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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton
This article is about the racket sport badminton. For other uses of the name, see Badminton (disambiguation).
The Danish Olympic badminton player Peter Gade
Badminton is a racket sport played by either two opposing players (singles) or two opposing pairs (doubles). The players or pairs take positions on opposite halves of a rectangular court that is divided by a net.
Unlike many racket sports, badminton does not use a ball: badminton uses a feathered projectile known as a shuttlecock. Since the shuttlecock is strongly affected by wind, competitive badminton is always played indoors.
The players strike the shuttlecock with their rackets so that it passes over the net and into the opponents' half of the court. The rally ends once the shuttlecock touches the ground: every stroke must be played as a volley. In doubles, either player of a pair may hit the shuttlecock (except on service), but only a single stroke is allowed before the shuttlecock passes again into the opponents' court. Players are awarded a point if the shuttlecock lands on or within the marked boundary of their opponents' court, or if their opponent's stroke fails to pass the net or lands outside the court boundary.
A rally begins with the service, in which the serving player must strike the shuttlecock so that, if left, it would land in the diagonally opposite service court. In doubles, only one player, the receiver, may return the service (thereafter either player may hit the shuttlecock); the order of doubles service is determined by the Laws, which ensure that all the players shall serve and receive in turn. If the server wins the rally, he will continue serving; if he loses the rally, the serve will pass to his opponent. In either case, the winner will add a point to his score.
A match consists of three games; to win each game players must score 21 points (exceptions noted below). There are five events: men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles (each pair is a man and a woman).
History and development
Battledore and Shuttlecock, an antecedent to the modern game of Badminton. 1854, from the John Leech Archive[1]
Games with a shuttlecock are widely believed to have originated in ancient Greece about 2000 years ago. From there they spread via the Indo-Greek kingdoms to Indian and then further east to China and Siam (now Thailand).[2]
In England since medieval times a children's game called Battledore and Shuttlecock was popular. Children would use paddles (Battledores) and work together to keep the Shuttlecock up in the air and prevent it from reaching the ground. It was popular enough to be a nuisance on the street of London in 1854 when the magazine Punch published a cartoon depicting it.
In the 1860s, British Army officers in Pune, India, began playing the game of Battledore and Shuttlecock, but they added a competitive element by including a net. As the city of Pune was formerly known as Poona, the game was known as Poona at that time.
About this same time, the Duke of Beaufort was entertaining soldiers at his estate called "Badminton House", where the soldiers played Poona. The Duke of Beaufort's non-military guests began referring to the game as "the badminton game", and thus the game became known as "badminton".
In 1877, the first badminton club in the world, Bath Badminton Club,[3] transcribed the rules of badminton for the first time. However, in 1893, the Badminton Association of England published the first proper set of rules, similar to that of today, and officially launched badminton in a house called 'Dunbar' at 6 Waverley Grove, Portsmouth, England on September 13 of that year.[4] They also started the All England Open Badminton Championships, the first badminton competition in the world, in 1899.
The International Badminton Federation (IBF) was established in 1934 with Canada, Denmark, England, France, the Netherlands, Ireland, New Zealand, Scotland, and Wales as its founding members. India joined as an affiliate in 1936. The IBF now governs international badminton and develops the sport globally.[5]
Scoring system development
In the traditional scoring system,[6] games were played to 15 points, except for women's singles which was played up to 11. A match was decided by the best of three games. Only the serving players were able to score a point. In doubles, both players of a pair would serve before the service returned to the other side: in order to regain the service, the receiving pair had to win two rallies (not necessarily consecutively).
In 1992, the IBF introduced new rules: setting at 13-all and 14-all. This meant that if the players were tied at 13-13 or 14-14 (9-9 or 10-10 for women's singles), the player who had first reached that score could decide elect to set and play to 17 (or to 13 for women's singles).
In 2002 the IBF, concerned with the unpredictable and often lengthy time required for matches, decided to experiment with a different scoring system to improve the commercial and especially the broadcasting appeal of the sport. The new scoring system[7] shortened games to 7 points and decided matches by the best of 5 games. When the score reached 6-6, the player who first reached 6 could elect to set to 8 points.
Yet the match time remained an issue, since the playing time for the two scoring systems was similar. This experiment was abandoned and replaced by a modified version of the traditional scoring system. The 2002 Commonwealth Games is the last event that used this scoring system. [8]
In December 2005 the IBF experimented again with the scoring system, intending both to regulate the playing time and to simplify the system for television viewers. The main change from the traditional system was to adopt rally point scoring, in which the winner of a rally scores a point regardless of who served; games were lengthened to 21 points. However, the new scoring system makes the game duration significantly shorter. The experiment ended in May 2006, and the IBF ruled that the new scoring system would be adopted from August 2006 onwards.[9] This scoring system is described in full in Scoring system and service, below.
Laws of the Game
The following information is a simplified summary of the Laws, not a complete reproduction. The definitive source of the Laws is the IBF Laws publication,[10] although the digital distribution of the Laws contains poor reproductions of the diagrams.
Playing court dimensions
Badminton court, isometric view
The court is rectangular and divided into halves by a net. Courts are almost always marked for both singles and doubles play, although the laws permit a court to be marked for singles only. The doubles court is wider than the singles court, but the doubles service court is shorter than the singles service court.
The full width of the court is 6.1 metres, and in singles this width is reduced to 5.18 metres. The full length of the court is 13.4 metres. The service courts are marked by a centre line dividing the width of the court, by a short service line at a distance of 1.98 metres from the net, and by the outer side and back boundaries. In doubles, the service court is also marked by a long service line, which is 0.78 metres from the back boundary.
The net is 1.55 metres (5 ft 1 inch) high at the edges and 1.524 metres (5 ft) high in the centre. The net posts are placed over the doubles side lines, even when singles is played.
Surprisingly, there is no mention in the Laws of a minimum height for the ceiling above the court. Nonetheless, a badminton court will not be suitable if the ceiling is likely to be hit on a high serve.
Equipment laws
The Laws specify which equipment may be used. In particular, the Laws restrict the design and size of rackets and shuttlecocks. The Laws also provide for testing a shuttlecock for the correct speed:
To test a shuttle, use a full underhand stroke which makes contact with the shuttle over the back boundary line. The shuttle shall be hit at an upward angle and in a direction parallel to the side lines.
A shuttle of the correct speed will land not less than 530 mm and not more than 990 mm short of the other back boundary line....
Scoring system and service
A point shall be added to a player's score whenever he wins a rally.
A match consists of the best of three games; a game is won by the first player to score 21 points, except if the score reaches 20 points each; in this case, play shall continue until one player either achieves a two point lead (such as 24-22), or his score reaches 30 (the score shall not extend beyond 30: 30-29 is a winning score).
At the start of a match a coin toss is conducted between the players or pairs. The winners of the coin toss may make one of two choices: they may choose whether to serve or receive first, or they may choose which end of the court they wish to occupy. After they have made this choice, their opponents shall exercise the remaining choice. In less formal settings, the coin toss is often replaced by hitting a shuttle into the air: whichever side it points to shall serve first.
In subsequent games, the winners of the previous game shall serve first. For the first rally of any doubles game, the serving pair may decide who serves and the receiving pair may decide who receives. The players shall change ends at the start of the second game; if the match proceeds to a third game, the players shall change ends both at the start of the game and when the leading pair's score reaches 11 points.
In singles, the server shall stand in his right service court when his score is even, and in his left service court when his score is odd; his opponent shall stand in the diagonally opposite service court.
In doubles, the players shall remember their service positions from the previous rally; the receivers shall remain in the same service courts. When a receiving pair wins a point and thereby regains the service, they shall not change their service court positions. If their new score is even, then the player in the right service court shall serve; if their new score is odd, then the player in the left service court shall serve. Thereafter, if they continue to win points, the server shall alternate between the service courts, so that he serves to each receiver in turn.
There are several notable consequences of this system. First, rally point scoring ensures that the start of the game is fairer than under the older scoring system; without rally point scoring, serving at the start of the game is a significant advantage. Second, there is no "second server", unlike under the older scoring system. Third, each time a pair regains the service, the service court laws ensure that the server shall be the player who did not serve last.
The server and receiver must remain within their service courts, so that their feet do not touch the boundary lines, until the server strikes the shuttle. The other two players may stand wherever they wish, so long as they do not unsight the opposing server or receiver.
Players win a rally by striking the shuttle onto the floor within the boundaries of their opponents' court. Players also win a rally if their opponents commit a fault. The most common fault in badminton is when the players fail to return the shuttle so that it passes over the net and lands inside their opponents' court, but there are also other ways that players may be faulted. The following information lists some of the more common faults.
Several faults pertain specifically to service. A serving player shall be faulted if he strikes the shuttle from above his waist (defined as his lowest rib), or if his racket is not pointing downwards at the moment of impact. This particular law changed in 2006: previously, the server's racket had to be pointing downwards to the extent that the racket head was below the hand holding the racket; now, any angle below the horizontal is acceptable.
Neither the server nor the receiver may lift a foot until the shuttle has been struck by the server. The server must also initially hit the base (cork) of the shuttle, although he may afterwards also hit the feathers as part of the same stroke. This law was introduced to ban an extremely effective service style known as the S-serve or Sidek serve, which allowed the server to make the shuttle spin chaotically in flight.[11]
Each side may only strike the shuttle once before it passes back over the net; but during a single stroke movement, a player may contact a shuttle twice (this happens in some sliced shots). A player may not, however, hit the shuttle once and then hit it with a new movement, nor may he carry and sling the shuttle on his racket.
It is a fault if the shuttle hits the ceiling.
If a let is called, the rally is stopped and replayed with no change to the score. Lets may occur due to some unexpected disturbance such as a shuttle landing on court (having being hit there by players on an adjacent court).
If the receiver is not ready when the service is delivered, a let shall be called; yet if the receiver makes any attempt to return the shuttle, he shall be judged to have been ready.
There is no let if the shuttle hits the tape (even on service).
See also: Shuttlecock
Badminton rackets are light, with top quality rackets weighing between about 75 and 100 grams (with strings). They are composed of carbon fibre composite (graphite reinforced plastic), which may be augmented by a variety of materials. Carbon fibre has an excellent strength to weight ratio, is stiff, and gives excellent kinetic energy transfer. Before the adoption of carbon fibre composite, rackets were made of light metals such as aluminium. Earlier still, rackets were made of wood. Cheap rackets are still often made of metal, but wooden rackets are no longer manufactured for the ordinary market, due to their excessive weight and cost.
There is a wide variety of racket designs, although the racket size and shape are limited by the Laws. Different rackets have playing characteristics that appeal to different players. The traditional oval head shape is still available, but an isometric head shape is increasingly common in new rackets.
Badminton strings are thin, with high performing strings in the range of about 0.65 to 0.73 millimetres thickness. Thicker strings are more durable, but many players prefer the feel of thinner strings. String tension is normally is the range of 18 to 36 lbf (80 to 130 newtons). Recreational players generally string at lower tensions than professionals, typically between 18 and 25 lbf. Professionals string between about 25 and 36 lbf.
It is a common misconception that lower string tension increases power, and higher string tension increases control. Higher string tensions actually increase both power and control, until the player reaches a maximum playable tension. This maximum tension is specific to the individual, and depends on his swing speed and accuracy. The faster he can swing the racket, and the more accurately he can hit the shuttle, the higher this maximum will be. Beyond this maximum tension, power will drop sharply, as the player is unable to apply sufficient precise force to make the stringbed deform effectively.
In general, therefore, players will enjoy an improvement in the playability of their racket by stringing at as high a tension as they find comfortable. String tension is a matter of personal preference, however, and a player with higher tension strings is not necessarily better than one with lower tension strings. Higher string tension increases the likelihood of the strings breaking, so players may choose low tensions for reasons of economy.
The choice of grip allows a player to increase the thickness of his racket handle and choose a comfortable surface to hold. A player may build up the handle with one or several grips before applying the final layer.
Players may choose between a variety of grip materials. The most common choices are PU synthetic grips or toweling grips. Grip choice is a matter of personal preference. Players often find that sweat becomes a problem; in this case, a drying agent may be applied to the grip or hands, or sweatbands may be used, or the player may choose another grip material or change his grip more frequently.
There are two main types of grip: replacement grips and overgrips. Replacement grips are thicker, and are often used to increase the size of the handle. Overgrips are thinner (less than 1mm), and are often used as the final layer. Many players, however, prefer to use replacement grips as the final layer. Toweling grips are always replacement grips. Replacement grips have an adhesive backing, whereas overgrips have only a small patch of adhesive at the start of the tape and must be applied under tension; overgrips are more convenient for players who change grips frequently, because they may be removed more rapidly without damaging the underlying material.
Shuttlecocks with feathers
A shuttlecock with a plastic skirt
A shuttlecock is a high-drag projectile, with an open conical shape: the cone is formed from sixteen overlapping goose feathers embedded into a rounded cork base. The cork is covered with thin leather.
Shuttles with a plastic skirt are often used by recreational players to reduce their costs: feathered shuttles break easily.
Badminton shoes are lightweight with soles of rubber or similar high-grip, non-marking materials.
Compared to running shoes, badminton shoes have little lateral support. High levels of lateral support are useful for activities where lateral motion is undesirable and unexpected. Badminton, however, requires powerful lateral movements. A highly built-up lateral support will not be able to protect the foot in badminton; instead, it will encourage catastrophic collapse at the point where the shoe's support fails, and the player's ankles are not ready for the sudden loading. For this reason, players should choose badminton shoes rather than general trainers or running shoes. Players should also ensure that they learn safe footwork, with the knee and foot in alignment on all lunges.
Basic strokes
There are many strokes in badminton; below is a list of basic strokes, which is divided into strokes played from the forecourt, midcourt, and rearcourt (the forecourt is the part of the court near the net, the rearcourt is the part of the court farthest away from the net, and the midcourt is the area in between them).
This list does not include every possible stroke, but only the strokes that are commonly played from that part of the court. The descriptions also assume that the players are of a very high standard and are making sensible choices of strokes.
Strokes played from the forecourt
The serve begins a rally. Serves are subject to several service laws that limit the attacking potential for service. The overall effect of these laws is that the server must hit in an upwards direction; "tennis serves" are prohibited.
Low serve
The low serve travels into the receiver's forecourt, to fall on or just after the opponents short service line. Low serves must travel as close to the net tape as possible, or they will be attacked fiercely. In doubles, the straight low serve is the most frequently used service variation.
High serve
The high serve is hit very high, so that the shuttle falls vertically at the back of the receiver's service court. The high serve is never used in doubles, but is common in singles.
Flick serve
Although the flick serve is hit upwards, the trajectory is much shallower than the high serve.
Drive serve
Drive serves are hit flat to the back of the receiver's service court. The drive serve is almost never used in elite games, because it relies on the receiver being unprepared. If the receiver reacts well, then the drive serve will be severely punished.
Netshot
A netshot is played into the opponent's forecourt, as close to the net as possible.
Net kill
A net kill is an attempt to finish the rally by striking the shuttle steeply downwards from the net.
Long kill
The long kill is a net kill that is not so steep and therefore travels towards the rearcourt. A long kill is only used if a steeper kill cannot be played. It is similar to a net drive, but much more aggressive. The long kill can be played when returning a poor low serve.
Net drive, net push, net lift
These strokes are all the same as their midcourt counterparts, which are described below.
Strokes played from the midcourt
With the exception of the smash, all midcourt strokes are played with the shuttle either near the ground, or about net height, or slightly higher than net height. If the shuttle is ever high in the midcourt, a powerful smash will be played to finish the rally.
A drive is played when the shuttle is near net height, at the side of the player's body. Drives pass with pace into the opponent's midcourt or rearcourt. Although drives are played with pace, very high shuttle speed is not desirable because the shuttle will go out at the back. The trajectory of a drive is approximately flat.
Half-court drive
A drive played from in front of the body, usually hitting the shuttle from nearer the net than an ordinary drive.
A push is played from the same situation as a drive, but played softly into the opponent's forecourt or front midcourt.
Half-court push
A push played from in front of the body, usually hitting the shuttle from nearer the net than an ordinary push.
A lift is played upwards to the back of the opponent's court. Midcourt lifts are most commonly played in response to a smash or well-placed push.
Defensive lift
A lift that is hit very high, so that the player gains time for recovery to a good base position. Defensive lifts, because of the flight characteristics of a shuttlecock, force the opponent to hit from the extreme back of the court.
Attacking lift
A lift that is hit more shallowly, so that the opponent is forced to move very quickly to prevent the shuttle from travelling behind him. Attacking lifts, because of the flight characteristics of a shuttlecock, may be intercepted slightly earlier than defensive lifts.
See the smash entry under rearcourt strokes, below. A midcourt smash is especially devastating.
Strokes played from the rearcourt
In the rearcourt, most strokes are played overhead. If the shuttle has dropped low in a player's rearcourt, so that he is unable to play an overhead stroke, then he is at a great disadvantage and is likely to lose the rally. The following strokes are all played from overhead:
A clear travels high and to the back of the opponent's rearcourt.
Defensive clear
A clear that is hit very high, so that the player gains time for recovery to a good base position. Defensive clears, because of the flight characteristics of a shuttlecock, force the opponent to hit from the extreme back of the court.
Attacking clear
A clear that is hit more shallowly, so that the opponent is forced to move very quickly to prevent the shuttle from travelling behind him. Attacking clears, because of the flight characteristics of a shuttlecock, may be intercepted slightly earlier than defensive clears.
A smash is a powerful stroke, played so that the shuttle travels steeply downwards at great speed into the opponent's midcourt.
Jump smash
A smash where the player jumps for height. The aim of a jump smash is to hit the smash at a steeper angle. Jump smashes are most common in men's doubles.
A dropshot is played downwards into the opponent's forecourt. Dropshots are usually disguised as smashes or clears, so that the opponent cannot anticipate the dropshot.
Advanced strokes
Francesca Setiadi, Canada, flies high at the Golden Gate Open in San Francisco, 2006
Advanced strokes are typically variations on a basic stroke. Often the purpose of an advanced stroke is to deceive the opponent, but advanced strokes may also be used to manipulate the flight path of the shuttlecock by introducing spin. Spin may cause the shuttlecock to follow a curved path and to dip more steeply as it falls.
A common technique for advanced strokes is slicing, where the shuttle is hit with an angled racket face. Often players brush the racket face around the shuttlecock to achieve more spin from their slice. Slices can be used to deceive opponents about the direction in which the player is going to hit the shuttle, and to make apparently powerful strokes that travel slowly (a dropshot may be disguised as a smash).
The lightness of modern rackets allows good players to play many strokes with a short swing. This skill provides opportunities for deception, because the player may pretend to play a soft stroke (such as a netshot), but then accelerate the racket at the last moment to play a more powerful stroke (such as a lift). This form of deception may also be reversed: players may pretend to play a powerful stoke, but then decelerate the racket at the last moment to play a soft stroke. In general, the former type of deception is more common towards the front of the court, whereas the latter type of deception is more common towards the back of the court.
Another technique for deception is double motion. In this technique, the player will make an initial motion towards the shuttlecock and then quickly withdraw the racket to hit the shuttlecock in a different direction. The aim is to show the opponent one direction but then quickly place the shuttlecock elsewhere. Some players may even use triple motion, although this is much rarer.
The following lists are not comprehensive; the scope for advanced strokes in badminton is large, in particular for deceptive strokes.
Sliced strokes
Sliced dropshot
A sliced dropshot allows the player to deceive his opponent about both the power and direction of the stroke. For example, the opponent may expect a straight clear or smash, but receive a crosscourt dropshot instead. Slicing the shuttlecock heavily will cause it to follow a curved path and dip more sharply as it crosses the net.
Although the term slice is used as a general name for any slicing action, it is also used to describe a specific type of overhead slice, where the racket face is angled inwards rather than straight forwards. A dropshot played with this type of slice is called a sliced dropshot (as opposed to a reverse sliced dropshot, below). For example, a forehand sliced dropshot from the forehand rear corner will travel crosscourt, although the player's hitting action will suggest a straight dropshot.
Reverse slice
Reverse slice is when the racket is angled outwards at hitting. A forehand reverse sliced dropshot from the backhand corner will travel crosscourt, although the player's hitting action will suggest a straight dropshot. Reverse slice is generally more deceptive than slice, because the arm movement is in the opposite direction to the shuttle's path.
Sliced smash
A sliced smash allows the player to deceive his opponent about the direction of his smash. Slicing a smash also allows players to hit in directions that they might otherwise find impossible given their body position on the court. Both slice and reverse slice may be used.
Spinning netshot (also called a tumbling netshot)
Slicing underneath the shuttlecock allows the player to spin the shuttlecock so that it turns over itself several times as it crosses the net. The opponent will be unwilling to address the shuttlecock until it has corrected its flight. The spin also makes the shuttlecock fall tighter to the net.
Sliced low serves
Slicing the low serve may be used both for the straight low serve and for the wide low serve to the left side lines (for a right-hander).
Sliced straight low serve
The purpose of slicing this serve is to not to change the direction, but to make the shuttle dip more steeply as it passes the net. The slicing may also cause the shuttle to wobble or shake in the air (introducing precession to the shuttle's flight), making it harder for the receiver to time and control his reply.
Sliced wide low serve
The purpose of slicing this serve is to deceive the opponent into believing that a straight serve, either low or flicked, is being played. For a right-hander, the racket head will move at least slightly from left to right, but the shuttlecock will be sent to the left.
Deceptive strokes from the net
Deceptive lift (hold and flick)
The player holds the racket ready for a netshot, but at the last moment flicks the shuttlecock to the rearcout instead. This is mainly used in singles.
Deceptive crosscourt netshot
The player holds the racket ready for a straight netshot, but at the last moment turns the racket face sideways to play the shuttle across the net instead.
Racket head fakes
The player begins a stroke from the net in one direction, but then slightly alters the direction by rotating the racket head during the hitting. This can be used to make it harder for opponents to return net drives and pushes. A more pronounced racket head fake may be produced by using double motion, but this requires that the player have more time to perform the lengthier deception.
Specialised net kill techniques
Short-action net kill
This is a technique for killing shuttecocks that are close to the net tape. The player uses a very short forwards tapping motion to avoid hitting the net tape (which is a fault). The tapping action makes use of sudden tightening of the fingers to create power.
Brush net kill
This is a more difficult technique for killing shuttlecocks that are extremely close to the net tape. The player swipes the racket nearly parallel to the tape instead of hitting forwards. With a slight turning of the racket face during the swipe, the shuttlecock may be struck steeply downwards and in the direction of the swipe. For both forehand and backhand brush net kills, the swiping action is inwards to the centre.
To win in badminton, players need to employ a wide variety of strokes in the right situations. These range from powerful jumping smashes to delicate tumbling net returns. Often rallies finish with a smash, but setting up the smash requires subtler strokes. For example, a netshot can force the opponent to lift the shuttle, which gives an opportunity to smash. If the netshot is tight and tumbling, then the opponent's lift will not reach the back of the court, which makes the subsequent smash much harder to return.
Deception is also important. Expert players make the preparation for many different strokes look identical, and use slicing to deceive their opponents about the speed or direction of the stroke. If an opponent tries to anticipate the stroke, he may move in the wrong direction and may be unable to change his body momentum in time to reach the shuttlecock.
Both pairs will try to gain and maintain the attack, hitting downwards as much as possible. Where possible, a pair will adopt an ideal attacking formation with one player hitting down from the rearcourt, and the other intercepting returns to the midcourt and forecourt. If a pair cannot hit downwards, they will try to hit flat strokes in an attempt to gain the attack. If a pair is forced to lift or clear the shuttle, then they must defend; they will adopt a side-by-side position in the rear midcourt, to cover the full width of their court against the opponents' smashes.
At high levels of play, the backhand serve has become popular to the extent that forehand serves almost never appear in professional games. The straight low serve is used most frequently, in an attempt to prevent the opponents gaining the attack immediately. Flick serves are used to prevent the opponent from anticipating the low serve and attacking it decisively.
At high levels of play, doubles rallies are extremely fast. Men's doubles is the most aggressive form of badminton, with a high proportion of powerful jump smashes.
A mixed doubles game. Scottish Schools mixed doubles under 12s tournament - Tranent (near Edinburgh), May 2002
The singles court is narrower than the doubles court, but the same length. Since one person needs to cover the entire court, singles tactics are based on forcing the opponent to move as much as possible; this means that singles strokes are normally directed to the corners of the court. The length of the court is exploited by combining lifts and clears with dropshots and netshots. Smashing is less prominent in singles than in doubles because players are rarely in the ideal position to execute a smash, and smashing often leaves the smasher vulnerable if the smash is returned.
In singles, players will often start the rally with a forehand high serve. Low serves are also used frequently, either forehand or backhand. Flick serves are less common, and drive serves are rare.
At high levels of play, singles demands extraordinary fitness. Singles is a game of patient positional maneuvering, unlike the all-out aggression of doubles.
In mixed doubles, both pairs try to maintain an attacking formation with the woman at the front and the man at the back. This is because the male players are substantially stronger, and can therefore produce more powerful smashes. As a result, mixed doubles requires greater tactical awareness and subtler positional play. Clever opponents will try to reverse the ideal position, by forcing the woman towards the back or the man towards the front. In order to protect against this danger, mixed players must be careful and systematic in their shot selection.[12]
At high levels of play, the formations will generally be more flexible: the top women players are capable of playing powerfully from the rearcourt, and will happily do so if required. When the opportunity arises, however, the pair will switch back to the standard mixed attacking position, with the woman in front.
The International Badminton Federation (IBF) is the internationally recognised governing body of the sport. The IBF headquarters are currently located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Five regional confederations are associated with the IBF:
Asia: Asian Badminton Confederation (ABC)
Africa: Africa Badminton Federation (ABF)
Americas: Pan American Badminton Confederation (North America and South America belong to the same confederation; PABC)
Europe: European Badminton Union (EBU)
Oceania: Oceania Badminton Confederation (OBC)
a men's double match
There are several international competitions organized by the IBF. The Thomas Cup, a men's event, and the Uber Cup, a women's event, are the most important ones. The competitions take place once every two years. More than 50 national teams compete in qualifying tournaments, within the scope of continental confederations, for a place in the finals. The final tournament now involves 12 teams, following an increase from eight teams in 2004.
The Sudirman Cup, which began in 1989, is a mixed team event held once every two years. It is divided into seven groups based on the performance of each country. To win the tournament, a country must perform well across all five disciplines (men's doubles and singles, women's doubles and singles, and mixed doubles). Like soccer, it features a promotion and relegation system in every group.
In the individual competitions, badminton became a Summer Olympics sport at the Barcelona Olympics in 1992. Before that, it was a demonstration event in the 1972 and 1988 Summer Olympics. Only the 32 highest ranked badminton players in the world can participate in the competition, and each country can only submit three players to take part. In the IBF World Championships, only the highest ranked 64 players in the world, and a maximum of three from each country, can participate in any category.
All of the above tournaments, together with the World Junior Championships, are graded 7-star tournaments.
The regional competitions in Asia and Europe are gaining attention by the media because the world's highest ranked players come from these continents. The Asian Badminton Championships (open for Asian players) and the European Badminton Championships (open for European players) are the two major regional events.
At the start of 2007 the IBF will introduce a new tournament structure: the Super Series. The 6-star tournament (level 2) will be played in 12 countries with a minimum prize of USD$200,000 (All-England, China, Denmark, France, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Switzerland). The number of participants will be limited to 32 players (half the previous limit). The players have to collect points to play in season-ending masters events, as well as in China with a grand prize of USD$500,000. [13] [14]
The IBF will also standardize all of the badminton events that start in 2007. The Grand Prix Gold open tournament (level 3, 4-star) will offer USD$125,000 in prize money. Ten countries will be selected to organise a tournament in this event. The Grand Prix Gold event will combine with the Grand Prix event (3-star), which offers prize money of USD$50,000.
The fourth level event (A-star), known as International Challenge, offers USD$15,000. The International Series offers USD$5,000, as the competition tries to gather more junior players into the tournament. The 28 and 55 tournaments are scheduled for both events respectively. [15] [14]
The most powerful stroke in badminton is the smash, which is hit steeply downwards into the opponents' midcourt. The maximum speed of a smashed shuttlecock exceeds that of any other racket sport projectile. The recordings of this speed measure the initial speed of the shuttlecock immediately after it has left the player's racket.
Men's doubles player Fu Haifeng of China set the official world smash record of 332 km/h (206 mph) on June 3, 2005 in the Sudirman Cup. The fastest smash recorded in the singles competition was 298 km/h (185 mph) by Kenneth Jonassen of Denmark.[16]
Comparisons with other racket sports
Badminton is frequently compared to tennis. The following is a list of uncontentious comparisons:
In tennis, the ball may bounce once before the player hits it; in badminton, the rally ends once the shuttlecock touches the floor.
In tennis, the serve is dominant to the extent that the server is expected to win most of his service games; a break of service, where the server loses the game, is of major importance in a match. In badminton, however, the serving side and receiving side have approximately equal opportunity to win the rally.
In tennis, the server is allowed two attempts to make a correct serve; in badminton, the server is allowed only one attempt.
In tennis, a let is played on service if the ball hits the net tape; in badminton, there is no let on service.
The tennis court is larger than the badminton court.
Tennis rackets are much heavier than badminton rackets, which may weigh as little as 75 grams. Tennis balls are also heavier than shuttlecocks.
The fastest recorded tennis stroke is Andy Roddick's 153 mph serve;[17] the fastest recorded badminton stroke is Fu Haifeng's 206 mph smash.[16]
Comparisons of speed and athletic requirements
Statistics such as the 206 mph smash speed, below, prompt badminton enthusiasts to make other comparisons that are more contentious. For example, it is often claimed that badminton is the fastest racket sport.[18] Although badminton holds the record for the fastest initial speed of a racket sports projectile, the shuttlecock decelerates substantially faster than other projectiles such as tennis balls. In turn, this qualification must be qualified by consideration of the distance over which the shuttlecock travels: a smashed shuttlecock travels a shorter distance than a tennis ball during a serve. Badminton's claim as the fastest racket sport might also be based on reaction time requirements, but arguably table tennis requires even faster reaction times.
There is a strong case for arguing that badminton is more physically demanding than tennis, but such comparisons are difficult to make objectively due to the differing demands of the games. Some informal studies[19] suggest that badminton players require much greater aerobic stamina than tennis players, but this has not been the subject of rigorous research.
A more balanced approach might suggest the following comparisons, although these also are subject to dispute:
Badminton, especially singles, requires substantially greater aerobic stamina than tennis; the level of aerobic stamina required by badminton singles is similar to squash singles, although squash may have slightly higher aerobic requirements.
Tennis requires greater upper body strength than badminton.
Badminton requires greater leg strength than tennis, and badminton men's doubles probably requires greater leg strength than any other racket sport due to the demands of performing multiple consecutive jumping smashes.
Badminton requires much greater explosive athleticism than tennis and somewhat greater than squash, with players required to jump for height or distance.
Badminton requires significantly faster reaction times than either tennis or squash, although table tennis may require even faster reaction times. The fastest reactions in badminton are required in men's doubles, when returning a powerful smash.
Comparisons of technique
Badminton and tennis techniques differ substantially. The lightness of the shuttlecock and of badminton rackets allow badminton players to make use of the wrist and fingers much more than tennis players; in tennis the wrist is normally held stable, and playing with a mobile wrist may lead to injury. For the same reasons, badminton players can generate power from a short racket swing: for some strokes such as net kills, an elite player's swing may be less than 10cm. For strokes that require more power, a longer swing will typically be used, but the badminton racket swing will rarely be as long as a typical tennis swing.
It is often asserted that power in badminton strokes comes mainly from the wrist. This is a misconception and may be criticised for two reasons. First, it is strictly speaking a category error: the wrist is a joint, not a muscle; its movement is controlled by the forearm muscles. Second, wrist movements are weak when compared to forearm or upper arm movements. Badminton biomechanics have not been the subject of extensive scientific study, but some studies[20] confirm the minor role of the wrist in power generation, and indicate that the major contributions to power come from internal and external rotations of the upper and lower arm. Modern coaching resources such as the Badminton England Technique DVD[21] reflect these ideas by emphasising forearm rotation rather than wrist movements.
Distinctive characteristics of the shuttlecock
The shuttlecock differs greatly from the balls used in most racket sports.
Aerodynamic drag and stability
The feathers impart substantial drag, causing the shuttlecock to decelerate greatly over distance. The shuttlecock is also extremely aerodynamically stable: regardless of initial orientation, it will turn to fly cork-first, and remain in the cork-first orientation.
One consequence of the shuttlecock's drag is that it requires considerable skill to hit it the full length of the court, which is not the case for most racket sports. The drag also influences the flight path of a lifted (lobbed) shuttlecock: the parabola of its flight is heavily skewed so that it falls at a steeper angle than it rises. With very high serves, the shuttle may even fall vertically.
Balls may be spun to alter their bounce (for example, topspin and backspin in tennis), and players may slice the ball (strike it with an angled racket face) to produce such spin; but, since the shuttlecock is not allowed to bounce, this does not apply to badminton.
Slicing the shuttlecock so that it spins, however, does have applications, and some are peculiar to badminton. (See Basic strokes for an explanation of technical terms.)
Slicing the shuttlecock from the side may cause it to travel in a different direction from the direction suggested by the player's racket or body movement. This is used to deceive opponents.
Slicing the shuttlecock from the side may cause it to follow a slightly curved path (as seen from above), and the deceleration imparted by the spin causes sliced strokes to slow down more suddenly towards the end of their flight path. This can be used to create dropshots and smashes that dip more steeply after they pass the net.
When playing a netshot, slicing underneath the shuttlecock may cause it to turn over itself (tumble) several times as it passes the net. This is called a spinning netshot or tumbling netshot. The opponent will be unwilling to address the shuttlecock until it has corrected its orientation.
Due to the way that its feathers overlap, a shuttlecock also has a slight natural spin about its axis of rotational symmetry. The spin is in an anticlockwise direction as seen from above when dropping a shuttle. This natural spin affects certain strokes: a tumbling netshot is more effective if the slicing action is from right to left, rather than from left to right.[22]
^ Cartoon taken from the John Leech Archive which gave the artist as John Leech and the date as 1854.
^ Battledore and Shuttlecock - The Online Guide to Traditional Games
^ Historical Development of the Game in the World
^ History of Badminton - Founding of the BAE and Codification of the Rules
^ The history of Badminton
^ The Laws of the Badminton - 15 X 3 scoring system
^ The Laws of the Badminton - 5 X 7 scoring system
^ Scoring experiment ends at Games. Retrieved on November 6, 2006.
^ BBC Sport - Laws of Badminton
^ IBF Laws of badminton 2006
^ Badminton Central S-serve article
^ BadmintonPlanet - Badminton Strategies and Tactics for the Novice and Recreational Player
^ Badminton-IBF announce introduction of new Super Series. Retrieved on November 6, 2006.
^ a b One up for Malaysian Open. Retrieved on November 6, 2006.
^ New Tournament Structure. Retrieved November 6, 2006.
^ a b People's Daily Online - smash speed records from a news website
^ Guiness World Records Andy Roddick's 153 mph serve
^ Badminton stakes claim as fastest racket sport
^ An informal comparison of stamina requirements between badminton and tennis
^ An analysis of the biomechanics of arm movement during a badminton smash A formal study
^ The Badminton England Technique DVD
^ The Spin Doctor, Power&Precision Magazine, July 2006
International Badminton Federation
Asian Badminton Confederation
Pan American Badminton Confederation
Oceania Badminton Confederation
European Badminton Union
WorldBadminton.com
Badminton Central
Badders.com
Complete Rules of the game
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton"
Categories: Semi-protected | Racquet sports | Olympic sports | Badminton


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New Trailer for Dan Brown Adaptation 'Inferno' Starring Tom Hanks
"Human lives are at stake, I just want to know that I'm on the right side." Sony has unveiled another full trailer for the new Dan Brown adaptation Inferno, once again directed by Ron Howard, and once again starring Tom Hanks as Robert Langdon. We featured the first trailer a few months ago, but that one was just a teaser, and this sets up more of the story - a thriller taking place in historic cities like Florence and Istanbul. The cast includes Felicity Jones as Dr. Sienna Brooks, Langdon's beautiful sidekick this time, plus Ben Foster, Irrfan Khan, Omar Sy, Sidse Babett Knudsen, Ana Ularu, Ida Darvish. I kind of do want to see this, I just hope it's a bit better than the last Dan Brown movie. We'll find out later this year.
Here's the latest official trailer for Ron Howard's Inferno adaptation, direct from Sony's YouTube:
In addition - here's an alternate international version of the trailer for Inferno, also found on YouTube:
You can still see the first two trailers (domestic + international) for Inferno here, to compare footage.
Academy Award-winner Ron Howard returns to direct the latest bestseller in Dan Brown's (Da Vinci Code) billion-dollar Robert Langdon series, Inferno, which finds the famous symbologist (again played by Tom Hanks) on a trail of clues tied to the great Dante himself. When Langdon wakes up in an Italian hospital with amnesia, he teams up with Sienna Brooks (Felicity Jones), a doctor he hopes will help him recover his memories. Together, they race across Europe and against the clock to foil a deadly global plot. Inferno is once again directed by actor-turned-filmmaker Ron Howard, of the two previous Dan Brown adaptations (The Da Vinci Code and Angels & Demons) plus In the Heart of the Sea, Apollo 13, Willow, Cinderella Man, Frost/Nixon and many other films. The screenplay is written by David Koepp, adapting from Dan Brown's novel. Sony will release Inferno in theaters everywhere starting October 28th this fall.
they should do a movie on how Robert Langdon happens to find so many beautiful sidekick doctors. lol
dan on Jun 23, 2016
Totally agree, they are the real stars and mystery so much begging to be solved. How Tom H. can't see this?
shiboleth on Jun 23, 2016
I hope Foster's character has some plan-b thing going on...
DAVIDPD on Jun 23, 2016
I was sold on the first 2 movies, because the plots were simpler and the mystery-solving using biblical clues was more in focus than action. This one, I am not sold on. It looks like they did a cheesey action movie with yet another "deadly virus gonna wipe out humanity" plot mixed with a little bit of "amnesia/lost time mystery" plot that loosely revolves around a biblical theme.
theboyd on Jun 23, 2016
Still pissed of that Tom hanks plays the key role in Dan Brown his novel's. He just looks to stupid for a professor. But what Tom wants Tom gets because he is bringing in the bucks.
ari smulders on Jun 24, 2016
I've enjoyed all of Dan Brown's books (including Inferno), and the two movies they've made so far have been pretty good. I'll watch this for sure.
Justin R on Jun 24, 2016
Dante! Dante? Dante! Dante's mask! Good lord, let's hope the movie is better than the trailer.
outofnormal on Jun 24, 2016
Twas quite the mishmash.
redtie on Jun 24, 2016
Hanks has always felt stiff to me in these Dan Brown films. I'm sure I'll see it anyway.
Quanah on Jun 25, 2016

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 Central University of Himachal Pradesh Result - M.B.A., M.Phil, Ph.D., M.Sc., B.Sc., M.A., B. B. A.
The Central University of Himachal Pradesh is one of the 16 Central Universities which was recently established in 20 March, 2009 at Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh according to the Central Universities Act 2009 (No. 25 of 2009) of the Indian Parliament. It also has another campus at Dehradun. The Dharamsala campus is regarded to be the most important campus since 70 % academic activities takes place here. This seat of higher learning strives to offer comprehensive access to quality and best higher education and research. This premier University is competing with other best Universities of the world in terms of offered programmes, curriculum, research, publications and integration in various world-class works.
The University is recognized by the University Grants Commission, Association of Indian Universities, Ministry of Human Resource Development and Government of India. NAAC has also accredited B grade upon the Central University of Himachal Pradesh. The Central University of Himachal Pradesh is an affiliating University with over 17 Schools of Study, 90 Departments of Studies and 50 Centers of Studies. Moreover, this University teaches over 200 undergraduate, postgraduate and doctorate courses with addition to various research programs and international exchange programs.
Aspiring students can know more about this University from its official website – www.cuhimachal.ac.in about courses, fee structure, admission procedure, important dates and notifications, etc. Moreover, students can directly apply online from its website and also download the application form and call letter. They can also visit www.onlineresultportal.com to know more about the Central University of Himachal Pradesh and also about various Indian Universities.


Following the departure of the UK from the Gemini Observatory at the end of December 2012, the UK Gemini Support Group is no longer operational.
It has been a pleasure to work with and support the UK Gemini community over many years. Our involvement has lead to hundreds of sceintific programmes from the UK community being supported amounting to over 8,000 hrs of observing. The data from these programmes can be accessed via the Gemini Science Archive.
Up-to-date information on the Gemini Observatory can be found on their web pages.
Potential UK Gemini users can still submit proposals for Gemini via NOAO who have an open-skies policy. However, authors of non-member proposals will need to justify why the proposed science cannot be done with facilities they have access to.
Thanks to all previous members of the UK Gemini Support Group and UK Gemini Project Office for their contribution.
Talks from the Gemini Mid-Infrared Workshop can be found here.
Copyright © 2009 - 2010 gemini.physics.ox.ac.uk. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Chris Martin backs Haiti fund
metrowebukmetroWednesday 13 Jan 2010 6:27 pm
Coldplay's
Chris Martin has backed Oxfam's call for funds for Haiti after it was devastated by an earthquake.
The singer – whose band is making a donation to the appeal – travelled to Haiti with Oxfam in 2002 to meet coffee farmers supported by the charity.
Chris Martin of Coldplay has backed Oxfam's Haiti fund
He said: "It's a country of extreme poverty and brutal living conditions, most people in Port-au-Prince live in tin shacks… the earthquake that has struck Haiti will have turned the city into an unimaginable hell, the people of Haiti will be desperate for help and assistance – you can make a donation at http://www.oxfam.org.uk."
Glastonbury Festival organiser Emily Eavis was in Haiti with Chris at the same time and said: "They do not have the resources needed to cope with a disaster of this scale, that is what makes this so much worse. I know how hard people there work to try to survive – they have an incredible spirit and face hardship head-on without self pity. I can't imagine how they are coping now."
The festival has also donated to the appeal.
A host of other stars have pledged their support to victims of the earthquake, including Haiti-born musician Wyclef Jean – who released a statement calling for relief efforts.
Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt have said they were "devastated" by the news, reports Usmagazine.com.
The Hollywood stars said in a statement: "We will work closely with our good friend Wyclef Jean to support the humanitarian efforts on the island and help those who have been injured and left without homes and shelter."
To donate visit http://www.oxfam.org.uk.
Chris MartinHaiti
Dakota Johnson bonds with boyfriend Chris Martin's daughter Apple on coffee date
Gwyneth Paltrow on 'weird' friendship with Chris Martin's girlfriend Dakota Johnson


text:
PLRA and AEDPA Have Different Effects on Prisoner Petitions
Loaded on Aug. 15, 2002 published in Prison Legal News August, 2002, page 29
Filed under: Reviews, Statistics/Trends, Court Access. Location: United States of America.
In a December 2001 special report, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, a division of the U.S. Department of Justice, determined that the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA) and the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA) have had significant, but differing, effects on the filing rates of prisoner petitions. The report is the first to characterize statistically the impact of the PLRA and the AEDPA on prisoners. The analysis focuses on the three most-used categories of prisoner petitions: habeas corpus, 28 U.S.C. §§2241, 2254, and 2255; civil rights, 42 U.S.C. §1983; and mandamus, 28 U.S.C. §1361.
From 1980 to 2000, the State prisoner population rose from 305,458 to 1,236,476 men and women. The Federal prison population increased from 24,363 to 145,416 persons in the same period. As prison populations rose, so did the number of petitions filed by prisoners.
Beginning in 1980, the U.S. Congress sought to reduce the number of prisoner civil rights petitions filed by passing the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act (CRIPA). The number of petitions filed, though, continued to rise, primarily because of the tripling of the State prison population from 1980-1995. To further limit civil rights filings by prisoners, Congress passed the PLRA, effective April 1996. Also effective April 1996, in an effort to reduce successful habeas corpus petitions filed in Federal courts, Congress passed the AEDPA. PLN has reported extensively on the effects of both these pieces of legislation.
In 1996, State and Federal prisoners filed 41,768 civil rights petitions, a rate of 37 petitions filed for every 1,000 prisoners. By 2000, even with continued prison population growth, the PLRA had reduced prisoner civil rights petitions to 25,504, a rate of 19 petitions per 1,000 prisoners.
In contrast, the AEDPA failed to reduce State or Federal prisoner habeas corpus petitions. State prisoners filed habeas corpus petitions in 1996 at a rate of 13 per 1,000 prisoners. By 2000, State prisoner habeas corpus petitions had risen to 21,345 filings, a rate of 17 per 1,000 prisoners. For Federal prisoners the report found that "... the AEDPA does not appear to have had any statistically significant impact on the filing rate of habeas corpus petitions (including §2255 petitions to vacate a sentence)...." The increase in Federal habeas corpus filings was attributed solely to increasing prison population.
Different States and regions exhibit different filing rates. Southern states have almost half the State prisoners. In 2000, Southern State prisoners filed 53% of the civil rights petitions and 42% of the habeas corpus petitions. New Mexico, Virginia, Arkansas, Pennsylvania, Indiana, West Virginia, and Alabama had the highest rates of State prisoner petitions filed. Alaska, Utah, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Hawaii, Connecticut, and Ohio had the lowest filing rates. The report does not address how "... changes in prison administration and conditions ... impact the rate at which inmates file petitions and the number of petitions filed."
The report is available free of charge at www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs. The report number is NCJ 189430, and is titled Prisoner Petitions Filed in U.S. District Courts, 2000, with Trends, 1980-2000.
News in Brief, by Roger Hummel
Ill Treatment on Our Shores, by Anne-Marie Cusac
New Jersey Goes Online with Sex Offender Website
Florida Guards Murder Another Prisoner, Get Another Acquittal, by David Reutter
No 85% on New Jersey Murder Conviction
The Parents' Project, by Denise Johnston
Prisoner's Guerrilla Handbook to Correspondence Programs in The United States and Canada , 2 nd Ed., by Hans Sherrer
Officials Netted in Kansas Jail Bribery
Courts Retain Power To Grant TROs Under PLRA
Washington PDA May Be Used for Pre-Trial Discovery
Kansas Sexual Predator Civil Commitment Standards Refined by U.S. Supreme Court
Washington Prisoner Attorney Disciplined for Negligence
USPC Reverses Stance on HIV Discrimination after Suit Filed, by Deborah M Golden
Remand Defeats Georgia DOC's Attempted 11th Amendment Immunity Bar, by John E Dannenberg
Texas Juvenile Jail Suicide Settles for $100,000
BOP Policy Denying Electric Musical Instruments Upheld; Religious Exception Enjoined
Statute of Limitation Tolled by Administrative Exhaustion
Wisconsin DOC in Contempt for Not Collecting PLRA Fees
Motion Accepted as Appeal Notice; Damage Award Set Off Against Costs
New Florida Trend: Abuse in a Spray Can
Nevada Juvenile Road Accident Kills Six, Settles for $3.5 Million
$54,750 Damages Awarded Asthmatic Prisoner in Michigan ETS Suit, by John E Dannenberg
Court Criticizes PLRA Attorney Fee Cap, by David Reutter
States Capitulate on Reading Legal Mail, by John E Dannenberg
Judge Awards $2.8 Million to Victims of CSC Texas Boot Camp Sexual Abuse
Oklahoma Jailhouse Informants Settle Failure to Protect Suit for $80,000
Criminal Guards in Texas
CCA Conditions Claim Not Frivolous
Court Reviewability of California Parole Denials Survives; No Parole Policy Goes to State Supreme Court, by Marvin Mentor
Crime Rates Rise and Fall. The Police Mostly Have Nothing to Do With It., Dec. 15, 2021. Statistics/Trends.
FBI Fails to Track Police Use of Force, Sept. 15, 2021. Statistics/Trends, Excessive Force (Police), FBI.
Newark Police Didn't Discharge a Single Firearm in 2020, and the Crime Rate Fell, Sept. 15, 2021. Statistics/Trends, Shootings.
U.S. DOJ Statistics on Race and Ethnicity of Violent Crime Perpetrators, June 1, 2021. Statistics/Trends.
New Book Scrutinizes Data-Driven Policing, May 15, 2021. Reviews, Protests, Searchable Metadata.
Study: Militarizing Police Doesn't Shrink Crime Rates, May 15, 2021. Statistics/Trends, Police.
COVID-19 Responses Differ Between Prison Systems, April 21, 2021. Failure to Treat, COVID-19, Statistics/Trends.
New Research on Texas Diversionary Programs Shows Lower Crime Rates, April 21, 2021. Statistics/Trends, Alternative Sentencing.
Pennsylvania: Flawed COVID Data, Feb. 26, 2021. COVID-19, Statistics/Trends.
Interview: Jodie Sinclair on Her New Book, "Love Behind Bars", Sept. 1, 2020. Reviews.


text:
package ua.com.fielden.platform.web.menu.module;

import ua.com.fielden.platform.web.centre.EntityCentre;
import ua.com.fielden.platform.web.custom_view.AbstractCustomView;
import ua.com.fielden.platform.web.menu.IModuleMenuConfig;
import ua.com.fielden.platform.web.view.master.EntityMaster;

/**
 * Used for specifying view (entity centre, master or custom view) for this module.
 *
 * @author TG Team
 *
 */
public interface IModuleConfig4 {

    IModuleConfigDone centre(final EntityCentre<?> centre);
    IModuleConfigDone master(final EntityMaster<?> master);

    /**
     * Specifies custom view for this module config.
     *
     * @param view
     * @return
     */
    IModuleConfigDone view(final AbstractCustomView view);

    //TODO must provide other custom views.

    IModuleMenuConfig menu();
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This biography, written by Melanie Nolan, was first published in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography in 1996.
Jane Elizabeth Runciman, born at Waterford, County Waterford, Ireland, on 4 June 1873, was the eldest child of Susan Propert Williams and her husband, William Edward Runciman, a grocer. Susan Runciman and four daughters, including Jane, travelled to New Zealand to join William in Timaru in 1883. A fifth daughter, Violet, was born there in 1885. The family moved in the late 1880s to Dunedin, where William worked as a clerk and accountant and where two other children, Isabel and Robert, were born.
After attending Macandrew Road School, Jane (or Jeannie, as she was known to friends and family) served an apprenticeship and became a first-class tailoress on a weekly wage of 25 shillings. She worked mostly at the New Zealand Clothing Factory. After a brief stint in Wellington she returned to Dunedin and became involved in the Dunedin Tailoresses' Union (DTU) about 1897. She was a member of its committee of management and gave evidence on its behalf to the Court of Arbitration in 1902. After 20 years' experience in the industry she became full-time secretary of the DTU and of the New Zealand Federated Tailoresses' Association in May 1908; she later established a branch of the union in Invercargill.
Runciman became active in labour politics. She was DTU delegate to four United Federation of Labour conferences between 1915 and 1920, and was one of the three women elected to the New Zealand Labour Party's national executive in 1918. At UFL conferences she spoke out against exploitation of female labour during the First World War, and opposed the use of women to displace higher-paid men. She also stressed the need for the organisation of women workers so that their wages and conditions of work could be improved, and argued that unorganised women threatened the position of organised workers because they weakened the case of the unionists when they asked for higher wages. In 1918 she called on the party's annual conference to make female organisation a priority. She was supported by M. J. Savage, William Moxsom, Fred Cooke and J. T. Paul, but nothing practical was done. At the 1919 Labour Party conference, Savage rejected the view that only women could represent women (he was representing Auckland women), as he had the year before, and Cooke and Walter Nash were lone speakers in favour of women delegates and critical of their absence at the conference.
Runciman was generally regarded as being on the conservative side of labour politics. Her membership of the executive of the Otago and Southland Women's Patriotic Association during the war alienated her from the left. She was always more concerned with unionism and withdrew from national politics when the UFL, whose inclusive federal system had encouraged the DTU's representation, went out of existence in 1920.
Jane Runciman's concern for the position of women extended beyond politics and union activities. The family attended the local Methodist church, and she was involved in a range of welfare organisations. By the late 1890s she belonged to friendly societies run by the DTU and the New Zealand Clothing Factory. These provided medical benefits and, if necessary, grants of money. She was also a member of the Ruth Rebekah Lodge of the Independent Order of Oddfellows, which provided similar benefits. The lodge was a Rechabite society of abstainers and Runciman was a strong supporter of temperance. She threw herself into the lodge's cause of supporting deserted wives. She became a lady district deputy and in September 1921 received a veteran's medal for her long service. In 1914 she became a member of the Dunedin branch of the New Zealand Society for the Protection of Women and Children. She served as vice president from 1926 to 1944 and treasurer from 1926 to 1938; on her resignation in 1948 she was made a life member. Her concern for women on their own led to her appointment as one of the honorary Visitors in connection with the Otago Soldiers' and Dependents' Welfare Committee in 1916.
From 1918 Runciman was periodically a delegate to conferences of the National Council of Women of New Zealand, regularly serving on the executive until 1933 and being made a life member on retirement in 1944. From 1921 to 1927 she was one of the three labour union representatives on the board of management of King Edward Technical College. Runciman had opposed the report of the General Council of Education in 1917, which advocated an emphasis on domestic training for girls, on the basis that girls needed a sound training in general education. As a board member she took a particular interest in the training of girls as clerks and she sat on a special committee on domestic training.
Runciman was a member of the citizens' committees formed in 1922 and 1926 to deal with unemployment and was on the executive of the Flood Relief Committee in 1923. She was a leading member of the Dunedin Women's Unemployment Committee from 1931 to 1939 and constantly called on the government to make better provision for single working women. Her public profile led to her being one of the first 18 women justices of the peace appointed in New Zealand in December 1926. She was a member of the Ladies' Benevolent Advisory Committee of the Otago Hospital Board from 1915 until 1927 and of the board itself from 1927 until 1938.
Runciman should have retired as secretary of the DTU in 1939; indeed, in that year she received a watch from the union for her services. The members agreed, however, that she should remain secretary for the duration of the war. She spent much time contesting manpowering orders and directions that meant women were unable to leave their existing jobs. Runciman did not retire until 1943 when she was 70 years old. At a large gathering, she received cheques from several unions, totalling about a year's salary. It was a relief to her since, like many women, she had small savings and no superannuation. J. T. Paul, president of the DTU, strongly opposed the suggestion that a man might succeed Runciman, because he thought it natural that a woman should be secretary of a women's union. Skills like Runciman's were not common, however, and few of her contemporary secretaries were women. Her successor, Agnes Grierson, was 'not in the trade' and was inexperienced as a union advocate, and Runciman continued to advise the union. She took Grierson round all the work rooms introducing her and training her to collect dues.
Much to the disgust of Jane Runciman and other leading DTU officials, John Roberts, general secretary of the national clothing trades federation, engineered the amalgamation of the women's and men's unions in 1945 just after Grierson had resigned. The women felt Roberts had painted glowing pictures of the results of amalgamation and worked behind the backs of the women's executive. Nevertheless, female workers voted overwhelmingly for amalgamation. Runciman noted the disappointing turnout of women at the first combined meeting. She and Paul remained convinced that a woman should hold the secretaryship of a women's union. Runciman hoped she 'was on earth' when the men who engineered the demise of her beloved union 'come a "cropper" '. The men, however, successfully dominated the organisation for several decades.
Jane Runciman never married. After the death of her mother in 1908 and her father in 1910 she assumed responsibility for her younger siblings, providing a home for Violet, Belle and Robert from 1909 to the early 1920s. Soon after Robert married in 1921 she bought a house in Cumberland Street. Janet Lowe, another spinster, lived with her as housekeeper and companion for many years. Belle and Violet nursed Jane in her last years before she died at Dunedin on 13 November 1950.
Jane Runciman, a firm and practical woman, was one of the few leading woman trade unionists of her era. Few unionists, male or female, could match her record of 35 years' service. She was also involved in most major Dunedin social organisations in the first half of the twentieth century. Above all, she had devoted herself to improving the lot of women, trying to provide them with a measure of security in the era before the welfare state.


A double-size bed with clean, sharp lines; it immediately suggests the idea of discretely charming, and not ostentatious, luxury. The original and architectonic shape of the headboard, framed by the eye-catching metal structure that continues downwards to form the feet, is softened by the fabrics that have been skillfully stitched with vertical quilting. This decorative addition appears to elongate the bed and contributes to the creation of a design that is welcoming and sophisticated.
Available in the double-size version; it can be supplied with a slatted base, a storage base, a slatted base with electric movements, and the new base Leonardo. The covers in fabric or leather are completely removable. Decorative details of the headboard are available in polished black nickel or matt burnished.
The sofa Myplace is the perfect reflection of the designer's thoughts: live life with a passion. Three different depths are available to satisfy how everyone relaxes in comfort. The arrangements can be traditional linear sofas, pushed back against a wall, or spread-out like a fan, taking centerstage in the middle of a room. The seats, armrests and backrests – a total of twenty elements - can be arranged freely to create customized units.
The sofa is supplied with completely removable fabric or leather covers.
The tops of the Myplace coffee tables are hand-brushed cement and are irregular pentagons or hexagons. They are the perfect accessory to complement the sofa, sliding between the elements and following the curves of the compositions.
The structure of the coffee table in matt burnished metal or polished black nickel, the top is in the unusual "Velasca" cement finish, available in the colors: cement grey and lava black.
Two- or three-seater linear sofas with noble, reassuring esthetics. The clean, geometric and sharp lines are joined by the light touch of the double feet that raise it from the ground. A moderate seat depth and a compact backrest illustrate the accurate study of the proportions, to guarantee outstanding comfort. Large feather cushions, that can be scattered randomly, repeat the relief stitching of the sofa's armrests, giving the composition a distinctive, elegant and contemporary appearance.
Two-seater (170x85 cm) or three-seater (242x85 cm), available with completely removable leather or fabric covers. The feet are supplied with a matt burnished finish.
The bench NEW BOND perfectly complements the bed from the same collection and repeats the distinctive tailor-made qualities. The padded structure rests on cylindrical metal legs and is embellished with cushions decorated by stylish exposed stitching. In the same way as the bed, the structure and cushions are anchored by belts in tone-on-tone leather or in a contrasting color - a design detail to exalt the elegance.
Completely removable fabric or leather covers. In every version, the belts are in leather. The metal legs have a matt burnished or polished black nickel finish.
Private, the natural evolution of the Flou wardrobe system, stands out for the luxurious stylish interior design that pays enormous attention to esthetics, for the new methods for anchoring the fixtures, and particularly for the unlimited possibility of personalization.
Private consents systematic cataloguing of the wardrobe contents in response to every personal requirement of order and classification. The wardrobe "Private" is completed with two new door options: Pool and Velasca.
There are two finishes for the interiors: Light, to exalt the fabrics and the colors; Dark, to exalt the garments and the accessories. Rich versions define the drawers, completed with trays, boxes and other containers; shelves and front panels in wood or porcelain stoneware (Concrete and Licorice finishes), and in glass, with or without light fittings, to exalt the contents.
Clear or grey reflecting glass, with a handle that runs the length of the door. This door protects and screens the garments and accessories, while revealing them discreetly and elegantly.
The interiors of Guardaroba 16.32 Private in the new Light finish, that exalts the colors and the fabrics; they coordinate with the Velasca door in the snow white finish: the hand-brushing of the cement ensures each piece is totally unique and unrepeatable.
Close-up of the unit with drawers and light, front panels and top in glass; containers in different sizes and dedicated accessories for the drawers ensure order and exalt the contents.
Close-up of the shelf with pull-out trouser-rack, with a convenient shelf that serves as tray. The top is in porcelain stoneware, Concrete finish.
Cement 3 mm thick: this is a resistant, solid material yet it manages to transmit softness. The hand-brushing ensures each Velasca door is totally unique and unrepeatable.
Available in three colours: snow white, cement grey, Lava black – it is ideal for people who love clean lines and elegance spiced with a contemporary soul.
Reviewing interior design in relation to light: and light is the leitmotif of the latest Natevo 2019 developments.
In this light, white is the protagonist and, combined with exciting splashes of color, it creates ambiences and situations that express energy, vitality and joy.
Leave your email address to be informed when the novelties 2019 will be available in your city.
According to and under the effects of articles 7, 13 and 23 of Decree Law No.196/2003, I hereby state that I have read and understood the above information provided by Flou S.p.A. regarding the use of my personal data, that I have been fully informed on my rights and on how and where I can exert these rights.


Valladolid is in the north west of Spain surrounded by some pretty spectacular and unspoilt scenery which includes three wine growing regions: making it a great place to visit if you want to sample some local wines. But the bad news is that the drink driving laws here are even stricter than the UK and it is very inadvisable to even think about having a drink if you have a vehicle with you! Police in Spain can issue some pretty hefty on the spot fines.
It you want to do some touring around then the only way to do it is by car as public transport here is very limited or non-existent. But don't think that because you are in a foreign country you are above the law as the car rental company will give your details to the police if you were not stopped for a a driving offence eg: a camera speed trap.
The power of the internet means that you can do most things without leaving your desk so that you can pre-book your rent a car very easily. And if you pìck up your hire car in Valladolid there is nothing to stop you dropping it off at another branch of the rent a car agency. For instance if you wanted to drive across the country to Madrid you will pass through Meseta plain surrounded by mountains as well as the the ancient kingdom of Leon and part of old kingdom of Castille.
And a few words of warning ... bear in mind that Spain is a country which attracts a great number of holidaymakers. Unfortunately this has opened the door for some unpleasant opportunists and you might be watched when collecting the car by some unscrupulous people who will seize the opportunity (literally) to grab your passports and holiday euros.
Never leave the car doors open when you to to pay for petrol or other goods and never trust anyone who stops you to say you have a flat tyre or who runs into you. They may have done this to steal from you: and do not be fooled as one of them is always very helpful and apologetic while the other sneaks behind and robs you.
The three car hire offices at the airport can be found on the ground floor in the main arrivals hall. Their contact details are listed below.


NHS treatment is currently divided into 3 treatment bands. Following fees is valid from 1st April 2019.
This covers an examination, diagnosis (e.g. x-rays), advice on how to prevent future problems, a scale and polish if needed and application of fluoride varnish or fissure sealants. If you require urgent care, even if your urgent treatment needs more than one appointment to complete, you will only need to pay the Band 1 charge.
This covers everything listed in Bands 1 and 2 above, plus crowns, dentures, and bridges.
You will be asked to provide written proof that you can claim, free, all or part of your NHS treatment.
For paying NHS patients we accept cash, cheque, debit or credit cards (except American Express).
We would appreciate 24 hours notice when cancelling any appointment as this may be needed by another patient.