text:
This document guides you through the process of upgrading Kong. First, check if
a section named "Upgrade to Kong `x.x.x`" exists, with `x.x.x` being the version
you are planning to upgrade to. If such a section does not exist, the upgrade
you want to perform does not have any particular instructions, and you can
simply consult the [Suggested upgrade path](#suggested-upgrade-path).

## Suggested upgrade path

Unless indicated otherwise in one of the upgrade paths of this document, it is
possible to upgrade Kong **without downtime**:

Assuming that Kong is already running on your system, acquire the latest
version from any of the available [installation
methods](https://getkong.org/install/) and proceed to install it, overriding
your previous installation.

If you are planning to make modifications to your configuration, this is a
good time to do so.

Then, run migration to upgrade your database schema:

```shell
$ kong migrations up [-c configuration_file]
```

If the command is successful, and no migration ran
(no output), then you only have to
[reload](https://getkong.org/docs/latest/cli/#reload) Kong:

```shell
$ kong reload [-c configuration_file]
```

**Reminder**: `kong reload` leverages the Nginx `reload` signal that seamlessly
starts new workers, which take over from old workers before those old workers
are terminated. In this way, Kong will serve new requests via the new
configuration, without dropping existing in-flight connections.

## Upgrade to `0.11.x`

Along with the usual database migrations shipped with our major releases, this
particular release introduces quite a few changes in behavior and, most
notably, the enforced manual migrations process and the removal of the Serf
dependency for cache invalidation between Kong nodes of the same cluster.

This document will only highlight the breaking changes that you need to be
aware of, and describe a recommended upgrade path. We recommend that you
consult the full [0.11.0
Changelog](https://github.com/Mashape/kong/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md) for a
complete list of changes and new features.

#### Breaking changes

##### Configuration

- Several updates were made to the Nginx configuration template. If you are
  using a custom template, you **must** apply those modifications. See below
  for a list of changes to apply.

##### Migrations & Deployment

- Migrations are **not** executed automatically by `kong start` anymore.
  Migrations are now a **manual** process, which must be executed via the `kong
  migrations` command. In practice, this means that you have to run `kong
  migrations up [-c kong.conf]` in one of your nodes **before** starting your
  Kong nodes. This command should be run from a **single** node/container to
  avoid several nodes running migrations concurrently and potentially
  corrupting your database. Once the migrations are up-to-date, it is
  considered safe to start multiple Kong nodes concurrently.
- Serf is **not** a dependency anymore. Kong nodes now handle cache
  invalidation events via a built-in database polling mechanism. See the new
  "Datastore Cache" section of the configuration file which contains 3 new
  documented properties: `db_update_frequency`, `db_update_propagation`, and
  `db_cache_ttl`.  If you are using Cassandra, you **should** pay a particular
  attention to the `db_update_propagation` setting, as you **should not** use
  the default value of `0`.

**Note for Docker users:** Because of the aforementioned breaking change, if
you are running Kong with Docker, you will now need to run the migrations from
a single, ephemeral container. You can follow the [Docker installation
instructions](https://getkong.org/install/docker/) (see "2. Prepare your
database") for more details about this process.

##### Core

- Kong now requires OpenResty `1.11.2.4`. OpenResty's LuaJIT can now be built
  with Lua 5.2 compatibility, and the `--without-luajit-lua52` flag can be
  omitted.
- While Kong now correctly proxies downstream `X-Forwarded-*` headers, the
  introduction of the new `trusted_ips` property also means that Kong will
  only do so when the request comes from a trusted client IP. This is also
  the condition under which the `X-Real-IP` header will be trusted by Kong
  or not.
  In order to enforce security best practices, we took the stance of **not**
  trusting any client IP by default. If you wish to rely on such headers, you
  will need to configure `trusted_ips` (see the Kong configuration file) to
  your needs.
- The API Object property `http_if_terminated` is now set to `false` by
  default. For Kong to evaluate the client `X-Forwarded-Proto` header, you must
  now configure Kong to trust the client IP (see above change), **and** you
  must explicitly set this value to `true`. This affects you if you are doing
  SSL termination somewhere before your requests hit Kong, and if you have
  configured `https_only` on the API, or if you use a plugin that requires
  HTTPS traffic (e.g. OAuth2).
- The internal DNS resolver now honours the `search` and `ndots` configuration
  options of your `resolv.conf` file. Make sure that DNS resolution is still
  consistent in your environment, and consider eventually not using FQDNs
  anymore.

##### Admin API

- Due to the removal of Serf, Kong is now entirely stateless. As such, the
  `/cluster` endpoint has for now disappeared. This endpoint, in previous
  versions of Kong, retrieved the state of the Serf agent running on other
  nodes to ensure they were part of the same cluster. Starting from 0.11, all
  Kong nodes connected to the same datastore are guaranteed to be part of the
  same cluster without requiring additional channels of communication.
- The Admin API `/status` endpoint does not return a count of the database
  entities anymore. Instead, it now returns a `database.reachable` boolean
  value, which reflects the state of the connection between Kong and the
  underlying database. Please note that this flag **does not** reflect the
  health of the database itself.

##### Plugins development

- The upstream URI is now determined via the Nginx `$upstream_uri` variable.
  Custom plugins using the `ngx.req.set_uri()` API will not be taken into
  consideration anymore. One must now set the `ngx.var.upstream_uri` variable
  from the Lua land.
- The `hooks.lua` module for custom plugins is dropped, along with the
  `database_cache.lua` module. Database entities caching and eviction has been
  greatly improved to simplify and automate most caching use-cases. See the
  [plugins development
  guide](https://getkong.org/docs/0.11.x/plugin-development/entities-cache/)
  for more details about the new underlying mechanism, or see the below
  section of this document on how to update your plugin's cache invalidation
  mechanism for 0.11.0.
- To ensure that the order of execution of plugins is still the same for
  vanilla Kong installations, we had to update the `PRIORITY` field of some of
  our bundled plugins. If your custom plugin must run after or before a
  specific bundled plugin, you might have to update your plugin's `PRIORITY`
  field as well. The complete list of plugins and their priorities is available
  on the [plugins development
  guide](https://getkong.org/docs/0.11.x/plugin-development/custom-logic/).

#### Deprecations

##### CLI

- The `kong compile` command has been deprecated. Instead, prefer using
  the new `kong prepare` command.

---

If you use a custom Nginx configuration template from Kong 0.10, before
attempting to run any 0.11 node, make sure to apply the following changes to
your template:

```diff
diff --git a/kong/templates/nginx_kong.lua b/kong/templates/nginx_kong.lua
index 3c038595..faa97ffe 100644
--- a/kong/templates/nginx_kong.lua
+++ b/kong/templates/nginx_kong.lua
@@ -19,25 +19,23 @@ error_log ${{PROXY_ERROR_LOG}} ${{LOG_LEVEL}};
 >-- reset_timedout_connection on; # disabled until benchmarked
 > end

-client_max_body_size 0;
+client_max_body_size ${{CLIENT_MAX_BODY_SIZE}};
 proxy_ssl_server_name on;
 underscores_in_headers on;

-real_ip_header X-Forwarded-For;
-set_real_ip_from 0.0.0.0/0;
-real_ip_recursive on;
-
 lua_package_path '${{LUA_PACKAGE_PATH}};;';
 lua_package_cpath '${{LUA_PACKAGE_CPATH}};;';
 lua_code_cache ${{LUA_CODE_CACHE}};
 lua_socket_pool_size ${{LUA_SOCKET_POOL_SIZE}};
 lua_max_running_timers 4096;
 lua_max_pending_timers 16384;
-lua_shared_dict kong 4m;
-lua_shared_dict cache ${{MEM_CACHE_SIZE}};
-lua_shared_dict cache_locks 100k;
-lua_shared_dict process_events 1m;
-lua_shared_dict cassandra 5m;
+lua_shared_dict kong                5m;
+lua_shared_dict kong_cache          ${{MEM_CACHE_SIZE}};
+lua_shared_dict kong_process_events 5m;
+lua_shared_dict kong_cluster_events 5m;
+> if database == "cassandra" then
+lua_shared_dict kong_cassandra      5m;
+> end
 lua_socket_log_errors off;
 > if lua_ssl_trusted_certificate then
 lua_ssl_trusted_certificate '${{LUA_SSL_TRUSTED_CERTIFICATE}}';
@@ -45,8 +43,6 @@ lua_ssl_verify_depth ${{LUA_SSL_VERIFY_DEPTH}};
 > end

 init_by_lua_block {
-    require 'luarocks.loader'
-    require 'resty.core'
     kong = require 'kong'
     kong.init()
 }
@@ -65,28 +61,19 @@ upstream kong_upstream {
     keepalive ${{UPSTREAM_KEEPALIVE}};
 }

-map $http_upgrade $upstream_connection {
-    default keep-alive;
-    websocket upgrade;
-}
-
-map $http_upgrade $upstream_upgrade {
-    default '';
-    websocket websocket;
-}
-
 server {
     server_name kong;
-    listen ${{PROXY_LISTEN}};
-    error_page 404 408 411 412 413 414 417 /kong_error_handler;
+    listen ${{PROXY_LISTEN}}${{PROXY_PROTOCOL}};
+    error_page 400 404 408 411 412 413 414 417 /kong_error_handler;
     error_page 500 502 503 504 /kong_error_handler;

     access_log ${{PROXY_ACCESS_LOG}};
     error_log ${{PROXY_ERROR_LOG}} ${{LOG_LEVEL}};

+    client_body_buffer_size ${{CLIENT_BODY_BUFFER_SIZE}};

 > if ssl then
-    listen ${{PROXY_LISTEN_SSL}} ssl;
+    listen ${{PROXY_LISTEN_SSL}} ssl${{HTTP2}}${{PROXY_PROTOCOL}};
     ssl_certificate ${{SSL_CERT}};
     ssl_certificate_key ${{SSL_CERT_KEY}};
     ssl_protocols TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
@@ -105,9 +92,22 @@ server {
     proxy_ssl_certificate_key ${{CLIENT_SSL_CERT_KEY}};
 > end

+    real_ip_header     ${{REAL_IP_HEADER}};
+    real_ip_recursive  ${{REAL_IP_RECURSIVE}};
+> for i = 1, #trusted_ips do
+    set_real_ip_from   $(trusted_ips[i]);
+> end
+
     location / {
-        set $upstream_host nil;
-        set $upstream_scheme nil;
+        set $upstream_host               '';
+        set $upstream_upgrade            '';
+        set $upstream_connection         '';
+        set $upstream_scheme             '';
+        set $upstream_uri                '';
+        set $upstream_x_forwarded_for    '';
+        set $upstream_x_forwarded_proto  '';
+        set $upstream_x_forwarded_host   '';
+        set $upstream_x_forwarded_port   '';

         rewrite_by_lua_block {
             kong.rewrite()
@@ -118,17 +118,18 @@ server {
         }

         proxy_http_version 1.1;
-        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
-        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
-        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
-        proxy_set_header Host $upstream_host;
-        proxy_set_header Upgrade $upstream_upgrade;
-        proxy_set_header Connection $upstream_connection;
-        proxy_pass_header Server;
-
-        proxy_ssl_name $upstream_host;
-
-        proxy_pass $upstream_scheme://kong_upstream;
+        proxy_set_header   Host              $upstream_host;
+        proxy_set_header   Upgrade           $upstream_upgrade;
+        proxy_set_header   Connection        $upstream_connection;
+        proxy_set_header   X-Forwarded-For   $upstream_x_forwarded_for;
+        proxy_set_header   X-Forwarded-Proto $upstream_x_forwarded_proto;
+        proxy_set_header   X-Forwarded-Host  $upstream_x_forwarded_host;
+        proxy_set_header   X-Forwarded-Port  $upstream_x_forwarded_port;
+        proxy_set_header   X-Real-IP         $remote_addr;
+        proxy_pass_header  Server;
+        proxy_pass_header  Date;
+        proxy_ssl_name     $upstream_host;
+        proxy_pass         $upstream_scheme://kong_upstream$upstream_uri;

         header_filter_by_lua_block {
             kong.header_filter()
@@ -146,7 +147,7 @@ server {
     location = /kong_error_handler {
         internal;
         content_by_lua_block {
-            require('kong.core.error_handlers')(ngx)
+            kong.handle_error()
         }
     }
 }
@@ -162,7 +163,7 @@ server {
     client_body_buffer_size 10m;

 > if admin_ssl then
-    listen ${{ADMIN_LISTEN_SSL}} ssl;
+    listen ${{ADMIN_LISTEN_SSL}} ssl${{ADMIN_HTTP2}};
     ssl_certificate ${{ADMIN_SSL_CERT}};
     ssl_certificate_key ${{ADMIN_SSL_CERT_KEY}};
     ssl_protocols TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
@@ -176,15 +177,7 @@ server {
     location / {
         default_type application/json;
         content_by_lua_block {
-            ngx.header['Access-Control-Allow-Origin'] = '*'
-
-            if ngx.req.get_method() == 'OPTIONS' then
-                ngx.header['Access-Control-Allow-Methods'] = 'GET,HEAD,PUT,PATCH,POST,DELETE'
-                ngx.header['Access-Control-Allow-Headers'] = 'Content-Type'
-                ngx.exit(204)
-            end
-
-            require('lapis').serve('kong.api')
+            kong.serve_admin_api()
         }
     }
```

Once those changes have been applied, you will be able to benefit from the new
configuration properties and bug fixes that 0.11 introduces.

---

If you are maintaining your own plugin, and if you are using the 0.10.x
`database_cache.lua` module to cache your datastore entities, you probably
included a `hooks.lua` module in your plugin as well.

In 0.11, most of the clutter surrounding cache invalidation is now gone, and
handled automatically by Kong for most use-cases.

- The `hooks.lua` module is now ignored by Kong. You can safely remove it from
  your plugins.
- The `database_cache.lua` module is replaced with `singletons.cache`. You
  should not require `database_cache` anymore in your plugin's code.

To update your plugin's caching mechanism to 0.11, you must implement automatic
or manual invalidation.

##### Automatic cache invalidation

Let's assume your plugin had the following code that we wish to update for
0.11 compatibility:

```lua
local credential, err = cache.get_or_set(cache.keyauth_credential_key(key),
                                         nil, load_credential, key)
if err then
  return responses.send_HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR(err)
end
```

Along with the following `hooks.lua` file:

```lua
local events = require "kong.core.events"
local cache = require "kong.tools.database_cache"

local function invalidate(message_t)
  if message_t.collection == "keyauth_credentials" then
    cache.delete(cache.keyauth_credential_key(message_t.old_entity     and
                                              message_t.old_entity.key or
                                              message_t.entity.key))
  end
end

return {
  [events.TYPES.ENTITY_UPDATED] = function(message_t)
    invalidate(message_t)
  end,
  [events.TYPES.ENTITY_DELETED] = function(message_t)
    invalidate(message_t)
  end
}
```

By adding the following `cache_key` property to your custom entity's schema:

```lua
local SCHEMA = {
  primary_key = { "id" },
  table = "keyauth_credentials",
  cache_key = { "key" }, -- cache key for this entity
  fields = {
    id = { type = "id" },
    consumer_id = { type = "id", required = true, foreign = "consumers:id"},
    key = { type = "string", required = false, unique = true }
  }
}

return { keyauth_credentials = SCHEMA }
```

You can now generate a unique cache key for that entity and cache it like so
in your business logic and hot code paths:

```lua
local singletons = require "kong.singletons"

local apikey = request.get_uri_args().apikey
local cache_key = singletons.dao.keyauth_credentials:cache_key(apikey)

local credential, err = singletons.cache:get(cache_key, nil, load_entity_key,
                                             apikey)
if err then
  return response.HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR(err)
end

-- do something with the retrieved credential
```

Now, cache invalidation will be an automatic process: every CRUD operation that
affects this API key will be make Kong auto-generate the affected `cache_key`,
and send broadcast it to all of the other nodes on the cluster so they can
evict that particular value from their cache, and fetch the fresh value from
the datastore on the next request.

When a parent entity is receiving a CRUD operation (e.g. the Consumer owning
this API key, as per our schema's `consumer_id` attribute), Kong performs the
cache invalidation mechanism for both the parent and the child entity.

Thanks to this new property, the `hooks.lua` module is not required anymore and
your plugins can perform datastore caching much more easily.

##### Manual cache invalidation

In some cases, the `cache_key` property of an entity's schema is not flexible
enough, and one must manually invalidate its cache. Reasons for this could be
that the plugin is not defining a relationship with another entity via the
traditional `foreign = "parent_entity:parent_attribute"` syntax, or because
it is not using the `cache_key` method from its DAO, or even because it is
somehow abusing the caching mechanism.

In those cases, you can manually setup your own subscriber to the same
invalidation channels Kong is listening to, and perform your own, custom
invalidation work. This process is similar to the old `hooks.lua` module.

To listen on invalidation channels inside of Kong, implement the following in
your plugin's `init_worker` handler:

```lua
local singletons = require "kong.singletons"

function MyCustomHandler:init_worker()
  local worker_events = singletons.worker_events

  -- listen to all CRUD operations made on Consumers
  worker_events.register(function(data)

  end, "crud", "consumers")

  -- or, listen to a specific CRUD operation only
  worker_events.register(function(data)
    print(data.operation)  -- "update"
    print(data.old_entity) -- old entity table (only for "update")
    print(data.entity)     -- new entity table
    print(data.schema)     -- entity's schema
  end, "crud", "consumers:update")
end
```

Once the above listeners are in place for the desired entities, you can perform
manual invalidations of any entity that your plugin has cached as you wish so.
For instance:

```lua
singletons.worker_events.register(function(data)
  if data.operation == "delete" then
    local cache_key = data.entity.id
    singletons.cache:invalidate("prefix:" .. cache_key)
  end
end, "crud", "consumers")
```

---

You can now start migrating your cluster from `0.10.x` to `0.11`. If you are
doing this upgrade "in-place", against the datastore of a running 0.10 cluster,
then for a short period of time, your database schema won't be fully compatible
with your 0.10 nodes anymore. This is why we suggest either performing this
upgrade when your 0.10 cluster is warm and most entities are cached, or against
a new database, if you can migrate your data. If you wish to temporarily make
your APIs unavailable, you can leverage the new
[request-termination](https://getkong.org/plugins/request-termination/) plugin.

The path to upgrade a 0.10 datastore is identical to the one of previous major
releases:

1. If you are planning on upgrading Kong while 0.10 nodes are running against
   the same datastore, make sure those nodes are warm enough (they should have
   most of your entities cached already), or temporarily disable your APIs.
2. Provision a 0.11 node and configure it as you wish (environment variables/
   configuration file). Make sure to point this new 0.11 node to your current
   datastore.
3. **Without starting the 0.11 node**, run the 0.11 migrations against your
   current datastore:

```
$ kong migrations up [-c kong.conf]
```

As usual, this step should be executed from a **single node**.

4. You can now provision a fresh 0.11 cluster pointing to your migrated
   datastore and start your 0.11 nodes.
5. Gradually switch your traffic from the 0.10 cluster to the new 0.11 cluster.
   Remember, once your database is migrated, your 0.10 nodes will rely on
   their cache and not on the underlying database. Your traffic should switch
   to the new cluster as quickly as possible.
6. Once your traffic is fully migrated to the 0.11 cluster, decommission
   your 0.10 cluster.

Once all of your 0.10 nodes are fully decommissioned, you can consider removing
the Serf executable from your environment as well, since Kong 0.11 does not
depend on it anymore.

## Upgrade to `0.10.x`

Due to the breaking changes introduced in this version, we recommend that you
carefully test your cluster deployment.

Kong 0.10 introduced the following breaking changes:

- API Objects (as configured via the Admin API) do **not** support the
  `request_host` and `request_uri` fields anymore. The 0.10 migrations should
  upgrade your current API Objects, but make sure to read the new [0.10 Proxy
  Guide](https://getkong.org/docs/0.10.x/proxy) to learn the new routing
  capabilities of Kong. This means that Kong can now route incoming requests
  according to a combination of Host headers, URIs, and HTTP
  methods.
- The `upstream_url` field of API Objects does not accept trailing slashes anymore.
- Dynamic SSL certificates serving is now handled by the core, and **not**
  through the `ssl` plugin anymore. This version introduced the `/certificates`
  and `/snis` endpoints.  See the new [0.10 Proxy
  Guide](https://getkong.org/docs/0.10.x/proxy) to learn more about how to
  configure your SSL certificates on your APIs. The `ssl` plugin has been
  removed.
- The preferred version of OpenResty is now `1.11.2.2`. However, this version
  requires that you compiled OpenResty with the `--without-luajit-lua52` flag.
  Make sure to do so if you install OpenResty and Kong from source.
- Dnsmasq is not a dependency anymore (However, be careful before removing it
  if you configured it to be your DNS name server via Kong's [`resolver`
  property](https://getkong.org/docs/0.9.x/configuration/#dns-resolver-section))
- The `cassandra_contact_points` property does not allow specifying a port
  anymore. All Cassandra nodes must listen on the same port, which can be
  tweaked via the `cassandra_port` property.
- If you are upgrading to `0.10.1` or `0.10.2` and using the CORS plugin, pay
  extra attention to a regression that was introduced in `0.10.1`:
  Previously, the plugin would send the `*` wildcard when `config.origin` was
  not specified. With this change, the plugin **does not** send the `*`
  wildcard by default anymore. You will need to specify it manually when
  configuring the plugin, with `config.origins=*`. This behavior is to be fixed
  in a future release.

We recommend that you consult the full [0.10.0
Changelog](https://github.com/Mashape/kong/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md) for a full
list of changes and new features, including load balancing capabilities,
support for Cassandra 3.x, SRV records resolution, and much more.

Here is how to ensure a smooth upgrade from a Kong `0.9.x` cluster to `0.10`:

1. Make sure your 0.9 cluster is warm because your
   datastore will be incompatible with your 0.9 Kong nodes once migrated.
   Most of your entities should be cached
   by the running Kong nodes already (APIs, Consumers, Plugins).
2. Provision a 0.10 node and configure it as you wish (environment variables/
   configuration file). Make sure to point this new 0.10 node to your current
   datastore.
3. **Without starting the 0.10 node**, run the 0.10 migrations against your
   current datastore:

```
$ kong migrations up <-c kong.conf>
```

As usual, this step should be executed from a single node.

4. You can now provision a fresh 0.10 cluster pointing to your migrated
   datastore and start your 0.10 nodes.
5. Gradually switch your traffic from the 0.9 cluster to the new 0.10 cluster.
   Remember, once your database is migrated, your 0.9 nodes will rely on
   their cache and not on the underlying database. Your traffic should switch
   to the new cluster as quickly as possible.
6. Once your traffic is fully migrated to the 0.10 cluster, decommission
   your 0.9 cluster.

## Upgrade to `0.9.x`

PostgreSQL is the new default datastore for Kong. If you were using Cassandra
and you are upgrading, you must explicitly set `cassandra` as your `database`.

This release introduces a new CLI, which uses the
[lua-resty-cli](https://github.com/openresty/resty-cli) interpreter. As such,
the `resty` executable (shipped in the OpenResty bundle) must be available in
your `$PATH`.  Additionally, the `bin/kong` executable is not installed through
Luarocks anymore, and must be placed in your `$PATH` as well.  This change of
behavior is taken care of if you are using one of the official Kong packages.

Once Kong updated, familiarize yourself with its new configuration format, and
consider setting some of its properties via environment variables, if the need
arises. This behavior as well as all available settings are documented in the
`kong.conf.default` file shipped with this version.

Once your nodes configured, we recommend that you seamingly redirect your
traffic through the new Kong 0.9 nodes before decomissioning your old nodes.

## Upgrade to `0.8.x`

No important breaking changes for this release, just be careful to not use the
long deprecated routes `/consumers/:consumer/keyauth/` and
`/consumers/:consumer/basicauth/` as instructed in the Changelog. As always,
also make sure to check the configuration file for new properties (this release
allows you to configure the read/write consistency of Cassandra).

Let's talk about **PostgreSQL**. To use it instead of Cassandra, follow those
steps:

* Get your hands on a 9.4+ server (being compatible with Postgres 9.4 allows
  you to use [Amazon RDS](https://aws.amazon.com/rds/))
* Create a database, (maybe a user too?), let's say `kong`
* Update your Kong configuration:

```yaml
# as always, be careful about your YAML formatting
database: postgres
postgres:
  host: "127.0.0.1"
  port: 5432
  user: kong
  password: kong
  database: kong
```

As usual, migrations should run from kong start, but as a reminder and just in
case, here are some tips:

Reset the database with (careful, you'll lose all data):
```
$ kong migrations reset --config kong.yml
```

Run the migrations manually with:
```
$ kong migrations up --config kong.yml
```

If needed, list your migrations for debug purposes with:
```
$ kong migrations list --config kong.yml
```

**Note**: This release does not provide a mean to migrate from Cassandra to
PostgreSQL. Additionally, we recommend that you **do not** use `kong reload` if
you switch your cluster from Cassandra to PostgreSQL. Instead, we recommend
that you migrate by spawning a new cluster and gradually redirect your traffic
before decomissioning your old nodes.

## Upgrade to `0.7.x`

If you are running a source installation, you will need to upgrade OpenResty to
its `1.9.7.*` version. The good news is that this family of releases does not
need to patch the NGINX core anymore to enable SSL support. If you install Kong
from one of the distribution packages, they already include the appropriate
OpenResty, simply download and install the appropriate package for your
platform.

As described in the Changelog, this upgrade has benefits, such as the SSL
support and fixes for critical NGINX vulnerabilities, but also requires that
you upgrade the `nginx` property of your Kong config, because it is not
backwards compatible.

- We advise that you retrieve the `nginx` property from the `0.7.x`
  configuration file, and use it in yours with the changes you feel are
  appropriate.

- Finally, you can reload Kong as usual:

```shell
$ kong reload [-c configuration_file]
```

**Note**: We expose the underlying NGINX configuration as a way for Kong to be
as flexible as possible and allow you to bend your NGINX instance to your
needs. We are aware that many of you do not need to customize it and such
changes should not affect you. Plans are to embed the NGINX configuration in
Kong, while still allowing customization for the most demanding users.
[#217](https://github.com/Mashape/kong/pull/217) is the place to discuss this
and share thoughts/needs.

## Upgrade to `0.6.x`

**Note**: if you are using Kong 0.4.x or earlier, you must first upgrade to
Kong 0.5.x.

The configuration file changed in this release. Make sure to check out the new
default one and update it to your needs. In particular, make sure that:

```yaml
plugins_available:
  - key-auth
  - ...
  - custom-plugin
proxy_port: ...
proxy_ssl_port: ...
admin_api_port: ...
databases_available:
  cassandra:
    properties:
      contact_points:
        - ...
```

becomes:

```yaml
custom_plugins:
  - only-custom-plugins
proxy_listen: ...
proxy_listen_ssl: ...
admin_api_listen: ...
cassandra:
  contact_points:
    - ...
```

Secondly, if you installed Kong from source or maintain a development
installation, you will need to have [Serf](https://www.serfdom.io) installed on
your system and available in your `$PATH`. Serf is included with all the
distribution packages and images available at
[getkong.org/install](https://getkong.org/install/).

The same way, this should already be the case but make sure that LuaJIT is in
your `$PATH` too as the CLI interpreter switched from Lua 5.1 to LuaJIT.
Distribution packages also include LuaJIT.

In order to start Kong with its new clustering and cache invalidation
capabilities, you will need to restart your node(s) (and not reload):

```shell
$ kong restart [-c configuration_file]
```

Read more about the new clustering capabilities of Kong 0.6.0 and its
configurations in the [Clustering
documentation](https://getkong.org/docs/0.6.x/clustering/).

## Upgrade to `0.5.x`

Migrating to 0.5.x can be done **without downtime** by following those
instructions. It is important that you be running Kong `0.4.2` and have the
latest release of Python 2.7 on your system when executing those steps.

> Several changes were introduced in this version: some plugins and properties
> were renamed and the database schema slightly changed to introduce "plugins
> migrations". Now, each plugin can have its own migration if it needs to store
> data in your cluster. This is not a regular migration since the schema of the
> table handling the migrations itself changed.

##### 1. Configuration file

You will need to update your configuration file. Replace the
`plugins_available` values with:

```yaml
plugins_available:
  - ssl
  - jwt
  - acl
  - cors
  - oauth2
  - tcp-log
  - udp-log
  - file-log
  - http-log
  - key-auth
  - hmac-auth
  - basic-auth
  - ip-restriction
  - mashape-analytics
  - request-transformer
  - response-transformer
  - request-size-limiting
  - rate-limiting
  - response-ratelimiting
```

You can still remove plugins you don't use for a lighter Kong.

Also replace the Cassandra `hosts` property with `contact_points`:

```yaml
properties:
  contact_points:
    - "..."
    - "..."
  timeout: 1000
  keyspace: kong
  keepalive: 60000
```

##### 2. Migration script

[This Python
script](https://github.com/Mashape/kong/blob/0.5.0/scripts/migration.py) will
take care of migrating your database schema should you execute the following
instructions:

```shell
# First, make sure you are already running Kong 0.4.2

# Clone the Kong git repository if you don't already have it:
$ git clone https://github.com/Mashape/kong.git

# Go to the 'scripts/' folder:
$ cd kong/scripts

# Install the Python script dependencies:
$ pip install cassandra-driver==2.7.2 pyyaml

# The script will use the first Cassandra contact point in your Kong configuration file
# (the first of the 'contact_points' property) so make sure it is valid and has the format 'host:port'.

# Run the migration script:
$ python migration.py -c /path/to/kong/config
```

If everything went well the script should print a success message. **At this
point, your database is compatible with both Kong 0.4.2 and 0.5.x.** If you are
running more than one Kong node, you simply have to follow step 3. for each one
of them now.

##### 3. Upgrade without downtime

You can now upgrade Kong to `0.5.x.` Proceed as a regular upgrade and follow
the suggested upgrade path, in particular the `kong reload` command.

##### 4. Purge your Cassandra cluster

Finally, once Kong has restarted in 0.5.x, run the migration script again, with
the `--purge` flag:

```shell
$ python migration.py -c /path/to/kong/config --purge
```

Your cluster is now fully migrated to `0.5.x`.

##### Other changes to acknowledge

Some entities and properties were renamed to avoid confusion:

- Properties belonging to APIs entities have been renamed for clarity:
  - `public_dns` -> `request_host`
  - `path` -> `request_path`
  - `strip_path` -> `strip_request_path`
  - `target_url` -> `upstream_url`
- `plugins_configurations` have been renamed to `plugins`, and their `value`
  property has been renamed to `config` to avoid confusions.
- The Key authentication and Basic authentication plugins routes have changed:

```
Old route                             New route
/consumers/:consumer/keyauth       -> /consumers/:consumer/key-auth
/consumers/:consumer/keyauth/:id   -> /consumers/:consumer/key-auth/:id
/consumers/:consumer/basicauth     -> /consumers/:consumer/basic-auth
/consumers/:consumer/basicauth/:id -> /consumers/:consumer/basic-auth/:id
```

The old routes are still maintained but will be removed in upcoming versions.
Consider them **deprecated**.

- Admin API:
  - The route to retrieve enabled plugins is now under `/plugins/enabled`.
  - The route to retrieve a plugin's configuration schema is now under
    `/plugins/schema/{plugin name}`.

## Upgrade to Kong `0.4.2`

The configuration format for specifying the port of your Cassandra instance
changed. Replace:

```yaml
cassandra:
  properties:
    hosts: "localhost"
    port: 9042
```

by:

```yaml
cassandra:
  properties:
    hosts:
      - "localhost:9042"
```

## Upgrade to `0.3.x`

Kong now requires a patch on OpenResty for SSL support. On Homebrew you will
need to reinstall OpenResty.

#### Homebrew

```shell
$ brew update
$ brew reinstall mashape/kong/ngx_openresty
$ brew upgrade kong
```

#### Troubleshoot

If you are seeing a similar error on `kong start`:

```
nginx: [error] [lua] init_by_lua:5: Startup error: Cassandra error: Failed to
prepare statement: "SELECT id FROM apis WHERE path = ?;". Cassandra returned
error (Invalid): "Undefined name path in where clause ('path = ?')"
```

You can run the following command to update your schema:

```
$ kong migrations up
```

Please consider updating to `0.3.1` or greater which automatically handles the
schema migration.


text:
The number of people crossing European borders and applying for asylum has dropped but the hundreds of deaths en route and civil society's halted rescue attempts have been flagged by the EU's agency for human rights.
An estimated 2,275 people died or went missing in the Mediterranean last year, an average of more than six people every day, according to a new report by FRA, the Fundamental Rights Agency.
The numbers of deaths and missing people trying to reach Spain alone increased by 288%, up from 202 in 2017 to 784 people in 2018.
Read: EU asylum applications rise in January EU asylum applications rise in January
The journeys people chose to undertake to reach the EU were as dangerous as ever, mainly as a result of a reduction in overall search and rescue capacity, it says.
Many NGOs and other private entities stopped their search-and-rescue operations in the Mediterranean due to the trend of criminalising such missions, according to the agency.
FRA is aware of at least 13 cases in 2018 where rescue vessels were not immediately allowed to dock, leaving more than 2,220 migrants and refugees, including children, stranded on board, often for more than a week in bad weather, under poor health conditions and running out of drinking water and food before being allowed to disembark.
In its report, FRA flags vessels that were not immediately allowed to disembark migrants, including seven that eventually landed in Malta. These included the NGO vessel Lifeline with 235 people on board and the Aquarius, which had 140 people on board in August and another 60 in September.
Read: Fourth largest amount of asylum seekers per capita in Malta
About 150,000 people crossed the EU's external borders irregularly last year, the lowest number in five years. Asylum applications also fell for the third year in a row.
However, FRA has noted that the drop in new arrivals did not lead to a decrease in fundamental rights concerns.
Apart from people dying en route and leaving migrants on board for longer than necessary there were reports of migrants, including children, being mistreated at border crossings and even refused entry unlawfully.
Violence and hate speech towards migrants remained an issue in Europe, with a high number of attacks being reported by NGOs, the media and the police. Even so, hate crime was often largely invisible as many incidents went unreported, FRA remarked.
In some places, intolerance towards migrants grew and this was not helped by some politicians voicing anti-migrant statements, it added.
▪ The number of deaths of refugees and migrants attempting the journey to Europe remained high, with more than 2,275 fatalities.
▪ Rescue boats deployed by civil society organisations faced serious difficulties when trying to dock, considerably delaying the disembarkation of migrants and putting at risk their safety and physical integrity.
▪ Political hate speech and generalising statements insinuating that migrants are a threat to national security and culture contributed to a racist anti-migrant environment.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Comic success in Japanese style for pupil
Katherine Marshall
A Bedford schoolgirl is to see her comic creations go on display at the Embassy of Japan.
Katharine Marshall, 12, was announced as the 'Yonkoma Manga' category winner at the 'Manga Jiman!' awards ceremony, hosted at the Embassy of Japan in London, on Friday, February 10.
Manga are comics traditionally created in Japan or by creators in the Japanese language, conforming to a style developed in the late 19th century.
The competition's 'Yonkoma Manga' category invited entrants aged between 11 and 13 to create a comic strip of four panels referring to the theme 'Sights of Japan' and representing the imagery of the country.
Katharine's winning piece named 'The Travels of Sushi' will now be displayed in a special exhibition at the Embassy of Japan.
Katharine, a student at Bedford Modern School, said: "I really enjoyed creating my winning Manga piece; I have been practising Manga for a couple of years now so it was nice to receive some acknowledgement for what I do."
Katharine's art teacher, Paula Edwards, said: "I am really pleased for Katharine, this is a fantastic achievement. Katharine is an enthusiastic and dedicated artist and it is particularly encouraging to see her furthering her skills and pursuing her passion outside of art lessons.
Police hunt for sex attacker after incident in Wyboston


text:
Shaqari Island () is a small islet found in northern Albania in Lake Skadar.

It is very small and is situated just opposite the village of Shiroka which stands on the largest lake in the Balkans. The island is connected to Shiroka by a bridge and there is a building on the island.

References

Lake islands of Albania
Islands of Lake Skadar
Geography of Shkodër County

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A stressful event, such as the death of a loved one, really can break your heart. In medicine, the condition is known as broken heart syndrome or takotsubo syndrome. It is characterised by a temporary disruption of the heart's normal pumping function, which puts the sufferer at increased risk of death. It's believed to be the reason many elderly couples die within a short time of each other.
In about one in ten cases, people with broken heart syndrome develop a condition called cardiogenic shock where the heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. This can result in death.
A study by researchers at the University of Aberdeen provided the first evidence that broken heart syndrome results in permanent physiological changes to the heart. The researchers followed 52 patients with the condition for four months, using ultrasound and cardiac imaging scans to look at how the patients' hearts were functioning in minute detail. They discovered that the disease permanently affected the heart's pumping motion. They also found that parts of the heart muscle were replaced by fine scars, which reduced the elasticity of the heart and prevented it from contracting properly.


text:
Novak Djokovic Applauded For His Classy Sportsmanship During Horror Wimbledon Moment
Jayden Collins
Published 3:10, 06 July 2022 BST
| Last updated 3:10, 06 July 2022 BST
Novak Djokovic proved his class during his quarter-final Wimbledon victory when his opponent Italian Jannik Sinner suffered a nasty fall.
The Serbian was struggling against young gun Sinner who took the opening two sets in front of the Centre Court crowd.
The defending Wimbledon champ began to turn the tide in the third set, however, his true sportsmanship was on display in the fourth.
Sinner was running for the ball when he toppled over the grass court, clutching his ankle clearly in a lot of pain.
Sinner takes a tumble, and Djokovic is quick to help the Italian back on his feet 🤝#Wimbledon | #CentreCourt100 pic.twitter.com/NKHENd6PRB
— Wimbledon (@Wimbledon) July 5, 2022
Despite being focused on turning the tie around, Djokovic put his competitive nature aside, jumping over the net to help his opponent.
Refusing to leave his side, Djokovic stayed with his opponent before helping him to his feet when it was deemed the Italian was able to continue.
The crowd loved what they were seeing and gave the duo a round of applause.
The tennis world online was also in awe of the sportsmanship and professionalism Djokovic exhibited.
One fan tweeted: "The reason we love sport. Djokovic walking right over to check if Sinner is fine. Sinner back on his feet. Character, resilience and fortitude all the way."
The reason we love sport. #Djokovic walking right over to check if #Sinner is fine. Sinner back on his feet. Character, resilience and fortitude all the way.#Wimbledon2022 #DjokovicSinner pic.twitter.com/h4vXXqH75Q
— Saarthak (@SaarthakTweets) July 5, 2022
Another said: "Great moment of sportsmanship from Djokocix coming over the net to help up Sinner after a tough point."
One other fan simply said: "Novak Djokovic pure class."
Following the matchup, Skinner ensured that he was okay after his tumble.
He said: "I twisted my ankle, the left one. In the beginning, I felt pain. I was a bit scared in that point, but after, when I made the first steps, I felt it was okay. Then I was a little bit careful the first two points. The most important thing: my body feels good"
Beyond his sportsmanship, Djokovic exhibited pure class on a competitive level when he managed to come back and oust Sinner to take the game three sets to two in a stellar outing.
The final rally was one for the ages, capped off with a brilliant comeback victory from the world number three.
It signals the 11th time he had made it to the semi-finals of the All England competition, and he now stands just two wins away from his 21st grand slam title.
In his post-game press conference, he said: "I feel like Sinner, coming into the match didn't have much to lose, but he had a lot to lose when he was two sets to love up.
"I could feel that mentally with him. He didn't have too many five-set matches in his life and this was his first quarter-final in a Slam, not too many matches on the Centre Court.
"I always believed that I could turn the match around."
Featured Image Credit: PA Images / Alamy.
Topics: Novak Djokovic, Tennis, Wimbledon, Australia
Novak Djokovic in hot water after being passed 'secret note' by his coaches during Australian Open
Novak Djokovic fires back after being accused of 'faking' his injuries
Novak Djokovic stunned by his warm welcome upon returning to the Australian Open
Novak Djokovic clashes with 'drunk out of his mind' heckling spectator dressed as Where's Wally


text:
Women & Minority Faculty Inclusion
Faculty Leadership Search Committee Policy
Revised in 2008
Associate vice president of Women and Minority Faculty Inclusion reviews search committee membership prior to approval and serves on every search committee.
Women and/or minority faculty must be members of every search committee.
Final list of candidates sent to the president must include women and/or minorities; if not, search can be questioned.
Consistent with "Opportunity Rule (formerly Rooney Rule)," created by The University of Texas System, to promote diversity in senior leadership positions.
Work-Life Balance at MD Anderson
Faculty Friendly Policy: Extension of Tenure Track/Tenure Clock
Not requiring approval for new child in family:
For birth, adoption or foster care placement < 5 years old
Time of extension: One-year extension per child and up to maximum of two years in any seven-year tenure/tenure track period
Process: Must send written notification to department chair, division head and SVP for Academic Affairs within six months of the event
This extension does not preclude promotion or tenure award on the same timeline as faculty who have not extended – provided all required criteria are met
Requiring approval:
Justification for request: Military duty, administrative reassignment, assumption of exceptional administrative duties, personal circumstances such as disability or illness, being a principal caregiver of a preschool child or disables, elderly or ill family member
Time of extension: One year extension in seven-year tenure/tenure track period, without penalty
Process: Request must be made at the time the extension is needed
Back-up Care
MD Anderson Cancer Center offers high-quality back-up care for children and adult/elder relatives, getting you to work with the confidence of a provider you can trust and at a cost you can afford.
Employees can access up to 60 annual hours of family care when regular arrangements fall through. Get immediate access to care supports at subsidized rates: center-based care is $2 per hour per child; all in-home care is $4 per hour for up to three people. Register for free.
Faculty Moms (and Dads) of MD Anderson
Faculty Moms (and Dads) of MD Anderson, a recently formed group, has a mission to provide a supportive and fun community for faculty moms and dads.
Resources from Professional Organizations
National Institutes of Health Office of Research on Women's Health (ORWH)
National Institutes of Health Scientific Workforce Diversity
Group on Women in Medicine and Science, Association of American Medical Colleges (GWIMS-AAMC)
Group on Diversity and Inclusion, Association of American Medical Colleges (GDI-AAMC)
Executive Leadership in Academic Medicine (ELAM)
Greater Houston Women's Chamber of Commerce (GHWCC)
National Science Foundation Office of Diversity and Inclusion
Association for Women in Science (AWIS)


Thomas Slater and Elizabeth Airey were married on 19th September 1886 at All Saints Church, Preston. Thomas and Elizabeth had another six children and these were, Caroline (1888), Alice (1890), Isabella (1894), John (1901), Benjamin (1903) and Elizabeth (1906).
In the 1911 Census William Edward is living with his parents and brothers and sisters in a 5 roomed house in Kent Street, Preston. William was working as a biscuit maker while his father Thomas was employed as a cotton spinner in a local mill. Also in the household was another lady called Alice Slater, she is recorded as Grandmother.
William Edward enlisted at Preston on 15th September 1914 for the duration of the war. He was 5`8" tall and weighed 114lbs. He had blue eyes, fair hair and a fresh complexion. He confirmed his father Thomas as his next of kin and the address of 66 Frank Street, Preston.
On the 8th April 1915 William Edward forfeited 1 days' pay for "absenting himself off pass from 12 midnight until 10pm on the 9th April".
On the 25th September 1915 William together with the rest of the Battalion sailed from Folkestone on the SS St. Seiriol bound for Boulogne.
Twelve months later on the 25th September 1916 William was appointed Lance Corporal (paid).
By the 31st October 1916 the 25th Division had taken over the Ploegsteert sector and Christmas Day of that year was spent in the trenches around Ploegsteert Wood.
The following month on 27th January 1917 William Edward Slater was killed instantly by a heavy trench mortar.
The following newspaper article was published in the paper a short while afterwards.
William Edward Slater received the 1914/15 Star, British War and Victory Medals for his services in the war. No personal effects were returned to his family in Preston. William is buried with honour in Berks Cemetery Extension, Hainaut, Belgium.
Regiment/Service: The Loyal North Lancashire Regiment, 9th Bn.


text:
Home Features Sponsored Barrett-Jackson countdown: 2018 Dodge Challenger SRT Demon
Barrett-Jackson countdown: 2018 Dodge Challenger SRT Demon
ClassicCars.com Sponsored Content
One of 3,330 Dodge Challenger SRT Demons produced will be on the block at Barrett-Jackson's Las Vegas auction. | Barrett-Jackson photo
They're out of production, but that doesn't mean you can't still buy a Dodge Challenger SRT Demon. Lot No. 706 is the 2,535th Demon built for North America.
It has only 5 miles on the odometer and has never been dealer-prepped.
Like all Demons, it has a 6.2-liter V8 under the hood with a giant supercharger that displaces 2.7 liters and is chilled by an intercooler and, believe it or not, by the car's air conditioner in certain modes. The boost hits 14.7 pounds at launch.
It is the first production car to be equipped with a trans-brake and is capable of hitting 60 mph in a blistering 2.3 seconds.
This Demon was finished in Plum Crazy Purple and has a Pitch Black interior.
The accompanying Demon Crate will be drop-shipped to the new owner directly from Dodge.
Barrett-Jackson's annual Las Vegas auction is scheduled for September 27-29 at the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino.
http://www.classiccars.com
Bruce Kalapach September 25, 2018 At 6:55 AM
The Challenger and of course all of its levels of performance and different trims made by Dodge and SRT were created as RETRO. What is "Retro" about this continuation of the (Batman) Black Wheels look ? The millennials who mostly can't afford one of these in the first place, are the tribe that goes for that look. The 60's guys and gals that are in their 60's want Wheels that don't look like 4 spare tires on a car.


The plant-based ingredient can benefit athletes' hearts.
Consuming camelina oil could help with heart heath, according to a new study published in the journal Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. Participants who added one fluid ounce of the oil to their diets every day for 12 weeks lowered their LDL cholesterol levels more effectively than people who consumed lean or fatty fish during the same time frame.
Camelina oil is made from a wildflower that grows in parts of Europe and Asia and has a mild flavor. It's rich in alpha-linoleic acid, a type of omega-3 fatty acid produced by plants that has been shown to have heart-protective effects, says study author Ursula Schwab, Ph.D., group leader of nutrition therapy for the University of Eastern Finland's Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition.
While the study examined people with an impaired metabolism, Schwab believes it would act similarly for a healthy population. Moreover, it can be helpful for those who prefer to follow a plant-based diet.
Adding camelina oil to your diet may help to maintain healthy cholesterol levels and promote heart health. It is higher in alpha-linoleic acid compared to olive or coconut oils and also has a higher smoke point, which makes it ideal for sautéing. You can also use it as a salad dressing or mixed into porridge, says Schwab.


The experience, exposure and real-life challenges that constantly test your ability to raise is the best option when it comes to giving you real-life situations as it will equip one with the needed knowledge in order to facilitate a good communication in an office. The business executive coaching is no different from this as it also requires experience, exposure and real life challenges that will keep someone in check constantly. It is good to have different objectives in order to be able to solve problems and be able to have different remedies for different situations in a business.
In order to get these skills, one can either get them from a professional executive coach or by joining a reliable CEO association or CEO club in a given area. This usually offer a brief, hands-on experiences for business leadership training. Sitting down with CEO peer group members to discuss about specific problems and look for solutions for particular challenges will help a member to get solutions that are offered in such a conference by the members and one can also get a fresh perspective into how he or she can go about getting the answer. What make this one successful is because the CEO club members themselves also had to push through their farm through typical challenges that small and medium-sized companies experience.


Dad if you have made it this far and haven't passed out, this is the ultimate moment that you have been waiting for. You are so close to meeting the baby that has been growing in your her womb for the last 9 months and the one you have felt move and kick you when you place your hand on her stomach. Dad she still needs your help and coaching so that she can remain calm, focused, and continuing to work through the last few contractions so that she deliver the baby. Once the baby is delivered, you will quickly realize that this is the moment you and her have been waiting for, to meet your new baby for the very first time. The moment you gaze into your baby's eyes you will no longer be focused on the exhaustion and intensive labor that you and your wife or significant other just made it through.
Disclosure: This post is for informational purposes only and shouldn't be substituted for medical intervention. I am not a doctor, midwife, or nurse. If you think that your wife or significant other is in the final stages of delivery, please call 911 or head to the closest hospital.
Dads Learn What to Expect During Transition Labor?
The next phase of labor is called transition labor and typically begins when she is dilated to 8 cm. Most women will tell you that this is the most painful stage of labor. At this point, contractions are coming every two to three minutes and last anywhere from 60 to 90 seconds. She may begin to feel as if she isn't able to get a break between contractions or from the pain. Some women during this phase of labor are known for swearing, screaming, or saying things that they don't mean to their spouse or significant other, if this happens please don't take it personally. This phase is typically short or especially if she has already had a baby before. During this phase of labor, the doctor and nurses may come in and begin setting her bed in preparation for delivering the baby. If she has made it up to this point without medication, try to coach her through these last few contractions. You might try suggesting that she switch positions in the bed, allow you to give her a massage, place a cool cloth on her head, and leave her alone so that she can focus while she is in her own personal zone. She may ask you to remove any distractions that there are in the room so that she can concentrate on each of the remaining contractions.
How to Introduce Your Newborn to the Family Pet?
My husband couldn't cut the umbilical cord. He was too chicken! I think the shock sinks in with the new baby after that!
My husband said he wasn't going to cut my son's cord either when I was still pregnant with him.
While I never went in to labor with either pregnancies, my husband was right in there doing everything he could to feel included. He didn't mind cutting the cord either! Great list of things for dads to know!
Thank you Gina, it is nice having someone there to help you when you are in pain. Hope dads who stumble upon this post enjoy it.


Discussion in 'General Discussion' started by HH-Steven, Jan 19, 2009.
Im attempting to install WPMU and running into a dead end, ive had it working before but this time its just not having it.
The parts im having trouble with are the http.conf edits and wildcards.
Once this is saved and http restarted any changes are lost.
*	14400	IN	CNAME	111.22.333.444.domain.tld.
No matter what i do wilcards just arn't working for me.
This results in a blank httpd.conf (specifically after rebuilding httpd.conf) which i then have to restore from the backup.
Any help or advice is greatly appreciated here.
I know many WPMU users nowadays will just create a wildcard subdomain right in the cPanel interface. You can create a wildcard subdomain just like creating any other subdomain, just use * as the subdomain (creating *.example.com where example.com is your domain).


Since people produce junk every day, it is very needed to recycling the junk to make our environment clear and healthy. Creating clear and healthy environment is quite hard if there is no cooperation between people and any junk removal company. As we know that junk removal company usually take any junk from people every day and they try to recycling this junk file in order they create clean environment. Usually, junk removal company will ask some money as the payment of their service taking junk. They can also do trash hauling and separate between trashes and haul. They work every day taking trash and haul from home to home.
Certain hauling company such as Fast Haul offers junk removal and trash hauling to the people every day. They will take any trash, waste and garbage in your house. Garbage, waste, and dirt hauling services are very efficient for you who are very busy and having many trashes in your house and you do not enough time to throw it. Garbage, waste, and dirt hauling service will automatically take any trashes in your house. If you have any unneeded electronic thing and you want to throw it you just prepare this electronic waste and Fast Haul will take this waste. Fast haul also has electronic waste service and recycling them safely.
American people always produce a big number of garbage and trash every day. They consume so many foods and drinks which use plastic and tin which needed special recycling management. Usually there are some companies in America which offer their service to recycle and take garbage and trash from American people. America Trash Management is one of well known trash service in America. They are expert in handling garbage management produced by people every day. They can give guarantee that you will get clean environment without having any garbage in your house.
America Trash Management has taking this business since 1990 in America. They are quite expert in managing garbage. Besides, they also offer trash management to people which are very busy. They take any trash in your house and bring it to the special place to recycling this trash into green trash. Green trash is not dangerous trash for human life because it has proceeded by certain mechanic. America Trash Management shows very brilliant service in handling garbage and trash in your house and recycles them into green trash. You do not have to spend a lot of money to use this service because they only use low price to the users.
Food is one of the main suppliers of waste in this world. People usually throw the food directly without considering further impact to their environment. Whereas food trash can make water pollution if it just throws in any places and also causes some diseases because bacteria like this trash. For this problem, actually people need food waste recycling which can recycle food into safe waste. It can move away bacteria from that trash because it will recycle directly before any bacteria growth in this waste. Some waste company services offer their service to recycle this kind of trash. They will also use dry mixed recycling for tin food so that it can recycle into green waste.
Waste company services (Waste Management) usually take waste cost to the users as the payment of their service. They do not take high waste cost and it still reasonable to pay. This cost is uses for recycling the waste which need to recycle into green waste. The waste processing itself needs certain machine and technique which need operational cost. That is why they take waste cost from the users to finance this waste processing. By pay the waste cost they can make sure that your waste is really safely recycling into green waste.


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I read this article and found it very interesting, thought it might be something for you. The article is called Private cooking class at a Cesarina's home with tasting in Bologna and is located at https://bolognaliving.com/p/private-cooking-class-at-a-cesarinas-home-with-tasting-in-bologna/.
Immerse yourself in a private cooking class at the Cesarina's home, learn the secrets of the most famous dishes of Bologna cuisine and taste the fruit of your labour accompanied by a glass of local wine.
During the lesson the Cesarina will reveal the tricks of the trade of 3 authentic Bologna recipes. Have fun putting your cooking skills to the test. Each participant will have a workstation equipped with utensils and all the ingredients to make the dishes. Then, taste everything you have prepared accompanied by a selection of r ed and white local wines.
Connect with local people: meet the Cesarina at their home, you will receive the exact address once the booking is completed. Our Cesarine are located in Bologna city centre.
STUFFED FRESH PASTA: TORTELLINI, TORTELLONI, BALANZONI: Master the art of fresh egg pasta with real Bolognese 'sfogline' (pasta-makers). Inside each pasta parcel lies a unique flavour, from the tortellino's special meat filling, to the tortelloni's delicate ricotta cheese. The intricate techniques behind these rich pasta dishes is a vital skill for any Italian food lover.
THE DELIGHTS OF FRESH PASTA: TAGLIATELLE, LASAGNE AND PASSATELLI: Discover the joy of kneading and rolling pasta dough by hand in a cooking class dedicated to Bologna's iconic fresh pasta tradition.
DESSERTS IN EMILIA: "ZUPPA INGLESE", CHOCOLATE SALAMI AND "TORTA DI RISO": Sweet-toothed travellers, it's time to indulge your senses. Bologna's cuisine is incredibly rich, from starter to dessert; in this class, you will learn how to use simple ingredients like rice and chocolate to create exquisite treats… for both the eyes and the stomach!


Here is the list of the most popular hotels in Rwanda according to the users of Hotellook. Hotel rates in Rwanda depend on the season, the number of stars, the set of services, location, and other factors. The prices for most popular hotels in Rwanda start from $150 and can reach up to $315.


The odds are excellent that you just preserve big ticket items inside some sort of display case, should you work in almost any type of retail. Whether you market iPods, mobile phones, jewelry, or even baked items, a display circumstance is just an effective solution to show off your points without leaving these exposed to robbery, fingerprints, or perhaps the hands associated with unattended and also excited children. But when your own cases do not have the quality lighting that is very best, you might somewhat be losing out on product sales that is crucial. Believe it or not accept is as true, the right lights in your case can help make your points more appealing in order to consumers. Why LED display case lights are really recommended, that's.
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As they drew near the huts Jay began to see other gorillas moving around; working in a garden behind the village, stoking the fire, weaving and carving in the open central area. Jay stuck close to his guide, a little nervous.
Pretty soon the gorillas noticed he and his guide, too. They stopped what they were doing as Jay walked between the huts, and those tending the garden stopped and began to gather in the central area with the others.
Jay's guide stopped at the edge of the open area, between two huts, and put a hand out to stop Jay. Jay stopped. His guide walked into the centre and began to speak to another gorilla, low growls and occasional brief gestures. The gorillas were all watching Jay closely, and he shivered under their gazes.
Presently the second gorilla – the one his guide had been talking to – lumbered over. This gorilla looked older and larger than the first, and had a bright silvery streak running down his chest.
"Mrr." He pointed at Jay, and mimed emptying out pockets.
Jay cautiously began to empty his pockets, turning them inside out to show. Miraculously, he discovered the message cylinder and whisky flask still intact and in his breast pocket; he carefully placed these on the ground. His keycard came out of his pants pocket – and that, he realised, was all he had.
The large silver-chested gorilla bared his teeth, although not particularly maliciously. He shuffled closer, and looked into Jay's face for a long moment. He experimentally patted Jay's pockets, appearing satisfied. He nodded, turned his back, and began shuffling back to his seat on the log in the centre. He waved Jay towards him, then gestured at one of the smaller, slimmer looking gorillas.
"Grr? Mm drr?" she replied, in a much softer growl.
"M bmm." he growled back, a little sharply.
She knuckled off rapidly towards the lake, and the elder gorilla turned back to Jay. He pointed at Jay's overalls, and waved the keycard.
The elder gorilla was using the keycard to comb his chest hair. He looked up, shrugged, and bared his teeth in a not unfriendly grin. He waved at Jay to carry on.
"I stole them to sneak into the building." He stopped. He had no idea where the loyalties – if that was even applicable – of these people lay.
The elder looked up. He looked at Jay a moment, then began quietly wheezing. As he began rocking backwards and forwards, Jay realised he was laughing. The gorilla reached out and patted Jay's shoulder, and gestured again to carry on.
"They kidnapped my partner," he said "and I came to get her back. I haven't found her yet, is all, and I didn't do so well at the sneaking in. Hence the condition of my face." He shrugged.
The elder looked him up and down with a sweep of his hand, as if to say "…and the rest of you…" Jay chuckled.
The small gorilla returned from the lake, with a large bowl of water, and offered it to Jay. Jay took it carefully, and began to drink.
She hurried away, back towards the lake, and this time another gorilla followed her. Jay looked back to the elder.
The elder nodded. He held up one finger, then pointed at a hut. He held up two fingers, and brought his arm in a circle, gesturing at the other gorillas, then pointed towards the cleft Jay had entered the village through.
He held up three fingers, shrugged, and grinned again. Then he pointed at the hut, and with a hand in the small of Jay's back steered him through the doorway and onto a woven mat on the floor.
Jay was taking his boots off when the two female gorillas entered with more bowls of water. Jay drained one, and half of the second.
"Thanks." he said. The gorillas nodded and backed out of the hut. Jay lay back and slept.
Jay dreamed. He was on a plain, much like the one he'd been shot down over. In fact, he was sure he could see the same hills in the distance.
He looked around him. The sky was dark, and black clouds were sweeping in from the eastern horizon. Lightning lit the hills to the west with flashes of blinding blue-white light. He was standing by a small stream, flowing with clear cold water. He peered into the water; what had at first looked like a large white stone on the bottom appeared to be the skull of an animal – something like a sheep, maybe, but larger.
He left it, looked elsewhere. Further down the line the stream followed was a small rise, a rounded hillock a few meters high. On top of the mound, illuminated by flashes of lightning, was a man.
One flash of lightning showed enough to reveal that the man had a long white beard. In the next flash Jay could see that he wore a coarse brown coat of some fashion; a long coat, almost to the ground. A third flash showed Jay enough of the man's face that Jay could see his wide, slightly flat nose and brown skin – both much like Jay's own – and the swirling tattoos down one side of the man's face.
Jay was now standing at the foot of the mound, and the man was looking down at him.
Jay. The word – his name – arrived in his head, bypassing his ears.
Do you know why you are here? Again, directly in his head. Jay shook his head mutely.
You are going to need something, Jay. You will know what, and you will remember this, when the time comes. You are to seek me out, here, in these hills. I will be waiting.
Very well, the man spoke. He reached forward – impossibly far. He was several meters from Jay, yet he touched Jay's forehead as if he stood right in front of him. Jay felt a stinging, a tingling, as the man brought his fingers across Jay's forehead, and down the side of Jay's face.
Seek me out when the time comes.
Jay woke. His first thought was that he desperately needed water. He sat up and grabbed for the half bowl he'd left before he slept, and discovered that it and the other had been refilled while he was asleep. He drained both of them, then flopped back down onto the mat. He was pretty stiff, but nowhere near as sore as he'd been earlier. He started to look out the door to check the light, then remembered that the light had looked pretty constant down here, as deep underground as they must be.
He started wriggling his toes, turning his foot at the ankle. A little stiff, sure, but five minutes walking would have everything back to normal. He rubbed his face, remembering the tingling from the dream; he couldn't feel anything too odd, beyond the felt that his cargo-net welts seemed to have completely disappeared.
Jay started. The voice had come from outside the hut, and it had a strange mechanical quality, but robots, as far as he was aware, generally had a reasonable grasp of english.
"Ah, true. Apologies." The head and silvery chest of the elder gorilla poked through the doorway. He was holding a small metal cube up to his throat.
"Yes, we remember we have this hidden. We find it to talk with you." Ah, a translation device of some sort.
"Our vocal chords are not good for your languages, but this box acts as an aid, by changing the pitches." Now that Jay listened properly, he could hear the elder's growls behind the metallic sound of the device. Not really a translator, then. Even better, really – they could speak the same language.
"Not very often, maybe every ten or twenty years. At least, until the grub-chewers started digging down here." He cleared his throat as if he wanted to spit.
Jay shuddered, he suddenly realised all too well what had been happening. "They're… your soldiers?" he asked.
The elder pulled his head back out of the hut and growled, "Gree, bmm!" A second head pushed into the hut, and Jay recognised his rescuer.
"Grr dr…" the gorilla paused, then reached for the vocal device the elder had. "No problem. Hope I didn't frighten you too much back there." He grinned.
"Yes." Not that he'd forgotten, but things had been, well, busy recently.
"Tell me, Jay, do you swim well? How long can you hold your breath?" the elder asked.
"Uh… average, for a human, I guess. A couple of minutes breath at most," Jay said.
"You don't have any advice for getting back into the building?" Jay asked.
The gorillas backed out of the hunt, and Jay followed. Gree turned around and crouched down, and Jay jumped up on his back, wrapping his arms around Gree's neck.
"GRARRRRR!" Gree yelled, and the other gorillas echoed with an equally frightening shout.
He jumped up, and began galloping across the plain on all fours, towards the opposite side of the circle from which they'd entered. They reached the cliff, and Gree barely paused before beginning to climb. He wasn't wasting any time, clambering from rock to rock, occasionally leaping between outcroppings, or throwing himself straight up, meters at a time. Jay hung on tightly.
They were so high that the huts looked like small blotches, with the gorillas dark ant-sized dots moving between them, when Gree pulled himself into a hole in the cliff. A cave receded back into the dimness.
Gree lowered Jay to the ground, and signalled further into the cave. Jay started walking, Gree following. The cave grew dimmer, lit only by the occasional glow of super-heated rock coming from cracks in the floor.
Presently they came to a pool, lying across the width of the passage. Gree stopped, pointed at Jay then at the pool. He made a dipping gesture – down, then up – and pointed back at the pool. This was Jay's exit then.
Jay started taking deep breaths, hyperventilating to get as much oxygen into his body as he could. As he felt himself getting light-headed he took a final deep breath, patted Gree on the arm, nodded, and stepped into the pool.


text:
Paignton Golden Mile U-turn 'not enough' warn desperate traders
'There's no white flag going to come from me'
Guy HendersonChief Reporter
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Traders protesting over the traffic ban in Paignton's Torbay Road say Torbay Council's decision to allow traffic back into part of the road is still not enough to save their businesses. The street has been closed to traffic since the end of September as the council tries out a car ban as part of a major revamp of the town centre.
A public consultation came out in favour of pedestrianisation, but some traders say the ban is losing them thousands of pounds and could put them out of business. On Tuesday night the council's Cabinet is due to consider a report recommending changing the scheme to allow cars into the lower half of the road between Queens Road and the seafront.
Councillors say it proves they have been listening to the protests which have built up since September, but some traders say it will not solve their problems. Before Christmas they took to the streets with placards, saying their businesses have been hit badly by the lack of passing traffic.
Read more: Teignbridge Local Plan: Huge landscape changing plans for 4,560 new homes
Council deputy leader Darren Cowell said: "We said we would review the trial and make changes based on the needs of the community, and this review and recommendation proves just that." The option to allow traffic back at the lower end of the street was the second favourite choice when the council and Paignton Town Centre Community Partnership undertook a public consultation early last year.
Cllr Cowell added: "We've been keeping the trial under constant review since it was implemented in October. Over the last three months we've been listening to all voices in the community and capturing feedback in a range of ways."
But some traders are still not happy with the compromise. Ricc Stozzi of the Stoked surf clothing shop said: "It's clearly a U-turn but it's not what we want."
Torbay Road pedestrianisation has begun
Mr Stozzi said the compromise would not solve parking problems, and would still cause "chaos" for traffic in Hyde Road. "We are not giving up the fight," he pledged. "We will fight on until we get what we want, and the road is put back as it was. There's no white flag going to come from me."
And fellow protester Martin Bullus of the Come West clothing shop added: "I want to see the whole road open again. This trial has been devastating for us. Paignton is now difficult to get around, and it is putting people off coming into town.
"This latest move by the council will help, but it's not enough. If anything, they should have done it earlier because it was obvious that the layout wasn't working, and they could have given us a better Christmas by doing so."
The Torbay Road project is linked to a major improvement plan proposed for Station Square, all part of the council's Future High Streets Fund bid which saw it secure more than £13 million to make improvements to Paignton town centre.
Initial ideas to enhance Torbay Road and make it a better place for businesses, visitors and residents were first developed and consulted on as far back as 2015.
Torbay Road pedestrianisation has begun - but people aren't happy
Torbay MP Kevin Foster added: "I welcome this u-turn by Torbay Council and would urge them to engage with and listen to traders for the rest of the planned pilot. Given the severe impact on businesses of this trial it is right to immediately make changes and at least partially reopen Torbay Road, restoring the vital ease of access to their premises many businesses depend on to survive.
"The millions of pounds made available by the Government to support the regeneration of Paignton Town Centre is a chance for a once in a generation boost and to reverse previous years of decline, but decisions at a local level on projects must be taken in partnership with local people and businesses to ensure long term success."
You can stay up-to-date on the top news near you with DevonLive's FREE newsletters – find out more about our range of daily and weekly bulletins and sign up here or enter your email address at the top of the page.
Paignton man who lost his mum now does astonishing 100 mile runs
One of UK's most-threatened bumblebees rediscovered in Devon
Amazing pictures from a walk through Torquay in Spring 1965
Paignton car ban to be reversed as council says 'we listened'
Torbay Hospital carnage as ambulance queue and staff 'overwhelmed'
Torbay Council
Kevin Foster
Dartmoor National ParkDartmoor gem centred around a '900-year-old' treeThe village may be small in size, but it has a lot of heart and history
TourismTop National Trust dog-friendly days out in the South WestHere are the eight most dog-friendly National Trust attractions in the region


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Tūhono is an advocacy network for Māori groups and individuals within New Zealand.

As well as forming a network linking different iwi and hapū, Tūhono aims to promote cultural and spiritual wellbeing and benefit to the Māori community and also personal development and education. Tūhono is maintained as a charitable trust, established under the 1993 Electoral Act as a means for individual Māori to register their affiliation with iwi, in order to facilitate links and interaction between the iwi and their members. The Tūhono Central Web Service links with the New Zealand Electoral Commission database in association with the New Zealand Government, allowing for automatic notifications to the iwi when a member changes address.

The Māori word Tūhono means to link or connect.

Tūhono developed from a 1997 initiative by the Tautoko Māori Trust under Chairman Sir Paul Reeves. The Tūhono Trust was established in 2003 as kaitiaki (guardians) of Tūhono. By 2004 100,000 Māori had registered with Tūhono. The following year, the Tūhono website was launched, and by 2011, 120 iwi and affiliated groups were registered as Tūhono organisations and were able to link to their members.

The trust is based in Hamilton. Nine trustees are appointed by the country's various iwi, each one representing a different region. The chairperson and deputy chairperson are Anthony Olsen and Dr Te Taka Keegan respectively.

References

Māori organisations
Organizations established in 1997
1997 establishments in New Zealand
Hamilton, New Zealand
Development charities based in New Zealand


text:
Man-X je specializovaný program s pornografickými pořady pro gaye. Program Man-X vysílá od půlnoci do 6. hodiny ranní.

Dostupnost
Tento kanál je součástí nabídky televizních platforem v Evropě – Be-TV a Belgacom v Belgii, TV Vlaandern Digitaal a Canal Digitaal Sattelliet v Nizozemí, Free DSL ve Francii a Skylink v Česku a na Slovensku.

Externí odkazy
 man-x.tv

Reference

Pornografické televizní stanice


How To Photograph The Moon? It's Easy!
All the tips you need to photograph the blood moon on 21 January 2019!
Photographing the moon is not as difficult as you might think! Follow these steps and you will learn all about the best camera settings to photograph the moon, and you will be amazed at how beautiful your photos will be!
1. Requirements: camera (preferably an DSLR or mirrorless camera), lens, tripod and some creativity.
2. Photography often starts with the right preparation. Reading these tips already is your first step! But, think about where you want photograph the moon. The moon itself is beautiful, but if you can find a nice background it makes your photo even more interesting! Think about the edge of a forest edge, a windmill, a building or skyline of a city, or for example the silhouettes of mountains.
3. Use an app such as PhotoPills, or The Photographer's Ephemeris to be able to determine exactly what time the moon will rise, and where. The app also shows you what time the eclipse starts. With interactive maps you can easily, from any location, determine which way to look to see the moon!
4. If you have found a beautiful location to take photos of the moon, consider whether you want to have a close-up of the moon, or to display the moon as part of a larger composition. For a close-up you do need a good zoom lens. Preferably at least 300mm or 400mm. If you do not have this lens, you will not get the moon close enough to show the details, and you can better choose to show more of the surroundings.
Always use a tripod for shooting the moon. A tripod prevents vibrations and movements, causing the photo to become blurry. Do you not have a tripod? Then try to place the camera on something stable. A pile of clothes (or a rice bag) gives a good and stable basis and makes it possible to place your camera in different angles.
Set your camera to AV or A mode. In this mode you can set the aperture of your lens (displayed on your camera as a f-number). Choose the smallest f-number. With most lenses this is between f2.8 and f4.5. In this way you open your lens as wide as possible, allowing as much light to come in as possible. This normally gives a very short depth of field, but because the moon is so far away, you really don't have to worry about this.
In this mode, your camera will automatically choose the correct shutter speed.
Do you know how to shoot in M modus? Use this to your advantage.
Set your ISO value to 100 (so don't choose automatic iso!). The higher the iso, the more noise you get. Because the moon is a very bright object, 100 iso will be enough to find the desired shutter speed. If your shutter speed is a bit short (under 100 seconds) you can choose to raise your iso slightly. Do not go above 200 iso, because you lose the details by the noise that arises!
However, when photographing the blood moon (the moon during the full eclipse), the light intensity will drop and you will have to increase your ISO quite a bit, maybe even to 1600 or 3200!
Don't forget that the moon is a moving subject. This means you don't want your shutter speed to be too slow, otherwise you will end up with a blurry photo. During a normal full moon, you can easily shoot at 1/100 to 1/200 of a second. However the moment the moon is in full shadow of the earth, I would suggest to not to go below 2 seconds, depending on the focal length of your lens. Just bump up your iso as much as you need to keep your shutter speed faster than this.
This is really the best trick to create superb pictures of the moon! Take a test photo without using this option and you will see that the moon is a bright, white spot on your photo. Now set your exposure compensation to -1 and try again. You will see that the details of the moon are a bit more prominent. You may even have to set your compensation to -3 (or even further) to get the correct exposure.
How much you have to compensate really depends on the circumstances. Are you photographing a full moon, or is it a sickle? Is there a lot of ambient light? Is it in the middle of the night or just after sunset? Or, like tonight, is it a lunar eclipse? In that case the moon is a lot less bright, and you will have to compensate less.
Point your camera at the moon and focus. If you have LiveView on your camera, you can choose to focus manually, for extra sharpness. Turn LV on and zoom in 10x on the moon on your screen. Then focus manually.
Set your focus? Then change your focus mode from AF (Auto Focus) to MF (Manual Focus) and do not touch the focus ring anymore. In this way you keep the sharpness you want for all your photos, without having to continually focus.
Turn the timer function on and set it to 2 seconds. Or, if you have a remote control, you can of course use it! The less you touch your camera, the less chance of a shaky picture.
It is indeed possible that your camera can not compensate far enough. But don't worry, you can easily fix this. Put your camera in M mode. Set your aperture still on the smallest f-number, your iso on the same value as described above, but shorten your shutter speed. First try a 100th of a second. Too bright? Make it a 200th. Still too bright? A 250th may work. So play around with your shutter speed until you have found the right exposure!!
And that's all! So find yourself a nice location, find the right settings and enjoy the beautiful spectacle! Will you send me your photos? I would love to see them!!
If you want to receive more free tutorials like this, join my newsletter. You will be the first to hear more!
Are you interested in more night photography? Take a look at my tutorial on photographing Star trails here!
During my photo tours, I also focus on night photography as well. We photograph stars, the milkyway, the moon and stars!
Witbalans: laat je kleuren stralen!
How To Photograph The Moon? It's Easy!


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Home | | Computer Science 12th Std | Database Concepts
Chapter: 12th Computer Science : Chapter 11 : Database concepts and MySql : Database Concepts
A database is an organized collection of data, generally stored and accessed electronically from a computer system.
A database is an organized collection of data, generally stored and accessed electronically from a computer system. The term "database" is also used to refer to any of the DBMS, the database system or an application associated with the database. Because of the close relationship between them, the term "database" is often used casually to refer to both a database and the DBMS used to manipulate it. A school class register is a database where names are arranged alphabetically. Databases have been around since people started recording things. Here we tend to focus on electronic ones.
Data are raw facts stored in a computer. A data may contain any character, text, word or a number.
Example : 600006, DPI Campus, SCERT, Chennai, College Road
Information is formatted data, which allows to be utilized in a significant way.
SCERT
DPI Campus
Chennai 600006
As you can see from the example above, data appears as a set of words and numbers. However, when the data is processed, organized and formatted, it gives a meaningful information about the SCERT institution contact address.
Database is a repository collection of related data organized in a way that data can be easily accessed, managed and updated. Database can be a software or hardware based, with one sole purpose of storing data.
DataBase Management System (DBMS)
A DBMS is a software that allows us to create, define and manipulate database, allowing users to store, process and analyze data easily. DBMS provides us with an interface or a tool, to perform various operations to create a database, storing of data and for updating data, etc. DBMS also provides protection and security to the databases. It also maintains data consistency in case of multiple users.
Examples of DBMS softwares are : Foxpro, dbase.
Characteristics of Database Management System
1. Data stored into Tables
Data is never directly stored into the database. Data is stored into tables, created inside the database. DBMS also allows to have relationship between tables which makes the data more meaningful and connected.
2. Reduced Redundancy
In the modern world hard drives are very cheap, but earlier when hard drives were too expensive, unnecessary repetition of data in database was a big problem But DBMS follows Normalisation which divides the data in such a way that repetition is minimum.
3.Data Consistency
On live data, it is being continuously updated and added, maintaining the consistency of data can become a challenge. But DBMS handles it by itself.
4. Support Multiple user and Concurrent Access
DBMS allows multiple users to work on it(update, insert, delete data) at the same time and still manages to maintain the data consistency.
5.Query Language
DBMS provides users with a simple query language, using which data can be easily fetched, inserted, deleted and updated in a database.
The DBMS also takes care of the security of data, protecting the data from unauthorized access. In a typical DBMS, we can create user accounts with different access permissions, using which we can easily secure our data by restricting user access.
7. DBMS Supports Transactions
It allows us to better handle and manage data integrity in real world applications where multi-threading is extensively used.
Advantages of DBMS
· Segregation of application program
· Minimal data duplication or Data Redundancy
· Easy retrieval of data using the Query Language
· Reduced development time and maintenance
Components of DBMS
The Database Management System can be divided into five major components as follows:
1.Hardware
2.Software
3.Data
4 . Procedures / Methods
5.Database Access Languages
Hardware: The computer, hard disk, I/O channels for data, and any other physical component involved in storage of data
Software: This main component is a program that controls everything. The DBMS software is capable of understanding the Database Access Languages and interprets into database commands for execution.
Data: It is that resource for which DBMS is designed. DBMS creation is to store and utilize data.
Procedures/Methods: They are general instructions to use a database management system such as installation of DBMS, manage databases to take backups, report generation, etc.
DataBase Access Languages: They are the languages used to write commands to access, insert, update and delete data stored in any database.
Examples of popular DBMS: Dbase, FoxPro
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