text:
\section{Introduction}
The SeaQuest experiment looks for dimuon signals coming from either the Drell-Yan process or from the decay of the $J/\psi$ or $\psi'$ mesons~\cite{SeaQuest:2017kjt,Dove_2021}. The track pairs we reconstruct from the data not only contain muon pairs from the aforementioned processes but also random combinations of single muons from uncorrelated processes. Such random combinations of muons, called the {\em combinatoric} background, need to be subtracted from the data to extract the true signal yields. We discuss an event-mixing method to estimate the combinatoric background from the SeaQuest data, and we demonstrate that this method has the correct absolute normalization.\footnote{This manuscript does {\em not} describe the method used in Ref.~\cite{Dove_2021} to estimate the combinatoric background.  The method described here has been developed later.}

Crochet and Braun-Munzinger~\cite{Crochet:2001qd} emphasize two important characteristics of a successful event-mixing process for estimating the combinatoric background.
Firstly, the signal-to-background ratio of the data must be low. This is the case in SeaQuest, where only approximately 5\% of events contain a dimuon pair from a photon or vector meson decay; the vast majority of triggered events do not contain tracks from a physics signal.
Secondly, the tracks must be mixed from events that are ``similar" to each other. This "similarity" is to guarantee that the tracks are drawn from events with similar track distributions.  In Ref.~\cite{Crochet:2001qd} the discussion is concentrated around heavy-ion collision data, so it is suggested to divide the events up into centrality and flow classes; centrality strongly affects track multiplicity and flow introduces momentum correlations.  In SeaQuest, we will see that the relevant quantity is the station-1 drift chamber occupancy, which is largely driven by the tremendous variation in proton beam bunch sizes delivered to the target; therefore we will sort events by the chamber occupancy.

\section{Characteristics of the SeaQuest Data Sample}

The SeaQuest spectrometer is fully described in Ref.~\cite{SeaQuest:2017kjt} and a schematic diagram is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:spec}. A 120 GeV proton beam from the Fermilab Main Injector was incident upon liquid hydrogen and deuterium targets, and also on variety of solid targets.  Particles produced by interactions in the target passed into a 5m-thick iron beam dump, which served to absorb all particles except for highly energetic muons.  The beam dump was also a magnet which served to focus the muons into the spectrometer.  Following the beam dump were the ``station 1'' detectors, comprising $x$- and $y$-measuring hodoscopes and six planes of drift chambers.  Following station 1 was an open magnet which served to measure the momentum of the muons.  Following this magnet came stations 2 and 3, each composed of hodoscopes and wire chambers.  After station 3 was an additional iron absorber for muon identification purposes.  Lastly came station 4 comprising hodoscopes and proportional tubes.  The hodoscopes were used for triggering purposes, while the wire chambers and proportional tubes were used for track reconstruction.  SeaQuest took physics data during the years 2014-2017.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{fig/SeaQuestSpectrometer-1024x732.jpg}
\caption{Perspective view of the SeaQuest spectrometer.}
\label{fig:spec}
\end{figure}

The event trigger in SeaQuest is determined by a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) which looks at the $x$-measuring (bend-plane) hodoscopes at the four stations of the spectrometer.  The FPGA is programmed to look for likely opposite-sign track pairs, based on a simulation of such pairs passing through the hodoscope stations.  Even though the FPGA trigger rejects a tremendous amount of useless particle tracks, it is still programmed to be a ``loose'' trigger, in the sense that it rejects very few valid events.  In this study, we will only use one of the FPGA triggers, the one named ``top/bottom'', which looked for pairs where one track passed through the upper half of the spectrometer and the second track passed through the lower half.

For the purposes of studying the proposed event-mixing method, we used ten one-hour data runs, from the calendar year 2015 beam period.  The beam quality was typical for SeaQuest runs; the distribution of the number of protons per 1-ns bucket had a mean of about 25,000 accompanied by a long tail extending to approximately 80,000 protons-per-bucket.  The large variation in protons-per-bucket resulted in a large variation in the drift chamber occupancy per event.

The occupancy of the drift chambers at station 1, $\omega$, is defined as the number of hits in the station-1 drift chambers, collectively called D1. The number of wires in each plane in D1 is shown in Table~\ref{tab:wires}.
\begin{table}[ht]
    \centering
    \begin{tabular}{cc}
        \hline
        Plane Name & Number of wires \\
        \hline\hline
        D1U, D1Up, D1V, D1Vp & 201 for each plane \\
        D1X, D1Xp & 160 for each plane \\
        \hline
        Total & 1124 \\
        \hline
    \end{tabular}
    \caption{Number of wires on each plane in the station-1 drift chambers.}\label{tab:wires}
\end{table}
The D1 occupancy distribution for top/bottom-triggered events is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:D1}.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{fig/occuD1.png}
\caption{Distribution of the D1 occupancy ($\omega$) for top/bottom-triggered events. The vertical lines show the separation between the regions of low ($\omega<150$), middle ($150<\omega<250$) and high ($\omega>250$) occupancy.}
\label{fig:D1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{fig/pos_trk_multiplicity_D1.png}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{fig/neg_trk_multiplicity_D1.png}
\caption{Track multiplicities for positive (left) and negative (right) tracks at different D1 occupancies. The blue, black, and red lines correspond to low, middle and high occupancy values, respectively. There are in general more positive tracks than negative tracks because more positive pions than negative pions are produced in collisions of protons with nuclei.}
\label{fig:mult_D1}
\end{figure}

The D1 occupancy is divided into three different regions; low ($\omega<150$), middle ($150<\omega<250$) and high ($\omega>250$). Track multiplicities and momentum ($P_z$ and $p_T$) for different D1 occupancy bins are compared. These histograms are produced using the raw reconstructed tracks; no additional cuts have been applied.  The track (positive and negative) multiplicity for different occupancy regions are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:mult_D1}. The number of tracks per event increases with increasing occupancy. The $P_z$ momentum distributions for both positive and negative tracks for different occupancy regions are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:pz_D1}. The distribution becomes flatter and wider for higher occupancies. The $p_T$ distributions for both positive and negative tracks for different occupancy regions are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:pt_D1}. The $p_T$ distribution changes greatly for higher occupancies.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{fig/pos_trk_pZ_D1.png}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{fig/neg_trk_pZ_D1.png}
\caption{Longitudinal momentum $P_z$ for positive (left) and negative (right) tracks at different D1 occupancies. The blue, black, and red lines correspond to low, middle and high occupancy values, respectively.}
\label{fig:pz_D1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{fig/pos_trk_pT_D1.png}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{fig/neg_trk_pT_D1.png}
\caption{Transverse momentum $p_T$ for positive (left) and negative (right) tracks at different D1 occupancies. The blue, black, and red lines correspond to low, middle and high occupancy values, respectively.}
\label{fig:pt_D1}
\end{figure}

In summary, the SeaQuest data stream has a number of important features:
\begin{itemize}
    \item The majority of top/bottom-triggered events contain zero reconstructed tracks.  A similarly large fraction contain only one track.
    \item Due to the low density of signal events in the data stream, even in events with two tracks there is only a 30\% probability that they are a signal pair.
    \item The number and momentum distribution of the tracks depends strongly on the D1 occupancy; if we plan to mix tracks from different events, we must make sure those events have similar occupancy.
\end{itemize}

\section{Combining Tracks to form a Spectrum}

As we have seen, an event may have 0, 1, 2, or more reconstructed tracks within it.  We can separate those tracks into two groups: {\em signal tracks} which have been produced by a muon from a $J/\psi$, $\psi'$, or Drell-Yan decay; and {\em background tracks} that have arisen from any other mechanism.  The distinguishing characteristic of signal tracks is that they come in pairs comprising one positive and one negative track. The background tracks do not share a physics vertex with any other track.
N.B.: an individual track from a $J/\psi$, $\psi'$, or Drell-Yan decay will be a background track if the other track in the pair was not reconstructed.

Within each event, we need to create all possible pairs of positive and negative tracks in search of the dimuon pairs from the signal sources.  In the process of doing so, we will combine signal tracks with background tracks, and also combine background tracks with other background tracks, thus forming the {\em combinatoric} background in the spectrum.  It is important to keep in mind that the combinatoric background contains a contribution from signal tracks as well as background tracks.

\section{Mimicking the Track-Pairing Process to Estimate the Combinatoric Background}
\label{sec:procedure}

To estimate the combinatoric background correctly, we need to combine tracks from the same populations of positive and negative tracks as found in the top/bottom data stream, but without the possibility of making any signal pairs.  We have seen that the wire chamber occupancy of an event strongly influences the number and momentum distributions of tracks, so we need to combine tracks from events with similar occupancy.  We also want to make sure that each track is only combined with tracks from one event, since that is what we do when forming a spectrum using the original data.

These considerations lead to the following algorithm for mixing tracks from different events.

\begin{enumerate}
    \item Choose a single normal data run, lasting about 1 hour.
    \item Select top/bottom-triggered events.
    \item Order the events according to occupancy (low to high, for example).
    \item Put all positive tracks from event $i$ and all negative tracks from event $(i+1)$ into a single new {\em mixed} event.  This is implemented for all events, including those with no reconstructed tracks.  There might be zero positive tracks in a given event, for example.  These ``mixed events'' are placed into a file structure called a ``mixed run''.
    \item Subsequent processing for mixed events occurs with identical conditions as for normal events. Especially, we make sure that the two tracks forming a dimuon from both normal and mixed events must satisfy the top/bottom trigger condition. This last requirement is important so that we preserve the bias of the top/bottom trigger in the mixed events.
\end{enumerate}
In the discussion that follows, a ``normal run'' will contain ``normal events'' that came from the original data stream, while a ``mixed run'' will contain ``mixed events'' created according to the algorithm described above.

\section{Normalization Factor}
In this mixing method, we obtain the correct absolute normalization for the mixed distribution.  This statement depends on four conditions:
(1) The signal-to-background ratio of tracks is very small in the data stream, as required in Ref.~\cite{Crochet:2001qd};
(2) Sorting the events according to D1 occupancy before mixing ensures the similarity of two events being mixed;
(3) A given track is only combined with tracks from within one event.  It is either combined with tracks within its own event (a normal run), or with tracks from one similar event (a mixed run);
(4) The normal events and the mixed events are subject to exactly the same cuts in the subsequent analysis.  In particular, all track pairs must satisfy the original top/bottom trigger condition.

We show that this method provides an estimate of the combinatoric background that is statistically consistent with the actual background.
A "run" is a set of data collected with a specific trigger with the experimental conditions unchanged; in SeaQuest, a run lasted about one hour.  A particular run may have $N_E$ events.  Each event $i$ has zero or more reconstructed tracks, which are broken into four groups:
\begin{itemize}
    \item $s_i^+$ is the number of positive tracks from a signal ($J/\psi$, $\psi'$, or Drell-Yan) = 0 or 1.
    \item $s_i^-$ is the number of negative tracks from a signal ($J/\psi$, $\psi'$, or Drell-Yan) = 0 or 1.
    \item $b_i^+$ is the number of positive tracks from a background = 0, 1, 2, ...
    \item $b_i^-$ is the number of negative tracks from a background = 0, 1, 2, ...
\end{itemize}
The signal tracks (positive and negative) come from a correlated source and only appear in pairs in the same event; we always have $s_i^+=s_i^-$.  The background tracks come from uncorrelated sources.  If only one of a pair of signal tracks is reconstructed, it falls into the background category.  Then the total number of unlike-sign track pairs, $N_P$, in a normal run is
$$ N_P = \sum_{i=1}^{N_E} \left(s_i^+s_i^- +  s_i^+b_i^- + b_i^+s_i^- + b_i^+b_i^-\right). $$
The first term in the sum is special, because $s_i^+$ and $s_i^-$ come from a correlated source.  The sum over this term is the total number of
signal dimuon pairs in this run, $N_S$.
$$ N_S = \sum_{i=1}^{N_E} s_i^+s_i^- $$
The other three terms generate the combinatoric background, $N_C$.
$$ N_C = \sum_{i=1}^{N_E} \left(s_i^+b_i^- + b_i^+s_i^- + b_i^+b_i^-\right) $$
At this point it is appropriate to sort the events into similar groups; in the case of SeaQuest, this means sorting them according to the D1 chamber occupancy, $\omega$, from low to high.  Then the sum can be broken down into sub-sums where all events have the same occupancy.  The number of events at a given occupancy $\omega$ is $N_\omega$.
$$ N_C = \sum_{\omega=0}^{\omega_{\rm max}} \sum_{i=1}^{N_\omega} \left(s_i^+b_i^- + b_i^+s_i^- + b_i^+b_i^-\right)   $$
The numbers $s_i^+$, $b_i^-$, and so on are all small integers (typically no larger than 7, see Fig.~\ref{fig:mult_D1}) drawn from a distribution depending on the occupancy.  On the other hand, $N_\omega$ will tend to be large, certainly a few hundreds or thousands for the most popular occupancies in a run.  The sum over events with the same occupancy will sample all possible values of $s_i^+b_i^-$ (e.g.) many times.  Therefore, we can replace the sum with averages:
$$ N_C = \sum_{\omega=0}^{\omega_{\rm max}} N_\omega \left(\left<s^+b^-\right>_\omega + \left<b^+s^-\right>_\omega + \left<b^+b^-\right>_\omega\right),$$
where $\left<s^+b^-\right>_\omega$ is the average value of the product $s_i^+b_i^-$ at the given occupancy $\omega$, etc.  Then the total number of pairs in the run is
$$ N_P = N_S + N_C.$$
Now consider the total number of unlike-sign track pairs, $N_P'$, in a {\em mixed run}, where we have combined the positive tracks from event $i$ with the negative tracks from event $i+1$ sourced from a normal run.  We have sorted the events by occupancy, so that adjacent events contain tracks drawn from the same distributions.
$$ N_P' = \sum_{i=1}^{N_E} \left(s_i^+s_{i+1}^- +  s_i^+b_{i+1}^- + b_i^+s_{i+1}^- + b_i^+b_{i+1}^-\right) $$
The sum over the first term $s_i^+s_{i+1}^-$ may be non-zero but is negligible; tracks from signals are rare and are only found in pairs in the same event.  The probability that adjacent events in our mixed run will both have signal tracks is very small.  We ignore this term; this is the most important quantitative requirement for the proposed mixing method to work properly.
$$    \sum_{i=1}^{N_E} s_i^+s_{i+1}^- \approx 0  $$
The remaining three terms may be treated in the same way as in the normal run.
$$ N_C' = \sum_{i=1}^{N_E} \left(s_i^+b_{i+1}^- + b_i^+s_{i+1}^- + b_i^+b_{i+1}^-\right) =
\sum_{\omega=0}^{\omega_{\rm max}} N_\omega \left(\left<s^+b^-\right>_\omega + \left<b^+s^-\right>_\omega + \left<b^+b^-\right>_\omega\right)$$
The sums $N_C$ (from the normal run) and $N_C'$ (from the mixed run) are equal in the limit of large statistics.  In the case of limited statistics, they will be equal within statistical uncertainties. Then to estimate the number of signal pairs, we need only subtract the mixed run from the normal run.
$$  N_P - N_P' = (N_S + N_C) - N_C' \approx N_S  $$
as $N_C \approx N_C'$ within uncertainties.

\section{Simple Models Illustrating the Proposed Event-Mixing Method}
\label{sec:simple_model}

To demonstrate the abilities and limitations of this mixing method, we create simple statistical models of the event stream.  We will use the simple shape $\exp(-An)$ for the parent distribution for signals and backgrounds; $n$ is the number of signal pairs or background tracks, and $A$ is the shape constant of the curve; increasing the value of $A$ means the signal or background becomes more rare.

In our first simple model, we have chosen the values of $A$ so that the signal pairs are very rare compared to the background tracks.
\begin{itemize}
    \item[] $P_S \propto \exp(-7n_s)$ -- probability of the number of signal pairs in the event
    \item[] $P_P \propto \exp(-4n_p)$ -- probability of the number of positive background tracks in the event
    \item[] $P_N \propto \exp(-5n_n)$ -- probability of the number of negative background tracks in the event
\end{itemize}
In each event, integer values of $n_s$, $n_p$, and $n_n$ are chosen based on these parent probability distributions, determining the number of signal and background tracks in the event. For example, a selection of $(n_s,n_p,n_n)=(1,1,2)$ would mean $(s^+, s^-, b^+, b^-)=(1,1,1,2)$.  Then the following process is followed.
\begin{enumerate}
    \item Create a list of 100,000 events using these probability distributions.
    \item Calculate the total number of track pairs, the true number of signal pairs, the true number of combinatoric pairs, the estimated number of combinatoric pairs using the proposed method, and the difference in the number of combinatoric pairs (true - estimated).
    \item Repeat steps 1 and 2 10,000 times, and histogram the above quantities.
\end{enumerate}

\begin{figure}[ht]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{sim1/h1_pairs.pdf}
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{sim1/h1_dimuon.pdf}\\
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{sim1/h1_fake.pdf}
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{sim1/h1_comb.pdf}\\
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{sim1/h1_diff.pdf}
    \caption{Results from first simple model.  Top Left:  Histogram of the total number of track pairs.  Top Right:  True number of signal pairs.  Middle Left:  True number of combinatoric background pairs.  Middle Right:  Estimated number of combinatoric background pairs.  Bottom:  Difference between true and estimated number of combinatoric background pairs.}
    \label{fig:sim1}
\end{figure}

The results are illustrated in the histograms in Fig.~\ref{fig:sim1}.  The average number of track pairs per 100,000 events is 105, of which on average there are 91 true signal pairs.  The histograms for the true and estimated numbers of combinatoric background pairs are extremely similar, with the same average of 15.  The difference between true and estimated combinatoric background pairs is centered about zero, with a root-mean-square deviation of 5.6 consistent with the difference of the averages; the statistical error on $15-15$ would be $\sqrt{15+15}=5.5$.  We see that the proposed method works very well in this scenario.

\begin{figure}[ht]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{sim2/h1_pairs.pdf}
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{sim2/h1_dimuon.pdf}\\
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{sim2/h1_fake.pdf}
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{sim2/h1_comb.pdf}\\
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{sim2/h1_diff.pdf}
    \caption{Results from second simple model.  Top Left:  Histogram of the total number of track pairs.  Top Right:  True number of signal pairs.  Middle Left:  True number of combinatoric background pairs.  Middle Right:  Estimated number of combinatoric background pairs.  Bottom:  Difference between true and estimated number of combinatoric background pairs.}
    \label{fig:sim2}
\end{figure}

In our second simple model, we increase the rate of signal pairs so that it is comparable to the rate of background tracks; this violates one of the assumptions of the proposed mixing method and so we expect this to fail.  The parent distributions are now:
\begin{itemize}
    \item[] $P_S \propto \exp(-4n_s)$ --- compare to $\exp(-7n_s)$ in the first model
    \item[] $P_P \propto \exp(-4n_p)$ --- same as in first model
    \item[] $P_N \propto \exp(-5n_n)$ --- same as in first model
\end{itemize}

The same procedure is followed, and the results are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:sim2}.  With a much greater density of signal pairs, the average total number of track pairs is increased to approximately 2,000, of which on average there are approximately 1,870 signal pairs.  The number of true combinatoric pairs therefore averages around 130, but the proposed method {\em underestimates} this to be about 95.  The reason for the underestimation is we now can have more than one signal pair per event, and the proposed method does not reproduce the extra combinatoric background created by the signal pairs among themselves.  The method fails if the signal-to-background ratio is too high.

\begin{figure}[ht]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{sim3/h1_pairs.pdf}
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{sim3/h1_dimuon.pdf}\\
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{sim3/h1_fake.pdf}
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{sim3/h1_comb.pdf}\\
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{sim3/h1_diff.pdf}
    \caption{Results from third simple model.  Top Left:  Histogram of the total number of track pairs.  Top Right:  True number of signal pairs.  Middle Left:  True number of combinatoric background pairs.  Middle Right:  Estimated number of combinatoric background pairs.  Bottom:  Difference between true and estimated number of combinatoric background pairs.}
    \label{fig:sim3}
\end{figure}

In our third simple model, we make the signal pairs rare again, but we make the background track distributions alternate between even-numbered and odd-numbered events.
\begin{eqnarray*}
P_S & \propto \exp(-7n_s) & \text{in all events}\\
P_P & \propto \exp(-4n_p) & \text{in even-numbered events}\\
& \propto \exp(-6n_p) & \text{in odd-numbered events}\\
P_N & \propto \exp(-5n_n) & \text{in even-numbered events}\\
& \propto \exp(-4n_n) & \text{in odd-numbered events}
\end{eqnarray*}
In this scenario, when we mix tracks from adjacent events in the list of events, we will be mixing tracks from events with different track distributions, which violates one of the assumptions of the proposed mixing method, and so we expect this to fail.

In Fig.~\ref{fig:sim3}, we see that the proposed method vastly overestimates the actual number of combinatoric tracks, because of the mis-match in track distributions that occurs during the mixing.  The proposed method fails if you mix tracks from different distributions.

\section{Consistency Checks of the Event-Mixing Method Using SeaQuest Data}
\label{sec:cons_check}
We performed various tests, using actual SeaQuest track data, to check the validity of the absolute normalization from this mixing method. There were two distinct types of tests.
\begin{itemize}
    \item[] Type 1 Test
\begin{itemize}
    \item We start with a {\em mixed run} as described above.  This is a set of events containing tracks from a real run, sorted by occupancy, and then the positive tracks from one event mixed with the negative tracks from the next event. There is no physics signal in a mixed run; all possible unlike-sign track pairs within mixed events are uncorrelated pairs.
    \item Into these events, we embed reconstructed track pairs from a simulated signal. (The simulated signal is called ``GMC'' for ``generated Monte Carlo.'') A track pair is embedded into every $n^{\rm th}$ event; the number $n$ is chosen so that the embedded signal is sparse (on order of a few percent) in the same way that real signals are sparse (about 5\%) in the real data.
    \item We analyze this set of events containing embedded tracks like it was a normal run.  First, we loop over the events and form unlike-sign track pairs to make a spectrum; then we follow our procedure to mix tracks from different events, and produce a combinatoric background spectrum; we subtract the second spectrum from the first; the result should be the signal that we embedded.
\end{itemize}
That type of test was done with two different simulated signals; in one case with a broad set of generated Drell-Yan events, and in a second case with a ``resonance'' at an invariant mass of 6 GeV/$c^2$.
\item[] Type 2 Test
\begin{itemize}
\item We start with a {\em normal} run, as described above.  This is a set of events containing tracks from a real run, containing physics signal tracks as well as background tracks.
\item Into these events, we embed reconstructed track pairs from a simulated (GMC) signal. A track pair is embedded into every $n^{\rm th}$ event, in the same manner as in the Type 1 Test.
\item Now we perform two analyses.
\begin{enumerate}
    \item One is done with the original normal run (without embedded tracks), using the event mixing method.  We calculate a spectrum from unlike-sign pairs (Yield1) and also the corresponding combinatoric background (Comb1) and then subtract the combinatoric background: Signal1 = Yield1 -- Comb1.
    \item The second analysis is done with the normal run containing the embedded GMC tracks.  We calculate a spectrum from unlike-sign pairs (Yield2) and also the corresponding combinatoric background (Comb2) and then subtract the combinatoric background: Signal2 = Yield2 -- Comb2.
\end{enumerate}
\item Now we subtract Signal1 from Signal2 and the result should be the embedded GMC signal.
\end{itemize}
This more elaborate test was performed with three different simulated signals: a resonance at 3.14 GeV/$c^2$, a resonance at 6 GeV/$c^2$, and a broad spectrum of Drell-Yan events.

\end{itemize}

The results of one of these tests are given in the following subsection.  The balance of the test results are given in the Appendix.

\subsection{Type 2 Test with 6 GeV/$c^2$ Resonance Embedded Signal}

Here we explain in detail the Type 2 test with a simulated 6 GeV/$c^2$ resonance signal. We used 10 normal runs of SeaQuest data, using top/bottom-triggered events. The reconstructed tracks of the simulated signal were obtained by running generated  dimuon pairs with an invariant mass of 6 GeV/$c^2$ through the full detector simulation and reconstruction. For this analysis, no further cuts and conditions are applied other than requiring the dimuons to satisfy the top/bottom trigger. The following are the details for this test.

\begin{itemize}
    \item We took 10 normal data runs.
    \item The mixing method was applied to each individual run, and then the results combined together. The left side of Fig.~\ref{fig:rs67-data} shows the total dimuon mass distribution for real (black line, Yield1) and mixed events (green line, Comb1) from the data.
    \item The total signal (Signal1) is obtained by subtracting the mixed distribution (Comb1) from the real data distribution (Yield1); this is shown in the right side of Fig.~\ref{fig:rs67-data}.  This spectrum contains a strong $J/\psi$ peak near 3 GeV/$c^2$, a shoulder from $\psi'$ production just above 3 GeV/$c^2$, and a continuum of Drell-Yan events.  The spectrum falls to zero beyond 1 GeV/$c^2$ and 9 GeV/$c^2$ due to the acceptance of the spectrometer.
    \item The reconstructed simulated dimuon signal with mass of 6 GeV/$c^2$ is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:embed_signal}.  The tracks for the simulated signal are embedded into every $50^{\rm th}$ event in the 10 runs.
    \item The mixing method is applied to individual runs containing the embedded tracks. The total dimuon distribution (Yield2) after embedding as mentioned above is shown in the black line in the left side of Fig.~\ref{fig:embedded-data}. In the same figure, the green line shows the mixed distribution (Comb2) after applying the mixing procedure.
    \item The total signal (Signal2) obtained from subtracting the mixed distribution from the embedded data distribution is shown in the right side of Fig.~\ref{fig:embedded-data}.
\end{itemize}
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=1.\linewidth]{fig/data-vs-mixed.png}

\end{subfigure}%
\begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=1.\linewidth]{fig/data-signal.png}

\end{subfigure}
\caption{Left: Invariant mass distribution from the 10 runs of normal data (black) and corresponding mixed (green) distribution. Right: Signal obtained by subtracting mixed distribution (BKG) from data.  Blue = Black -- Green.}
\label{fig:rs67-data}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{fig/embed_signal-6GeV.png}
\caption{ The simulated 6-GeV/$c^2$ resonance signal that will be embedded into the data displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig:rs67-data}.}
\label{fig:embed_signal}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=1.\linewidth]{fig/data-vs-mixed-6GeV-embed.png}

\end{subfigure}%
\begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=1.\linewidth]{fig/signal-6GeV-embed-Data.png}

\end{subfigure}
\caption{Left: Dimuon distribution (black) after the simulated signal from Fig.~\ref{fig:embed_signal} is embedded into the data of Fig.~\ref{fig:rs67-data}, and the corresponding mixed distribution (green). Right: Signal obtained by subtracting mixed distribution from data.  Magenta = Black -- Green.}
\label{fig:embedded-data}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=1.\linewidth]{fig/all-signals-6GeV.png}

\end{subfigure}%
\begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=1.\linewidth]{fig/signal-comp-6GeV-embed.png}

\end{subfigure}
\caption{Left: Comparison of signals from different stages of analysis. The blue is total signal (Signal1) from the 10 normal runs, magenta is signal from simulated embedded data (Signal2); both are obtained after subtracting the combinatoric background. The red histogram is the embedded simulated signal, same as Fig.~\ref{fig:embed_signal}. Right: The blue histogram is the difference (Signal2 -- Signal1) between the blue and magenta histograms in the left-hand panel.  The red is the embedded signal, same as Fig.~\ref{fig:embed_signal}.}
\label{fig:all_signals}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.65\linewidth]{fig/signal-diff-6GeV-embed.png}
\caption{The difference between signal recovered and signal embedded; this is the difference between the two histograms in Fig.~\ref{fig:all_signals} right, above.}
\label{fig:diff}
\end{figure}

The left hand side of Fig.~\ref{fig:all_signals} shows the various signals as we discussed above. The magenta points are the signal we obtained from the embedded data, the blue points show the signal from the real data, and the red histogram shows the total simulated signal we embedded. So, if the normalization from the mixing method is unity then the difference between the signal from embedded data (Signal2) and that from real data (Signal1) should be same as the embedded data. That difference is shown as the blue points in the right hand side of the Fig.~\ref{fig:all_signals} together with the red signal histogram. The figure shows that the two distributions are in good agreement.

 Fig.~\ref{fig:diff} shows the difference between the embedded simulated signal and signal recovered from the mixing method. The distribution has statistical fluctuations centered around zero; there is no residual signal.

As an additional test of our claim of correct normalization, we attach a common normalization factor (NM) to the combinatoric backgrounds and see if the residual spectrum (like Fig.~\ref{fig:diff}) is affected.  This means we will calculate
\begin{itemize}
    \item[] Signal1 = Yield1 -- NM*Comb1, and
    \item[] Signal2 = Yield2 -- NM*Comb2.
\end{itemize}
The result is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:Peng_test}.  We see that any choice of NM other than 1 leaves a residual signal.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.49\linewidth]{fig/0_6_nm_mix_6GeV.png}
\includegraphics[width=.49\linewidth]{fig/0_8_nm_mix_6GeV.png}
\includegraphics[width=.49\linewidth]{fig/1_2_nm_mix_6GeV.png}
\includegraphics[width=.49\linewidth]{fig/1_4_nm_mix_6GeV.png}
\caption{The difference between signal recovered and signal embedded when both mixed distributions as described in Sec.~\ref{sec:cons_check} are scaled by a common normalization factor. Compare to Fig.~\ref{fig:diff} where NM=1.}
\label{fig:Peng_test}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\section{Conclusion}
We have developed a method to estimate the combinatoric background valid for dilepton experiments where (1) the signal-to-background ratio in the data stream is sufficiently low, and (2) the events can be sorted into classes containing the same track distributions.  The method has the correct normalization and the computed distribution can be directly subtracted from the total yields to recover the signal yields.

Other groups attempting to use this method should perform the same sorts of consistency checks, as we have shown here, to make sure this method is applicable to their situation.

\newpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Rising use of additives in food & beverage production has spurred the utilization of pH control/salts and products. Key role of pH control/salts in increasing the binding properties of products, coupled with a growing demand for natural additives, will further extend the application of pH control/salts in the global food & beverage industry. Fact.MR's latest forecast study projects that by the end of 2026, nearly US$ 11 Bn worth of pH control/salts will be consumed across the globe. The report further estimates that the global pH control/salt market will expand at an estimated 3.2% CAGR in terms of volume over the forecast period.
The global market for pH control salts is expected to register a high demand for citric acid and phosphoric acid products. By the end of 2026, nearly 12,000,000 tons of phosphoric acid and citric acid products are expected to be sold in the global pH control/salt market. The report also reveals that malic acid products will register highest volume CAGR of 6.5% during the forecast period.
In 2018 and beyond, majority of pH control/salt products are expected to be used in production of beverages. In 2017, around 3,240,000 tons of pH control/salts were used in beverage applications across the globe. The report also projects that the application of pH control/salts in production of convenience foods and dairy products will register a high global volume CAGR over the forecast period.
Dry pH control/salts will witness a high demand towards the end of the forecast period. By the end of 2026, nearly two-third of global pH control/salt market volumes will be accounted by sales of dry pH control/salts.
Market players are expected to extend the production of pH control/salts as flavoring agents. Their role in flavoring beverages and food items will increase their adoption, and translate high sales throughout the global market. Meanwhile, gelling agent function of pH control/salts will register a volume CAGR of 3.8% during the forecast period.
Through 2026, North America, Latin America and Europe will represent the most lucrative consumer marketplaces for pH control/salts. Collectively, these regions will account for more 40% share on the global pH control/salt market volumes during the course of the forecast period.
The report also reveals that the Asia-Pacific excluding Japan (APEJ) region will be the single largest market for pH control/salt in the world. By 2026-end, nearly half of the pH control/salt volumes will be produced across APEJ countries such as China, India and South Korea.
The report has also profiled companies partaking in the global production of pH control/salts. Batory Foods Inc., Archer Daniels Midland Company, Cargill Inc., Brenntag Ingredients Inc., Hawkins Watts Limited, Fuerst Day Lawson Ltd., Sab Hnub Tuaj Foodchem Co. Ltd, Industrial Tecnica Pecuaria S.A., Univar Inc., Tate& Lyle Plc, American International Foods, Inc., Corbion Purac N.V., and Foodchem International Corporation are observed as the key stakeholders in the global pH control/salts market. These companies are expected to focus on extending their market presence by adopting innovative production techniques and increasing the applications of their products.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Excerpt from the book 'The Power of Now' by Eckhart Tolle (chapter 1).
Ego a false self, created by unconscious identification with the mind.
To the ego, the present movement hardly exists. Only past and future are considered important.
It is always concerned with keeping the past alive, because without it- who are you? It constantly projects itself into the future to ensure its continued survival and to seek some kind release or fulfillment there.
It says: "One day ,when this, that or the other happens, I am going to be okay, happy , at place Even when the ego seems to be concerned with present, it is not the present, that it sees: It misperceives it completely because it looks at it through the eyes of the past. Or it reduces the present to a means to an end, an end that always lies in the mind projected future.
Observe your mind and you'll see that this is how it works. But you cannot find the present moment as long as you are your mind.
The mind is minds gathering, storing and analyzing information good at but it is not at all creative. All true artists, whether they know it or not create from a place of no- mind, from inner stillness.
So I would say that the simple reason why the majority of scientists are not creative is not because they didn't know how to think but because they didn't know how to stop thinking! There is clearly intelligence at work that is far greater than the mind.
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01/13/2014 | Fine Archtops | Archtop Guitar Events, News and Events.
The Autumn Leaves 35th Anniversary Guitar (pictured below) commemorates 35 years of Luthiery by Master Luthier John Buscarino. The only one of its kind, it is a fitting contribution to Buscarino Guitar's Anniversary Collection. This guitar was a labor of love and a way to show the world all John has accomplished in his 35 years of guitar building.
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text:
Q: Image not uploading from Axios into file system nodejs I am trying to generate a QR for our products by calling a URL to generate the QR image and store that image into our server. What is weird about this is that if I run the function from the file itself, it works. But if I run this using a GET request from client, it does not work.
QRGenerator Code.js
const axios = require('axios');
const fs = require('fs');
const Path = require('path');

let requestQRGenerate = async (Tag)=>{
console.log(Tag);

    var url = `https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=qr&chs=150x150&chl=localhost:4200/pages/inventory/:${Tag}`

    const imagePath = `${Tag.split(':').join('.')}`;
    console.log(imagePath);
    // let path = Path.resolve(__dirname, '../images',imagePath+'.jpg');
    let path = Path.resolve(__dirname, '../images');
    path = path + '/' + imagePath+'.jpg';
    //console.log(path+'/'+imagePath);

    const response = await axios({
        method: 'GET',
        url: url,
        responseType: 'stream'
    })

    response.data.pipe(fs.createWriteStream(path));

return new Promise((resolve,reject)=>{
    response.data.on('end', () =>{
        resolve('QR Generated for reel successfully')
    })
    response.data.on('error', (err)=>{
        reject(err);
    })
})

}

requestQRGenerate('06C-01003G-21:3975')

module.exports.requestQRGenerate = requestQRGenerate;

You can tell I was trying many things trying to format the string to save the file as. I basically need the file to save as the Tag variable, and since I can't have ":" in a file name, I replace it with "." and then .jpg.
inventoryController.js
exports.generateQRCode =
async (req,res,next)=>{
try {
    let Tag = req.body.tag

    let TagRes = await requestQRGen.requestQRGenerate(Tag);

    res.status(200).send(TagRes)
} catch (e) {
    res.status(500).json({
        Status: "Error",
        Content: e
    })
}

This is the error I get when I try executing the function from a GET request.
events.js:174
  throw er; // Unhandled 'error' event
  ^

Error: ENOENT: no such file or directory, open '
C:\Domains\App\images\06C-01003G-21.3975
.jpg'
Emitted 'error' event at:
at WriteStream.onerror (_stream_readable.js:713:12)
at WriteStream.emit (events.js:189:13)
at lazyFs.open (internal/fs/streams.js:272:12)
at FSReqWrap.args [as oncomplete] (fs.js:140:20)

I do not understand why it's not working through a GET request but works when I run the file itself.
Thanks in advance.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Mandi baha ud din is newly emerging and developing city of province Punjab.although it is not a bigger city as compared to other cities of Pakistan yet it is going towards prosperity and progress with full potential Mandi Baha ud Din is called the city f rivers.it is situated in central Punjab.it has a very fertile territory.people of this area are very hardworking and very highly qualified.They are serving the nation in all the fields of life.
Mandi Baha ud din is a very historical city.it is a planned city with a lot of characteristics.Its streets are so much wide and straight..It has nine gates which are named on SAHABA,S NAME.Main city has got a commercial fame in nearby areas.This city has become a main business centre of industry and agricultural goods.A very famous college of Asia is situated in Mandi Baha ud din namely Govt College of Technology Rasool.
Every one has a keen desire to talk about the place where he spend his life and its my pleasure to tell u about my own muhallah SUFI PURA. It was named after our very famous personality called Sufi Malik Muhammed Din. He was a very famous and respected personality of Mandi-Bahauddin. He came to Mandi-Bahauddin in 1895 and settled here. In 1906 he established one Printing Press called "Sufi Printing and Publishing Company" in Mandi-Bahauddin. In this printing press ,the books of Maulana Shibli Numani and Syed Suliman Nadvi were published. In 1911 he started one magazine called "Sufi" in Mandi-Bahauddin. In this magazine, he published the writtings of Akbar ala Abadi, Khawaja Hasan Nazami, Maulana Muhammed Ali Joher, Allama Iqbal and Professor Dr. Nickelson. The famous Poem of Allama Iqbal " Waaleda Mahruma ki Yaad mein" was published first time in this magazine.
South: Railway Station and a very beautiful railway park for recretion.
There is a very beautiful canal which is passing just in the centre of sufi pura also present a very beautiful scene.On both side of canal there is greenary and a jogging track.
There is another beautiful small park at the bank of a canal which is just near to Suprident Police (SP) office which also increase the importance and beauty of sufi pura.
There are a lot number of private schools situated in my area which are playing a very important role in the building of a good nation. Besides this, there a govt high school for girls is also under construction in this area.
A cinema for the recretion in sufi pura is NAGINA CINEMA.
SUPERIENTENDENT POLICE (SP) OFFICE is also situated in my area.
A very unique thing about my area is that there are almost eight streets that all are very wide and straight. One can see the other end of street standing on one end which is speciality of my muhallah.
Kashmir street is a very famous street of sufi pura and whole city mandi bahauddin. Kashmir street is somehow seperate from other muhallah as sufi pura is in two parts one is in the north of canal and other is in the south of canal so kashmir street is in the southern part. People of kashmir street are very hardworking and highly qualified. Almost 6 lawyers 2 doctors, police officers, mobile engineers and lecturers belong to this specific street.More than 10 students are studying abroad in different parts of the world like Europe,USA,UK and Australia. Many good players of cricket (like Mudassar Shah) and football who are representing mandi bahauddin in pakistan belong to kashmir street.
Famous Personalities of my area.
Sufi Pura is a main residential,clean and tidy area of city mbdin. It has all types of facilities for every type of people. For young ones there are play grounds such as hockey ground and foot ball ground and these grounds are also main grounds of city mbdin. A very big stadium for cricket also called M.B.DIN Stadium is just on few steps to this muhallah. Beside this stadium, all types of games are being played.Once in a year in spring season there held in stadium, a very big carnival namely JASHAN E BAHARAN.


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Circular No.04/2001/TT-BTP, promulgated by the Ministry of Justice, guiding a number of provisions of the Regulation on the implementation of the agreement on child adoption cooperation between the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Republic of France.
1. This Circular provides for dossiers and guides in detail a number of provisions on the settlement of dossiers of application for the adoption of Vietnamese children by French citizens and foreigners residing in France under the Agreement on Child Adoption Cooperation between the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Republic of France (hereinafter referred to as the Agreement) and the Regulation on the implementation of this Agreement (hereinafter referred to as the Regulation); and prescribes the dossiers and procedures of application for permits for French adoption organizations' operation in Vietnam.
2. Children recommended for adoption are those living at the child-rearing establishments designated by the presidents of the People's Committees of the provinces and centrally-run cities (hereinafter called the provincial-level People's Committees) for the implementation of the Agreement. The number of designated child-rearing establishments shall depend on the situation and practical conditions of localities. Copies of the provincial-level People's Committees' documents on the designation of child-rearing establishments must be sent to the Justice Ministry together with the addresses and names of the heads of such establishments.
The adoption of children from families shall be permitted only for humanitarian reasons prescribed in paragraph 2, Article 3 of the Regulation. Cases of application for adoption of children from families for other humanitarian reasons must be approved in advance by the Justice Ministry. The procedures for the Justice Ministry's advance approval of these cases shall comply with the provisions at Point C.4, Section II of this Circular.
f/ The written certification of the child adopter's annual income (the income tax notice of the previous year), which must be sufficient for rearing the adopted child.
f/ The commitment to continue completing the child adoption procedures in France, aiming to protect the interests of the Vietnamese child, who has already obtained the decision on his/her adoption.
3. The child adopter's dossier shall be compiled in two sets. All such dossier's papers in foreign languages must be translated into Vietnamese with authentication of the translation by the Vietnamese Embassy in France.
In cases where the child recommended for adoption is an abandoned child, the copy of the record certifying the child's abandonment is also required; if the child is an orphan, the copies of his/her parents' death certificates are required.
In cases where the child is recommended from a child-rearing establishment, there must also be the establishment's official dispatch, clearly stating: the duration of the child's stay in the rearing establishment; his/her family conditions; his/her special demand and likings, if any; attention on his/her health, if necessary. The child-rearing establishment's official dispatch must confirm that no one in the country has applied for adoption of the child and the adoption of such child by a foreigner is the most appropriate measure for the sake of the child.
2. The written agreement on letting the child be adopted as mentioned at Point 1.b above must be signed by the head of the child-rearing establishment, for cases where the child recommended for adoption is living in a child-rearing establishment; if the child has natural parent(s) or guardian, such persons' agreement is also required.
In cases where the child recommended for adoption is from a family, the written agreement must be signed by his/her natural parents; if his/her father or mother has died, lost civil act capacity, been declared dead or missing by a court's effective decision, only the signature of the alive parent who has civil act capacity is required.
Where the child's natural parents have died, lost their civil act capacity or been declared dead or missing by a court's effective decision, his/her guardian shall have the competence to sign the written agreement.
The guardian mentioned at this Point must be the person who has registered the guardianship according to the provisions of the civil status legislation.
3. If the child recommended for adoption has reached full 9 years of age or older, his/her consent of adoption by the foreigner is required, which must be inscribed directly on the written agreement on child adoption.
4.The child's dossier shall be compiled in two sets.
1. Right after receiving a child adoption application dossier, the Department for Management of Public Notary, Legal Assessment, Civil Status, Nationalities and Judicial Records (hereinafter called the Civil Status Management Department) shall have to examine and consider the entire dossier; if deeming such dossier complete and valid, it shall proceed with the child recommendation procedures according to the provisions at Article 5 of the Regulation and take responsibility for the compliance of the adopter's dossier with all the provisions of the Agreement, the Regulation and this Circular when it is sent to the provincial-level People's Committee.
Where the Civil Status Management Department deems that the dossier is incomplete or invalid, it shall notify such to the French International Mission for Child Adoption for supplement and completion.
2. Right after receiving a child's dossier from a child-rearing establishment, his/her natural parents or guardian, the provincial/municipal Justice Service shall have to examine and consider the entire dossier; if deeming such dossier complete and valid, it shall transfer such dossier to the Justice Ministry according to the provisions at Point b, Clause 2, Article 6 of the Regulation and take responsibility for such dossier's compliance with all the provisions of the Agreement, Regulation and this Circular when it is sent to the Justice Ministry.
Where the provincial/municipal Justice Service deems that the child's dossier is incomplete or invalid, it shall notify such to the child-rearing establishment, the child's parents or guardian for supplement and completion.
3. While examining and considering the dossier, if deeming that the child's background is unclear or suspecting that there're signs of law violation in the child recommendation or that the dossier or papers are unauthentic, the provincial/municipal Justice Service shall send a written request to the provincial/municipal Service of Public Security for verification according to the provisions at Point b, Clause 2, Article 6 of this Regulation. The written request for verification must clearly state the requested verification contents. The written verification request as well as the notice of verification results of the provincial/municipal Service of Public Security must be sent to the Justice Ministry together with the child's dossier.
The adopter must, first of all, file an application to the Vietnamese Justice Ministry (through the French International Mission for Child Adoption), clearly stating the child's full name and place of residence as well as the humanitarian reasons for which he/she wants to adopt such child.
Right after receiving the application, the Civil Status Management Department shall send it to the Justice Service of the province or city where the child resides so that the latter may examine and verify the authenticity of the humanitarian reasons stated by the adopter; if deeming that such humanitarian reasons are trustworthy and preliminarily accepted by the child's natural parents or guardian, the provincial/municipal Justice Service shall report such in writing to the Justice Ministry for a reply to the child adopter.
Only after receiving the Justice Ministry's written approval of the humanitarian reasons, can the child adopter submit the child adoption application dossier according to the provisions of the Agreement.
1.The adopted child hand-over and receipt ceremony shall be organized in accordance with the provisions of law. In cases where the child adopter is a couple, both of them, in principle, must be present, receive the adopted child and sign the Child Adoption Register. Where one of them, due to health condition or other objective reasons, cannot come to Vietnam at the time already fixed for the child hand-over and receipt, the absentee's authorization for his/her partner may be accepted.
f/ The copy of the record certifying the child's abandonment if he/she has been abandoned.
1. French adoption organizations (hereinafter referred to as adoption organizations) that wish to operate in the field of child adoption in Vietnam shall have to file applications according to the set form to the Vietnamese Justice Ministry for permits for operation in Vietnam (hereinafter called operation permits).
f/ The list and judicial records of the persons, who may be recruited to work for the child adoption organization in Vietnam.
2. The application for operation permit and enclosed papers shall be made in two dossier sets. The dossier's papers in French must be translated into Vietnamese with authentication of the valid translation.
1. Within 5 days after receiving a complete and valid dossier, the Civil Status Management Department shall have to examine the dossier and consult in writing with the concerned ministries and branches as well as the provincial-level People's Committee of the locality where the child adoption organization plans to locate its office.
Right after receiving opinions from the above-mentioned agencies, the Civil Status Management Department shall coordinate with the International Cooperation Department in submitting the dossier to the Minister for consideration and decision of the granting of an operation permit.
Within 5 days after the decision on the granting of an operation permit is issued, the Civil Status Management Department shall have to hand over the operation permit to the concerned child adoption organization.
In case of refusal to grant the operation permit, the Civil Status Management Department shall notify such in writing to the child adoption organization, clearly stating the reasons therefor.
The operation permit shall be made in two originals: one to be granted to the child adoption organization and the other to be kept at the Justice Ministry. The operation permit shall be valid for not more than 2 years and may be extended for not more than 2 years for each time of extension.
2. Within 30 days after receiving the operation permit, through the provincial/municipal Justice Service, the child adoption organization must report on the operation permit granting and submit a copy of the operation permit, to the People's Committee of the province where its office is located.
4. Other rights and obligations prescribed by law.
Child adoption organizations that strictly comply with Vietnamese law, the provisions of the Agreement, Regulation and this Circular may have their operation permits extended.
At least 60 days before the expiry of its operation permit, a child adoption organization shall have to file a permit extension application to the Justice Ministry. The application must be enclosed with a document of the People's Committee of the province where the child adoption organization's office is located, which comments on the organization's operation and states the opinions on the permit extension.
Within 30 days after receiving the application for operation permit extension, the Civil Status Management Department shall have to consider the application and coordinate with the International Cooperation Department in submitting it to the Justice Minister for consideration and decision.
In case of refusal to extend the operation permit, the Civil Status Management Department shall notify such in writing to the concerned child adoption organization, clearly stating the reasons therefor.
Within 10 days after receiving the decision on the extension of its operation permit, the child adoption organization shall, through the provincial/municipal Justice Service, notify the permit extension and submit a copy of the decision thereon to the People's Committee of the province where its office is located.
In cases where a child adoption organization changes its name, its head, head office in France or its office in Vietnam, it must notify such in writing to the Vietnamese Justice Ministry so that the latter may take note on such changes in its operation permit.
In cases where the child adoption organization wants to change its representative, operation contents or operation location in Vietnam, it shall have to file an application to the Justice Ministry for permission. The application must clearly state the contents of changes and the reasons therefor.
Within 30 days after receiving an application for changes in the content of an operation permit, the Civil Status Management Department shall have to consider the application and coordinate with the International Cooperation Department in submitting it to the Justice Minister for consideration and decision.
In case of refusal to permit the changes in the contents of an operation permit, the Civil Status Management Department shall notify such in writing to the concerned child adoption organization, clearly stating the reasons therefor.
Within 10 days after receiving the decision permitting changes in its operation permit's contents, the child adoption organization shall, through the provincial/municipal Justice Service, notify such changes and submit a copy of the decision to the People's Committee of the province where its office is located.
d/ It terminates the operation in Vietnam at its own will.
For cases prescribed at Points b and d above, 60 days before the time projected for operation termination, the concerned child adoption organization shall have to report in writing the plan on the termination of its operation in Vietnam to the Justice Ministry and the People's Committee of the province where its office is located.
2. Within 60 days after terminating its operation in Vietnam, the child adoption organization shall have to pay all debts, if any, to concerned organizations and individuals, and settle all matters related to the termination of its operation, then send the report thereon to the Justice Ministry and the People's Committee of the province where its office is located.
k/ The application form for the child adoption organizations' operation permits.
2. The child adoption dossiers (including the child adopters' dossiers and dossiers of adopted children) shall be archived at the Justice Ministry and the provincial/municipal Justice Services according to the current provisions on archive.
1. The application for adoption of Vietnamese children by French citizens residing outside France shall not be governed by the Agreement and the Regulation; the order and procedures for the settlement of child adoption in this case shall comply with the general law provisions on child adoption between Vietnamese citizens and foreigners.
2. This Circular takes effect as from April 1, 2001.
In the course of implementation, if any problems arise, they must be reported by the provincial-level People's Committees and provincial/municipal Justice Services to the Justice Ministry for guidance.


I love Apple's new iPhone payment plan where you can pay for a brand new iPhone over two years and upgrade to a new one after 12 payments have been made to get a new one (you'll have to trade in the old one though). And here's the kicker: I am not even a part of this installment plan because T-Mobile had issues the day I went to the Apple store to get my iPhone 6S. However, given its appeal, I'm gonna go out on a limb and say that Apple will expand this plan not only internationally and online so that you don't have to visit the store to do it (not sure how Apple will handle the part about you trading in your old iPhone), but Apple will include the iPad as well.
When Apple add the iPad to the installment plan, it could be the catalyst that Wall Street and investors are looking for to jump start the iPad. Furthermore, it could be also mean more sales as people who cannot or are unwilling to pay a premium up front for the iPad, iPad mini, or iPad Pro up front but would not mind paying for the Apple tablet over a couple of years with the option to trade in for a new one after a year.
For the same reason that I upgrade my iPhone annually, I, along with many others, would be willing to do the same for the iPad.
And all the fear about sagging iPad sales from Wall Street will go away. I don't know what the actual profit and cash flow projection is or what Apple's internal numbers really show but I do know it's this. HUGE. Possibly bigger than HUGE because none of its competitors can really follow Apple down this route because they simply do not have the cash on hand to do it.
And here is another reason why Apple will start selling the iPad with installment plans as an option: Apple is looking down the road at the bigger picture when Apple Financial or other services come online. We'll get into another day but these small baby steps Apple is taking, starting with the iPhone installment plan, will amplify into bigger sales and profit in the decades to come.


Intervention arms had different coverage changes only for varicella vaccination among 11- to 12-year-olds (1.2% [95% CI: 0.2 to 2.3]).
Vaccine coverage is unadjusted. Vaccine coverage change and difference from control are adjusted for publicly funded vaccine doses and account for clustering by clinic. Dashes (–) indicate empty cells related to reference categories or suppressed data.
↵a HPV coverage assessed only for female 11- to 12-year-old patients (n = 14 994) and 13- to 18-year-old patients (n = 35 375).
↵b CIs and P values for difference estimates suppressed due to small cell sizes.


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Pulp turned into power
Written by ipmj
NEW regulation means invasive native species and timber by-products currently made into pulp for paper production, will instead be burnt to generate electricity.
Minister for Resources and Energy Anthony Roberts announced changes to the Protection of the Environment Operations (General) Regulation allowing two additional types of biomaterials to be used for energy.
Invasive native species, the tree heads and offcuts of trees cut for sawlogs and trees that might otherwise be made into pulp will be used.
"The new regulation is in line with the NSW Renewable Energy Action Plan to remove barriers to renewable energy production," Mr Roberts said.
"The Regulation has been designed to ensure that there is no increase in the intensity of clearing or logging.
"Only biomaterial that is legally cleared in accordance with relevant approvals can be used to generate electricity."
The move has drawn criticism from both the Greens and Labor who say they will seek to stop the action when the chamber resumes as it was an "attack on the environment".
Mr Roberts said the Environment Protection Authority (EPA) will require all private electricity operators to keep a detailed record of the amount of biomass they receive and burn and where this material comes from.
"The Forestry Corporation of NSW will publicly report on its website the volumes and areas where biomass is sourced from State Forests," he said.
"This information will be reported on an individual State Forest basis, with the requirement to report formalised in the Integrated Forestry Operations Approvals (logging licences).
"Further, the EPA will audit this information, including using satellite imagery where appropriate to ensure environmental values are not compromised."
Minister for Western NSW Kevin Humphries said the changes will provide the opportunity for Western NSW to become a leader in the development of renewable energy.
"In addition to the significant environmental benefits these changes will bring, they will also help to support a viable biomass industry that will bring jobs and investment into Western NSW," Mr Humphries said.
"Western NSW has abundant biomaterial resources which will lead to a range of commercial opportunities to use these resources for electricity generation."
The Land reporters will be travelling to the State's Central West this week to get reaction from this announcement, interview Mr Humphries and to take a closer look at the Native Vegetation Act.
Published in Oceania News
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Domtar Corporation announces appointment of President of Domtar Pulp and Paper
LOGISTICS - Port of Baltimore sets container, auto and wood pulp records for 2013
Realizzazione CMS


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© Tim Ferry. All rights reserved.
People enjoying Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park
TAGS: United States, Wyoming
Tim Ferry
Alexandria, Virginia, United States of America
© Tim Ferry.
Date Uploaded: July 11, 2014, 5:48 p.m.
PHOTO LOCATION Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, United States of America


(JTA) — A former Nazi SS guard who was sentenced to five years in prison by a German court for his role as an accessory in the murder of at least 170,000 people in the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp in Poland has appealed his conviction.
Attorneys for Reinhold Hanning, 94, filed appeals of the verdict handed down earlier this month by the district court in Detmold, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, The Associated Press reported.
Lawyers representing nine Auschwitz survivors or their families as co-plaintiffs at the trial also appealed the verdict, according to the AP, which could not provide further details.
Hanning will remain free while he appeals.
He joined the Waffen SS in 1942 and was posted that year to Auschwitz. Hanning had joined Hitler Youth in 1934.
His is likely one of the last trials of Nazis in Germany. Clues leading to about 30 suspects in late 2013 came from the Central Office for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes in Ludwigsburg, which made a major push to identify former death camp guards after the conviction of John Demjanjuk in 2011 for his role in the murders of nearly 30,000 Jews at the Sobibor death camp in Poland. Demjanjuk died in a German nursing home in 2012 during his appeal.


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We love it when members decide to share their news here. And particularly thrilled to hear DSA news from Lawrence, Kansas, whose history traces the root of American dissent. — Ed.
Howdy. Lawrence DSA here! We got a bus!
We held a nation-wide fundraiser in the month of February and raised over $3,000 to cover the purchase and initial costs of operation of a second-hand school bus. We've trained up drivers and mechanics within our chapter, and we're ready to roll.
We plan to use the bus for chapter activities, community events, get-out-the-vote drives, mutual aid projects, and sending people to Topeka to yell at our elected officials. We're also planning to coordinate with other midwest chapters to bring as many people to Atlanta this summer for the DSA National Convention. Hope to see you there!
Sam Natale is treasurer of Lawrence DSA and a member of the housing working group.


The Avoca VIP Music Edition sports some pretty nice specs in a pretty case accompanied by a slightly less pretty PDA based controller. The media center rips CDs to Flac onto an internal disk, optionally mirrored, and serves files at up to 24bit/192KHz resolution depending on your choice of output, although it appears to support only 96KHz sampling rates, possibly upscaling from there. Could be a spec glitch, though.
One of the more curious aspects of the Avoca is the controller. You get to point and click your way through your music selection but that is not all; you can actually talk to your music system. Now how about that? "Hey! Turn down that racket, son! – Can't hardly hear myself think!"… and sonny boy can rebel all he likes.


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Why C60 in Olive Oil is the Next Big Holistic Healthcare Product
C60 is a Powerful Antioxidant
C60, also known as buckyballs, is a powerful antioxidant that has effects on unsaturated fats. C60 removes superoxide, a toxic by-product of cell metabolism that contributes to tissue injury in many human diseases. A review of scientific research has shown C60 to be long-lasting and antioxidant due to its reactive oxygen scavenging capacity.
People taking C60 have reported positive effects, such as:
Easier workouts
Feeling less tired
Better physical functioning
Pain relief from arthritis and other conditions
Increased endurance
C60 can help defeat superoxide in your body.
Some suggest that by absorbing nearby acid, C60 is attracted to the mitochondria and carries the protoxide superoxide acceptors to prevent the source of damage from the electron transport chain.
The proposed mechanism suggests that C60 can maintain a positive charge by absorbing protons (positively charged hydrogens), and this complex could enter the mitochondria, resulting in a decrease in the production of reactive oxygen species.
Computer simulations have shown that C60 can pass through lipid membranes, invade the cell and alter its functions. Some C60 derivatives produced in the body are water-soluble below 1 mg/ml and seemingly non-toxic.
What is C60?
In essence, a carbon-60 molecule consists of 60 carbon atoms arranged in a unique form called a "carbon cage." This form resembles that of a football consisting of 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons. At the top of each shape is a carbon atom, having a double bond forming the edges. This unique structure is also called a truncated icosahedron.
This form gives C60 all the amazing properties, including resistance to radiation, chemical corrosion, and breakage under high pressure. Metals and other substances can be incorporated into the vacuum interior of buckyballs to make new nanotransport superconductors. Bear in mind that they are small enough to move through cell membranes and sit between woven DNA strands.
C60 is considered much more effective than Vitamins C and E.
Looking Towards the Future of Holistic Healthcare
Carbon-60 also reacts easily with other substances and can combine with almost any compound to enhance its effects. Also, C60 was found in space and stardust, as well as on Earth in ancient mineral deposits and meteorites.
All of these aspects of C60 have made it the center of much research worldwide. But even after more than 30 years, scientists are just scratching the tip of this iceberg!
Most studies on C60 are based on rat models. However, there is an overwhelming amount of research that supports these results in humans, as the carbon-60 source is pure or not combined with another hazardous compound.
Buy C60 Now
C60 in Olive Oil
C60 is not absorbed by the body unless it is dissolved into something. C60 is practically insoluble in water but dissolves with much effort in olive oil. Extra virgin olive oil was used in the Paris study because it was considered harmless. Olive oil contains substances such as polyphenols, which are good for your health.
C60 is one of the strongest antioxidants, and is much more effective than vitamins C and E. The antioxidant properties are considered to be the main method by which it achieves its beneficial effects. However, this may not be the only way C60 and olive oil can work together to achieve the observed benefits. This is a topic for further research.
Increases Longevity
The Paris or Baati study is probably the best-known experiment conducted with carbon-60. The results show that this molecule is not only non-toxic but also increases the lifespan of rats by 90%.
A part of this may be because carbon-60 has a high affinity for both cell membranes and mitochondrial membranes. It helps to protect these two structures, which are crucial for the life of our cells and, ultimately, for us.
Several studies are showing that water-soluble C60 prevents mitochondrial dysfunction5, which promotes longevity and optimal health and energy levels. One showed, in particular, that rats exposed to lethal radiation exposure survived 30 days after the event, thanks to good old buckyballs!
C60 increased the lifespan of rats by 90% in a recent study!
Fights Free Radicals
Free radicals are toxic byproducts of oxygen metabolism that can cause significant damage to living cells and tissues in a process called "oxidative stress." At the single-cell level this damage is due to the chemical reactions of free radicals. Carbon 60, or C60, is one such antioxidant which protects you. Antioxidants provide bio-chemical substances that delay the oxidation process in your body and prevent cellular damage.
Experiments on buckyballs concluded that this C60 acts as a free radical sponge and that it turns up every time it hits. It was reported that this molecule has hundreds of times more antioxidant activity than other antioxidants!
What makes Carbon 60 even more incredible is its strong, cage-like structure. The free radicals that the body takes out do not affect its shape or function, so it can continuously deal with free radicals until it leaves the system (which has been demonstrated in the Baati study as 97 hours before the bloodstream of rats).
Unlike other antioxidants that can bind to a molecule for a molecule of free radicals, carbon-60 can accumulate dozens of them before it's no longer possible. For example, it was reported that C60 could simultaneously take up to 34 methyl radicals!
It was reported that C60 could simultaneously take up to 34 free radicals!
Combined with its ability to bypass cellular membranes, including the blood-brain barrier, as well as its affinity for DNA, mitochondria, and cell membranes, C60 is a league of its own. Once bound to free radicals, they are 100% neutralized and do not interact with C60 or other elements along the way.
Another research study indicated that a specific malonic acid form of C60 mimicked the action of SOD and removed superoxide, a harmful byproduct produced by cells. This shows that free radical scavenging is not the only means of carbon-60 to act as an antioxidant, but that it is also capable of neutralizing pollutants through chemical reduction reactions.
Reduces Inflammation and Arthritis Symptoms
Since C60 is such a strong radical scavenger, it makes sense that it would reduce inflammation, especially in arthritis. In human cell cultures as well as in rats suffering from arthritis, water-soluble C60 suppressed inflammation in the joints and bones.
Get relief from arthritis pain.
From a mitochondrial perspective, C60 is reported to truly help rebalance the mitochondria, boosting the immune system and decreasing inflammation.
Boosts the Immune System
In addition to protecting mitochondria and cells from free radical damage, C60 helps boost your immune system. This includes stimulating products from immune cells such as lymphocytes (white blood cells) and useful cytokines such as TNF-alpha, both of which play an important role in fighting infections and even tumor cells.
Thanks to the potent antioxidant activity of this miracle molecule, it can prevent you from allergies and severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis). The levels of histamine, IgE and other inflammatory constituents associated with allergies were massively reduced by the intervention of carbon-60. This makes Fullerene 60 the perfect treatment for asthma, respiratory diseases, heart attacks, and cardiovascular diseases.
Prevents Nerve Apoptosis and Reversal of Alzheimer's Disease
Apoptosis is a term for the death of cells against which buckyballs protect themselves in nerve cells. It is a fact that neurons die daily and are created in a healthy person. However, in Alzheimer's disease and many other neurodegenerative diseases, too many neurons die, resulting in memory loss, cognitive decline, and many other challenges.
In one detailed study, human neurons were cultured in vitro and then exposed to neuronal excitotoxins. These cells were safeguarded from apoptosis by Buckminsterfullerene between 50 and 80%, which was the 80% end of the range for aspartame (NMDA).
C60 seems a promising treatment option for cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.
This study also showed that water-soluble C60 is not an excitotoxin and has no toxicity to the brain or nervous system. Carbon-60 also looks very promising as a treatment option for cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.
There is further evidence that C60 actively promotes the growth of new neurons. Several fullerene 60 derivatives have been tested in vitro to confirm neuronal growth. Not only does this help prevent neurodegeneration, but it also helps to make you more intelligent!
In the case of Alzheimer's disease, it has also been shown that a specific C60 derivative destroys amyloid beta plaques, meaning that it has the potential to completely reverse the disease.
Improves Your Skin
Carbon-60 has been extensively tested for use in skin care applications, especially when the results show important radiation protection benefits.
In rat models of dermatitis, C60 has been shown to reduce inflammation and improve skin barrier function, especially when administered topically (as opposed to injection into the skin)
Impaired barrier functions, as well as increased inflammation, are two of the major problems with dermatitis. If the barrier does not work properly, contaminants and other environmental toxins can infiltrate the skin, resulting in a continuous inflammatory cycle. Carbon-60 helps to finish this cycle.
C60 is said to reduce inflammation, skin lesions, and pimples.
In the treatment of severe acne, topical skin-applied Carbon-60 has been shown to reduce the number of skin lesions, pimples, and oils found on the skin. It has also helped to increase the skin's moisture content after eight weeks, suggesting that it can be used to advantage in moisturizers against dermatitis.
Interestingly, it was demonstrated that lower concentrations of C60 penetrated deeper into the skin, while larger concentrations tended to hang on the surface.
Larger concentrations were also more effective in promoting better skin barrier function, but only on the skin surface. This suggests that lower concentrations are more suitable for reducing inflammation in deeper skin layers, e.g. B. in basal carcinomas.
For certain types of skin diseases that lead to hair loss or alopecia, Carbon-60 can come to the rescue again! It has been shown that carbon-60 in bald mice favored rapid hair growth.
C60 is the Future of Holistic Healthcare
C60 in olive oil is proving to be the biggest revolution in Holistic Healthcare. Even though longevity is not precisely measurable and needs further testing, solid reports suggest C60's incredible ability to extend people's life expectancy and health. Many people continue to take daily C60 olive oil, and report excellent health and wellness benefits.
Click Here to Buy C60
Why C60 in Olive Oil is the Next Big Holistic Healthcare Product | SES Research, Inc. – Houston, TX
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. See Terms & Conditions before making a purchase.


Monarchs U17 Juvenile Boys bring home bronze, U19 Junior Boys bring home silver at Etobicoke Breast Cancer Tournament!
Monarchs U17 Juvenile Boys bring home Bronze at the Etobicoke Breast Cancer Tournament!
Monarchs U19 Junior Boys bring home Silver at the Etobicoke Breast Cancer Tournament!


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We like to say we're in the business of transformation. We enliven and awaken people by showing them the connections between all the things that make up a good life: sunlight to plants, grass to meat, fruit to juice, sap to syrup, cider to conversation. We invite you to immerse yourself in this complex ecosystem with us, and bring this transformative philosophy to the forefront!
Learning by Experience
From our humble beginnings in 2004, the journey to co-create an ecological farm has been an exhilarating (and often challenging!) learning experience. We are inspired by the bio-diversity and interconnections of natural living systems, the unique character of our land and community, and our own emerging passions.
As the awareness of regenerative agriculture grows, our commitment to this movement takes on new dimensions. We believe that sharing the simple wonders of this place through food, drink and experiences offers a potent invitation into the regenerative story. Learn more about the diversity of farms sharing this commitment at Regeneration Canada
The Livestock
We have raised livestock ever since we moved from the city. Through the years, we've raised chickens, goats, pigs, cattle, and horses, to name a few. Whether we're raising animals for meat or otherwise, we care deeply about using ethical and environmental practices in everything we do. It's truly a privilege to know where the food on your table has come from.
The Sugar Bush
Another long-standing part of the business is our maple syrup operation; we've been making maple syrup in our sugar bush for 15 years, and currently we're tapping about 220 trees each year. The sap, which usually starts flowing in early March, is about 2% sugar; from there, we boil it down in our evaporator until it's close to 67% sugar.
In many ways, the orchard was the place where the cidery first came to fruition. We were intrigued by the transformative process we observed - from sunlight, to soil, to tree, to apple - and we wanted to take this a step further. Many of the ingredients we currently use in our cider are sourced from our forest garden, and we hope to continually explore these possibilities as the orchard matures.


Normal sized animals such as wolves, bears, hawks etc. Birds can use their claws in Air to Ground and Air to Air Combat.
Spider-People. May use poison bite available near the Great Library. May use Venom Bite Race Power available near the Great Library.
Bird People. Physical in Nature. No Magic. They do possess wings and therefore Flight.
Giant Intelligent Animals often in the company of Druids. Dire Wolf or Sabre-tooth Tiger are good Examples. Birds can use Claws in Air to Air or Air to Ground Combat. Can use Beast Claw as their Weapon.
Large Humanoids with the upper body like a human an the lower body of a Horse. They can range from 8 foot to 24 feet in height. They would wear giant on the meter if over 12 feet tall. They can use any weapon, armor, shield, or spell available to their Class. They are perfect Paladins, Cavaliers, Death Knights and Rangers but are not excluded from any Class.
A large magical beast that appears to be an amalgam of several different creatures. Usually a three-headed creature that can bite with its lion head, gore with its goat head, and breathe fire with its dragon head. Its has a snake complete with head as a tail and dragon wings. Its fore-paws are a lion and hind legs of a goat. Use of breath weapon and beast claws.
Tiny Animals such as Foxes, Badgers, Crows or Rabbits. Birds can use Claws in either Air to Air or Air to Ground Combat.
Upper body of a Humaniod (typically a drow) and the lower body of a giant spider. May use Venom Bite Race Power available near the Great Library.
A race of Amorphous beings with no certain shape or size. Their natural shape is a semi transparent blob of odd goo filled with the littering of whatever they have consumed but had not yet digested such as metal or bone.
Humanoid with snake hair. May use Venom Bite Race Power available near the Great Library. Does not turn people to stone.
Upper body of a woman and lower body of an Eagle. Wings attached to their arms. Vicious as the day is long. Can use Beast Claws in addition to a single handed weapon if they so choose. Bows cannot be used in Flight. Beast Claws can be used in Air to Ground and Air to Air Combat.
Squidfaced amphibeous underworld dwellers. These beings possess high intellect and intense arcane energy. They make excellent magi. Often Called Mind Flayers. Powerful Psionic Chaos Plane Beings.
Any number of giant Humanoid Insects. They do not sleep and are resistant to charm, illusions all glamours and magicks which do not deal damage. Thri-Kreen are an example of a Mantis Insectoid.
Fox People. Magickal in Nature and often very evil. Can use Weapons or Beast Claws.
Snakepeople with the upper body of a biped and the lower portions of a snake. May use Venom Bite Race Power available near the Great Library.
Some Realms do not recognize these races..see the Realm itself for details. Cat people. Often Asian in Nature. Can use Beast Claws or weapons.
Humanoid reptiles. Often aboriginal in nature. Lizardmen are good examples. May use Venom Bite Race Power available near the Great Library.
A gargantuan, eagle-like animal that inhabits the highest mountains, and preys upon large creatures such as cattle, horses, and elephants. A roc's plumage is typically dark brown or golden from head to tail. These enormous creatures are 30 feet long from the beak to the base of the tail, with wingspans as wide as 80 feet. A roc weighs about 8,000 pounds. Uses beast claws.
Bird People. Magickal in Nature and usually very good. Some Clans have lost the power of Fight.
Intelligent single horned horse. Often cloven hoofed. Magickal in Nature and the elders possess teleportation. Telepathic at close range.
White fur covered bestial creatures that walk on two legs.


Following the success of the 2018 premiership-winning season, Southport Sharks has been quick to recruit within the coaching department. We are delighted to announce Matthew Primus as an Assistant Coach for the 2019 season.
Matthew has had a distinguished playing career, with 157 AFL games for Fitzroy and Port Adelaide. He was Captain of Port Adelaide from 2001–2005 and has served as an Assistant Coach at Port Adelaide and at the Gold Coast Suns.
Matthew was the Senior Coach of Port Adelaide from 2010–2012. Southport Sharks General Manager of Football Operations, Jarrod Field is delighted with the acquisition.
"Matthew has a great relationship with current coaches Steve Daniel and Matthew Lappin. We believe his experience will be a huge asset for the club next season" – Jarrod Field.