With the of information amount on the web, it is hard to see the trees for the forest. We will add useful referencing websites that we have found in relation to crowd safety management, experts or equipment.
G. Keith Still develops and teaches a wide range of crowd safety courses for event organisers, police, first responders, emergency planners, city authorities, building control and licensing officers. His courses have run at the UK Cabinet Office Emergency Planning College and client sites around the world for over a decade.
This resource aims to give a brief overview of developments in Intellectual Property Law and other areas of law relevent to the music and entertainment industries.
These updates are designed to give general information for music and entertainment industry professionals and students interested in these areas.
Updates are given a category and tagged in order to help you find what you are looking for. You can browse by topic or country, or use the search to find any specific updates or subjects.
Our mission – To provide clients with world-class Crowd & Event Safety services, underpinned by experience and qualifications, delivered by the best Team in the industry.
What do small local businesses, major sports franchises, government agencies, music festivals, television networks and multinational corporations have in common?


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Home of the Year
HOTY 2021 Entry
The Home Gallery
HOME Project Gallery
Copyright © Parkside Media Limited. All rights reserved.
Architect Julian Guthrie creates a rustic bathroom underground
In a home originally designed by Don Cowey, architect Julian Guthrie has created an underground bathroom that still manages to feel connected and open
Architect: Julian Guthrie
Location: Remuera, Auckland
Brief: New bathroom in a 1960s family home
When architect Julian Guthrie, his partner Georgie and their four children moved into their 1960s home designed by the late Christchurch architect, Don Cowey, this space didn't exist. They excavated a bank below the house to provide space for this bathroom, a laundry, storage and an additional bathroom. This one is used as both a changing room for the pool and by the two older children in the household, whose bedrooms are on the same level.
Guthrie chose a clay-based tile from Artedomus for the walls, which serves as a visual connection to the brick fireplace upstairs; a significant architectural feature in the house. Other nods to materials upstairs include a new wall with painted sarking, modeled on the home's original walls. The ample drawers in the vanity, which also store spare pool towels, are faced with the same walnut planks used in the new kitchen.
Slate tiles line the floor. In the shower, a stainless-steel Allproof slot drain means the tiles are only slightly angled in one direction for drainage, rather than cut to allow drainage to a central point. The vanity top is a monumental slab of honed slate, with no joins. The mirror is as large as it can be, as is the towel rail. A slot window brings in natural light and provides glimpses of the trees outside. "It was really important to get the window in to stop this room feeling like a cave," says Guthrie.
The window was also very useful for an unexpected reason. When the mirror was due to be installed, the tradies said that, due to its size, there was no way it would fit through the bathroom door. Guthrie considered a paneled mirror as a compromise, but he wasn't content with that. Then he hit on the idea of removing the glass pane in the window. It worked – the contractors slid the mirror through the slot and maneuvered it into position, rather like carefully posting a very large, fragile letter through a post box.
Words by: Penny Lewis. Photography by: Patrick Reynolds.
On the divide between suburban street and wild dunescape, Brian White carves a retreat from a singular form.
Swamp house
The nickname "swamp house" expresses the home's proximity to the marshy paddocks resting below it on the Crown Range between Queenstown and Wanaka but it might give you the wrong idea about the climate on the high, elevated plateau. For Kerr Ritchie's Bronwen Kerr and
Modern lake bach
Bach living is a stripped-back approach to life: family time spent eating, playing board games and puzzles in the evening, and during the day getting outside and enjoying what the natural environment has to offer – water sports, backyard cricket and mountain biking.
Cruciform house
A spacious Mid-Century modern-inspired home in Orakei proves that you don't need a huge amount of land to have four bedrooms and multiple living spaces, particularly when less than half of the home touches the ground.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


After immersing ourselves in a brand, we build tailored programs to meet client needs.
We align our clients with influential celebrities, TV shows, films, high profile entertainment properties and media outlets.
We create tailored programs to drive brand objectives.
We have solid contacts and varying points of access across multiple entertainment media platforms.
We offer personalized, turn-key solutions for our clients.


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Tag: The Sage
Opening date for Gateshead arena delayed until 2025
The opening date for The Sage, a new arena and conference centre on Gateshead Quayside, has been pushed back to 2025.
Gateshead Council secures £20m funding boost for The Sage
Gateshead Council has secured £20m (€22.9m/$24.7m) from the UK Government's Levelling Up Fund to support the development of The Sage, a new arena and conference centre on Gateshead Quayside.
2022 in review – January
January saw the official termination of a deal that had sought to deliver a new arena for the NHL's Calgary Flames, while there was positive news in New Zealand after designs were approved for a new multi-purpose stadium in Christchurch.
Plans amended for The Sage
Plans for The Sage, a new arena and conference centre on the Gateshead Quayside, have been reworked with a hotel development relocated amid concerns from local residents.
Council committed to The Sage, despite funding challenges
Gateshead Council has maintained The Sage, a new arena and conference centre on the Gateshead Quayside, will be developed, despite…
Plans approved for HOK-designed Gateshead arena
Global architecture and engineering firm HOK has announced that plans for a new arena and conference centre development on Gateshead…
Sage lands naming rights to Gateshead arena complex
ASM Global has agreed a deal with Sage for the financial services company to take on naming rights to the…


2. One of the most interesting draft subplots of the upcoming Yellow Jacket season could be the usage of Tech's trio of lefties who are all decidedly on the bubble — as far as I see it — when it comes to the 2011 draft. SR LHP Taylor Wood, SR LHP Zach Brewster, and JR LHP/1B Jake Davies will all be duking it out for key late inning relief appearances parceled out by the venerable Danny Hall. I thought Brewster, a potential professional LOOGY with some seriously deceptive funk in his delivery, would show enough to get popped late in the draft last year, but he turned out to be my one Georgia Tech swing-and-a-miss during my short-lived Who Will Be Drafted? series. Damn, my guesses on North Carolina were especially brutal. Only 1 out of 7 were correct AND I missed on a player who actually did get picked. Anyway, now that I've refreshed the readership on my sterling track record on stuff like this, let me just say that I currently like Davies' stuff (upper-80s FB, good SL, usable but improving CU) the best of the three, but it's hard to pick a favorite out of these tightly bunched trio.
3. In an effort to not overextend my reach this year, I'm focusing as much as possible on 2011 while trying to leave the great unknown of 2012 and 2013 alone. Therefore, anything I say about the next two years worth of draft eligible players ought to be taken with a gigantic chunk of salt. For example, if I were to say my favorite Georgia Tech 2012 is SO RHP Buck Farmer and my favorite Georgia Tech 2013 is FR RHP Deandre Smelter, then you might want to think to yourself, "Hey, it's cool that I now have two names to store away in the back of my head for future drafts — even though I already know all about Smelter, some guy's 17th highest rated prep player in 2010, from last year's coverage — but I'll be sure to do my own homework and/or check back in to this site in the future to learn more about each guy before coming up with any concrete opinions about either player." Farmer's low-90s fastball, potential plus breaking ball, and emerging changeup give him the look of a potential solid big league starter. Smelter's upside is more tantalizing; it's not crazy to think that he could leave school as a plus fastball, plus slider, plus splitter power pitching prospect in the mold of the player he's received instruction from, Kevin Brown.
JR LHP Jed Bradley, JR RHP Mark Pope, JR 3B Matt Skole, and SR RHP Kevin Jacob (Josh Fields 2.0?) are all stone cold locks to see their names pop up on MLB.com's Draft Tracker this June. I'm more bullish on JR 2B Connor Winn than most; assuming he has the year I believe he's capable of having in 2011, he'd probably fall in after those four, but before potential high risk/high reward plays like JR OF Jarrett Didrick, JR RHP/2B Jacob Esch, and JR OF Roddy Jones on my personal rankings. After those eight prospects, we come to the three aforementioned lefthanded relievers, Wood, Brewster, and Davies. If all eleven players get popped, and keep in mind that's obviously a gigantic if at this point in the process, then that would top last year's remarkable ten Georgia Tech draft selections. If I was a gambling man, I'd bet on Bradley, Pope, Skole, and Jacob only, and opt to wait and see on how much playing time players like Winn, Didrick, Esch, Jones, Wood, Brewster, and Davies actually get this spring. If I was an optimistic fellow trying to sell you on these guys, I might rave about Didrick's overflowing tool set (plenty of raw power, above-average speed and range, plus arm), Esch's opportunity to show his quality stuff on the mound this spring after a disappointing 2010 at second base, and Jones' borderline unfair NFL speed and athleticism. Since I'm an optimistic betting man, let's say Bradley, Pope, Skole, Jacob, Winn, Didrick, Esch, Brewster, and Davies all get drafted this June.
By Rob Ozga in 2011 College Team Profiles, 2011 MLB Draft, College Team Profiles on 8 Nov 2010 .


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Home » Improving VNS therapy: ElectroCore CEO Amato on gammaCore and its slated July launch
Improving VNS therapy: ElectroCore CEO Amato on gammaCore and its slated July launch
June 30, 2017 By Fink Densford
Neuroscience tech developer ElectroCore said recently it plans to launch its handheld gammaCore vagus nerve stimulation device in the US in mid-July, after having won clearance from the FDA in April for treating episodic cluster headaches.
Unlike other vagus nerve stimulation devices, the gammaCore is an external handheld device with no implanted component, designed to be used in a pain-free procedure, CEO Frank Amato told MassDevice.com in an interview.
"Its a first-of-its-kind type of device," Amato said, speaking on the recently approved and soon-to-launch gammaCore. "Vagus nerve stimulators have been around for 25 years, but they require the surgical implantation of a device into the body – and one that can't be explanted. So once you put it in, it's in there for life."
The gammaCore is designed to be applied to the neck where it transmits mild electrical stimulation to the vagus nerve through the skin in a non-painful manner, Amato says.
In its initial launch, which Amato said is slated for some time in mid-July, the company will focus on launching the device at specialized headache centers across the US.
"It'll be launched proactively in roughly 50 of the 160 headache centers in the US. That's somewhere around 25-35% of the headache centers that will be actively participating in identifying patients and offering our therapy," Amato said.
The device will provide a significant new option for patients with episodic cluster headaches, Amato said, as there's only 1 other product approved for treating episodic cluster headache, Amato said – injectable Sumatriptan.
"GammaCore provides another option for these patients. One that, quite frankly, they haven't had in the past – it gives this patient population another opportunity," Amato said.
Amato said that the gammaCore was a safe option for treating episode cluster headaches as well, with no required use of chemicals that are metabolized through the kidneys or liver, offsetting potential side effects that aren't available with a drug or injection.
"We stimulate the nerve which runs right up into the brain stem – it's almost the body's super highway, if you will. And in turn, we have demonstrated pretty significant benefits for patients, clinically, and shown the device to be a safe option for patients," Amato said.
The device will be available to any doctors who prescribe it, Amato clarified, though the company will be specifically focused on the initial slew of headache centers.
The company is also engaged in pivotal trials of the device for treating migraines – one prophylactically and one for acute use, Amato said.
"If the results are positive, then we'll petition the FDA for an expanded label into migraine, which we would expect to get sometime in the early to middle part of 2018. At that point in time, we would plan to launch the product more broadly across the entire marketplace, servicing all 160 headache centers and neurologists who are treating headaches outside of those centers," Amato said.
The migraine studies could also help broaden the use of the device globally, Amato added.
As for future indications, Amato said the company is exploring a wealth of options for the device, including rheumatoid arthritis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and neurological disorders.
In addition to those, Amato said the company also received $20 million in grants from academic centers across the US, where the device was being tested in treatment for PTSD and Gulf War Syndrome, gastroparesis and even in areas like cognitive enhancement.
"There are a number of different medical conditions and areas where vagus nerve stimulation may have a role for patients. But, prior to our opportunity to bring this technology to the market VNS therapy required surgery and an implanted device that couldn't be removed – and that's not a great option for many patients," Amato said.
Filed Under: Business/Financial News, Neuromodulation/Neurostimulation, Pain Management


Power Safety Solutions Ltd. provides occupational health and safety consulting including contractor safety management, customized safety manual development, worksite inspections, as well as quantitative and qualitative fit testing. With expertise ranging from the oil and gas industry, pulp and paper, as well as civil construction, our diverse safety management portfolio provides our clients industry specific knowledge that is reliable and relevant. Credentials and capabilities to perform Quantitative Fit Testing (QTF) with a Portacount Pro, Power Safety Solutions provides occupational health and safety services though out Canada.
Educating staff on work safe procedures, practices, and safety standards and regulations.
We recognize that each industry demands a unique set of legislative requirements for Work Safe BC.


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Q: Detect users previous domain I have a small loading animation that I want to run on my Home page when a user is coming from outside my domain, but when coming from another page inside my domain I don't want it to show.
I have tried using document.domain and document.referrer.split... to get the previous domain, and run an if-command but can't seem to make it work.
Edit:
I tried using the if-command and document.referrer.split...-command, again as an answerer stated but the animation still always shows and now it never stops as well...

A: You can parse the referrer url using this technique:
var parser = document.createElement('a');
parser.href = document.referrer;

parser.protocol; // => "http:"
parser.hostname; // => "example.com"
parser.port;     // => "3000"
parser.pathname; // => "/pathname/"
parser.search;   // => "?search=test"
parser.hash;     // => "#hash"
parser.host;

parser.host will return the domain from the referrer.

A: Instead of detect the domain, you could use a cookie and jQuery, maybe something like this.

Hello..!
 Welcome to ABC

We wish you a Great Day..!

Thank you.. and please take me to the     website

$(document).ready(function() {
    if ($.cookie('noShowWelcome')) $('.welcome').hide();
    else {
        $("#close-welcome").click(function() {
            $(".welcome").fadeOut(1000);
            $.cookie('noShowWelcome', true);
        });
    }
});

This will load it per session only.

A: document.refferer.split() is the right solution for solve your problem.
According to the documentation, document.refferer return the URI of the previous page.
Compare the splitted URI with the location.host like the following code snippet:
if(document.referrer.split('/')[2]!=location.hostname){
   //I came from another domain
}else{
   //I came from this domain
}

I used this solution in different projects and it works.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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When Too Little Sleep Is a Good Thing
Posted by Sleep Review Staff | Sep 3, 2005 | Brain, Imaging Studies, Quantity | 0 |
Examining the positive effects of sleep deprivation leads to new information about how we sleep.
By Regina Patrick, RPSGT
Studies well document the negative effects of sleep deprivation (decreased vigilance, impaired decision-making, reduced concentration, irritability, sleepiness, increased fatigue, and difficulty thinking clearly). Interestingly, sleep deprivation can have positive effects such as tireless stamina, enhanced creativity, heightened awareness, and a cheerful mood. Investigations into its more positive effects are giving scientists new perceptions about sleep deprivation.
Scientists have found that everyone is not affected to the same degree by sleep deprivation. Some people after an episode have a natural resistance to its negative effects. For example, in 2002, van Dongen and associates1 presented a study that submitted subjects to two sleep-deprivation periods with each lasting 36 hours. (The sleep-deprivation periods were separated by a 2- to 4-week interval.) They found that the subjects who easily fatigued after sleep deprivation had a similar degree of fatigue after both test periods and the subjects who were resistant to fatigue after sleep deprivation were equally resistant for both of the test periods. An earlier study in 1980 by Morgan and associates1 had similar results. The researchers subjected volunteers to four periods of sleep deprivation with each period lasting 44 hours. (The sleep deprivation periods were separated by a 1-week interval.) They found that volunteers had the same degree of fatigue-resistance or fatigue-vulnerability for each of the four test periods.
Brain imaging1 shows that the brains of fatigue-resistant and fatigue-vulnerable people are different. A fatigue-resistant person's brain has a higher degree of activity—even before sleep deprivation—than the brain of a fatigue-vulnerable person. This difference is now being investigated by military scientists. Potentially, using fatigue-resistant individuals for tasks involving long periods of little sleep (long reconnaissance missions) may avoid mistakes caused by inattentiveness and fatigue that could occur with a fatigue-vulnerable individual.
Polyphasic Sleep
Since studies consistently show the detrimental effects of sleep deprivation on performance and alertness, sleep scientists often advise against a person's becoming sleep-deprived; however, one technique of severe sleep restriction called polyphasic sleep appears to maintain one's level of performance and alertness. Polyphasic sleep involves taking short naps (about 20 to 30 minutes) every 4 hours. On this schedule, a person will sleep 2 to 3 total hours in a 24-hour period. A National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) study2,3 found that subjects who restricted their sleep to 30 minutes every 4 hours (3 total hours of sleep in a 24-hour period) were more alert and performed better than when they restricted their sleep to an uninterrupted 3-hour period (within 24 hours).
This paradoxical aspect of polyphasic sleep may lie in its effect on circadian rhythms. Normally, sleep deprivation disrupts the circadian rhythms of various physiological processes such as melatonin production and cortisol production. Frequent naps in a polyphasic sleep schedule seem to allow these rhythms to be maintained despite the severe sleep restriction. Scientists suspect that one's alertness and productivity are maintained since circadian rhythms are maintained.
Some people naturally undergo periods of polyphasic sleep. During this time, they note increased productivity and creativity. For example, artists Leonardo Da Vinci reportedly slept for 15 minutes every 4 hours and Michelangelo reportedly slept only 4 hours per night; inventor Thomas Edison slept 3 to 4 hours per night; and politician Winston Churchill had periods throughout his life in which he would sleep 6 hours at night and take a short nap during the day. All of these people had great creativity and/or productivity despite the severe sleep restriction.4
Until the advent of brain imaging, scientists hypothesized that sleep deprivation causes decreased activation of certain areas in the brain, which in turn results in its negative consequences. Validating this hypothesis, some brain imaging studies5 show that a sleep-deprived brain has decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex. This area plays a role in vigilance, attention span, planning, judgment, verbal learning, and some aspects of memory.
Brain Imaging Study
A 2000 University of California at San Diego study has found that the brain can compensate for sleep deprivation. In the study, Drummond and associates5 took a baseline functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan of rested subjects while the subjects performed verbal memorization tasks. The researchers noted increased activation in the left prefrontal cortex, the left premotor area (located on the frontal lobe), and the speech center on the left temporal lobe. The subjects then underwent a 35-hour sleep deprivation period. Afterward, the researchers took a second fMRI scan as the now sleep-deprived subjects repeated the verbal memorization tasks. Since sleep deprivation usually reduces activation of the prefrontal cortex but verbal tasks increase activation, the researchers expected the area to be activated but at a lower-than-normal level. Instead, the second scan revealed that the prefrontal and parietal lobes were more activated than on the baseline fMRI, the temporal lobes were less active than on the baseline fMRI, and the left middle frontal gyrus and right inferior frontal gyrus (both gyri are part of the frontal lobe) were more activated than on the baseline fMRI.
They additionally noted that the more subjectively sleepy a person felt, the more activated was his prefrontal cortex. They suspect that this may be due to the effect of adenosine (a component of ribonucleic acid). Adenosine plays a role in energy regulation. The level of adenosine continues to rise the longer a person remains awake. Drummond and associates5 believe that the higher-than-normal activation of the prefrontal cortex during the verbal tasks is the attempt of a sleep-deprived brain to counteract adenosine-induced sleepiness.
They also found that some subjects performed a free recall verbal task better than other subjects after the sleep-deprivation period. A comparison of the brain scans revealed that the sleep-deprived subjects who had better recall had a greater activation of their parietal lobes. Drummond and associates believe that areas normally not activated in the parietal lobes during a rested state may become temporarily activated during sleep deprivation to help a person maintain certain aspects of memory—in this case, working memory (memory used in the processes of learning, reasoning, and comprehension).
Heightened Awareness
This shifting of activity in brain regions may contribute to heightened awareness during sleep deprivation. Normally, the parietal lobes reduce their activity with sleep deprivation. These lobes play a role in one's sense of self and spatial processing. Decreased activation of the lobes during sleep deprivation may in turn result in a decreased sense of self. With less of a sense of self, a person could sense that they are floating, have a sense of oneness with their surroundings, or have an experience with a higher power.
Although sleep deprivation can result in a depressed mood, it can ironically alleviate symptoms of depression temporarily in some depressed people, who are called "responders." Brain imaging studies on depressed "responders" show that they have higher activity than depressed "nonresponders" in the cingulate gyri and the amygdala. Both structures are part of the limbic system. The cingulate gyri (which lie above the corpus callosum) play a role in emotion and transient mood changes, and the amygdala (which lies in the tip of the temporal lobe) plays a role in one's sense of danger and doom. In "responders," sleep deprivation reduces the activity of these areas to the levels found in nondepressed people. Scientists believe it is this reduction that alleviates depression.
Brain Imaging Techniques
In recent years, brain imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and MRI have allowed scientists to directly and unobtrusively see what happens to the brain before, during, and after a period of sleep deprivation. This new look is prompting scientists to develop new views about sleep deprivation. Rather than seeing sleep deprivation as a thing to be avoided at all cost, scientists now see that alertness, productivity, and even creativity are possible on a severely restricted sleep schedule (polyphasic sleep). Rather than seeing everyone as "fatigue-vulnerable," scientists now know some people can naturally withstand the effects of sleep deprivation for longer periods of time than normal. Rather than seeing a sleep-deprived brain as having one neurological "look" (decreased activation of the prefrontal cortex), scientists now see that a sleep-deprived brain, by shifting its activation, can be dynamic in its ability to allow a person to perform needed activities. With changing views and new findings, scientists hope to use sleep deprivation to improve health and safety. For example, more investigations into depressed "responders" could prove helpful in the diagnosis or treatment of depression and other brain disorders; more experiments on polyphasic sleep may reveal how it can be effectively used in place of stimulant drugs now used to maintain alertness for long periods; and more studies that can precisely determine an individual's fatigue-vulnerability or fatigue-resistance before performing activities requiring long periods of alertness could help reduce accidents.
Regina Patrick, RPSGT, is a contributing writer for Sleep Review.
1. Caldwell JA, Smith JK, Caldwell JL, et al. United States Air Force Research Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate. Functional magnetic resonance imaging shows potential for predicting individual differences in fatigue vulnerability. Brooks City, Tex: Office of Public Affairs; 2004.
2. Stampi C. What you can do about sleep deprivation: lessons from around-the-world solo sailors. Available at: http://globalrph.healthology.com/globalrph/14912.htm. Accessed March 5, 2005.
3. Dinges DF, van Dongen HPA, Maislin G, et al. Countermeasures to neurobehavioral deficits from cumulative partial sleep deprivation during space flight. Available at: http://peer1.nasaprs.com/cfpro/
peer_review/ltb1_00.cfm?id=129. Accessed March 5, 2005.
4. Famous four hour sleepers. Available at: http://answers.google.com/answers/
threadview?id=2001. Accessed July 27, 2005.
5. Drummond SP, Brown, GG, Gillin JC, et al. Altered brain response to verbal learning following sleep deprivation. Nature. 2000;403:655-657.
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After being unsure on a target audience for our campaign, Sam and I decided it would be apropriate to carry out some research into this topic to try and find a general focus for the target audience. As the topic is served with a different opinion and view point from person to person PLOS ONE have come up with 6 target markets which are shown below, and could be worked with for this brief.
There are 6 main target audiences when global warming is concerned:
In brief, the Alarmed are the segment most engaged in the issue of global warming. They are very convinced it is happening, human-caused, and a serious and urgent threat. The Alarmed are already making changes in their own lives and support an aggressive national response.
The Concerned are also convinced that global warming is a serious problem, but while they support a vigorous national response, they are distinctly less involved in the issue, and less likely than the Alarmed to be taking personal action.
The Cautious also believe that global warming is a problem, although they are less certain that it is happening than the Alarmed or the Concerned. They don't view it as a personal threat, and don't feel a sense of urgency to deal with it through personal or societal actions.
The Disengaged haven't thought much about the issue. They are the segment most likely to say that they could easily change their minds about global warming, and they are the most likely to select the "don't know" option in response to every survey question about global warming where "don't know" was presented as an option.
The Doubtful are evenly split among those who think global warming is happening, those who think it isn't, and those who don't know. Many within this group believe that if global warming is happening, it is caused by natural changes in the environment, that it won't harm people for many decades into the future, if at all, and that America is already doing enough to respond to the threat.
Finally, the Dismissive, like the Alarmed, are actively engaged in the issue, but on the opposite end of the spectrum. The large majority of the people in this segment believe that global warming is not happening, is not a threat to either people or non-human nature, and is not a problem that warrants a personal or societal response.
Identifying Like-Minded Audiences for Global Warming Public Engagement Campaigns: An Audience Segmentation Analysis and Tool Development
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0017571
Full Article:
Achieving national reductions in greenhouse gas emissions will require public support for climate and energy policies and changes in population behaviors. Audience segmentation – a process of identifying coherent groups within a population – can be used to improve the effectiveness of public engagement campaigns.
Methodology/Principal Findings
In Fall 2008, we conducted a nationally representative survey of American adults (n = 2,164) to identify audience segments for global warming public engagement campaigns. By subjecting multiple measures of global warming beliefs, behaviors, policy preferences, and issue engagement to latent class analysis, we identified six distinct segments ranging in size from 7 to 33% of the population. These six segments formed a continuum, from a segment of people who were highly worried, involved and supportive of policy responses (18%), to a segment of people who were completely unconcerned and strongly opposed to policy responses (7%). Three of the segments (totaling 70%) were to varying degrees concerned about global warming and supportive of policy responses, two (totaling 18%) were unsupportive, and one was largely disengaged (12%), having paid little attention to the issue. Certain behaviors and policy preferences varied greatly across these audiences, while others did not. Using discriminant analysis, we subsequently developed 36-item and 15-item instruments that can be used to categorize respondents with 91% and 84% accuracy, respectively.
Conclusions/Significance
In late 2008, Americans supported a broad range of policies and personal actions to reduce global warming, although there was wide variation among the six identified audiences. To enhance the impact of campaigns, government agencies, non-profit organizations, and businesses seeking to engage the public can selectively target one or more of these audiences rather than address an undifferentiated general population. Our screening instruments are available to assist in that process.
Citation: Maibach EW, Leiserowitz A, Roser-Renouf C, Mertz CK (2011) Identifying Like-Minded Audiences for Global Warming Public Engagement Campaigns: An Audience Segmentation Analysis and Tool Development. PLoS ONE 6(3): e17571. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017571
Editor: Jon Moen, Umea University, Sweden
Received: March 10, 2010; Accepted: February 9, 2011; Published: March 10, 2011
Copyright: © 2011 Maibach et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was funded by the Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy; the Betsy and Jessie Fink Foundation; the 11th Hour Project; the Pacific Foundation; and by a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Investigator Award in Health Policy. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Global warming is a classic "wicked problem." [1] Wicked problems have no easy solutions in that they are beyond the capacity of any one organization to solve, and there is disagreement among organizations about both the causes and the best means by which to solve the problem[2]. Managing wicked problems requires working successfully within and across organizational boundaries, engaging citizens and other stakeholders in policy-making and implementation of those policies, and ultimately changing the behavior of groups of citizens or all citizens [2], [3].
Successfully mitigating and adapting to global warming will require significant modifications in public policy and population behavior [4]. Public engagement campaigns are an important strategy to encourage population behavior change and build support for appropriate public policies [5]–[8]. Many factors limit the success of engagement campaigns, however, some of them inherent (e.g., the myriad influences on human behavior that are largely beyond the reach of a communication campaign) [5], [7], [8] and others situational (e.g., the tendency of governments to prematurely terminate public engagement campaigns) [7], [9].
Although the research literature on global warming communication campaigns is relatively new and not yet well developed [5], [7], other fields including commercial marketing [10], social marketing [11], public health [12] and political science [13] offer considerable research on the attributes of effective public engagement campaigns. Audience segmentation is one of the methods widely supported in all of these diverse research literatures.
Audience segmentation is a process of identifying groups of people within a larger population who are homogeneous with regard to critical attributes (e.g., beliefs, behaviors, political ideology) that are most relevant to the objectives of a public engagement campaign (e.g., product sales, consumer boycotts, political participation) [14]. Audience segmentation research – conducted insightfully – provides organizations with an important strategic planning asset: empirical information about how best to focus the organization's limited resources, both human and financial, to advance its objectives [15]. For example, a smaller audience segment whose members are willing to behave in ways sought by the organization may be a more productive target than a larger, less predisposed audience segment.
The principal aim of our current research was to identify audience segments within the American adult population that could be considered as potential targets for global warming public engagement campaigns. The nature of the global warming public engagement challenge – i.e., the need to build public understanding and support for appropriate public policies, and to change the behavior of large numbers of people – necessitated that we adapt and extend previously used segmentation methods.
Specifically, there is strong precedent in the research literature for segmenting audiences based on what people are doing (i.e., behaviors) and why (i.e., motivations) [16]–[19]. That method is well suited to population behavior change campaigns (e.g., smoking cessation campaigns), but it largely ignores a second potential focus for global warming public engagement campaigns: building public understanding of and support for appropriate public policies. Here, we extend the method of segmenting audiences based on what people are doing and why to also include people's policy preferences as an additional dimension in the analysis.
The other aim of our research was to develop an easily implemented, survey-based identification tool that can be used to identify the audience segments in independent population samples with acceptable levels of accuracy. Such a tool will enable social science researchers and public engagement campaign planners to further study the audience segments identified in our research, and to test public engagement methods with them. We believe that both aims of our research were achieved.
We conducted a nationally representative survey of adults (n = 2,164) and used three major categories of variables as inputs into a segmentation analysis: global warming motivations, behaviors, and policy preferences. The global warming motivations category included two distinct sub-categories: beliefs about global warming and degree of involvement in the issue. We measured a total of 36 variables across these four categories (Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4). To maximize the practical value of the segmentation findings, we limited the analysis to five, six and seven segment solutions. As described in the Methods section below, we determined that the six-segment solution was optimal.
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Table 1. Global Warming Beliefs by Audience Segment.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017571.t001
Table 2. Global Warming Issue Involvement by Audience Segment.
Table 3. Global Warming and Energy Use Behaviors by Audience Segment.
Table 4. Preferred Societal Responses by Audience Segment.
The six identified segments – each of which was given a concise name to summarize its essential qualities – differ dramatically with regard to what they believe about global warming, how engaged they are with the issue, what they are doing about it, and what they would like to see American government officials, businesses, and citizens do about it. The six segments also differ dramatically with regard to size: the largest represents 33% of the U.S. adult population, and the smallest only 7% (Figure 1). These six audience segments represent a spectrum of concern and action about global warming, ranging from the Alarmed (18% of the population), to the Concerned (33%), Cautious (19%), Disengaged (12%), Doubtful (11%) and Dismissive (7%).
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Figure 1. Proportion of the U.S. adult population in the Six Americas.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017571.g001
Mean values for (or in the case of three variables, percent agreement with) each of the variables used in the segmentation analysis, by segment, are presented in Tables 1, 2, 3 and4. The between-segment differences on all of these variables, as ascertained by ANOVA or chi-square tests, were significant at p<.001. Additional profiling information about the audience segments – i.e., how the six segments differ with regard to a range of additional relevant beliefs, behaviors (including media use), values, and demographics – is available at:http://environment.yale.edu/climate/publications/global-warmings-six-americas-2009/.
To validate the predictive utility of these audience segments, we conducted four regression analyses using demographics (i.e., age, household income, gender, marital status, employment status, and race/ethnicity), political ideology, and segment membership as predictors of an outcome measure. A scale measuring support for nine specific potential federal greenhouse gas emission reduction policies was used as the outcome measure; these specific policy support measures are distinct from the preferred societal response measures used in the segmentation analysis, which are more general in nature (see Table 5). As shown in Table 6, demographics (Model 1, F = 2.8; p<.01), political ideology (Model 2, F = 267; p<.001) and segment status (Model 3, F = 1,411; p<.001) are each significant predictors of policy support when assessed in isolation of each other. Conversely, when assessed simultaneously (Model 4), demographic variables are not significant predictors, political ideology is a significant predictor with a moderately sized beta coefficient (B = .10; p<.001) and audience segment status is a significant predictor with a large beta coefficient (B = .60; p<.001). Audience segment alone explains as much variance in policy preferences (41%), as do demographics, political ideology and audience segment combined. We interpret these findings as validation of the predictive validity of the audience segmentation.
Table 5. Support for Emission Reduction Policies by Audience Segment.
Table 6. Policy Support Predicted by Socio-Demographics, Political Orientation & Audience Segment.
To enable identification of segment status with new, independent samples, we created an identification tool based on a linear discriminant function of all 36 variables used in the segmentation analysis. This identification tool – termed the "full discriminant model tool" – correctly classified 90.6% of the sample (ranging from 79 to 99% in the six segments; seeTable 7). We also developed a shorter, more practical 15-item identification tool by eliminating the 20 least predictive variables from the discriminant function. This short identification tool – termed the "reduced discriminant model tool" – when applied to our dataset, correctly classified 83.8% of the sample (ranging from 60 to 97% in the six segments).
Table 7. Prevalence of Audience Segments in 2008 Based on Three Methods of Identification.
With this research, we set out to identify and validate an audience segmentation system that can be used to inform global warming public engagement campaigns, and to develop easy-to-use survey-based identification tools that can be used to replicate our results with acceptable levels of accuracy. Both aims were achieved with a large representative sample.
To be useful in supporting public engagement campaigns, a market segmentation scheme must demonstrate five attributes: (1) segments must be distinct from one another, and members of each segment must be sufficiently similar to be effectively targeted by the same marketing strategy; (2) segments must have direct relevance to the campaign objectives being pursued; (3) segments must be large enough to justify the time and effort required to target them; (4) the segment status of individuals in the market must be identifiable; (5) the campaign organization – or organizations – must be capable of targeting one or more of the identified segments (which may involve making the necessary changes to its structure, information and decision-making systems) [19].
The audience segments we identified possess the first four of these five attributes. The six segments – all of which are substantial in size, and whose members can be identified with the tools we developed – are distinct from one another in ways that have direct bearing on efforts to promote global warming mitigation and adaptation. The last of these five attributes, ultimately, is demonstrated by whether or not campaign organizations find value in making campaign decisions using the segmentation system. In the following paragraphs, we briefly elaborate on how global warming campaign organizations might select among the six audiences identified.
Members of the Alarmed segment are a highly engaged and active audience, at least in their capacity as consumers (with the exception of their travel behavior, which is more-or-less similar to that of other segments). They have a strong demonstrated tendency to use their consumer purchasing power to reward businesses they believe are contributing to solutions, and punish businesses they believe are not. They are markedly less active in their role as citizens, however; only about one in four had contacted an elected official in the past year to urge them to take action to reduce global warming. Organizations seeking to promote policy advocacy – and possibly those seeking to modify people's travel behavior -- should consider targeting this audience.
Members of the Concerned segment are moderately engaged in the issue, but they are less active than are the Alarmed. As a result of their high prevalence in the population (1 out of every 3 adults), and their high stated intention to use their consumer purchasing power more frequently in the future to reward businesses they believe are contributing to solutions, organizations seeking to promote change through markets – rather than, or in addition to, change through public policy – should consider targeting this audience.
Members of the Cautious segment are only modestly engaged in the issue, and they don't appear ready to take action either as consumers or citizens. Organizations that are interested in expanding the number of Americans who are actively considering the issue of climate change (rather than attempting to change people's behavior, or develop support for policy responses) should consider targeting members of this audience. Narrative-based communication [20], and reframing the issue in terms of human health may be productive approaches [21].
Members of the Disengaged segment currently have no involvement in the issue. TheDisengaged stand apart from other segments in that they are less educated and have lower household incomes, both of which place them at higher than average risk of being harmed by global warming [22]. This is a difficult segment to reach using news media and other traditional science communication channels, both due to their current lack of interest and their financial challenges. Organizations seeking to engage members of the Disengaged must think creatively about how to make the issue more relevant for them. As with the Cautious segment, narrative-based communication, and reframing the issue in terms of human health may be productive approaches. Activating new voices to explain the relevance of climate change – such a health professionals [21], members of the faith community [23], and organizations serving low-income families – may be helpful as well.
Members of the Doubtful segment are important because – although they currently doubt that global warming is real or harmful, and are disinclined to support actions to address it – they remain open to learning more about this issue. Because the Doubtful tend to be politically conservative, organizations that have the ability to work effectively across the political spectrum should consider developing activities to further engage the Doubtful.
As a result of their strongly held belief that global warming is not happening or is not human caused, members of the Dismissive segment are highly involved in the issue as adamant opponents to taking any form of action against global warming. Like members of the Alarmedsegment, however, they are supportive of taking both personal and societal actions to reduce energy use. Thus, while they are likely not a productive audience for a global warming public engagement campaigns per se, they may be an attractive audience for energy-efficiency campaigns because they are receptive to such appeals.
It is important to note that the three classes of variables included in our segmentation – motivations, behaviors, and policy preferences – did not include structural and contextual factors (e.g., the availability of public transportation options, and local or state government incentives to reduce energy use) that previous research has shown to be important in influencing adoption of energy efficiency and conservation actions [24]. The implications of this decision are evident in the fact that the between segment differences on energy use and conservation actions are relatively small (albeit significant), whereas the between segment differences on global warming advocacy actions are more pronounced (see Table 3). Thus, this segmentation system is optimized for efforts to educate or engage the public about global warming per se, and less optimized for campaigns intended to promote changes in energy use behavior.
An integral part of strategic planning for a public engagement campaign involves selecting the target audiences that are the best fit for the organization's public engagement goals and resources [25]. Depending on their goals and resources, some organizations might be well served to focus their entire effort on a single target audience. Other organizations might be best served by targeting several audiences, if feasible. Regardless, campaigns that target specific audiences and tailor their materials accordingly are more likely to achieve their public engagement objectives than campaigns that do not [26].
For any given organization, the optimal target audiences are those that are likely to maximize the return on investment in campaign planning and execution. The three most relevant considerations in making that determination are the size of the audience segment, the likelihood that members of the segment will respond in the intended manner, and the organization's ability reach that segment with its current resources [27].
It remains to be seen whether or not organizations involved in global warming public engagement campaigns will be capable of – or interested in – targeting one or more of the identified segments in the ways we describe. A number science-based organizations – including science academies [28], science museums [29], and natural resource and conservation organizations – are currently considering their targeting and tailoring options using the audience segments identified. These developments may be evidence that the method possesses the final necessary attribute of utility: organizations must be capable of targeting one or more of the identified segments [19].
The "one size fits all" approach to global warming communication appears to be the default mode for most organizations, despite the fact that non-targeted approaches are at odds with best practices in campaign management [25]. National global warming education campaigns, for example, tend not to target well-defined audiences, but focus instead on the general public[9].
That non-targeted approaches remain common suggests that many organizations can't – or aren't willing to – bear the added costs of a targeted approach. Non-targeted campaigns are, without question, easier to implement than targeted campaigns. Segmenting and targeting multiple audiences can involve making changes to the organization's structure, information and decision-making systems [19]. At very least, a sustained effort to understand and engage more than one distinct target audience requires a campaign team to divide its planning and program development activities among each audience under consideration. A more intensive approach involves creating a campaign team to focus on each targeted audience [27]. These more intensive methods are common in consumer marketing organizations, yet they remain largely unknown or underutilized outside of the for-profit sector.
To monitor the stability of the audience segments identified in this research over time, we used the 36-item tool on three subsequent national surveys conducted in 2009 and 2010. Pronounced shifts in the size of the segments were evident across the three years of these surveys; for example, the Alarmed segment contracted sharply and the Dismissive segment grew markedly between fall 2008 and late 2009, but both regressed somewhat toward their prior sizes by mid-2010 [30]. We are currently exploring the reasons for these shifts, but our preliminary investigations suggest that meaningful exogenous factors – including a pronounced downturn in the economy, negative media coverage associated with the illegal release of email between climate scientists which became known as "Climategate," and escalation of industry funded global warming denial campaigns [31] – were responsible for the shifts rather than inherent instability in the segmentation method. Indeed, two of these national surveys were conducted within one month of each other [30], [32]. Results from these surveys show only small differences between segment sizes when they are measured more-or-less contemporaneously: Alarmed, 13 vs. 14%; Concerned, 28 vs. 31%; Cautious, 24 vs. 23%; Disengaged, 10 vs. 10%; Doubtful, 12 vs. 12%; and Dismissive, 12 vs. 11%.
Our 15- and 36-item survey-based audience segment identification tools – as well as SAS & SPSS syntax to process the data – are available at:http://www.climatechangecommunication.org/SixAmericasManual.cfm. We encourage global warming campaign organizations and social science researchers to examine and evaluate them for their potential utility. To assess the robustness of this method to cultural and other contexts, we particularly encourage social science researchers to adapt these tools and assess their validity in nations other than the U.S.
In September through October of 2008, we conducted a nationally representative survey of American adults using KnowledgePanel, an online panel operated by Knowledge Networks. Recruited nationally using random-digit dialing (RDD) telephone methodology, KnowledgePanel is representative of the U.S. population. The panel tracks closely the December 2007 Current Population Survey (published jointly by the U.S. Census Bureau and the Bureau of Labor Statistics) on age, race, Hispanic ethnicity, geographic region, employment status, and other demographic variables.
The length of our questionnaire – a 50-minute completion time for the average respondent – exceeded what most respondents are willing to answer in a single session. As a result, we divided the content of the instrument into two separate questionnaires. An invitation to participate in the first survey was emailed to 3,997 randomly selected panel members. A total of 2,496 completed the questionnaires, a 62% cooperation rate. Two weeks after administration of the first survey was ended, respondents to the first survey received an invitation to participate in the second survey. Completed questionnaires were received from 2,164 respondents, an 87% cooperation rate, leading to an overall 54% within panel completion rate for the study. The period of administration for each survey – from invitation to termination of data collection – was approximately 10 days, during which one reminder email was sent to non-respondents.
To reduce the effects of any non-response and non-coverage bias in the overall panel membership, a post-stratification adjustment was applied using demographic distributions from the most recent data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). Benchmark distributions for Internet Access among the U.S. population of adults are obtained from KnowledgePanel recruitment data since this measurement is not collected as part of the CPS. The post-stratification variables were: Gender (Male/Female); Age (18–29, 30–44, 45–59, and 60+); Race/Hispanic ethnicity (White/Non-Hispanic, Black/Non-Hispanic, Other/Non-Hispanic, 2+ Races/Non-Hispanic, Hispanic); Education (Less than High School, High School, Some College, Bachelor and beyond); Census Region (Northeast, Midwest, South, West); Metropolitan Area (Yes, No); Internet Access (Yes, No).
We measured a total of 306 variables with the two instruments; 36 of those variables were used in the audience segmentation analysis. Specifically, the 36 items were developed to assess four categories of global warming- and energy-related constructs: global warming beliefs (Table 1), global warming issue involvement (Table 2), global warming and energy efficiency and conservation behaviors (Table 3), and preferred societal response to global warming (Table 4). An index of support for nine specific federal greenhouse gas reduction policies was constructed and used to assess the validity of the segmentation results (Table 5).
Segmentation Analysis
To identify the audience segments, the 36 variables were subjected to Latent Class Analysis using LatentGold 4.5 software [33], [34]. LCA is a modeling technique for analyzing case level data with the objective of identifying groups of respondents (segments or latent classes) with similar characteristics. LCA assigns cases into clusters using model-based posterior membership probabilities estimated by maximum likelihood methods. One advantage of LCA is it can handle nominal, ordinal, and continuous variables as well as any combination of these[33]. In addition, unlike cluster analysis, LCA is not highly sensitive to missing data. Respondents with 80% or more complete data on the 36 variables were included in the analysis; this resulted in a sample size of 2,129 for modeling purposes.
The 36 variables in our model were a mixture of ordinal and nominal variables. We submitted five, six, and seven segment solutions to the analyses. One potential problem in estimating latent class models is the possibility of obtaining a local maximum solution rather than a globally-based solution: an estimation algorithm may converge on a local maximum solution, which is the best solution in a neighborhood of the parameter space, but not necessarily the best global maximum. As models become more complex this problem increases. To guard against local maximum solutions, the estimation algorithm should be run several times with different parameter start values. Thus, to address this issue and to ensure the validity and stability of the findings, we conducted the analyses using 5,000 random sets of start values and replicated each solution to ensure model stability. All three models (5-, 6-, and 7-segments) replicated exactly. The three models had similar fit statistics (see Table 8). We examined the profile data for all three models and determined that the six-segment solution offered the highest face validity. Although the seven-segment solution had slightly lower fit statistics (which indicates a better model fit), the difference was small and the six segments described above were more interpretable.
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Table 8. Model Fit Statistics.
To create an easy-to-use tool for others to categorize survey respondents in new, independent samples, we created a linear discriminant function using the output from the Latent Class Analysis. In contrast to Latent Class Analysis, discriminant analysis does not permit missing data. We therefore used mean substitution for missing data, and then applied this linear function using all 36 variables to our data set. The 36 variable linear function correctly classified 90.6% of the sample (ranging from 79 to 99% in the six segments; see Table 7). Elsewhere in this paper we refer to the 36-variable linear function as the "full discriminant model tool."
Brief Screening Tool Development
To develop a shorter – and therefore more easily used – screening questionnaire capable of classifying members of independent samples into the six audience segments with 80% accuracy or better, we eliminated the 21 least predictive variables from the discriminant function. The resultant 15-item "brief" screening instrument, when applied to our dataset, correctly classifies 83.8% of the sample (ranging from 60 to 97% in the six segments; seeTable 7). Elsewhere in this paper we refer to the 15-variable linear function as the "reduced discriminant model tool."
Validation of the Segments
To validate that the segments account for variance in important measures above and beyond variance accounted for by other common explanatory measures, we conducted a series of linear regressions. The dependent measure for these analyses was an index of support for a series of nine federal policies that, if enacted, should reduce national levels of greenhouse gas emissions. Responses to each of these questions were combined into a simple index; the Cronbach's alpha for this policy support scale was 0.86.
In the first analysis, the demographic variables of age, gender, income, education, marital status, work status, and race were regressed against the GHG reduction policy support measure. In the second analysis, a five-point political ideology scale (very liberal, somewhat liberal, moderate, somewhat conservative, very conservation) was added into the regression. In the final analysis, audience segment status was added into the regression.
Human Subjects Approval and Informed Consent
This research was approved by the Human Subjects Review Board at George Mason University and Yale University. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in this research.
Labels: OUGD503 COLLABORATIVE, OUGD503 RESPONSIVE


Tucked in by the French-Italian border, Val d'Isère is one of Europe's most renowned, elite winter sports resorts. This Tarentaise Valley setting is superb for stretching cinematic scenes – plus it isn't far from the airports. It's just over 220km from Geneva and Lyon, and Turin's only 150km away.
Enter the epic powder fields of acclaimed Val d'Isère for some of the best skiing and snowboarding in the region. There are endless slopes with mountain views, so you'll be properly catered for whatever your skill level. Among world-class runs, traditional timber chalets and a luxury nightlife scene, you'll really feel at the epicentre of something special.
Starting out? Get going on the green runs and quickly progress to the reds, blues and daring blacks. Val d'Isère gets a gold medal for amazing slopes – some were even set up especially for the Olympics and World Cup! The Bellevarde Face is a wild black run designed for the 1992 games. The Espace Killy area is huge, too, offering even more acres to avid skiers.
If you're a keen snowboarder, get your kicks in the Oakley ValPark. There are half-pipes and quarter-pipes, with huge moguls and tricky couloirs. Big air is totally guaranteed here – it's a nerve-shredding playground for freestylers!
You won't go without entertainment off the slopes either. If your stomachs rumble mid-ski, grab a quick lunchtime bite in the North-American food joint up by the new gondola. But the chic vibe of Val d'Isère really snaps into action as the sun goes down. Among the restaurants, there are French bistros and traditional pizzerias, as well as pubs and clubs keeping the night young. Check out the concerts at the church and awesome winter festivals.
There are so many runs to choose from, tailored for every level of ability.
Luxurious resort with a very exclusive feel.
Olympic and World Cup-standard slopes for skiers and snowboarders.


Marta Vanduzer Snow is 35 years young American lady. Marta grew up in Boston and was living in New York City for around 10 years before she moved to India in 2012. Her life and works are truly inspirational for every woman in the world. In two villages of Uttar Pradesh, Raebareli, and Amethi, Marta has built 82 low-cost evapotranspiration toilets in homes and 1 in a school, one 10 feet wide and 400 feet long permeable road. She has also executed many other projects in the fields of education, healthcare, and infrastructures like food, water, power, and transport. Marta has done all these without any help from any NGO or government aid with her personal money. Interestingly, all these at one-third of the cost of the similar governmental projects in these villages.
"I spent my 20s thinking and working for social change from a desk, as a researcher, and at a policy level. These past few years, working with my hands, seeing what has been made at the end of the day is its own, is an incredibly special reward. The contribution made from a day's work is clear. I first came to India in 2004 for a book project; it was an honor and tremendous privilege to learn from some of India's leading minds. Years later, knowing I wanted to develop this idea, I thought India would be the perfect place", says Marta. She was a full-time Ph.D. student where life was more centered around classrooms and her books.
Anyone can be curious to know why Marta has come all the way from America to build toilets and roads in the Indian villages..
"I could do very little back home compared to what I am doing and can do, here in India due to the dollar value. India gives me the opportunity to touch people's lives in a much greater scale. So I just packed my bags and moved. I feel it's irrelevant where, but as long as I can do my bit of contribution to make this world a better place to live in, I think my job is done", Marta says with dreams in her eyes.
She has spent a lot of money on these developmental work so far. But she doesn't want to reveal how much she has spent till now "I don't want to reveal that part of the story. Let that number be with me. I feel my purpose will be lost if I answer that question to anyone. What's important to me is whether my work is impacting the lives of the people around here or not", she says with enthusiasm. The impact of the work she is doing will last forever.
Marta's sincere work has directly impacted the lives of 82 families in 2 villages of Uttar Pradesh.
The cost of one such evapotranspiration toilets is around Rs.9,900, whereas the cost of a government bio-toilet built under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan which is somewhere around Rs.20,000.
Under this project, Marta Vanduzer Snow has also installed 27 solar power panels, including two street lights and one mobile charger. She also got French drains built with rainwater harvesting techniques and has been working on Mycofiltration systems for potable water.
The response she received from the people around has been incredibly supportive. Of course not everyone, all the time. What they've been able to make on the ground, and even documenting that work, has been because of a series of collaborations with people here in India and abroad.
"When we needed volunteers to run the community libraries, 40 young women came forward to the local girls inter-college. I'm not sure how to articulate how that felt. It is only with all this support that we've been able to produce anything", says an overwhelmed Marta.
Marta's crowdfunding project has to raise the estimated fund of $8,745. She will utilize this fund for her planned developmental works in the village. Anyone of you or your friends can help many families of an Indian village to lead a better life. Even a small contribution can make a big impact. You may contribute whatever little amount you may like to contribute to her crowdfunding campaign and help Marta raise the required amount to extend her work to more villages in the area.
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alejandro gonzález iñárritu wrote: Dunkirk is not Nolan's best effort.
I predict Rotten Tomatoes will continue to be bad for film fans, film critics, filmmakers, and film.
Easy to say when you don't have 4 Academy Awards.


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Q: Why doesn't Horizontal scrollbar visible all the time  https://libbyhealth.com/%d7%94%d7%a0%d7%97%d7%95%d7%aa-%d7%95%d7%9e%d7%91%d7%a6%d7%a2%d7%99%d7%9d/
In this page,There is a table. On mobile view I wanted to add a horizontal scrollbar indicator, So that people can understand that is horizontally scrollable. I added, overflow-x: scroll on my table but it doesn't work.
It only shows the indecator on the bottom whenever it scroll. But cant able to show that indecator all the time.

A: It is at the bottom because of the height of that table. If you set the height to like 500px and change your overflow-x: scroll to overflow: scroll you will see a scroll bar to scroll up and down, as well as a scroll bar to scroll left and right. But thats actually not a good way.
I would recommend to think of a diffrent way of indicating that people can scroll. Maybe changing the table itself (diffrent type of table, smaller font size, etc.)


How do I install the Universal USB Installer in my Ubuntu 16.04 laptop?
Can't install Ubuntu on the volume I want.
Booting Windows makes bad superblock?
upgrading 14.04 to 16.04: sorry ubuntu, you are doing something wrong.
[xubuntu] Using daily cdimage.ubuntu iso file?
[ubuntu] edited the etc/default/grub file on a friends computer ... will it survive updates?
Desktop 16.10 download has corrupted file!
[SOLVED] apt update fails in several ways.
[ubuntu] Creating Windows 10 Bootable USB within Ubuntu 16.04.
Change OS from 32 bits to 64 bits ?
[ubuntu] Why do I got the error trying to install Ubuntu from USB ?
[all variants] how do i reinstall ubuntu from 32bit to 64bit?
[SOLVED] Ops! i've istalled ubuntu.amd on a intel laptop!!
Is it safe to remove libatk-adaptor ?
[ubuntu] Trying to create a custom Ubuntu USB Drive.
Will chroot from 16.04 to 14.04 restore GRUB correctly?
How do you install boot-repair on it's own flash drive instead of a disk?
Upgrade to Yakkety Yak failed.
[SOLVED] Fresh Install 16.04 Issues.
[ubuntu] Clean install of 16.10 Desktop hangs at "Configuring update-notifier-common"
[ubuntu] Updated 16.04 and now stuck in login loop.
Elantech trackpad does not work. Worked initially at boot up a few times.
[server] Best way to upgrade production 10.04 server?
Is migrating from windows still as hard as it used to be?
How to "not upgrade certain things"
[SOLVED] My Partitions are a mess. . .
How to avoid filling /boot on encrypted installation of ubuntu 16.04?
[SOLVED] Replace W10 with Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.
Boot-Repair asking for 64bit version on 32bit machine.
[ubuntu] LTS 14.04: How do I get rid of GRUB?
[SOLVED] Problem with installation possibly related to graphics card.
Unable to install ubuntu,i cant see my HDD!
[SOLVED] Grub unable to recognize any OS.
[SOLVED] Ubuntu Software application loader doesn't work.
[SOLVED] How can I resize Windows 7 partition so I have room to install Ubuntu?
[ubuntu] Ubuntu can't download module?
[SOLVED] 16.04.1 won't install to 8.1 GB usb thumb drive. Says it needs 8.5 GB minimum.
[SOLVED] Possible causes for draggy Updates?
[UbuntuGnome] Installing on fakeRAID or SoftwareRAID fails. Single SSD install stuck after login!
Having trouble booting ubuntu studio from external hhd.


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The Fight for Small Businesses in Collin County During the COVID-19 Crisis
by Alexandra Cronin March 26, 2020 May 14, 2020
Courtesy of Lyla's Facebook page
When Meagan Wauters, the owner of Lyla's: Clothing, Decor & More, walked into her store for the first time since COVID-19 had forced a temporary shut down, she cried. The store, named to honor her grandmothers, has been her dream for a long time, and April 12 will mark three years in the heart of downtown Plano. This year, she had to tell her employees that she couldn't make a work schedule for the month of April. The anniversary will pass quietly.
"There is a lot of uncertainty and fear," she says. "But our loyal customers have been shopping online and telling their friends. Our engagement on social media has been up too. I don't think people realize how much a 'like' or comment means right now."
Marta Gómez Frey is the director of the Collin County branch of the Small Business Development Center, and normally, her job is hopeful. Usually, the SBDC helps advise small businesses on how to create manageable growth, apply for loans, add employees, and deal in the day to day. Of the roughly 30,000 small businesses in Collin County, 500 to 600 of them are clients.
The best part of her work, Frey says, is seeing someone come in with a dream, and making it into a reality.
But Frey says she has never seen a crisis quite like this one.
As the threat of COVID-19 builds, many counties in Texas have ordered citizens to shelter in place, closing all nonessential businesses in an effort to slow its spread. This week in Collin County, Judge Chris Hill also implemented a shelter-in-place order, though he did not order nonessential businesses to close. One day later, Denton County Judge Andy Eads announced that residents are ordered to stay at home as of 11:59 p.m. March 25, except to perform essential activities, work to provide essential business and government services, or perform essential public infrastructure construction, including housing.
"All social events must stop. Period. That alone will have the greatest impact on our community," Eads said, adding that it was critical to ensuring that local hospitals don't become flooded with COVID-19 cases.
Results from a recent McKinney Chamber of Commerce survey reveal that 81 percent of the city's businesses expect a drop in revenue. In response, 55 percent will be cutting back on spending, and 47 percent are reducing their staff temporarily. (Hopefully.) In addition, 74 percent of local businesses are making changes to their day-to-day operations.
Of course, not everyone is suffering the same plight. On March 23, Domino's Pizza put out a help-wanted ad for 1,800 new delivery drivers, customer service representatives, and managers in the DFW metroplex alone.
By the time COVID-19 abates, it's inevitable that a large population of small, neighborhood businesses will be closed permanently.
"We are definitely seeing a lot of businesses panicking—and rightfully so," Frey says. "Some are shutting downs; others are seeing it in the foreseeable future. Restaurants and bars are told by the county to shut down, or not have people inside of them."
Looking beyond simply the economy, even mental and physical health is being affected.
Business owners call Frey, asking for ways to reduce costs and save money, wondering what to tell employees they must lay off, and how to ask for loan payment deferment. She recommends that business owners look into the SPA loan disaster program. Gov. Greg Abbott announced this week that Texas has received approval of emergency designation by the Small Business Administration. Small businesses may visit sba.gov/disaster to apply for long-term, low-interest loans to help cover general obligations like payroll and other expenses.
Frey recommends business owners find ways to collaborate with those who would normally be competitors. She also suggests they go to their landlords and see if they'll defer rent. "They may be hurting just as much as you are, but something is better than nothing," she says.
Local chambers of commerce in Plano, Frisco, and McKinney are available, offering social media groups where small business owners can discuss their situation with others, giving advice and assistance where they can. McKinney Chamber of Commerce has posted resources like A Quick Start Guide to Running Your Business Remotely.
Often, however, business owners call Frey simply to talk to someone.
"Overall, it's a very sobering time," Frey says. "We aren't just business owners; we're people. We have kids and older parents. We are worrying about lots of different things [right now]."
Every employee, she explains, might have children that are home from school and need care. Perhaps people aren't able to go to their houses of worship. Some may be unable to visit grandparents in retirement homes. The threads of daily life have been utterly disrupted.
Some businesses, like Lyla's, a clothing and home decor boutique also approaching its three year anniversary in downtown Plano, are asking customers to call in orders for curbside pickup or browse their boutiques online and have purchases shipped to them. Lyla's has also begun running merchandise shows on Facebook Live.
Plano Local Konnor McClain Wins All-Around Title In U.S. Gymnastics Championship
H-E-B Is Bringing Jobs To Plano, Texas And Beyond
Plano Dentist Pleaded Guilty To COVID-19-Related Fraud
Tagged: Collin Small Business Development Center, coronavirus, downtown plano, heros, small business


text:
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Use of intralipid in the management of recurrent implantation failure: An overview
Lubna Khan1, Viquar Fatima Qureshi1, Tahira Jabeen1, Shoeb Qureshi2
1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Guard Health Affairs, Kind Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
2 Department of Research, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Date of Web Publication 20-Jun-2018
Shoeb Qureshi
Department of Research, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Kind Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh
DOI: 10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_246_17
Recurrent embryo implantation failure is a disorder with potentially dreadful physiological and psychological manifestations for those who are affected. Embryo implantation and formation of a functional placenta are processes that require a plethora of regulatory mechanisms involving both maternal and embryonic cells. In the ensuing overview, an attempt is made to understand (1) the pathophysiology of recurrent unexplained implantation failure (2) the available evidence for the two popular treatment modalities, i.e., intravenous immune globulin and intralipid, (3) the limitation of current available data, (4) the pathophysiology and immunomodulatory treatment options for recurrent implantation failure to address the pathological, psychological, and financial distress, and associated impact on couple's quality of life.
Keywords: Intralipid, intravenous immune globulin, natural killer cells, recurrent implantation failure, reproductive immunology
Khan L, Qureshi VF, Jabeen T, Qureshi S. Use of intralipid in the management of recurrent implantation failure: An overview. J Nat Sc Biol Med 2018;9:111-4
Khan L, Qureshi VF, Jabeen T, Qureshi S. Use of intralipid in the management of recurrent implantation failure: An overview. J Nat Sc Biol Med [serial online] 2018 [cited 2020 Jan 18];9:111-4. Available from: http://www.jnsbm.org/text.asp?2018/9/2/111/234725
Repeated implantation failure (RIF) is determined when transferred embryos fail to implant following several in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment cycles.[1] However, there are no formal criteria defining the number of failed cycles or the total number of embryos transferred in these IVF attempts. Accordingly, different fertility centers practicing IVF may use different definitions for RIF. Considering the current success rate of IVF treatments and the mean number of embryos transferred in each cycle, Simon and Laufer [2] recommended defining RIF as failure of implantation in at least three consecutive IVF attempts, in which 1–2 embryos of high-grade quality are transferred in each cycle.
Any abnormality attributed to the embryo, the endometrium or the immune system will result in implantation failure.[2] Therefore, treatment of RIF should be targeted to the abnormality detected, and the correction of any potential malfunction that might contribute to the failure of implantation.
Implantation failure will contribute to patient anxiety and increase the couple's psychological distress and have emotional and financial impact on their life.[3] Clinicians are trying to find a solution to overcome this barrier and to have more information about the pathophysiology to find the best possible treatment option.
It is been postulated that abnormal immunological response, human leukocyte antigen incompatibility between couples, the absence of maternal leukocytotoxic antibodies or the absence of maternal-blocking antibodies as a contributory factor in RIF. Growth factors are important for regulating a variety of cellular processes. Growth factors typically act as signaling molecules between cells. Examples are cytokines and hormones that bind to specific receptors on the surface of their target cells.
Cytokines are immune molecules that control both immune and other cells. Cytokine responses are generally characterized either as T-helper-1 (Th-1) type, with production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 2, interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha, or as T-helper-2 (Th-2) type, with production of the anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukins 4, 6, and 10. It was found that women with recurrent unexplained implantation failure have imbalance TH1/TH2 response.[4]
Uterine natural killer (uNK) cells may play a role in trophoblastic invasion and angiogenesis in addition to being an important component of the local maternal immune response to pathogens.
NK cells are found in peripheral blood and the uterine mucosa. Peripheral blood NK cells are phenotypically and functionally different from uNK cells. It has been suggested that uNK cells may play a role in trophoblastic invasion and angiogenesis in addition to being an important component of the local maternal immune response to pathogens. High dose of intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) has been used for patient who shares same human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles with their partners.[5]
The infusion of 20% intralipid solution has been suggested to improve outcomes in women with RIF.[2] It has been implied that intralipid, administered intravenously, may enhance implantation and maintenance of pregnancy in the patient with abnormal NK cell levels or function.
We reviewed the current available evidence through Medline database regarding the use of intralipid mainly, to understand its efficacy and proven benefit for routine recommendation of its use.
Pathophysiology of repeated implantation failure
The immune system has been highlighted for its major role in the process of implantation and in the subsequent maintenance of pregnancy.[6] One idea is that a conception must be recognized as nonself to trigger immunological processes that prevent the maternal immune system from rejecting it. The HLA compatibility system plays a role in this recognition and couples that share common HLA alleles may experience higher rates of RIF.[7] However, it is not at all clear how an "inadequate" response of the maternal immune system to stimulation by paternal antigens, due to HLA sharing, might be implicated in implantation failure. Advocates of abnormal immune responses point to studies suggesting that systemic cytokine concentrations are altered in patients with RIF and propose that this involves the imbalance of TH1:TH2 responses.
Although it is not known whether altered cytokine responses are generated systemically or locally in the decidua where maternal leukocytes encounter allogeneic extravillous trophoblasts. What is clear is that extravillous trophoblasts express a unique combination of class 1 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules including HLA-C and the nonpolymorphic polymorphic HLA-E, and HLA-G molecules. These are believed to perform immunoregulatory functions associated with local maternal tolerance to the extravillous trophoblasts within the decidua.[8] However, to date, there is no proven mechanism described in humans by which these MHC molecules might be involved in implantation failure through a failure to regulate T-cell responses either systemically or locally in the decidua.[9] The rationale for any therapy based on modulating maternal T-cell responses to fetal alloantigen thus remains unclear.
It has been suggested that uNK cells may play a role in trophoblastic invasion and angiogenesis in addition to being an important component of the local maternal immune response to pathogens. NK cells are found in peripheral blood and the uterine mucosa. Peripheral blood NK cells are phenotypically and functionally different from uNK cells. It has been suggested that uNK cells may play a role in trophoblastic invasion and angiogenesis in addition to being an important component of the local maternal immune response to pathogens.[10]
Intravenous immunoglobulin in the management of repeated implantation failure
High-dose IVIG administration has been found to benefit patients with RIF who share HLA alleles with their partner. The number of shared alleles justifying the administration of IVIG treatment has not been determined. One study demonstrated an improvement in patients with as few as one shared allele. Treatment consisted of 30 g of IVIG before embryo transfer and a second similar dose when a fetal heart rate was noticed.[7] Other studies in which IVIG was administered to patients reported to have abnormal cytokine profiles have reported benefits, but patient numbers were limited. As the authors themselves state: "Prospective controlled studies (preferably double-blind, stratified, and randomized) are needed for confirmation.[11] In the absence of clear evidence of efficacy or understanding of which patient groups might benefit, empirical treatment of patients with IVIG is not recommended due to lack of large randomized controlled trials."
Intralipid in the management of repeated implantation failure
Intralipid is a 20% intravenous fat emulsion that is usually used as a source of fat and calories for patients requiring parenteral nutrition. Intralipid consists of soybean oil as well as egg yolk phospholipids, glycerin, and water. In a small and still unpublished nonrandomized trial, presented at a scientific meeting in the UK.[2] A 50% pregnancy rate and 46% clinical pregnancy rate were achieved in patients with RIF who had an elevated TH1 cytokine response. Intralipid infusion was administered once between days 4 and 9 of ovarian stimulation, and again within 7 days of a positive pregnancy test. This alteration of TH1:TH2 cytokine activity ratio, which decreased in all cases, appeared to correlate with the successful outcome that resulted. The mechanism by which intralipid modulates the immune system is still unclear. It has been postulated that fatty acids within the emulsion serve as ligands to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors expressed by the NK cells. Activation of such nuclear receptors has been shown to decrease NK cytotoxic activity, enhancing implantation.[12]
When comparing the effect of IVIG and intralipid on NK cell activity and trophoblasts activation, no difference was found in the two studies.[13] Chazara et al.[14] also observed no difference in pregnancy outcome after intralipid or IVIG administration in women with a history of reproductive failure and elevated NK cytotoxicity. Moreover, immunotherapy for the treatment of reproductive failure only benefits those with immunologic dysfunction.
As far as intralipid administration is concerned, there are conflicting evidences available regarding the efficacy and proven benefit in women with recurrent implantation failure, while some states that the activation of decidual NK cell by MHC ligands on trophoblasts has beneficial effect on pregnancy outcome.[15] However, Shreeve and Sadek [16] found that large-scale confirmatory studies are still necessary to prove the efficacy of intralipid before it should be recommended for routine use.
Dakhly et al.[17] performed an RTC as well to investigate the efficacy of intralipid administration in patient with recurrent implantation failure and elevated NK cell activity and found out no increase in chemical pregnancy rates.
Check and Check [18] stopped his study prematurely after 10 maternal cycle because of no clinical pregnancies achieved in those who received intralipid versus 40% clinical and a 30% live birth rate in untreated controls. This study had some limitations because they included only advanced maternal age group (40–42 years), perhaps he founds this therapy detrimental to this age group.
In the recent clinical guidelines, RCOG states that there is a paucity of available data and evidence to recommend routine measurement of cytokine level in patients with recurrent implantation failure. There is no agreed protocol for time and duration of treatment. We need to have strong clinical evidence before subjecting our patients to this treatment option. It should be noted that the largest study Bombell and McGuire [19] examining the relationship between uNK cell numbers and future pregnancy outcome reported that raised uNK cell numbers in women with recurrent miscarriage was not associated with an increased risk of miscarriage. Recent green top guideline for recurrent miscarriage said testing for uNK cells should not be offered routinely in the investigation of recurrent miscarriage.[20]
Psychological impact of repeated implantation failure on the patient
There is significant, and often unrecognized, psychological and psychiatric trauma for the mother – for many, miscarriage represents the loss of a future child, of motherhood, and engenders doubts regarding her ability to procreate.[21] Studies have shown that a significant percentage of women experience grief, depression, and anxiety and that there is an increased risk of major depressive disorder following a miscarriage. The psychological effects can persist for 6 months to 3 years and tend to deepen with additional miscarriages.[22]
In fact, the most effective therapy for patients with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss is often the most simple: antenatal counseling and psychological support. These measures have been shown to have subsequent pregnancy success rates of 86% as compared to 33% provided with no additional antenatal care.[23]
One active research question is the possibility that abnormal maternal immune responses to paternal antigens may contribute to implantation failure. There is currently considerable confusion about the possible role of altered T-cell responses in patients with RIF. Some studies report changes in so-called TH1:TH2 cytokines in peripheral blood and on the basis of this suggest benefits from IVIG or intralipid infusions in such patients. However, the definition of which patients might benefit and the actual efficacy of such treatments have not been subjected to large-scale rigorous double-blind trials and thus remain largely unproven. This must be weighed against the significant costs and risks for the patients undertaking such treatments. Similarly, preliminary results using intralipid infusion to support implantation are encouraging. However, the real benefit of such treatment in patients with increased NK cytotoxic activity experiencing RIF has not yet been proven in large-scale randomized controlled studies.
Madkour WA, Moawad A. Does sequential embryo transfer improve pregnancy rate in patients with repeated implantation failure? A randomized control study. Middle East Fertil Soc J 2015;20:255-61.
Simon A, Laufer N. Assessment and treatment of repeated implantation failure (RIF). J Assist Reprod Genet 2012;29:1227-39.
Rockliff HE, Lightman SL, Rhidian E, Buchanan H, Gordon U, Vedhara K, et al. Asystematic review of psychosocial factors associated with emotional adjustment in in vitro fertilization patients. Hum Reprod Update 2014;20:594-613.
Berger A. Th1 and Th2 responses: What are they? BMJ 2000;321:424.
Sharma S. Natural killer cells and regulatory T cells in early pregnancy loss. Int J Dev Biol 2014;58:219-29.
Singh M, Chaudhry P, Asselin E. Bridging endometrial receptivity and implantation: Network of hormones, cytokines, and growth factors. J Endocrinol 2011;210:5-14.
Elram T, Simon A, Israel S, Revel A, Shveiky D, Laufer N, et al. Treatment of recurrent IVF failure and human leukocyte antigen similarity by intravenous immunoglobulin. Reprod Biomed Online 2005;11:745-9.
Dahl M, Hviid TV. Human leucocyte antigen class Ib molecules in pregnancy success and early pregnancy loss. Hum Reprod Update 2012;18:92-109.
Trowsdale J, Betz AG. Mother's little helpers: Mechanisms of maternal-fetal tolerance. Nat Immunol 2006;7:241-6.
Lash GE, Otun HA, Innes BA, Percival K, Searle RF, Robson SC, et al. Regulation of extravillous trophoblast invasion by uterine natural killer cells is dependent on gestational age. Hum Reprod 2010;25:1137-45.
Winger EE, Reed JL, Ashoush S, El-Toukhy T, Ahuja S, Taranissi M, et al. Elevated preconception CD56+16+and/or Th1: Th2 levels predict benefit from IVIG therapy in subfertile women undergoing IVF. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011;66:394-403.
Roussev RG, Acacio B, Ng SC, Coulam CB. Duration of intralipid's suppressive effect on NK cell's functional activity. Am J Reprod Immunol 2008;60:258-63.
Allahbadia GN. Intralipid infusion is the current favorite of gynecologists for immunotherapy. J Obstet Gynaecol India 2015;65:213-7.
Coulam CB, Acacio B. Does immunotherapy for treatment of reproductive failure enhance live births? Am J Reprod Immunol 2012;67:296-304.
Chazara O, Xiong S, Moffett A. Maternal KIR and fetal HLA-C: A fi ne balance. J Leukoc Biol 2011;90:703-16.
Shreeve N, Sadek K. Intralipid therapy for recurrent implantation failure: New hope or false dawn? J Reprod Immunol 2012;93:38-40.
Dakhly DM, Bayoumi YA, Sharkawy M, Gad Allah SH, Hassan MA, Gouda HM, et al. Intralipid supplementation in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion and elevated levels of natural killer cells. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2016;135:324-7.
Check JH, Check DL. Intravenous intralipid therapy is not beneficial in having a live delivery in women aged 40-42 years with a previous history of miscarriage or failure to conceive despite embryo transfer undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2016;43:14-5.
Bombell S, McGuire W. Cytokine polymorphisms in women with recurrent pregnancy loss: Meta-analysis. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2008;48:147-54.
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). The investigation and treatment of couples with recurrent first-trimester and second-trimester miscarriage. Green-top Guideline No. 17; April, 2011.
Lok IH, Neugebauer R. Psychological morbidity following miscarriage. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2007;21:229-47.
Jeve YB, Neugebauer R. Evidence-based management of recurrent miscarriages. J Hum Reprod Sci 2014;7:159-69.
Ford HB, Schust DJ. Recurrent pregnancy loss: Etiology, diagnosis, and therapy. Rev Obstet Gynecol 2009;2:76-83.
Khan L
Qureshi VF
Jabeen T
Qureshi S
intravenous immune globulin
recurrent implantation failure
© Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow


text:
class Webmail::LoginController < ApplicationController
  include Webmail::BaseFilter
  include Sns::LoginFilter

  skip_before_action :logged_in?, only: [:login, :remote_login, :status]

  private

  def default_logged_in_path
    if @cur_user.imap_settings.present?
      webmail_main_path(account: @cur_user.imap_default_index)
    else
      webmail_account_setting_path
    end
  end

  def get_params
    params.require(:item).permit(:uid, :email, :password, :encryption_type)
  rescue
    raise "400"
  end

  public

  def login
    if !request.post?
      # retrieve parameters from get parameter. this is bookmark support.
      @item = SS::User.new email: params[:email]
      return render(file: :login)
    end

    safe_params     = get_params
    email_or_uid    = safe_params[:email].presence || safe_params[:uid]
    password        = safe_params[:password]
    encryption_type = safe_params[:encryption_type]

    if encryption_type.present?
      password = SS::Crypt.decrypt(password, type: encryption_type) rescue nil
    end

    @item = SS::User.authenticate(email_or_uid, password) rescue false
    @item = nil if @item && !@item.enabled?
    @item = @item.try_switch_user || @item if @item
    @cur_user = @item

    render_login @item, email_or_uid, session: true, password: password, logout_path: webmail_logout_path
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub