text:
\section{Introduction}

Radial abundance gradients in the galactic disk and their time
variations are among the main constraints of chemical evolution
models for the Milky Way. These gradients can be determined from
a variety of objects, such as HII regions, cepheid variables,
open clusters and planetary nebulae (PN). In a recent series of
papers, Maciel et al. (\cite{mcu}, \cite{mlc1}, \cite{mlc2})
estimated the time variation of the radial abundance gradients
taking into account a large sample of PN for which abundances
of O/H, S/H, Ne/H and Ar/H have been derived. Based on individual
estimates of the progenitor star ages, it was concluded that
the radial gradients are flattening out at an average rate of
about $0.005-0.010\, {\rm dex}\, {\rm kpc}^{-1}\,{\rm Gyr}^{-1}$
for the last 8 Gyr, approximately. A comparison of the PN
gradients with results from HII regions, OB stars and associations,
cepheids and, especially, open cluster stars, strongly
supports these conclusions.

On the other hand, it has long been known  that a positive
electron temperature gradient of about $250-450\,$K/kpc is
observed in the galactic disk, mainly on the basis of radio
recombination line work on HII regions (see for example
Churchwell \& Walmsley \cite{cw}, Churchwell et al.
\cite{csmmh}, Shaver et al. \cite{shaver}, Wink et al.
\cite{wink}, Afflerbach et al. \cite{afflerbach}, and
Deharveng et al. \cite{deharveng}). Such a gradient
is interpreted as a reflection of the radial abundance
gradient of elements such as O/H, S/H, etc. in the galactic
disk, since these elements are effective coolants of
the ionized gas (see for example Shaver et al. \cite{shaver}).

Recently, Quireza et al. (\cite{cintia}) presented a detailed
study of a large sample containing over a hundred HII regions
spanning about 17 kpc in galactocentric distances for
which accurate electron temperatures were determined from
radio recombination lines, specifically H91$\alpha$ and
He91$\alpha$. The observations were made with the 140 Foot
telescope of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory
(NRAO), and are of unprecedented sensitivity compared
with previous studies. According to this work, the best estimate
of the gradient, obtained from a sample of 76 sources
with high quality data, is $dT_e/dR \simeq 287 \pm 46\,$K/kpc,
with no significant variations along the galactocentric
distances. A slightly larger gradient (up to 17\%) was
obtained by excluding some HII regions which are closer
to the galactic centre, and may not belong to the
disk population.

Regarding planetary nebulae, our earlier work (Maciel \&
Fa\'undez-Abans \cite{mfa}) based on a sample of PN
classified according to the Peimbert types (cf. Peimbert \cite{mp})
suggested a positive electron temperature gradient in the
range $550-800\,$K/kpc, somewhat steeper than the HII region
gradients observed at the time.

In this work, we take into account the recent PN samples
analyzed by Maciel et al. (\cite{mcu}, \cite{mlc1}, \cite{mlc2})
and derive the PN electron temperature gradient for a sample
of objects having similar ages. A comparison of the obtained $T_e$
gradient with the recently derived value by Quireza et al.
(\cite{cintia}) for HII regions gives then an independent
estimate of the time variation of the radial abundance gradients
in the galactic disk.

\section{The electron temperature gradient in the galactic disk}

The determination of abundance gradients is a difficult task,
basically for three main reasons. First, the magnitudes of the
gradients are small, amounting at most to a few hundredths
in units of dex/kpc, so that a relatively large galactocentric
baseline is needed in order to obtain meaningful results. Second,
the uncertainties both in the abundances and in the distances
contribute to the observed scattering, so that large samples
are usually needed. Third, chemical evolution models generally
predict some time variation of the gradients, so that it is
extremely important to take into  account in a given sample only
objects with similar ages. For these reasons, some of the analyses
of gradients in the literature produce relatively flat gradients
(see for example Perinotto \& Morbidelli \cite{pm}). On the
other hand, accurate and homogeneous abundances eliminate some
of these problems, so that relatively steeper gradients are obtained,
as in Pottasch  \& Bernard-Salas (\cite{pbs}).

In our recent work, we made an attempt to overcome some of
these problems, and estimated the  individual ages of the PN
progenitor stars using an age-metallicity
relationship which also depends on the galactocentric distance.
As a result, we have obtained the age distribution shown
in  Fig.~\ref{histog}, adopting our Basic Sample, which is the
largest and most complete sample we have considered, containing
234 nebulae (see Maciel et al. \cite{mcu}, \cite{mlc1}, \cite{mlc2}
for details).

   \begin{figure}
   \centering
   \includegraphics[angle=-90,width=8cm]{6916fig1.eps}
      \caption{Age distribution of the PN progenitor stars
       in the Basic Sample of Maciel et al. (\cite{mlc2}).
              }
         \label{histog}
   \end{figure}

It can be seen that the ages are strongly peaked around
4--5 Gyr, where we have 99 objects. In the present work,
we will consider the objects in this age bracket, in order
to make comparisons with the younger HII regions. We have
then collected the electron temperatures of the planetary
nebulae, selecting only the [OIII] temperatures in order
to keep our sample as homogenous as possible. These
temperatures are determined from the ratio of the
[OIII] 4363/5007\AA\ lines, which are usually among
the brightest collisionally excited emission lines
in the spectra of planetary nebulae. We have
preferred our own data where available (Costa et al.
\cite{costa1}, \cite{costa2}, see a list of
references in Maciel et al. \cite{mcu}, \cite{mlc1},
\cite{mlc2}), with additional data by Henry et al.
(\cite{henry}), Kingsburgh \& Barlow (\cite{kingsburgh}),
and Cahn et al. (\cite{cks}). The resulting $T_e$
variation with galactocentric distance $R$ is shown
in Fig.~\ref{gradte}, where we adopted the same distances
and solar galactocentric radius as in our previous work.
The total number of objects in Fig.~\ref{gradte} is somewhat
lower than shown in the 4--5 Gyr bracket of Fig.~\ref{histog},
as for a few nebulae we could not obtain accurate electron
temperatures.

   \begin{figure}
   \centering
   \includegraphics[angle=-90,width=8cm]{6916fig2.eps}
      \caption{Galactocentric variation of the [OIII]
      electron temperatures for PN with progenitor ages
      of 4--5 Gyr. The empty circles show some
       nebulae having extremely hot central stars,
       not included in the linear regression analysis.
              }
         \label{gradte}
   \end{figure}

It can be seen from Fig.~\ref{gradte} that there is
a clear tendency in the sense that higher electron
temperatures are associated with larger galactocentric
distances. The best derived $T_e$ gradient for this sample
of PN is $dT_e/dR \simeq 670\pm  65\,$K/kpc, with a correlation
coefficient of $r \simeq 0.76$, which is similar
to the gradient for the `selected sample' of
our earlier paper (Maciel \& Fa\'undez-Abans \cite{mfa}).
Adopting instead a homogeneous set of [OIII] electron
temperatures from Henry et al. (\cite{henry}), which
is the largest homogeneous sample available for
these nebulae, we obtain essentially the same
result, namely $dT_e/dR = 680\pm  140\,$K/kpc and
$r \simeq 0.65$, so that the correlation is real.
Our best derived slope is illustrated by the
dashed line in Fig.~\ref{gradte}.

The average uncertainty in the determination of the
electron temperatures is generally considered to
be within 10\% for the brightest nebulae, which
corresponds roughly to 1000 K for most objects
(see for example Kingsburgh \& Barlow \cite{kingsburgh}
and Krabbe \& Copetti \cite{krabbe}).
For the galactocentric distances an average uncertainty
is more difficult to establish, as it depends on
the adopted distances. Since most objects in
Fig.~\ref{gradte} are located within about 3 kpc
from the solar galactocentric radius, an average
error of 50\% in the distances would correspond
to a shift in the galactocentric distances of
about 0.03 -- 1.0 kpc depending on the distance
and the direction of the line of sight to the
nebula. As a comparison, for the HII regions
in the sample by Quireza et al. ({\cite{cintia}),
average formal uncertainties in the electron temperatures
are within 2\%, but systematic errors may increase this
uncertainty up to 10\% for  the best data. For
spectrophotometric distances, average errors of
15\% are quoted, while for kinematic distances non-circular
streaming motions may increase this figure to about 25\%.
From the $T_e \times R$ plot by
Quireza et al. ({\cite{cintia}), an average
dispersion of about 2200~K can be obtained,
which is about half the dispersion in
Fig.~\ref{gradte}.

It should be noted that the dispersion observed in
Fig.~\ref{gradte} is probably real, since the electron
temperatures may be affected by several factors, such
as differences in the effective temperature of the central
stars, presence of dust, optical depth effects,
electron density and temperature fluctuations, etc., apart from
the main cause of the $T_e \times R$ variation, namely,
the radial abundance gradient. These effects are also
partially responsible for the  observed dispersion
in HII regions, but for PN the variations in the
effective temperatures of the central stars and the
uncertainties in the distances are larger, so that
the observed dispersion in Fig.~\ref{gradte} is larger
than in the case of HII regions. As a consequence, some
nebulae appear not to follow the observed correlation
very closely. In particular, PN having extremely
hot central stars, with temperatures in excess of
$10^5\,$K, generally have higher electron temperatures
than expected by their galactocentric distances.
Furthermore, these objects come from more massive
progenitors than most nebulae, so that their ages may be
lower than 4--5 Gyr, as assumed. Some examples include
M1-57, Me2-1, PB6, NGC 6620 and a few others, which
are plotted in the figure as empty circles. Other objects
with hot central stars, such as NGC 2899, NGC 6302,
NGC 6537 and NGC 7008 are not plotted in Fig.~\ref{gradte},
as their electron temperatures are too high to fit the
scale. All these nebulae have not been included in the
linear regression, so that our derived electron temperature
gradient applies to stars with temperatures lower than
$10^5\,$K. In this analysis we have used Zanstra
temperatures and energy-balance temperatures (see for
example Preite-Martinez et al. \cite{andrea}, M\'endez et al.
\cite{mendez}, Zhang \cite{zhang}, and Stasi\'nska et al.
\cite{stasinska}).

Another interesting object is M1-9,
which is the nebula with the largest
galactocentric {\bf distance} in the sample ($R \simeq 12.4\,$kpc).
In view of its position on the $T_e \times R$ plane,
it may single-handedly affect the derived slope. For this object, our
own results suggest an electron temperature of
$T_e \simeq 11000\,$K (Costa et al. \cite{costa2}),
but a more detailed study by Tamura \& Shibata
(\cite{ts90}) and Shibata \& Tamura (\cite{st85})
gives a larger value, $T_e \simeq 14800\,$K,
which is adopted here. This object may then alter
the derived slope by about 50 K/kpc, but the main
conclusions of this paper are unaffected.

The association of higher electron temperatures with
lower metallicities can be seen from Fig.~\ref{teoh},
where we show the inverse correlation between the
[OIII] electron temperatures and the O/H abundances
for the objects with ages in the 4--5 Gyr bracket.
PN with central stars hotter than $10^5\,$K
are also shown as empty circles.
Again a relatively large dispersion is observed,
but the inverse correlation is clear, confirming
that oxygen is among the main coolants in the
photoionized gas within the planetary nebulae.

 \begin{figure}
   \centering
   \includegraphics[angle=-90,width=8cm]{6916fig3.eps}
      \caption{The inverse correlation between the
       [OIII] electron temperatures and the O/H
       abundances for PN in the 4--5 Gyr
       age bracket. The empty circles show some
       nebulae having extremely hot central stars.
              }
         \label{teoh}
   \end{figure}

\section{Comparison of the PN and HII gradients}

From a straigthforward comparison of the electron temperature gradient
for PN and HII regions we can already conclude that there is some
flattening of the gradients during the time interval
of about 5 Gyr, which is essentially the difference between the
ages of the PN progenitor stars considered in this work and
the much younger HII regions in the sample by Quireza et al.
(\cite{cintia}). In other words, the conclusions of our recent
series of papers are supported by the obtained differences between
the electron temperature gradients of PN and HII regions,
in view of the fact that these gradients essentially reflect
the radial abundance gradients in the galactic disk.
In order to make a direct comparison
with the estimated flattening rate of the abundance gradients
derived by Maciel et al. (\cite{mlc1}), we can convert the
$T_e$ gradient into the equivalent O/H gradient. For HII regions
we can use the calibration by Shaver et al. (\cite{shaver}),
according to which the oxygen gradient is related to the
electron temperature gradient by

   \begin{equation}
   {d \log({\rm O/H}) \over dR} \simeq -1.49 \times 10^{-4} \
   {d T_e \over dR} \,
   \end{equation}

\noindent
where the temperature gradient is in K/kpc and the oxygen gradient
is in dex/kpc. This relation is also supported by more recent work
on HII regions, such as the analysis by Deharveng et al. (\cite{deharveng}).
The oxygen gradient for HII regions is then
$d\log({\rm O/H})/dR \simeq -0.043\,$dex/kpc,
which is similar to the value obtained by Deharveng et al. (\cite{deharveng})
based on an entirely different sample. Also, an O/H gradient
of $-0.044$ dex/kpc was recently obtained by Esteban et al.
(\cite{esteban}) from oxygen recombination lines, a method almost
independent of the assumed electron temperatures, and totally
independent of the [OIII] forbidden lines. A similar estimate has been
presented by Quireza et al. (\cite{cintia}), also based on the Shaver
et al. ({\cite{shaver}) calibration.

For planetary nebulae, we can have an idea of the corresponding O/H
gradient by inspecting Table 1 of Maciel et al. ({\cite{mlc1}) for
Group II objects (ages of 4--5 Gyr), from which we get
$d\log({\rm O/H})/dR \simeq -0.089 \pm 0.003\,$dex/kpc.
Alternatively, we can compute the O/H gradient directly for the PN sample
adopted here, in which case we get a similar value, $d\log({\rm O/H})/dR
\simeq -0.090\,$dex/kpc. Therefore, the flattening rate of the oxygen
gradient can be estimated by

   \begin{equation}
   \chi \simeq {1 \over \Delta T}
   \left[{d \log({\rm O/H}) \over dR}\Big\arrowvert_{HII}
   - {d \log({\rm O/H}) \over dR}\Big\arrowvert_{PN}\right]
    \,
   \end{equation}

\noindent
so that $\chi \simeq 0.0094\, {\rm dex}\, {\rm kpc}^{-1}\, {\rm Gyr}^{-1}$
where we have used $\Delta t \simeq 5\,$Gyr. In view of our discussion
on the electron temperatures of planetary nebulae, we would expect
the rate to be somewhat smaller than this value, which is
in excellent agreement with the range estimated by Maciel et al. (\cite{mlc1}),
namely $\chi \simeq 0.005-0.010\  {\rm dex}\, {\rm kpc}^{-1}\, {\rm Gyr}^{-1}$.

As mentioned in the introduction, abundance gradients and
their time variation are valuable constraints for chemical
evolution models. As an illustration, we have compared our
derived flattening rate with the predictions of some recently
published models for the Milky Way. As discussed by Maciel
et al. (\cite{mlc2}) there may be large discrepancies between
different chemical evolution models, even whithin the
so-called `inside-out' class of models. In particular,
Hou et al. (\cite{hou}) adopted an exponentially decreasing
infall rate for the galactic disk, in which a rapid increase in
the metal abundance at early times in the inner disk leads
to a steep gradient. As times goes on, the star formation migrates
to the outer disk and metal abundances are enhanced in that region,
with the consequence that the gradients flatten out. A rough
estimate for the O/H gradient variation in these models
leads to a steepening rate of
$\chi \simeq 0.0040-0.0060\, {\rm dex}\, {\rm kpc}^{-1}\, {\rm Gyr}^{-1}$,
which is consistent with our present results. A similar
behaviour has also been obtained by Alib\'es et al.
(\cite{alibes}). On the other hand, models such as
those based on two infall episodes by Chiappini et al.
(\cite{cmr2001}), lead to some steepening of the gradients,
even though the inside-out approach is adopted. Possibly,
the main reason for the different predictions
of the quoted models appears to reside on the different adopted
timescales for star formation and infall rate, so that we
expect our present results may be helpful in order to
constrain these quantities.

\begin{acknowledgements}
      This work was partially supported by FAPESP and CNPq.
\end{acknowledgements}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Interracial dating in Hoheischweiler (DE)
Tobacco pipe
Posted on October 9, 2015 November 22, 2020 by
Clay tobacco pipes, summarised from specialist report by Dr David Higgins
CLAY TOBACCO PIPE STEMS FOUND IN CUMBERLAND
An Evaluation of Tobacco Pipe Stem Dating Formulas.
A Short History Of Clay Pipes
Clay Tobacco-Pipe Research and Historical Archaeology in Germany, a Difficult Relationship
File:A fragment of a Post Medieval ceramic tobacco pipe dating AD1580-1610 (FindID 539786).jpg
The Pottery and Clay Tobacco Pipe Industries of Rainford, St Helens New Research
About Clay Pipes
Awaiting validation An incomplete post medieval ceramic tobacco pipe dating AD This tobacco pipe has a small, rounded bowl, which has an internal diameter of The bowl is set at an oblique angle to the stem and there is a milled design running around the rim. There is part of a spur heel at the junction between the bowl and the stem. None of the stem is present as it is broken near the bowl. Awaiting validation An incomplete moulded clay pipe of late post-medieval late 18thth century date. The pipe has a rounded bowl which has suffered some damage, and a short length of the pipe stem remaining. The pipe bowl is decorated with projecting stipples of clay and a rouletting around the rim – there is no maker's mark or other decoration. This pipe may have been of they type which has a very long, and therefore brittle stem, popular in the 19th century. Awaiting validation In incomplete clay pipe. A clay pipe bowl with a flat heel.
American Archeology Table 2. Colono pipe bore data from Jamestown Island. University Press of Virginia, diamond-cartouche fleur-de-lis decorations that were exclu- Charlottesville, VA.
The clay pipe industry expanded rapidly as tobacco smoking gained popularity in both England and America. Historical archeologists excavating English colonial.
View Larger Image. Ask Seller a Question. At the heart of this study lies an illustrated catalogue of over 2, clay pipes dating from the 17th and 18th centuries, the majority of which are held in Yorkshire collections. The size and topographical range of Yorkshire ensures the county's suitability as a case study for examining pipe production as well as regional variations and trade. The extensive catalogue is preceded by a discussion of the methodology of studying clay pipes, the documentary evidence for kiln sites and production, Yorkshire clay sources, the development of the bowl form, the stem, the range of marks, the distribution and the archaeological evidence for imported pipes.
Lists of pipemakers and associated documents and inventories are presented in appendices. Visit Seller's Storefront. All books are shipped in new condition. We are happy to accept returns within 30 days of receipt. Given the scarce nature of many of our books, orders placed with? Book Depository hard to find? Please contact the seller directly if you wish to return an order.
The surface of Jacksonville " Blue China " shipwreck contained a widely scattered cargo of 63 clay tobacco pipes from which a sample of 16 examples were recovered in two different styles: 13 examples of a ribbed type also referred to as fluted or cockled featuring raised vertical lines extending along the bowl. The pipes were produced in different two-part molds and all are made from white clay. A number of the examples were recovered broken.
Dating Stem Fragments of Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Clay Tobacco Pipes*. WithJ. C. Harrington. You have download access for this.
Part of: Society for Historical Archaeology The identification and sourcing of pipe clays, using clay pipes to understand trade patterns and socio-economic variables, and the need for tightly dated North American typologies were just a few of the directions proposed to enhance archaeological interpretation. Now that 15 years have passed, what have we achieved since then and what more needs to be done? Historical literature and archaeological evidence both indicate that clay pipes were produced in France before , namely in various towns of Northern France, but such pipe collections have yet to be systematically analyzed.
However, some people engage in clay pipe research without questioning the established methodologies or recognizing their limitations. Others have successfully utilized clay pipes to investigate consumption patterns, trade, socioeconomic Historians have failed to identify Robert Cotton or determine why he was chosen as one of the first Jamestown colonists. With archival information A clay pipe bearing the mark of its maker can serve as a useful tool for identifying the market connections of an individual household.
Applied on a broader level, it can serve as a reflection of how larger political events affect the exchange network of a geographic area. For nearly two-hundred years trade in tobacco was the beating heart of a trans-Atlantic exchange network that bound the fortunes of ports on the western coast of England and Scotland with those in the colonial Chesapeake. In , a team of archaeologist under the direction of Joan Geismar, excavated the Water Street site along the East River waterfront in lower Manhattan.
Thousands of smoking pipes were recovered that dated between circa and circa , a period of time less documented archaeologically in New York City. In , the collection of , artifacts from the Water St.
Clay tobacco pipes are a common artifact type found in historic Euro-American archaeological sites. These inexpensive and disposable items were generally manufactured, used, and thrown away within a very short span of time, and individual styles can often be traced to specific manufacturer and period of production. Thus, clay pipes can serve as a valuable tool in helping to date a historic archaeological site.
usefulness of clay pipe remains in dating Australian archaeological sites. 'If archaeologists had to describe an ideal artefact with which to understand the past it.
Therefore, the most important step in identifying a makers' mark is to first look at the pipe fragment from which it came. By studying the shape, size and characteristics of the pipe bowl it is possible to determine a date range for that particular fragment, and perhaps its regional origin. If this can be established, then the next task is to examine existing documentation for listings of pipemakers and collections of marked pipes which have already been identified.
In those cases when all you have to go by is a small marked pipe fragment, there are several criteria that can help establish a relative date range and then, hopefully, a positive maker identification. As a rule of thumb, marked pipes from the first half of the 17th century are predominantly stamped on the heel. This is true for both English and Dutch pipes.
By the second half of the 17th century, makers' marks on English pipes can still be found stamped on the heel but are also found on the backs of bowls and on the stem. In the case of Dutch pipes from the later 17th and 18th centuries, they are distinguished from the English pipes not only by their bowl shape and presence of rouletting around the rim, but also because pipemakers continued to mark their pipes on the heel, often using minuscule marks.
Excavations at Ferryland over the past seven years have recovered tens of thousands of clay tobacco pipe fragments. From these collections, all of the 17th and 18th century marked pipes were removed for further analysis and identification. The guide even includes an illustrated list of the different kinds of mud , which in its seriousness may be amusing to some! Most locations have either patches or whole banks of shingle, some interspersed with areas of sand, others with areas of mud.
For most visitors the fragments of clay tobacco pipe are the most memorable novelties, and a trademark of the Thames foreshore. Pieces of pipe-stem are easy to pick up in certain areas, complete bowls less so..
There follows a summary of pipe fragments, in date order, including details of makers, where known. Only two small, barrel-shaped bowls of this date were recovered, both retrieved from contexts and , which also contained pipe fragments of probable later 17th century date. One of the bowls is marked with the initials, 'PE', incuse, on the pedestal heel see Figure He was one of the more important founder members of the Bristol Pipemakers Guild in and one of the feoffees of the St Michael's church lands from c.
Philip I had died by Pipes bearing the initials, 'PE', are routinely found on excavations in Bristol, and have also been found in Somerset, Gloucestershire, North Devon, Herefordshire, Glamorgan and Monmouthshire Price ,
Asian you find Korean best the leading dating dating with or. Online to Europe, a reliable Canada, Dating Clay Tobacco Pipes. span These compiled the An.
The area was part of the Foubert trading post on lot 14 concession 1, founded in This was known as Foubert landing. Foubert came from a family of fur traders. He is the founder of Cumberland village. Some claim it was a Hudson Bay company trading post site, others say he was an independent trader. I gave the artefacts to the Cumberland Heritage village heritage museum. It became a fashionable trend to smoke a pipe.
Glasgow was at the time an internationally renowned company of Scotland. There was a variety of material used in making the pipes such as wood, porcelain, clay and plaster. Each country developed its own designs. In Europe, where workshops first appeared, clay was found locally or imported. The early pipes were handmade but later they were made in moulds and fired in kilns. The companies used a stamp or a roulette to print their name on the pipe stems.
Clay tobacco-pipe studies played an important, yet unacknowledged, role in the formation process of historical archaeology in Germany. Systematic analyses of smoking utensils and the craftsmanship involved in making them were the forerunners of the academic discipline. Clay-pipe studies were never restricted by disciplinary boundaries.
related to the pipe industry and the pipe makers, allowing for accurate dating of marked and decorated pipes. Additionally, clay tobacco pipes are extremely.
This pipe has a short handle and a round, partially broken bowl decorated with vegetation motifs. It is representative of the type of pipe that was popular in the Ottoman regions, that is, made up of a small recipient to contain the tobacco and to which is attached a long stem. A plant discovered in the New World in the sixteenth century, tobacco spread quickly to Europe and the Middle East but only became generalized in the beginning of the seventeenth century.
It was apparently introduced by Portuguese sailors to the coastal cities, then spread by the soldiers and merchants throughout the entire Ottoman territory. Opposition to tobacco was manifested quite quickly, from and throughout the sixteenth century, with several fatwa issued against its consumption. An interdiction was imposed for the first time under the reign of Sultan Ahmad r.
On June 7, in the English city of Bristol, protesters removed a statue of the local slave trader Edward Colston. In the days that followed, Please enable JavaScript! Bitte aktiviere JavaScript!
Ball-clay tobacco pipe bore diameters have long been a central method of dating sites for historical archaeologists (Harrington ; Binford. ). It has been.
Thumbnails Detail Comments. The manufacture of clay pipes for smoking began in Britain about , a few years after the introduction of tobacco from America. The earliest forms of pipe were made from kaolin clay white ball clay and it is likely their form was adapted from those used by the American Indians. Since then, clay pipes manufactured within the British Isles continued to be made from kaolin clays which has the advantage over other clays of giving the pipe a uniformly white colour after firing and less shrinkage.
Dating clay pipes As a result of research and archaeological excavations, clay pipes can generally be dated to within 20 years or so and as such are now important artefacts used in dating archaeological layers. Criteria for dating clay pipes were developed based on their bowl size and shape as well as stem bore diameters. Stem bore diameters were greatest in the earliest pipes and narrowing with regularity over the following years. By , stem bore diameters had stabilised and so this method for dating pipes is not applicable to pipes manufactured after c.
The size and shape of the bowl can also be another way to broadly date clay pipes. The earliest pipe bowls were hardly any wider then their stem whereas by the bowl had increased to a more bulbous form with a greater capacity to hold more tobacco. Stem lengths varied but this tended to be in response to fashionable demands and so is not a reliable criterion for dating. Clay pipe usage By their nature, clay pipes are relatively fragile and often of short life span, but would have varied according to its usage and how careful its owner was.
When a pipe was no longer fit for use, it was usually discarded and a replacement was cheap to buy due to their mass production and so, often found in quantity.
The making of tobacco pipes from clay, historically by press moulding but more recently also by slip casting see also wooden pipe making. Tobacco was first brought to England during the Tudor period, and was smoked in a clay pipe. Clay tobacco pipe making began c. Over the next years, almost every city and town and many villages had a clay pipe maker. The clay pipe industry peaked c.
One of the most useful artefacts for dating excavated historical sites is the clay tobacco pipe. By the. 19th century these pipes were being mass-produced by.
Post a Comment. Our heroes Andy and Lance are working the field with metal detectors, rhythmically swinging them back and forth while listening through headphones for telltale pings signaling metal in the ground. Lance carefully puts the ring pull into a plastic baggie. Cut my heel. Had to cruise on back home. People buy this shit. That exchange captures the gently mocking, almost self-deprecating humor of this superb series.
Not much of a vacation actually as I was trying to cope with nasty back issues that kept me from looking much above eye-level without excruciating pain. A friend, who is a birding authority, was visiting, so my wife and I ventured out with her to several of the nature preserves that dot the North Fork.
JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may tobacco work without it. Stem The ScholarShip.
Clay tobacco pipes were made in England shortly after the introduction of date the bowl grew larger and the stem increased to 10 – 14" ( – mm). A.
A total of 24 fragments of clay tobacco pipe were included in this study, comprising 16 bowls and 8 stem fragments. Some of these pieces could be attributed to specific excavations undertaken during the s and s but the majority either date from pre excavations or are now unstratified. Although not specifically included in this study, the site museum also holds a collection of other pipes from the site, which probably derive either from gardening activity or as unstratified finds from earlier excavations.
These have been briefly reviewed for this study since they provide an important body of comparative material for the excavated pieces. The unstratified finds comprise 96 pipe bowl fragments 71 of which are marked , two stem fragments and part of an eighteenth century hair curler with a crowned IB stamp on it. Most of the fragments were accurately identified and dated, shedding light on the continued interest in the site and its connections with the wider region following the dissolution.
Overall the pipe fragments range from c. This may be in part due to a collecting bias, which has clearly favoured the retention of bowls. Later bowls, with their thinner walls, are more prone to fragmentation and very few stems have been collected. The excavations have produced one very early rare pipe bowl that dates from c. The museum collection includes another early bowl of the same type and a slightly later but very good quality Gauntlet pipe of c.
It is clear that high status material was being used and discarded on the site during the late sixteenth to early seventeenth century. This difference hints at the early development of regional styles, which would, in turn, imply that local production was taking place in this area at an early date.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Minke Booij (Zaanstad, 24 de juny de 1977) és una jugadora d'hoquei sobre herba neerlandesa, ja retirada, guanyadora de tres medalles olímpiques.

Biografia
Va néixer el 24 de juny de 1977 a la ciutat de Zaanstad, població situada a la província d'Holanda Septentrional.

Carrera esportiva
Membre del club d'hoquei Hockeyclub de la ciutat Den Bosch, va participar als 23 anys en els Jocs Olímpics d'Estiu de 2000 realitzats a Sydney (Austràlia), on va aconseguir guanyar la medalla de bronze en la competició femenina en derrotar la selecció espanyola. En els Jocs Olímpics d'Estiu de 2004 realitzats a Atenes (Grècia) va aconseguir la medalla de plata de la competició olímpica en perdre la final davant la selecció alemanya. En els Jocs Olímpics d'Estiu de 2008 realitzats a Pequín (República Popular de la Xina) va aconseguir guanyar la medalla d'or en derrotar en la final olímpica la selecció argentina.

Al llarg de la seva carrera ha guanyat dues medalles en la Copa del Món d'hoquei sobre herba, entre elles una medalla d'or: tres medalles al Campionat d'Europa d'hoquei herba, dues d'elles d'or; i vuit medalles al Champions Trophy, quatre d'elles d'or. L'any 2006 fou nomenada millor jugadora del món en hoquei sobre herba.

Enllaços externs
  www.olympic.org - Minke Booij
  www.sports-reference.com - Minke Booij

Esportistes de Zaanstad
Medallistes neerlandesos als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 2000
Medallistes neerlandesos als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 2004
Medallistes neerlandesos als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 2008
Jugadores d'hoquei sobre herba neerlandeses

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Changsha Kangmei Mining Co., Ltd demanded we pay $600US to cover their costs to visit the warehouse as they were based in another town.
Changsha Kangmei Mining Co., Ltd is blacklisted in the B2B supplier/buyer blacklist (SBBL) database due to fraud, scam, deceiving or unethical practices.
Manufacturer and Exporters of Copper Ore, Iron Ore, zinc mining offered by Changsha Kangmei Mining Co.,Ltd, hunan, China. Submit your Enquiry as per your Sourcing Needs.
Shangdong Province; Shandong Huajian Aluminium Co.,Ltd. Shandong Nanshan Group; Shandong Weiye Aluminium Factory Co.,Ltd. Shandong Shochiku Studio Aluminium Co.,Ltd.
B2B Supplier/Buyer Blacklist (SBBL) - List C Global B2B supplier and buyer blacklist (SBBL) database contains user-generated list of suppliers and buyers (including factories, brokers, trading companies, companies in the supply chain and buyers etc.) from around the world that have been reported due to fraud, scam, unresolved dispute, deceiving or unethical practices.
Weifang Kangmei Magnesium Sulphate Co., Ltd, established in 2007, had more than 100 workers, one of the biggest anhydrous magnesium sulphate and monohydrate manufacturers china, bought modern producing line from South Korea, annual production reach 20000 tons.
China Southern Airlines is the only Chinese airline to order and to operate an Airbus A380. The airline initially operated these aircraft on Beijing–Hong Kong and Beijing–Guangzhou routes. However, these services struggled to be profitable.
China Iron Ore from Chinese Manufacturers and Exporters - China B2B Marketplace providing Iron Ore Offers and Catalogs from pre-verified China Suppliers and Manufacturers.
On 3 March 2003, it was renamed as "Industrial Bank Co., Ltd.", and announced the completion of the shareholding system transformation. It is one of the first batches of joint-stock commercial banks approved by the State Council and the People's Bank of China.
China Southern Airlines Company Limited is an airline headquartered in Baiyun District, Changsha, Dalian, Shenyang, Shenzhen, Wuhan and Zhengzhou. The airline plans to continue to develop Chongqing and Ürümqi as hubs as well to exploit the domestic market potential.
Congratulations On The Fifteenth Anniversary Of Houde!
Justia Dockets & Filings Second Circuit New York New York Southern District Court Rovio Entertainment Ltd. and Rovio Animation Oy v. Angel Baby Factory d/b/a Angelbaby_Factory, et al. Angel Baby Factory d/b/a Angelbaby_Factory, et al.


Q: We went overnight to Santa Barbara. It was a Saturday. We came back late Sunday afternoon. Our 16-year-old had friends over that prior evening (unbeknownst to us). They got into some drinking, one kid somehow managed to break his ankle. Is this something we can be held liable for?
A: There are two bases upon which you and your spouse may have liability. First is California Civil Code Section 1714(d)(1), which provides for a potential claim against parents who knowingly furnish alcoholic beverages at their residence to a person they know or should have known is under 21 years of age. Second, California Civil Code Section 1714.1 establishes liability of up to $25,000 against parents who have custody and control of their minor child whose behavior is deemed to be willful. The term "willful" means the minor did something on purpose. The liability under 1714.1 includes compensation for medical treatment and other injury-related expenses, but not pain and suffering. You can evaluate for yourself if either or both of these provisions may place liability upon you under the circumstances you describe.
Q: Our 12-year-old son spray painted some graffiti on a neighbor's wall. There is a video, and yes it is our kid. Is this going to wind up costing us?


text:
Life after Insolvency
September 11, 2017 Alan Macek
The following article, Life after Insolvency, was originally published in The Lawyer's Daily, March 16, 2017:
Intellectual property rights can be the lifeblood of a company. The insolvency of a licensee or licensor can cause havoc, or at least significant uncertainty with intellectual property rights. Who can continue to use the intellectual property rights, what royalties flow, and can intellectual property rights be licensed or used by someone new are all questions faced during an insolvency.
During an insolvency under the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act (BIA) or Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act (CCAA), there is significant power to disclaim or resile from contracts, particularly executory contracts. Since at their core, intellectual property licence agreements are contracts, the terms or the existence of a licence may be altered during this process.
One of the leading cases on this issue, decided prior to the amendments discussed below, held that an exclusive licence to use certain technology "only creates a contractual agreement as between the parties" and does not provide any property interest so assets could be transferred to a third party free and clear of the licence terms.
Both the BIA and CCAA were amended in 2009 to include provisions relating to intellectual property but the provisions had not yet received much judicial discussion. Both the BIA, in s. 65.11(7), and the CCAA in s. 32(6) have the same language: "If the [company/debtor] has granted a right to use intellectual property to a party to an agreement, the disclaimer or resiliation does not affect the party's right to use the intellectual property — including the party's right to enforce an exclusive use — during the term of the agreement, including any period for which the party extends the agreement as of right, as long as the party continues to perform its obligations under the agreement in relation to the use of the intellectual property."
The Saskatchewan court in Golden Opportunities Fund Inc. v. Phenomenome Discoveries Inc. 2016 SKQB 306 was required to determine if certain technology of a debtor could be transferred free and clear by a court-appointed receiver to a third party. The licensor of the technology to the debtor sought to stay the vesting order until its interests in the property of the debtor that were being sold, could be determined.
The court found that the provisions of the BIA and CCAA did not apply to court-appointed receivers stating that "licences are simply contractual rights." The aggrieved licensor could pursue monetary claims against the debtor but had no property rights in the assets being vested to the third party and the third party had no obligation to license back to the licensor improvements made on the technology. The terms of the licence would not apply to the third party.
The court distinguished between on the one hand the situation of a court-appointed receiver, and on the other proposals to creditors and arrangements under the CCAA where the above statutory language would apply.
Also last year, the Quebec Court of Appeal in 7158548 Canada Inc. c. Desbiens 2016 QCCA 306, referring to the BIA as well as the terms of the licence agreement relating to assignments, required a purchaser of assets through a proposal to creditors to honour the terms of a patent licence agreement and continue to pay royalties.
In this case, the court also recognized that the purchaser was not a third party but had a common principal with the insolvent company.
Even where the intellectual property provisions of the BIA and CCAA do apply, there is some uncertainty as to what is meant by the term "intellectual property" as that term is not defined. There is also uncertainty relating to the scope of the "right to use the intellectual property" referred to in the legislation. Patent licences, for example, typically include the right to make, use and sell the invention, not just the "use" specified in the legislation. Similarly, if the licence included the right of the licensee to grant further sublicences, would those rights continue?
Often, intellectual property licences are wrapped up into larger contractual arrangements, perhaps involving ongoing technical support, the sharing of improvements, or ongoing maintenance of the intellectual property. If only the portion of the contract relating to the "use of the intellectual property" is covered by the legislation, this may leave the licensee in an undesirable situation if other aspects of the contract are disclaimed. Also, it may leave the parties unclear as to what is required to "perform its obligations under the agreement in relation to the use of the intellectual property" if, for example, the royalty payment covers multiple aspects, only one of which is the intellectual property.
For companies entering into licence agreements, particularly where there is a concern of an insolvency by one of the parties, these sections of the BIA and CCAA should be reviewed having regard to the licence and contractual terms. According to the jurisprudence, if ownership in the intellectual property has been transferred, the transfer cannot be disclaimed during the insolvency. Therefore carefully structuring the intellectual property ownership is one way to provide additional certainty in the event of an insolvency. If access to source code is important to the licensee, it may be advisable to have a copy placed into escrow as part of the licence arrangement.
Insolvency, restructurings and proposals always involve uncertainty but for third party licensees who have relied on a long-term licence arrangement, the effects can be devastating. Intellectual property licence agreements have been recognized as being different than other contracts giving some reassurance that the licences will be recognized during an insolvency.
InsolvencyLicensingPatents
November 25, 2016 Alan Macek
There is no IPPractice daily email for November 25 because the Federal Court websites are down for scheduled maintenance. Continue reading No Email →
Summary Judgment and Summary Trial
February 15, 2016 Alan Macek
My recent article on the 2009 amendments to the Federal Courts Rules relating to summary judgment and summary trial, particular for intellectual property proceedings was published by Slaw.
Continue reading Summary Judgment and Summary Trial →
Federal CourtLitigationPatentsslaw
Top Cited Decisions for 2012
January 8, 2013 Alan Macek
Trademark confusion, damages proceedings under the PM(NOC) Regulations and inventive concept were the big issues for 2012 based on an analysis of the reported intellectual property decisions from the Federal Court and Federal Court of the Appeal during the past year. The Supreme Court's 2006 Mattel decision was the most frequently cited decision.
Continue reading Top Cited Decisions for 2012 →
Federal CourtLitigation
Final Action Practice
October 10, 2012 Alan Macek
The Canadian Patent Office has posted proposed revisions to the Manual of Patent Office Practice (MOPOP) chapter relating to Final Action Practice. The proposed changes relate to the proposed amendments to the Patent Rules on Final Actions published last week.
Continue reading Final Action Practice →
Canadian Intellectual Property OfficePatents
Ex parte injunction against author, Go Daddy and Google dissolved
June 15, 2012 Alan Macek
It just came to my attention that an ex parte injunction against the author of allegedly defamatory works, Go Daddy as the domain name provider and Google for providing search functionality, which I previously reported, has been dissolved.
The British Columbia Court in Nazerali v. Mitchell, 2011 BCSC 1846, heard submissions on extending the injunction. The judge considered the defenses to defamation raised by the individual defendant and the breadth of the injunction in the decision.
Continue reading Ex parte injunction against author, Go Daddy and Google dissolved →
Industrial Design Consultation
April 18, 2012 Alan Macek
CIPO has released consultation documents on the timing of accelerated examination for industrial design applications with claims of priority.
Continue reading Industrial Design Consultation →
Canadian Intellectual Property OfficeIndustrial DesignsRule Changes
IP Osgoode IP Pick of the Week
March 13, 2012 Alan Macek
This website was honoured with being selected as "IP Pick of the Week" by IP Osgoode in its March 13, 2012 IPIGRAM. Thank you for the mention and support!
Article on Voltage Pictures litigation
March 13, 2012 Alan Macek	1 Comment
The Lawyers Weekly has published an article I wrote about the Voltage Pictures litigation against peer-to-peer downloaders (Voltage Pictures LLC v. Jane Doe, T-1373-11). I have previously blogged about the litigation when the Federal Court required ISPs to provide identifying information of the defendants and about the evidence provided to the court.
[Updated: Here is a copy of the article is it originally appeared in the March 9, 2012, issue of The Lawyers Weekly published by LexisNexis Canada Inc.]
Movie studio puts a "Hurt" on downloaders
Some peer-to-peer movie downloaders may get an unpleasant surprise in the mail from Voltage Pictures LLC, which has brought an action in the Federal Court against various "Does" — unidentified users of peer-to-peer networks who downloaded unauthorized copies of its Oscar winning film The Hurt Locker.
Voltage Pictures obtained an order from the court requiring non-party Internet service providers, Bell Canada, Cogeco Cable Inc. and Videotron, to provide the contact information of unnamed defendants that Voltage Pictures had identified as downloading the movie.
Peer-to-peer software, in this case BitTorrent protocol, is used by individuals to upload and download electronic files. An initial user shares, or seeds, a file onto the network. Other users seeking the file may download it from the initial user or can download all or part of it from others who have already downloaded the file. In this way, each user who downloads a file from the network is also uploading the file to others.
The challenge for copyright owners is identifying the users of the peer-to-peer network and showing to the satisfaction of a court that they violated the work's copyright by reproducing it. Forensic software may be able to identify the IP address or number associated with a computer on the network but cannot typically identify the actual user. The IP address is a number associated with each computer connected to a network and is typically assigned by an Internet service provider (ISP). It may be impossible to identify an actual user of a peer-to-peer network, as a single IP address may be shared between several individuals.
Voltage Pictures brought a motion last summer to reveal the identities of the subscribers of the identified peer-to-peer network IP addresses by way of a non-party discovery order against the ISPs. Justice Michel Shore of the Federal Court granted Voltage Pictures' order on the basis that the company was not able to identify the defendants in any way other than by the court order and had a legitimate claim against the defendants.
The court referred to the 2005 decision of the Federal Court of Appeal in BMG Canada v. Doe where a similar situation was considered related to downloading music but had come to the opposite result. In the BMG Canada proceeding, the ISPs had resisted providing the customer information, claiming it violated their subscribers' privacy rights. Justice J. Edgar Sexton wrote that: "Although privacy concerns must also be considered, it seems to me that they must yield to public concerns for the protection of intellectual property rights in situations where infringement threatens to erode those rights."
In BMG Canada, the copyright owner's motion was ultimately dismissed as the evidence was not from the people who had conducted the forensic investigation and therefore determined to be inadmissible hearsay evidence. Such concerns were not raised in Voltage Pictures' motion as it was unopposed and an affidavit of a forensic investigator who had conducted the inquiries to identify the IP addresses was submitted as evidence connecting the reproduction of the works to the identified IP addresses.
There are reports that a number of the Canadian Internet subscribers identified as a result of Voltage Pictures' motion have now received letters from the company's lawyers. According to the court file, Voltage Pictures had until March 2, to identify defendants and propose a schedule for further steps in the action.
Voltage Pictures has brought a similar action in the United States against approximately 25,000 peer-to-peer IP addresses but recently voluntarily dismissed many of those defendants likely because they settled or they could not be identified from the IP addresses. Some defendants have been identified and are now defending the copyright infringement allegations.
The role of ISPs is especially significant in these types of cases. The Supreme Court of Canada in the 2004 Tariff 22 decision identified ISPs as intermediaries who make telecommunications possible and it made clear that they were not liable for copyright infringement for merely supplying software and hardware to facilitate use of the Internet.
ISPs hold the keys connecting public activity on the Internet with the private activity of subscribers in the homes or businesses. In BMG Canada, the Federal Court of Appeal addressed the balance of privacy with copyright enforcement, limiting any disclosure to only information related to the copyright infringement. The court also considered the timeliness of the information as there is a risk that if there is a lengthy delay, the information as to identity of the subscribers may be inaccurate.
The next step in the Voltage Pictures proceeding was the identification of any defendants by the March 2 deadline and then the filing of defences to the allegations of copyright infringement by those defendants. Statutory damages for copyright infringement can run as high as $20,000 per work so many defendants may choose to settle and avoid the costs for litigation and a possible order against them.
ArticlesCopyrightFederal CourtLitigation
Copyright updates
The European Court of Justice released a decision last week in SABAM vs Netlog (C-360/10) denying a request that a social network site install general filters against the exchange of copyrighted music and videos. In Canadian copyright news, Bill C-11, the copyright amendment Bill went to committee with a schedule to review the bill by the end of March.
Continue reading Copyright updates →
CopyrightEurope


I can tell you, it's really hard for me to write about autumn fashion, because these days, I'm in the middle of the fiercest Florida summer and so it seems impossible that September is just around the corner. But one look at the new collections in stores or analyzing fashion magazines makes it pretty clear that we're in for a beautiful fall, full of variety and colors. There will be many pieces which will ensure thatour wardrobe is beautiful and appropriate for any occasion. There are also pieces that we've seen before, simply because they create good style, and blazer is one of them. The new generation blazer is longer, very comfortable and oftentimes oversized, even though personally, I wouldn't take the size too far, because after all, we want to remain feminine and keep our curves, don't we?
And how to wear them? With jeans, of course, because that is the fastest, most basic and smartest combination. Blazer looks gorgeous with jeans and a basic T-shirt. You can either wear heels or sneakers with it, you can also opt for a super chic combination, such as animal print pumps, jeans, small bag and a longer blazer. When it comes to patterns, we're sure to run into plaid and earth tones this autumn, there will be lots of leather and suede, which actually goes really nicely with a blazer, because it's classic, seasonless fashion. Those who prefer sneakers and ballet flats can rest easy, because you can also wear blazers with cropped pants, wool or cotton, while wearingflats.
A longer blazer can even look like a morning robe, belted; it's a very relaxed look, which is also suitable for evenings in combination with red lipstick and an updo. Blazers will be very hot this fall, so it's good to have more than one in your closet, not just the classic black, which you probably already have. Until it gets very cold, a blazer can be an excellent substitute for a coat and all the better if it's woolen and lined. Velvet will be trendy in the fall, as well as floral prints in more subdued variations, rather than lively summer colors.
That's it for now, although I still hope that the summer lasts a good while longer!


This hand-crafted little house is a very popular wren and chickadee house. The front features a 1 1/8" entrance hole for your feathery friends. It also includes a screw eye on the slanted roof for hanging or it can be screwed to a tree. This Stovall house is a perfect little accent for your garden or it could make a great gift. Be sure to clean the house before the next season starts. We suggest doing this in the spring so the birds can roost in them during the winter.
Dimensions:6.75" x 5" x 13"


For the first time ever, Fragforce is attending Dreamforce! Check out our cool site for more information!
A small but MIGHTY Chapter in Colorado.
This is the Fragforce Dublin official page. We are the folks in Fragforce who call the green isle of Ireland our home! We have events all the time, and do lots of things to raise money for Child's Play Charity!
Fragforce Global is our coordination site for those members who want to play games and raise money on their own, or are looking to start up a local guild by finding like-minded gamers in your vicinity!
The first Fragforce site in Herndon, Virginia, USA.
Fragforce New England is much like the other Fragforce organizations, except we have a higher amount of Dunkin' Donuts coffee in our bloodstream. Specializing in virtual reality games and board games, Fragforce New England hosts charity events each year and hosts a weekly board game night open for all employees to come and join in on the fun!
Fragforce PDX currently operates out of the Hillsboro, OR Salesforce office, but welcomes all Oregon and Southern Washington-area remotes as well!
San Francisco's chapter of Fragforce, holding awesome year round gaming events for UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital and other Extra Life hospitals. Events are often open to the public, so watch this space for info!


Generations of Maine families have trusted Mercy with their healthcare needs since the Sisters of Mercy founded the hospital in 1918 to heal those affected by the deadly Spanish flu pandemic. Since then, we've been proud of our unique role as greater Portland's "community hospital." Our doors never close, and we never stop caring for our patients.
We've reached a pivotal moment in our history. One Mercy is our vision for consolidating our two hospital campuses so we'll be prepared to serve those who rely on Mercy for another century.
One Mercy will help us enhance convenience and ease of access. As a community-based health delivery system, we will continue to care for our most vulnerable and underserved neighbors. We'll build more community health partnerships. And we'll be ready to bring the medical advancements of the future to our patients. This is the new century of Mercy that will care for our families, children, and grandchildren as it has done for generations.


A high ranking village orator in Samoa has threatened to punish a matai and former Manu Samoa rugby player who has declared his candidacy for Faleata east by-election to be held later this month.
The orator, Une Kelekolio, says matai of his village of Vaimoso and Faleata east constituency have endorsed the former opposition Member of Parliament, Patau'ave Etuale, to take over the parliamentary seat held by the late ruling HRPP MP, Manuleleua Lalagofa'atasi, without a by-election.
But he says the decision by the former Manu Samoa player and current CEO of the Samoa Association of sports and National Olympic committee, Aveau Niko Palamo, to run against the former MP shows disrespect to the one candidate decision.
Aveau, who is a matai of Vaimoso, says his village does not make decisions for his family and should allow a member of the late MP's extended family where he belongs to continue his parliamentary seat.


text:
Roxana Maria Ene (* 14. August 1995 in Craiova) ist eine rumänische Leichtathletin, die sich auf den Sprint spezialisiert hat.

Sportliche Laufbahn
Erste Erfahrungen bei internationalen Meisterschaften sammelte Roxana Ene im Jahr 2011, als sie bei den Jugendweltmeisterschaften nahe Lille mit 12,31 s in der ersten Runde im 100-Meter-Lauf ausschied und auch über 200 m kam sie mit 25,36 s nicht über den Vorlauf hinaus. Zudem belegte sie in 2:10,17 min den sechsten Platz mit der rumänischen Sprintstaffel (1000 m). Anschließend schied sie beim Europäischen Olympischen Jugendfestival (EYOF) in Trabzon mit 12,30 s und 25,19 s jeweils im Halbfinale über 100 und 200 m aus und verpasste mit der 4-mal-100-Meter-Staffel mit 48,50 s den Finaleinzug. Im Jahr darauf wurde sie bei den Juniorenweltmeisterschaften in Barcelona in der Vorrunde der 4-mal-100-Meter-Staffel disqualifiziert und 2013 belegte sie bei den Junioreneuropameisterschaften in Rieti in 3:38,57 min den sechsten Platz in der 4-mal-400-Meter-Staffel. 2017 belegte sie bei den Balkan-Meisterschaften in Novi Pazar in 12,07 s den vierten Platz über 100 m  und gewann in 46,45 s die Silbermedaille in der 4-mal-100-Meter-Staffel, während sie in 3:37,29 min die Goldmedaille in der 4-mal-400-Meter-Staffel gewann. Im Jahr darauf schied sie bei den Balkan-Meisterschaften in Stara Sagora mit 25,28 s in der Vorrunde im 200-Meter-Lauf aus und gewann in 45,55 s die Silbermedaille in der 4-mal-100-Meter-Staffel. Auch bei den Balkan-Meisterschaften 2019 in Prawez gewann sie in 46,05 s die Silbermedaille im Staffelbewerb und 2021 gewann sie bei den Balkan-Meisterschaften in Smederevo in 45,82 s die Bronzemedaille.

Persönliche Bestzeiten
 100 Meter: 11,87 s (+0,8 m/s), 19. Mai 2018 in Pitești
 60 Meter (Halle): 7,72 s, 6. Februar 2019 in Bukarest
 200 Meter: 24,44 s (+1,6 m/s), 8. Juli 2017 in Pitești
 200 Meter (Halle): 26,05 s, 19. Januar 2013 in Bukarest

Weblinks

 Roxana Maria Ene bei cosr.ro (rumänisch)

100-Meter-Läufer (Rumänien)
200-Meter-Läufer (Rumänien)
4-mal-100-Meter-Staffel-Läufer (Rumänien)
4-mal-400-Meter-Staffel-Läufer (Rumänien)
Rumäne
Geboren 1995
Frau


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