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Home / Canola Encyclopedia / Field characteristics / Effects of soil characteristics
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1 Important tips for best management
2 Soil texture
2.1 Solonetzic soils
3 Soil pH
4.1 Liming
5 Organic matter
6 Soil salinity
6.1 Effects of salinity on canola growth and yield
7 Table 2. Salinity rating and electrical conductivity value
8 Environmental sensitivity
8.1 Fertilizer runoff
8.2 Pesticide runoff
9 Soil health
10 Footnotes
Acidity, salinity and solonetzic soil characteristics can be major limiting factors in canola production. When severe, they can affect soil health and visibly impact crop growth. When less severe, effects may not be visible but, still reduce growth and yield. Identifying the extent of these and other soil characteristics, their effects on canola plants, and the steps to modify or reduce these limiting effects are important for maximizing canola production potential.
Important tips for best management
Crop residues are essential for the maintenance of tilth on solonetzic soils. Surface mulch and below ground residue (roots) are better for solonetzic soils than incorporating straw. Use tillage only as required for manure incorporation, for example, or for post-harvest heavy harrowing in cereal stubble to distribute residue.
Canola yields on acid soils (pH below 5.5) may be substantially increased by lime application.
Higher organic matter will improve canola yield potential on most soils. To improve soil organic matter: limit soil erosion, retain crop residue, apply adequate nutrients, and add manure.
Do not apply fertilizer or manure on frozen soil or snow, as spring runoff will remove many of those nutrients into rivers and lakes before they can enter the soil and be available to crops.
Match nutrient rates to crop uptake. If using manure, test the nitrogen and phosphorus content of it and apply at appropriate rates. Applying more nitrogen than a crop can use could increase potential for surface water and groundwater contamination. Nitrogen fertilizer products that slow the rate of fertilizer conversion to nitrate may also help reduce leaching losses.
Soil texture refers to the mix of sand (course), silt (medium) and clay (fine) particles in the soil. Sand particles are much larger than silt and clay particles, so soils with a high percentage of sand in them (referred to as "light" soils) have lower water-holding capacities. Clay particles are smaller (as are the air spaces around them), so clay soils (referred to as "heavy" soils) are denser and have higher water-holding capacities.
Loam refers to a soil with a relatively equal mix of all three textures. Clay loam, for example, has all three, with more clay than sand or silt.
The best soil for canola production should have some water-holding capacity, lots of nitrogen mineralization potential and be in an area that receives adequate rainfall. Fine-textured soils (high in clay content) hold more water and will tend to produce better when rainfall is low, assuming they start out with ample water in the soil profile.
Soils can be classified by different orders, based on the properties determined by the main soil-forming processes. The major soil orders in Canada include Chernozemic, Gleysolic, Luvisolic, Regosolic, Solonetzic, Vertisolic, Brunisolic, Cryosolic, Podzolic and Organic soils. Each of these soil orders can be further divided into Great Groups and Subgroups 1.
Solonetzic soils
There are about six million hectares (15 million acres) of land with Solonetzic soil in western Canada. This includes about four to five million hectares (10 to 12 million acres) in Alberta, one and a half million hectares (four million acres) in Saskatchewan and 10,000 hectares (25,000 acres) in Manitoba 2.
Solonetzic soils, often called burnout, blow-out or gumbo soils, are characterized by an impermeable, high sodium, clay hardpan from five to 30 centimetres (two to 12 inches) or more below the surface (top of the Bnt horizon). This hardpan layer severely restricts root and water penetration below the topsoil. Solonetzic soils are formed on material that is naturally high in sodium salts or from materials that have been enriched with sodium salts through the upward movement of ground water.
Aside from variations in depth of topsoil, these soils differ in the degree of hardpan formation. Some of these soils have a tough hardpan and are high in exchangeable sodium. Others have a hardpan that has been leached of sodium — which is not as tough and can be penetrated by some roots and moisture. The latter tend to be the more productive solonetzic soils. Most solonetzic soils in the Peace River region are of this type 3.
Solonetzic soils usually occur in association with normal soils. A field of good soil may contain patches of Solonetzic soil. These patches may vary from one metre (three feet) to several hundred metres in diameter and may represent as little as 10 per cent or as much as 90 per cent of the soil in a particular field.
Within a given field, good growth is often contrasted by thin, stunted growth on patches of Solonetzic soil. Crops tend to develop an uneven or wavy appearance.
Moisture is generally the most limiting factor to crop growth on solonetzic soils. The hardpan restricts root development and water infiltration and thus moisture use is limited mainly to the topsoil above the hardpan. Rainfall that doesn't infiltrate flows to lower areas causing flooding. The deeper the depth of topsoil, the greater the moisture storage available.
Solonetzic soils usually have a pH between 5.5 and 6.5 in the surface layers (A and upper B horizons), however, pH values may be 5.0 or lower 4. Canola yields are reduced when the soil pH is 5.5 or lower.
Seedbed preparation is relatively difficult on Solonetzic soils (which have shallow topsoil) as they dry out rapidly with cultivation. These soils may be more suited to rangeland and pasture for this reason. Growers who farm Solonetzic soils are strongly encouraged to direct seed using minimum tillage openers 5.
Solonetzic soils, if cultivated when wet, can form large, hard clods that are difficult to break down into a good seedbed. This condition inhibits moisture contact with the seed and results in poor germination. In addition, the surface soil structure tends to break down easily under rainfall, and dries to form a hard crust that restricts seedling emergence.
Crop residues are essential for the maintenance of tilth on Solonetzic soils. Surface mulch and below ground residue (roots) are better for solonetzic soils than incorporating straw. Use tillage only as required for manure incorporation, for example, or for post-harvest heavy harrowing in cereal stubble to distribute residue 6.
Provide surface drainage whenever possible to prevent temporary accumulation of water (ponding) before and after seeding. This will allow timelier seeding of the entire field and reduce uneven germination. Seed as soon as the soil temperature and moisture conditions are favourable for germination.
Solonetzic soils, like most other soils, will respond to applications of commercial fertilizer. However, response to fertilizer may be limited by a lack of moisture. Therefore, the optimum fertilizer application rates tend to be lower for these soils compared to other types because of the lower yield potential 3. Crops grown on Solonetzic soils often suffer from drought in the middle to late growing season. Therefore, it is especially important that crops get an early vigorous start in these soils.
Subsoiling (ripping) has increased production on some Solonetzic soils for up to five years, due to deeper root penetration that improves soil water extraction and to increased water use efficiency 7. However, not all Solonetzic soils are suitable for subsoiling. Solonetzic layers that can be penetrated by roots and moisture may not benefit from subsoiling 8. Soil sampling to determine the suitability of the soil for deep tillage and to identify the ideal depth of tillage is recommended 3. Consult a qualified soils specialist before a soil is subsoiled.
Soil pH
Strongly acidic (pH below 5.5) or alkali (pH above 8.5) soils will lower canola yield potential 9.
Very strongly acid
5.1 to 5.5 Strongly acid
5.6 to 6.0 Moderately acid
6.1 to 6.5 Slightly acid
6.6 to 7.5 Neutral
7.6 to 8.5 Alkaline
> 8.5 Alkali
Most cultivated soils in western Canada are alkaline or neutral. However, large areas of soil with a pH of 6.0 or lower occur naturally in Saskatchewan, Alberta, northeast British Columbia, and Ontario. It has been estimated that medium to strongly acid soils occupy over three million hectares (7.4 million acres) in western Canada.
Soil pH affects the structure, chemical properties and biological properties of soils and therefore can impact crop yields. Canola yields are often reduced substantially when grown on strongly acid soils 10. Canola plant growth on acid soils can be limited by one or more factors, including:
toxicity of hydrogen ions, aluminum, iron, or manganese.
deficiency of calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, boron, nitrogen, or molybdenum.
reduced organic matter breakdown and nutrient cycling by microflora.
reduced uptake by plant roots and inhibition of root growth 11.
Acid soils often contain soluble forms of aluminum and manganese. As soil acidity drops below pH 5.5, soluble aluminum and manganese increase to toxic levels. Aluminum toxicity restricts root growth, phosphorus uptake and translocation within the plant. While the primary effect of aluminum toxicity is at the root level, the more visible foliar injury is due to nutrient deficiency, drought (due to poor root penetration) or pathogens, which are more pronounced on soils with aluminum toxicity. Manganese toxicity causes chlorosis on leaf margins and cupping of leaves in canola. Aluminum and manganese often reduce the yields of crops grown on acid soils 12. The graph below shows the general relationship between pH of mineral soil and the availability of various elements.
How soil pH affects availability of elements
Manitoba soil pH levels are outlined in the pH status of Manitoba Soils map. These numbers may be less than soil test numbers (because they are done with the saturated paste method). Most commercial soil test labs use a 1:1 or 2:1 soil: water ratio method which produces a pH reading about 0.5 points greater than the saturated paste.
Research has shown that canola yields on strongly acid soils (pH below 5.5) can be substantially increased by lime application. On slightly acid (pH 6.1 to 6.5) and moderately acid (pH 5.6 to 6.0) soils, liming will have a minor effect on canola yields 13, 14, 15, 16.
Effect of liming acidic soil on canola yield
A soil test is the only reliable way of determining whether soil is acid or not, and a lime requirement test should be used to determine the rate of lime to apply. Rates could be as high at 10 tonnes per hectare, depending on the soil type. The pH increase is limited to the top soil layer when the lime was incorporated 17.
Soil fertility benefit:
The increase in soil pH resulting from lime application provides a more favourable environment for soil microbiological activity that increases the rate of release of plant nutrients, particularly nitrogen. Reduced soil acidity following liming also increases the availability of several other plant nutrients, notably phosphorus. A crop takes up only about 20 per cent of fertilizer phosphorus in the application year.
Lime requirement of various soil types
The remainder is fixed in the soil in various degrees of availability for succeeding crops. In a soil with less than pH 6.0, the fixed phosphorus is retained in less available forms than in slightly acid and neutral soils (pH 6.1 to 7.5). Phosphorus availability is reduced because of the formation of relatively insoluble compounds through reactions of phosphorus with iron and aluminum 18.
Therefore, one of the benefits of liming acid soils is the increased utilization of residual fertilizer phosphorus by crops. However, in soils with above pH 7.0, fertilizer phosphorus availability is reduced due to reactions with calcium and magnesium, so liming will not be beneficial.
Soil texture benefit:
Liming may improve the physical properties of some medium and fine-textured soils (particularly Grey and Dark Grey Wooded soils). Research at the Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaAgriculture and Agri-Food Canada is a department of the Government of Canada. research centre in Beaverlodge, Alberta 16 showed that liming improved the stability of soil aggregates and therefore, soil structure of Grey Wooded soils. Soils with a stable soil structure are well-aerated, less prone to crusting after intense precipitation, have a high rate of water infiltration and allow for good germination and establishment of small-seeded crops like canola.
Aluminum and manganese benefit:
On strongly acid (pH 5.1 to 5.5) and very strongly acid (pH <5.1) soils, liming reduces soluble aluminum and manganese to non-toxic levels and increases yield. In a three-year study at Beaverlodge, liming a soil raised the pH from 5.0 to 6.5, increasing plant dry matter production and increasing canola yields by 37 per cent in tilled and 17 per cent in no-tillA type of tillage management technique where soil is undisturbed from harvest through planting, seeding with narrow knives/hoes or discs. soils 16. The benefit of no-tillA type of tillage management technique where soil is undisturbed from harvest through planting, seeding with narrow knives/hoes or discs. systems was lower because these systems have been observed to accelerate soil acidification 19, 20.
The increased growth resulting from liming was likely due to a decrease in brown girdling root rot, reduced weed populations, increased pH-related changes in soil fertility, and potentially other factors. Aluminum stress predisposes plants to infection by brown girdling root rot (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn) due to reduced root vigourSeed properties that determine the potential for rapid uniform emergence and development of normal seedlings under a wide range of field conditions.. In the Beaverlodge study from 1993-95, brown girdling root rot was observed in all plots of each treatment. Liming significantly reduced the severity of this disease in the tilled soil, but not in the no-tillA type of tillage management technique where soil is undisturbed from harvest through planting, seeding with narrow knives/hoes or discs. system 16.
Research shows that the benefits of a single application of lime can last for up to 30 years 21. Liming is a substantial investment, although by-product liming materials from municipal and industrial facilities may provide an alternative low-cost liming material for farmers. It is important to identify the extent and severity of an acid soil problem. The most reliable method of identifying an acid soil problem is through soil tests. With careful sampling of fields, soil tests can determine the extent and severity of soil acidity, the rate of lime required and provide an estimate of crop response to lime.
Wood ash versus lime:
Wood ash, the calcium carbonate-rich residue remaining from the combustion of bark, sawdust, and yard waste for the energy generation of forestry product operations, is an effective liming material on acid agricultural soils 17. Many of these forestry operations are in the northern Prairies, where a large percentage of highly acidic soils are located. Given the high cost of transporting agricultural lime to these regions, wood ash should be an appropriate and economic substitute for lime 17. A Peace River region study compared wood ash, lime and untreated plots, where treatments were applied on an equivalent calcium carbonate basis. Canola yield (and barley and pea yields) were higher in treated plots than in untreated plots, and in most cases, canola yield was higher in plots treated with wood ash than those treated with lime. This may be due to the greater solubility of wood ash, and the greater amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus in wood ash compared to lime 17. Wood ash also contains various other nutrients, including potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper, zinc, boron and molybdenum.
Crops vary greatly in their tolerance to acidity:
The numbers in the table represent the lowest pH these crops will tolerate.
Table 1. Acidity tolerance of various crops
Alfalfa, sugar beets 6.50
Barley 6.00
Canola, wheat, corn, red clover 5.50
Potatoes, rye 5.00
Oats 4.50
Organic matter is anything in the soil composition that is living or was once alive. It includes plant and animal remains, soil organisms, and substances produced by soil microbes. Organic matter is the material besides clay, silt and sand that gives rich soil its dark colour, sponginess and earthy smell.
Organic matter is an essential component of soil because it:
holds soil particles together and stabilizes the soil, thus reducing the risk of erosion.
aids crop growth by improving the soil's ability to store and transmit air and water.
stores and supplies many nutrients needed for the growth of plants and soil organisms.
prevents compaction, making for a better seedbed
retains carbon from the atmosphere.
reduces the negative environmental effects of pesticidesPesticides (herbicides, insecticides or fungicides) used to protect against or reduce the amount of damage caused by weeds, pest insects or plant diseases., heavy metals, and many other pollutants 22.
To get an estimate of organic matter content in the Prairies, see the Organic carbon status of Manitoba soils map and the Organic matter content of Alberta soils map.
Over hundreds and thousands of years, soil biological and chemical components along with inorganic components contributed to the degradation and synthesis of complex soil organic matter and humic substances. Soil organic matter and humic substances contain at least 10 chemical classes of compounds, including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and lignins 23.
Soil tests measure only the organic carbon component of soil organic matter, and then multiply by a factor of 1.72 to determine the organic matter reading provided with soil test results 24. With this estimate, growers can then estimate, roughly, the pounds per acre of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur that organic matter will provide to a crop in a given year.
Nitrogen: Mineralization of soil organic matter can generate six to 20 pounds of available nitrogen per acre for each percentage point of organic matter. For example, soil with four per cent organic matter will supply 24 to 80 pounds of nitrogen through the growing season. Soil with eight per cent organic matter will supply 48 to 160 pounds of nitrogen per season. Warm conditions, ample moisture and high microbial activity all increase the rate of mineralization. Mineralization can also increase with the number of years utilizing minimum tillage or direct seedingA seeding method where the crop is sown into the field without any previous spring tillage operations..
Phosphorus: Each percentage point of organic matter provides up to five pounds per acre of phosphorus. For example, soil with four per cent organic matter will provide up to 20 pounds of phosphorus through the season, and soil with eight per cent organic matter will provide up to 40 pounds.
Sulphur: Each percentage point of organic matter provides two to three pounds per acre of available sulphur. For example, soil with four per cent organic matter will provide eight to 12 pounds of sulphur throughout the season, and soil with eight per cent organic matter will provide 16-24 pounds.
Micronutrients: Soil organic matter complexes can also supply zinc, chromium, iron, and other inorganic elements to provide crops with many of the micronutrients required.
Given the many benefits soil organic matter provides for a crop, growers do benefit from maintaining and increasing soil organic matter levels. Soil organic matter decreased dramatically across the Prairies in the decades after the plains were first broken for agriculture. Heavy tillage and summerfallow accelerated this decline, but in recent decades continuous cropping, conservation tillage and higher yielding crops have stopped and in many cases reversed this trend 25.
Soil organic matter can be compared to a bank account. To increase its size you need to ensure that additions to the account exceed the rate of spending. Practices to build soil organic matter include:
limiting erosion through minimum tillage and continuous cropping.
retaining crop residue, especially roots, in the soil and residue on the soil surface.
increasing yields by applying adequate nutrients. Higher yielding crops tend to have larger root systems and above ground biomass to build up organic matter.
Adequate nutrient rates also reduce or stop the mining of organic matter reserves, which will reduce organic matter over time.
Adding animal manure, green manure, sewage sludge, wood chips, or peat. Soils amended with manure accumulated more organic matter than soils amended only with inorganic fertilizer 26.
In a long-term wheat yield study on the Prairies, the highest average grain yield was maintained in plots that lost the least amount of soil. When topsoil is lost, it takes organic matter with it, which impacts the soil's ability to produce top yields 26. This long-term study (which took place at sites on Brown Chernozemic and Grey Luvisol soils) also reported the highest average grain yield in fertilized continuous wheat plots in the Brown Chernozemic soil. Interestingly, those soils also received the lowest average annual precipitation (359 millimetres) compared to other sites in the study. This suggests that measures to conserve soil organic matter can provide a buffer against lower rainfall by improving moisture use efficiency.
Not many studies have looked at the connection between organic matter levels and canola yields. In general, canola grown in Western Canada tends to yield best on high organic matter soils, especially when conditions permit a long growing season and with not too many high temperature days 27.
Soil salinity
All soils contain soluble salts. When the levels are sufficient to harm plants, the soils are referred to as saline. Crops will vary in their tolerance to salinity. Canola is considered moderately tolerant to salt and sodium, and can tolerate salinity up to levels of five to six deciSiemens per metre (dS/m).
Saline soils are highly fertile and often very high in organic matter. This may be caused by the reduced crop yields in these areas, where nutrients have built up over years of blanket nutrient application. Zone-mapping a field based on electrical conductivity (ex. using Veris or EM38) to develop a variable rate prescription could improve this situation by automatically shutting off fertilizer applications when passing over saline areas. This would result in reduced nutrient buildup, increased fertilizer use efficiency, and fewer greenhouse gas emissions.
Salinity is not just a salt issue. Salinity is the result of excess groundwater moving downward and laterally through the soil, dissolving and transporting soluble salts 28. Large areas in the Canadian Prairies contain soil that is relatively high in soluble salts. The redistribution of these soluble salts by groundwater movement causes some areas to become excessively saline. When drainage is effective, the salts are washed down through the soil and out of the root zone. When drainage is unsuccessful (ex. in low, flat or areas with depressions, or in areas where roads or other construction interferes with normal drainage), the water table rises. When the water table rises to within one metre (three feet) of the surface, water and salts can rise to the surface by capillary action. The water evaporates and the salts accumulate at the surface.
Salinity also occurs in saline seeps on hill slopes, often part way up the slope on very long and high hills. Rainfall on the upslope part of the hill (recharge area) moves down through the soil, picking up salts on the way. The water not used by crops moves down until it reaches an impermeable layer, which impedes its progress. The water then flows laterally (seeps) until it reaches a position lower down the slope where the water table is closer to the surface. There, seep water causes the water table to rise allowing the salt-laden water to move up to the soil surface by capillary action. The seep phenomenon can take place over relatively short distances within the same field or over distances of several miles. Salinity levels vary widely across a saline seep. Salinity also varies from spring to fall. Salinity usually appears on the soil surface just after spring thaw 28.
The dominant salts in Prairie saline seeps are calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na) cations and sulphate (SO4) anions. If sodium levels are high or not balanced with the calcium and magnesium , soil tilth can also be affected. The positively charged sodium cations attach to the negatively-charged clay particles in the soil, causing the soil to be sticky when wet and hard and impermeable when dry.
Saline soils can be recognized by spotty growth of crops or by white crusts of salt, which accumulate on the soil surface, usually in low-lying areas. Streaks of salt may be present in the soil even though white crusts may not appear on the surface. In many saline soils, it is not possible to see the salts and a laboratory soil analysis must be used to confirm their presence.
Plants growing in saline areas may develop a blue-green tinge. Salt-tolerant weeds such as Russian thistle, kochia, wild barley and goosefoot species are commonly found in areas of high salt concentration 28.
The process of salt buildup is reduced when plants intercept the upward flow of saline groundwater and reduce the amount that reaches the soil surface. When plants are not present, almost all of the water loss takes place by evaporation at the soil surface. Summerfallow is a major contributor to salinity as it encourages a buildup of a water table. Water not used by crops accumulates in the subsoil, eventually coming to the surface laden with salts. These salts interfere with seed germination and crop establishment.
All irrigation water contains some salt. Over an extended period of irrigation where soil drainage is inadequate, salts accumulate in the soil and a salinity problem may develop. Water used in the major irrigation areas of Alberta and Saskatchewan is of high quality with little risk of salt buildup. Seepage or high water tables resulting from over irrigation cause most salinity under irrigation.
Effects of salinity on canola growth and yield
Effect of soil salinity on crop yield at harvest
Some plant species tolerate high levels of salinity while others can tolerate little or no salinity. Therefore salt tolerance refers to the relative growth of plants in the presence of salinity. Salt-tolerant plants avoid toxicity by the sequestration of the sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions into either vacuoles or roots by a salt-exclusion mechanism 29. Salt tolerances are usually given in terms of stage of plant growth over a range of electrical conductivity levels. The degree of salinity or total soluble salt concentration in a soil is routinely measured by soil testing laboratories with a conductivity test. Electrical conductivity (EC) is the ability of a solution to transmit an electrical current. The units of conductivity are usually given in deciSiemens per metre (dS/m). The following Table categorizes salinity into general ranges from non-saline to very severely saline. These values are used for plant selection for saline soils.
Table 2. Salinity rating and electrical conductivity value
Soil depth (cm)
Non-saline
Slightly saline
Moderately saline
Severely saline
Very severely saline
0 to 60 2 to 4 dS/m 4 to 8 dS/m 8 to 16 dS/m >16 dS/m
60 to 120 4 to 8 dS/m 8 to 16 dS/m 16 to 24 dS/m >24 dS/m
dS/m = deciSiemens per metre
Effect of soil salinity on canola emergence
Excess soluble salts cause osmotic stress and ion toxicity in plant cells. Plants need both water and the nutrients dissolved in water for proper growth. The sap in plant roots contains salt that attracts water into the plant via osmotic pressure. Dissolved salts in the soil increase the osmotic pressure of the soil solution. This decreases the rate at which water from the soil will enter the roots. If the soil solution becomes too concentrated, plants will slowly dehydrate, lose turgor and starve, even though the supply of water and nutrients in the soil may be quite high. If the salt content of the soil water becomes too saturated, water may actually be withdrawn from the roots. Osmotic stress also results from desiccation and, therefore, is a common component of both drought and salt stress. High concentration of certain salts in the soil may also be toxic because some plants may absorb an excess amount of the salt, reducing growth or causing death.
Canola is considered moderately tolerant to salt and sodium, and can tolerate moderate salinity up to levels of five to six deciSiemens per metre. Canola is more sensitive to salinity during germination and emergence than later growth stages 30.
In a salinity study by the Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaAgriculture and Agri-Food Canada is a department of the Government of Canada. in Swift Current, Saskatchewan, increasing levels of soil salinity reduced germination, emergence and emergence rate 31. This greenhouse study showed that the per cent emergence and plant survival was not significantly affected until salinity exceeded 5.6 deciSiemens per metre. Above this value, the number of days from seeding to initial emergence increased. With severe salinity, plants emerged rapidly, but over time the percentage that survived dropped off.
Salinity under both moderate and severe conditions reduces average plant height, shoot and root biomass, number of leaves, leaf area, evapotranspiration, and crop yield at harvest. For example, the average harvest height in the study shown in this graph averaged 167, 132 and 84 centimetres (66, 52 and 33 inches), respectively for the 0.6, 5.6 and 12.4 deciSiemens per metre treatments. Root growth is also hindered at salinity above six deciSiemens per metre. At 5.6 deciSiemens per metre, canola yields in this study were reduced by 60 per cent and with severe salinity, canola yields were reduced by 80 per cent. However, several other research studies have shown there was little effect on canola yields with salinity levels up to 10 deciSiemens per metre.
Effect of sodium adsorption ratio on canola yield
Soil tests will show the extent of a salinity problem. When sampling, collect representations from both affected and non-affected areas of the field. Perform analyses for electrical conductivity, pH, cationA positively-charged ion (ion with a net positive charge). base saturation, and calcium, magnesium, sodium and organic matter content.
When sodium levels are high in relation to calcium and magnesium in the soil, another soil problem occurs. These soils are very sticky and slippery when wet, and are very hard, cloddy and prone to crusting when they dry. The sodium adsorptionThe process of electrical attraction that holds cations to negative surfaces of soil colloids. ratio (SAR) is the ratio of sodium to the beneficial soil structural cations, calcium and magnesium. When the SAR value exceeds 13, the soil is referred to as sodic. If the SAR exceeds 13 and the EC is greater than four, it is considered a saline sodic soil. Use a soil test to determine the SAR of soils.
An Argentinian study found that sodium, even with no soil crusting, can cause a slight reduction in canola emergence at SAR values of 20 and increase to a 60 per cent reduction at SAR values above 34. At SAR values greater than 20, main stem growth and yield decreased slightly but an increase in the number of secondary branches compensated for this reduction. Reductions in number of stems, seeds per pod on the main stem, pods per stem and canola yields tend to decrease dramatically when SAR values exceed 34. This may be partly due to induced calcium deficiency from excessive sodium 32.
Effect of crust strength on canola emergence
However, the most important effect of soil sodium is through increased crusting that reduces emergence. The amount of sodium required to affect emergence is much higher than that necessary for clay dispersion and crusting. The Argentinian study showed SAR values of eight and even lower can encourage clay dispersion and crusting when raindrops impact the soil surface. Canola has a small seed size and at germination the cotyledons are pushed through the soil to the surface, making emergence more difficult in crusted soils. Crusting is also affected by soil particle size distribution as a high proportion of fine particles enhance soil susceptibility to crusting. Very fine seedbeds, resulting from excessive tillage, increase the susceptibility of a soil to form a crust. Crust strength will greatly influence emergence.
On soils with moderate salinity, use continuous cropping or at least lengthen the rotation as much as possible. Crops use the water rather than allowing it to move deeply into the soil or accumulate near the soil surface and contribute to salt movement.
Use shallow tillage and maintain all possible crop residues at the soil surface. Deep tillage may, in many cases, simply bring more salts to the surface and make problems worse. Early in the spring seed canola shallow so that seeds may germinate when surface salt levels are temporarily lowered.
If soil salinity has already reached the stage where cereal and oilseed crops cannot be grown, consult qualified soil specialists on management procedures to combat and reclaim saline land. Salinity can be removed mechanically, but it requires irrigation on top and tile drains underneath to wash salinity out of the soil and drain it away.
Environmental sensitivity
Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaAgriculture and Agri-Food Canada is a department of the Government of Canada. has an explanation on soil texture and water quality related to sustainable agriculture.
Fertilizer runoff
The two key nutrients for runoff risk are nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrates and phosphates in water systems can promote the growth of aquatic plants and algae, which can reduce the aesthetic value of lakes and rivers and can reduce oxygen levels in the water, threatening fish numbers. When algal blooms die and decompose, oxygen in the water is depleted and fish and other aquatic organisms suffocate 33.
Nitrogen: The nitrate form of nitrogen — a form that plants take up — is very mobile and can leach through the root zone and get into ground water. Coarse textured (sandy) soils increase the risk of nitrate leaching to ground water, especially in depressional areas of the landscape and in regions with large amounts of precipitation.
Phosphorus: On the relatively flat Canadian Prairies, phosphorus is more likely to enter waterways as dissolved phosphorus in surface-water runoff, and less likely through soil erosion of particulate phosphorus. Measures to reduce soil erosion, while providing other clear benefits, do very little to reduce phosphorus loading in Prairie lakes and rivers. Phosphate runoff is not generally regarded as a major issue on the Prairies, but this risk is substantial where tile drainage is used in areas where large amounts of phosphate have been or are being applied (ex. tile-drained, heavily-manured sandy soils). The key management tool to prevent dissolved phosphorus runoff is to avoid manure and fertilizer application on frozen soils 34.
To limit fertilizer runoff:
Do not apply fertilizer or manure on frozen soils. When manure is applied on frozen soils or when nitrogen fertilizer is applied on snow, spring runoff will remove many of those nutrients before they can enter the soil and be available to crops. These nutrients end up in rivers and lakes.
Match nitrogen rates to crop uptake. Applying more nitrogen than a crop can use could increase surface water and groundwater contamination.
Nitrogen fertilizer products that slow the rate of fertilizer conversion to nitrate may also help reduce leaching losses.
Test manure for nitrogen and phosphorus content and apply manure at rates that match crop use.
Pesticide runoff
Overland runoff and leaching of pesticidesPesticides (herbicides, insecticides or fungicides) used to protect against or reduce the amount of damage caused by weeds, pest insects or plant diseases. into water systems is more common in certain soil types.
Sandy soil. Water moves through sandy soil quicker than through soils with higher clay content and smaller pores. Pesticide mixing and tank rinsing should be avoided on sandy soils, if possible.
Clay soil. While clay soils may have lower rates of leaching, clay soils may result in higher rates of surface runoff losses. Clay soils are more prone to compaction and crusting, which limit infiltration and increase runoff.
Soil health is a general term that can include good soil organic matter levels, granular soil structure, nutrient release and microbial activity. Soil texture is more difficult to change.
A soil's ability to produce crops can be sustained over time, or degraded, or improved. By following practices outlined in the previous content, growers can build soil organic matter, maintain soil nutrient levels, and keep salinity in check. These steps, as well as reducing soil erosion, will contribute to overall soil health.
Canadian Society of Soil Science. 2020. Soils of Canada. Available online at: soilsofcanada.ca [June 2020]
http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2015/aac-aafc/A53-1391-1980-eng.pdf
Lickacz, J. 1993. Management of Solonetzic Soils. Alberta Agriculture, Food & Rural Development publication Agdex 518-8
Toogood, J.A. and Cairns, R.R. (co-editors). 1973. Solonetzic soils technology and management. Bulletin B-73-1. University of Alberta.
Ross McKenzie, research scientist, agronomy, Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, personal communication, March 2012
Rob Dunn, Agriculture Land Management Specialist, Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, personal communication, March 2012
Grevers, M. C. J. and De Jong, E. 1993. Soil structure and crop yield over a 5-year period following subsoiling Solonetzic and Chernozemic soils in Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 73(1), 81-91. doi.org/10.4141/cjss93-008
Grevers, M. C. J. and De Jong, E. 1993. Soil structure and crop yield over a 5-year period following subsoiling Solonetzic and Chernozemic soils in Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Soil Science. 73 (1): 81-91. doi.org/10.4141/cjss93-008
Penney, D.C., Nyborg, M., Hoyt, P.B., Rice, W.A., Siemens, B. and Laverty, D.H. 1977. An assessment of the soil acidity problem in Alberta and northeastern British Columbia. Can. J. Soil Sci. 57:157-164. doi/pdfplus/10.4141/cjss77-020
Penney, D.C., Nyborg, M., Hoyt, P.B., Rice, W.A., Siemens, B. and Laverty, D.H. 1977. An assessment of the soil acidity problem in Alberta and northeastern British Columbia. Can. J. Soil Sci. 57:157-164. doi.org/10.4141/cjss77-020
Marschner, H. Mechanisms of adaptation of plants to acid soils. Plant Soil 134, 1–20 (1991). doi.org/10.1007/BF00010712
Delhaize, EaPRR & Ryan, Peter. (1995). Aluminum Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants. Plant physiology. 107. 315-321. doi.org/10.1104/pp.107.2.315.
Nyborg, M. and Hoyt, P.B. 1978. Effects of soil acidity and liming on mineralization of soil nitrogen. Canadian Journal of Soil Science. 58(3): 331-338. doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00094-1
Edmeades, D. C., Judd M. and Sarathchandra, S. U. 1981. The effect of lime on nitrogen mineralization as measured by grass growth. Plant and Soil. 60(2): 177-186. doi.org/10.1007/BF02374102
Haynes, R.J. and Naidu, R. 1998. Influence of lime, fertilizer and manure applications on soil organic matter content and soil physical conditions: a review. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 51(2): 123-137. doi.org/10.1023/A:1009738307837
Arshad, M.A., Gill, K.S., Turkington, T.K. and Woods, D.L. 1997. Canola root rot and yield response to liming and tillage. Agron. J. 89:17-22. doi.org/10.4141/S04-023
Arshad, M. A. Soon, Y. K. Azooz, R. H., Lupwayi, N. Z. and Chang, S. X. 2012. Soil and Crop Response to Wood Ash and Lime Application in Acidic Soils. Agronomy Journal. 104(3): 715-721. Doi.org/10.4141/CJSS08007
https://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex3684/$file/534-1.pdf
Warren, D. 1983. Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Concentrations and pH in Soil Profiles as Affected by Tillage Intensity1. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 47. 10.2136/sssaj1983.03615995004700010021x
Arshad, M.A., Schnitzer, M., Angers, D.A. and Ripmeester, J.A. 1990. Effects of till vs no-tillA type of tillage management technique where soil is undisturbed from harvest through planting, seeding with narrow knives/hoes or discs. on the quality of soil organic matter. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 22(5): 595–599. Doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(90)90003-I
Beckie, H., & Ukrainetz, H. (1996). Lime-amended acid soil has elevated pH 30 years later. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 76, 59-61. doi:10.4141/cjss96-009
Gregorich, E.G., Angers, D.A., Campbell, C.A., Carter, M.R., Drury, C.F., Ellert, B.H., Groenevelt, P.H., Holmstrom, D.A., Monreal, C.M. Rees, H.W., Voroney, R.P. and Vyn, T.J. 1995. The Health of Our Soils: Toward sustainable agriculture in Canada. Changes in Soil Organic Matter (Chapter 5). Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaAgriculture and Agri-Food Canada is a department of the Government of Canada.. Retrieved from: https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/15123/FDMR_Health_of_Our_Soils.pdf
Schnitzer, M. and Monreal, C.M. 2011. Chapter three–Quo vadis soil organic matter research? A biological link to the chemistry of humification. Adv. Agron. 113: 143– 217. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386473-4.00003-8
ALS Labs, Saskatoon, personal communications with Dianne Kemppainnen
Monreal, C. M., Zentner, R. P. and Robertson, J. A. 1997. An analysis of soil organic matter dynamics in relation to management, erosion and yield of wheat in long-term crop rotation plots. Canadian Journal of Soil Science. 77(4): 553-563. doi/10.4141/S95-076
Harker, K. N., O'Donovan, J. T., Turkington, T. K., Blackshaw, R. E., Lupwayi, N. Z., Smith, E. G., Klein-Gebbinck, H., Dosdall, L. M., Hall, L. M., Willenborg, C. J., Kutcher, H. R., Malhi, S. S., Vera, C. L., Gan, Y., Lafond, G. P., May, W. E., Grant, C. A. and McLaren, D. L. 2012. High-yield no-tillA type of tillage management technique where soil is undisturbed from harvest through planting, seeding with narrow knives/hoes or discs. canola production on the Canadian prairies. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 221–233. doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-125
Marla Riekman, Manitoba Agriculture, Food, and Rural Initiatives. 2017. Personal communication
Ashraf, M. and McNeilly, T. 2004. Salinity tolerance in Brassica oilseeds. Crit. Reviews in Plant Sci. 23:157-174. doi.org/10.1080/07352680490433286
Steppuhn, H., Volkmar, K.M. and Miller, P.R. 2001. Comparing canola, field pea, dry bean, and durum wheat crops grown in saline media. Crop Science 41:1827-1833. doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2001.1827
Steppuhn, H, Volkmar, K.M. and Miller, P.R. 2001. Comparing canola, field pea, dry bean, and durum wheat crops grown in saline media. Crop Science 41:1827-1833. doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2001.1827.
Carter, M.R., Webster, G.R. and Cairns, R.R. 1979. Calcium deficiency in some Solonetzic soils of Alberta. J. Soil Sci. 30:161-174. doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1979.tb00974.x
Alberta Agriculture and Rural Developoment. Managing Nitrogen to Protect Water Quality. 2000. Agri-Facts: Agdex 576-1. Retrieved from: https://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex928/$file/576-1.pdf
Salvano, E., Flaten, D.N., Rousseau, A.N. and Quilbe, R. (2009), Are Current Phosphorus Risk Indicators Useful to Predict the Quality of Surface Waters in Southern Manitoba, Canada?. J. Environ. Qual., 38: 2096-2105. doi:10.2134/jeq2008.0159
Ask for an organic matter test
When submitting samples to the soil lab, ask the lab to provide an organic matter (OM) analysis, and ask whether the lab considers OM when setting fertilizer recommendations. Soil with high OM can release a high amount of plant available nitrogen throughout the year. The amount released each year varies. High moisture and high temperature…
How to cope with salinity
Recent wet and dry cycles have increased topsoil salinity in many parts of the Prairies over the past few years. "Salinity is not a salt problem, it's a water problem," says Marla Riekman, soil management specialist with Manitoba Agriculture and Resource Development. "Wet years bring the water table closer to the roots, and salinity wicks…
Does soil health really matter? YES
The CCC agronomy team asked Mario Tenuta, the University of Manitoba's Canada research chair in applied soil ecology, if preserving soil health really matters, or can soil degradation be corrected simply by adding more fertilizer. His answer: "If growers ignore soil health, input costs will go up. Increased inputs can compensate and keep up with…
Late fall fertilizer and soil testing
Fall fertilizer Fall fertilizer is best applied as close to freeze up as possible to balance two objectives: (1) To allow soil to seal over the band (frozen soil may not seal). (2) To reduce losses due to high microbial activity in warm soils. The key strategy of fall fertilization is to store nitrogen…


The Dietary Department provides food services for inpatients, outpatients, Crest Ridge Estates and Greater Regional Hospice Home.
Snack: 2:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m.
Guests wishing to eat a meal with a patient may do so by notifying the Cafeteria or nursing staff. Payment will be made in the Cafeteria or to ward clerk on floor, the cost is $7.00. The meal will be delivered at mealtime.


Have you been injured at work? Call us immediately at the Baez Law Firm!
In many cases, workers' compensation doesn't cover all of the necessary medical expenses and living expenses during your treatment and recovery from a work injury. Once you file and accept workers' compensation from your employer, you can longer hold them liable for additional damages. Before you accept workers' compensation, talk to the workplace injury attorneys at The Baez Law Firm. We will make sure that you get your fair share when it comes to covering all medical and living expenses related to your injury.
Often, a party other than your employer is responsible for your injury at work. You can accept the much needed workers' compensation from your employer and still hold the third party liable for additional damages. If you need guidance with a third-party case call us today at The Baez Law Firm!
Don't forget, all injured employees must notify their employer within 30 days of the injury and additionally by submitting an Employer's Notice of Injury form within one year of the injury date.


Made in under 25 minutes and incredibly flavorful and tender, these instant pot spicy beef and sweet peppers fajitas are so easy and so good, they'll instantly become a dinner regular!
I think it's completely appropriate to state that the easiest + current best-est way to do taco night is in the house today, guys.
Pssssst…don't tell my sheet pan tacos that he just got one-upped in major ways.
I know not everyone is gonna agree with me on this buuuuuut…if it's got instant pot in the name then we've just got an automatic winner winner beef and sweet peppers fajitas-every-dang-night for dinner.
Or lunch. Or breakfast. Or mid-day snack. We're not partial to fajitas timing around here, guys.
Anywho, it is pretty much required that you make these beef and sweet peppers fajitas, guys. The meat is incredibly tender. It's SPICY. It's one and done and ready for yo face-shoving pleasure in under TWENTY FIVE minutes!
Season up your beef with tons of zingy spices then brown the beef with garlic and onions using the SAUTE setting on your instant pot.
Beef broth goes into the pot and then let it all cook for about 15 minutes on high pressure.
Then we eat fajitas the RIGHT way which is piled into a huge flour tortilla with a huge array of toppings weighing the whole thing down.
Sooooo the thing here is that these beef and sweet peppers fajitas are just gonna earn themselves a permanent spot for taco night, yes?
Or day. Or morning. Again, taco time is like anytime?
Made in under 25 minutes and incredibly flavorful and tender, these instant pot spicy beef and sweet peppers fajitas are so easy and so good, they'll instantly become a dinner regular!
In a large bowl, toss beef strips with seasonings, onion, and garlic. Heat oil in instant pot using BROWN/SAUTE mode. Add beef mixture to instant pot and saute several minutes until beef is just barely browned.
Pour beef broth into instant pot and place lid on top. Cook beef at High Pressure 15 minutes, then release steam naturally for about 5 minutes. Remove lid and stir sweet peppers into beef. Lock lid and let stand an additional 5 minutes. Serve beef and peppers warm in tortillas with your choice of toppings. Enjoy!
I haven't tried instant pot tacos yet so I'm adding this to the list! What a great combination, Sarah! I love the spicy combo with the beef and peppers. And such pretty colors, too! This is the perfect way to start the week!
They're seriously mind-blowingly easy, Gayle! I honestly don't think I can make tacos any other way now.
I LOVE that you made this in the IP — I can't use mine enough and love finding new recipes! These fajitas look amazing Sarah and are a huge win for busy weeknights!
Adding this to my list of Instant Pot recipes to try! I always need new ones!
Yay! Hope you love these tacos, Ashley!
Okay, seriously, I need to use my instant pot! I'm ashamed to say I've had it for almost 2 years and never used it. I KNOW! Clearly I need to get on it and use it to make these fabulous fajitas! Seriously drooling over here! SO YUM! Pinning! Cheers!
I love that this taco recipe features sweet and spicy flavors! Recently, I met someone on a dating app and offered to make dinner for him, and this recipe will be perfect! With my especially busy schedule, I can't wait to throw this recipe into my instant cooker, and let it do most of the work! Yum!
I love this! I am going to try this recipe at the weekend and let you know what I think… Thank you for sharing!!
I wouldn't recommend using flank steak for this. If you do you probably want to bump up to 20 minutes of pressure and 20 minutes of natural release. My flank was cooked, but quite tough at 15 minutes with a 5 min release.


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Studio Hagar Elazari was founded in 2013 and is currently based in Berlin Friedenau and in Cologne Nippes.
The studio works in the fields of scenography and installation art with an emphasis on interaction and on light as a medium.
The studio collaborates with architects, museums and institutions as well as with private clients who commissions the studio to create a new work or a scenography for events and for unique spaces. The studio also designs sets and props for films, theatres, videos and events.
If you have any questions about the studio work, you would like to commission the studio to create a new work, or you would like to write about the studio, please contact the studio directly here.
Website designed by Grafiks & Co.


Good with other dogs: I have not interacted with my fur siblings yet, but I show no anxiety, fear, or interest when I hear them in another room.
Special Needs: Daily facial fold cleaning. High quality grain free food.
Medications: Monthly heart and flea medication.
Prior to applying to adopt Ringo please review our adoption process on our website with rules and process information.
Please consider sponsoring Ringo to help with his medical bills.
I go into my crate without any complaints, and I sleep there all night. I walk on a leash, and I go outside to use the potty like a champ! I like to explore my surroundings so if my forever home doesn't have a fenced in yard, I should always be on a leash and supervised when outside. I have a fur sister and fur brother. We are going through a slow introduction so we haven't officially met yet, but my humans are optimistic that I will do great!
I get treats when my humans are pleased with me, and I am extremely gentle when taking them from their hands. I can even sit for a treat! If I am getting into something I am not supposed to (which is rare), I listen to my humans when they redirect me. MOST IMPORTANT OF ALL - belly rubs are non-negotiable!


New data shows that as U.S. credit scores hit their highest point since the Great Recession, Americans are also borrowing more than ever. According to Bloomberg, the average FICO score is now at 704, a new record that marks an eight-year streak of increases.
The data shows that part of the boost comes from the fact that fewer consumers have a score of less than 550, which would have dragged down the national average. In fact, within the last year, the percentage of Americans with one or more collection accounts on file has fallen to 23 percent, from 25.8 percent.
In addition, more Americans have become members of the "super-prime" club, possessing FICO scores of 800 or more. That number was at almost 22 percent of the FICO score population, an increase from 20.6 percent a year ago.
It appears that all age ranges are seeing an increase in their scores. The 18-to-29-year-old demographic has an average credit score of 659, while Americans in their 30s are at 677. Consumers in their 40s have an average score of 690, 50-somethings reached 713 and Americans in their 60s have an average FICO score of 747.
It's not all good news, however. The numbers also show that Americans are borrowing more than ever, with mortgage balances growing at a rate in line with pre-housing bubble levels. In addition, the ratio of personal savings to disposable personal income fell to 6.7 percent in June, down from 7.4 percent in February. Auto lending, believed to possibly be the next subprime lending crisis, has climbed steadily, with consumers taking longer to repay loans.
In July, it was revealed that U.S. consumer debt rose in May by the most in six months. The data from the Federal Reserve shows an increase in revolving debt, including credit cards, as well as a boost in non-revolving debt, which includes educational and auto loans.


text:
Randeep: Happy to see kids are educated about social issues
Indian By IANS Fri, Apr 6, 2018
Actor Randeep Hooda says he is happy that children nowadays are educated when it comes to social issues ailing the country. Randeep visited a high school on Wednesday in support of the save environment and keep surroundings plastic-free movement.
"As a kid, I didn't have issues with public speaking, but I got nervous after seeing these kids here. I am happy to see kids are educated about the issues in our society and have solutions. They are also very enthusiastic about solving the problems," he said.
The actor also said people need to go beyond social media activism.
"You think your job is done after sharing and liking, but who does the actual work?"
He said schools should increasingly involve children in such activities because "until and unless these kids clean with their hands and take part in such drives they won't know what they, their parents and we as humans are doing to planet Earth". Randeep was at the event with environmentalist Afroz Shah.
Lauding his work towards a cleaner environment, he said, "He is one of the few people who actually take action, which is why I like him. He contributes to the difference with his own hands. He goes to a lot of schools, talks about his movement and gets the new generation involved."
Deepika And Laxmi Show Us Why Together Is Better on Femina's Latest Cover
7 Ethnic Looks By Kangana Ranaut That Are Perfect For Shaadi Season
This Kerala Girl's Freestyle Football Skills Are A Social Media Favourite

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text:
Courts and Justice
Michael Brelo Day 17: Watch live streaming video
Updated: Jan. 11, 2019, 11:49 p.m. | Published: Apr. 30, 2015, 12:00 p.m.
Cleveland police officer Michael Brelo listens to testimony during his trial.
By Joey Morona, cleveland.com
CLEVELAND, Ohio -- Watch live streaming video below as the defense continues to present its case in the trial of Cleveland police officer Michael Brelo.
He's is facing two counts of voluntary manslaughter for the 2012 police chase and shooting that killed Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams.
The live stream is courtesy WKYC.com and is not available on some mobile devices nor during courtroom breaks.
* Live blog: Day 17 of the Michael Brelo trial


For three years I had the immense privilege to have an internship with the great organization Sins Invalid. Sins Invalid is a performance project collective led by artists of color with disabilities that produce work dealing with disability and sexuality. Sins Invalid's two main leaders and co-founders, Patty Berne and Leroy Moore have worked diligently to make sure their organization have international acclaim. The organization is famous for their annual theater show where artists with disabilities put on skits about sexuality. Before I was an intern I was a performer in their annual show in 2007 performing two of the performance pieces that I wrote and I was in their Artist-In-Residence program in from 2010 to 2011 that led to another performance. Throughout my years working with Sins Invalid I was impressed to the organization's dedication to disability rights and a new practice entitled disability justice.
Disability justice is a core theme that Sins Invalid promotes in all of their performances, workshops, community discussions, and other services they provide in for the public. Essentially the philosophy promoted the idea that all people had bodies that should be accepted as whole and equal in our society whether their bodies are differently abled physically, cognitively, or psychologically. The philosophy also promotes the reality that all people have to contend with multiple identities such as race, gender, sexuality, class, religion, nationality, as well as people's differing disabilities and we need to feel free and encouraged to live exhibiting our whole identities in society. My introduction to disability justice and my relationship to my colleagues at the organization, Sins Invalid was the most influential internship that I had in my life.
What I valued most about my internship is the political education that I received being a part of the organization. Both Patty Berne and Leroy Moore have extensive knowledge in disability history, rights, and culture that I tried to gleam from over the years. We have had many political discussions on various topics intersecting with disabilities that assisted in my framing on how I position myself politically as an artist and person with a disability. We have an annual event entitled Making Connections where we invite members of the community to participate in a discussion on topics that intersects with disability like for example how capitalism affects our disability or how we can engage in spirituality through a disability gaze. I was fortunate enough to organize and lead two of these events, which were great successes. I also participated in internal political discussions with just Sins Invalid staff that widen my grasp on certain issues.
Being involved with Sins Invalid has made me see what is possible as a writer and artist with a disability. Patty and Leroy have exemplified about what it means to be professional artists with disabilities who have steadily built up an audience fan base that spans internationally. They have both developed a platform where they are seen as leaders in their field and are invited to many conferences and workshops as expert public speakers. This is exactly the position that I am working to be in. I feel fortunate in being their understudy and soaking up all the knowledge they have to offer. I really admire their level of professionalism and want to emulate that in my own career.
At Sins Invalid I also observed first hand how to have political integrity in my career. I witnessed how at Sins Invalid our political footprint has been strategically used to support some good causes. Here is a previous Disability Visibility Project blog post about Sins Invalid that you can view at this link: http://disabilityvisibilityproject.com/2014/09/07/sins-invalid-statement-on-police-violence/, it states how the organization joined a protest against Urban Shield, which is a program that gives military grade weapons and equipment to police forces all over the United States. This over militarization of our police force has a direct correlation to the increase police shootings and murder of black and brown people exemplified by the recent murder of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri. I was honored to stand with Sins Invalid in the Urban Shield protest and I feel honored to belong to an organization that shares my political convictions.
So as I approach the end of my Sins Invalid internship it is bittersweet because of how influential it was. I will definitely miss working with the talented and dedicated artists on producing and promoting art and culture on a weekly basis. However, I will be in the Sins Invalid's major theater production next year so be on the look out for that. Sins Invalid cannot get rid of me that easily.


According to Keurig, the K4000 uses K-Cup pods and milk powder to brew lattes and cappuccinos. The unit will be manufactured by Evoca Group in its Gaggio Montano, Italy facility and distribution by Keurig throughout the United States and Canada.
"Our partnership with Evoca Group couples their extensive commercial café system manufacturing experience with our expertise in K-Cup pod brewing equipment, providing an innovative beverage solution for away from home consumers," said Darcy Clarkson, svp/gm of appliances at Keurig.


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UTEP to Host Celebration of Life for President Emerita Diana Natalicio
El Paso News
UTEP: Celebration of Life for President Emerita Diana Natalicio set for Sunday
by: Chris Babcock
Posted: Oct 23, 2021 / 12:05 AM MDT
Updated: Oct 23, 2021 / 12:31 AM MDT
EL PASO, Texas (KTSM) – Officials with the University of Texas at El Paso announced that the school will pay tribute to the life of UTEP President Emerita Diana Natalicio at a Celebration of Life at 6 p.m. Sunday, October 24, in UTEP's Centennial Plaza.
Natalicio, who led UTEP for 31 years and was the University's 10th and longest-serving president, died Sept. 24, 2021, at age 82.
The celebration will be open to the public. It also will be livestreamed via this link.
Organizers say the event is an opportunity for UTEP and the El Paso-Ciudad Juárez community to honor Natalicio and reflect on her life and her many accomplishments at UTEP, which stemmed from her deep-seated commitment to access and excellence in public higher education.
"Diana Natalicio's impact went far beyond the UTEP campus," said UTEP President Heather Wilson. "She paved the way for thousands of UTEP alumni, many of whom were first-generation college students. She touched a lot of people. This will be an evening to remember her."
Among those participating will be President Wilson; Bill Siedhoff, Dr. Natalicio's brother; James B. Milliken, Chancellor of The University of Texas System; Doma Tshering, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of the Kingdom of Bhutan to the United Nations; Mauricio Ibarra Ponce de Leon, Consul General of Mexico in El Paso; Dr. Gary Edens, UTEP Vice President for Student Affairs; Dr. Howard Daudistel, retired UTEP Senior Executive Vice President; and Lilian Crouch, UTEP supporter and retired El Paso Independent School District administrator.
Natalicio's longtime friend Sharon Croissant also has been invited to share her memories of Natalicio. Grammy Award-winning cellist Zuill Bailey will perform during the event. Two hundred sky lanterns will be released in the air to commemorate Natalicio's life.
Natalicio became UTEP's first female president in 1988. At the time of her retirement in 2019, she was the sixth-longest-serving president of any public doctoral/research university. She was also the longest-serving female president of a public doctoral/research university or four-year public university.
During her tenure, UTEP was designated a top tier R1 doctoral research university by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. UTEP's enrollment grew from 14,056 to 25,151 students, 80% of whom are Hispanic. The number of doctoral programs increased from one to 22. The University's annual budget increased from $65 million to nearly $450 million.
Natalicio also led UTEP's campus transformation efforts, which included the 11-acre Centennial Plaza in the heart of campus where her Celebration of Life service will take place.
In lieu of flowers, those who wish to honor Natalicio's memory can donate to the Dr. Natalicio Legacy Fund at via this link
For local and breaking news, sports, weather alerts, video and more, download the FREE KTSM 9 News App from the Apple App Store or the Google Play Store.


text:
\section*{Results}

\subsection*{Asymmetric scattering rate}

To study how the electron scattering produce nonreciprocal response, we here consider a model with itinerant electrons and localized spins coupled by exchange interaction. The Hamiltonian is
\begin{align}
H=&\sum_{\bf k\sigma}\varepsilon_{{\bf k}\sigma} c_{\bf k\sigma}^\dagger c_{\bf k\sigma}+\frac{J}N\sum_{\substack{i, {\bf k}\\\alpha,\beta}} \gamma_{i\bf k}{\bf S}_i\cdot c_{{\bf k}\alpha}^\dagger \bm\sigma_{\alpha\beta} c_{{\bf k}\beta},\label{eq:result:Hamil}
\end{align}
where $c_{\bf k\sigma}$ ($c_{\bf k\sigma}^\dagger$) are respectively the annihilation (creation) operator of itinerant and localized electrons, $\bm \sigma\equiv(\sigma^x,\sigma^y,\sigma^z)$ is the vector of Pauli matrices $\sigma^a$ ($a=x,y,z$), $\varepsilon_{{\bf k}\sigma}=k^2/(2m)-\sigma M-\mu$ is the eigenenergy of itinerant electrons with momentum $\bf k$ and spin $\sigma=\pm1$ ($+1$ for up spin and $-1$ for down spin), $k\equiv|\bf k|$, $\gamma_{i\bm k}\equiv e^{{\rm i}\bm k\cdot\bm r_i}$, $J$ is the Kondo coupling between the localized spins and the itinerant electrons, and ${\bf S}_i$ is the localized moment at ${\bf r}_i$. Here, we assumed the magnetization is along the $z$ axis. This model is a classical spin Kondo lattice model if the localized spins exists on every site, and is a Kondo impurity model if the spins exist only on a few sites $N_s\ll N$.

We calculate the scattering rate of electrons by the localized spins using Born approximation. In the first Born approximation, the scattering rate $W_{\bf k\sigma,\bf k'\sigma'}$ of electrons from the ${\bf k}\sigma$ state to the ${\bf k}'\sigma'$ state reads:
\begin{align}
W_{{\bf k}\sigma,{\bf k}'\sigma'}
=&\frac{2\pi J^2}{N^2}\sum_{\substack{i,j\\a,b}}S_i^aS_j^b\sigma^a_{\sigma\sigma'}\sigma^b_{\sigma'\sigma} e^{{\rm i}({\bf k}'-{\bf k})\cdot({\bf r}_i-{\bf r}_j)}\delta(\varepsilon_{{\bf k}\sigma}-\varepsilon_{{\bf k}'\sigma'}).\label{eq:result:Wkk}
\end{align}
Here we assume that the spin fluctuation is classical and static, which is justified when the temperature is much higher than the typical energy of spin fluctuation. The experimental situation in MnSi discussed below satisfies this condition. A recent work point outs that the asymmetry in the scattering rate $W_{\bf k,\bf k'}\ne W_{-\bf k,-\bf k'}$ produces the nonreciprocity in the electron transport~\cite{Isobe2018} (Ref.~\cite{Isobe2018} considered spinless fermions.). Therefore, we focus on a similar asymmetry in $W_{\bf k\sigma,\bf k'\sigma'}$. The asymmetric part of the scattering rate ($W^-_{{\bf k}\sigma,{\bf k}'\sigma'}\equiv=(W_{{\bf k}\sigma,{\bf k}'\sigma}-W_{-{\bf k}\sigma,-{\bf k}'\sigma})/2$) reads
\begin{align}
W^-_{{\bf k}\sigma,{\bf k}'\sigma'}=&\frac{2\pi J^2}{N^2}\sigma\delta_{\sigma,\bar\sigma'}\sum_{i,j}^{N_s}\sin\left(({\bf k}-{\bf k}')\cdot{\bf r}_{ij}\right)\nonumber\\
&\qquad\qquad\qquad\times({\bf S}_i\times{\bf S}_j)_z\delta(\varepsilon_{\bf k\sigma}-\varepsilon_{\bf k'\sigma'}).\label{eq:result:Wakk}
\end{align}
Here, ${\bf r}_{ij}={\bf r}_i-{\bf r}_j$ and $\bar\sigma=-\sigma$; we assumed $\varepsilon_{\bf k\sigma}=\varepsilon_{-\bf k\sigma}$. This asymmetric scattering vanishes when $N_s=1$; the sine function is always zero because ${\bf S}_{1}\times{\bf S}_{1}=\bf0$.  Therefore, multiple spin scattering is necessary for the non-zero asymmetric scattering.

In the two spin case, the scattering rate reads
\begin{align}
W^-_{\vec k\sigma,\vec k'\sigma'}=\frac{4\pi J^2}{N^2}\sigma\delta_{\sigma,\bar\sigma'}&\sin\left(({\bf k}-{\bf k}')\cdot{\bf r_{12}}\right)\nonumber\\
&\times\left({\bf S}_1\times{\bf S}_2\right)_z\delta(\varepsilon_{\bf k\sigma}-\varepsilon_{\bf k'\sigma'}).\label{eq:result:W2spin}
\end{align}
Hence, the asymmetry appears when a non-zero vector spin chirality exists, i.e., when the two spins are non-collinear. A previous work on multiferroics in insulators point outs the relation of the local spin current $\propto {\bf S}_i\times{\bf S}_j$ and electric polarization~\cite{Katsura2005}. From a similar viewpoint, our result shows the local spin current scatters electrons asymmetrically depending on the spins [Fig.~\ref{fig:intro:schematic}(c)]. In addition, the result implies a finite magnetization is necessary for the nonreciprocity because the asymmetric scattering rate in Eq.~\eqref{eq:result:W2spin} has the opposite signs for $W^{-}_{{\bf k}\uparrow,{\bf k}'\downarrow}$ and $W^{-}_{{\bf k}\downarrow,{\bf k}'\uparrow}$. Therefore, the asymmetry cancels when the itinerant electrons are paramagnetic ($M=0$). In short, the above result implies nonreciprocity in the conductivity appears in a magnet when both the vector spin chirality and magetization are nonzero.

We note that $W^-_{{\bf k}\sigma,{\bf k}'\sigma'}$ appears in the first Born approximation. This feature is in contrast to Ref.~\cite{Isobe2018} where $W^-_{{\bf k}\sigma,{\bf k}'\sigma'}$ appears from the second Born terms, i.e., higher-order in the perturbation. For the non-magnetic scatterers in time-reversal symmetric system, $W^-_{{\bf k}\sigma,{\bf k}'\sigma'}$ is related to the skew scattering $W^s_{{\bf k},{\bf k}'}=(W_{{\bf k},{\bf k}'}-W_{{\bf k}',{\bf k}})/2$ by ${\cal T}$~\cite{Isobe2018}. The skew scattering is prohibited in the first Born approximation because of the Hermiticity of the impurity potential. Therefore, the second-order term is the leading order. In contrast, the magnetic scattering considered here breaks ${\cal T}$. This difference of the symmetry allows non-zero $W^-_{{\bf k}\sigma,{\bf k}'\sigma'}$ in the leading-order first Born approximation. This result also implies that the magnetic scattering produces a larger nonreciprocal response.

\subsection*{Boltzmann theory for nonreciprocal currents}

To study how $W^-_{{\bf k}\sigma,{\bf k}'\sigma'}$ contributes to the eMChE, we calculate the conductivity using the semiclassical Boltzmann theory.  Using the relaxation time approximation, the Boltzmann equation reads
\begin{align}
e{\bf E}\cdot{\bf \nabla}_{k}f_{{\bf k}\sigma}
=&-\frac{f_{{\bf k}\sigma}-f^0_{{\bf k}\sigma}}\tau+\sum_{{\bf k}',\sigma'}W_{{\bf k}\sigma,{\bf k}'\sigma'}^{-}(f_{{\bf k}'\sigma'}-f_{{\bf k}\sigma}).\label{eq:result:boltzmann}
\end{align}
Here, $e<0$ is the elementary charge, ${\bf E}=(E_x,E_y,E_z)$ is the applied electric field, and $f_{{\bf k}\sigma}$ is the electron density for the electrons with momentum ${\bf k}$ and spin $\sigma$. For simplicity, we focus on the case ${\bf E}=(0,0,E)$. In addition, we assume
\begin{align}
W_{{\bf k}\sigma,{\bf k}'\sigma'}^{-}=
\left\{\begin{array}{ll}
0 & \qquad\text{(if $\sigma=\sigma'$)}\\
2\pi \sigma c (k_z-k'_z)\delta(\varepsilon_{\bf k\sigma}-\varepsilon_{\bf k'\sigma'}) & \qquad\text{(if $\sigma\ne\sigma'$)}
\end{array}\right.,\label{eq:result:Wasym}
\end{align}
where $c=\frac{J^2}{N}\chi_v$ is a real constant and $\chi_v\equiv\langle({\bf S}_i\times {\bf S}_j)_z\rangle$ is the thermal average of the $z$ component of the vector spin chirality between the nearest-neighbor spins along the $z$ axis. This asymmetric scattering term corresponds to the thermal average of the $k\ll1$ case of the two-spin impurity cluster in Eq.~\eqref{eq:result:W2spin}.

We solve the Boltzmann equation in Eq.~\eqref{eq:result:boltzmann} with the scattering rate in Eq.~\eqref{eq:result:Wasym} by expanding $f_{{\bf k}\sigma}$ up to the second order in $\bf E$ and linear order in $c$~\cite{Isobe2018}. Within this approximation, the nonreciprocal current reads
\begin{align}
J_z^{(2)}=-\frac{144\pi}5\frac{\tau m}{e\mu^2}cM\sigma_0^2E^2,\label{eq:result:S2lowM}
\end{align}
where $2\sigma_0=\frac{4e^2\tau\mu}{3mn}$ is the linear conductivity of electrons at $M=0$ and $c=0$. Here, $n$ is the density of state at the Fermi level and we assumed $\mu\gg M$. Hence, the scattering by the two spins produce non-reciprocal current proportional to $c$ and magnetic polarization of the itinerant electrons $M$.

We also note that the two spin scattering produces the spin current. Using the same formalism, we find the spin current for $S^z$ reads
\begin{align}
J^z_z=-\frac{54\pi\hbar}5\frac{\tau m}{e^2\mu} c\, \sigma_0^2 E^2.
\end{align}
Unlike the charge current, the spin current appears without the spin polarization. Therefore, a paramagnet with the chiral spin fluctuation produces a finite spin current by simply flowing electric current.

\subsection*{Nonreciprocal charge current in chiral magnets}

\begin{figure}
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figB.pdf}
  \caption{{\bf Magnetic and transport properties of a three-dimensional chiral magnet.} The magnetic-field dependence of (a) magnetization $M$ and (b) vector spin chirality $\chi_z$ for different temperature $T$. (c) is the contour plot of $\tilde\sigma=M\chi_z$. The results are for $D/J=0.2$. The red line is the phase boundary between the ordered and paramagnetic (PM/FM) phases, which is determined by $\lambda+D^2/(4J)>-10^{-4}$. See Method section for details. (d) The contour plot of second harmonic resistivity $\rho^{2f} (\propto \sigma^{(2)})$. Reproduced from Ref.~\cite{Yokouchi2017}.}
  \label{fig:result:MnSi}
\end{figure}

In the above mechanism, the nonreciprocal current depends on temperature and magnetic field via that of the magnetization and vector spin chirality. To investigate the dependence of nonlinear conductance, we here consider a classical ferromagnetic Heisenberg model on a cubic lattice with Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction~\cite{Bak1980,Yu2010},
\begin{align}
H_{\rm cm}=-J\sum_{\langle i,j\rangle}{\bf S}_i\cdot{\bf S}_j-\frac{D}2\sum_{\langle i,j\rangle}{\bf r}_{ji}\cdot{\bf S}_i\times{\bf S}_j-h\sum_i S_i^z.
\end{align}
Here, the sum is over the nearest-neighbor bonds. Figure~\ref{fig:result:MnSi} shows the magnetic and transport properties of the above model; all results are obtained using Onsager's reaction field theory. Figure~\ref{fig:result:MnSi}(a) is the plot of the magnetization to the magnetic field. The result shows a ferromagnetic magnetization curve below $T\lesssim 2J$ due to the ferromagnetic $J$, which decreases monotonically with increasing temperature. In contrast, the vector spin chirality $\chi_z$ shows a non-monotonic temperature dependence. Figure~\ref{fig:result:MnSi}(b) shows the magnetic field dependence of $|\chi_z|$ for different $T$. When $T/J\lesssim 1$, the field-induced magnetization suppresses $|\chi_z|\to0$ as $T\to0$. With increasing temperature, the thermal fluctuation increase $|\chi_z|$ by suppressing the magnetization. The maximum is around $T/J\sim2-3$ depending on $h$; the maximum tends to move to a higher $T$ as $h$ increases. Further increase of the temperature reduces the spin chirality because the thermal fluctuation dominates over the exchange interactions between the spins.

Equation~\eqref{eq:result:S2lowM} shows the nonreciprocal conductivity $\sigma^{(2)}$ is proportional to $\tilde\sigma^{(2)}\equiv M\chi_z$. Figure~\ref{fig:result:MnSi}(c) shows the contour plot of $\tilde\sigma^{(2)}$ in the $T-h$ plane. In the low temperature region, the result shows a small $\tilde\sigma^{(2)}$ owing to the suppression of the vector chirality. With increasing the temperature, $\tilde\sigma^{(2)}$ increases due to the increase of $\chi_z$ with a maximum around $T/J\sim 1.5-2$; $\tilde\sigma^{(2)}$ then decreases because both $M$ and $\chi_z$ is suppressed by the thermal fluctuation when $T/J\gg1$. Figure~\ref{fig:result:MnSi}(c) also shows the increase of the maximum with increasing the magnetic field. This is related to the increase of the maximum of $\chi_z$ discussed above. These trends are qualitatively consistent with the experiment in MnSi as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:result:MnSi}(d)~\cite{Yokouchi2017}.

\section*{Discussions}

To summarize, we studied the nonreciprocity of electric current produced by the fluctuation of localized spins. We find that the scattering process involving two spins cause an asymmetric scattering, which is proportional to the vector spin chirality. This effect appears at the leading order in the impurity scattering, i.e., within the first Born approximation. Therefore, we expect a large asymmetry in the scattering rate. Using the semiclassical Boltzmann theory, we find that this asymmetry produces nonreciprocal transport of electrons; $\sigma^{(2)}$ is proportional to the vector spin chirality and spin polarization of itinerant electrons. We also find the chiral spin fluctuation produces nonreciprocal spin current. As a consequence, $\sigma^{(2)}$ shows a non-monotonic temperature with a maximum around $T/J\sim1$. This trend is consistent with the recent experiments in MnSi~\cite{Yokouchi2017} and CrNb$_3$S$_6$~\cite{Aoki2019}. In particular, the overall behavior of $\sigma^{(2)}$ well accounts for the eMChE in MnSi~\cite{Yokouchi2017}.

The magnitude of the eMChE by the magnetic scattering is also consistent with the experiment in MnSi~\cite{Yokouchi2017}. A recent experiment of MnSi finds the ratio of linear and nonreciprocal resistivities $\gamma(B)IB\sim 10^{-4}-10^{-5}$ with $I=10^9$ Am$^{-2}$. When $\gamma(B)IB\ll1$, the ratio reads $\gamma IB\sim -\sigma^{(2)}I/\sigma^2$. We estimate $\sigma^{(2)}$ using Eq.~\eqref{eq:result:S2lowM} assuming $J=10$ meV, $D=1$ meV, $a_0=4$ \AA, $m=9.109\times10^{-31}$ kg, $\rho=1/(2\mu_Fa_0^3)\sim10^{39}$ J$^{-1}$cm$^{-3}$, and $\tau=10^{-13}$ s. We use $\mu_F=0.5$ eV and $M(=g\mu_BH)=100$ meV because the bandwidth is $\sim1$ eV~\cite{Jeong2004} and the spin polarization is in the order of 10\%~\cite{Lee2007}. Using these values, we find $\sigma^{(2)}I/\sigma^2\sim2\times10^{-5}$. Therefore, the result is roughly comparable with that observed in MnSi.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Headlines Sports
Women's Basketball Follow-Up: Community Support Highlights Vital Win
February 4, 2018 fn_admin
You know something is undeniably cliché when it becomes cliché even to preface the phrase with a disclaimer about how cliché it is. And all UD students know that the only cliché on campus more cliché than the word itself also begins with the letter C.
But just like stereotypes, clichés exist because of an inherent truth. Community, like it or not, was on full display at UD Arena Wednesday night when Dayton's women's basketball team knocked off Duquesne to remain unbeaten in conference and secure first place in the Atlantic 10.
"This is an unbelievable crowd," coach Shauna Green grabbed the public address microphone and thanked the 3,224 supporters who had come to the arena mid-week.
"The students we had tonight, we need you to keep coming back."
Each time the buzzer sounds at UD Arena concluding a game, Green performs the same routine:
"Thank you all for coming out, you guys are great," the sentiment normally flows. "We really need your support on [insert next home date here]."
But Wednesday night was different. Her sentiment, while always sincere, was more triumphant. The lower bowl was at near capacity, the student section was loud, and the crowd as a whole was passionate throughout the game.
"If we can have that environment every single night at the arena…it's gonna be really hard [for opponents] to come to the arena and win because it's such a huge boost for us," Green said in a press conference afterward.
FOR LIVE UPDATES ON UD WOMEN'S AND MEN'S BASKETBALL FOLLOW FLYER NEWS SPORTS ON TWITTER HERE
With such high stakes for the victor — first place in the conference and a potential tie-breaker down the road — Dayton Athletics, Red Scare, and the players themselves promoted the game heavily on campus and in the surrounding community.
"We knew that it was going to be a huge game and the women's team also reached out wanting a big crowd," said Chris LaReau, president of the Red Scare executive board.
"So it was definitely a joint effort between ourselves and the athletic department to promote the game."
Like any good community neighbors, the fans delivered on the request.
The student section, normally barren for the women's games, was rocking with eager Flyers, many of whom were student-athletes.
"We were excited with the amount of students that came out to the game," LaReau said.
"We had a good amount of regular students at the game, but we did have a lot of student athletes who came to the game with their teams to support, which is always great to see."
Dayton Pep Band posing with the women's squad after their win over Duquesne in the A-10 Championship on Mar. 5, 2017.
While Wednesday may have been the first time many students got to witness Dayton's women's team roll to a high-pace victory, it was a familiar sight for the consistent contingent of supporters known as the Flyer Pep Band.
The band, who plays at every home game and travels with the team to tournaments, enjoyed the better-than-usual turnout.
"The success isn't just about the team winning, but it's about showing the community and the students what Dayton women's basketball is all about," said Kayla Pariser, a senior piccolo player in the pep band. "So in addition to the W, it was a win to have more student support there."
Pariser, and her fellow bandmates, have revelled in the recent success of the women's team. And the relationship between the band and the players might be an even truer display of community than Wednesday.
"The band strongly supports the women's team and vice versa," she said. "Last year when we went to the A-10 Tournament with them in Richmond, when they won we actually got to go on the court and take pictures with the trophy with them."
"We do feel like we have a strong relationship with the women's team. And it makes us feel like we're a more significant part of [their] games."
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The band, the fans, the students, anyone who comes out to UD Arena will end up leaving with the same feeling because of how the team cherishes their supporters. And that's not to say there are few, because even average opponents who play in Dayton are met by at least 2,000 of the Flyer faithful, albeit mostly non-students.
"I think that, again, that's what makes this place special," Green said.
But regardless of their normal crowd size, having an extra thousand for a critical game seemed monumental.
"All our normal fans were awesome, and then the extras that were there was just, I don't know it was loud," said senior point guard Jenna Burdette, who scored 18 points in the win over Duquesne.
"At some point I couldn't even hear myself screaming on the floor."
That's why when Green took the mic on Wednesday, her message felt fulfilled.
"The product has been good for years consistently, and I think they're fun to watch," Green said.
"And I think they deserve people coming and supporting them for all their hard work."
It's not just the product, though. It's the authentic class with which Green and the players carry the program, and their true thanks they ensure is heard by their supporters that keep fans invested in the team's success.
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Stay up to date with Flyer News and campus activities.
"I think it's really nice when the coach acknowledges the community the support, and the students," Pariser said, who's band ceases playing for Green's postgame thanks after every contest. "It makes you feel more connected to the team, not like the team is on a pedestal."
Three thousand people on Wednesday got to experience that bond and feel connected to a significant win.
"The women's team definitely feels like a community-centered team," Pariser said. "They want members of the community and student body to be a part of their success."
What's funny about clichés is that, even though they're taboo on paper and in speech, passionate writers want to return to them because of their truth.
And the women's basketball team hopes their fans find the same desire after experiencing the fun truth of a Flyer win.
"I'm so appreciative to everyone who comes out and takes the time," Green. said "And I hope they just keep coming back."
Photos Courtesy of Kayla Pariser and Taken by Roberto De La Rosa-Finch/Online Editor
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text:
Andrew in for more 'embarrassment' as Giuffre book to be published
Prince Andrew: Tom Bower discusses Virginia Giuffre case
King Charles III's coronation could be overshadowed by the publication of a book by Virginia Giuffre, who accused Prince Andrew of sexual abuse.
Ms Giuffre, 39, has reportedly signed a book deal 12 years in the making which is set to detail alleged meetings with Prince Andrew.
She claims she was trafficked by convicted paedophile Jeffrey Epstein and his associate Ghislaine Maxwell, alleging the Duke of York sexually assaulted her when she was 17.
Last year, Andrew, 62, settled a civil claim by Ms Giuffre with a reported £3 million out-of-court settlement.
Andrew has repeatedly denied the allegations and the sum was not an admission of liability.
As part of that agreement, both parties consented to a one-year gag clause which has prevented Ms Giuffre from repeating any allegations against the Prince.
However, the agreement ends in March, just weeks ahead of King Charles' coronation on May 6.
A publishing insider told The Mirror about plans to "maximise" Ms Giuffre's book release "with no bigger occasion than the crowning of the King".
The insider added: "All eyes will be on the Royal Family in the weeks leading up to Charles's coronation.
"Book releases are all about timing, and while there is speculation about whether Andrew will be seen at Westminister Abbey or on the Buckingham Palace balcony, what is certain he will be seen on every bookshelf around the world.
"For the money the publisher has spent signing Virginia, they want to maximise their return.
"There will be no bigger occasion for her book than the crowning of the king."
Although Ms Giuffre may not be able to repeat allegations about sex with Prince Andrew, she could still detail an alleged meetings with him while she was with Epstein, according to the insider.
The insider added: "Either way, it pours further embarrassment on Andrew, the royals and the biggest day of his own brother's life."
The settlement agreed between Prince Andrew and Virginia Giuffre was not an admission of guilt by the Duke of York. He has consistently and vehemently denied any wrong doing.
The Duke of York's representatives have been approached for comment.
Union leader told school reopening worries are 'exaggerated' after making over 200 demands
John Bercow accused of DOUBLE STANDARDS over selection of Brexit options for MPs votes
Brexit BLOW: Jeremy Hunt explains key PROBLEM with customs union – 'It simply WON'T work'
Kate takes on the 'big issue' of giving all children the best start
JK Rowling fury over transgender rapist sent to female prison


text:
Q: Adding Apple in-app purchase to Electron HTML/JS app Is there a way to add Mac App Store in-app purchase to Electron HTML/JS application? There are app store modules for Phonegap, Nativescript, ImpactJS etc but I can't seem to find anything for Electron or pure JS.

A: As suggested in one of the similar GitHub issues, you can try out customising nodobjc module.

A: A Node.js module for in-App-Purchase for iOS, Android, Amazon and Windows. https://github.com/voltrue2/in-app-purchase

A: From what I can see on this post, no one has really given a thorough answer.
I need to do in app purchases in my Electron app for the Mac App Store. It doesn't seem like anyone has figured out how to do that yet, so I've created a post with a 300 reputation points worth of bounty. If you think you can get more specific with how you'd do in app purchases, please let me know in there:
Implementing in-app purchase in an Electron app for the Mac App Store

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