite quark-leptons and bosons, we have assumed that preons are
dyons confined by hyper-magnetic strings in the region of energies
$\mu \lesssim M_{Pl}$. This approach is an extension of the old idea by
J.~Pati \cite{5} to use the strong magnetic forces which may bind preons-dyons
in composite particles -- quark-leptons and bosons. Our
model is based on the recent theory of composite non-Abelian flux tubes
in SQCD, which was developed in Refs.~\cite{8a,8b,8c,8d,8e,8f,8p,8q,8r,8s}.

\item[{\bf v.}] Considering the breakdown of $E_6$ (or $\widetilde{E_6}$)
at the Planck scale
into the $SU(6)\times U(1)$ (or $\widetilde{SU(6)}\times \widetilde{U(1)}$)
gauge group, we have shown that six types of
$k$-strings -- composite ${\rm\bf N}=1$ supersymmetric non-Abelian flux tubes --
are created by the condensation of spreons near the Planck scale.

\item[{\bf vi.}] It was shown that the six types of strings-tubes, having six fluxes
quantized according to the $Z_6$ center group of
$SU(6)$:
$$
      \Phi_n = n\Phi_0, \quad n=\pm 1,\pm 2,\pm 3,
$$
produce three (and only three) generations of composite quark-leptons and
bosons. We have obtained a specific type of ``horizontal symmetry'' explaining
flavor.

\item[{\bf vii.}] It was shown that in the present model preonic strings are very thin,
with radius
$$
          R_{str}\sim 10^{-18}\,\,{\rm GeV}^{-1},
$$
and their tension is enormously large:
$$
                   T\sim  10^{38}\,\,{\rm GeV}^2.
$$
These strings are similar to the superstrings of Superstring theory.

\item[{\bf viii.}] The model predicts the existence of three families of 27-plets and
also gauge bosons $A^i_{\mu}$ (with $i=1,2,3$) belonging to the 78-plets of
$E_6$. Then near the Planck scale we have the Family
replicated gauge group of symmetry $[E_6]^3$ for quark-leptons. In the present paper
we have assumed that the breakdown $[E_6]^3\to E_6$ occurs near the Planck scale
leading to the $E_6$ unification at the scale $\sim 10^{18}$ GeV.

\item[{\bf ix.}] We have considered the condensation of spreons near the Planck scale,
which gives phase transitions at the scales $M_{crit}$ and $\widetilde{M}_{crit}$ shown
in Fig.~\ref{f2}. The points $A$ (or $B$) of Fig.~\ref{f2} correspond to the breakdown
of $E_6$ (or $\widetilde{E}_6$) for preons:
$$   E_6 \to SU(6)\times U(1) \quad \left({\rm or} \quad
                  \widetilde{E}_6 \to \widetilde {SU(6)}\times
                                        \widetilde {U(1)}\right).
$$
We have investigated the idea that hyper-magnetic strings are produced and exist
at $\mu \le \widetilde{M}_{crit}$, and hyper-electric strings are created and
exist at $\mu \ge M_{crit}$ (the positions of $M_{crit}$ and
$\widetilde{M}_{crit}$ are shown in Fig.~\ref{f2} by the points $A$ and $B$, respectively).
As a result, in our world we have quark-leptons and gauge bosons $A_{\mu}$
(in the region of energies $\mu \lesssim M_{Pl}$), while monopolic
``quark-leptons" and dual gauge fields $\widetilde{A}_{\mu}$ exist in the region
$\mu \gtrsim M_{Pl}$.
We have calculated the critical values of the gauge coupling constants
at the points $A$, $B$:
$$
 \alpha^{-1}(M_{crit}) \approx 4.23, \quad {\rm and} \quad
\alpha^{-1}\left(\widetilde{M}_{crit}\right) \approx 2.13.
$$

\item[{\bf x.}] Assuming the existence of the three types of hyper-magnetic fluxes
and using Schwinger's formula, we have given an explanation of the hierarchies of
masses established in the SM. The following values of the masses were obtained
in our preonic model:
$$ m_t\approx 173\,\,{\rm GeV},\quad m_c\approx 1\,\,{\rm GeV}
         \quad {\rm and}\quad m_u\approx 4\,\,{\rm MeV}, $$
$$
  m_b \approx 4\,\,{\rm GeV},\quad m_s\approx 140\,\,{\rm MeV}
         \quad {\rm and}\quad m_d\approx 4\,\,{\rm MeV}, $$
$$
 m_{\tau}\approx 2\,\,{\rm GeV},\quad m_{\mu}\approx 100\,\,{\rm MeV}
    \quad {\rm and}\quad m_e\approx 3.5\,\,{\rm MeV}.
$$
They are comparable with the experimentally known results published in
Ref.~\cite{43}.

\item[{\bf xi.}] We have considered form factors describing the compositeness of
quark-leptons. In our preonic model the scale $\Lambda_s$
of the quark-lepton compositeness is very large:
$$
\Lambda_s \sim 10^{18}\,\,{\rm GeV},$$
which is not accessible even for future high energy colliders.
We have concluded that only the compactification procedure of extra space-time
dimensions can help to lower the scale $\Lambda_s$. Then quark-lepton form
factors might be experimentally observed.

\end{itemize}

\section*{Acknowledgements}

C.R.D. thanks Prof.~J.~Pati a lot for interesting discussions during the
Conference WHEPP-9 (Bhubaneswar, India, January, 2006).

L.L. sincerely thanks the Institute of Mathematical Sciences (Chennai, India)
and personally the Director of IMSc Prof.~R.~Balasubramanian and
Prof.~N.D.~Hari Dass for the wonderful hospitality and financial support.

The authors also deeply thank Prof.~J.L.~Chkareuli,
Prof.~F.R.~Klinkhamer and Prof.~G.~Rajasekaran for fruitful discussions and
advice.

We are thankful of Prof.~C.D.~Froggatt for his great help.

\section*{Appendix A: Compactification of extra dimensions
in preonic model}
\setcounter{equation}{0}
\renewcommand{\theequation}{A.\arabic{equation}}

Compactifying the extra fifth dimension $x^4$ in Eq.~(\ref{17}) on a circle
of radius $R_C$, the authors of Ref.~\cite{10} impose the Scherk-Schwarz
\cite{14} boundary conditions to the preonic superfields:
\begin{eqnarray}
   P\left(x^m, x^4+2\pi R_C, \theta\right) &=& e^{i2\pi q_P}P\left(x^m, x^4, e^{i\pi
(q_P+q_{\bar P})}\theta\right),
\nonumber\\
   P^{\rm\bf c}\left(x^m, x^4+2\pi R_C, \theta\right) &=&
e^{i2\pi q_{\bar P}}P^{\rm\bf c}\left(x^m, x^4, e^{i\pi
(q_P+q_{\bar P})}\theta\right),
\nonumber\\
   P_s\left(x^m, x^4+2\pi R_C, \theta\right) &=& e^{i2\pi q_s}P_s\left(x^m, x^4, e^{i\pi
(q_s+q_{\bar s})}\theta\right),
\nonumber\\
   P^{\rm\bf c}_s\left(x^m, x^4+2\pi R_C, \theta\right) &=& e^{i2\pi q_{\bar s}}P^{\rm\bf c}_s
\left(x^m, x^4, e^{i\pi(q_s+q_{\bar s})}\theta\right),                  \label{a1}
\end{eqnarray}
where $q_P$, $q_{\bar P}$ and  $q_s$, $q_{\bar s}$ are the $R$ charges of preons
$P$, $P^{\rm\bf c}$ and $P_s$, $P^{\rm\bf c}_s$, respectively.
 The following condition was obtained in Ref.~\cite{10}:
 \begin{equation}
      q_P+q_{\bar P} = q_s+q_{\bar s}.              \label{a2}
\end{equation}
Then the $R$ charges for the composite states (\ref{21})--(\ref{24}) are:
\begin{equation} Q\sim q_P + q_{\bar s},\quad \bar Q\sim  q_{\bar P} + q_{s},
  \quad M \sim  q_P + q_{\bar P}, \quad S\sim  q_s + q_{\bar s}.    \label{a3}
\end{equation}
As a result of compactification, all fermionic preons are massive in $4D$
space-time. Supersymmetry is broken by the boundary conditions (\ref{a1}).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
Collaborating with and supporting the NHIR Funded project: The East London Project
PI Lucy Platt and Pippa Grenfall (LSHTM)
This project is a collaboration between the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), the University of York/Cork, the Homerton Hospital, Imperial College and the University of Bristol. It is led by Lucy Platt and co-led by Pippa Grenfell, at LSHTM.
What is the goal of the research?
The aim of the research is to understand how removing sex work-related police enforcement could affect sex workers' safety, sexual and emotional health and access to health and social care services, in London boroughs of Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets.
There hasn't been a study like this in the UK before. It's also the first one internationally that will look at the combined impacts of policing on violence, sexual and emotional health, taking into account how criminalisation affects other issues, like housing and financial situation, which can also affect health.
What will we use the research for?
We will use the project results to advocate for evidence-based policy and practice to improve the safety, health and well-being of sex workers in the UK, and internationally. We will present the results of the project at events for sex workers, key stakeholders, local residents and the wider public
For more info see:http://eastlondonproject.lshtm.ac.uk/news/