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Le Traité d'amitié, de coopération et d'assistance mutuelle dit "pacte de Varsovie" est une ancienne alliance militaire groupant les pays d'Europe de l'Est avec l'URSS dans un vaste ensemble économique, politique et militaire. Il est conclu le  entre la plupart des pays communistes du bloc soviétique par un traité d'amitié, de coopération et d'assistance mutuelle. Nikita Khrouchtchev, qui en fut l'artisan, l'avait conçu dans le cadre de la guerre froide comme un contrepoids à l'Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord (OTAN) qui avait vu le jour en .

La principale raison ayant motivé la formation du pacte de Varsovie, selon l'exposé des motifs, fut l'adhésion de la République fédérale d'Allemagne « en voie de remilitarisation » au traité de l'Atlantique nord au moment de la ratification des accords de Paris le .

L'alliance issue du pacte de Varsovie est dissoute en .

Traité d'amitié, de coopération et d'assistance mutuelle
Connu sous le nom de pacte de Varsovie, le Traité d'amitié, de coopération et d'assistance mutuelle se compose d'un préambule et de onze articles. Il est signé à Varsovie le  en quatre exemplaires, un en russe, un en polonais, un en tchèque et un en allemand.

Le préambule justifie ce traité par  d'Europe de l'Est.

Le traité de Varsovie se proclame ouvert à tous les États, « indépendamment de leur régime social et politique ». L'adhésion de nouveaux membres est soumise au consentement des États signataires (art. 9).

Le traité crée un commandement unifié et un comité consultatif politique, où chaque État est représenté et qui se réunit deux fois par an.

Le traité prévoit la création d'un commandement unifié des forces armées dont le commandant en chef est Ivan Koniev. Le statut de ce commandement unifié est présenté en septembre 1955 et place les armées des différents membres sous la tutelle de l'URSS

Les forces armées de la République démocratique allemande sont créées et intégrées au pacte en .

Le traité est établi pour une durée de vingt ans. Il reste en vigueur pendant les dix années suivantes pour les États qui ne l'ont pas dénoncé. Mais entretemps l'intervention en Tchécoslovaquie en 1968 avait entrainé une modification d'un article du pacte : .

En 1985, il est reconduit pour vingt ans. Mais finalement, en raison de la Dislocation de l'URSS, l'organisation du Pacte de Varsovie disparait en 1991.

Liste des pays signataires
Les huit pays signataires étaient :
  Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques
  République populaire d'Albanie, qui quitte ensuite le pacte le .
  République démocratique allemande
  République populaire de Bulgarie
  République populaire de Hongrie
  République populaire de Pologne
  République populaire roumaine
  République tchécoslovaque

Un observateur de la république populaire de Chine assistait à la séance.

La république fédérale socialiste de Yougoslavie, pourtant communiste, n'a pas pris part à cette alliance en raison de la politique de neutralité observée par Tito depuis la rupture avec Staline en 1948 et l'indépendance politique vis-à-vis de Moscou qui en découlait.

Les membres de l'alliance se promettaient un secours mutuel en cas d'agression d'un des pays membres. Le pacte s'acheva le  et fut officiellement rompu lors d'une rencontre à Prague le  juillet de la même année.

Histoire et rôle du traité

Genèse
À la fin des années 1940, la vision du monde de Staline est celle d'un monde bipolaire dans lequel la priorité est de consolider le camp socialiste sur son périmètre chèrement acquis grâce à la Seconde Guerre mondiale, i.e. à l'échelle européenne, l'URSS et les sept pays du bloc de l'Est. Il s'agit d'une stratégie avant tout défensive dont le corollaire est un soutien prudent aux Partis communistes d'Europe de l'Ouest.

Dans cette optique, Staline privilégie les relations bilatérales avec les États d'Europe de l'Est. Il instaure bien une coopération politique via le Kominform en 1947 pour contrebalancer son rejet du plan Marshall et rallier autour de l'URSS des dirigeants communistes dont certains ont été tentés d'y participer et dont le pouvoir n'est pas partout définitivement affermi. Mais dès 1950, le Kominform est mis en sommeil. Lorsque les Occidentaux fondent l'OECE pour gérer le plan Marshall et en assurer le succès, il instaure en 1949 une coopération économique au sein du bloc de l'Est via le CAEM. Mais celui-ci demeure une coquille presque vide. Lorsqu'en 1949 les Occidentaux signent le traité de l'Atlantique Nord, Staline n'éprouve pas le besoin de fonder une alliance de sécurité collective à l'Est. Il se méfie des arrangements institutionnels qui permettraient aux dirigeants des pays satellites de revendiquer un statut de partenaire au lieu de demeurer des subordonnés soumis à l'hégémonie russe. Au lieu de réunir les nations d'Europe de l'Est dans une organisation qui pourrait s'avérer difficile à gérer, Staline concentre ses efforts sur des tentatives de déstabilisation et de désunion des Occidentaux, qui ciblent tout particulièrement la France.

Les deux années qui suivent la disparition de Staline en  ne voient que peu de changements dans la politique du Kremlin, où Molotov continue de définir la politique étrangère, et où les dirigeants soviétiques sont davantage occupés par les luttes de pouvoir, dont Khrouchtchev émerge finalement vainqueur en .

Dans l'échec de la CED en , les Soviétiques voient un succès de leur approche traditionnelle de déstabilisation par des leviers politiques et de propagande. Lorsqu'en octobre les Occidentaux signent les accords de Paris qui vont permettre à l'Allemagne de l'Ouest de rejoindre l'Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, les Soviétiques réagissent en leur proposant la tenue d'une conférence de sécurité pan-européenne dans la perspective d'une Allemagne neutre réunifiée. Mais les Occidentaux mettent en œuvre inexorablement les accords de Paris, obligeant les Soviétiques à revoir leur stratégie, d'autant que les dirigeants Est-Allemands et Tchécoslovaques se déclarent en  favorables à la création d'une armée est-allemande dans le cadre d'une alliance plurinationale. Début 1955, Khrouchtchev affirme sa prééminence sur la politique extérieure de l'Union soviétique. Il met fin au blocage du traité de paix avec l'Autriche, renoue avec la Yougoslavie de Tito, et entame une offensive diplomatique vis-à-vis des Trois puissances occidentales tout en préparant la création d'une alliance de sécurité collective du bloc de l'Est.

Celle-ci est conclue à Varsovie le  dans des termes entièrement dictés par Moscou et dont il est possible de penser qu'à ce stade elle constitue au moins autant une carte dans le jeu diplomatique que la fondation d'une alliance militaire structurée, dans la mesure où les traités bilatéraux signés auparavant entre l'URSS et ses pays satellites d'Europe de l'Est créent déjà des obligations réciproques en matière de coopération et de défense. Au moment de sa signature, le pacte revêt une importance davantage déclaratoire que stratégique.

Structuration progressive du traité
Le dialogue Est-Ouest sur la question allemande, la sécurité collective en Europe et le désarmement est intense en 1955, son point d'orgue étant la conférence des Quatre grands à Genève en juillet. Khrouchtchev annonce en août une réduction unilatérale des armements conventionnels des pays du pacte de Varsovie, de  pour la seule Union soviétique. Pourtant, aucun accord n'est trouvé sur ces trois dossiers clés entre les protagonistes de la guerre froide. L'espoir de parvenir dans un avenir prévisible à un État allemand réunifié mais neutre, but poursuivi depuis dix ans par la diplomatie soviétique, s'évanouit définitivement. Le , le Traité concernant les relations entre l'URSS et la RDA est signé qui assure reconnaissance officielle de l'État est-allemand et autorise le stationnement de forces soviétiques sur son sol.

Aussi les Soviétiques poursuivent-ils en parallèle l'intégration de l'Allemagne de l'Est dans le camp socialiste avec pour effet corollaire de consolider la division de l'Allemagne en deux États, chacun solidement ancré dans un des deux camps. Dans cette optique, la réunion secrète des dirigeants soviétiques et d'Europe de l'Est le  marque un tournant : la décision est prise de doter la RDA d'une armée, la Nationale Volksarmee (NVA), entièrement intégrée dans le pacte de Varsovie, comme la Bundeswehr ouest-allemande l'est dans l'OTAN. Le pacte offre au régime paria est-allemand l'opportunité d'améliorer son statut international et d'exercer une influence croissante sur les négociations au sein du bloc soviétique ; aucun des autres partenaires du pacte, y compris l'Union soviétique, n'a un plus grand intérêt dans sa préservation et sa consolidation que la RDA, son membre le plus faible mais le plus ambitieux.

Le traité fondateur du pacte de Varsovie crée deux instances, le Comité politique consultatif (CPC) et le Commandement unifié des forces armées. Selon le texte du traité, le CPC est responsable de la gestion de l'ensemble de l'organisation du pacte dans les domaines politique, économique et culturel, et donc aussi de la décision de la conclusion d'une alliance. Le premier commandant en chef est le maréchal Koniev.

La première réunion du CPC a lieu en  à Prague. Elle officialise la création de la NVA et son incorporation dans les forces armées du pacte, et complète le dispositif organisationnel du pacte par la création d'une Commission permanente, chargée de  et d'un Secrétariat commun, organe exécutif de l'alliance. L'importance de cet organe est mise en évidence par le fait que le chef d'état-major du Commandement unifié, toujours un général soviétique, le dirige également.

Les crises de 1956 en Pologne et en Hongrie font passer au second plan le pacte, même si l'annonce par Imre Nagy de la décision que la Hongrie quitte le pacte fournit une justification supplémentaire à l'intervention soviétique à Budapest. La deuxième réunion du CPC n'a lieu qu'en  alors que Khrouchtchev a consolidé son pouvoir en URSS, bénéficie des succès spatiaux russes et du développement de ses forces nucléaires, et souhaite appuyer ses initiatives diplomatiques par l'unité démontrée du bloc de l'Est, un temps mise à mal en 1956. Aussi, Khrouchtchev redonne-t-il une visibilité et un rôle accrus au pacte, ainsi qu'au CAEM, lui aussi peu actif depuis sa création.

Rôle politique et militaire du traité d'amitié, de coopération et d'assistance mutuelle à partir de 1958

Le pacte de Varsovie est avec les conférences des Partis communistes et le Conseil d'assistance économique mutuelle, l'un des trois piliers sur lesquels repose l'ordre actuel politique, militaire, social et économique du bloc de l'Est.

La double fonction du pacte de Varsovie est bien plus évidente après les crises de 1956 qu'au moment de la signature du traité. Le pacte de Varsovie est, d'une part, une alliance militaire tournée vers l'extérieur des pays du bloc de l'Est et, d'autre part, un instrument tourné vers l'intérieur pour maintenir la domination politique soviétique sur les satellites d'Europe de l'Est.

Cette dimension de politique intérieure est devenue fondamentale, comme le démontre le fait que le Comité politique consultatif, qui devait se réunir au moins deux fois par an au niveau ministériel, se réunit depuis 1958 de façon irrégulière, sur convocation soviétique, mais au niveau des Secrétaires généraux des Partis, les plus hauts dirigeants de l'Est. Toutefois, comme le craignait Staline, ces réunions sont loin au fil des années d'être de pure forme, les débats y sont parfois intenses et peuvent aller jusqu'à des désaccords formellement exprimés avec la politique voulue par Moscou. Le poids de l'URSS est tel que les décisions finales de compromis ou non lui appartiennent, mais la RDA les influent lourdement, et l'Albanie comme la Roumanie finissent par se détacher de l'alliance.

Les structures militaires définitives du pacte ne sont définies et mises en place qu'en 1968 et 1969. Un Comité des ministres de la Défense de tous les États membres, est créé pour des raisons d'affichage et ne joue qu'un rôle mineur. Les ministres exercent une double fonction de commandant en chef de leurs armées nationales et de commandant en chef adjoint des forces armées unies du pacte de Varsovie. De 1956 à 1990, le CPC est réuni vingt-quatre fois.

Les forces du pacte de Varsovie sont utilisées lors du Printemps de Prague de 1968, quand elles envahissent la République socialiste tchécoslovaque pour mettre un terme à la réforme démocratique que le gouvernement était en train d'implanter.

Ces faits mirent en lumière une nouvelle politique que menait l'URSS concernant le pacte. La doctrine Brejnev stipulait, d'ailleurs : « Quand des forces hostiles au socialisme cherchent à faire dévier des pays socialistes vers le capitalisme, cela devient un problème, non seulement de la nation intéressée, mais un problème commun à tous les pays socialistes ». Il y avait contradiction avec l'article du traité ouvrant le pacte à tout État indépendamment de son régime politique et social.

En réaction à l'invasion de la Tchécoslovaquie le mois précédent par l'URSS, la Bulgarie, la RDA, la Pologne, la Hongrie et l'Albanie se retirent du pacte le , cette dernière avait cessé de participer à ses travaux depuis 1961, ce retrait étant rendu possible par l'isolement géographique de ce pays par rapport aux autres membres du pacte, puisque l'Albanie ne partage ses frontières qu'avec la Grèce et la Yougoslavie.

La république populaire de Chine, dont un observateur participait aux séances du pacte, cesse d'être représentée en 1961.

Après la crise des missiles de Cuba de 1962, la république socialiste de Roumanie informe secrètement les États-Unis qu'elle compte rester neutre en cas de guerre nucléaire. Les nations appartenant à l'OTAN et au pacte de Varsovie ne se sont jamais affrontées directement dans un conflit armé, mais se sont combattues indirectement dans le cadre de la guerre froide durant plus de 35 ans.

Démantèlement
En , Gorbatchev abandonne la doctrine Brejnev et octroie davantage de liberté de choix aux États est-européens, en espérant tout de même pouvoir préserver l'existence d'un camp socialiste.

Le , lors de la réunification de l'Allemagne, l'ex-RDA fut le premier membre du traité à intégrer l'OTAN. La RDA s'était retirée du traité, officiellement le , trois jours avant la réunification allemande. Pour s'assurer de l'accord soviétique à une entrée de l'Allemagne réunifiée dans l'OTAN, il fut décidé qu'aucune troupe étrangère, qu'aucune arme nucléaire ne seraient stationnées à l'est.

Quand il apparut que l'URSS n'emploierait plus la force pour imposer sa politique, il s'ensuivit une série de changements politiques rapides. Les nouveaux gouvernements de l'Europe orientale ne soutinrent plus la politique du traité et, en , la Tchécoslovaquie, la Hongrie et la Pologne annoncèrent leur retrait du traité pour le .

La Bulgarie, étant un État traditionnellement proche de la Russie, n'annonça se retirer, elle, qu'en  lorsqu'il apparut que le traité était définitivement mort.

L'URSS reconnut l'état de fait et le traité fut dissous officiellement lors d'une réunion à Prague le .

Forces soviétiques en Europe de l'Est

Organisation des forces soviétiques
À la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les Soviétiques réorganisent leurs armées dans les territoires occupés, en remplaçant les « fronts » par des « Groupes de forces » :
 Le « Groupe des Forces Soviétiques en Allemagne » (1949-1988) () rebaptisé Groupe « Ouest » en 1989, stationné dans la zone soviétique d'occupation de l'Allemagne ;
 Le Groupe « Central » en Autriche et en Hongrie de 1945 à 1955, qui sera ensuite réactivé à partir de 1968 en Tchécoslovaquie ; durant cette seconde période, il compte environ , organisés en 5 Divisions et des unités de missiles nucléaires ;
 Le Groupe « Nord » en Pologne ;
 Le Groupe « Sud » en Roumanie, de 1945 à 1958, et en Hongrie.

Forte présence des troupes soviétiques en RDA

La zone d'occupation soviétique en Allemagne (; , Sovetskaya okkupatsionnaya zona Germanii, « Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany ») est l'une des quatre zones d'occupation de l'Allemagne par les Alliés à la chute du  en . Cette zone devient la République démocratique allemande le . Appliquant en cela les accords de Potsdam, cette zone était entièrement sous contrôle d'une Administration Soviétique, connue sous l'acronyme SMAD ().

La SMAD autorise quatre partis politiques, à qui est fait obligation de constituer ensemble une coalition. En , le Parti social-démocrate d'Allemagne (SPD) et le Parti communiste d'Allemagne (KPD) fusionnent pour former le Parti socialiste unifié d'Allemagne SED qui devient plus tard le parti de gouvernement de la RDA. Le NKVD puis le MVD installent des camps spéciaux, sous contrôle soviétique, dans leur zone d'occupation en Allemagne, de  à , parfois en utilisant d'anciennes installations de camps de concentration nazis.

Staline veut initialement faire tomber la totalité de l'Allemagne sous son contrôle, mais il se rend rapidement compte que les Alliés occidentaux ne laisseront pas faire. Il semble qu'il n'ait jamais envisagé l'option militaire pour atteindre cet objectif, malgré la supériorité des forces conventionnelles soviétiques. Les forces armées Soviétiques stationnées en Allemagne constituent pendant toute la guerre froide la menace la plus importante à laquelle l'OTAN se prépare à faire face en cas de guerre. Une partie de ces forces y demeure selon les accords passés en 1991 de réunification de l'Allemagne à la suite de la chute des régimes communistes jusqu'en 1994.

En 1957, un accord entre l'Union soviétique et la RDA donne un cadre légal à la présence du Groupe des Forces Soviétiques en Allemagne. Cet accord précise que ces forces ne doivent pas interférer dans les affaires internes de l'Allemagne de l'Est, comme cela avait été le cas lors des émeutes de 1953 à Berlin. En 1991, elles sont fortes de  au sein de 24 Divisions, organisées en 5 armées blindées et d'une armée aérienne, comptant environ , 690 avions et 180 lanceurs de missiles à capacité nucléaire. Le commandement de ces forces d'élite est confié à de prestigieux maréchaux, comme Gueorgui Joukov, Vassili Sokolovski, Vassili Tchouïkov, Andreï Gretchko, qui deviennent pour certains Ministre de la Défense de l'Union soviétique.

Puissance militaire

Le dispositif du traité constitue, encore de nos jours, le plus formidable déploiement de forces militaires en temps de paix et était largement en supériorité numérique sur les forces de l'OTAN.

L'armée soviétique est de très loin la plus puissante des forces du traité. Elle déploie sur le territoire de ses alliés quatre groupement de forces, le plus important étant le groupement des forces armées soviétiques en Allemagne, les autres étant le groupe des forces du nord (Pologne), le groupe des forces centrales (Autriche jusqu'en 1955, Tchécoslovaquie, Hongrie) et le groupe des forces du sud (Balkans).

Sur les  que représentent les superficies du Benelux, de l'Allemagne de l'Ouest, de la RDA, de la Pologne et de la Tchécoslovaquie qui constituent le théâtre Centre-Europe étaient concentrés dans les années 1980 plus de  blindés de toute nature (dont  pour le pacte de Varsovie), plus de  d'artillerie (dont  pour le pacte de Varsovie), environ  tactiques (dont  pour le pacte de Varsovie), et 130 divisions (dont 95 pour le pacte de Varsovie).

En 1991, à la veille de sa dissolution, le pacte de Varsovie alignait dans la seule zone « ATTU » (Atlantic To The Urals - de l'Atlantique à l'Oural), ,  dont  de combat répartis en 145 divisions et autres unités. Et la défunte Nationale Volksarmee de la RDA ne faisait plus partie du traité.

Le passage des anciens membres du pacte à l'OTAN

Le , des pays anciennement membres du pacte de Varsovie (Tchéquie, Hongrie et Pologne) rejoignirent l'OTAN. En 2004, l'Estonie, la Lettonie, la Lituanie, la Bulgarie, la Roumanie, la Slovaquie et la Slovénie, cette dernière n'ayant jamais fait partie de la sphère d'influence de l'URSS, rejoignirent l'OTAN. Ces faits furent très mal perçus par Moscou qui y vit une pénétration occidentale dans sa « sphère d'influence ».

Galerie

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Annexes

Bibliographie
 .
 .

 .

 Crump, L. (2017). In The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered: International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955-69. essay, Routledge.
 Crump, L. (2020). Margins for manœuvre in Cold War Europe. Routledge.
 Mastny, V., Byrne, M., & Klotzbach, M. (2005). In A cardboard castle?: An inside history of the Warsaw Pact, 1955-1991. essay, CEU Press.

Articles connexes
 Bloc communiste
 Liste des alliances internationales de la guerre froide
 Conseil d'assistance économique mutuelle
 Organisation de coopération de Shanghai
 Zapad-81, plus grandes manœuvres jamais organisées par le pacte de Varsovie

Liens externes

  Texte fondateur du pacte du Varsovie
  Site d'histoire comparée OTAN/Pacte de Varsovie
  Sovetika.ru - Site sur l'ère soviétique
  La dissolution du Pacte de Varsovie, Professeur Otto Pick ,

Organisation intergouvernementale
Organisation militaire internationale

Histoire du communisme
Guerre froide
Traité signé en 1955
Traité entré en application en 1955
Nikita Khrouchtchev
1955
Organisme fondé en 1955
Organisme disparu en 1991
Bloc de l'Est

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text:
Q: How do I compile an AVI file from a bunch of bitmaps in C# ASP.NET? Yes, I've already heard of http://www.codeproject.com/KB/audio-video/avifilewrapper.aspx
...but I just can't get it to work with ASP.NET
I've perused the source about a hundred times looking for anything that might suggest it's incompatible with .NET 3.5 or not going to work with my other frameworks. Everything seems Kosher.
Any ideas?
Thanks!

A: Do you know what exceptions are being thrown?  The AviFileWrapper you mentioned I believe depends on libraries provided by the windows API, and those libraries might not be available in your server, especially for ASP applications.
If you need a solution badly enough, you might consider writing a simple library yourself.  The AVI format might be simple enough to implement it yourself, given that you might not need sound or compression.
Here is some documentation I found.
www.alexander-noe.com/video/documentation/avi.pdf
Good luck.

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text:
Q: Why do we need self referential object in javascript why do we need self referential object in javascript.
example
let a = {};
a.self = a;

now a property self is referring to itself and become circular object.
in nodejs when we use routing library like hapi.
the request object which we receive is circular

A: EDIT: I understood this question to ask "why are circular references allowed in JavaScript".
In general, I'd say an object having itself as a value of its property (a.self = a) is not very useful. If you have the reference to the object to take its property, you already have the reference to the object.
However, if the self-reference is deeper, then it makes a lot of sense. For example, trees that allow navigation up:
let tree = { children: [], parent: null };
tree.children.push({ children: [], parent: tree });

Here, tree.children[0].parent === tree. You have a circular object, but it serves a clear purpose: you can traverse the tree both downwards (via children) and upwards (via parent).

A: We don't.

Ask this code author why they did it. – zerkms


Upstate, South Carolina - I hope the summer was calming and full of friends and relaxing vacations. In the midst of your return to school, work, or retirement, we want to encourage you to attend our two Community Support Meetings this Fall - starting with our September meetings in Greenville (Sept. 3rd) and Anderson (Sept. 10th). We have lined up two excellent speakers with great stories about their experience treating and dealing with Lymphedema.
In Greenville, our own, Annette Clellan, will share her story of weight loss by using the Weight Watchers™ program. Annette is an original member of Upstate Monarchs but her story might not be known to most of our members. Since 2006, Annette lost nearly 230 pounds through the program and continues to maintain her healthy status. Controlling our weight is an essential part of a maintenance program for controlling Lymphedema, and we hope Annette's Story will inspire you to create your own plan.
In Anderson, we are planning a special meeting with an interesting speaker, Latisha Richardson of AnMed Health, who is a great resource for what is available in the Anderson community. She can address insurance questions and funding needs. She is very knowledgeable about healthcare and how to navigate what is available in Anderson.
Both speakers are a great way to start off our 2014 Fall Schedule and I look forward to seeing each of you at either of the meetings. These Community support meetings are meant to be catalyst for all of us to keep "attacking" our lymphedema and maintaining our health.
For more information, please contact me at our group emailing address, contact@upstatemonarchs.org, or our group phone number (864) 214-6006 or contact Kathy Garraty in Anderson (864) 225-6784 (kathy.garraty@gmail.com).
Join us as we continue to encourage each other this Fall!


Autocross is the sport of trying to navigate your car through a defined course of pylons usually on a large parking lot, faster than your competition. Autocross courses are set up using soft orange traffic pylon cones (which will not damage your car) and events are run at speeds usually between 40-65 MPH, usually just using 2nd and 3rd gear. The Autocross Program is designed to teach each participant advanced car control technique, so that the participants can improve their driving abilities, better understand the handling and dynamics of their vehicle in a real world environment, and become better, safer drivers.
Autocrosses are exhilaratingly fun and competitive events. Most Autocrosses are held in the large parking lots, however some are held at airports or even on race tracks. All levels of experience are welcome! Instructors will be provided for those that are new to the sport. Most importantly, autocross is a social gathering of friends with a common interest and is simply a ton of fun!
How do you get ready? Don't worry about any advanced driving skills being needed! We'll have an instructor help you get comfortable with your car and how you'll be using it. You'll be amazed how much you'll learn and how much more comfortable you'll become with your Porsche in just one or two autocrosses!
Make sure your car is prepared – ensure everything is tight, well maintained and ready to be driven a bit harder than you normally would. If you have doubts, visit your favorite Porsche repair facility and have a "safety inspection" performed. Make sure your gas tank is full, your tires are properly inflated, and you have enough brakes and tires for a "road trip". If you wouldn't drive cross country on those tires, they're not ready for an autocross! Take everything out of your car that may go flying around while cornering hard. Bring a helmet (see the rules for requirements). If you don't have a qualified one, be prepared to rent one at the event. When you arrive in the morning (get there early!) your car will be subject to a safety inspection. If it fails, you will be sent away to fix it, so don't be surprised.
Bring a small cooler with drinks, snacks, and lunch. You won't really have time to leave the area for lunch. Sometimes lunch will be for sale at the track, inquire with the event chair to find out. Very importantly, don't forget the sunscreen and a hat to wear when you are not driving!
Want more information on Autocross? Check the PCA website at www.pca.org/autocross-defined.


Aim: To give students reading practice with an authentic text and inform them of an area of British history. To review present perfect tense. To proof read a text.
Objectives: Students should be able to ask and answer questions in the present perfect. Students should be able to complete the reading activities for both gist and detail. Students should be able to see the need to prioritise vocabulary searches. Students should be able to proof read a summary of the text and add punctuation, capitals and correct spelling mistakes.


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Interested in having our professional team come out to bake and serve each waffle to your guests? Please consider our onsite catering service. It's a great way to enjoy the fragrance of waffles baking, interact with our waffle bakers, and learn about our seventeenth-century waffle-baking traditions. Service and travel charges are not included and vary depending on the order and location.
We can also deliver fresh-baked street waffles for your office event, party, or brunch. They are delivered at pastry temperature in individual serving pouches. For more fun, we can provide additional items to make your own waffle bar such as fresh berries, Nutella, and whipped cream. Waffles and additional items can be ordered from our Order Online page.
We apologize that we do not offer vegan or gluten-free waffles at this time.
Please order waffles on our Order Online page. We have a minimum order of 2 boxes which contains 6 waffles per box (12 total). Standard delivery charge is $10; we provide free delivery to San Francisco for orders of 4 or more boxes. There is a $75.00 delivery charge outside San Francisco.
Waffles with Nutella and whipped cream: $350.00 + $3.50/waffle (50 waffle minimum).
Fresh blueberries are also available for $25 per 10 servings.
Book your waffle event today!
To request a quote, please fill out the catering request form.
The waffles were such a great hit! We wanted to make the night memorable for our guests, and the waffles were definitely one of the main highlights.
Thank you so much for coming to the Ballet yesterday. Everyone had a blast and raved about the waffles. I hope that there will be another excuse to have you return soon.
It went really well! All of the waffles got eaten, the business cards got taken, and people were buzzing about the waffles! I had the bacon maple one and it was to die for!


text:
CAROLYN COMMUNITY GROUP HOMES FOUNDATION
(CCGHF)
CCGH Foundation
President & C.E.O.
Marlene Thomas
Marlene Thomas is Chair of the CCGHF Board. She is a former Senior Executive and Chief Financial Officer for several Federal and State agencies, and is currently President and CEO of Thomas Management Consulting. Marlene has over 30 years' experience working in diverse businesses and industries, in both public and private sectors. She is a Master facilitator and certified professional coach with extensive consulting experience in coaching, training, communications, organizational development and facilitation experiences.
Marlene's passion and commitment to her community extends to her involvement with several non- profit organizations which help those less fortunate. She was the past Chair of the Board for Outside the Walls Ministry which feeds the homeless, and serves on the board of None Suffer Lack Federal Credit Union. In addition, Marlene has been a volunteer with the Make-A-Wish Foundation of the Mid-Atlantic for over 20 years.
Marlene Thomas holds a B.A. and M.A. from the University of Maryland and certificates from Harvard University, and the Federal Executive Institute in addition to numerous awards and recognitions.
Niambie M. Stewart
Secretary To Board
Niambie M. Stewart (Nia) is the Secretary for Carolyn Community Group Homes Foundation Inc. Nia has a diverse background and experience working in the Performing Arts, Design, and Hospitality Industries. She earned her Bachelor of Fine Arts in Industrial Design from Savannah College of Design (SCAD), Savannah, Georgia in 2011, where she worked on several design projects with local and international companies. In 2007, while working at the Shakespeare Theatre Company (STC) in Washington, D.C., she was selected by the Director of Marketing to collaborate with the (STC) Board of Directors on generating new educational programs and marketing ideas that would increase the young adult audience demographic.
In her present role as Event Sales Associate with Hyatt Hotels, she supports the Senior Event Sales Manager in planning government, corporate, and social events. She has provided quality service and exceptional performance which has contributed to the success of VIP events, including: Women's Leadership Conference, hosted by Democratic National Committee that included the 2016 Democratic Presidential Candidates with President Barack Obama as closing speaker.
Nia considers it an honor to serve on the CCGHF Board because it allows her to give back in a positive way to the community she lives in and loves by helping women veterans and children. When not working, she enjoys traveling, listening to live music, painting, drawing and spending time with her family and friends.
James A. Dula, PhD.
James A. Dula, PhD, is an internationally recognized entrepreneur, civic, community and military leader. He is CEO of James Dula Consulting, a firm that addresses growth and development for CEO's and managerial teams. He also serves as Commissioner for Small Businesses for the State of Maryland.
A retired military commander, he is a Vietnam veteran who served in the Pentagon Air Force Intelligence and The Air Force District of Washington. He served as Director of Administration and Executive Officer at Andrews Air Force Base in the Presidential Wing, which required interaction with the White House and high ranking U.S. government officials.
After 30-years of military duty, from 2002-2006, Dr. Dula served as the Health and Human Services Deputy Chief Administrative Officer for Prince George's County. HE lead the effort to open six new health centers, strategically placed health, youth and family centers in schools and communities, and created additional programs that enhanced the quality of life for more than 865,000 residents who depended on the County's health and social services.
Dr. Dula is also credited with the Veteran Services Center to address the needs of the 80,000 veterans in the county, which has the largest concentration of veterans in the State of Maryland. He also was responsible for opening the first Women's Resource Center in Prince George's County and serving as the former President of the Prince Georges Chamber of Commerce transforming the growth and development of small businesses within the county.
Dr. Dula spent nearly four decades as a senior manager and public administrator at various locations world-wide. As a commissioned officer and organization leader, Dr. Dula has overseen the planning and implementation of various administrative programs. He also has received numerous awards for his work with children, families, communities and women's organizations.
© 2016 Carolyn Community Group Homes Foundation

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Marketing and PR campaigns are in the active phase in order to attract tourist in Ajara.
According to the Department of Tourism and Resort of Ajara, preparation for tourism season is launched in 10 targeted countries (Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Belorussia, Israel, Latvia, Ukraine,. Russia). PR and Marketing campaign envisages online advertising, outdoor advertising (billboards, light boxes, branded buses), preparation of special programs on the region's tourism potential, publishing of advertising articles in the railways and airlines onboard magazines, as well as organizing of press and info tours.


Wikimedia Commons - Tourists frolic in Antarctica in 2013.
The threat to Antarctica is real. Due to global air circulation patterns, Antarctica is warming faster than most other places on the planet. For species that are highly specialized to very specific conditions — such as penguins, fish, and krill — these environmental changes have played a role in declining populations in recent years.
But to companies like Explorer's Passage, and dozens of other companies, this threat and fragility is very marketable. Abercrombie & Kent offers "inspiring" cruises to Antarctica ranging from $11,995 to $185,000 a head. Polar Cruises advertises a journey to the "untouched interior of this last great wilderness" starting at $35,000 and rising to $84,000. Lindblad Expeditions — founded by "father of ecotourism" Lars-Eric Lindbland — offers "one of the most exhilarating adventures on Earth" ranging from $13,890 to $30,960.
A trip to Antarctica is presented like a limited-time-offer.
There are tons of luxury cruise packages, but what's unique about cruises to Antarctica is that the marketing language is largely rooted in social and environmental righteousness. They market the trip as an adventure, and the customer as an explorer. And when companies like Explorer's Passage couple that with the language of environmental catastrophe, a trip to Antarctica is presented like a limited-time-offer.
The marketing language works. During the winter of 1991 to 1992 — which is summer for Antarctica, and therefore, tourist season — just 6,400 people visited the frozen continent. Compare that to winter of 2016 to 2017: over 44,300 people went.
Many Antarctic tourists claim that they were originally attracted to Antarctica because of their interest in climate change and conservation. One example is 39-year-old Billy Ching, who I spoke with via Reddit messenger. On a post in the subreddit r/antarctica, Ching claimed to have visited Antarctica three years ago.
Debra Corbeil of ThePlanetD.com, who travelled to Antarctica with her husband Dave in 2014, told The Outline in an email that Antarctica offers some of the most incredible wildlife experiences on the planet.
However, people present an inherent risk to a Antarctica. They could bring invasive seeds or microbes in their clothes or hair, which could compete with existing Antarctic species and compromise the ecosystem. Trash and waste that aren't properly disposed also present significant environmental risk.
Per the Antarctic Treaty of 1959, no country can own sovereign territory on the continent — legally, that casts the regulation of tourist activity into the private sphere. In 1991, this lead the formation of the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) whose stated goal is not to advocate for Antarctic tourism, but to regulate Antarctic tourism and ensure the environment is protected.
According to Amanda Lynnes, a spokesperson for the IAATO, only one tourist ship can be ashore at any given moment; there can't be more than 100 people outside the ship; and there has to be one guide for every 20 tourists. There is specific protocol for cleaning clothing and equipment that might carry invasive species, and for disposing of waste away from the Antarctic shoreline. Unlike in the American West, which is at risk of irreparable damage due to a radical surge in visitors thanks in part to the Instagram opportunities, visitors to Antarctica are still always under close supervision.
But according to Michael Hall, a professor of marketing at the University of Canterbury in New Zealand who has written about sustainable tourism in Antarctica, the IAATO cannot eliminate all of risks tourism presents to the Antarctic environment.
Many cruise lines include on-board scientists to educate their customers about the fragility of their surroundings. However, some simply use this as justification to refer to their customers as "ambassadors" of the Antarctic—in other words, people who can advocate on behalf of Antarctica in the context of climate change. "It's really just marketing-speak by commercial organisations that need to make a return and want to assure their customers that they are contributing to some greater cause by travelling to the Antarctic," Hall said in an email.
Gary Lee, a professor of environment, society, and design at the University of Canterbury, said that there is no evidence proving that tourists who go to Antarctica engage in climate advocacy inspired by their vacation.
In an effort to bolster the idea of ambassadorship some cruise lines take tourists to McMurdo Island to meet the scientists and contractors working at McMurdo Station, which is run by the US Antarctic Program. Glenn has 20 years of experience as a science support contractor for McMurdo and is an active member of r/Antarctica. He told The Outline generally supports tourism trips to the continent.
However, he was not without reservations.
Emergencies in Antarctica are no joke. Just last month, the "Polar Star" ship narrowly avoided catastrophe. The ship was on its way back to New Zealand after delivering supplies to US researchers in Antarctica when it experienced a gas turbine failure and severe leak. Ice-cold water flooded into the ship at a rate of 20 gallons per minute. Luckily, the crew was able to seal off the leak, but they were completely on their own.
There are restrictions on heavy fuel use in Antarctica, which offsets some environmental risks attached with an oil spill, and many companies such as Hurtigruten emphasize hybrid technology on their luxury ships.
But the risk for human life cannot be completely eliminated. The Polar Star was a US Coast Guard ship specifically designed to break through ice. While expedition ships such as the Ocean Adventurer boast an "ice strengthened hull," other companies provide little information about their ship's durability and ice-resistance.
Yet the Antarctic tourists that I spoke to did not seem to feel unsafe or concerned about their safety during their cruise, or the possibility of an environmental catastrophe at the end of the world. Bob Jenkins, who travelled to Antarctica in 2013, the "undeveloped" nature of the Antarctic landscape was in fact a draw.
"It seemed to me that most of the passengers were like me in simply wanting to see a part of the world so different from where we each lived," Jenkins said.
Similarly, Debra Corbeil told The Outline that she and Dave went to Antarctica for the experience of encountering an untouched landscape—and, of course, of being on all seven continents.
According to Amanda Lynnes from the IAATO, rates of Antarctic tourism are set to reach a historic high in the next year or two. Antarctic tourism is usually influenced by a country's GDP and by environmental restrictions—such as the ban of heavy oil in Antarctic waters, which negatively affected tourism numbers after its enactment in 2011. But Lynnes said that the number of tourists in the region has been increasing each year, especially from emerging markets such as China, which sent 5,286 tourists to the continent in the 2016 to 2017 season, according to an IAATO fact sheet. The international demand has been so great that the IAATO has even had to enact new regulations, such as banning the use of drones on Antarctica.
But the Antarctic that exists today won't be the Antarctica that exists tomorrow. According to research published by NASA last month, 1,929 gigatons (which is one billion tons) of continental ice was lost in 2015, and the melting isn't expected to stop.
Antarctic tourism could arguably be classified as a "climate leadership journey," as stated on the Explorer's Passage's Climate Force website. But it could also be classified as "last chance tourism," whose value is driven by the environment's own mortality.
Online gaming is impossible in Antartica.
People stationed there just kick it old school.


In honor of Friso Kramer's 90th birthday, the Catherine Houard gallery in Paris has mounted an important retrospective of the Dutch designer's work, with a focus on his chair designs. A founding partner of the Total Design Bureau and a member of the 'Goed Woenen' foundation in the 1950's (whose aim it was to move away from "the lack of style, scarcity of material and the housing shortage" caused by the destruction of WW11), Kramer designed his celebrated 'Revolt' chair in 1953 for the company De Cirkel. It became a popular icon of the emerging Dutch Modernist design style and attracted widespread acclaim at the 1954 Milan Triennale. A retrospective of Kramer's work was held at the Stedelijk Museumin Amsterdam in 1977 and an exhibition at the Boymans van Beuningen Museum in Rotterdam in 1991.
This 'Revolt' chair with writing tablet (1953) in molded plywood with a bent sheet metal frame was inspired by the plywood chairs of Eames and Jacobsen but has industrial qualities more akin to Jean Prouvé's aesthetic. The legs are not metal tube, as in most designs of the period, but folded sheet metal. The model has been used in schools for several decades now.


We'll cap your flights at $499 per person when you book your True North cruise with us.
1 night in Broome & 1 night in Kununurra.
For new bookings only, made from 10 Oct. 2018. CANNOT be combined with any other special offer. For cruise dates on this site only, not valid for 3rd party charter operators. Offer may be retracted at any time. Based on twin share bookings, on selected room categories. Credit card payment fees may apply. If airfares cost more than what we state above, difference is payable by you.


Dance the night away in these lightweight, trendy earrings! Three distinct layers of blush, pink, and fuchsia colored cotton tassel fringes. The fringes are held at the top by a golden embellishment.
Materials: Cotton, zinc alloy casting.


text:
require 'spec_helper'

module Bosh::Director::Disk
  describe PersistentDiskComparator do
    let(:client_factory) { instance_double(Bosh::Director::ConfigServer::ClientFactory) }
    let(:config_server_client) { instance_double(Bosh::Director::ConfigServer::ConfigServerClient) }

    before do
      allow(Bosh::Director::ConfigServer::ClientFactory).to receive(:create).and_return(client_factory)
      allow(client_factory).to receive(:create_client).and_return(config_server_client)
    end

    describe '#is_equal?' do
      context 'at least one disk is not of type PersistentDisk' do
        let(:disk) { Bosh::Director::DeploymentPlan::PersistentDiskCollection::PersistentDisk.new('smurf', {'a' => {'b' => 'c'}}, 10) }

        context 'first pair is not a disk' do
          let(:persistent_disk_variableset_pair_1) { Bosh::Director::Disk::PersistentDiskVariableSetPair.new('not_a_disk', nil) }
          let(:persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2) { Bosh::Director::Disk::PersistentDiskVariableSetPair.new(disk, nil) }

          it 'return false' do
            expect(
              PersistentDiskComparator.new().is_equal?(persistent_disk_variableset_pair_1, persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2)
            ).to be_falsey
          end
        end

        context 'second pair is not a disk' do
          let(:persistent_disk_variableset_pair_1) { Bosh::Director::Disk::PersistentDiskVariableSetPair.new(disk, nil) }
          let(:persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2) { Bosh::Director::Disk::PersistentDiskVariableSetPair.new('not_a_disk', nil) }

          it 'return false' do
            expect(
              PersistentDiskComparator.new().is_equal?(persistent_disk_variableset_pair_1, persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2)
            ).to be_falsey
          end
        end
      end

      context 'cloud_properties' do
        let(:disk_1) { Bosh::Director::DeploymentPlan::PersistentDiskCollection::PersistentDisk.new('smurf', {'a' => {'b' => 'c'}}, 10) }
        let(:variable_set_1) { instance_double(Bosh::Director::Models::VariableSet) }
        let(:persistent_disk_variableset_pair_1) { Bosh::Director::Disk::PersistentDiskVariableSetPair.new(disk_1, variable_set_1) }

        context 'when different' do
          let(:disk_2) { Bosh::Director::DeploymentPlan::PersistentDiskCollection::PersistentDisk.new('smurf', {'k' => {'l' => 'm'}}, 10) }
          let(:variable_set_2) { instance_double(Bosh::Director::Models::VariableSet) }
          let(:persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2) { Bosh::Director::Disk::PersistentDiskVariableSetPair.new(disk_2, variable_set_2) }

          it 'returns false' do
            expect(config_server_client).to receive(:interpolate_with_versioning).with({'a' => {'b' => 'c'}}, variable_set_1).and_return({'a' => {'b' => 'c'}})
            expect(config_server_client).to receive(:interpolate_with_versioning).with({'k' => {'l' => 'm'}}, variable_set_2).and_return({'k' => {'l' => 'm'}})

            expect(
              PersistentDiskComparator.new().is_equal?(persistent_disk_variableset_pair_1, persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2)
            ).to be_falsey
          end
        end

        context 'when same' do
          let(:disk_2) { Bosh::Director::DeploymentPlan::PersistentDiskCollection::PersistentDisk.new('smurf', {'a' => {'b' => 'c'}}, 10) }
          let(:variable_set_2) { instance_double(Bosh::Director::Models::VariableSet) }
          let(:persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2) { Bosh::Director::Disk::PersistentDiskVariableSetPair.new(disk_2, variable_set_2) }

          it 'returns true' do
            expect(config_server_client).to receive(:interpolate_with_versioning).with({'a' => {'b' => 'c'}}, variable_set_1).and_return({'a' => {'b' => 'c'}})
            expect(config_server_client).to receive(:interpolate_with_versioning).with({'a' => {'b' => 'c'}}, variable_set_2).and_return({'a' => {'b' => 'c'}})

            expect(
              PersistentDiskComparator.new().is_equal?(persistent_disk_variableset_pair_1, persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2)
            ).to be_truthy
          end
        end
      end

      context 'size' do
        let(:disk_1) { Bosh::Director::DeploymentPlan::PersistentDiskCollection::PersistentDisk.new('smurf', cloud_properties, 10) }
        let(:variable_set) { instance_double(Bosh::Director::Models::VariableSet) }
        let(:persistent_disk_variableset_pair_1) { Bosh::Director::Disk::PersistentDiskVariableSetPair.new(disk_1, variable_set) }
        let(:cloud_properties) do
          { 'a' => { 'b' => 'c' } }
        end

        before do
          allow(config_server_client).to receive(:interpolate_with_versioning).with(cloud_properties, anything).and_return(cloud_properties)
        end

        context 'when different' do
          let(:disk_2) { Bosh::Director::DeploymentPlan::PersistentDiskCollection::PersistentDisk.new('smurf', cloud_properties, 20) }
          let(:persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2) { Bosh::Director::Disk::PersistentDiskVariableSetPair.new(disk_2, variable_set) }

          it 'returns false' do
            expect(
              PersistentDiskComparator.new().is_equal?(persistent_disk_variableset_pair_1, persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2)
            ).to be_falsey
          end
        end

        context 'when same' do
          let(:disk_2) { Bosh::Director::DeploymentPlan::PersistentDiskCollection::PersistentDisk.new('smurf', cloud_properties, 10) }
          let(:persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2) { Bosh::Director::Disk::PersistentDiskVariableSetPair.new(disk_2, variable_set) }

          it 'returns true' do
            expect(
              PersistentDiskComparator.new().is_equal?(persistent_disk_variableset_pair_1, persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2)
            ).to be_truthy
          end
        end
      end

      context 'name' do
        let(:disk_1) { Bosh::Director::DeploymentPlan::PersistentDiskCollection::PersistentDisk.new('smurf', cloud_properties, size) }
        let(:variable_set) { instance_double(Bosh::Director::Models::VariableSet) }
        let(:persistent_disk_variableset_pair_1) { Bosh::Director::Disk::PersistentDiskVariableSetPair.new(disk_1, variable_set) }
        let(:cloud_properties) do
          { 'a' => { 'b' => 'c' } }
        end
        let(:size) { 10 }

        before do
          allow(config_server_client).to receive(:interpolate_with_versioning).with(cloud_properties, anything).and_return(cloud_properties)
        end

        context 'when different' do
          let(:disk_2) { Bosh::Director::DeploymentPlan::PersistentDiskCollection::PersistentDisk.new('not_smurf', cloud_properties, size) }
          let(:persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2) { Bosh::Director::Disk::PersistentDiskVariableSetPair.new(disk_2, variable_set) }

          it 'returns false' do
            expect(
              PersistentDiskComparator.new().is_equal?(persistent_disk_variableset_pair_1, persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2)
            ).to be_falsey
          end
        end

        context 'when same' do
          let(:disk_2) { Bosh::Director::DeploymentPlan::PersistentDiskCollection::PersistentDisk.new('smurf', cloud_properties, size) }
          let(:persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2) { Bosh::Director::Disk::PersistentDiskVariableSetPair.new(disk_2, variable_set) }

          it 'returns true' do
            expect(
              PersistentDiskComparator.new().is_equal?(persistent_disk_variableset_pair_1, persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2)
            ).to be_truthy
          end
        end
      end
    end

    describe '#size_diff_only?' do
      let(:disk_1) { Bosh::Director::DeploymentPlan::PersistentDiskCollection::PersistentDisk.new('smurf', cloud_properties, 10) }
      let(:cloud_properties) do
        { 'a' => { 'b' => 'c' } }
      end
      let(:variable_set_1) { instance_double(Bosh::Director::Models::VariableSet) }
      let(:variable_set_2) { instance_double(Bosh::Director::Models::VariableSet) }

      let(:persistent_disk_variableset_pair_1) { Bosh::Director::Disk::PersistentDiskVariableSetPair.new(disk_1, variable_set_1) }

      context 'at least one disk is not of type PersistentDisk' do
        let(:disk) { Bosh::Director::DeploymentPlan::PersistentDiskCollection::PersistentDisk.new('smurf', {'a' => {'b' => 'c'}}, 10) }

        context 'first pair is not a disk' do
          let(:persistent_disk_variableset_pair_1) { Bosh::Director::Disk::PersistentDiskVariableSetPair.new('not_a_disk', nil) }
          let(:persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2) { Bosh::Director::Disk::PersistentDiskVariableSetPair.new(disk, nil) }
          it 'return false' do
            expect(
              PersistentDiskComparator.new().size_diff_only?(persistent_disk_variableset_pair_1, persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2)
            ).to be_falsey
          end
        end

        context 'second pair is not a disk' do
          let(:persistent_disk_variableset_pair_1) { Bosh::Director::Disk::PersistentDiskVariableSetPair.new(disk, nil) }
          let(:persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2) { Bosh::Director::Disk::PersistentDiskVariableSetPair.new('not_a_disk', nil) }
          it 'return false' do
            expect(
              PersistentDiskComparator.new().size_diff_only?(persistent_disk_variableset_pair_1, persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2)
            ).to be_falsey
          end
        end
      end

      context 'when cloud_properties are different' do
        let(:other_cloud_properties) do
          { 'k' => { 'l' => 'm' } }
        end
        let(:disk_2) { Bosh::Director::DeploymentPlan::PersistentDiskCollection::PersistentDisk.new('smurf', other_cloud_properties, 10) }
        let(:persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2) { Bosh::Director::Disk::PersistentDiskVariableSetPair.new(disk_2, variable_set_2) }

        it 'returns false' do
          expect(config_server_client).to receive(:interpolate_with_versioning).with(cloud_properties, variable_set_1).and_return(cloud_properties)
          expect(config_server_client).to receive(:interpolate_with_versioning).with(other_cloud_properties, variable_set_2).and_return(other_cloud_properties)

          expect(
            PersistentDiskComparator.new().size_diff_only?(persistent_disk_variableset_pair_1, persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2)
          ).to be_falsey
        end
      end

      context 'when names are different' do
        let(:disk_2) { Bosh::Director::DeploymentPlan::PersistentDiskCollection::PersistentDisk.new('not_smurf', cloud_properties, 10) }
        let(:persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2) { Bosh::Director::Disk::PersistentDiskVariableSetPair.new(disk_2, variable_set_2) }

        before do
          allow(config_server_client).to receive(:interpolate_with_versioning).exactly(2).times.with(cloud_properties, anything).and_return(cloud_properties)
        end

        it 'returns false' do
          expect(
            PersistentDiskComparator.new().size_diff_only?(persistent_disk_variableset_pair_1, persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2)
          ).to be_falsey
        end
      end

      context 'when cloud_properties and names are the same' do
        let(:persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2) { Bosh::Director::Disk::PersistentDiskVariableSetPair.new(disk_2, variable_set_2) }

        context 'when size is the same' do
          let(:disk_2) { Bosh::Director::DeploymentPlan::PersistentDiskCollection::PersistentDisk.new('smurf', cloud_properties, 10) }

          it 'returns false' do
            expect(config_server_client).to receive(:interpolate_with_versioning).with(cloud_properties, variable_set_1).and_return(cloud_properties)
            expect(config_server_client).to receive(:interpolate_with_versioning).with(cloud_properties, variable_set_2).and_return(cloud_properties)

            expect(
              PersistentDiskComparator.new().size_diff_only?(persistent_disk_variableset_pair_1, persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2)
            ).to be_falsey
          end
        end

        context 'when size is different' do
          let(:disk_2) { Bosh::Director::DeploymentPlan::PersistentDiskCollection::PersistentDisk.new('smurf', cloud_properties, 20) }

          it 'returns true' do
            expect(config_server_client).to receive(:interpolate_with_versioning).with(cloud_properties, variable_set_1).and_return(cloud_properties)
            expect(config_server_client).to receive(:interpolate_with_versioning).with(cloud_properties, variable_set_2).and_return(cloud_properties)

            expect(
              PersistentDiskComparator.new().size_diff_only?(persistent_disk_variableset_pair_1, persistent_disk_variableset_pair_2)
            ).to be_truthy
          end
        end
      end
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Located in Burkburnett, Best Western Red River Inn is in a rural location, within a 15-minute drive of Sheppard Air Force Base and Wichita Falls. This hotel is 13 mi (20.9 km) from Backdoor Theatre and 13.2 mi (21.2 km) from Museum of North Texas History.
Stay in one of 80 guestrooms featuring flat-screen televisions. Wired and wireless Internet access is complimentary, while video-game consoles and digital programming provide entertainment. Private bathrooms with bathtubs or showers feature complimentary toiletries and hair dryers. Conveniences include desks and complimentary newspapers, as well as phones with free local calls.
Take advantage of recreation opportunities including an indoor pool and a fitness center. This hotel also features complimentary wireless Internet access and a vending machine.
Best Western Red River Inn welcomes pets at their pet friendly accommodation. The pet fee is $20 per accommodation, per day.


text:
Q: Disable time picker in Datetime picker I want to disable the time picker in datetime picker.I am using some parameters like  pickTime: false and format: "dd MM yyyy" .But no use..i'm using from this http://eonasdan.github.io/bootstrap-datetimepicker/
      <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            $('#datetimepicker1').datetimepicker();
             format: "dd MM yyyy"
        });
    </script>

Plzz give a solution

A: You can pick date with
$('#datetimepicker1').val()

or
$('#datetimepicker1').data('date')

This only gives the date value

Possible Duplicate of How to get the value of the date using Bootstrap Datepicker

A: You did some wrong in object passing into the function.
<script type="text/javascript">
    $(function () {
        $('#datetimepicker1').datetimepicker({
            format: "dd MM yyyy"
        });
    });
</script>

A: Better to use this to get only Date and you also have multiple Options with it
Have a look at this
Bootstrap DatePicker

A: It was your format string.  'yyyy' does not exist.  It is 'YYYY' instead.
Also, dd would have gotten you the days like this:  Su, Mo, Tu, ...
You probably wanted 01, 02, 03,...
Here's the documentation on the format:
http://momentjs.com/docs/#/displaying/format/

A: Possible solution:
$('#datetimepicker4').datetimepicker({
    format: 'YYYY-MM-DD'
});

As answered by Celt in this post:
https://stackoverflow.com/a/28542910/2295862


Usual Example: John and Mary are married and own a home together. The deed names them as "Joint Tenants." John dies. Mary files an "Affidavit of Surviving Joint Tenant." She is now the sole owner of the home. The property is not subject to probate or claims of John's estate.
Common Mistake: Mary thought that it worked pretty well when her husband died and thinks that this would be a great way to pass on property to her children. However, this can lead to disastrous consequences because every person named on the deed becomes an owner. Each "Joint Tenant" has the right to occupy the whole of the property but cannot exclude any other Joint Tenant.
• Occupancy rights of co-tenants.
Unintended Disinheritance: Sue dies first and Mary dies second Doug will own all of the property and Sue's children will receive nothing.
Liens: Doug has financial problems (gets sued, tax liens, filed bankruptcy or gets divorced). Doug's interest in the property may be subject to liens or claims that may prevent the property from being sold or mortgaged.
Greed: Sue becomes estranged from the family and files a lawsuit to have the property divided. Or she could sell her interest in the property to somebody else who can take the same action.
No Asset Protection: Property held in joint tenancy is not protected from creditors and predators.
Inflexibility: Agreement of all of the joint tenants is necessary in order to sell, mortgage, lease or change who will inherit the property. Even if they are agreeable, financial troubles of one of the joint tenants may prevent or complicate the transaction.
Once property is placed in Joint Tenancy the financial problems of the others named in the deed can result is loss control and possible loss of the property.


We offer memberships to individuals age 18 and older for $50.00 and family's for $60.00. Family memberships are for the spouse of the primary member and children age 17 and under. Each member will receive a membership card and is required to wear it when on range and to meetings.
If you would like to stop in to apply for your membership please call ahead, we do not have full time staff. The best time to stop in, is the weekend when looking to apply. Please review the newly updated club rules before applying for membership.
NON-MEMBERS CAUGHT USING THE RANGES WILL BE CHARGED WITH TRESPASSING. REMEMBER, ONE SHOOTING GUEST PER MEMBER IS PERMITTED ONCE. They are required to become a member before their next shooting session.


text:
A Beginner's Guide to Byzantine Art and Architecture
Posted on January 17, 2018 by MAMcIntosh
The Byzantine Empire near its peak under the Emperor Justinian, c. 550 C.E.
By Dr. Ellen A. Hurst / 08.08.2014
Consultant, Metropolitan Museum of Art and US State Department's Art in Embassies Program
To speak of "Byzantine Art" is a bit problematic, since the Byzantine empire and its art spanned more than a millennium and penetrated geographic regions far from its capital in Constantinople. Thus, Byzantine art includes work created from the fourth century to the fifteenth century and encompassing parts of the Italian peninsula, the eastern edge of the Slavic world, the Middle East, and North Africa. So what is Byzantine art, and what do we mean when we use this term?
Isidore of Miletus & Anthemius of Tralles for Emperor Justinian, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, 532-37 (photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)
It's helpful to know that Byzantine art is generally divided up into three distinct periods:
Early Byzantine (c. 330–750)
Middle Byzantine (c. 850–1204)
Late Byzantine (c. 1261–1453)
Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George, sixth or early seventh century, encaustic on wood, 2′ 3″ x 1′ 7 3/8″ (St. Catherine's Monastery, Sinai, Egypt)
The Emperor Constantine adopted Christianity and in 330 moved his capital from Rome to Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), at the eastern frontier of the Roman Empire. Christianity flourished and gradually supplanted the Greco-Roman gods that had once defined Roman religion and culture. This religious shift dramatically affected the art that was created across the empire.
The earliest Christian churches were built during this period, including the famed Hagia Sophia (above), which was built in the sixth century under Emperor Justinian. Decorations for the interior of churches, including icons and mosaics, were also made during this period. Icons, such as the Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George (left), served as tools for the faithful to access the spiritual world—they served as spiritual gateways.
Similarly, mosaics, such as those within the Church of San Vitale in Ravenna, sought to evoke the heavenly realm. In this work, ethereal figures seem to float against a gold background that is representative of no identifiable earthly space. By placing these figures in a spiritual world, the mosaics gave worshipers some access to that world as well. At the same time, there are real-world political messages affirming the power of the rulers in these mosaics. In this sense, art of the Byzantine Empire continued some of the traditions of Roman art.
Emperor Justinian Mosaic, San Vitale, Ravenna, c. 546-56
Generally speaking, Byzantine art differs from the art of the Romans in that it is interested in depicting that which we cannot see—the intangible world of Heaven and the spiritual. Thus, the Greco-Roman interest in depth and naturalism is replaced by an interest in flatness and mystery.
Hosios Loukas, Greece, early 11th century (photos: Jonathan Khoo, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
The Middle Byzantine period followed a period of crisis for the arts called the Iconoclastic Controversy, when the use of religious images was hotly contested. Iconoclasts (those who worried that the use of images was idolatrous), destroyed images, leaving few surviving images from the Early Byzantine period. Fortunately for art history, those in favor of images won the fight and hundreds of years of Byzantine artistic production followed.
Plan of a typical cross-in-square church (cross in square indicated by red lines)
These churches were usually on a much smaller-scale than the massive Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, but, like Hagia Sophia, the roofline of these churches was always defined by a dome or domes. This period also saw increased ornamentation on church exteriors. A particularly good example of this is the tenth-century Hosios Loukas Monastery in Greece (above).
Harbaville Triptych, ivory, traces of polychromy, 28.2 x 24.2 cm (Louvre)
This was also a period of increased stability and wealth. As such, wealthy patrons commissioned private luxury items, including carved ivories, such as the celebrated Harbaville Tryptich (above and below), which was used as a private devotional object. Like the sixth-century icon discussed above (Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George), it helped the viewer gain access to the heavenly realm. Interestingly, the heritage of the Greco-Roman world can be seen here, in the awareness of mass and space. See for example the subtle breaking of the straight fall of drapery by the right knee that projects forward in the two figures in the bottom register of the Harbaville Triptych (left). This interest in representing the body with some naturalism is reflective of a revived interest in the classical past during this period. So, as much as it is tempting to describe all Byzantine art as "ethereal" or "flattened," it is more accurate to say that Byzantine art is diverse. There were many political and religious interests as well as distinct cultural forces that shaped the art of different periods and regions within the Byzantine Empire.
Lower register (detail), Harbaville Triptych, ivory, traces of polychromy, 28.2 x 24.2 cm (Louvre)
Late Byzantine (c. 1261– 1453)
Between 1204 and 1261, the Byzantine Empire suffered another crisis: the Latin Occupation. Crusaders from Western Europe invaded and captured Constantinople in 1204, temporarily toppling the empire in an attempt to bring the eastern empire back into the fold of western Christendom. (By this point Christianity had divided into two distinct camps: eastern [Orthodox] Christianity in the Byzantine Empire and western [Latin] Christianity in the European west.)
Anastasis (Harrowing of Hell), c. 1310-20, fresco, Church of the Holy Savior of Chora/Kariye Museum, Istanbul
By 1261 the Byzantine Empire was free of its western occupiers and stood as an independent empire once again, albeit markedly weakened. The breadth of the empire had shrunk, and so had its power. Nevertheless Byzantium survived until the Ottomans took Constantinople in 1453. In spite of this period of diminished wealth and stability, the arts continued to flourish in the Late Byzantine period, much as it had before.
Icon of St. George ('The Black George'), c. 1400-1450, tempera on panel, 77.4 x 57 cm (The British Museum)
Although Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453—bringing about the end of the Byzantine Empire—Byzantine art and culture continued to live on in its far-reaching outposts, as well as in Greece, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire, where it had flourished for so long. The Russian Empire, which was first starting to emerge around the time Constantinople fell, carried on as the heir of Byzantium, with churches and icons created in a distinct "Russo-Byzantine" style (left). Similarly, in Italy, when the Renaissance was first emerging, it borrowed heavily from the traditions of Byzantium. Cimabue's Madonna Enthroned of 1280–1290 is one of the earliest examples of the Renaissance interest in space and depth in panel painting. But the painting relies on Byzantine conventions and is altogether indebted to the arts of Byzantium.
So, while we can talk of the end of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, it is much more difficult to draw geographic or temporal boundaries around the empire, for it spread out to neighboring regions and persisted in artistic traditions long after its own demise.
Harbaville Triptych at the Louvre
Byzantium on The Metropolitan Museum of Art's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
For instructors: related lesson plan on Art History Teaching Resources
Originally published by Smarthistory under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license.
This entry was posted in Architecture, Art History, Byzantine, Byzantium, History. Bookmark the permalink.
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text:
Q: Script para mostrar capital do estado selecionado? Bom, queria que quando selecionado um determinado estado, mostrasse um alert informando a capital do mesmo. Desde já, agradeço.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
  <meta charset="utf-8" />
  <title>Exercício</title>
</head>
<body>
  <select name="estado">
    <option value="estado">Selecione o Estado</option>
    <option value="ac">Acre</option>
    <option value="al">Alagoas</option>
    <option value="am">Amazonas</option>
    <option value="ap">Amapá</option>
    <option value="ba">Bahia</option>
    <option value="ce">Ceará</option>
    <option value="df">Distrito Federal</option>
    <option value="es">Espírito Santo</option>
    <option value="go">Goiás</option>
    <option value="ma">Maranhão</option>
    <option value="mt">Mato Grosso</option>
    <option value="ms">Mato Grosso do Sul</option>
    <option value="mg">Minas Gerais</option>
    <option value="pa">Pará</option>
    <option value="pb">Paraíba</option>
    <option value="pr">Paraná</option>
    <option value="pe">Pernambuco</option>
    <option value="pi">Piauí</option>
    <option value="rj">Rio de Janeiro</option>
    <option value="rn">Rio Grande do Norte</option>
    <option value="ro">Rondônia</option>
    <option value="rs">Rio Grande do Sul</option>
    <option value="rr">Roraima</option>
    <option value="sc">Santa Catarina</option>
    <option value="se">Sergipe</option>
    <option value="sp">São Paulo</option>
    <option value="to">Tocantins</option>
</select>
  <script>
    //É aqui a parte que não sei muito bem o que fazer
  </script>
</body>
</html>

A: Baseado no seu código, uma maneira é armazenar as capitais de cada estado em um atributo personalizado nos elementos option. No caso, eu chamei de data-capital. Com JavaScript, eu busquei o elemento select do DOM através da função getElementById e atribui uma função ao evento change deste elemento. Esta função faz nada mais que selecionar o elemento option selecionado e exibir o alert com o valor do atributo data-capital.

var estado = document.getElementById("estado");

estado.addEventListener("change", function () {
  var option = estado.options[estado.selectedIndex];
  alert(option.getAttribute("data-capital"));
});
<select name="estado" id="estado">
    <option value="estado">Selecione o Estado</option>
    <option value="ac" data-capital="Rio Branco">Acre</option>
    <option value="al" data-capital="Maceió">Alagoas</option>
    <option value="ap" data-capital="Macapá">Amapá</option>
    <option value="am" data-capital="Manaus">Amazonas</option>
    <option value="ba" data-capital="Salvador">Bahia</option>
    <option value="ce" data-capital="Fortaleza">Ceará</option>
    <option value="df" data-capital="Brasília">Distrito Federal</option>
    <option value="es" data-capital="Vitória">Espírito Santo</option>
    <option value="go" data-capital="Goiânia">Goiás</option>
    <option value="ma" data-capital="São Luís">Maranhão</option>
    <option value="mt" data-capital="Cuiabá">Mato Grosso</option>
    <option value="ms" data-capital="Campo Grande">Mato Grosso do Sul</option>
    <option value="mg" data-capital="Belo Horizonte">Minas Gerais</option>
    <option value="pa" data-capital="Belém">Pará</option>
    <option value="pb" data-capital="João Pessoa">Paraíba</option>
    <option value="pr" data-capital="Curitiba">Paraná</option>
    <option value="pe" data-capital="Recife">Pernambuco</option>
    <option value="pi" data-capital="Teresina">Piauí</option>
    <option value="rj" data-capital="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</option>
    <option value="rn" data-capital="Natal">Rio Grande do Norte</option>
    <option value="rs" data-capital="Porto Alegre">Rio Grande do Sul</option>
    <option value="ro" data-capital="Porto Velho">Rondônia</option>
    <option value="rr" data-capital="Boa Vista">Roraima</option>
    <option value="sc" data-capital="Florianópolis">Santa Catarina</option>
    <option value="sp" data-capital="São Paulo">São Paulo</option>
    <option value="se" data-capital="Aracaju">Sergipe</option>
    <option value="to" data-capital="Palmas">Tocantins</option>
</select>

Nota: é possível recuperar o valor de um atributo do tipo data-* através de element.dataset.*, sendo * o nome dado ao atributo. Neste caso, alert(options.dataset.capital) também funcionaria.


A group of researchers at Drexel University have demonstrated a method of recovering credit card details and other sensitive information from used Xbox 360s, even after they have been "reset to factory defaults." The method is straightforward and uses readily available tools. Ashley Podhradsky, one of the Drexel researchers, says, "Microsoft does a great job of protecting their proprietary information. But they don't do a great job of protecting the user's data."
Which is to say that Microsoft is spending a lot of money and resource in ensuring that your Xbox 360 only runs software that is authorized by Microsoft (like Apple and iOS and Nintendo and the Wii/3DS, Microsoft charges money for the right to sell software that will play on your device). But they don't pay any particular attention to protecting your interests as the owner of the device.
What's more, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, which regulates the breaking of software locks, makes it illegal to investigate the internal workings of devices like the Xbox 360, and to publish the details of your findings, where those findings might also aid people in choosing to run unauthorized software on their own property.
Podhradsky, along with colleagues Rob D'Ovidio and Cindy Casey at Drexel and Pat Engebretson at Dakota State University, bought a refurbished Xbox 360 from a Microsoft-authorized retailer last year. They downloaded a basic modding tool and used it to crack open the gaming console, giving them access to its files and folders. After some work, they were able to identify and extract the original owner's credit card information.
We reached out to Microsoft for comment on this issue, but as of press time, they have not yet responded.
Podhradsky isn't even a gamer, she says. For seasoned modders and hackers, the process might be even easier.
"A lot of them already know how to do all this," she said. "Anyone can freely download a lot of this software, essentially pick up a discarded game console, and have someone's identity."
..."I think Microsoft has a longstanding pattern of this," Podhradsky said. "When you go and reformat your computer, like a Windows system, it tells you that all of your data will be erased. In actuality that's not accurate—the data is still available... so when Microsoft tells you that you're resetting something, it's not accurate. There's a lot more that needs to be done."


text:
The 1934 World Table Tennis Championships men's doubles was the eighth edition of the men's doubles championship. The Championships were held in December 1933 but are officially listed as the 1934 Championships.
Miklós Szabados and Viktor Barna defeated Sándor Glancz and Tibor Házi in the final by three sets to nil. Barna once again playing with Szabados, won his sixth consecutive doubles title.

Results

See also
List of World Table Tennis Championships medalists

References

-


text:
Grayland é uma Região censo-designada localizada no estado norte-americano de Washington, no Condado de Grays Harbor.

Demografia
Segundo o censo norte-americano de 2000, a sua população era de 1002 habitantes.

Geografia
De acordo com o United States Census Bureau tem uma área de
17,7 km², dos quais 17,7 km² cobertos por terra e 0,0 km² cobertos por água. Grayland localiza-se a aproximadamente 8 m acima do nível do mar.

Localidades na vizinhança
O diagrama seguinte representa as localidades num raio de 20 km ao redor de Grayland.

Ligações externas

Regiões censitárias de Washington
Condado de Grays Harbor


text:
Home What We are Talking About Updated COVID boosters could be available in 3 weeks, White House predicts
Updated COVID boosters could be available in 3 weeks, White House predicts
syringe vaccine shot
Newly updated COVID-19 boosters tailored to target a dominant strain of the virus will be available in the next three weeks or so, assuming the Food and Drug Administration and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention work through their processes for authorization as expected.
That was White House COVID coordinator Dr. Ashish Jha's prediction Tuesday at an event hosted by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation.
In late June, the FDA directed Moderna and Pfizer to make vaccines for the upcoming winter that targeted the more contagious BA.5 omicron subvariant, along with the original COVID strain. That work has been underway and the next step is for the FDA and CDC to review data from the companies, once they've received it.
Read the rest of the story at ABC News


text:
Dorothy Eleanor Olsen (nascida Kocher, 10 de julho de 1916 - 23 de julho de 2019) foi uma piloto de aeronaves americana e membro do Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs) na Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Como WASP, ela era uma piloto civil, trabalhando para os militares. Sua missão era transportar novas aeronaves de muitos tipos diferentes das fábricas onde foram construídas para as bases aéreas. Isso liberou os pilotos masculinos para o combate. Ela morreu em 2019, aos 103 anos.

Ela nasceu em Woodburn, Oregon, em 10 de julho de 1916, filha de Ralph e Frances (Zimmering) Kocher, e cresceu na pequena fazenda da família. Ela decidiu que queria pilotar aviões quando tinha oito anos, depois de ler O Cavaleiro Vermelho da Alemanha, a biografia de Floyd Gibbons sobre o ás da aviação da Primeira Guerra Mundial, Barão von Richthofen. Sua introdução inicial ao vôo foi quando ela fez um passeio de biplano em uma feira estadual, o que a inspirou a ter aulas de vôo.

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"DED, TPS, and DACA are promises that we have made to our neighbors and we need to fight for these programs by codifying them into law through the Dream and Promise Act."
This week, thousands of Liberians protected under Deferred Enforced Departure (DED) will become eligible for deportation, after years of building lives, families, and businesses in the United States. One year after President Donald Trump announced he would end protected immigration status for Liberians, DED is set to expire on March 31, 2019.
DED is a temporary program for Liberians that allows beneficiaries to legally work in the United States and travel out of the country with permission. It is renewed completely at the discretion of the president and provides no path to citizenship.
Liberian immigrants were first given permission to live and work in the United States in 1999, when former President Bill Clinton created the DED program. Since then, many Liberian immigrants have alternatively sought protections under DED or Temporary Protected Status (TPS), which grants temporary protections to people fleeing war, natural disasters, or epidemics. Like DED, TPS doesn't give people a pathway to citizenship.
According to Trump, the conditions that warranted protections for Liberia before — the ongoing civil war and the 2014 Ebola outbreak later — no longer exist.
While the exact number of Liberians with DED isn't known, the U.S. government estimates it to be around 1,000 to 3,600 people. But the expiration of DED won't just affect these individuals. Many are members of mixed status families with U.S. citizens, and for them, the end of DED amounts to a version of family separation.
For the thousands of Liberians who left their home country in search of a better life in the United States, going back to Liberia is not an option.
Because of Trump's decision to end DED, people like Yatta Kiazolu, a Ph.D candidate at the University of California, Los Angeles, will soon become at risk of being deported. Kiazolu, who was born to Liberian parents in Botswana, has lived in the United States for 22 years. She has never lived in Liberia.
"As the March 31, 2019 termination of DED approaches, my life remains in limbo. I have ahead of me opportunities that are unmatched and the termination has already begun to negatively impact my academic and professional development," Kiazolu told the House Judiciary Committee during a hearing earlier this month on TPS, DED protections, and "Dreamers," or immigrants who came to the United States as children.
15 Liberians sued the administration in early March, urging them to issue an injunction to allow DED to continue, as it did with TPS. With an administration hellbent on ending DED for Liberians, however, the only viable option left to provide a permanent solution for DED holders is legislative action.
The DREAM Act has, for the last 18 years, traditionally provided only Dreamers with a path to citizenship. The latest version — now named the Dream and Promise Act — was introduced just a few weeks ago and would, for the first time, include a path to citizenship for all immigrants the Trump administration has blindsided.
The Dream and Promise Act would provide TPS and DED holders with lawful permanent residence status if they have lived in the United States for three years before the bill is enacted and either had or were eligible for TPS on September 25, 2016 or had DED status as of September 28, 2016.
Dreamers will be granted conditional permanent resident status for 10 years and cancel any removal proceedings so long as they: have been continuously physically present in the United States for four years preceding the date of the enactment of the bill, were 17 years or younger when they first arrived in United States, pass a background check, have a clean criminal record, and graduate from high school or an academic equivalent.
To obtain lawful permanent resident status, Dreamers must graduate from a U.S. college or technical school, complete two years of military service, or be employed for at least three years with 75 percent of that time under an authorized work visa.
All told, the Dream and Promise Act would impact an estimated 2.5 million immigrants. These immigrants and their households contribute $17.4 billion in federal taxes, $9.7 billion in state and local taxes, and hold $75.4 billion in spending power, according to a recent joint report by the University of Southern California and the Center for American Progress.
There is an unprecedented level of urgency with this version of the DREAM Act because of how it immediate Liberians in particular will be impacted by its absence starting on March 31.
Rep. Ilhan Omar (D-MN) represents a district in Minnesota that's home to the country's largest Liberian population. For Omar, fighting for her DED constituents is personal, as an African refugee herself. The Somali-American congresswoman raised awareness about DED at the State of the Union address, when she brought Linda Clark, one of her constituents and a DED holder, as her guest.
Because DED can only be extended by the president, Omar's hands are unfortunately tied. The Dream and Promise Act is the only course of action for Democrats and immigration activists who want to protect Liberians from deportation.
While the DREAM Act has historically received bipartisan support, it has also been rejected by Republicans who view it as a kind of amnesty bill. In the coming weeks, as Congress returns to session, Omar and other congressional Democrats will rally around Dreamers, TPS, and DED holders by uplifting their stories and underscoring the urgency of this bill.
This story has been updated to include information about a lawsuit against the administration brought by Liberians.


We are a mercury-free practice. However, many people still have silver/mercury fillings in their mouths from years past. These fillings are not particularly pleasing to the eye, and we know that by unavoidable design, silver/mercury fillings ultimately result in a weaker tooth structure. Tooth colored inlays and onlays create fillings that are not only beautiful (or unnoticeable) but also add strength to weakened teeth. These restorations are esthetically pleasing and very strong thanks to new bonding technologies.
Fortunately, silver fillings can safely be replaced with Tooth-Colored Restorations. SEE OUR PICTURES BELOW!
Resin Onlays are bonded to the teeth creating a tight, superior fit to the natural tooth.
Such restorations can be used in instances where much of the tooth structure has been lost. The tooth remains intact and stronger.
Since the resin used in tooth-colored restorations contains fluoride this can help prevent decay.
The result is a beautiful restoration and a beautiful smile!
Your teeth are restored to a natural look and feel; they are stronger and the tooth is protected from microleakage and fracture.
The left picture shows holes at the gum line ( you can see them in yellow, but if you were to see these from the side you'd see the holes so that the white tooth is almost visible as a shelf, with the hole below). The right picture shows the tooth-colored synthetic fillings bonded to the teeth to repair the abfractions.