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NASA selects two robotic missions to Venus for launch in late 2020s
The northern hemisphere is displayed in this global view of the surface of Venus as seen by NASA Magellan spacecraft. Credit: NASA/JPL
NASA has selected two robotic missions for launch to Venus around 2029, the U.S. space agency's first spacecraft in more than 30 years dedicated to exploring the hellishly hot second planet from the sun.
The two winning proposals — named DAVINCI+ and VERITAS — won a competition run by NASA to select the next projects for development under the agency's Discovery program, a line of cost-capped planetary science missions.
"Congratulations to the teams behind NASA's two planetary science missions: VERITAS — "truth" — and DAVINCI+," said NASA Administrator Bill Nelson in the June 2 announcement. "These two sister missions both aim to understand how Venus became an inferno-like world capable of melting lead at the surface. They will offer the entire science community the chance to investigate a planet we haven't been to in more than 30 years."
NASA's last mission devoted to observing Venus was Magellan, which launched on a space shuttle in 1989 and arrived in orbit around the planet in 1990. Megallan mapped Venus's surface using radar waves, which can pierce the planet's thick clouds, to reveal the planet's mountains and topography.
Since Magellan, several NASA spacecraft has sailed by Venus on the way to other planetary destinations, and Europe and Japan have sent orbiters to Venus.
Nelson said further study of Venus, sometimes called Earth's twin, will help scientists understand how Earth and Venus diverged in their evolution throughout the solar system's 4.5-billion-year history.
"In our solar system, of the rocky planets, there's Mercury, the closest to the sun. It has no atmosphere," Nelson said. "Then there's Venus with an incredibly dense atmosphere, then there's Earth with a habitable atmosphere, and then there's Mars with an atmosphere that is just 1% of Earth's. We hope the missions will further our understanding of how Earth evolved, and why it's currently habitable when others in our solar system are not."
Using a more sensitive radar instrument, VERITAS will update the topographic maps created by NASA's Magellan spacecraft in the early 1990s, potentially revealing whether geologic processes such as volcanoes are currently active on the planet.
DAVINCI+ will send a small probe, measuring roughly 3 feet (1 meter) across, into the thick atmosphere of Venus. The instrumented craft will plunge into Venus's carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere, deploy a parachute, and descend through cloud layers made of sulfuric acid before eventually landing on the surface.
"We're revving up our planetary science program with intense exploration of a world that NASA hasn't visited in over 30 years," said Thomas Zurbuchen, NASA's associate administrator for science. "Using cutting-edge technologies that NASA has developed and refined over many years of missions and technology programs, we're ushering in a new decade of Venus to understand how an Earth-like planet can become a hothouse.
"Our goals are profound," Zurbuchen said in a statement. "It is not just understanding the evolution of planets and habitability in our own solar system, but extending beyond these boundaries to exoplanets, an exciting and emerging area of research for NASA."
VERITAS stands for the Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy mission. The development of VERITAS will be led at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.
The DAVINCI+ mission, which stands for Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and Imaging – Plus, will be managed at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.
NASA said the missions will launch in the 2028-2030 timeframe. Each mission will get approximately $500 million for development, excluding launch costs and international contributions.
In interviews with Spaceflight Now, the lead scientists for the VERITAS and DAVINCI+ missions said NASA has directed the teams to target launches in 2029, a schedule driven by budget availability.
"We've waited a long time for a U.S. mission to go back through the atmosphere of Venus, and we're delighted to be that mission," said Jim Garvin, chief scientist at Goddard and principal investigator for the DAVINCI+ mission. "So thanks to all fo the women and men that got us here. We can't wait to go."
"We're just so thrilled to have this opportunity to go to Venus," said Sue Smrekar, principal investigator for the VERITAS mission at JPL. "For me, it's a lifelong dream. For many, it's been a labor of love for a year, five years, 10 years. Many have been working on it for a long time."
NASA selected the VERITAS and DAVINCI+ missions over two other finalists.
One of the candidates, the Io Volcano Observer, would have sent a spacecraft to orbit Jupiter and pass near the moon Io, the most volcanically active body in the solar system. The Trident mission proposal would have dispatched a probe to fly by Triton, the largest moon of Neptune, which harbors geyser-like plumes erupting from its icy surface.
But Venus, which NASA has bypassed in several recent mission selections, won support this time.
Data from DAVINCI+ will help scientists understand how the atmosphere of Venus formed and evolved, and help determine whether the planet — about the same size as Earth — ever had an ocean.
"The science is simple," Garvin told Spaceflight Now. "Venus has a massive atmosphere. It's layered, or stratified, and it records the history of billions of years of planetary evolution, which for Venus is still a mystery. It's an enigmatic rocky planet with a big atmosphere. We think Venus likely harbored global oceans for billions of years. That's the best modeling that we can get from what little we know."
While Earth and Venus may have been similar billions of years ago, Venus's super-dense atmosphere is now 90 times thicker than Earth's. The sweltering blanket of carbon dioxide turns up the temperature at the surface to 900 degrees Fahrenheit (480 degrees Celsius).
"So what happened? What happened to the climate change? How does that couple through the crust and rocks? What does that do the clouds, which are thick and fascinating, and how does that work?" Garvin said.
Artist's illustration of NASA's DAVINCI+ mission at Venus, showing the atmospheric entry probe descending through Venus's clouds to the surface. Credit: NASA/GSFC visualization and CI Labs Michael Lentz and colleagues
"We're going to measure the history of water, other critical chemistries of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, their cycles, from the top of the atmosphere to the surface," Garvin said. "We're going re-measure the critical state of the lower atmosphere, temperature and pressure. It's super critical, so it's not a true gas, or an ideal gas. We'll measure that."
DAVINCI+ was designed and proposed before scientists announced last year evidence of phosphine gas in the clouds of Venus, an indicator of possible life. Phosphine, made by combining a phosphorus atom with three hydrogen atoms, is only generated on Earth from microbes and industrial activity.
But some researchers have voiced doubts about the phosphine discovery. DAVINCI+ will be outfitted to make direct measurements of phosphine, if it is there.
The descent probe will be a titanium sphere housing a mass spectrometer and a tunable laser spectrometer to measure the composition of the atmosphere from top to bottom. The craft will also have instruments to measure pressures, temperatures, winds, and accelerations during descent, and a near-infrared camera system peering out the bottom of the probe will take pictures of the surface of Venus.
"Below the clouds, we'll use a very high resolution new kind of descent imaging system that will not only take pictures but it will make images from which we can infer composition and topography," Garvin said. "So we're going to that all the way down from something like 90,000 feet (27.4 kilometers) to the surface, ever getting closer, and finally we'll be taking images with resolution like if you were flying a drone over your backyard."
The probe will be suspended under a parachute as it falls through Venus's atmosphere. The entire descent will take about an hour, targeting an area of Venus called Alpha Regio, a mountainous region first discovered in the 1960s using Earth-based radar observations.
"We're going to go into those mountains," Garvin said. "They've never been seen at human scales. We'll be seeing them, measuring them, and measuring the chemistry of the atmosphere above them. So all that will give us a storybook, an evolutionary history of Venus, and we'll apply that forward across the solar system, but also to exoplanets (planets around other stars) we'll be able to measure with the James Webb Space Telescope."
The last U.S.-led mission to send a probe into the atmosphere of Venus was Pioneer Venus in 1978. The Soviet Union's Vega missions were the last to plunge deep into Venus's atmosphere in 1985.
The descent probe itself will be built in-house at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, while Lockheed Martin will supply the aeroshell, heat shield, and a carrier spacecraft to ferry the entry vehicle from Earth to Venus, according to Garvin.
The carrier spacecraft will relay data from the DAVINCI+ descent probe back to Earth. The carrier will not enter orbit around Venus, but will fly by the planet on a trajectory to provide about an hour of solid communications with the entry vehicle.
If the descent probe safely reaches the surface, the mission could return some bonus data. But scientists have not committed to that as part of the DAVINCI+ primary mission.
"We get our own big radio communication system right there at Venus on a trajectory that gives us really favorable communications, a nice long arc that lasts up to an hour or so," Garvin said. "In fact, if it survives surface impact, which we don't know … we could potentially communicate for another 10 or 15 minutes because we would have the comm link. We don't know if that will be possible, and it's not part of our mission, but … we might have that opportunity.
"The spacecraft is thermally conditioned to operate for about an hour-and-a-half," Garvin said. "Once it's down in that hot environment, (the conditions) will eventually get to the point that the electronics of our primary four instruments will not be functional."
The DAVINCI+ carrier spacecraft will have its own science instruments, including a suite of ultraviolet and near-infrared cameras to track cloud motion and measure thermal emissions from the surface.
A technology demonstration package on DAVINCI+ will test the Compact Ultraviolet to Visible Spectrometer, or CUVIS, instrument to study an unknown ultraviolet absorber in Venus's atmosphere that absorbs up to half the incoming solar energy, NASA said.
According to Garvin, assuming DAVINCI+ launches in 2029, the mission will perform two flybys of Venus in 2030 before the returning to the planet in 2031 to release the descent probe.
Artist's concept of the VERITAS spacecraft. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
The other Venus mission, VERITAS, will carry a synthetic aperture radar instrument on an orbiting spacecraft to survey the planet's surface over nearly the entire planet.
"Our goal is to really understand the geologic evolution of Venus, why it's different from the Earth, and try to understand why Venus never developed plate tectonics," said Smrekar, the lead scientist on the VERITAS mission. "How has that affected the evolution of its climate?
"We're looking at the volcanic history trying to understand whether its craters were wiped out by catastrophic volcanism, or whether, or not there's steady, perhaps even Earth-like quantities of volcanism happening today," Smrekar said in an interview. "So we have a lot of different science investigations to follow up on, but our overall goal is to understand the big picture evolution of Venus, and why it's so different from its twin planet."
The VERITAS spacecraft will carry two instruments to Venus.
The primary payload is an X-band synthetic aperture radar to greatly improve the 3D topographic maps produced by the Magellan mission.
"It will create global maps of the surface, a topography map, that has 100 times the resolution of Magellan," Smrekar said.
The radar on VERITAS will produce data with a vertical accuracy of about 16 feet, or 5 meters, and a horizontal resolution of about 100 feet, or 30 meters, on a global scale. About 25% of the surface of Venus will be mapped at about 50-foot, or 15-meter, resolution, according to Smrekar.
"We also do repeat passage interferometry, which will be our first for any planet beyond the Earth," she said. "We basically take radar images separated by about seven months, and then look for deformation between the images.
"We could see volcanic deformations, such as a caldera inflating or deflating," she said. "We could see faulting deformation. There are suggestions that the rifting features on Venus could be active, so we'll be looking for deformation in those kinds of areas. And from (ESA's) Venus Express, we got hints of recent volcanism as well, so we'll check out those areas."
A spectrometer on the VERITAS spacecraft will peer through clouds and measure the composition of Venus's surface. The spectrometer will be tuned to detect iron, among other elements.
"So we'll be able to do things like assess the theory, the hypothesis, that Venus has continent-like features," Smrekar said. "It has these big high plateaus that are highly deformed and are believed to be low in iron content. If that hypothesis is correct, they're basically fingerprints of past water because on the Earth, when continents form, it's basically massive quantities of basalt melting in the presence of water. So they may be basically remnants from Venus's wetter past."
VERITAS will also look for thermal and chemical signatures of recent volcanic eruptions, and search for water that could be spewed out of Venus's interior through volcanoes. If there's evidence of that, it would indicate there must be significant amounts of water in the interior of Venus.
The mission will also help refine estimates of the size of Venus's core, Smrekar said.
She said the VERITAS and DAVINCI+ missions, while developed by separate teams, are "very complementary."
"VERITAS provides the global mapping and context for any of the near-surface measurements that DAVINCI+ will make," Smrekar said. "They will take imaging data as they descend below the cloud deck, so to have those images of areas that we have radar data for will be great ground truth for the radar. We can also provide to them targeting for the most exciting scientific targets."
The spacecraft bus for VERITAS will be manufactured by Lockheed Martin.
The mission's radar will be developed by JPL in partnership with ASI, the Italian space agency. Italy will also provide the mission's high-gain antenna.
DLR, the German space agency, is providing the infrared spectrometer for the VERITAS mission, and will assist in radar data processing. The French space agency, CNES, will provide components for the spacecraft's Ka-band communications system, Smrekar said.
VERITAS will also carry a deep space atomic clock built by JPL as a technology experiment. The atomic clock will help enable autonomous spacecraft maneuvers and enhance radio science observations to study the interior of Venus, NASA said.
Smrekar said the VERITAS mission will take about four months to travel from Earth and enter orbit around Venus.
DAVINCI+ and VERITAS join the successful "Discovery" line of NASA interplanetary missions.
Previous Discovery-class missions included the Dawn spacecraft, which orbited two of the largest objects in the asteroid belt, the Messenger mission to Mercury, and the InSight lander currently listening for seismic activity on Mars. Two Discovery missions selected in 2017 — named Lucy and Psyche — are scheduled for launch in 2021 and 2022 to begin missions focused on asteroid exploration.
"It is astounding how little we know about Venus, but the combined results of these missions will tell us about the planet from the clouds in its sky through the volcanoes on its surface all the way down to its very core," said Tom Wagner, NASA's Discovery program scientist. "It will be as if we have rediscovered the planet."


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The idea of waterbed came from the feeling of comfort when floating on water. The floating fetus inside a womb also served as an inspiration for the making of the waterbed. Sleeping in such a bed definitely simulates the felling of floating. After all, the person is really floating on water having only sheets between them.
The benefits of waterbeds for comfortable sleeping have been in question. Many people believed that a waterbed does not give proper or sufficient support. They thought that a firm mattress is better because of its support. However, studies and experience showed that stiff mattresses especially those that do not even bend when you lie down result to unnecessary pressure points.
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Pressure points are avoided when sleeping on water-filled beds because it simply follows the body contour while also giving support. As a result, individuals who sleep on waterbeds sleep soundly. Even those with sleeping disorders like apnea and insomnia have seen improvement with the help of waterbed. The people who also suffer from rheumatism, arthritis and other musculoskeletal illnesses found relief.
Additionally, pregnant women are also recommended to sleep on this type of bed. The expected mothers generally cannot lie on their stomach and most of them are frustrated due to this limitation. Well, here's a surprise. Waterbed makes it possible for pregnant women to sleep on their stomach. Small waterbeds are likewise recommended to newborn babies especially those who were born prematurely to give the feeling of floating.
With all those benefits of waterbed, one may think that there could be no better place to sleep on than a water-filled bed. On the contrary, waterbed's successor known as air-filled bed proves to be better than its predecessor.
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Iran's Elections: Reformists, Hardliners and the 'Deep State'
February 15, 2016 Topic: Politics Region: Middle East Tags: Iran ElectionPoliticsSecuritySupreme Leader Ayatollah Ali KhameneiMiddle East
February 26 is an important day for Iran—and for the Middle East.
by Muhammad Sahimi
Two highly important nationwide elections will be held in Iran on February 26. They are for the Majles [parliament] and the Assembly of Experts, a constitutional body that appoints the Supreme Leader and can, at least theoretically, fire him as well. The Majles has 290 members, five of whom are reserved for religious minorities. Jews and Zoroastrians elect one representative each, Assyrians elect one, and Armenians vote for two candidates of their own. The Assembly has 88 members. The Majles deputies are elected for a four-year term, whereas members of the Assembly serve for eight years.
Elections in Iran are not democratic and involve several stages. First, the candidates declare their candidacy and register with the ministry of interior. Next, the ministry forms throughout the nation what are called local "executive councils," whose task is to check the qualifications and backgrounds of the candidates. Those that pass the councils' background check move to the next stage in which the Guardian Council, a constitutional body that vets the candidates for almost all the elections, investigates their qualifications. Those that are accepted by the Guardian Council run in the elections.
After the fraudulent presidential elections of 2009 Iran's "deep state"—the secret and semi-secret networks of hardliners in the security, intelligence and the judiciary apparatus who supposedly support the Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei—banned the two major political organizations of the reformists, Islamic Iran Participation Front and the Organization of Islamic Revolution Mojahedin. Ever since, the reformists have been determined to make a political comeback. Thus, a large number of them registered with the ministry of interior to run in the elections this year. Since the executive councils are currently run by the interior ministry, which is controlled by the moderate Hassan Rouhani administration, most candidates passed the first checks. Indeed, over 12,100 had registered to compete for the 290 Majles seats, and the councils accepted the candidacy of over 93 percent of them.
Accepting the vast majority of the candidates by the executive councils angered deeply Iran's deep state. Khamenei and the deep state know that the reformists and moderates could easily win by a landslide in any truly competitive elections. Eight years of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's presidency—one of the darkest periods in Iran's contemporary history during which corruption, mismanagement of the economy, inflation and unemployment were rampant—left no credibility for the hardliners. The crippling economic sanctions imposed on Iran by the United States and its allies almost broke the back of Iran's economy. Thus, candidates that are linked to the deep state would not win any competitive and fair elections.
The deep state is also terrified by President Rouhani's high popularity in the aftermath of the nuclear accord signed between Iran and P5+1 and the recent lifting of the economic sanctions. Khamenei has also been resisting Rouhani's efforts for creating a more open society and giving political space to moderates and the reformists. The deep state has the most to lose, both politically and economically, from any relaxation of the hardliners repressive rule, and in particular holding competitive elections.
Thus, the deep state went to work. Mohammad Hossein Nejat, deputy IRGC chief for cultural and social affairs, declared on January 14 that the executive councils should have disqualified a large number of the candidates, and because they did not, "The Guardian Council must do the job." Other IRGC officers warned against allowing the candidates of "sedition"—the name the hardliners use to refer to the Green Movement—to run in the elections. These warnings were widely interpreted as the deep state's message to the Guardian Council to disqualify the reformist and moderate candidates from running. Even Nejatollah Ebrahimian, the Council's spokesman, criticized such a large number of disqualified candidates, and strongly criticized Ahmad Jannati, the ultra-hardline cleric and Secretary-General of the Guardian Council.
The Guardian Council did not disappoint its masters, the deep state. In its preliminary report three weeks ago it accepted only 42 percent of the candidates. Out of 3,000 reformist candidates exactly 1 percent—30 candidates—was declared qualified. A large number of moderate conservatives were also rejected. In turn, practically all the hardline candidates that are in fact the public face of the deep state were deemed qualified by the Guardian Council. After much debate, protests by President Rouhani and by practically every stratum of the society, public anger and calls for boycotting the elections, the Guardian Council relented somewhat and accepted 55 percent of the candidates. But, once again, none of the leading reformists or even their second tier candidates has been allowed to run.
Although the greater Tehran district elects only 30 Majles deputy, the elections in that district have always had greater weights and symbolic meanings, because Tehran is the political and economic heart of the nation. Various factions of the hardliners linked with the deep state have formed a coalition and just announced their joint list of candidates for Tehran. Roughly half of them belong to Jebheh Paaydaadi [Steadfast Front], an ultra-hardline faction that consists of retired IRGC officers, former members of the hardline Basij militia and followers of the reactionary hardline cleric Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi. Reports from Tehran indicate that the reformists are also trying to develop a list of their candidates for the Greater Tehran district, and have announced formation of a coalition with moderate supporters of President Rouhani in many districts around the nation.
In some sense the elections for the Assembly of Experts are even more important than those for the Majles. The reason is Khamenei's health and the question of his successor. Although there have been rumors for years that Khamenei, 76, has cancer and may pass away soon, there is now credible evidence that he may indeed die some time during the next term of the Assembly. He underwent prostate surgery in September 2014. In a speech to the IRGC officer corps in September of 2015 Khamenei suggested that he may not be around much longer, saying Iran's enemies "are waiting for a time when the nation and system fall asleep, for example in 10 years when I may not be here, to realize their objectives," which he believes are trying to infiltrate Iran to gain influence. Thus, the question of Khamenei's successor has grown greatly. The deep state is trying to ensure that the Assembly will remain under its tight control, when the time comes to select Khamenei's successor.
Over 800 candidates registered with the ministry of interior to compete for the 88 seats of the Assembly. Former President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani who has increasingly allied himself with the reformists and moderates, former reformist President Mohammad Khatami, and President Rouhani encouraged their younger allies to run for the Assembly's elections. In particular, Hassan Khomeini, 44, a grandson of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the founder of the Islamic Republic, who is an ally of the moderates decided to run.
The reformists and moderates were hoping to present to the public a list of their 16 candidates for the Assembly for the province of Tehran, with Rouhani, Rafsanjani and Hassan Khomeini heading the list. They were hoping that if the time for selecting Khamenei's successor arrives, they would be able to influence the selection process. But, the Guardian Council announced on February 10 that it has accepted qualifications of only 161 candidates. There will be no competition in at least six districts, as there is only one candidate for such districts. In particular, the Guardian Council rejected the young Khomeini. Lack of competition in some districts became so embarrassing that the ministry of interior announced that some candidates can switch from their own districts to others where there is less or no competition, in order to make the elections seem more competitive.
The next move by leaders of the reformists, moderates and allied groups has been encouraging the public not to despair and vote in vast numbers, giving lesser known reformists and moderates a better chance of getting elected. The hope is that the majority of the ultra-hardliners can be expelled from the Majles, so that the next parliament will be more supportive of the Rouhani administration.
The reformists and moderates also hope that Rafsanjani and Rouhani will receive the highest number of votes for the Assembly, hence embarrassing Khamenei, the deep state, and their supporters. In the last elections for the Assembly in the fall of 2006, Rafsanjani received the highest number of votes—a defeat for the deep state as it had done what it could to prevent his election.
Akbar Ganji, Iranian investigative journalist and human rights advocate has called on the public not to vote for three leading hardline clerics that are despised by a great majority of the people. The three, known by their Farsi (and English) acronym, JYM, are Jannati, Mohammad Yazdi, the current Chairman of the Assembly, and Mesbah Yazdi. The call quickly spread throughout cyberspace, and has been taken up in Iran by the opposition.
If the trio does not receive enough votes to be elected, then the deep state will have only two choices. It will either have to accept the results, which will be an embarrassing defeat for them and for Khamenei. Such a possibility has terrified the Supreme Leader, to the extent that he has been forced to personally defend them in public speeches. Alternatively, under the guise of "national interests," the deep state may pressure Rouhani and his minister of interior, Abdolreza Rahmani Fazli, to commit fraud—as happened in the presidential elections of 2009—in order to "elect" the JYM trio. That would surely create a huge confrontation between the Rouhani administration and the deep state.

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First Ever Eastern Coatings Show Emphasizes 21st Century Coatings Technology
Hosted by three organizations, the Metropolitan New York Coatings Association, the Philadelphia Society for Coatings Technology and the New England Society for Coatings Technology, the first ever Eastern Coatings Show will be presented at the Taj Mahal Hotel and Resort in Atlantic City, New Jersey, from April 29th to May 2nd, 2013.
A two track series of technical and educational papers will create a more profound understanding of the theory, the science, the manufacturing, and the marketing of coatings. To create an awareness of their improvement performance and functionality beyond the traditional expectation is the prime goal of the presentations.
The topics of the presentations will range from nanotechnology and the coatings world to an analysis of new hybrid molecules to controlling the molecular structure of polymers to formulated nanodispersions to dispersed neoparticles; from new developments in architectural coatings to advances in pigment technologies to meeting the challenges of both the environment and green chemistry.
The many presenters will include Robert McMullin and John Du of BYK USA; Robert A. Iezzi of RAI Technical Solutions, Inc.; Matthew Linares of Evonik-Degussa Corporation; Sudhir Achar and Leo J. Procopio of The Dow Chemical Company; Bridgette M. Budhlall of the University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA; Jennifer Hall of Reichhold, Inc., and Steffen Pilotek of Buhler Inc.
A Trade Show of fifty-one participants will display products and services of various types, all of them integral to the modern coatings industry. Among the exhibitors are Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.; BYK USA Inc.; BASF Corporation and forty-seven other exhibitors will also be showing their wares.
Marketing Opportunities for this Conference and Show are still available. For more information go to: www.easterncoatingsshow.com.
Exhibit space has been sold out; however, a waiting list has been established.
When asked who should attend, Bob Whiteley, an ECS committee member, said, "We expect a wide range of people in attendance at this Show due to the broad spectrum of topics covered in the technical papers as well as an opportunity to interact with suppliers in a more intimate setting. This should be relevant to those in the paints and coatings business as well as other allied industries such as printing inks, adhesives and building and construction chemicals to name a few. One emphasis of the show is a look forward to help with understanding future trends in the market place. This should appeal to everyone."
Architectural Coatings | Breaking News | Color Trends & Forecast | Paint & Coatings Manufacturer News
Nature Inspires Clark+Kensington's 2021 Color Trends
Three curated color palettes available exclusively at Ace Hardware bring sense of a calm home with nature-inspired hues.
'Hear' Valspar's 2021 Colors of the Year with 'Sound of Color' Palette
Valspar is partnering with author, sound therapist and meditation teacher Sara Auster for its 2021 color palette.
Create Balance in Built Environments with Sherwin-Williams 2021 Colormix Forecast Color Collections
Four color collections enhance public and personal spaces through the pulse of color.
Architectural Coatings | Breaking News
Dutch Boy Paints Launches Platinum Plus Cabinet, Door & Trim
The paint is now available exclusively at Menards.
Pantone Announces 2021 Colors of the Year
Radiant Sun and Flint Gray are available exclusively at The Home Depot.
Architectural Coatings | Breaking News | Paint & Coatings Manufacturer News
HMG Decorative Coatings Used in Brewery Expansion
Coating utilizes a silver ion additive which provides lasting and effective protection against harmful bacteria, mold, fungi and viruses.
PPG Completes COLORFUL COMMUNITIES Project at Changxin Community in Changning District of Shanghai
PPG provided more than $63,000 (approximately RMB 416,300) to assist with the project, including nearly 300 gallons (1,135 liters) of SEIGNEURIE exterior paint.
Architectural Coatings | Breaking News | Product news
HMG Paints Launches Next Generation Colorant
The UK's largest independent paint manufacturer HMG Paints has launched its next-generation colorants.
JOHNSTONE'S Brand by PPG Launches Anti-Bacterial Matt Paint
Product restricts bacterial spread throughout home.
Architectural Coatings | Breaking News | People in the News
PPG Appoints Scott Bartlett as VP, Operations, Global Architectural Coatings
Dutch Boy Survey Reveals DIYers Transforming Homes Into Peaceful Retreats
84% of nearly 1,100 Dutch Boy Paints' "2020 Paint Survey" respondents will tackle interior painting projects in the next six months.


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Posts tagged Sachsenhausen
Longing: The Story of the Bracelet
December 2, 2018 Written by Timothy Boyce
"Apart from the already described reactions, the newly arrived prisoner experienced the tortures of other most painful emotions, all of which he tried to deaden. First of all, there was his boundless longing for his home and his family." —Victor Frankl, Man's Search for Meaning
Odd Nansen would certainly agree with Frankl's observation. In the second paragraph of his Foreword, Nansen explained that most of the "private matter" had been cut out of the published version of his diary, but not all: "I couldn't cut it all out, I felt, without taking from the diary too much of its character. For it is the case that a prisoner thinks a great deal about his wife, his children, and home." Indeed, as I write in my Introduction, in many ways From Day to Day can be viewed as one long love letter to Nansen's wife Kari.
Longing suffuses the entire diary. "For more than a week, a fearful week, I had been looking forward to it [a meeting with Kari] and longing for it." (May 7, 1942). "Longing keeps us in life and hope." (January 30, 1944). In the very last diary entry Nansen wrote (April 27-28, 1945), he anguishes that "all I have been longing for for years with all my soul [seemed] more remote than ever."
So, it was with great surprise that, during my recent visit to Oslo, Nansen's granddaughter Anne Greve casually asked me if I knew the background to the bracelet she was wearing? It was a simple silver bracelet, adorned with a common-looking brown stone (there were originally three such stones, but only one remains):
The bracelet
Inside the bracelet Nansen inscribed a simple, heartfelt message for his wife, on the occasion of their sixteenth wedding anniversary:
"Et Griniminne til dig fra mig/Vel ingen sjelden juvel/Men pant på at jeg elsker dig/Av hele min lengtende sjel/Din Odd/Grini 27-8-43"
A partial view of the bracelet's interior
"A Grini memory to you from me/Well no rare jewel/But trust that I love you/With all my longing soul/Your Odd/Grini 27-8-43"
According to Anne, Nansen's wife Kari wore it constantly throughout her life, and now Anne does as well:
Anne Greve modeling the bracelet
Readers of the diary know that the portion which covers August 27, 1943 was unfortunately lost, so we'll never know what thoughts or feelings, if any, Nansen recorded on that date. We do know what he wrote on the following anniversary, while in Sachsenhausen: "Sunday, August 27, 1944. Our wedding day! Seventeen years! . . . Life has been good to us after all. The wealth it has given us in these seventeen years no one can take from us. It is of eternity and will never die, even though we should never meet again."
Grini, Odd Nansen, Victor Frankl
A Special Visit to Norway
November 18, 2018 Written by Timothy Boyce
I've just returned from a magical trip to Oslo, Norway to help celebrate the 90th birthday of Marit Greve, Odd Nansen's eldest child.
The outbound voyage went without a hitch. My airplane seat had a nifty video screen which showed my position in flight at all times. I checked the flight stats while passing over Newfoundland (which is appropriate, as Newfoundland boasts the presence of L'Anse aux Meadows, the Vikings' first settlement in the New World). Altitude: 38,366 feet; temperature: -58°F. I realized that even seven miles above the tundra of Newfoundland in November, the temperature was still warmer than some of the temps faced by Fridtjof Nansen during his polar exploration. Hats off to that man!
Oslo was rainy and cold upon arrival, and remained that way for the duration of the trip. As Preben Johannessen, Marit's son-in-law, reminded me in a ditty which he claims he learned from Marit:
No Sun/No Moon/No Dawn/No Noon/No-vember.
But, as the Norwegians are quick to point out, there is no bad weather, just the wrong clothes, and so I, and everyone else in Oslo, just powered through. What was a bit more difficult to overcome was that sunrise (per the weather app, not personal experience) was 8:14 am and sunset at 3:47 pm—this more than a month before the winter solstice.
As mentioned, the highlight of the trip, indeed its primary purpose, was to celebrate Marit's birthday—she turned 90 on November 8. Marit was born in Brooklyn, NY, in 1928, and I maintain that, if you listen very carefully, you can still detect a Brooklyn accent trying to be heard under her Norwegian lilt.
Marit appears many times in Odd Nansen's World War II diary. On her birthday in 1944 Nansen recorded this:
"Marit's Birthday. When I was arrested, she was only just thirteen and a little girl. Now she is sixteen and a woman. It's strange. She herself assures me so sweetly and eagerly, in the letter I had from her, that she hasn't grown away from me. But the whole letter shows that she has. Poor little Marit, she can't help it. And besides it's not to oblige their parents that children live their lives. But all the same I miss you badly, my little "fishergirl,"* and if you sometimes miss your daddy too, my wish is only that it may be a blessing for us both."
I can relate that seventy-four years later, Marit still hasn't grown away from her father.
Fittingly, the birthday party was held on the deck of the Fram, the ship which Marit's grandfather, Fridtjof Nansen, had constructed in 1892 to carry him to, and over, the polar ice cap. (Things did not work out precisely as planned, but Fridtjof Nansen nevertheless pushed farther north than any human had up to that point.) The Fram is now well ensconced in its own museum on the island of Bygdøy. [Perhaps someday Marit will merit her own museum; after all, the ship is only 36 years older than she is.] Marit's family composed their own song to celebrate Marit's achievement—here are her daughters Kari and Anne, sons-in-law Einar and Preben, and grandchildren Christian, Jacob and Mattias, serenading Marit from the quarterdeck, all presided over by the polar maestro himself, Fridtjof Nansen:
I enjoyed the chance to meet many of Marit's friends and family relations. Of particular interest to me was seeing Robert Bjørka again. Robert, who turned 98 on November 9, was a personal friend of Odd Nansen's. An architect like Nansen, he was arrested March 1, 1943, and spent the remainder of the war in Sachsenhausen as well. His memory is undimmed over the 75 years since he was sent to the concentration camp.
Marit received many lovely gifts, including what appeared to be a lifetime supply of champagne. My gift to her was a bit more prosaic— an apron, but one that carried what I felt was an appropriate message: "I just turned 90. What have you done today?" Here we are together showing off her latest acquisition:
Two days later, Marit and I toured several venues to discuss future book tour possibilities. Tuesday, my final day in town, was a day to relax, but in some ways it turned out to be the most interesting of all to me. Marit shared with me many of Odd Nansen's personal papers, including diaries he wrote as early as 1918 (when only 16 years old), and more importantly, ones he kept in 1940, 1941 and 1942. It was truly special to hear Marit translate the diary entry Nansen wrote immediately following the German invasion of Norway (9 April 1940), or the last one he wrote as a free man, on January 4, 1942. Nine days later, Nansen was taken away "for questioning" and never saw freedom again until the closing days of World War II. Indeed, it was an honor and a privilege to hold "history" in my hands.
The following day I began the grueling 14 ½ hour return voyage, but the memories of this visit; the chance to celebrate Marit's special birthday with family and friends; the stories Marit shared with me of her father and of life under the occupation; the encouraging results of our book tour meetings, all made for an unforgettable trip. Many thanks to Marit and her family for their warm hospitality. Congratulations again Marit, and Skål!
*If you want to understand the significance of "fishergirl" you will just have to read the diary.
[Coming soon: The story of the bracelet.]
Fram, Fridtjof Nansen, Marit Greve, Odd Nansen
October 10, 1861: Fridtjof Nansen is Born
October 10, 2018 Written by Timothy Boyce
Today is Fridtjof Nansen's 157th birthday. I recently revisited the incredible account of his quest for the North Pole, Farthest North, in anticipation of a lecture I gave on the same subject. The last time I had read it was back in 2010, soon after I first discovered Odd Nansen's diary and decided to get it re-published. At the time Fridtjof Nansen's exploits were totally new to me.
During my years of research on Odd Nansen I was frequently struck by the amazing similarities between Odd Nansen's use of words and his father's. In my introduction to From Day to Day I wrote, "both father and son shared similar ideas and often used eerily similar language to express themselves." Throughout the text I highlight those instances of shared expression.
What struck me much more forcefully during this second reading of Farthest North was the growing sense of desperation Fridtjof Nansen experienced during his expedition, especially when he abandoned the safety of his ship, the Fram, and attempted, with only one other companion, some sled dogs, sledges and kayaks, to not only reach the North Pole, but then to return on the much longer trip back to civilization. After traveling for less than one month, Nansen concluded that his slow progress over rough ice and snow meant that he could not reach his goal with the food and daylight remaining, and he turned south.
This is when the real challenge began. Heading toward "the recently discovered and sketchily mapped" Franz Joseph Land, Nansen and Hjalmar Johansen encountered all sorts of difficulties. Here's what Nansen confided to his diary on May 17, 1895 (May 17 being a particularly important date in the Norwegian calendar):
"And here we are in drifting ice, not knowing exactly where we are, uncertain as to our distance from an unknown land, and where we hope to find means of sustaining life and thence carve our way on towards home, with two teams of dogs whose number and strength diminish day by day, with ice and water between us and our goal which may cause us untold trouble, with sledges which now, at any rate, are too heavy for our own powers. We press laboriously onward mile by mile; and meanwhile, perhaps, the drift of the ice is carrying us westward out to sea, beyond the land we are striving for."
Almost two months later (July 11, 1895), nothing had improved:
"No sign of land in any direction and no open water, and now we should be in the same latitude as Cape Fligely, or at most a couple of minutes farther north. We do not know where we are, and we do not know when this will end. Meanwhile our provisions are dwindling day by day, and the number of our dogs is growing seriously less. Shall we reach land while we yet have food, or shall we, when all is said, ever reach it? It will soon be impossible to make any way against this ice and snow. The latter is only slush; the dogs sink through at every step, and we ourselves splash through it up above our knees when we have to help the dogs or take a turn at the heavy sledges, which happens frequently. It is hard to go on hoping in such circumstances, but still we do so; though sometimes, perhaps, our hearts fail us when we see the ice lying before us like an impenetrable maze. . . ."
Nansen would ultimately reach land before winter began—but too late to reach civilization, necessitating overwintering for another eight months in sub-zero temperatures in a primitive hut constructed of stone walls and a roof made of polar bear and walrus hides.
In June 1896, just days before Nansen accidentally stumbled upon Englishman Frederick Jackson, and rescue, he had one final, terrible ordeal—jumping into the frigid waters to retrieve the kayaks which had drifted away from shore. Nansen wrote: "when the gusts of wind came they seemed to go right through me as I stood there in my thin, wet woolen shirt. I shivered, my teeth chattered, and I was numb almost all over."
Forty-seven years later, Odd Nansen stood out on the appellplatz—the roll call square—of Sachsenhausen, observing Christmas Day. He wrote: "I stood there [in the square] a long, long time; how long I don't know. . . . Certainly I shed a few tears, pitiful and lost in my rags, out there in the dark."
Odd Nansen
I have often wondered how Odd Nansen kept going when things seemed to be at their bleakest, and the war dragged interminably on. What resources did he draw upon? He must have been well aware of his father's exploits, and undoubtedly knew the story of Farthest North quite well. When his heart failed, did he recall his own father's struggles—against doubt, uncertainty, the unknown, the long odds facing him, and find the inspiration he needed, like his father, to prevail?
Farthest North and From Day to Day, both based on diaries, together show how a person can prevail against even the toughest challenges, one created by Mother Nature, the other by the evil nature of man. They both need to be read, and re-read, for their inspiring lessons.
Fridtjof Nansen, North Pole, Odd Nansen
THE Book Tour (Part II): Serendipity Again
July 6, 2018 Written by Timothy Boyce
Most of my blog readers already know of my friend Siri Svae Fenson. Previously I had written about her uncle, Hjalmar Svae, described by Odd Nansen as "a fine type of Norwegian patriot." Svae, along with two other Norwegians, had attempted to escape to Great Britain from Norway in a stolen German motorboat in August 1941. Unfortunately, the engine quit before they reached their goal, and the ocean current carried the boat all the way back to Denmark where they were captured, arrested, and sentenced to death. Svae then undertook a second, even more dangerous, but ultimately successful, escape attempt from prison.
The story is told more fully here. (A second blog involving Siri's family is told here.)
When Siri learned that I would be speaking at the Sons of Norway Sixth District Convention in Rohnert Park, CA, in June, she graciously invited me to stay with her and her husband Max, since they lived in nearby Santa Rosa, CA.
Siri and Max proved to be wonderful hosts, and Siri even organized a meeting at her home of the local Sons of Norway chapter (Freya Lodge) so I could share Nansen's story in a relaxed setting.
Me, Siri and Max Fenson at an Indian restaurant, Santa Rosa, CA
I took leave of Siri and Max on Monday evening, June 11. Fast forward a mere three days, and I am now arriving at the Norwegian Club of San Francisco for dinner and a presentation on the evening of the 14th.
[The Norwegian Club of San Francisco has a venerable history itself. It was founded in 1898 in anticipation of a visit from the great polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen (Odd's father) who was on a speaking tour following his record-setting attempt on the North Pole. The talk never took place, as Nansen's plans changed, but the club has remained active ever since. Moreover, when Roald Amundsen (who would be the first to reach the South Pole in 1911) successfully navigated the Northwest Passage (another first) in 1906, he celebrated his three-and-a-half-year feat in San Francisco, with the Norwegian Club. As a result, the club possesses a priceless collection of artifacts from the trip and from Amundsen's ship, the Gjøa, now on permanent display in Oslo. The club also hosted Thor Heyerdahl and crew upon the completion of their famous Kon-Tiki expedition.]
Now, back to the main story. It is approximately 6:45pm at the Club, and I'm setting up my books, checking the projection equipment, etc., as guests continue to file in. At one point a member enters, introduces herself as Helene Sobol, and mentions how excited she is to hear my presentation—after all, her father was also a prisoner in Sachsenhausen during the war. That was certainly enough to get my attention. Her father's name? "Bjørn Fraser." Let's check the Index to see if he is mentioned in the diary. Sure enough, he is, on pages 87, 96, 111, 120 and 123. Let's pursue this a bit further.
Well, it turns out that Bjørn Fraser and Hjalmar Svae were on the same boat that never arrived in England. There were only three men involved in the theft and escape—Fraser, Svae and a man named Per Birkevold. Approximately 40,000 Norwegians were arrested by the Nazis and their sympathizers during the war. What are the chances of meeting—less than one week apart—the relatives of two of the three members of an event so audacious that Odd Nansen spends considerable time in his diary describing their "crime," and then worrying about their fate?!? And that those two relatives live less than an hour away from each other?
Serendipity seems to be one of my favorite words these days, but I really don't know how else to describe all the coincidences/connections that almost continually pop-up in my journey to share Nansen's story. I've even written a blog about serendipity (here). Needless to say, meeting both Siri and Helene were some of the biggest highlights of my book tour. Helene's sister still lives in Norway, as does Siri's cousin—Hjlamar's daughter Kirsti. I foresee connections being made in both America and Norway!
Despite receiving a death sentence, and despite Nansen's conclusion that "They can't have much chance to speak of," Bjørn Fraser, like Hjalmar Svae, led something of a charmed life. He not only survived the war when his sentence was reduced to ten years at hard labor, but later rose to become brigadier-general in the Norwegian Air Force, and also served as an aide-de-camp to King Olav V (who in turn was a schoolmate of Odd Nansen). After our wonderful meeting, Helene later wrote to me, in part: "I was particularly touched by Nansen's worry that my father had been shot, something that thankfully turned out to be false, or I would not have been born! His praise of my father . . . as [a] great patriot touched my heart." Here's a photo Helene shared, showing her father, on the far left, and King Olav V in the center, as Olav takes his oath upon becoming king in 1957:
Bjørn Fraser at King Olav V's oath to the Norwegian Constitution, 1957
It was truly an honor to share a meal and discuss Nansen's diary at the Norwegian Club, following in the footsteps of the great Amundsen, Heyerdahl, and the even the ghost of Fridtjof Nansen. By the way, the third member of the "boat gang," Per Birkevold, also sentenced to death, also managed to survive until war's end. At this point I will be rather disappointed if I don't meet up with a Birkevold relative in the near future……….
Bjørn Fraser, Norwegian Club of SF, Odd Nansen


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What it means to be a CASA volunteer
When a child enters the foster care system because his or her home is no longer safe, a judge may appoint a committed volunteer to help them. That volunteer is called a Court Appointed Special Advocate®, or CASA.
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Voz de Niños continues to provide valuable volunteer advocacy for every abused child in this area. CASA volunteers serve as the "eyes and ears" for the judge in child welfare cases. This includes researching each child's situation and making objective recommendations to help them reclaim their childhoods from abuse and neglect. CASA volunteers are frequently the only stable presence in these children's lives as they navigate the foster care system.
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"To give a child a CASA is to give them a voice. To give them a voice is to give them hope. And to give them hope is to give them the world. I believe that with all my heart."
- Pamela Butler, former foster youth
Voz de Niños Mission
Voz de Niños advocates for the best interests of abused and neglected children in the court system through the training and support of community volunteers.
CASA Volunteers Make A Difference
About Voz de Niños
CASA (Court Appointed Special Advocates) is a national volunteer movement founded in 1977. Voz de Niños is a member of the National and Texas CASA Associations. There are more than 1,000 CASA programs nationwide and 73 CASA programs in the state of Texas.
© 2016 Voz de Niños | A member of the National Court Appointed Special Advocates® Association
5702 Mcpherson Rd. Suite 16 MAP
Phone: 956-727-8691 | Fax: 956-725-7557 | Email: info@vozdeninos.org


This page shows you how to make your hair braids or hair wraps into beaded braids by adding pony beads to the end.
You will need some beads with large enough holes to fit onto your braids or wraps. Pony beads work well, and you may find others that fit your wrap. look for beads with holes about 4mm in diameter.
You will also need something to help you thread the beads onto the hair braid. You may have a bead threader which is usually a plastic tool with a loop. If not, you can thread your beads onto the hair wrap using a short piece of thread or thin wire.
Fold the wire or thread in half and wrap it around the threads at the end of the hair braid.
Now poke the ends of the short thread through the bead.
Pull the ends of the short thread to pull all the threads through the hole of the bead.
Add another bead if you want.
Pull the threads righ through the beads.
Push the beads up onto the braid. Be careful! If the beads are a very tight fit and you force them on they may damage the braid.
Make a knot in the threads below the braid.
and down on the side of the braid closest to your hand (not closest to the fingertip).
Now grasp the threads between your finger and thumb. Pull the loop off your finger and over onto your thumb.
Pull all the threads through the loop.
Before you pull the knot tight, slide it to the end of the braiding.
And finally trim it. Don't cut too close to the knot or your hair wrap may come undone.
Here's your finished braid with the beads added!


For over 30 years, MilesTek has been your complete source for the design and production of MIL-STD-1553B devices and supporting equipment. MilesTek also has one of the largest stocks of Trompeter/ Cinch Connectivity Solutions products in the world. We can also provide design assistance, component sourcing and custom harness assembly. We share the belief that "flexibility is the key to airpower", so we will accommodate small and large volume production runs. Please remember that if you have a special request or custom design, we can accommodate you. MilesTek understands "mission critical". We are proud of our worldwide reputation for quick RFQ turnovers, bus coupler designs, and production timelines. Don't forget to order cable assemblies, terminators, dust caps and other accessories. Stock items can ship same day.
MilesTek stocks and offers the industry's most complete line of data bus couplers for MIL-STD 1553B, including box-style and in-line coupler designs. Configurations include one through eight stub box style couplers, one through four stub inline couplers and bus couplers kits.
MilesTek manufactures and stocks complete cable assemblies for data bus applications. These assemblies are built with standard and high-temperature twinaxial cable, standard plugs and right-angle plugs, solder/ clamp or full crimp design, with or without bend reliefs, and bus scope test cables (that combine one center twinax cable and two coax cables).
Bus terminators (78 ohm) are used at the end of each bus. Stub terminators (1000-3000 ohm) are used to simulate a future load from an unspecified device. Alternate terminators are available for laboratory use.
Standard interseries TRB adapters are used to convert connection genders (i.e. male to female), extend the physical distance with cable assemblies, or both.
MilesTek stocks and offers solder/ clamp and full crimp TRB Connectors for the most popular 1553B Twinax cables, including (but not limited to) standard and right-angle male plugs, standard and bulkhead female jacks (insulated, non-insulated, feedthru, solder pot, and cable entry). Our large inventory allows for same day shipment of in-stock items.
Eliminate the task of manually switching cables using MilesTek Relay Devices. These act as on-off switches to connect and disconnect individual remote terminals or entire bus segments to/ from a bus network. Relay devices will reduce long-term wear and tear on data bus couplers and cables.
These standard test cable assemblies are designed for implementation in laboratories and testing facilities. MilesTek also handles custom lengths for each assembly leg upon request.
MilesTek stocks and offers both PVC (30-02001) and PFA (Teflon®) (M17/176-00002) jacketed Twinax Cable for lab and high temperature applications, respectively. Bulk spool reels and cut-to-length quantities are available for same day shipment.
RFI dust caps are used for protect open stub and bus jacks from dust, corrosion and radio-frequency interference. These dust caps are particularly useful in laboratory and long-term storage environments.
Center contact crimp tools, center contact positioners, bushing & shield crimp tool handles, die sets and M17/176-00002 cable splicing equipment can be found in this section (all sold separately).
MilesTek is the largest factory authorized distributor in the industry, and with over 30 years of experience with Trompeter products from Cinch Connectivity Solutions, we can help you find the best product for your application needs.
We have one of the largest inventories of Trompeter products in the world, and are always ready and able to offer complete application support with seasoned technical knowledge that remains unrivaled anywhere else. If the product you are looking for is not listed on our website, please feel free to give us a call – we are always glad to hear from you.


The first Veda was composed around 3500 years ago. There are four Vedas, viz. Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Athravaveda. Out of them, the Rigveda was the first Veda to be composed.
Rigveda contains more than 1000 hymns and each hymn is called 'sukta'. The term 'sukta' means well said. These hymns are in praise of gods.
Three main gods have been mentioned in the Rigveda. Agni is the god of fire, Indra is the god of rains and Soma was named after a plant. This plant was used for making a special drink.
The hymns in the Rigveda show the importance of rain and fire for the people. We know that rain is required for good harvest. Rain is also necessary for getting adequate drinking water. Fire is useful for cooking and for various other purposes.
The hymns were composed by sages (rishi); who were highly learned men. Some of the hymns were also composed by women. An older form of Sanskrit was used for writing the Rigvedas. The Sanskrit which we use today is entirely different from the Sanskrit in the Rigveda.
Indo-European Family: German, French, English, Spanish, Greek, Sanskrit, Hindi, Bangla, Assamese, Gujarati, Sindhi, Punjabi, etc. belong to this family.
Tibeto-Burman Family: Languages of this family are spoken in the north-eastern part of India.
Dravidian Family: Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam belong this family.
Austro-Asiatic Family: Languages of this family are spoken by tribes in Jharkhand and in some parts of central India.
The people of that period lived in an area where rivers were present.
Horses and cows were important animals for people.
Chariot was being used for transportation.
Wading through a river was probably the only means to cross it. There must have been risk to life while crossing a river.
The Rigveda mentions Indus and its tributaries. River Saraswati has also been mentioned in the Rigveda. The Ganges and the Yamuna are mentioned only once in the Rigveda. Based on this information, we can make some conclusions. Most of the people lived near the Indus and its tributaries; when the Rigveda was composed. But people were also aware about the Ganges and the Yamuna.


A sedimentary rock formed in layers of calcium carbonate deposits and shells of sea organisms. Some fissures and minerals will be evident but these only add to the beauty of the material.
Here the stone is literally tumbled to help produce a more aged and 'worn in' appearance.
If being used on a wall, please consider the weight of the tile.
The sample is a 10x10cm cut section of the tile.


ANA Holdings Inc. has invested in PD Aerospace Ltd., a Japanese company developing a craft to take people into space as early as 2023 that aims to rival Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic Ltd.
The airline, Japan's largest by sales, invested ¥20.4 million ($179,000) into PD Aerospace in October, while H.I.S. Co., the nation's largest publicly listed travel agent by sales, invested ¥30 million at the same time, the companies said in a joint statement with PD Aerospace Thursday.
PD Aerospace, founded in 2007, is vying with billionaire Branson's commercial space company Virgin Galactic and Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos's Blue Origin to ferry individuals to the edge of space in reusable craft. The Japanese company is first developing a smaller unmanned craft and will then build a ship capable of carrying as many as eight people 100 kilometers above the Earth.
"We need bigger investments in the future," PD Aerospace President Shuji Ogawa told reporters in Tokyo. Creating a space craft is "taking longer than planned because we didn't have the funds," he said.
The company is aiming to start commercial flights with a manned craft in December 2023, it said in the statement. Its website listed 2020 as the targeted year.
Virgin Galactic's program had ran into difficulty, with SpaceShipTwo breaking up in mid-air in 2014, while Bezos's offering has successfully fired and landed its craft.
Virgin Galactic said earlier this year that it had almost 700 bookings at $250,000 a ticket. The cost could fall to less than $100,000 if other entrepreneurs can successfully create competing flight programs, stimulating demand and pushing down prices.


text:
Global Harmony in a Divided World
Performance Season
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Home /About /Artistic Staff
Artistic Director — Mark Vogel
A recent arrival to Houston, Mark Vogel has quickly established himself in this city's vibrant musical culture. In addition to his position as Artistic Director of International Voices Houston, he is also Music Director at First Unitarian Universalist Church of Houston in the Museum District, and Pianist at Congregation Beth Israel. In the Spring of 2016 he also held the position of Interim Artistic Director of The Woodlands Chorale.
Mark Vogel recently relocated from Washington, D.C., where for nine years he was an active music director and pianist, performing at such venues as the Kennedy Center, Strathmore Concert Hall, National Cathedral, Wolf Trap Performing Arts Center, and the Library of Congress. He has performed with ensembles including Washington Master Chorale, the Fairfax Chamber Ensemble, Washington Men's Camerata, Aurora Opera, the Washington Ballet Orchestra, the Army Chorus, Woodley Ensemble, Vienna Choral Society, and more.
Mark Vogel's passion for performing is equaled only by his love of teaching. In the Spring of 2016, he taught at Lone Star College-North Harris as Interim Director of Choirs and Professor of Music. His extensive musical training includes a master's degree in piano performance from Manhattan School of Music studying with Ruth Laredo, and a bachelor's degree in piano performance from the University of Iowa studying with Rene Lecuona.
Associate Conductor — Adrian Rodriguez
As a conductor-teacher and scholar, Adrian O. Rodriguez facilitates performance and learning for a wide range of ages, abilities, and musical settings. He currently serves as the Director of Choirs at Stephen F. Austin High School (Sugar Land, TX) where he leads four choirs, teaches AP Music Theory, and acts as music director for the musical theater program. Additionally, Adrian holds appointments as Director of Music at Emerson Unitarian Universalist Church and Associate Conductor of International Voices Houston.
Adrian is an active choral clinician and consultant in Southeast Texas and has presented at annual conferences for the Texas Music Educators Association and the Texas Choral Directors Association. His academic interests include empowering pedagogical practices; community, culture, and identity in music ensembles; and building choral sound.
Adrian received his Masters of Music Education from the Westminster Choir College (Princeton, NJ) where he studied choral pedagogy and his Bachelors of Music in Music Education from the University of Houston. His professional affiliations include the American Choral Directors Association, National Association for Music Educators, Texas Music Educators Association, Texas Choral Directors Association, and Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia.
Accompanist — Paul Butt
Paul was born in Alaska, grew up in Oregon, and now lives in Houston. He began studying music seriously when he was awarded lessons from the American Guild of Organists in high school.
He attended Lewis and Clark College in Portland, Or., and graduated with a degree in piano performance. He moved to Houston to attend Rice University and graduated with a master's degree in organ performance.
He has played for choirs on tour in Ireland, France, Austria, and Italy, and most enjoyed playing for choral events at St. Patrick's, Dublin, and Notre Dame and La Madeleine, Paris. He has been a musician for Lutheran, Methodist, Christian Science, Presbyterian, Church of Christ, Disciples of Christ, and Episcopal churches.
He is presently organist and choirmaster of St. Timothy's Episcopal Church, Lake Jackson. He has been accompanying International Voices Houston since 2007.
International Voices Houston
Email: info@voiceshouston.org
© 2018 International Voices Houston. All rights reserved


Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday 09:00a.m. – 09:00p.m.
Sunday, Holidays 11:00a.m. – 08:00p.m.
Located just a few minutes' walk from Ebisu Station is one of the healthiest places in town: Marugo Deli, a wonderfully neighborly, lively, and unique fresh food and juice store. Originally a coffee and fresh juice stand bar in Okayama, the Ebisu store has elevated the art of nourishing drinks to a wholesome lifestyle.
Everything about this tiny corner shop feels stress-free and friendly, from the hand-chalked menus and signs offering fresh fruits and vegetables, specialty organic coffees, organic snacks, and superfood selections to the smiling staff behind the counter who prepare it all for you.
Walking into organic juice cafe Marugo Deli Ebisu, amidst fully-stocked shelves and customers relaxing at quaint wooden tables and handmade driftwood benches, you'll feel welcome in the sense of no-rush, slow-food satisfaction. Looking at the menu, you'll be tempted by a variety of colourful healthy-looking and sounding seasonal drinks, organic granola dishes, and even organic beer. Taking a look around the store, indeed, will immediately impress the fact that Marugo Deli is serious about healthy products, quality service, and the aim for a well-balanced lifestyle.
Owner-and-operator, Kazumi Hashimoto, started organic juice cafe Marugo Deli Ebisu in 2011. Her husband, Kiyoshi, who runs Healthy Partner Juzu next door, wanted to expand his hemp clothing business by adding nutritious food and drinks to the mix. Of course, organic hemp food products play a big part at Marugo Deli; you can try their hemp cookies and smoothies or purchase organic hemp seeds and oil.
It's really quite amazing what you can discover there, including homemade peanut butter to organic bananas and incredibly appetizing salads and sandwiches. You can certainly rest assured that Marugo Deli's foods and drinks contain no preservatives or additives. In addition, they strive to use only environmentally friendly materials – even their in-store speakers are made from gourds. Marugo Deli's philosophy is to create a place and atmosphere where you can truly feel at rest and peace of mind.
Open seven days a week, you can eat in or take away.


As violence flared in the Ituri province this weekend, a team of UN peacekeepers partner with a local women's organisation to provide hygiene, medical and nutritional care to orphaned, vulnerable and abandoned children and elderly people at the shelter in Nyiragongo Chafferie of Munigi.
He said that past experience had led him to believe that worse was still come.
"Yesterday, I travelled from Paidha to Bunia going through Mahagi, Djugu. It was risky to have taken that route at this moment. It has allowed me to see how people are going through a real stressing and traumatic situation. The happy villages and towns of Libi, Fataki, Pimbo are almost lifeless.
Dozens of people have been killed in increasing levels of violence in the Ituri province since January. Homes have been burnt, many people have been forcibly displaced, and women and girls have been subjected to sexual violence.
"I am deeply shocked by this latest attack which has targeted civilians, and that the majority of the victims were women and children," the UN Secretary General's representative in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Leila Zerrougui, said. "I express my sincere condolences to the families of the victims and those affected by this horrifying act.
At the end of February, the Democratic Republic of Congo and South Sudan were the subject of an international ecumenical prayer focus, after a call for a day of prayer and fasting by Pope Francis was endorsed by leaders of other churches, including a number of senior Anglican bishops and archbishops.


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United States > New York > New York City (NYC) > Hotels in New York City > Waldorf Towers
100 E 50TH St, New York City, NY 10022
Map of Waldorf Towers and recommended places nearby
1. Museum of Modern Art
2. Gray Line New York Tours
3. Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum
4. Museum of Arts and Design
5. Whitney Museum of American Art
6. Isamu Noguchi Garden Museum
7. Al Hirschfeld Theatre
8. Asia Society and Museum
9. Museum of American Illustration
10. American Craft Museum
1. Jean George
2. Felidia
3. Sparks Steak House
4. 21 Club
5. The Four Seasons
6. Molyvos
7. Shun Lee Palace
8. Serendipity 3
9. Grand Central Oyster Bar
10. Gramercy Tavern
Show more restaurants
1. Hotel 31 $155
2. W New York Times Square $299
3. The Muse $299
4. W New York $239
5. Novotel New York $209
6. Radisson Lexington Hotel New York $289
7. Sofitel New York Hotel $289
8. Wingate Inn Manhattan Mid town $145
9. The Waldorf=Astoria $209
10. The Helmsley Park Lane Hotel $299
Waldorf Towers - Hotel Reviews from across the web
Anybody who is or ever was somebody has stayed at The Waldorf Towers, which occupy the 27th through 42nd floors of The Waldorf=Astoria (that includes the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, Cary Grant, Cole Porter and several American presidents). It offers three different types of accommodations, all deco...
gayot.com
The Waldorf Towers, a Conrad Hotel, is New York's premier boutique hotel. Guests enter through a private entrance on 50th Street just steps off Park Avenue. This quiet enclave encompasses the 28th through 42nd floors of the world famous WaldorfAstoria° The Waldorf Towers affords guests an except...
gotrump.com
Peerless elegance, exceptional privacy, highly personalized service and an elite clientele of discerning individuals are all hallmarks of The Waldorf Towers, New York's premier boutique hotel, where you can truly experience the luxury of being yourself. For business or pleasure, the hotel's spacious...
If reputation matters more to you than reality, you´ll love it - user review
Got out of taxi, bellman wasn't interested in me, only in putting someone else in the taxi I got out of in order to collect his tip. So I dragged my luggage to the world's most insolent checkin woman who plainly wasn't interest...
The Waldorf Towers, New York.......Serf´s Up - user review
My father and I visited the Waldorf Towers before leaving on a trip to Russia. I booked a suite through American Express Platinum Travel during a special promotion promising suites for the double rate. Somehow, ...
Electrical nightmares - user review
Everything was going well until Wednesday, April 11. I was in the elevator going to breakfast, and it stopped (10:10am). I was stuck on the elevator for a couple of minutes, inbetween the floors. VERY Scary! All I got in response was mumbling on the speaker while the elevator was stuck. I went down ...
Can't wait to go back! - user review
This was the second time that we stayed in the Waldorf Towers. The one bedroom (2 beds) suite was beautiful and well appointed with a parlor. The oversized rooms were spacious for the 4 of us. The large dressing room outside the enormous bathroom was unexpected! Three large closets! The experience w...
Convenient location for sightseeing - user review
With only a 2 block walk to Rockefeller Center, the hotel was a pleasant retreat from the hustle and bustle of the 5th Avenue area, yet walking distanct to many attractions. The room was spacious, but a little tired and in need ...
No title - user review
Great Midtown location, close to Central Park and Times Square, but not so close as to be a nuisance. Excellent Concierge services. Can be a bit stuffy in the courte...
mytravelguide.com
It's immaculate, friendly staff, great location. It's expensive, but if you're willing to splurge, definitel...
Meimarides Despo - user review
i liked the hotel rooms and decoration the amenities the possibility to have breakfast on the 26th floor and all the environment. i find it an ideal gift to my husband for our w...
travel.yahoo.com
Waldorf Towers (New York City, NY) - Hotel Reviews - TripAdvisor
We stayed at the Waldorf Towers for our 10th wedding anniversary and from the moment we arrived everything was amazing and the staff couldn't do enough to help us. The location is great, the staff were great, the suite was beautiful, comfortable and spotlessly clean. Room service was delivered quick...
Waldorf Towers New York Overview - Yahoo! Travel Guide UK
hotel is, the separate tower that rises above it is arguably even more impressive. Waldorf Towers is on the 26th to 42nd floors, with its own entrance, lobby, private key-lock elevator, complimentary services, refreshments and security. Since 1931, it has been home to visiting royalty, presidents an...
uk.holidaysguide.yahoo.com
The Waldorf Towers, A Conrad Hotel [New York City, NY]- Hotel Reviews - MyTravelGuide.com
This quiet enclave encompasses the 28th through 42nd floors of the world famous Waldorf=Astoria. The Waldorf Towers affords guests an exceptional degree of privacy, highly personalized service and easy access to all of the Wa...
The Waldorf Towers, A Conrad Hotel- New York City, NY - VirtualTourist.com
The Waldorf Astoria has been famous in the entire world during a century, since is one of the first large hotels that combines luxurious elegance with thousands of services and comforts. With an exceptional reputation by its incomparable hospitality and service, this monumental building of style art...
The Waldorf Towers | Hotel / Motel | Places to Stay in New York City, New York | Travel | Disney Family.com
This exclusive enclave occupies the upper floors of the Waldorf-Astoria two blocks from Fifth Avenue and Rockefeller Center and four blocks from the Broadway ...
family.go.com
Waldorf Towers hotel, New York hotels, New York hotels, USA hotels, Manhattan hotels, Soho hotels, NY hotels, NYC hotels - Dilos Holiday World
A variety of restaurants are available from; Peacock Alley specialises in seasonal cuisine from Gascone and Basque regions, The Bull and Bear for the finest steaks, chops and seafood, Oscar's for all-day continental dining, Inagiku serving authentic Japanese cuisine in an elegant setting, Cocktail T...
dilos.com
The Ritz-Carlton, Battery Park
Trump International Hotel and Tower
New York Palace Hotel
The Bryant Park Hotel
60 Thompson New York City
Excelsior Hotel Manhattan
W New York Union Square
Hotel Plaza Athenee
The St Regis
Mandarin Oriental, New York
The Premier Hotel
Lower East Side Tenement Museum
Hayden Planetarium
> Restaurants nearby
Katz's Delicatessen
Felidia
Sparks Steak House
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