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Life EC SQUARE
Lombardy, Italy
Eradication and control of the grey squirrel: actions for preservation of biodiversity in forest ecosystems.
One of Italy's largest and most densely populated regions, Lombardy lies in the north of the country, sharing a border with Switzerland. It is the region with the largest overseas trade in Italy and also one of the most industrialised areas in Europe.
Invasive species represent a major threat to biodiversity and conservation efforts and in the worst cases, can lead to the extinction of native species. The American grey squirrel is a well-known example, responsible for wiping out populations of native red squirrels. As happened across the British Isles, northwestern Italy also experiences the same problem and with it comes potential issues further afield if their presence spreads, to other countries. The grey squirrel also has knock-on effects for the entire ecosystem, by damaging trees.
Lombardy has a regional ecological network of connected sites to protect biodiversity by safeguarding areas of land not included in regional protected areas. Lombardy has promoted specific actions to improve the conservation status of species and habitats at risk of extinction.
The EC-SQUARE (or rossoscoiattolo – red squirrel) project focused on preserving red squirrels and managing grey squirrels as invasive species. It was a LIFE consortium project co-funded by the EU and the Lombardy regional authority was the project coordinator. The other project partners included: Piedmonte region, Liguria region, Turin University, University of Insubria, University of Genoa and Oikos. It ran between Sept 2010 and March 2015 and had a budget of 1,930,000 Euros (48.7% EU, 46.1% partners, 7.7% Ministry of Environment, Land and Sea). It was a project in partnership with 2 other Italian regional authorities designed to combat the threat posed by the grey squirrel in the area.
The main objective of the project was to control and eradicate threats caused by grey squirrel (and other non-native squirrel species) in the forests of three regions in northern Italy: Lombardy, Liguria and Piedmont. The project's goals were to make decision making about protection as efficient as possible, to understand best practice for grey squirrel control and raise awareness of and improve habitat quality for the red squirrel.
What did the project focus on?
The project had 3 main areas of focus: monitoring how many grey squirrels there were to understand the best way to tackle them, assessment – developing detailed plans for action and preparation of the documentation needed to ban the trade of non-native squirrel species. Grey squirrels were then removed from large areas to eradicate the populations and to allow for red squirrels to recolonise these areas. This was followed by the reintroduction of red squirrels into areas where it had been extinct.
The project also developed guidelines for managing forests to promote red squirrel habitation, provided specific feeders for red squirrels and enacted measures to encourage the presence of red squirrels in urban parks. A campaign to raise awareness of the issues ran throughout the project's lifespan.
What did the project achieve?
Some 2200 non-native species were eradicated in the region, with grey squirrels being removed from 3,000 hectares of forest. Removal activities took place in 4 macro areas of Lombardy, with spontaneous recolonisation of red squirrels observed on some sites. Through the awareness raising activities of the project, more than 200 classes were directly engaged with environmental education – that's more than 4000 students.
Subsequently, a national trade ban has been approved, with grey squirrels becoming the first vertebrate species to be subject to a ban in trade for reasons other than sanitation in 2012. The EC Square project's risk assessment is now used as a reference document for EU member states.
The project encountered opposition from animal rights advocates and local communities when it started, which delayed plans. The awareness-raising component of the project was the key to progress. Informing people about invasive alien species and forest biodiversity problems made a positive difference to their understanding of the issues and engaging with them demonstrated the importance of communication in projects such as this.
The project also highlighted that controlling invasive alien species requires great (and continuous) effort and that a solid personnel is required to make the efforts a success.
Resources in this project
More actions in this region
Energy, Environment, and Climate Regional Program in Lombardy
With the resolution of 2 August 2022, the Regional Council approved
Removed from 3000Ha of forest
Eradication and control of the grey squirrel: actions for preservation of
Safeguarding biodiversity and agriculture
Lombardy's Gestire 2020 Project
Raising farms productivity and sustainability while protecting habitat and species Lombardy
21 indicators on SDGs implementation
Planning the SDGs localization in Lombardy
A multi-level and multi-stakeholder approach Lombardy is one of the twenty


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Description: The calligraphy reads 'I bind myself today to'. Page twenty-eight of bound volume.
This is Page 28 of the bound volume of The Deer's Cry at the Manx Museum.
Today's illustration is reminiscent of some of the Manx crosses on the Island and also some of Knox's clock designs. Knox is showing that his life is bound to the cross, and tomorrow we will see how his life (and St. Patrick's life) is guided by God.


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How Should We Compare Implementations of the Same Interventions in Different Countries?
March 4, 2016 by Jacy Reese - 4 minute read
This is the third post in our Foundational Questions series.
Animals are suffering around the world and advocates are also working globally to help them. There are several considerations that could affect the relative effectiveness of animal advocacy in different countries, similar to the considerations we would use to make other prioritization decisions.
Importance/scale: How much animal suffering is there in a country? Are there an exceptionally large number of farmed animals? Are these animals suffering exceptionally more than those elsewhere? Is there potential for the amount of suffering in this country to greatly increase, e.g. when increasing wealth leads to more meat consumption?
Tractability: How easy is progress in the country? Are corporations, consumers, or the government particularly willing to make changes that help animals (including cultural factors)? Is it easier to slow the growth of industries that harm animals than to shrink them? Are specific interventions possible only in certain countries? Are specific interventions more likely to work well in some countries than others?
Neglectedness: Are there few individuals and organizations working to help animals currently? Are there a large number of potential supporters that just need more or larger organizations to rally around?
Influence: How much does progress in this country affect progress elsewhere? Does this country have more influence over the global landscape, such that they could become an inspiration for other countries to make similar changes?
We have not investigated this question very thoroughly and are not comfortable making even tentative conclusions at this time. Although it seems quite challenging, we do think this is a tractable research question and would like to make more progress in the future.
Things That Could Change Our Mind and Areas of Future Research
The importance/scale and neglectedness questions seem easiest to answer. There is data, such as that provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, on the number of farmed animals raised in each country. We expect that we could find similar data on the conditions faced by farmed animals and any regulations that exist, at least for most developed countries. We do have some understanding of this data already. For example, battery cages that confine egg-laying hens were banned by the European Union in 2012 by a law finalized in 1999, while progress is ongoing in the United States.
We also expect that we could get a pretty good understanding of the animal advocacy organizations present in most countries. Understanding the public attitudes and number of potential supporters in many countries might be more difficult, but we could make some progress by speaking with animal advocates there or other methods. Of course, this becomes more difficult in countries that primarily speak non-English languages.
The tractability and influence questions seem more difficult. We can probably gain some evidence by looking at different political issues with more existing research. We could see how social change on issues similar to animal agriculture has occurred in the past, and ask, "Which countries have been the leaders in moral progress?"
The usefulness of different forms of activism might, for example, depend on the age of the movement, with some tactics being more useful for a young movement and some being more useful when there's an existing track record of progress and the movement is well-established.
Research on tractability and influence becomes more difficult if we account for the level of activism in each country, and it's unclear how the level of activism should factor into the broader question of which countries are more tractable. Level of activism could be an indication of tractability if it's due to more willingness of the public to work for social change. But it could also be due to noise and individual decisions that don't reflect differences that tell us which countries we should prioritize.
Understanding which countries have been forerunners in moral progress could also provide evidence for which countries have more influence on moral issues, although this is conflated with evidence for tractability because a shift in global discourse could affect some countries before others without the first-affected countries actually having more influence.
We could also look into the spread of other social practices and beliefs like the adoption of new commercial products (e.g. Coca-Cola), even though this evidence is weakened by the fact that different countries might have different levels of influence in different domains. For example, the United States could have a strong commercial influence but not as much of a moral influence.
It seems like a quantitative analysis could be useful here, such as scoring each country on the four factors described above and combining them into an overall score. We might then favor funding organizations that work in high-scoring countries. But we have only begun to explore this research question and could easily decide a different form of analysis would be more helpful.
Filed Under: Research Tagged With: foundational questions, interventions
About Jacy Reese
Jacy spends most of his time researching and promoting effective social change. He's been active in the effective altruism community for many years and would love to talk to you about how you can do the most good with your career, donations, or activism.
Our Thinking on our Recommendation of Wild Animal Initiative
Animal Advocacy Research Fund: Project Highlights
Some Thoughts About Building Alliances With the Environmental Movement


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I was born in Carini, Palermo Sicily in 1964. My passion for art emerged early on. Painting has been a part of my life since I was a little child; paper and colours were my preferred toys. My fascination with painting continued throughout the years. I first taught myself figurative art techniques, depicting spaces and dimensions I'd observed intensively. I learned about the significance that light and dark contrast have, how to identify the proportion and how to place them in their proper relationship. Soon I realized that I wanted to go beyond realistic representations; I needed to express myself by letting my feelings take shape with my personal abstract forms and lines. My transition from figurative to abstract painting opened the door to my inner imagery. Intrigued by the works of Hans Falk and Sam Francis I continued my exploration developing my abilities during art lessons led by a great mentor, the artist Ruedi Sieber. Nowadays my abstract works are entirely done in acrylic mixed media and my art plays a major part in my life. In 2005 I was admitted into the Artist Association Zurich. My paintings are mirrors of my soul, the visual expression of my experiences and emotions, adding nuance to my everyday life. I want to convey a feeling of joy and gift viewers when they indulge in my paintings. Every time a work captures the heart of someone, it moves me deeply seeing the personal process of the viewer's experience; how this person is responding to my painting, associating personal emotions and creating its own world. In 2014 I published my first Art Catalogue "Lichtblicke".


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(Redirected from Vic Viper)
This article is about the series. For the video game, see Gradius (video game). For the Game Boy game also known as Gradius, see Nemesis (Game Boy).
"Vic Viper" redirects here. For the unreleased coin-op game, see Vic Viper (video game).
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Gradius (グラディウス, Guradiusu, /ˈgrɑdiəs/) is a series of shooter video games, introduced in 1985, developed and published by Konami for a variety of portable, console and arcade platforms. In many games in the series, the player controls a ship known as the Vic Viper.
1.1 Spin-offs
1.2 Canceled games
2 Common elements
4 Reception and legacy
1981 Scramble
1985 Gradius (Nemesis)
1986 Salamander (Life Force)
1987 Nemesis 2 (MSX)
1988 Gradius II
Nemesis 3: The Eve of Destruction (MSX)
1989 Gradius III
1990 Nemesis (Game Boy)
1991 Gradius: The Interstellar Assault
1996 Salamander 2
1997 Gradius Gaiden
Solar Assault
1999 Gradius IV
2001 Gradius Advance
2004 Gradius V
Gradius NEO
2008 Gradius ReBirth
An early horizontal-scrolling shooter from which gameplay elements of the Gradius series were inspired. Although there is no canonical relationship between Scramble and the Gradius series, Scramble is implied to be a spiritual predecessor to the series, evident by its appearance in flashbacks during Gradius introduction sequences. (Gradius Advance) Scramble has been ported to other platforms; including MSX and Commodore 64. In 2002, Scramble appeared on GBA as one of the titles featured in Konami Collector's Series: Arcade Advanced as well as later Konami game compilations for PlayStation and Nintendo DS.
Gradius (1985)
The first true Gradius game to introduce the concept of the 'weapon bar'. During the game, many enemy craft leave behind icons or 'pick ups' when destroyed. Collecting one of these will shift the selection cursor along the weapon bar at the bottom of the screen. The player can then select the weapon highlighted if they want it. The cursor then resets. In general, the more useful 'power ups' are towards the right hand side of the bar, so the player may decide to stock up on pickups until the better item is available. This innovation allowed for deeper tactics on the part of the player and for greater freedom of weapon choice rather than relying on the pre-determined power ups common in other games in the genre. Originally released as an arcade game, its popularity resulted in ports to the: ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, NES/Famicom, MSX, Master System, Sharp X68000 and PC Engine. More recently, ports to the Sega Saturn, PlayStation, and certain mobile phones were created. (Saturn, PlayStation and computer versions are all packaged with Gradius II as Gradius Deluxe Pack). In addition, the NES version was re-released for Virtual Console, NES Classic Edition and the PC Engine version on the PlayStation Network. In territories outside Japan, the arcade and MSX versions of Gradius were released under the title of Nemesis.[1][2]
Salamander/Life Force (1986)
Set in the same universe as Gradius. The game is noteworthy for a number of reasons. Most prominently, the game switches between horizontal and vertical stages, one of the first games of its kind and was also one of the first shoot'em ups to include cooperative gameplay.
The first player ship is Gradius's own Vic Viper ship, while the second ship is the Lord British space destroyer (sometimes called the "RoadBritish") which is based on the F-16 Fighting Falcon. Unlike Gradius, Salamander uses a more conventional weapons system, with enemies leaving a wide variety of distinct power-ups. The NES version of Salamander, called Life Force in North America (and marketed in that region as the "sequel" to the first Gradius), and the MSX version used the power meter from the Gradius series. There also exists an arcade game named Life Force that is identical to Salamander released in Japanese arcades the same year, except that a Gradius-style power meter is used instead of conventional power-up items, and the stages were recolored slightly and given some voiceovers to make the mission about traveling inside someone's body, rather than through space; stages took on names such as "Kidney Zone" and "Stomach." An American release was also made, but it retained the original power-up system of Salamander, though it was renamed as Life Force.
Nemesis 2 (1987)
The MSX Gradius 2 is unrelated to the second arcade Gradius game (which used the Roman numeral "II"). Instead of controlling Vic Viper, the available ship is called "Metalion" (code name N322). Like the MSX version of Salamander, this game also has a storyline, which is told by cut-scenes. The gameplay is mostly unchanged from the rest of the series, though there are some power-ups that temporarily give the ship some enhancements. In addition, when the bosses are defeated, the Metalion can fly inside them before they explode, and a mini-level will start that awards weapon upgrades when finished without dying, depending on the speed at which the boss was defeated. In the same year Zemina released a version for the Korean Master System. This version was ported to the Sharp X68000 computer under the name Nemesis '90 Kai, with a number of graphical and aural enhancements. A graphically enhanced version with smooth scrolling appeared in the Japan exclusive PSP Salamander Portable collection.
Gradius II (1988)
Bearing no relation to the MSX game titled Gradius 2, Gradius II is the sequel to Gradius in terms of chronology. The game was never released in North America in any form, until recently with its inclusion in the PlayStation Portable title Gradius Collection. It was released as Vulcan Venture in territories outside Japan.[3]
Nemesis 3: The Eve of Destruction (1988)
The fourth game of the series to be released for the MSX platform. "Gofer no Yabō" (GOFERの野望) is coincidentally also the subtitle of Gradius II for arcade. Like the other MSX titles in the series, Nemesis 3 has an over-arcing plot depicted through the use of narrative cut-scenes. Nemesis 3 retains Gradius 2's weapon capture system, although weapons are obtained by navigating the player's ship into secret alcoves scattered throughout stages rather than entering enemy core ships. The game additionally allows the player to select a preset weapon configuration before starting.
Gradius III (1989)
This title introduced the Weapon Edit method of selecting weapons, which allowed players to create their own weapon array by choosing power-ups from a limited pool of available weapon types (some weapons in the preset weapon types are not selectable in Weapon Edit mode, although it includes weapons not in any presets). The SNES/SFC version is not a very accurate port; levels, enemies, and weapons were altered. For example, two entire stages were cut out in the Super NES version: a 3D stage which involved avoiding hitting cave walls from a unique first-person perspective behind the Vic Viper, and a crystal stage in which the Vic Viper was challenged by crystal blocks blocking off areas like a maze. Also, the order of stages was changed. The final stage in the SNES version was based on an early stage in the arcade version. The original arcade version's ending had the main boss in a mechanical setting, then going through a speed-up zone to escape the enemy base, whereas the SNES version had the player simply avoiding the final enemy's simple and slow-moving attack patterns with no challenge afterward. However, the SNES version introduced the Rotate and Formation Option types, both of which were reused in Gradius V. The difficulty and major boss tactics were toned down to make it easier. The original arcade version is available for PlayStation 2 bundled with Gradius IV (Gradius III and IV), although the port has some slight differences from the original.
Picadilly Gradius (1989)
Only released in Japan, rather than a video game this spin-off game is a token gambling game with a Gradius theme.
Nemesis (1990)
The first Gradius for a portable system, in this case Nintendo's Game Boy. The name Nemesis was kept for the game's worldwide release, as the game retains some of the elements that were otherwise exclusive to the MSX titles, such as hidden bonus stages. It was later ported with full color support as one of the four games in the Konami GB Collection Vol. 1 for Game Boy Color entitled "Gradius".
Gradius: The Interstellar Assault (1991)
Another Gradius game exclusively for the Game Boy. It was one of the larger Game Boy carts in existence at the time (2-Megabits), and was completely different from the rest of the series—most of them used music, enemies, bosses and even levels from previous games in the series, but this one did not, except for the boss music from the first Gradius game with the addition of a small original part to the piece. A little bit of the "between levels" music from Gradius III can also be found at the very first part of the game. It was released as Nemesis II in Japan and as Nemesis II: Return of the Hero in Europe.
Salamander 2 (1996)
The follow-up to Salamander. It had several unique features, such as the Option Shot, the ability to launch the Options as homing projectiles. After firing, an Option would revert to a smaller, less powerful unit called an Option Seed, which revolves around the ship firing the default shot. Weaponry includes Twin Laser, Ripple Laser, and standard Laser. Like its predecessor, Salamander 2 uses a conventional power-up system, rather than the Gradius power meter. Upon acquiring a second power-up of the same type, your weapons are twice as powerful for a short duration (10 seconds). The game features variations of previous Salamander bosses, such as the Golem and Tetran.
Gradius Gaiden (1997)
The first Gradius produced exclusively for a home console. This is also the only Gradius game (other than Gofer no Yabō Episode II on the MSX) where players can select which ship they wish to use. Gradius Gaiden includes the Lord British Space Destroyer from Salamander and two (relative) newcomers: the Jade Knight and the Falchion β (a variation of the ship from the Famicom Disk System game Falsion). It was originally released for the PlayStation console and ported in 2006 as part of Gradius Collection for the PlayStation Portable.
Solar Assault (1997)
Solar Assault is an arcade 3D rail shooter in the lines of Star Fox or Panzer Dragoon, with Gradius's settings. As usual, Vic Viper makes an appearance here, with two other ship choices available: Lord British and Alpina. This game was very obscure and was never ported to any console system.
Gradius IV (1999)
Released in Japanese arcades as Gradius IV Fukkatsu ("fukkatsu" (復活) being Japanese for "revival", since it was the first arcade Gradius game in 10 years, following 1989's Gradius III). IV lacked the Weapon Edit function of its predecessor, but it had a bigger array of weaponry than the original Gradius games. Weapons exclusive to this game included the Vertical Mine missile (which detonates in a vertical line shortly after deployment) and the Armor Piercing laser (a shorter-ranged, more powerful laser). It was released on the PS2 in a compilation pack together with the arcade version of Gradius III (Gradius III and IV).
Gradius Advance (2001)
The first Gradius to be created by a development team other than Konami's own internal teams (by Mobile21, to be exact). A Game Boy Advance title, it is known as Gradius Galaxies in USA and as Gradius Generation in Japan. The Japanese version, being the last to be released, has a number of exclusive challenge modes added and includes an additional invisible 5000 point bonus in one of the levels.
Gradius V (2004)
Gradius V was released in September 2004 for the PlayStation 2. Graphics are rendered in full 3D, although gameplay is still mostly 2D; some areas change the position and perspective of the camera to emphasize the 3D environment. Treasure (developers of Gunstar Heroes, Guardian Heroes, Radiant Silvergun and Ikaruga, among others) were primarily responsible for Gradius Vs development. In the Japanese first-press limited edition, the game included a book detailing internal design, background, and a road map of the Vic Viper series (i.e., "Vic Viper" is the name of a ship series, rather than a single ship), and pre-ordered North American copies included a DVD detailing the history of the series (including Scramble) and replays of Gradius V.
Gradius NEO (2004)
Released only to mobile phones, it features another storyline, taking place roughly 2000 years after the last Nemesis. It is also the first game to give players the ability to control their "Multiples" in formations, with formations variable depends on buttons.
Gradius Collection (2006)
A Gradius compilation for PlayStation Portable. This compilation contains the classic versions of Gradius I-IV with a few bonus features thrown in as well as the first international release of Gradius Gaiden.
Gradius ReBirth (2008)
A Gradius title for WiiWare. It draws most of its elements from the MSX games rather than mainstay Gradius staples. The game's plot sets the stage the events depicted in Gradius 2 (MSX).
Gradius ARC (2010)
In March 2010, a Japanese trademark database update revealed a filing for this name, submitted by Konami.[4] The "Arc" portion of the name coincided with a pre-release name of the PlayStation Move. This was only a coincidence, however, as Gradius Arc —Ginyoku no Densetsu— (Gradius Arc —Legend of the Silvery Wings—) was revealed on September 30, 2010, to be a tactical RPG for cell phones.[5]
Gradius the Slot (2011)
A pachislot game released in Japan in July 2011.[6] It was developed by KPE division of Konami. A soundtrack for the game was released in September 2011.
Spin-offs[edit]
Parodius series (1988–2010)
The Parodius series, started in 1988, is similar to Gradius, but with more cartoony settings. The name is a portmanteau of "parody" and "Gradius". Many of the mainstays of the Gradius series are included, albeit in a parodied format; this includes neon-colored core warships, effeminate moai, and large dancing women as bosses. Early games focused mainly on parodying Gradius games, but more recent games have poked fun at other Konami franchises, including Castlevania and Ganbare Goemon. The games offer a large number of different characters to use, each with different weapons. The characters consist of ones created for the series, such as Takosuke, and popular Konami characters like Pentarou and Upa (from Bio Miracle Bokutte Upa). Vic Viper also appears in all titles. The Parodius games also distinguish themselves from the Gradius series in their music. Unlike the Gradius games, whose music are either unique to each game or refer to earlier games in the series, the music in the Parodius games parodies a diverse pool of public domain sources, including a large contingent of classical music.
Otomedius (2007)
A newer take from Konami on the Gradius spoof, this game features anime girl representations, designed by Mine Yoshizaki, of Vic Viper and Lord British, in a mecha musume-style approach. The name is a portmanteau of "otome" (乙女, a Japanese word meaning "maiden") and "Gradius."
Canceled games[edit]
Vic Viper
Gradius 64
Gradius Wide
Gradius VI was originally announced in the 2005 Tokyo Game Show, this was one of the developing titles for the PlayStation 3, scheduled for the 2006 release. However, due to unknown reasons, the development was delayed and, eventually, completely scrapped.
Common elements[edit]
There are several gameplay elements that are common to almost all the Gradius games. These include the power meter, one of the Gradius series' defining characteristics, is enabled by power-up items. The items upgrade the selected ability in the power meter. The meter resets when the player chooses to activate the selected ability. Weapon edit lets players create their own power meter sequence.
The concept of the "Core" is a central part of Gradius. Cores are usually blue, glowing masses of energy hidden within large warships and protected by a series of barriers. All cores must be targeted in order to defeat a warship, which normally comprises several phases and often uses the terrain to its advantage. In some cases, a core is closed or not vulnerable at the beginning of a battle, only opening or becoming susceptible to attack some moments later by turning blue. Additionally, the announcer will normally urge the player to "Destroy the core!" or "Shoot the core!" prior to an encounter. For other types of bosses, like large beasts, the announcer may command the player to "Destroy the eye!" or "Destroy the mouth!", depending on the boss.[citation needed]
The moai statues of Easter Island (Chile) appear as enemies in several Gradius games. They are mounted on either side of flat, free-floating platforms and fire a series of colorful rings at the Vic Viper. Upon completing the game, the player restarts on the first level while retaining their upgrades from the previous games. Each cycle through the game grows progressively more difficult. The Nintendo Entertainment System port of Gradius represents the first ever use of the Konami Code.[7] If the player pauses the game and enters the Konami Code (Up, Up, Down, Down, Left, Right, Left, Right, B, A), they will be given most of the power-ups except Laser, Double and Speed Up.[citation needed]
Development[edit]
The Gradius series was created when Hiroyasu Machiguchi, the series creator was given a team to work with and asked everyone what kind of game they wanted to develop, to which they responded being a shoot 'em up, with the intent of surpassing Namco's Xevious.[8] They decided to make it a horizontal shooting game because they wanted to reuse material from Scramble as much as possible, and Gradius was originally named Scramble 2.[8] The development lasted for a year after refining and experimenting with the gameplay. The team originally tried twenty different movement patterns for the Options and used a process of elimination when something did not work.[8] For the story, Hiroyasu's team was inspired by science fiction movies, with the popular sci-fi films at the time being Star Wars and the anime adaptations of Lensman. The team saw Lensman together and it influenced the game's story. Its plasma laser also left a big impression on them and was why Gradius featured a Laser weapon.[8] The Moai were included because they wanted to add a mysterious element to the game like Xevious and its Nazca Lines.
Reception and legacy[edit]
Hideki Kamiya stated in an interview that Gradius is one of the top three key inspirational games from his past.[9]
Several of Gradius' starfighters, Core bosses, and various game elements have been adapted into trading cards as part of Konami's Yu-Gi-Oh! trading card game.
Gradius: Michi Tono Tatakai
Gradius, was one of the videogames based for Manga titled Famicom Ryu (1985-1987) and Nekketsu! Famicom Shounendan (1986-1987), published by Comic Coro Coro.
Nemesis is one of the video games featured in the manga titled Rock'n Game Boy, by Shigeto Ikehara and Published by Comic BomBom October 1989 to December 1991.
Gradius III is one of the video games featured in the manga titled Cyber Boy, by Nagai Noriaki and Published by Comic BomBom April 1991 to February 1993.
^ "The Arcade Flyer Archive - Video Game Flyers: Nemesis, Konami (North America)".
^ "The Arcade Flyer Archive - Video Game Flyers: Nemesis, Konami (International)".
^ In the X68000 version of Gradius II, switching the title mode to "USA" will change the game's name to Vulcan Venture.
^ Yip, Spencer. "Gradius Arc? Color Us Curious, Konami". Siliconera.com. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
^ Ishida, Katsuo. "KONAMI、モバイル「グラディウス・アーク」サービス開始". GAME Watch. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
^ Ficha de Gradius en P-World
^ "Cracking the Code: The Konami Code". 1up.com. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
^ a b c d Game Hiyou 9/99
^ Mielke, James (August 18, 2006). "The Kamiya Touch: An Interview with Clover's Hideki Kamiya". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2012. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
Gradius series
Nemesis series
3: The Eve of Destruction
Nemesis (Game Boy)
II (Game Boy)
Gradius ReBirth
Cosmic Wars
Falsion
Thunder Cross
Konami Wai Wai World
Video game franchises owned by Konami
Airforce Delta
Bishi Bashi
Boktai
International Superstar Soccer
The Legend of the Mystical Ninja
Lethal Enforcers
Power Pros
Silent Scope
Suikoden
Taisen Puzzle-Dama
Time Pilot
Vandal Hearts
beatmania
Dance Dance Revolution
GuitarFreaks and DrumMania
Karaoke Revolution
Keyboardmania
Para Para Paradise
Bloody Roar
Bonk
Deca Sports
Dungeon Explorer
Far East of Eden
Kororinpa
Milon's Secret Castle
Momotaro Densetsu
Neutopia
Robopon
Star Soldier
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gradius&oldid=901801102"
Horizontally scrolling shooters
Konami franchises
Video game franchises introduced in 1985


text:
<?php
require_once dirname(__FILE__).'/NewModel.php';

class CModelTest extends CTestCase
{
	public function testValidate()
	{
		$model=new NewModel;
		$this->assertFalse($model->validate());
		$model->attr1=4;
		$this->assertTrue($model->validate());
		$model->attr1=6;
		$this->assertFalse($model->validate());
		$model->attr2=6;
		$this->assertFalse($model->validate());
		$model->attr1=4;
		$this->assertFalse($model->validate());
		$model->attr2=4;
		$this->assertTrue($model->validate());
	}

	function testBeforeValidate(){
		$model=new NewModel;
		$model->attr1=4;
		$this->assertTrue($model->validate());

		$model->onBeforeValidate = array($this, 'beforeValidate');
		$this->assertFalse($model->validate());
	}

	function beforeValidate($event){
		$event->isValid = false;
	}

	function testIsAttributeRequired(){
		$model=new NewModel;
		$this->assertTrue($model->isAttributeRequired('attr1'));
		$this->assertFalse($model->isAttributeRequired('attr2'));
	}

	function testIsAttributeSafe(){
		$model=new NewModel;
		$this->assertTrue($model->isAttributeSafe('attr1'));
		$this->assertFalse($model->isAttributeSafe('attr3'));
		$this->assertFalse($model->isAttributeSafe('attr4'));
	}

	function testGetSafeAttributeNames(){
		$model=new NewModel;
		$safeAttributes = $model->getSafeAttributeNames();
		$this->assertContains('attr2', $safeAttributes);
		$this->assertContains('attr1', $safeAttributes);
	}

	public function testModifyValidators()
	{
		$model=new NewModel;
		$model->attr1=2;
		$model->attr2=2;
		$this->assertTrue($model->validate());
		$model->validatorList->insertAt(0,CValidator::createValidator('numerical',$model,'attr1,attr2',array('min'=>3)));
		$this->assertFalse($model->validate());
		$model->attr1=6;
		$model->attr2=6;
		$this->assertFalse($model->validate());
		$model->attr1=4;
		$model->attr2=4;
		$this->assertTrue($model->validate());
		$model=new NewModel;
		$model->attr1=3;
		$model->validatorList->add(CValidator::createValidator('required',$model,'attr2',array()));
		$this->assertFalse($model->validate());
		$model->attr2=3;
		$this->assertTrue($model->validate());
	}

	function testErrors(){
		$model=new NewModel;
		$model->attr1=3;
		$model->validatorList->add(CValidator::createValidator('required',$model,'attr2',array()));
		$model->validatorList->add(CValidator::createValidator('required',$model,'attr4',array()));
		$model->validate();

		$this->assertTrue($model->hasErrors());
		$this->assertTrue($model->hasErrors('attr2'));
		$this->assertFalse($model->hasErrors('attr1'));

		$model->clearErrors('attr2');
		$this->assertFalse($model->hasErrors('attr2'));

		$model->clearErrors();
		$this->assertFalse($model->hasErrors());
	}

	function testGetAttributes(){
		$model = new NewModel();
		$model->attr1 = 1;
		$model->attr2 = 2;

		$attributes = $model->getAttributes();
		$this->assertEquals(1, $attributes['attr1']);
		$this->assertEquals(2, $attributes['attr2']);

		$attributes = $model->getAttributes(array('attr1', 'non_existing'));
		$this->assertEquals(1, $attributes['attr1']);
		$this->assertEquals(null, $attributes['non_existing']);
	}

	function testUnsetAttributes(){
		$model = new NewModel();
		$model->attr1 = 1;
		$model->attr2 = 2;

		$model->unsetAttributes(array('attr1'));
		$this->assertEquals(null, $model->attr1);
		$this->assertEquals(2, $model->attr2);

		$model->unsetAttributes();
		$this->assertEquals(null, $model->attr1);
		$this->assertEquals(null, $model->attr2);
	}

	public function testGeneratingAttributeLabel()
	{
		$model = new NewModel();
		$this->assertSame('Department Name', $model->generateAttributeLabel('department_name'));
		$this->assertSame('First Name', $model->generateAttributeLabel('firstName'));
		$this->assertSame('Last Name', $model->generateAttributeLabel('LastName'));
	}

	public function testErrorsForAllAttributes()
	{
		$model = new NewModel();
		$model->validate();
		$this->assertNotEmpty($model->getErrors());
	}

	public function testErrorsForSingleAttribute()
	{
		$model = new NewModel();
		$model->validate();
		$this->assertNotEmpty($model->getErrors('attr1'));
		$this->assertEmpty($model->getErrors('attr2'));
	}

	public function testAddingAnErrorToSpecifiedAttribute()
	{
		$model = new NewModel();
		$model->validate();
		$model->clearErrors();
		$model->addError('firstName', 'This field is required');
		$this->assertSame(1, count($model->getErrors('firstName')));
	}

	public function testAddingAnErrorToASingleAttribute()
	{
		$model = new NewModel();
		$model->validate();
		$model->clearErrors();
		$model->addErrors(array('firstName' => 'This field is required'));
		$this->assertSame(1, count($model->getErrors('firstName')));
	}

	public function testAddingAnErrorToMultipleAttributes()
	{
		$model = new NewModel();
		$model->validate();
		$model->clearErrors();
		$model->addErrors(array(
			'firstName' => array('This attribute is required'),
			'LastName' => array('This field is required'),
		));
		$this->assertSame(1, count($model->getErrors('firstName')));
		$this->assertSame(1, count($model->getErrors('LastName')));
	}

	public function testAddingMultipleErrorsToASingleAttribute()
	{
		$model = new NewModel();
		$model->validate();
		$model->clearErrors();
		$model->addErrors(array('firstName' => array(
			'This attribute is required',
			'This field is required',
		)));
		$this->assertSame(2, count($model->getErrors('firstName')));
	}

	public function testAddingMultipleErrorsToMultipleAttributes()
	{
		$model = new NewModel();
		$model->validate();
		$model->clearErrors();
		$model->addErrors(array(
			'firstName' => array(
				'This attribute is required',
				'This field is required',
			),
			'LastName' => array(
				'This attribute is required',
				'This field is required',
			),
		));
		$this->assertSame(2, count($model->getErrors('firstName')));
		$this->assertSame(2, count($model->getErrors('LastName')));
	}

	public function testFirstErrorMessageForInvalidAttribute()
	{
		$model = new NewModel();
		$model->validate();
		$model->clearErrors();
		$model->addErrors(array(
			'attr1' => array(
				'This attribute is required.',
				'This field is required.',
			),
		));
		$this->assertSame('This attribute is required.', $model->getError('attr1'));
	}

	public function testNoErrorMessageForValidAttribute()
	{
		$model = new NewModel();
		$model->validate();
		$this->assertNull($model->getError('attr2'));
	}

	public function testModelWithInvalidRules()
	{
		$model = new InvalidModel();
		try {
			$this->assertFalse($model->validate());
		} catch (Exception $e) {
			$this->assertInstanceOf('CException', $e);
			$this->assertSame(
				'InvalidModel has an invalid validation rule. '.
				'The rule must specify attributes to be validated and the validator name.',
				$e->getMessage());
		}
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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With glue weapons, glitter, twigs, or yarn, the normal can turn into impressive . . . specifically at l. a. Pachanga. Owned by way of Estrella "Star" Esteban's kinfolk, the eating place has a rep for 2 issues: stable meals and nice paintings. los angeles Pachanga brings humans together-even while it seems like they could not be extra aside.
Homicide is, unusually, now not all that unusual on timy Broward's Rock, an idyllic sea island group off the South Carolina coast. Annie Darling's renowned secret book place, demise on call for, is the place the locals come to debate the juicy info of every felony offense--under the watchful gaze of a pampered tom cat prima donna named Agatha.
People's everchanging existence result in a growing number of standards for the final traits of homes, and the calls for for studios have marched in the direction of the mental measurement and cultural sphere. hence, there come up new layout tendencies and new requisites for surroundings, fabric choice and layout suggestion.
Standing there, bathed in soft, orange sunrise, he decided they should have a photo together to remember their good work – everyone had made it alive. 'We have a beautiful photo of us from that horrendous morning that we'll never forget,' Lane says through tears of deep emotion. The paramedic approached Lane and put a hand on her shoulder. It had just been radioed in that the first ambulance had had to pull over to try to intubate the premature baby boy on the way to the hospital. But the smallest tube they had to try to insert into the trachea to provide a definitive airway and maximise the effectiveness of resuscitation, was still too big.
If you burst into tears every time you talk about a difficult experience, you'll crack. And it wasn't my journey – it was the journey of the women in my care and their babies. ' Lane grew up on Sydney's north shore with her parents and two younger brothers. In 2008, armed with a Bachelor of Nursing, she began working at Sydney's Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Hospital in the emergency department where she had trained. She also completed her postgraduate training in critical care. 'My training covered everything, but I really just loved the blood and guts,' she admits.
Passing out from the smoke or fumes does nobody any good. Pilots have died trying to fix a simple problem – leaving nobody flying the plane to keep them or anyone else safe on board. From there we need to work out whether the smoke is electrical and smells like bacon, or from the environmental system, which is usually oil burning and smells like a cross between dirty socks and vomit. Either way, our world just got busy and we don't have time to chat. 'Electrical smoke gives me thirty things to do, environmental smoke only fifteen,' Ben continues.


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Q: Seeking a general example of $f \in S_G$ but $f \notin {\rm Aut}(G)$ In Chapter 9 Exercise I4 in Pinter's "A Book of Abstract Algebra", one is asked to prove that the set ${\rm Aut}(G)$ is a subgroup of $S_G$.
While I have successfully constructed a proof that demonstrates closure and inverses (i.e. proving that ${\rm Aut}(G)$ is in fact a group), I am still trying to wrap my head around why exactly  ${\rm Aut}(G)$ is not actually equal to $S_G$. From some of the other exercises, I had developed the impression that all permutations (say of the form $\pi_n: G \rightarrow G$) were, in fact, automorphisms.

Could someone please provide me with a general example of $f \in S_G$ but $f \notin {\rm Aut}(G)$?

Cheers~

A: $\text{Aut}(G)$ is the set of all group automorphisms, that is, bijections which preserve the group structure. $S_G$, however, is the set of all bijections, even those which are not group homomorphisms.
As an explicit example, take any permutation which doesn't fix the group identity. This is a permutation in $S_G$, but cannot be an automorphism.

I hope this helps ^_^

A: Let's take a very easy example. Let $G = \mathbb{Z}_2.$ Then $S_G$ is precisely $\{f_1, f_2\}$ where $f_1$ is the identity map and $f_2$ is simply the map which "switches" the only two elements of $\mathbb{Z}$. That is, $f_2(0) = 1$ and $f_2(1) = 0.$
Now, observe that $f_2$ is a bijection which doesn't fix the identity element. This implies that $f_2$ cannot be a group homomorphism and hence is not an automorphism of $\mathbb{Z}_2.$ So, $\text{Aut}(G) = \{f_1\} \neq S_G$ in this case.

A: Hint If $G$ is not commutative, the mapping $x \to x^{-1}$ is such an example.

A: Write down a bijection that maps an element x -> y where $|x|$ $\neq$ $|y|$. This could be written as (xy) in permutation cycle notation.
This works because automorphisms are isomorphisms which must preserve order of elements.

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Will agitated already set custard re-set again?
Assume that I will put cream/yolk mixture in to a water bath (in a container or a bag) let it there on 80C for an hour. Cool it. This will set. If I agitate this liquid to make it pourable. Will it undisturbed set again? And what will be the level of "firmness" to original first setting. Colloid gels when agitated behave like liquids, left undisturbed do set. Im just avoiding experiment at first, if there are experiences already. Its the basis for use to make creme brule from a big batch custard already set and not being helped with anything added, nor the need of oven setting.
No, it will not set again at all.
The explanation behind it: The custard is not a gel, it is a mixture of proteins, fat globules and other stuff swimming in a liquid (or maybe gel?). You start off with normally folded proteins, which during heating lose their quarternary structure and "hook" each other, thus creating a kind of mesh, filled with the fat emulsion. Once you break that mesh apart by agitation, it will not reform at all, since you cannot refold the proteins.
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Sanford voters to decide bond issues
Road reconstruction, land purchases, school renovations on Nov. 5 ballot
Shawn P. Sullivan ssullivan@seacoastonline.com
SANFORD – Voters will decide the fates of three local bond proposals related to road reconstruction, a land purchase, and school renovations when they report to the polls on Tuesday, Nov. 5.
Question 1 asks voters to approve $6.2 million in bonding for the purpose of local road reconstruction. If approved, the city will combine the funds with a gradual increase in the annual road budget – from its current $1.4 million to $4 million – toward the goal of fixing main corridors and side streets and reducing future maintenance costs.
Mayor Tom Cote advocated for this bond proposal during his address at the start of the annual Candidates Night at Sanford City Hall on Thursday, Oct. 24. He said the proposal is in response to current insufficient capital improvement funding and a "common mantra" among residents to "fix the roads," many of which are cracked and laden with potholes.
"After a thorough analysis and weighing several funding options, we arrived at a solution that we feel best addresses our road base but also has the least amount of impact on people's taxes," Cote said of the bond proposal.
Cote said that, with the bond, the city would be able to accomplish years of roadwork in one – and do so in a way that would have a lower impact on taxpayers than a straight tax increase. He called the bond approach "the fastest and least expensive method of fixing our roads."
"I support this bond approach because it allows us to accomplish five years of work in a single year," Cote said. "We will then be able to repair over 50 miles of roads in the five years to follow."
Cote added that the city would be able to leverage the road improvements to attract businesses and create economic growth. He also said the improvements would mean "less wear and tear" on local vehicles traveling on the roads.
Question 2 asks for $1 million in bonding for the purchases of land on Main Street on which the city intends to build two fire stations, pending the voters' approval of that capital project at a later date. If the project is not approved, the acquired property would be used for other municipal purposes.
During his address at the candidates' forum, Cote said the proposal is the result of "several years of analysis and the acknowledgment that the two fire stations currently in use no longer meet the needs of our community."
"These stations were built at a time when the designers could not possibly imagine the frequency and type of calls we receive today, the vehicles and equipment we have today, and whether someday firefighters would be women," Cote said.
Cote emphasized that this proposed bond is not for two new fire stations.
"It is simply to control the purchase of land while it is still available," he said. "This is the important part because the locations of these two fire stations are not arbitrary. In order to maintain quick and safe response times, the stations need to be built in a specific area along Main Street."
Cote said that if the bond is approved and the land can be purchased, then the city would begin the process of determining how best to finance the two new stations.
According to City Manager Steven Buck, three properties on Main Street in South Sanford are under consideration as sites for the new stations. Two of the properties are the locations of Marc Motors – not the new one, of course, but the original that is across the street from the Center for Shopping – and Springvale Nurseries at 1280 Main Street. The owner of the third property does not want it known at this time that their land is for sale, according to Buck.
Buck said that if the bond in Question 2 is approved, the funds will allow the city to negotiate with the property owners for the right price on land for the new stations.
Question 3 asks voters to approve up to $9,999,533 in bonding for constructing and equipping renovations to the converted middle school, currently known as the former Sanford High School, the converted elementary school, currently the junior high, and Carl J. Lamb Elementary School.
The state awarded Sanford $43 million to consolidate and renovate schools in the district that serve students in grades K through 8. According to the city, the bond is necessary because the cost of materials and labor have climbed 25 percent since the projects went out to bid in 2017, and the state award will not go as far as originally intended.
An anticipated amount of up to $1,394,287 of the bond will be issued through the state's School Revolving Renovation Fund. It is also anticipated that up to $916,604, or 65.74 percent, of those funds will be forgiven by the state and considered a grant. Lastly, the remaining $477,683 of the amount, or 34.26 percent, would be repaid by the City of Sanford at zero-percent interest.
Cote also commented on Question 3 on Candidates Night. He said that if this bond is approved, then the city would be able to complete all schools in the district – serving students from pre-K through high school – for approximately $20 million.
This $20 million to which Cote referred includes the bond voters are currently facing and an earlier one that voters approved for the new high school years ago. In addition to the $43 million for the consolidation project, the state's Department of Education awarded Sanford more than $90 million in construction funds for the new high school that opened last fall.
"For perspective, Kennebunk taxpayers funded just their high school improvements at the rate of $42 million for four grades," Cote said. "We're getting all (grades) for $20 million – for half of that price. We're extremely fortunate."
"According to the city, all three bonds, if approved, would impact the overall budget and cost a taxpayer with a home valued at $100,000 an average of $37 per year for the first six years, and then the taxpayer would see a decrease of $79 per year for the ten following years. For a taxpayer with a home valued at $160,000, that would be an average increase of $59 per year for the first six years and a decrease of $126 for the ten that follow. For someone with a home valued at $225,000, that average would be an increase of $83 per year for the first six years and a decrease of $177 per year during the next ten."
Cote offered his interpretation of what "no" votes on the bond questions would mean for the city.
"Make no mistake," he said. "A 'no' vote means higher taxes. The roads still need to be fixed. The fire stations still need to be addressed. The schools still need to be repaired. A 'no' vote does not change the situation. It only changes how and when you pay for it."
Cote said the proposals are "directly related to the vibrancy of our community, our educational system, and our public safety."
"This is an important vote in Sanford's history," he said, "and I truly hope you join me in voting yes on these three bonds."
Polls on Election Day will be open from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. To cast their ballots, voters in Ward 1 should report to the Nasson Community Center at 457 Main Street in Springvale; in Ward 2 should go to the St. Ignatius Parish Hall at 25 Riverside Avenue in Sanford; and in Ward 3 should report to the Sanford High School gymnasium at 100 Alumni Boulevard.
For more information about the coming election, please call City Clerk Sue Cote at 324-9125 or visit the city's website online at www.sanfordmaine.org.


German prosecutors filed a request to a regional court on Tuesday (April 3rd) for the extradition of former Catalan president Carles Puigdemont to Spain, where he faces charges of rebellion over the region's campaign for independence, Reuters has reported.
Puigdemont has been held in a detention centre in the northern German town of Neumuenster for just over a week after he was arrested in Germany on March 25.
Prosecutors in the state of Schleswig-Holstein said Spain's extradition request was admissible because accusations of rebellion included carrying out an anti-constitutional referendum even though violent clashes could be expected.
"This has a comparable equivalent in German law," said the prosecutors in a statement.
Prosecutors also asked the Higher Regional Court in Schleswig-Holstein, which will decide on the extradition, to keep Puigdemont in prison during the proceedings because there was a danger he would try to escape.
Puigdemont fled Spain five months ago for Belgium after Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy dismissed his regional administration and imposed direct rule from Madrid.
The charges he faces over the organising of an illegal secession referendum could lead to 25 years behind bars.
It is unclear when the German court will make its decision.


text:
Five Canadian business stories to watch this week
BlackBerry CEO John Chen
Empire Co Ltd.
BlackBerry earnings
BlackBerry Ltd. will report its first-quarter results on Wednesday. The company beat analyst estimates for profit and revenue in the previous quarter and announced an upbeat outlook for its current 2020 financial year including estimated revenue growth of between 23 per cent and 27 per cent.
Empire Co. update
Empire Company Ltd. will release its fourth-quarter and year-end results on Thursday. The company behind Sobeys and Safeway grocery stores reported third-quarter sales and net income were higher than the same time last year, but adjusted earnings were down.
Shaw earnings
Shaw Communications Inc. holds a conference call to discuss third-quarter results on Thursday. The cable and telecommunications company announced in May that it will sell its stake in Corus Entertainment Inc. for $548 million, the proceeds of which will be used for general corporate purposes, which may include the repayment of debt.
BoC business outlook
The Bank of Canada will release its latest business outlook survey and senior loan officer survey on Friday. The central bank's survey released in April found that corporate confidence dropped from its near-record heights last year and into negative territory for the first time since the third quarter of 2016.
Economic report card
Statistics Canada will report April results for gross domestic product by industry on Friday. After a sluggish start to the year, economists will be looking to see how the economy fared in the first month of the second quarter.
The right law firm makes Canadian expansion seamless for Aurrigo


Vegan Butterfinger Candy - Hell Yeah It's Vegan!
When I was little, my brothers and I would go trick-or-treating together, and when we got home, we'd pour our respective hauls out of their pillowcases. We'd organize our candy by type, putting everything in order of personal preference. Then the bartering began. Piece by piece, we'd trade off the things we didn't like until everyone was satisfied. We were all pretty nice about it; D loved Twizzlers, but I loathed them, so I'd let him have them in return for something of low value to him. But seriously, and at the risk of sounding like Bart Simpson, woe be to anyone who tried to get their hands on my peanut butter cups or my Butterfinger® bars.
Yes, I know this candy is known for being a flattened cylinder with a thin chocolate coating. You can definitely cut the peanut butter base into rectangles and dip it in chocolate if you feel like it, but I think the flavor and texture here is so dang good that it just doesn't justify the extra, painstaking work. Just so you're aware, these bars are roughly half the thickness of the store-bought candy bar. I think the peanut butter:chocolate ratio is perfect. These bars are flaky and crispy and stick in your teeth and your dentist is probably putting me on their most-wanted list as I type.
This recipe is very simple, but you need to know two things before we begin: you must have a candy thermometer for this recipe, and you must read through the entire recipe before you start. Everything comes together quickly, and I certainly don't wish a candy disaster on anyone.
When you're done, you'll have more candy than you can possibly eat, so you have no excuse not to share it with friends. If all your friends are dead*, you can store them in an airtight container in the freezer so you can grab a piece of candy whenever you feel like it. Oh, and by the way? When it warms up outside again, you should definitely break up a handful of these and stir them into ice cream. Ughhhh.
Eternal gratitude to Bruce Weinstein for publishing the recipe I based this one on in The Ultimate Candy Book, and Not Without Salt for keeping the stupidly beautiful (but not vegan) blog where I first heard about it. I could hug you both!
In a small saucepan, stir together peanut butter, vanilla, and salt.
Warm mixture over very low heat, being very careful not to burn anything to the bottom. Set aside, keeping it warm.
In a medium saucepan, stir together sugar, corn syrup and water.
Cook sugar mixture over medium-high heat just until it reaches 290 degrees, under hard crack. At first, the temperature will rise steadily, and then it will hover around 220 for what seems like an eternity. Be patient and keep stirring! Once it starts rising again, it will do so quickly.
Quickly stir in peanut butter until smooth.
Pour into prepared pan, working fast as the mixture begins to harden quickly!
Let cool on a wire rack for about 8 minutes.
Meanwhile, in a double boiler, melt the chocolate chips, stirring frequently until smooth.
Stir in shortening until completely melted and incorporated.
Pour chocolate over warm peanut butter base and use a spatula to spread, making sure to coat peanut butter evenly.
Allow to cool fully on wire rack (at least a couple of hours) before cutting with a sharp knife.
You need an accurate candy thermometer for this recipe; if it goes over 290 degrees, the peanut butter base will be too hard -- not inedible, but not the texture we're aiming for here.
yum!!!! i'm not afraid of a little candy making and i love butterfingers the most!!
lol…we did the same post-T&T bartering and I always went for the Butterfingers, Reese's PB Cups and Baby Ruths. Then I had to hide the loot well because my brother would eat all his candy superfast, then hunt ours down to loot…the CandyBandit!
Haha, I hid mine too — and I'm pretty sure that once the chocolate was gone, my stash was always forgotten about in the depths of my closet, only to resurface the following July as a melted, sticky blob.
this looks like one of those life-transforming recipes.
It's a gateway drug — leads straight to a life of mainlining corn syrup.
Candy thermometers are like deep fryers: once you own one, you'll find every excuse to use it. Or at least, you should! I don't actually eat candy almost at all outside of various holidays, but making it at home seriously rules.
My candy thermometer is ready!
I'm scared because I've never had to use our candy thermometer before, but I want to woman up and try these! My mom would be so happy. She loves Butterfingers.
Go for it, Shannon! The secret to most candy making is really just the thermometer. Once you have that, you can do just about anything!
You little temptress! These look amazing. How will I resist making these?!
Sweet heavens – I have found what I'd ask for for my last meal on death row, and its name is vegan butterfinger candy!
How long will this keep? If I make it today, could I keep it til Christmas? Or should I wait to make it?
PS would you store it in the fridge?
Personally, I'd wait a few more days for the sake of freshness… but honestly, with all that sugar, there's no reason these wouldn't be fine prepared 3 weeks ahead of time. If your house is pretty cool, you can just keep them on a shelf in an air-tight container, or you can fridge them to be safe. Just make sure they're air-tight so they stay crunchy. They keep great in the freezer, too!
Just tried this and it turned out fantastic! Your dead friend apology made me laugh.
okay to use coconut oil for the shortening?
Hi, Dawn! I'm referring to the "regular" peanut butter you'd buy from a standard grocery store, which is sweetened, as opposed to the natural, unsweetened stuff, that you might get from a health food store. Hope you like the candy!
I'm all in. My aunt is a pastry chef so we're going to take over the kitchen and get wild this weekend!
Is there any way to make these yummy treats with out using corn syrup, which some here are allergic to?
I'm a US expat living in the UK and we don't have corn syrup (except at specialty stores at great expense), so I'm thinking of using either golden syrup or agave nectar. May try the golden syrup for the first attempt. Butterfingers are one of the things I struggled to give up when I went vegan, and it would be fantastic to have a vegan version. Do you have a vegan recipe for those famous peanut butter cups?
Likewise, golden syrup isn't available where I live, so I'm afraid I can only speculate! My understanding is that golden syrup has some flavor while corn syrup is more neutral tasting, but the two can be used interchangeably (see, for example, this post: http://bakingbites.com/2008/09/corn-syrup-vs-golden-syrup/). I can't think of any good reason why agave nectar wouldn't work either — it just might take more or less time for the mixture to cook to a soft crack. Let me know how it turns out if you try it!
I had never used a candy thermometer before, so I was nervous as I made this recipe, but it turned out AMAZING! I would add to the instructions or notes that it takes a while for the sugar mixture to heat up to even over 200 degrees. (Experienced candy-makers might already know that, but not the occasional baker!) Also, once you've completed the recipe, it takes a few hours to cool. I think it's just nice to know beforehand how much time the whole process takes. But it's 100% worth the wait! They came out not as hard as store bought Butterfingers, which I liked. These were a little softer, but still had those wonderful crispy layers.
Indeed! Good points all around, Malory. I'll update the recipe accordingly!
OMG. These are legit! I made them and took them to work. I will say I wish I had lined the pan with parchment paper; these suckers were tough to cut. But, a real Butterfinger would be too. I'd probably try a vegan chocolate bar instead of chips if I made it again, as the chips didn't temper well. But that's to be expected.


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Pasquier Quesnel
1634-1719. French Jansenist* theologian. Educated by the Jesuits, he studied philosophy and theology at the Sorbonne and joined the Congregation of the Paris Oratory in 1657, subsequently becoming director. In 1672 he produced his Réflexions morales, a reprint of the NT with moral comments on every verse. The bishop of Chãlons- sur-Marne commended it, and it was generally well received, but as new editions were prepared, it was alleged to be increasingly rigorist and Jansenist in tone. It was praised by the archbishop of Paris, but Quesnel's work was fiercely attacked, especially by the Jesuits, and he moved to Brussels to escape harassment. Louis XIV, convinced that Jansenism was a public danger, had Quesnel's arrest in Brussels engineered by Philip V of Spain, but he escaped to Protestant Holland where he continued to defend his views. In 1708, after fourteen years of discussion, the Réflexions morales was condemned by Pope Clement XI. Quesnel's reply led to further bitter controversy, complicated by the Gallican issue, and in 1713 the bull Unigenitus condemned 101 propositions, which amounted to the entire theological, ascetic, and moral doctrine of Jansenism. Quesnel died in Amsterdam without retracting his beliefs.


In a one-on-one interview with Chris Gailus, Attorney General David Eby gives an update on the status of current probes into money laundering, and leaves the door open for a possible public inquiry.
Ask a person from almost any demographic across British Columbia, and they're likely to tell you the same thing: they support a public inquiry into allegations of money laundering at the province's casinos.
That's according to a poll conducted by Ipsos Public Affairs on behalf of Global News.
The poll found that around three-quarters (76 per cent) of respondents supported a public inquiry — 38 per cent showed strong support, while 42 per cent "somewhat" backed the idea.
Ipsos found support for a public inquiry into this alleged activity among just about every group the pollster spoke with — women and men, the high school- and university-educated, and more.
Among the genders, 77 per cent of women said they support a public inquiry, compared to 74 per cent of men.
A greater share of men indicated strong support (36 per cent) than women did (31 per cent).
Across age groups, too, a heavy share of people supported an inquiry.
Among respondents aged 18 to 34 years old, 71 per cent support such an action to investigate allegations of money laundering.
Among respondents aged 35 to 54, the share was 80 per cent.
For people aged 55 years and older, the share was 75 per cent.
Support was also clear across educational levels.
Nearly 80 per cent of people who had attained post-secondary education supported an inquiry, compared to 73 per cent of respondents with a high school education and 71 per cent of people whose education was high school or less.
"There's a consensus building in the province that there should be a public inquiry into this issue," said Ipsos vice president Sean Simpson.
Ipsos has conducted polls related to public inquiries in the past, and support has run in the range of about 10 to 20 per cent, Simpson said.
The poll revealed plenty of trust that a public inquiry would arrive at the truth around allegations of money laundering in B.C. casinos.
Trust stood at 72 per cent across all respondents, but it was most pronounced among people whose educations reached levels below high school (78 per cent).
"They don't think it's going to be a waste of time for optics," Simpson said.
Support for a public inquiry was even stronger when considering whether the public wants one.
All but 11 per cent of respondents said there should be an inquiry if the people desire it.
"The vast majority of residents of British Columbia say if the public thinks we should have one, then we should have one, whether they support it themselves or not," Simpson said.
Most respondents also felt that alleged money laundering was tied into B.C.'s real estate market, as well as the fentanyl crisis.
Here, 63 per cent of respondents felt this way, with the strongest shares coming among people aged 55 years and older and those with high school educations (67 per cent in each case).
"Maybe it's not just a public inquiry into money laundering at B.C. casinos," Simpson said.
While the public supports an inquiry, B.C.'s provincial government has said it wants to wait on the results of an investigation by former deputy RCMP commissioner Peter German into money laundering in real estate.
Attorney General David Eby told Global News in December that the collapse of the E-Pirate investigation made an inquiry more likely.
There are, however, differing opinions within the BC NDP caucus on whether to hold one, according to Global News sources.
Eby and Solicitor General Mike Farnworth are reportedly pushing for an inquiry.
Premier John Horgan remains cautious about one, but his feelings have evolved on the idea and he's not ruling it out, sources said.
These are some of the findings of an Ipsos survey conducted between January 31st and February 4th, 2019 on behalf of Global News. For this survey, a random sample of 800 British Columbia residents aged 18+ were interviewed online via the Ipsos I-Say panel and non-panel sources. Weighting was then employed to balance demographics to ensure that the sample's composition reflects that of the adult population according to Census data and to provide results intended to approximate the sample universe. The precision of Ipsos online surveys is measured using a credibility interval. In this case, the survey is accurate to within ±4.0 percentage points, 19 times out of 20, had all BC residents over the age of 18 been surveyed. The credibility interval will be wider among subsets of the population. All sample surveys and polls may be subject to other sources of error, including, but not limited to coverage error, and measurement error.


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