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Home/Finance/5 Great RV Road Trip Routes in the United States
5 Great RV Road Trip Routes in the United States
As travel habits have shifted in light of the COVID pandemic, many vacationers are looking to hit the open road. Whether renting an RV or hopping between campgrounds, road trips offer a good way to vacation while maintaining social distance.
RV camping is one of the most exciting and rewarding ways to explore the United States. Few modes of transport allow travelers to cover so much distance for little money while coming face-to-face with the nation's natural treasures.
We've come up with five route suggestions for folks looking to hit the road and tour America's most beautiful natural preserves.
The list is here.
See 2021's best travel reward programs and more. All backed by tons of nerdy research.
California loop
California offers a cornucopia of natural beauty, from towering redwood forests to dusty deserts to breathtaking seascapes and shorelines. This 14-destination loop will take RV travelers across the entire state. While we start our journey just northeast of San Diego and go in a clockwise loop, you can use any location as your starting point. We've highlighted some of the top nature and camping destinations across California, but feel free to improvise as there is no shortage of parks and preserves in the Golden State.
A. Anza-Borrego State Park
B. Arthur B. Ripley Desert Woodland State Park.
C. Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park.
D. Big Basin Redwoods State Park
F. Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park.
G. Klamath National Forest.
H. Shasta National Forest.
K. Yosemite National Park.
L. John Muir Wilderness.
N. Joshua Tree National Park.
The Rocky Mountains stretch over 3,000 miles from New Mexico to British Columbia and offer a life's worth of exploration opportunities. You could spend weeks at Yellowstone and Grand Teton alone. We've chosen just a few of the more popular destinations and suggest you set aside a hefty chunk of time for this trip. Again, the locations are ordered clockwise, but you can jump in at the most convenient destination. We begin in southern Idaho.
A. Sawtooth National Forest, Idaho.
B. Craters of the Moon Monument, Idaho.
C. National Elk Refuge, Wyo.
D. Grand Teton National Park, Wyo.
E. Yellowstone National Park, Mont.
F. Glacier National Park, Mont.
G. Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, Mont.
H. Devil's Tower National Monument, Wyo.
I. Rocky Mountain National Park, Colo.
J. Great Sand Dunes National Park, Colo.
K. Mesa Verde National Park, Colo.
L. Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, Colo.
The classic American road trip, Route 66 spans from Chicago to Los Angeles. Unlike the other trips we list here, Route 66 is less a nature excursion and more a nostalgic cruise along a collection of museums, diners and roadside attractions. Route 66 has hundreds of potential stops; we've chosen just a few. If you plan on taking Route 66 both away from home and back toward it, remember to leave plenty of attractions for the return trip.
B. Route 66 Association Hall of Fame and Museum, Ill.
E. Mark Twain National Forest, Mo.
F. Galena Mining and Historical Museum, Kan.
G. Route 66 Vintage Iron Motorcycle Museum, Okla.
H. Oklahoma Route 66 Museum, Okla.
I. Palo Duro State Park, Texas
K. Route 66 Auto Museum, N.M.
L. Red Rock State Park, N.M.
M. Petrified Forest National Park, Ariz.
O. The Grand Canyon, Ariz.
New England loop
A road trip around New England offers a balanced blend of verdant forests, rocky seascapes, colonial history and gorgeous seaside towns. We start our loop in upstate New York, heading east and north into the parks of upper New England. After Acadia, head south along the coast for breathtaking ocean views. A collection of historic New England towns (Salem, Cape Cod and more) will provide a break from the greenery and a lesson in American history. Pick up the route at the location closest to you.
A. Adirondack State Park, N.Y.
B. Green Mountain National Forest, Vt.
C. White Mountain National Forest, N.H.
D. Allagash Wilderness Waterway State Park, Maine
E. Acadia National Park, Maine
F. Minute Man National Historic Park, Mass.
K. Fort Adams State Park, R.I.
M. Hammonasset State Park, Conn.
The Southern states have plenty to offer in terms of nature, culture and relaxation. A satisfying southern RV expedition will sample forests, beaches and everything in between. This loop starts in historic Savannah, drops down into Florida and meanders along the Southern coast before launching back east into Tennessee and Virginia. The last leg of the journey comprises a series of beaches for a proper cool down at the end of a long journey. Of course, you can begin anywhere along the route and eventually end up back where you started.
B. Ocala National Forest, Fla.
C. Big Cypress National Preserve, Fla.
D. Everglades National Park, Fla.
E. Apalachicola National Forest, Fla.
F. Blackwater River State Park, Fla.
G. De Soto National Forest, Fla.
I. Kisatchie National Forest, La.
K. Sam Houston National Forest, Texas
L. Ouachita National Forest, Ark.
M. Ozark National Forest, Ark.
P. Cherokee National Forest, Tenn.
Q. Chattahoochee National Forest, Ga.
R. George Washington National Forest, Va.
How to maximize your rewards
You want a travel credit card that prioritizes what's important to you. Here are our picks for the best travel credit cards of 2021, including those best for:
How to Make the Most of Air Canada's Business Class
Making the Most of Turkish Airlines Business Class


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Home / Shop / Books / Cold Fusion Presents: New Thinking: From Einstein to Artificial Intelligence, the Science and Technology that Transformed Our World
Cold Fusion Presents: New Thinking: From Einstein to Artificial Intelligence, the Science and Technology that Transformed Our World
Pre-order for $19.99
This title will be released on January 15, 2019
Ships from and sold by Amazon.com
#1 Amazon New Release! ― ColdFusion's New Thinking About Technology and Science
What can history's greatest breakthroughs in science and technology teach us about the future?
New Thinking: As each new stage technology builds on the previous innovations of the last, advancements begin to increase at an exponential rate. Now, more than ever, it's important to see how we got here. What hidden stories lie behind much of the technology we use today? What drove those who invented it to do so? What were those special moments that changed the world forever? New Thinking is the story of human innovation, the story of us―through war and peace, it is humanity at our most innovative.
Disruptive technology and innovation: From the stories behind the steam engine revolution to the electric world of Tesla, to the first computers, to the invention of the internet and artificial intelligence, this book explores the hidden history of technology, discovering the secrets that have shaped our world. New Thinking brings you the stories of the men and women who thought in a new way to bring our world to where it is today.
In New Thinking: From Einstein to Artificial Intelligence, The Technology and Science That Built Our World you will delight in learning and appreciating:
How a technology can spawn a new technology, and how they influence each other
How our modern world came to be
Our incredible modern world and potential for the future
If you've read books such as The Third Industrial Revolution, They Made America, or How We Got to Now, you're going to love New Thinking
Category: Books Tags: Books, Cold Fusion, Dagogo Altraide, New Thinking
The Cold Fusion YouTube channel is linked here.
Similar Titles on Amazon.com:
From Cold War to Hot Peace: By Michael McFaul
Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, (Penguin Classics)
Man's Eternal Quest: Collected Talks & Essays on Realizing God in Daily Life, Volume I
Combating Cult Mind Control – by Steven Hassan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Print and online news outlets alike are not immune from publishing inaccuracies -- or even out-and-out falsehoods -- about hackers, as we discover this week in two case studies.
Steve Silberman of Wired News, and Adam Penenberg of Forbes Digital Tool, two respected cyberjournalists, both fell for the story of "Christian Valor," a.k.a. "Se7en," the would-be hacker Robin Hood who lied for years about trashing the hard drives of online pedophiles. Silberman exposed Se7en's fraud (and the hacker admitted his mistake) Feb. 8, while Penenberg posted an apology and explanation on various hacker mailing lists.
But Silberman's story fell flat in the online media world, especially among the newspapers and Web sites that had written so gushingly -- and erroneously -- about Se7en during the past two years. None has issued a retraction as of posting time.
Meanwhile, several respected online news sites jumped down the throat of weekly U.K. newspaper Sunday Business, which broke a shocking story Feb. 28 about hackers altering the course of a British defense satellite and asking for money to not do it again.
The Web sites quickly denounced the story as wrong, but in the meantime, some published errors of their own. And the evidence they cited was not exactly exhaustive.
Both cases spotlight the difficulty of covering the mysterious world of hackers -- with its pseudonyms, wild claims and heavy mythical baggage. They both illuminate the very different ways that publications deal with their own mistakes. And they both show the decisive new role being played by people who would have never been called "journalists" three years ago.


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Discuss the various ships of Elite Dangerous in here. Please remember to select the proper thread prefix when creating threads in this forum.
Engineers The Engineers Swap Shop!
Engineers Engineering stacked with premium ammo?!
Ships Personal Favorite ships so far - including what I would skip in my owners order.
Ships Which is the best combat ship for pve?
Ships Krait Phantom build what can I do better?
Ships The Krait MKII Owners Club.
Engineers Anyone still using cannons?
Ships Figured it out - Grade 1 Rank Access, but I can apply level 2 mods. Reputation?


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137 F. 3d 68 - Mark Labounty v. Thomas A. Coughlin, Iii, Commissioner
137 F3d 68 Mark Labounty v. Thomas A. Coughlin, Iii, Commissioner
137 F.3d 68
Mark LaBOUNTY, Plaintiff-Appellant,
Thomas A. COUGHLIN, III, Commissioner; Carl D. Berry,
Superintendent, Woodbourne Correctional Facility; T.J.
Miller, Deputy Superintendent of Administration at
Woodbourne Correctional Facility, Defendants-Appellees.
Docket No. 97-2015.
Second Circuit.
Argued Aug. 8, 1997.
Decided Feb. 13, 1998.
Mark LaBounty, Pro Se, Attica, NY.
Vincent Leong, Assistant Attorney General of the State of New York (Dennis C. Vacco, Attorney General of the State of New York, Barbara G. Billet, Solicitor General, Thomas D. Hughes, Assistant Solicitor General, New York City, of counsel), for Defendants-Appellees.
Before: CALABRESI and PARKER, Circuit Judges, and McCURN, District Judge.*
PARKER, Circuit Judge:
Pro se plaintiff-appellant Mark LaBounty ("LaBounty") filed this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action in May 1993 alleging that he was subjected to unconstitutional conditions of confinement at Woodbourne Correctional Facility ("Woodbourne") which constituted cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment. Specifically, LaBounty alleges that chemicals placed in the drinking water and the presence of friable asbestos particles in the air at Woodbourne caused him to suffer myriad illnesses. He seeks compensatory and punitive damages and declaratory and injunctive relief from defendants-appellees, Thomas Coughlin, III, Commissioner; Carl Berry, Superintendent at Woodbourne, and T.J. Miller, Deputy Superintendent at Woodbourne ("defendants").
LaBounty claims to have personal knowledge that five chemicals were routinely placed into the water supply at Woodbourne. During discovery, he served defendants with a document entitled "second set of interrogatories and for the production of documents." Although LaBounty did not include a specific request for production of documents along with each interrogatory, at the beginning of the document LaBounty noted "with regard to documents identified in the answers to interrogatories, plaintiff request [sic] production of the matter identified in each such answer pursuant to Rule 34 ...". The discovery request included two interrogatories directed toward the "principal or senior stationary engineers": (1) 17(e): "State whether there is a log book for daily entries of the treatment of water supply at Woodbourne;" and (2) 17(f): "Identify and produce the document(s) that list all chemicals placed in the water supply at Woodbourne Correctional Facility."
Defendants objected to interrogatory 17 as it was directed to a non-party. In response, LaBounty filed a motion to compel the answers and for the production of all requested documents. In March 1994, Magistrate Judge Kathleen A. Roberts ordered the defendants to answer the interrogatory. Defendants then answered interrogatory 17(e) stating "Yes, daily sheet" and 17(f) stating "NB122, NB21, NT150, Chlorine." LaBounty objected to those answers. Magistrate Roberts found them sufficiently answered but directed the defendants to "provide any documents referenced in their answers to plaintiff's interrogatories, to the extent they have not already done so." In December 1994, Magistrate Judge Roberts directed LaBounty to advise the court whether further discovery was sought from defendants. LaBounty stated that defendants had failed to supply him with a number of documents including "the water treatment plaint [sic] log book." The defendants were ordered to respond and in turn stated that no "water treatment logbook" existed but that they had a "Water Works maintenance sheet filled out each day" which would be provided to LaBounty "within the next few weeks."
In February 1995 and upon motion by the defendants, Magistrate Roberts directed LaBounty to answer a number of the defendants' interrogatories which he had previously inadequately answered and warned LaBounty that if he failed to properly respond he would be precluded from offering evidence on the subjects addressed in the interrogatories. LaBounty then answered interrogatory 3,1 which requested the names of the chemicals or substances added to the water, "unknown at this time." Upon a motion from defendants to dismiss the action or preclude LaBounty from offering evidence at trial related to the subjects addressed in the interrogatories, Magistrate Judge Andrew J. Peck2 ordered, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 37(b)(2), that LaBounty was precluded from offering certain evidence including evidence of chemicals added to the water at Woodbourne. LaBounty filed an objection to Magistrate Peck's Order explaining that he answered "unknown at this time" to interrogatory 3 because the defendants had not produced the daily log books which detailed the chemicals in the water. In June 1995, Magistrate Judge Peck's Order was upheld by Judge Denise L. Cote. In a brief Order, Judge Cote acknowledged that LaBounty claimed that defendants had failed to provide him with the required documents; however, without addressing the discovery issue, Judge Cote upheld Magistrate Judge Peck's preclusion Order.
Defendants then filed a motion for summary judgment in September 1995. The Motion was granted on the drinking water claim but denied on the asbestos claim. See LaBounty v. Coughlin, No. 93-CIV-3443, 1996 WL 525865 (S.D.N.Y.1996) (unpublished disposition). Judge Barbara S. Jones3 held that LaBounty failed to offer any evidence which countered the documents submitted by defendants showing that 1) Woodbourne's water had been deemed safe by private contractors and 2) only three chemicals had been added to the water, all of which met the minimum safety standards set by the New York State Department of Health. Id. at * 4. Further, the Judge noted that LaBounty had failed to even name the five toxic chemicals which he alleged were added to the water and that he had been precluded from offering any evidence at trial on that issue. Id.
On the asbestos claim, the Judge found genuine issues of material fact as to whether LaBounty was exposed to friable asbestos at Woodbourne and as to the notice defendants had of the exposure. Neither party offered documentary evidence to support their affidavits. The Judge found that such exposure to friable asbestos and inaction by the defendants once informed, if proven, could constitute an Eighth Amendment violation and that the claim should proceed to trial. Id. at * 5-6.
Defendants submitted a Motion to Reargue asserting that the Judge had failed to consider their qualified immunity defense to the asbestos claim. The Judge allowed reargument and then granted summary judgment on the asbestos claim on the grounds of qualified immunity. LaBounty v. Coughlin, No 93-CIV-3443, 1996 WL 711497 (S.D.N.Y.1996)(unpublished disposition). The Judge found that during the relevant time period covering LaBounty's complaint "the unlawfulness of exposing plaintiff to crumbling asbestos was not 'clearly established' under federal law." Id. at * 2.
LaBounty now appeals the district court's grant of summary judgment on both claims.
II. DISCUSSION
This Court has jurisdiction over LaBounty's appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review the district court's decision to grant summary judgment de novo and we view the evidence in the light most favorable to LaBounty, the nonmoving party. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2509-10, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986); Aslanidis v. United States Lines, Inc., 7 F.3d 1067, 1072 (2d Cir.1993). In a pro se action we construe the plaintiff's pleadings even more liberally. Hughes v. Rowe, 449 U.S. 5, 9-10, 101 S.Ct. 173, 175-76, 66 L.Ed.2d 163 (1980) (per curiam).
A. The Drinking Water Claim
LaBounty argues that defendants failed to produce documents which recorded the chemicals placed in the water at Woodbourne. As a result, LaBounty was unable to fully respond to the defendants interrogatories which asked the names of the chemicals. He was then precluded from presenting evidence as to the drinking water claim and summary judgment was entered against him. After a careful review of the record, we have been unable to determine whether defendants did, in fact, respond properly to LaBounty's request for production of certain documents.
The facts, as detailed in Section I supra, show that beginning in September 1993, LaBounty repeatedly requested that the defendants provide him with the "daily log book" recording chemicals placed in the water at Woodbourne.4 It was not until February 1995, in response to Judge Roberts's demand for an explanation regarding production, that defendants stated they would provide LaBounty with the daily sheets within two weeks. In May and September 1995, LaBounty again filed papers with the court stating that he had not received the information. He again asserts this position on appeal.
Despite voluminous documents between the court and the parties referencing the log book and/or the daily sheets, defendants, strangely enough, assert to this court that
[c]ontrary to plaintiff's contention, he never served a request for production of the daily log-book of the water treatment records. Instead, plaintiff requested production of other water treatment records, which defendants produced to him in their supplementary responses dated February 22, 1994 to plaintiff's second set of interrogatories with request for documents, and in the amended non-party responses dated April 8, 1994 to plaintiff's second set of interrogatories with request for documents.
The letter to Judge Roberts from defendants dated February 3, 1995 and filed February 23, 1995 directly contradicts this contention. In that letter defendants stated that Woodbourne did not have a water treatment plant log book but "Woodbourne has a Water Works maintenance sheet filled out each day." Defendants then stated, "within the next two weeks" Woodbourne will "provide plaintiff with a copy of these sheets for the first day of each month from 1992 to the date of the complaint." This letter was sent a year after the date on which defendants claim they sent the documents. LaBounty claims he never received the sheets which were promised "within two weeks." There is no evidence in the record to the contrary.
It is reasonable to posit that had LaBounty received the sheets, he would have been able to respond fully to defendants' interrogatories requesting the names of chemicals placed in the water. With a complete response, Judge Roberts would not have precluded LaBounty from introducing evidence regarding the chemicals to oppose the defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment. In light of the lack of evidence in the record regarding production of documents, we must vacate the grant of summary judgment so that the district court can determine whether LaBounty has been given copies of the daily sheets. If he has not, he deserves an opportunity to receive the information and to use it to oppose summary judgment. If he has, then the prior dismissal may appropriately be reinstated.
B. The Asbestos Claim
1. The Underlying Claim
At the defendants' behest, we will examine the district court's refusal to grant summary judgment on LaBounty's asbestos claim. LaBounty claims that he was exposed to friable asbestos while incarcerated at Woodbourne and defendants knowingly failed to protect him from such exposure. This indifference to his health, he asserts, violated the Eighth Amendment. In Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 113 S.Ct. 2475, 125 L.Ed.2d 22 (1993), the Supreme Court held that a prisoner could state a claim under the Eighth Amendment by showing that the prison's knowingly failed to protect him from exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (constituting deliberate indifference to a serious medical need). See, Id. at 35, 113 S.Ct. at 2481-82. So too has LaBounty stated an Eighth Amendment claim.
To succeed in showing deliberate indifference, LaBounty must show that the acts of defendants involved more than lack of due care, but rather involved obduracy and wantonness in placing his health in danger. Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 319, 106 S.Ct. 1078, 1084, 89 L.Ed.2d 251 (1986). In other words, LaBounty must show that the defendants knew of the health dangers and yet refused to remedy the situation, constituting deliberate indifference. Wilson v. Seiter, 501 U.S. 294, 302-04, 111 S.Ct. 2321, 2326-27, 115 L.Ed.2d 271 (1991). The burden of establishing that no genuine issue of material fact exists rests with the defendants, the moving party. Chambers v. TRM Copy Cntrs. Corp., 43 F.3d 29, 36 (2d Cir.1994). The defendants' burden "will be satisfied if [they] can point to an absence of evidence to support an essential element of the nonmoving party's claim." Goenaga v. March of Dimes Birth Defects Found., 51 F.3d 14, 18 (2d Cir.1995). If this burden is met, LaBounty must come forward with specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Rexnord Holdings, Inc. v. Bidermann, 21 F.3d 522, 525-26 (2d Cir.1994). We must view all of the evidence presented "in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and draw all reasonable inferences in its favor." American Cas. Co. v. Nordic Leasing, Inc., 42 F.3d 725, 728 (2d Cir.1994)(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
Based on the pleadings, affidavits and other submissions of the parties the relevant facts are as follows: LaBounty claims he was exposed to friable asbestos in his work area and in many common areas of Woodbourne. The asbestos, which lined the pipes in certain areas of the prison, was broken in places (friable) and was constantly airborne. He and other inmates attempted to place a bag and tape over some of the pipes. Defendants acknowledge that the pipes in question are lined with asbestos but argue that the pipes are completely covered and no asbestos is exposed to the air. However, they admit that at times the cover is damaged and some asbestos may be exposed. Such damage, they argue, is quickly repaired. Woodbourne is routinely inspected and has not been cited for any asbestos-related violations. Neither party submitted any documentary evidence to support its position. Defendants failed to produce to the court any reports of inspections of the facilities. Thus, there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether LaBounty was exposed to friable asbestos.
LaBounty claims that he constantly complained about the presence of asbestos to the Inmate Liaison Committee, the Inmate Grievance officer, and the Administrative Officers at Woodbourne, including each defendant. Defendants claim they have no record of such a complaint on file but make no denial that LaBounty orally complained to the committees he named. Again, material issues of fact exist as to whether the defendants had notice and therefore acted with deliberate indifference. In light of these basic factual disputes between the parties, the district court did not err in declining to grant summary judgment.
2. Qualified Immunity
The doctrine of qualified immunity is well established. Government officials are protected from suits against them in their individual capacity for money damages where "their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known." Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 2738, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). A right is "clearly established" if "[t]he contours of the right [are] sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right." Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640, 107 S.Ct. 3034, 3039, 97 L.Ed.2d 523 (1987). Where a right is clearly established, "the defendants may nonetheless establish immunity by showing that reasonable persons in their position would not have understood that their conduct was within the scope of the established prohibition." In re State Police Litig., 88 F.3d 111, 123 (2d Cir.1996).
The chronic difficulty with this analysis for courts is in accurately defining the right at issue. An overly narrow definition of the right can effectively insulate the government's actions by making it easy to assert that the narrowly defined right was not clearly established. On the other hand, as the Supreme Court noted in Anderson, if the right is defined too broadly, "[p]laintiffs would be able to convert the rule of qualified immunity that our cases plainly establish into a rule of virtually unqualified liability simply by alleging violation of extremely abstract rights." Anderson, 483 U.S. at 639, 107 S.Ct. at 3039.
With these warnings in mind, we find that the district court erred in describing the right at issue as "the right to be free from crumbling asbestos." Such a restricted view of the right conflates the specific conduct at issue with the defined right running afoul of this Court's recognition that "[a] court need not have passed on the identical course of conduct in order for its illegality to be 'clearly established.' " Williams v. Greifinger, 97 F.3d 699, 703 (2d Cir.1996). Instead, we find that the right to be free from deliberate indifference to serious medical needs, established in Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104, 97 S.Ct. 285, 291, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976), best encompasses the alleged conduct. In Estelle, the Court held that such indifference constituted "cruel and unusual punishment" under the Eighth Amendment. Id.
LaBounty claims that his continuous health problems caused by exposure to friable asbestos in the air went unattended at Woodbourne as defendants failed to rid the premises of the asbestos or take measures to insulate LaBounty from the asbestos particles. LaBounty's request to be kept in an asbestos-free environment constituted a serious medical need. The Eleventh Circuit endorsed this analysis of a similar claim in Powell v. Lennon, 914 F.2d 1459, 1463-64 (11th Cir.1990). There, the court denied qualified immunity to prison officials where plaintiff alleged friable asbestos particles were in the air of the prison dormitory and yet prison officials refused to move him to a different sleeping area.
Although we find that the right was clearly established in 1991-92, the time of the alleged violation here, the question remains whether "[t]he contours of the right" were "sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he [did] violates that right." Anderson, 483 U.S. at 640, 107 S.Ct. at 3039. To grant defendants immunity we must find that "no rational jury could fail to conclude" that it was reasonable for defendants to believe that exposing LaBounty to asbestos would not violate his rights. Given the known dangers of friable asbestos in 1991-925, we hold that a reasonable person would have understood that exposing an inmate to friable asbestos could violate the Eighth Amendment.
We VACATE AND REMAND the district court's dismissal of LaBounty's claim regarding the prison drinking water so that the court can ensure that LaBounty receives, if he has not already received, the documents which recorded the chemicals added to the water at Woodbourne. We also VACATE the district court's grant of summary judgment to defendants based on qualified immunity grounds and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Honorable Neal McCurn of the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York, sitting by designation
There were several other interrogatories that he answered but none are relevant to the particular claims asserted here
Magistrate Peck was assigned the case in April 1995
Judge Jones was assigned the case in January 1996
Documents in the record alternately refer to the "log book" and the "daily sheets." We understand (and the record reveals that the parties understand) these descriptors refer to daily water works sheets kept at Woodbourne which recorded water treatment
Several courts which have granted qualified immunity in prisoner asbestos cases note that the weight of case law indicates that mere exposure to moderate levels of asbestos is not actionable because asbestos remains in many public buildings throughout the country. As a result, a reasonable defendant would not know that the presence of asbestos could violate the Eighth Amendment. See, e.g., McNeil v. Lane, 16 F.3d 123, 124 (7th Cir.1993). However, LaBounty's claim, like that of the plaintiff in Powell, concerns asbestos particles actually in the air, rather than simply the presence of enclosed asbestos in pipes or other building materials. The Seventh Circuit in McNeil recognized that friable asbestos posed a separate issue. Id. at 125
Friable asbestos was recognized by Congress to be a dangerous toxic chemical in the early 1970s and was listed as a "hazardous air pollutant" in the regulations to the Clean Air Act. 36 Fed.Reg. 5931 (1971). This Court acknowledged in 1988 that friable asbestos poses a significant health risk because airborne particles can become lodged in lungs and in the respiratory tract and over time can lead to asbestosis, mesothelioma and lung cancer. See Environmental Encapsulating Corp. v. City of New York, 855 F.2d 48, 50 (2d Cir.1988).


It has been quite a hectic year at work as most of you know. I have been to staff meetings from Houston to Cincinnati with many stops in between. Last week was the best one with quite a twist. Of all the times we spent at the Kentucky & Barkley Lake area we had never been to the Lake Barkley Lodge. It was a nice little 2 night trip with a really fun excursion the second night. The lodge itself reminds you of places you might have seen in movies from the 50's & 60's era. Way back off of the beaten path for sure. The sunset/full moon/dinner cruise on this really nice houseboat was awesome. A trip that I would have loved to have shared with our family.


Adrian serves as Assistant Music Director while playing banjo and bass for Andrea Fulton's latest production of ONE DROP, A Southern Love Story.
Power, Control, Faith, Love and Fear collide in the period piece set in 1800s Louisiana as a mulatto determines whether to "pass" or not as he learns simple yet powerful lessons about life and hope and love. Live music from a small idiosyncratic band helps take you on this wonderful journey based on a true story.


Everytime I wear a hat I get compliments. If you read my "Hello" page you know that I Love Hats. I have several for the winter that are felt with ribbons, a feather or a flower. Summer brings out lots of variation in wide brims that provide shade to my face.
Welcome to my second in the Kentucky Derby Series! If you missed the first one you can check it out at Kentucky Derby Party Planning.
One of my favorites. Bought it and the coat at White House Black Market during a visit to California to see my best friend about 6 years ago.
In the 1800s it was considered proper etiquette for a man or a woman to don a hat if they left their home for any reason. If you enjoyed the recent popular series "Downton Abbey" you would have been exposed to gorgeous hat designs. But you also would note that even the servant class wore hats when out in public, just a less showing or elaborate one. Notice the more muted colors of the early 1900s verses even my little Red Hat and of course the very often Bright colors of today's Derby Hats.
When Meriweather Lewis Clark, Jr. got inspired to bring sophistication to a sketchy track sport here in the USA, he found that inspiration in Paris and England. He brought his plan back to his family the "Churchills" and convinced them that the races they were holding at Churchhill Downs could draw a different crowd.
They went on a campaign door to door, social club to social club and told the socialites there would be a picnic at the Derby on May 17. So in 1875, 10,000 people met for the first ever Kentucky Derby on the grounds of Churchill Downs. They came dressed in their fine clothes and of course hats, both men and women. It was the place to be seen.
Over time there have been lulls and valleys over the fashion but in the 1960s when television began airing some of the races, fashion and hats again took their place as the focus sometimes over the horses and riders.
To attend the Kentucky Derby without a Hat is considered bad luck and bad form. Socialites begin ordering their hats from New York and Paris in February ranging from $300 to $2000. While others buy off the rack or take a simple straw hat or fascinator and decorate it themselves. There is no snobbery here. Every hat is a contender and every color and amount of creativity is welcome and encouraged.
Some say you buy the hat and then find your dress. I agree. Having ordered what I was told was a "pink" hat on line, I started the shopping for my dress but had not found one by the time the hat arrived. I had found my husband a beautiful orange and white with a touch of soft blue shirt and a bow tie that went great with it. Little did I know he was into the fashion and was already looking on his own. At that point I wished I had ordered coral since it is my color and would look much better with him in his orange. The next day my hat arrived and it is much more coral than it is pink!
Also note that the HAT is the star, not your dress or slacks or jewelry. All other fashion is worn to complement and showcase your hat.
In the midst of writing this post I found a dress. The lighter color in the dress was an exact match to my hat and the dress also had black and a little of the bright orange in my husband's banding. I loved it! I found a belt and added a orange flower to it and just thought how cute with my little black slipper shoes…until I tried on my hat. Guess what? I allowed my dress to take the spot light and the hat just didn't look right with it at all. So it is true…let the hat do the talking!
So what kind of hat does a woman wear to the Kentucky Derby? The choice is yours but typically the most popular is the wide brimmed straw hat in color with lots of lovely trimmings.
To purchase online there are too many places to mention but I will give you a few suggestions. I bought mine on Amazon.com. It was $34. I thought that was a very reasonable price for a hat that I was thrilled to wear without changing or adding a thing. Honestly when you start hot gluing ribbons, flowers, netting, etc., those items will start adding up and a simple hat can run you $25 easy and you may not be happy with it in the end.
Another type of hat that has become popular since the wedding of Kate Middleton and Prince William, is the Fascinator, although I have recently learned that in truth a Fascinator is a headscarf and the true name of this style hat is a "Whimsey." It is a small little circle of straw held on with a headband. From this little circle some of the most fabulous hats have been built. Typically worn to one side it is a flattering style on any lady and leaves hair looking wonderful after the hat is removed.
You can find Fascinators or Whimseys at many places as well. But again I have to give Amazon.com the Best Value award. Lots of variety and color for a very smart price.
What type of hats do men wear? The most interesting thing I found in my research is Men have an array of choices that are truly different when it comes to Hats suitable for the Kentucky Derby…far more than women in fact. The Official Hat of the Kentucky Derby is the Fedora. A short brimmed hat. The color of the hat can be different, the band can be different and of course if you decorate it out or have it made to your specifications, well, you can have a very full brimmed and outlandish hat even as a man.
When the Derby first began, the Top Hat was worn. You rarely see that today. However I expect with the steampunk look being so popular we may see some interesting ones this year. Also,women are wearing these dolled up as a MadHatter or with netting.
Panama, Boat Hats, Bowlers and Derbys are all included in the mix.
One more hat that has been donned at the derby is the Driver or Ivy cap.
Like many celebratory events, the Kentucky Derby has also been taken to extremes when it comes to fashion and hats. You are certain to see some jaw-dropping hats decked out in bizarre decor and matching frocks and duds. But unlike most places, at the Derby these outlandish exhibitions are embraced and celebrated. So let your creativity flow if you plan to attend the Derby or a Derby party. Enjoy your self-expression.
So as we anticipate the upcoming event, select your hat to suit your style and personality and budget and add your dress, bow tie, shirt, shoes, parasol, clutch and jewelry to place the focus on that incredible hat! Because after all…It's All About The Hat!
I would love to see your hats! Please send me pictures, I will add to my pinterest board.
If you enjoyed this post, please share to FB, Instagram, Pinterest, and Twitter.
Upcoming in the Series will include Menu, Bar Set Up, Wagers, Lawn Games and Contests and the event itself! Hope to have you join me again.
Fiona recently posted…How to have organised teens in 5 easy steps!
Fiona, I am so glad we have connected. I know little about Australia, except that my son-in-law's family is from there. I have never heard of Melbourne Cup Day…perhaps you could share about it in November on your blog!
Thanks Debbie, I would love to do a post on Melbourne Cup Day. It will be spring for us then!
This is a great article!! I secretly love hats, but have absolutely nowhere to wear them (and I have a giant head that is not conducive to women's hat sizes). I just told my hubby that if we ever get to go to our real estate mentor's annual Kentucky Derby party in Orlando, Florida, I now know what to wear. I would have gone to this party and concentrated on getting a great dress and been all wrong. It would be a hoot to get awesome hats for the hubby and myself!!
Thank you Melony….I'm a Realtor as well! Have never gone to a convention. Just started a couple of years ago to get into it for our retirement. My board is 4 hours away where our vacation rentals are so I am not real active yet. Mostly just family and friends of family for now. Hoping that my husband will want to get his license after her retires from Dentistry.
Or throw one yourself! I will openly admit I am a bit terrified. I've never been to it but I want to throw the party. I believe I am a southerner at heart and love their traditions, fashion, food and accent!
This is so cool! So many hats, so many possibilities… I hardly ever wear a hat, but would make an exception for the Derby!
I have to confess that the first time you wear a hat in public it can be a bit intimidating because you will definitely get looks, but once you start having people tell you they secretly wish they could wear a hat and how much they love yours..well, you kind of realize you are giving them inspiration and perhaps they may get the courage to do something so crazy and fun. Thank you Marjan for reading and commenting, hope to have you back again!
Debbie, you make me want to wear a hat!! I love the idea!!


The stories of classic myth are better. They just are, whatever your basis for comparison is. They're simpler yet stranger. They're stripped of everything but earth, wind, fire and — in "Metamorphoses," the most important — water. Yet from those elemental forces — and the pride, resentment, lust and grief that stir them — myth expands what humanity is and what we might yet become ever outward into the infinite.
Even if you've heard the hype about Mary Zimmerman's Tony-winning adaptation of Ovid's myths, Berkeley Rep's revival, which opened Thursday, Jan. 31, 20 years after the company first produced it, exceeds expectation.
From the opening moments, as a string instrument gets plucked, a character breezes in, a match gets struck and a chandelier ascends, Zimmerman as director has such precise timing that it's as if she lives inside your brain, knowing before you do when the next stimulus or reveal would most delight, how it might make you wade a step further into her pool of wonders.
That famous pool of actual water spans the stage in Daniel Ostling's scene design, and Zimmerman uses it with the panache and range of Poseidon.
The stunning direction extends to each element of mise-en-scene. A golden-peach glow, by lighting designer T.J. Gerckens, takes almost corporeal form as the fingertips of the gods who morph Lamson's Alcyone, winding and searching with her arms, out of human form. A spotlight and a column of rain simultaneously shower on Moggridge's Orpheus, as blood-red devils lounge behind him: He's both cursed and the center of the world's attention and pity in his cursedness.
Her cast seems to have teleported in from a realm outside of time. Moggridge, recounting how Eros (Benjamin T. Ismail) and Psyche (Felicity Jones Latta) forge a new kind of love and trust after a trespass, sets his lines aloft like a benevolent but enigmatic Buddha blowing bubbles your way. When Jones takes a turn as narrator, her diction and elocution have fierce inborn majesty, as if she carries an invisible scepter that could either knight you or slice you to pieces.
In "Metamorphoses," we humans warn fruitlessly or proceed heedlessly. We insist on extremity over balance and get both punished for and ennobled by that immoderation. We cannot long tolerate "a monotony of happiness." We must create ripples — or tidal waves — in a tranquil pool. That's both our downfall and, in Zimmerman's vision, our redemption.


Did you know you can substitute applesauce for the oil in a cake mix recipe and end up with cupcakes that are lower in fat as well as especially moist? Complete the experience (or take a tongue-in-cheek jab at guests who don't believe in crazy applesauce substitutions) by decorating your cupcakes like apples.
What You Need: 1 cupcake (baked and cooled); icing tinted red; thick pretzel sticks; green icing and pastry bag with leaf tip (or just buy some of those sugared gel candy leaves).
How to Make It: It's notoriously hard to get a good, deep red when tinting icing. It's a good idea to use concentrated gel icing (as opposed to liquid drops), and spring for the No-Taste Red in the cake aisle, because red icing can taste funky when you're using a lot of it. (You could also just go with green apples, or pink "Pink Lady" apples.) Frost cupcake. Break off end of pretzel and stick in cupcake for stem. Pipe green leaf using pastry bag and leaf tip, or simply add candy leaf.
This entry was posted on Saturday, December 29th, 2007 at 4:00 am	and is filed under food cupcakes. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Responses are currently closed, but you can trackback from your own site.


text:
using UnityEngine;

[DisallowMultipleComponent]
public class ViveGrip_Interactable : ViveGrip_Object {

  // These are called this on the scripts of the attached object and children of the controller:

  // Called when touched or grabbed and the interaction button is pressed and released, respectively
  //   void ViveGripInteractionStart(ViveGrip_GripPoint gripPoint) {}
  //   void ViveGripInteractionStop(ViveGrip_GripPoint gripPoint) {}

  // Called when highlighting changes
  //   void ViveGripHighlightStart(ViveGrip_GripPoint gripPoint) {}
  //   void ViveGripHighlightStop(ViveGrip_GripPoint gripPoint) {}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: inversify.js resolve by name I want to create little CQRS framework for my Typescript Node.js project.
I wish to resolve class by it's name from inversify.js container.
I need something like that:
let x = container.get("Foo");

where Foo is regular class and container is Container object from inversify.js.
Is it possible to do what I want?

A: You should be able to do the following:
import { Container, injectable } from "inversify";

@injectable()
class Foo {
    // ...
}

const container = new Container();
container.bind(Foo).toSelf();

const foo = container.get(Foo);

Or (if foo is the composition root):
import { Container, injectable } from "inversify";

@injectable()
class Foo {
    // ...
}

const container = new Container();
const foo = container.resolve(Foo);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Intertwined Interests
The Political Arrangements in Syria from the Russian Perspective
Wednesday، October 31، 2018
Russia seems to be gearing for fresh efforts to reach new political arrangements in Syria, after the balance of power has shifted in favor of the Syrian regime. During a speech at the Valdai International Discussion Club at Sochi resort on October 18, 2018, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced that his country achieved its goals in Syria. He noted that the Russian military intervention was aimed at fighting terrorism and preventing the fragmentation of Syrian territory, invoking the case of Somalia as a model that Russia prevented its recurrence in Syria, adding that the next stage will be devoted to settlement in the United Nations. However, this does not negate the fact that such efforts may encounter many challenges, over the key outstanding issues, foremost among is the position of the Syrian regime itself.
Multiple Objectives
During his speech, Putin focused on the war on terror in Syria, noting that Russia succeeded in freeing about 95% of Syrian territory, and hence considered that the Russian goal is to fight terrorism only, which does not match some of the realities on the ground.
As for the geographical clearance, the total areas under control and influence in the liberated Syrian territory allow the Syrian regime control over about 59.8% of Syria according to July 2018 estimates, while the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) control 27.5%. The remaining area is distributed between Syrian opposition groups, which control about 9% and terrorist organizations, especially ISIS, controlling less than 3%. Thus, the regime establishes control over nearly two thirds of the area, part of which is based on non-military mechanisms, such as the de-escalation agreements brokered by regional powers. Therefore, the Russian intervention - despite its obvious impact - was not the only variable that ultimately produced these results.
The Russian intervention has not been aimed exclusively at confronting terrorism, the Russian agenda has many objectives that go beyond combating terrorism to re-positioning in the eastern Mediterranean, amid the mounting disagreements with Western countries over many regional and international issues.
Remarkably, other parties have been involved in achieving some of these goals, such as the US, which has supported local forces, like the Kurds and Arabs in the eastern Euphrates, in the confrontations with ISIS. The international coalition and its local allies are credited with ousting ISIS from its main stronghold in Raqqa, not Russia, Iran or Turkey.
In early May 2018, US State Department spokeswoman Heather Nauert announced that the US and the International Coalition and with them SDF had launched operations to liberate the final ISIS strongholds in Syria. "We and our partners will prevail. We will defend United States, Coalition, and partner forces if attacked", Nauert said. It is a confirmation of the direct engagement formula based on the US military bases, including al-Tanf military base, on the one hand, and local and regional partners on the other, according to the strategy of "back seat" leadership.
Moreover, the bet on the Assad regime's survival was not confined to Moscow alone, the gradual retreat from toppling the regime happened mainly due to a change in the policies of some international powers on this issue. Western reports indicated that the US and its European allies backtracked on their demand to overthrow the Syrian regime as a pre-condition for reconciliation in Syria. French president Emmanuel Marcon said on June 21, 2017, that he "does not see a legitimate alternative to the Assad regime in Syria", stating clearly that "Assad's departure is no longer a pre-condition to resolving the conflict in Syria".
The 'Somalization' of Syria
This is the model invoked by President Putin in his speech at the Valdai forum. However, steps taken by Moscow during earlier periods suggested that it did not rule out eventual application of such scenario. The statements of some of Russian officials referred to that, such as Sergei Ryabkov, Deputy foreign minister, who said at the end of February 2016, that "Russia hopes the participants in the Syrian negotiations to come up with a formula for the creation of a federal republic, which is demanded by the Kurds". Such remarks sparked a wide debate, at that period, over Moscow's vision of the future of political arrangements in Syria after the military conflict come to an end.
Conversely, other parties rejected this scenario for its possible disastrous consequences on the region. Besides, the complexity of regional interests dictated a different path, that is to maintain the territorial integrity of Syria, especially amid the continued activity of terrorist organizations in Syria despite the strong blows they suffer.
The above-mentioned does not negate the fact that Russia has turned itself into a major party with the capacity to participate in determining the possible trajectories of the Syrian conflict. Russia has played a significant role in reducing the activity of terrorist organizations during the past period, thanks to the actions it has insisted on taking to resolve problems in some of the areas in which these organizations are located.
Nevertheless, the Russian efforts to maintain this role face numerous challenges, notably its stance on the issue of the reconstruction of Syria, which the western countries have been keen to tie to the opening of the debate over the future of the Syrian regime and the paths of political settlement.
The ability of Moscow to reach security and political understandings with some of the parties involved in the Syrian conflict, such as Turkey and Iran, may gradually diminish due to numerous developments, including the continued escalation between Tehran and Washington over the nuclear deal and the new sanctions, and the lingering differences between Tehran and Ankara on some major issues. Moreover, the recent disagreement with Israel may bring new variables to the Russian plans for the political and security arrangements in Syria, which seems to be facing important strategic decisions in the coming period.
Keywords: IranRussiaTurkeySyriaPutin


Description Research has found evidence of yoga's positive effect on levels of mindfulness, emotion regulation and well-being in adults. Several studies have shown similar benefits for children participating in mindfulness-based interventions in school settings. However, the body of literature focusing on yoga for children is still in nascent stages. There is a paucity of literature examining the outcomes and implementation of yoga on typically developing children, particularly in the context of school yoga programs. This pilot study presents preliminary findings related to outcomes and implementation of a yoga program with elementary-school-aged children. Participants (N = 80) were 5th to 7th grade students who participated in 45 minutes of yoga per week for 10-weeks. It was hypothesized that following the yoga program, participants' self-reports of mindfulness skills, emotion regulation, subjective well-being, optimism and experience of classroom supportiveness would improve. To assess the feasibility of implementing a yoga program in the school setting, participants' attendance as well as teacher and student perceptions of the program were also measured. Although no firm conclusions can be made without the use of a control group, preliminary findings suggest that both students and teachers found the program useful and fairly attractive, and improvements to mindfulness and emotion regulation skills followed the program. No changes were found for subjective well-being, optimism and classroom supportiveness. The results of this research may assist in informing educators and scholars as they strive to develop, implement and evaluate yoga programs suitable for children.


The national policy to increase the recycling share to at least 40 percent by 2030 and 50 percent by 2050.
The country produced 4.3 million tonnes of solid urban waste during 2018, approximately 100,000 fewer tonnes than in 2017.
Kazakhstan's share of municipal solid waste recycling increased to 11.5 percent last year, compared to 9 percent in 2017.
The amount of recycled waste is expected to continue increasing with the law banning dumping plastics, paper, cardboard and glass wastes into landfills that came into force Jan. 1. Transitioning to a greener lifestyle should also be facilitated with the ban on construction and food waste beginning in 2021.
The government has prohibited disposing mercury-containing lamps and devices, scrap metal, waste oils and liquids, batteries and electronic waste in landfills since 2016.
The ROP operator reimburses enterprises for the cost of collecting, transporting and processing recycled materials. In the last three years, more than 50 enterprises received compensation and 100,553 tonnes of auto components were collected and processed. It also has been recycling old cars since November 2016, receiving 83,268 decommissioned vehicles.


When leaders undervalue their workers, they are only making life harder on themselves. A devalued team is a disengaged, demotivated and dissonant team. Leaders don't generally set out to decrease motivation and squash engagement; it's just something that happens without strategic leadership.
The acknowledgement that we all know is so crucial for a healthy workforce tends to get lost in the day-to-day of business. Don't stress, it happens to the best of leaders, but the first step is to recognize the problem. Be sure that you're not guilty of these everyday ways that you could be unwittingly devaluing your employees.
Things are running smoothly, so giving feedback isn't necessary.
Wrong! Employees need constant feedback, even when it is just business as usual. There are periods of time in almost every company in which a team is simply maintaining, or on autopilot. That is no excuse to shut the office door and kick back. Facing a less demanding time in business can be dangerous; leaders might let motivation and engagement slowly slip away while they are in hands-off mode.
43% of highly engaged employees receive feedback at least once a week, compared to only 18% of employees with low engagement. Feedback shouldn't be reliant on the state of business, but rather a strategic part of everyday leadership.
Assuming your team doesn't have any feedback for you.
Keep in mind that as a leader, you might not be as approachable as you think. Beyond that, leaders should always facilitate a two-way dialogue with their workforce, and this can often mean that they will need to encourage workers to speak up.
Build this into quarterly reviews, solicit feedback at meetings, encourage employee engagement survey participation and create an open door communication policy.
You aren't facilitating their personal goals.
Leaders are often not even aware that creating and communicating career paths with and for employees is a vital part of their role. It's not exactly something you see included in the average manager's job reqs. Even in those organizations which hold regular performance reviews, employees will often still have no clear understanding of how to move vertically or even horizontally within the organization.
Be sure that you take the time to discuss all development and training programs available to your workers. Regularly revisit goals and ensure that you are facilitating the alignment between personal goals and those of the organization.
Your performance review process is archaic.
The top 3 emotions that are associated with traditional performance reviews are frustration, anxiety and boredom. The performance review processes that most organizations are using today are incredibly ineffective, and downright disliked.
Of those employees surveyed, 63% of them dislike performance reviews because they believed that they are not a true indicator of performance. Instead, institute 360-performance reviews in which manager assessments, peer reviews and self-assessments provide a much more accurate and complete picture of performance.
Micromanaging undermines skills and accountability.
Again, it is almost always the case that micromanagers aren't even aware of their hovering ways. A recent study of over 7,000 workers in Norway found that people who work in stressful environments and who are micromanaged are more likely to take extended sick leave.
Instead of managing them right out of the office, consider building accountability into your office culture. There are some great project management technologies available that build accountability and transparency into everyday communications.
Making sure that your workforce feels valued, recognized and supported isn't just a great retention strategy, a valued workforce is a productive, motived and engaged workforce. In order to build and maintain a healthy workplace, constant recognition needs to be a strategic part of leadership.
Want to learn more about project management technology that alerts your managers of employee successes in real-time, making effective recognition a breeze? Take a demo now.


text:
Q: rbind and bind_rows not working on Mac but works on Windows I am working on importing multiple csv files which contain data from climate sensors (temp, humidity, etc.). My code is below. First, I get a list of all the files I am importing and the length of that list. I then have a for loop cycling through each file, inside of that an if loop  checking if the file is a csv. In the if loop, the code reads the file in and temporarily stores it in "store". Afterwards, a data frame which holds all of the data, called "main", and "store" are combined using rbind.
file_list <- list.files(".")
num_files <- length(file_list)
main <- data.frame()

for (i in 1:num_files){
   check <- stri_length(file_list[i])
   if (substr(file_list[i],start = check - 2, stop = check) == "csv"){
      store <- read.csv(file_list[i])
      main <- rbind(main, store)
}

However, when I run the code, I get the following error: "Error in rbind(deparse.level, ...) : numbers of columns of arguments do not match"
There are a few things that are interesting with this code and error. First, when I run this code on a windows computer, it works brilliantly with no error, but it does not work on my MAC. Second, all the columns in the imported data are identical, so rbind should work, and it does on a windows. Third, when I examine the empty data frame "main," it has very weird column names that do not match up with the data, for example, X21092, X16, X5.2, etc... Hence, it will not bind the temporarily stored data and the empty data frame. Now, when I do not use rbind and try something different such as bind_rows, I get the same wacky column names that do not match up with anything, so the problem is not with rbind. Finally, when I run codes that use a very similar for loop with rbind on my MAC, they work just as expected.
I have tried clearing everything, such as the environment, using the code on a new file, and uninstalling R and RStudio, all of which yield the same result and error.
Is the some reason I am getting this error on my MAC and what should I do to fix it?
Here is a photo of the data frame when it runs correctly
enter image description here
Here is an image of the data frame when I get the error on my MAC
enter image description here


text:
Decimal (1.57)
Fractional (57/100)
American (-175)
Statistics and Results
Fruit Shop Christmas Edition
Secrets of Atlantis
Fairytale Legends: Hansel and Gretel
ReelRush
Starburst XXXtreme
Space Wars 2™ Powerpoints™
Cupcakes™
Silverback Gold™
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