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Jeffrey K. Bye, Ph.D.
Psychology Classics: Wason Selection Task (Part II)
Jeffrey K. Bye
2013-10-07 17 min read Cognitive Psychology, Reasoning, Wason Selection Task
Image credit: Meritt Thomas on Unsplash
This blog post was originally published on the Psychology in Action blog in October 2013.
This post is the second of two on the Wason selection task ( Part I), and part of an ongoing series exploring classic experiments and theories in the history of psychological research.
In Part I of my series of posts on the Wason selection task, I detailed the development of the task (Wason, 1966), the discovery of the content effect (Wason & Shapiro, 1971), and early explanations for the effect and its failed replications (Griggs & Cox, 1982). We left off with the sentiment that reasoners must be using knowledge that is more abstract than specific memories but more concrete than context-free symbolic logic.
Now we turn to the mid-'80s, when two popular theories emerged to explain participants' seemingly incompatible performance on different versions of the selection task: Cheng and Holyoak's pragmatic reasoning schemas (1985, 1989; Cheng et al., 1986) and Cosmides and Tooby's social contract theory (Cosmides, 1985; Cosmides, 1989; Cosmides & Tooby, 1992). The broader implications of these competing theories renewed interest among researchers in using the Wason selection task as a means for studying human deductive reasoning, and reflect a more general tension in cognitive science between thinking of the mind as a content-general information processor or a collection of content-specific modules.
Pragmatic reasoning schemas
In the mid-1980s, cognitive psychologists Patricia Cheng and Keith Holyoak proposed a hypothesis that occupies a theoretical middle-ground between the purely semantic memory-cueing theories (Griggs & Cox, 1982; Manktelow & Evans, 1979) and the purely syntactic natural logic theories (Braine, 1978; Osherson, 1975; see Part I). Building off of cognitive psychology research on schematic knowledge and inference, their theory of pragmatic reasoning schemas (Cheng & Holyoak, 1985, 1989; Cheng et al., 1986) claims that humans learn through experience the general structure of scenarios such as requiring permission to carry out a desired action. From this experience, reasoners are able to leverage the context-specific salience of the conditional's contrapositive form (inferring "the desired action is not to be taken if the permission is not satisfied" from "if the action is to be taken, then the permission must be satisfied") to bring to bear on relevant domains, even if they are novel. Thus, humans' general reasoning skills allow for learning from examples and extrapolating to similarly structured situations.
In cognitive psychology, a schema (closely related to a script or frame) is a mental framework for representing patterns of information that are relatively constant across multiple instances of similar contexts. By consolidating specific memories of some like type into a single, more abstract representation, a schema leverages a large amount of explanatory and predictive weight for relatively little cognitive effort. Once you've learned a schema, you can use it to identify new instances of the schema and make reliable inferences from prior experiences.
Humans frequently draw from schemas when encountering new examples of a familiar kind––we might assume that a graduate student's office would contain books (Brewer & Treyens, 1981) or that a waitress in a restaurant would bring menus (Bower, Black, & Turner, 1979). Moreover, when learning new information, we draw on prior knowledge to make sensible inferences (Bransford & Franks, 1971).
Cheng and Holyoak's account takes this notion of schema and applies it to social situations. They noted that most of the instances of facilitating contrapositive responses in the Wason selection task involved contexts with a broad theme in common––conditional rules describing scenarios of permission or obligation, which fall into the domain of deontic logic. These situations invariably consist of a goal (desired state or action) and a precondition (required state or action). A pragmatic reasoning schema contains sets of context-sensitive rules that are defined relative to an actor's situational goal, and their relationship to the precondition for carrying out the goal.
For example, in the alcohol problem detailed in Part I, it's easy to see that the fundamental logic of the drinking rule is that one is required to meet a precondition (being at least 21 years of age) in order to have permission to achieve the goal (consume alcohol). Cheng and Holyoak argue that if the problem context evokes a sense of permission, this cues the permission schema, and reasoners can tap into their general knowledge induced from prior personal experience with permission-based scenarios. In the drinking-rule case, the connection between the problem description and a sense of requiring permission seems relatively straightforward, which makes it very easy to draw on schematic knowledge of permissions.
Production rules
Borrowing from the artificial intelligence terminology for frames (Minsky, 1975), Cheng and Holyoak propose a production system, which takes as arguments the contextual roles of a desired goal and a required precondition (rather than context-free logical symbols P and Q in a purely syntactic theory), as well as the modal concepts of possibility and necessity. When the antecedent of a production rule is satisfied, the consequent is instantiated. By matching isomorphic roles across different scenarios, reasoners can easily apply the schema's production rules to make appropriate and useful inferences, even for novel situations (so long as the schema is properly cued).
Permission Schema Production Rules (Cheng & Holyoak, 1985, p. 397):
If the action is to be taken, then the precondition must be satisfied.
If the action is not to be taken, then the precondition need not be satisfied.
If the precondition is satisfied, then the action may be taken.
If the precondition is not satisfied, then the action must not be taken.
Comparing these four production rules to the four logical arguments for the material conditional (see Part I), #1 is the original form of the conditional, #2 overrides the Denying the Antecedent fallacy, #3 overrides the Affirming the Consequent fallacy, and #4 is the contrapositive form of the conditional. Notice that all four rules contain modal verbs of necessity or possibility ("must", "need", "may") and specify the roles of both action and precondition. This is the contextualized vocabulary of the permission schema.
In the alcohol example, it's very easy to substitute "drinking alcohol" for the desired action and "at least 21 years old" as the precondition: "If someone is drinking alcohol, then they must be at least 21 years old." For problems of permission and obligation (such as the alcohol problem), both the original and contrapositive forms (production rules #1 and #4, respectively) are relevant to the goal of detecting rule violations (anyone drinking alcohol must be 21, and anyone under 21 must not be drinking alcohol). Production rules #2 and #3 aid in avoiding common fallacies (so you don't think that those not drinking alcohol must be under 21, or that 21-year-olds must be drinking alcohol). In the alcohol version of the Wason selection task (Problem 2 in Part I), rules #1 and #4 require us to turn over the cards with BEER and 19, respectively, whereas rules #2 and #3 allow us to ignore the cards with COKE and 35, respectively.
While the contrapositive #4 is clearly useful in deontic contexts like alcohol regulations, Cheng and Holyoak (1985) point out that not all contrapositives are equally useful––just those which serve the goal of the reasoner, as is typically the case in a permission scenario. For example, the effortful (and clumsy) transposition of the non-deontic conditional "If I have a headache, then I should take some aspirin" to "If it's not the case that I should take some aspirin, then I do not have a headache," has essentially no utility. The reasoner's goal is not to find out if she has a headache (presumably, she would either feel one or not), but rather to assess whether she should take some aspirin. Invoking modus tollens in this scenario is uninformative, which is why the vast majority of people have probably never thought to consider that contrapositive (besides logicians and cognitive psychologists, of course). So, whereas a permission schema would trigger the contrapositive production rule, this is not necessarily true of non-deontic conditionals (which is not to say that there are no non-deontic conditionals for which modus tollens has utility; see Almor & Sloman, 2000).
In the pragmatic reasoning schema framework, the reasoner must recognize that a situation matches their permission schema, align the situation with the schema, and execute any production rules relevant to their goal(s). It seems straightforward that this would account for subjects' performance in the alcohol context, but at the same time most experimental subjects would have had direct experience with this rule. A better test for the theory would be to explain the results in support of the memory-cueing account (discussed in Part I) from experiments using the postage stamp rule, and to offer further evidence that is not explained by the memory-cueing account. Performance on the postage-rule task seemed dependent on whether the subjects had experience with the rule––the content effect (Johnson-Laird et al., 1972; Wason & Shapiro, 1971) was not apparent for younger British subjects (Golding, 1981) or American subjects who were unfamiliar with the rule (Griggs & Cox, 1982).
Cheng and Holyoak (1985, Experiment 1) tested subjects from both America and Hong Kong on two different versions of a Wason selection task rule: one a version of the postage stamp rule, and the other a new rule about cholera. They reasoned that the American subjects would not have much prior experience with either type of rule, but that the subjects from Hong Kong would have experience with the postage example, as a similar rule had recently been in place in Hong Kong. As an additional manipulation, they provided half of the subjects from each location with a rationale for the rules, whereas the other half received no rationale.
In the postage stamp example (Problem 3), all subjects were told that they were to act as a postal clerk in a foreign country and enforce the rule: "If an envelope is sealed, then it must have a 20 cent stamp" (Cheng & Holyoak, 1985, p. 399). Half of the subjects were then told that the rationale for the regulation was to increase profit from sealed, personal letters.
Wason Selection Task: Postage Example
You are shown these four cards and given the following prompt:
"You are a postal clerk working in some foreign country. Part of your job is to go through letters to check the postage. The country's postal regulation requires that if a letter is sealed, then it must carry a 20-cent stamp. In order to check that the regulation is followed, which of the following four envelopes would you turn over? Turn over only those that you need to check to be sure." (Cheng & Holyoak, 1985, p. 400)
Rationale (given to half of subjects):
"The rationale for this regulation is to increase profit from personal mail, which is nearly always sealed. Sealed letters are defined as personal and must therefore carry more postage than unsealed letters." (Cheng & Holyoak, 1985, p. 400)
In the cholera example (Problem 4), all subjects were told that they were to act as an immigration clerk in the Philippines and enforce the rule: "If a passenger's form says 'Entering' on one side, then the other side must include 'cholera'" (p. 399). Half of the subjects were told that the tropical diseases listed were passengers' inoculations, and the rationale for the regulation was to ensure entering passengers were protected.
Wason Selection Task: Cholera Example
"You are an immigration officer at the International Airport in Manila, capital of the Philippines. Among the documents you have to check is a sheet called Form H. One side of this form indicates whether the passenger is entering the country or in transit, while the other side of the form lists names of tropical diseases. You have to make sure that if the form says 'ENTERING' on one side, then the other side includes cholera among the list of diseases. Which of the following forms would you have to turn over to check? Indicate only those that you need to check to be sure." (Cheng & Holyoak, 1985, pp. 400-401)
The other side of the form lists names of inoculations for tropical diseases that the passenger has had in the last 6 months. "This is to ensure that entering passengers are protected against the disease." (Cheng & Holyoak, 1985, p. 401)
Experiment 1 Results
A purely syntactic (natural logic) theory would predict that all eight conditions (2 locations x 2 domains x 2 rationale) would yield similar results, and a purely semantic (memory-cueing) theory would predict that only Hong Kong subjects would do well on the postage rule (given their specific experience with a similar rule), and rationales would not make much difference in any condition. By contrast, Cheng and Holyoak predicted that only Hong Kong subjects given the postage rule would do well without a rationale, but that subjects in the other conditions (Hong Kong cholera, American postage, American cholera) would significantly improve when given a rationale.
Cheng & Holyoak (1985) Experiment 1 Results
As indicated in the figure, providing subjects with a regulation's rationale improved correct responses from around 60% to around 90%, except for the Hong Kong subjects with the postage rule (who were already around 90% without the rationale). The syntactic natural-logic theory does not explain any differences between conditions (all shared the same if-then conditional logic rules), and the semantic memory-cueing theory does not readily explain the effect of the rationale (there were no experiential differences between subjects in the rationale and no-rationale conditions).
These results support the pragmatic reasoning schema theory, as subjects were able to reason normatively with unfamiliar rules if they were provided a rationale, which could have cued their permission schema. However, there are other possibilities, as the rationales did provide further content, which while not affecting subjects' prior experience, may still have cued less directly related memories (at a more abstract level, reasoners are likely to have had experience with increasing profits or protecting against diseases, even if not these specific examples). Because this possibility still gives some credibility to the memory-cuing explanation of the content effect, Cheng and Holyoak (1985, Experiment 2) designed analogous materials that were considerably more abstract.
In order to preserve the schema-cueing sense of permission, they kept the basic intro to the prompt used in Experiment 1, telling the reasoner that they were to act as an authority checking whether regulations are being followed. However, neither the actions nor their prerequisites were specified, and were represented purely as Action A and Precondition P. In this sense, the only content of the problem was the fact that this rule was a regulation (deontic), not just descriptive. In order to evoke a sense of permission, the conditional rule was framed as a requirement that people fulfill a precondition in order to carry out an action, and the reasoner was given the position of an authority enforcing the regulation.
Wason Selection Task: Abstract Permission Example
"Suppose you are an authority checking whether or not people are obeying certain regulations. The regulations all have the general form, 'If one is to take action "A," then one must first satisfy precondition "P."' In other words, in order to be permitted to do 'A', one must first have fulfilled prerequisite 'P.' The cards below contain information on four people: one side of the card indicates whether or not a person has taken action 'A,' the other indicates whether or not the same individual has fulfilled precondition 'P.' In order to check that a certain regulation is being followed, which of the cards below would you turn over? Turn over only those that you need to check to be sure." (Cheng & Holyoak, 1985, p. 403)
In a second condition, reasoners were given a scenario similar to the original Wason task, but formatted to match as closely as possible the abstract regulation problem above. (Cheng and Holyoak note that while the original Wason task is often called 'abstract', the entities––letters and numbers––do have concreteness to them; it is the arbitrary nature of the rule that really matters, in contrast to the non-arbitrary practical implications of a regulation.) Subjects were told that they were to determine whether a rule ("If a card has an 'A' on one side, then it must have a '4' on the other side") was being followed. To more closely match the abstract permission problem, cards that negated the 'A' or '4' were explicitly labeled as such (e.g., '7' was captioned 'i.e., not 4' and 'B' 'i.e., not A') and the modal must was included in the rule. Importantly, while logically identical to the abstract permission problem, the conditional in this problem was not phrased as a regulation, but rather as a descriptive rule.
Wason Selection Task: Abstract Arbitrary Example
"Below are four cards. Every card has a letter on one side and a number on the other. Your task is to decide which of the cards you need to turn over in order to find out whether or not a certain rule is being followed. The rule is: 'If a card has an "A" on one side, then it must have a "4" on the other side.' Turn over only those cards that you need to check to be sure." (Cheng & Holyoak, 1985, p. 403)
Comparing the abstract permission problem to the arbitrary card problem, subjects did remarkably better with the abstract (61% correct vs. 19% correct). This dramatic result suggests that it is not the concreteness of the terms (which could cue semantic memory) but the context of permission that elicits modus tollens responses. Whereas the results from Experiment 1 could still be explained by the memory-cueing theory, Experiment 2 cannot be easily explained. While pragmatic reasoning schemas are also experience-dependent, the inferences from production rules can be content-independent if the problem structure matches the learned schema. In this sense, Cheng and Holyoak's theory blends the best features of both semantic and syntactic theories, and explains the experimental evidence well.
Cheng and Holyoak's (1985) results provide evidence against the natural-logic and memory-cueing theories, and their theory of pragmatic reasoning schemas offers a parsimonious explanation of the data. While it is not the only way to explain performance on the Wason selection task, their theory intuitively balances the roles of experience and logic. Moreover, their insight reinvigorated interest in the Wason selection task as a paradigm for studying human reasoning.
Disclosure of professional connection to featured research
The author, Jeffrey K. Bye, was a graduate student of Patricia Cheng and Keith Holyoak in the Reasoning Lab at UCLA.
Almor, A., & Sloman, S. A. (2000). Reasoning versus text processing in the Wason selection task: A nondeontic perspective on perspective effects. Memory & Cognition, 28(6), 1060–1070.
Bower, G. H., Black, J. B., & Turner, T. J. (1979). Scripts in memory for text. Cognitive Psychology, 11(2), 177–220.
Braine, M. D. S. (1978). On the relation between the natural logic of reasoning and standard logic. Psychological Review, 85, 1–21.
Bransford, J. D., & Franks, J. J. (1971). The abstraction of linguistic ideas. Cognitive Psychology, 2(4), 331–350.
Brewer, W. F., & Treyens, J. C. (1981). Role of schemata in memory for places. Cognitive Psychology, 13(2), 207–230.
Cheng, P. W., & Holyoak, K. J. (1985). Pragmatic reasoning schemas. Cognitive Psychology, 17(4), 391–416.
Cheng, P. W., & Holyoak, K. J. (1989). On the natural selection of reasoning theories. Cognition, 33, 285–313.
Cheng, P. W., Holyoak, K. J., Nisbett, R. E., & Oliver, L. M. (1986). Pragmatic versus syntactic approaches to training deductive reasoning. Cognitive Psychology, 18(3), 293–328.
Cosmides, L. (1989). The logic of social exchange: Has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task. Cognition, 31(3), 187–276.
Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1992). Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture (pp. 163–228). New York: Oxford University Press.
Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1996). Are humans good intuitive statisticians after all? Rethinking some conclusions from the literature on judgment under uncertainty. Cognition, 58(1), 1–73.
Golding, E. (1981). The effect of past experience on problem solving. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the British Psychological Society, Surrey University.
Griggs, R. A., & Cox, J. R. (1982). The elusive thematic-materials effect in Wason's selection task. British Journal of Psychology, 73, 407–420.
Johnson-Laird, P., Legrenzi, P., & Legrenzi, M. S. (1972). Reasoning and a sense of reality. British Journal of Psychology, 63(3), 395–400.
Manktelow, K. I., & Evans, J. St. B. T. (1979). Facilitation of reasoning by realism: Effect or non-effect? British Journal of Psychology, 70, 477–488.
Minsky, M. (1975). A framework for representing knowledge. In P. Winston (Ed.), The psychology of computer vision. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Osherson. D. (1975). Logic and models of logical thinking. In R. J. Falmagne (Ed.), Reasoning: Representation and process. New York: Wiley.
Wason, P. C. (1966). Reasoning. In B. Foss (Ed.), New horizons in psychology (pp. 135–151). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
Wason, P. C., & Shapiro, D. (1971). Natural and contrived experience in a reasoning problem. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 23, 63–71.
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AG worries Kavanaugh allegations could chill assault reports
by Shereen Siewert September 27, 2018 September 27, 2018
MADISON, Wis. (AP) — Attorney General Brad Schimel says he fears sexual assault allegations against U.S. Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh have become so politicized that victims won't come forward any more.Schimel told reporters Thursday that the allegations against Kavanaugh have become a "political football." He's worried sex assault survivors won't come forward because they're afraid they'll be caught up in a similar mix.
He adds he doesn't envy anyone trying to determine the truth about the Kavanaugh allegations because it's become such a political game.
Schimel signed a letter in July urging the U.S. Senate to confirm Kavanaugh. He said Thursday Kavanaugh is qualified to serve on the high court. He says Kavanaugh has served honorably as a federal appellate judge but the Senate faces a difficult challenge as it considers confirmation.
Tagged: #MeToo, AG Brad Schimel, Brett Kavanaugh, sexual assault
37 replies on "AG worries Kavanaugh allegations could chill assault reports"
Dino Corvino says:
Holy male priviledge Batman. The fact that a woman came forward today, and is being forced to testify in front of a government tribunal that has publicly stated that they think she is a liar, that will chill people coming forward. Not her coming forward. But rather the rubicon she must cross prior to being believed. This isn't a criminal trial, so there is not a presumption of innocence clause for the Judge. We are literally forcing a woman to testify in front of the world in order for her allegation to be believed. Screw you Schimmel, you who waited until Walker needed votes to complete rape kits from years ago. We should believe women.
Forced to testify? She can thank Feinstein for that. She had the letter and somehow it was made public..then she was thrown into the spotlight..I've been listening to the hearing in the background at work and all I can say is wow. Her lawyers are working for free..her polygraph test that was done was paid for by her lawyers..funny thing is in the first half of the hearing she said I don't know who paid for my test. My lawyers are working pro bono. What high priced dc lawyer does that? Oh ones with an ex to grind. Since it's not a legal hearing they have no way to make money..And who recommended these layers? Oh Feinsteins staff. These lawyers are so toxic even Tammy Baldwin had to separate herself from them at a fundraiser they were having a couple weeks ago. Baldwin knows it would ruin her chances this November..
Yes Todd, she was forced to testify. She was not going to be believed by anyone until she did. It was not enough that she submitted testimony, wrote in a newspaper, she needed to parade herself in front of the cameras and have the President call her story not credible (code for liar), the white men on the committee have been incredibly insulting. Your concept of what the attorney do is based in your own personal bias. I have worked with plenty of attorney who believe in the causes they are working on, and do so for free.
What if this was a woman you knew? What signal are we sending young girls that in order to believed they must destroy their lives? This woman, like Anita Hill, or Juanita Broderick, or Paula Jones, or Monica Lewinsky, are never going to be the same after their allegations, and they know it. This woman is brave.
We must believe women.
Susan Stanko says:
To make it more accurate to what most women would go through, she is receiving death threats Most women wont go through a Senate hearing but, all could potentially get threats for coming forward
progressives favorite past time is virtue signaling…and this old white men comment i see from far leftists is getting out of control..you are pretty racist and sexist dont you think? they had this letter months ago and the fbi could have looked into it. seems odd to bring it up now. look for the video with joe biden at the clarence thomas hearing years ago where he said the FBI documents don't mean anything becuaes they dont make conclusions
John Enk says:
Todd are they not old white men and members of what today passes for the Republican Party and does a charge deserve an investigation, why is the recommendation of the American Bar Association being ignore and the massive protest at Yale against Kavanaugh and why was he more thoroughly vetted.
What happens when the majority part looses it's view morality and is willing to eschew an investigation.
It is only a life time appointment and certainly a couple of days to get to the truth
I do not think I am virtue signaling at all. Are you sure you are defining that correctly? Schimmel is an old white guy, who is being politically correct now?
If you want to comment on what I said, comment on what I said. Of course Joe Biden did badly, so did all the others.
I do not know anything about the FBI having a letter. What I know is what Grassley did today, and how stupid Schimmel is for what he said. The idea that a woman providing a strong example to women by coming forward is somehow going to be a deterrant for women in coming forward is half a quote. What he failed to mention is that women who come forward, and are treated like this person, are a detriment to women coming forward.
By omiting this, he is not culpable.
call1911 says:
Oh for crying out freaking loud…. I have ZERO…ZIP…NADA problem with ANY woman coming forward if she was sexually assaulted. However, can you or ANYONE show any of us ONE FREAKING OUNCE of credible evidence regarding this entire shat show? ONE OUNCE. ANYONE can make a freaking accusation from 36 years ago and have ZERO evidence or ANY kind of proof. It means NOTHING, except liberals wetting themselves about the possibility of derailing a Supreme Court nomination and more disgustingly, COMPLETELY ruining the life and career of a man with a track record longer than ANY of us of being a completely upstanding individual. NOBODY made this woman make an accusation she can't back up with ANY kind of proof. You can virtue-signal all you freaking want, but again, show me ONE bit of credible EVIDENCE. Spare me the crocodile tears about how how she's been treated. She's been fawned upon more than ANY person I've ever seen in my entire life. So screw your stupid "male privilege" and the horse you rode it in on. This has NOTHING to do with anything of the sort. It's about a COMPLETELY BASELESS allegation with ZERO proof or evidence. It's a sham of epic proportions.
We must believe ANYONE who has PROOF AND EVIDENCE…..male or female. Women do NOT have that monopoly, no matter what kind of weird world you live in.
When someone you know is sexually assaulted, what evidence would be good enough? You should let women know.
While you are at it, you should let the women who accused Cosby, or the children assaulted by Catholic Priests.
Seriously, what evidence would you find compelling?
Dino..actual evidence lol. What's the difference between this and all other names I brought up? They had stacks of evidence in a court of law against them. Kav has zero evidence brought upon him. Fbi won't touch it. Maybe she should have went to the state it happened in if she wanted justice. And then bring more than hearsay. All I heard from Ford was my friends are all with me..so what? Who's house were you at? Her good friend was with her but she ran out of the house to hide. Did her friend say oh that seems normal. It's crazy cause the lefities in the senate day..this isn't a court of law! We don't need evidence! Wha??!
Feinstein and dems dragged her through the mud…which is why he said less women will come out in the future. The original letter was not supposed to see the light of day but dems wanted to make this political and sure enough they did. Thrusting this lady into the spotlight..sounds reasonable to me.
Virtue signaling as in they don't bring up keith ellison, or bill clinton, or franken. They didn't ask for the FBI to look into ellison or franken. or in cory bookers book saying he touched women without their consent. He said it in his book! Yet he is an advocate for women all of sudden. Leaving all of those facts out means you and those senators are virtue signaling.
Sure, lets bring up Keith Ellison, or Bill Clinton. That is fine. We can talk about them all you like. More than willing to.
But, the article was about the allegations against Kavanaugh. So, that is the news of the day.
I think the way Hillary and the people around the Clintons spoke about the women who came forward and made allegations against Bill, I think that was shitty and terrible. Women like Juanita Broderick, Monica Lewinski, Paula Jones and Kathleen Willey, those lives were destroyed by the process, and by what happened to them. I assume their lives have never been the same.
Al Franken resigned from the Senate because of his allegations.
Keith Ellison is facing his charges now.
I did not, nor will I, read Corey Bookers book.
But, I am more than willing to talk about all of these things.
The definition of virtue signaling is, "the action or practice of publicly expressing opinions or sentiments intended to demonstrate one's good character or the moral correctness of one's position on a particular issue." I am pretty sure I did not do that.
FYI either the GOP who controls the Senate and the Committee or the President could have called for the FBI to investigate in more depth and turn the evidence over to the Justice Department for evaluatio.
Lava naught was upset and greatly incovience by this group of women stepping forward… but if they are telling the truth, which makes more sense considering the information about other details present about Kavanaug.
We need all she papers to review and the FBI and other agencies to do their job.
Oh and I'm going to catch heat for this..but what happened with the Roy Moore accuser? Notice how that story and all charges that woman brought up vanished? Or was that hearsay again with zero evidence. Just trying to make sure he loses in the court of public opinion
Todd, in regards to evidence or presumption of innocence, in regards to today, none is needed. This is not a court of law, it is a Senate hear. To respond to your bit, what evidence did any of the accusers of Bill Clinton have, besides the dress from Lewinsky. Anything?
She is not bringing hearsay. The definition of hearsay is "information received from other people that one cannot adequately substantiate; rumor." She is not quoting someone else. When the Senators quote from a letter written, that is hearsay. It is hearsay until they can corroborate it.
Serious question though, what is an example of evidence that you would find adequate?
In regards to Roy Moore, there were several women who came forward with allegations. I know several of them filed lawsuits against Judge Moore for defamation. And he, being classy, countersued.
Seriously though, what evidence do women need to be believed in sexual assault allegations?
Umm…….how about ANY?
A team of investigators talk to the victim, suspect, witnesses and do their job, then the attorney general or district attorney decide wheather to file charges…
No Call, be specific. Does she need scars, bruises, photos? Does she need to get pregnant? tearing of her cervix? If she is a young girl, the breaking of the hymen? If the violation was anal, does it need to bleed or prolapse the anus? scars or breaks in the labia?
What specifically does it means that she needs evidence?
Actual evidence..like Ellison's ex with her medical report showing the abuse..not some polygraph test her lawyers paid for 36 years later. Which means nothing . Or bill Cosby actually drugging people. Multiple people. Or Al Franken touching someone when they out cold in a photo… Corey Booker admitting he has assaulted women himself in the past but saying oh I've changed I'm sorry and now I'm going to crucify kav..
So, Ellison has a medical report, but not a video tape? So, how do we know that Keith did it? This can apply to all accusation, how do we know that the accused has committed the violence? Did anyone see Bill Cosby drug any women? Or did they just say he did? Did anyone have a drug test to confirm they were drug, or maybe they just are misremembering?
It feels like the dress from Lewinsky is an actual slam dunk piece of evidence. It is Bill's DNA, from semen, on an article of clothing, near where oral sex would be performed.
But, the point is this, when you create an arbitrary standard for women to jump through, in a crime with no witnesses, you are demeaning them, and creating second class citizens, they become less than men. They must prove a violation against them. A violation that is not proven in the cases of the Priests, in the case of Cosby, or the Duke LaCrosse team, or Tawana Brawley.
But, if instead you create a space for girls and women to be believed, whether it be the police, a hospital, or a public hearing, you empower young girls for this shit to not be a secret curse. They can come forward, and claim their pain and name it. This helps all of us in the long run.
But to get back to the AG, this is about as classless and hypocritical as one can be. This is the office of the man who oversaw a backlog of rape kits in this state, that prevented prosecution and prevented conviction, and left women at risk. He completed that backlog just in time for Governor Walker to run for another term. In a transparently political act, so Walker would not have to answer for this. For him to now come forward and try to get us to believe he is interest in standing up for women and girls, is insulting.
Listen to these statements and tell me that an investigation isn't needed. The law should not be a political football and without a definitive investigation… we have justice. What happens at Georgetown Prep stays at Georgetown Prep is not defense for misconduct… too many witnesses not interviewed and too much information ignored…
Since I can't respond directly to your post, it's quoted above:
YES……..THIRTY SIX years ago, IF there were scars, bruises (and all of the other OVER THE TOP crap you typed that I won't bother to repeat) that would most definitely qualify as raw evidence and hell yes…proof. However, let's be VERY clear about one thing. She never has claimed that he raped her. I believe the description she gave was basically he was laying on top of her and "felt her up" with her clothing on. Therefore, your over the top gynecological descriptions that someone like Corey Booker would use (congrats on that) are just plain STUPID.
Evidence would also be someone……..ANYONE corroborating her story. NO ONE has done that. The three other people who she says were there and/or witnessed it categorically deny it happened. Hey, feel free to keep flapping your gums about someone making a 36 yr old accusation with ZERO proof. I'm done wasting my time in what I realize is nothing more than a feeble attempt to shove ANY kind of common sense or logic into your cranium.
The professional organization is calling for an FBI investigation, Mitchell says a professional team as investigative techniques, Kavanaugh says he believes Dr. Ford and that it wasn't him, none of the other witnesses have been interviewed and other charges have be made… women coming forward and standing strong and they deserve an investigation and we need the truth and the investigation
I mean, yeah, lets keep this line of thought going. I mean, you are not creating any sort of standard, you just want SOME evidence. I mean, in this case if Mark Judge had come forward, would that be okay? I mean there are several other women who came forward, does that not count?
So lets again, take a step back to your idea of standard. What about Sandusky, he is in prison. In most cases, most he was convicted of, there are no witnesses. Sandusky performed oral sex on young men. What evidence can be offered then? Seriously, those assaults came YEARS in the passed, and those young men were believed, and Sandusky was decried as a predator. Is there a standard of evidence in cases where a man performs oral sex on a boy?
Because what you are getting at seems to be that there is a statute of limitations on when a person (in this case a woman) is believable, and you are arbitrarily saying you get to decide. The courts have ruled differently.
As far as my descriptions, it is important to name what we are talking about. They are hardly over the top, one should not shy away from talking about the human anatomy, especially when you assume the mantel of arbiter. And you can't. You cannot say anything other than time and witnesses is your credibility test. Lots of women and men are raped in private, lots of children are sexually assaulted in private. By your test, that is enough to make their story invalid. That is a scary place to put victims.
In regards to the Kavanaugh hearings, it is not a court of law, so you do not have sworn testimony from anyone other than the Doctor and the Judge. So there are not others who said this did not happen. Because if all news is fake news, we need to apply that standard equally. Just because it is reported, does not make it true.
Unless of course the test for fake news is anything that supports your narrative is true, and anything that opposes it is fake? Right?
I mean, if it is about time, Steve Reinboldt waited at least 8 years before he told his sister that Dennis Hastert assaulted him. Then he died, and never gave a statement, never submitted to an exam of any kind. Yet, the work of his sister (by the way the definition of hearsay) was compelling enough to create an awareness. There were at least 4 victims of assault, none of whom testified under oath, and all the records are sealed, so you have no idea if they offered any evidence. He was convicted and sentenced to 15 months in prison. What evidence can a dead man bring? What standard are you setting? I mean, a dead guy, clearly no crime was committed there. Right?
That's it Dino you convinced me.. the judge is 100 percent guilty and Ford is telling the the truth. No proof needed. Let's stone him in public. I am going to tell the local police you are running a meth ring should we get proof or just take my word for it. Same with Susan I'll tell the cops you slapped my kid a year ago. We don't need proof get the cuts out no need for a trial. Are you guys insane? Send the fbi to investigate? Let's the get the time machine out
Well, Todd, I am not running a meth ring. But, if the police do an investigation, and charge me with a crime, I will avail myself of the legal system. In this case, there is no presumption of innocence because it was not a court of law. I do not get why you keep missing that. I also do not understand why you do not respond to the substance of what I post. I show you that respect.
Again, the Judge was not in a court of law. So, there is no presumption of innocence, nor a presumption of guilt. The body is simply seeking facts so it can deliberate and make a decision. One person gave her side, and another gave his. Judge Kavanaugh was not under arrest, no one was innocent until proven guilty. The US Senate Judiciary Committee was seeking information prior to voting on acceptance.
If you do not accept the word of the Doctor who appeared in the hearing, why would you presumably believe the word of people who do not appear in the hearing, or people who simply write letters? It would be safe to assume that the appearance crosses a higher standard for believability than talking to some fake news outlet, or sending a letter. Right?
No this is not a court of law your right and that's obvious. If she was that worried about it she would have brought up charges in the the state it happened which has no statute of limitations…but no…she would rather just get him kicked off the Supreme Court instead..seems odd don't you think? I'll be curious to know if she brings this to the local police once this vote is done. If not what does that say.
In my opinion both testimonies should mute each others out because nothing can be proved..we can't just take her word for it and we can't jist take his word for it. Otherwise one side gets special treatment. It's too late to get real answers because everyone's statements make for contradictory stories.
What also upsets me is dems ridicule kav for being a virgin until after college. They say that's not true! That can't be possible he's a monster. Who are they judge someone's character..there are good people in this world that are decent and they are trying to rip him apart and call him a liar. Once again I think both testimonies mute each other out because they are the opposite ends of spectrum. No prof needed since it's not a court of law. There make you happy I admitted it's not a court of law?
I do not think you should try to read the Doctors mind. That is not fair to her, and I do not think anyone can read anyone elses mind. Your assumptions are based on your personal bias, which is fine. But technically you have no way of knowing why she came forward.
In regards to judging ones character, again your personal bias is on display. You are critical of the Democrats who are critical of the judge, and you say who are they to judge someons character? Well, they are the Senate Judiciary Committee, it is there job. At the EXACT SAME TIME, the Republican party is judging his character as well. So, it once again fits your narrative to hate Democrats, which is fine we do a lot of shit to deserve hatred, but your lack of self awareness is a problem. Orrin Hatch is judging Kavanaugh. By the way, Orrin Hatch asked Bill Clinton to appoint RBG.
We get to choose. As do the Senators. And I choose to believe the Doctor.
In regards to your interest in her going to the local police, Who are you to ask her to do that? You do not believe her now, why would anyone else believe her? And, who are you to decide what is a valid response to sexual assault?
Dude, why don't you just walk around with a huge freaking neon sign above your head that blinks "GUILTY BECAUSE I'm A WHITE MALE"? That way, everyone would know you're Dino Corvino. Wear it like a badge of honor, because you've worked hard for it!
I am not really sure where that comes from. I tried to answer your questions and posts in a respectful way to the best of my ability.
IMHO says:
I have waited before writing any comment about this situation because I will admit right up front that being a woman my point of view is probably skewed. One of the many reasons a woman does not come forward is shame and fear. This happens because even though it is not said out loud, some people feel the woman could have stopped it or somehow enticed the situation. While this is improving 36 years ago it was the normal thought of boys being boys. When watching the fiasco on TV yesterday I noticed that while Dr Blasey Ford was testifying in the room most were respectful to Dr Blasey Ford, all that changed outside the room and inside the when Judge Kavanaugh testified. I thought Judge Kavanaugh quite disrespectful and protested maybe just a little to loudly when answering questions he did not like or give the run around on questions he really did not want to answer. As far as the statements given. These were short statement given by their attorneys stating they did not remember and those statement were signed by them. I do not believe any were directly questioned and none would come to testify. More than likely Judge Kavanaugh will be confirmed to the Supreme Court. It should also be noted there are what were consider upstanding good people either now in jail or have been sent to jail after shouting loudly for years they did not commit the sexual assault they were accused of. They only way the truth came out was by a more detailed investigation. By the same token people have been cleared completely by an investigation.
Sorry, I need to make a correction it is not Dr. Blasey Ford as she is a psychologist and a psychiatrist.
When a woman makes an accusation, the should have a investigation, when more women come for we need more investigation, especially when a life time appointment is one the line.
Your viewpoint is hardly skewed just because you are a woman. Look at all the skewed viewpoints of most of the men commenting on here. You bring up good points.
Pingback: OPINION: No, sexual assault survivors aren't part of the problem - Wausau Pilot & Review


I'm working on a simple Nintex form. The form works perfectly on desktop, but we need to make it available on an iPad. I though it was pretty easy, since there is a layout option for that. So firstly, I created a layout for desktop and for iPad. Both layouts seem to be ok. After that, I was told that we should use the Nintex Mobile app, and so, I should design a "Nintex Mobile tablet" layout. I also created that.
When I use the Nintex Mobile app on my iPad, and select the form, the result is terrible. My form is completely different. Its only white, the fields are all messed up, images don't load correctly and calculated values are not working. Isn't it supposed to be like it was designed? Is there anyway to achieve it?
I try to access the form on Safari, but I get an error and the form is not loaded. So what's the difference between using the Nintex Mobile Tablet and iPad layouts? Is there any way to load the form like it was designed to? The difference is very significant, and we need calculated values to work! Is there any way for we to achieve it? Like using a mobile browser, or another app for that?
To confirm your findings, there are two methods to present a form on a mobile device such as a tablet or phone. The first is to create a form that will work on the web browser and the second is to create a form that will work inside a native app on the device.
In Nintex for o365, if you want to create an app version then use either the Nintex Mobile Phone or Nintex Mobile Tablet layout. All the other layouts are for the web browser versions.
When you create the mobile app version, depending on the device, you will lose some of your formatting such as the colour and fonts. You do have more control over this if you are able to create your app using the Nintex App Studio instead of using the default Nintex mobile app.
You should be able to correct all of the layout issues - it will take some tweaking just as you arrange a layout for the web versions. Images too will work but you need to make sure they are accessible to the app. This article shows you how to do that.
While we're looking at the very helpful blogs Andrew Glasser writes, check out this post that will help you with your calculated values. Take note that some formulas that work on the web browser will not work on the app such as lookups. Rhia Wieclawek has written a very comprehensive piece about how to deal with that.
Forms on Nintex Mobile work a little differently to how they work in the web browser. Let me explain.
Firstly, you have quite correctly described that in order to publish a form onto an iPad you must first choose the Nintex Mobile Tablet layout inside of Nintex Forms.
When you design a form for Nintex Mobile, that form will not be rendered in HTML. Instead it will be rendered using native controls. That is to say heavy weight OS controls as opposed to light weight HTML controls.
What this means is that the same form viewed on iOS and Android will appear slightly different as each is using native controls that are different from one OS to another. This approach means that user will have an experience that is more familiar to them as it looks just like all of their other native apps.
Unfortunately, this approach means that you do not have as much control over how your forms look as Nintex Mobile needs to tailor each form to each OS. Therefore when you design your forms for mobile, you are best to let Nintex Forms do as much of the layout as possible.
Also, due to the smaller form factor of mobile devices you are generally best to keep your forms fairly simple. Big complicated forms that have a lot of rule logic quite often prove to be difficult for a mobile user to populate. Short and simple is better. Think about whether it is possible to breakdown your large form into several smaller ones.
If you have any further problems please contact support as they can help with some of the specific problems you have with your mobile form.
Lastly, we are also building the responsive designer for Nintex Forms for SharePoint 2013/2016 which is aiming for an September/October 2017 time frame. This will be a completely different approach to designing forms that will mean that you only have one form layout that is responsive and able to adapt to different screen sizes dynamically.


15. University College Cork (UCC), Ireland; 9. Icelandic Fisheries Laboratories (IFL), Iceland, 4. Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), The Netherlands, 1. National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU Aqua), Denmark.
To develop and apply consumer oriented Seafood Sensory Quality Models that will enable the seafood industry to improve the eating quality of seafood available to consumers, will encourage increased seafood consumption, and by doing so contribute to improved consumer health.
The research within the project is described in three major blocks of activities that represent the themes of three workpackages: During the first 18 months (1) To determine seafood eating quality preferences and (2) To develop and validate seafood sensory quality models and to determine effects of environmental factors on seafood sensory quality, and after the 18 months (3) To apply seafood quality models to improve seafood quality and increase consumer seafood intake.
UCC started as project leader, but has left the project during the first 18 month period. IFL has taken over as the project leader. IFL participates in preference mapping studies and descriptive sensory analyses, and leads WP 2.2.3 (application of Seafood Eating Quality Models) following the first 18 month period. DIFRES will lead the development of Seafood Eating Quality Models in WP 2.2.2, but will also participate in preference mapping studies and descriptive analyses. RIVO will lead planning of environmental studies, also to be carried out in WP 2.2.2, and will participate in preference mapping studies. In addition, this research will be carried out in close collaboration with the fish industry, particularly SME's, fish importers and exporters, and retailers in Europe.


The Princess Royal was shown some of the key historic lighthouses including the Baily, Rockabill and Kish.
The couple's new social media account gained one million followers in less than six hours.
Gill Walker is disputing her liability over the collision involving a 4×4 said to have been carrying the Countess of Wessex last year.
Supervet Noel Fitzpatrick's meeting with the Queen on her birthday turned out to be more than a bit awkward, not just because he had a broken leg.
The new Sussex household is likely to be created following the birth of their first child later this year.
The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge were greeted at the Empire Music Hall by cheering crowds.
The Duchess of Sussex made her plea at a reception in Morocco hosted by the UK ambassador.
TV presenter Gayle King was among guests at the New York event with Amal Clooney and Serena Williams.
Donal McCabe will begin his new role in March.
Thomas Markle has rejected media reports that he has not attempted to contact his estranged daughter.
The Duchess of Sussex was making her first visit to the National Theatre in London since becoming its patron.
The ITN film features an interview with a driver whose car was hit by Philip's vehicle in Berkshire.
Prince Philip was seen back behind the wheel two days after a dramatic collision which saw his car roll on to its side.
Photographs appear to show Philip wearing sunglasses at the wheel of a new Freelander but no seatbelt.
Philip, 97, has also contacted the occupants of the other car involved to send on his best wishes.
The Duke of Edinburgh was not injured in the accident on Thursday afternoon.
The duchess has become the figurehead of four organisations, the National Theatre, Association of Commonwealth Universities, Smart Works and Mayhew.
Meghan Markle's father said he has been texting his daughter 'every day' without response.


Military members gain a host of crucial leadership and adaptability skills during their service to our country.
When the time comes to reintegrate back into civilian life, scores of veterans look to leverage those unique skills and build their own businesses. To help aid those prospective entrepreneurs, dozens of national franchises offer incentives to help veterans get local franchises off the ground.
The UPS store offers one of the most competitive veteran discounts to those starting a franchise. The company waives $10,000 in franchise fees and knocks off a whopping 75% from its application fee, making a UPS store franchise one of the most popular within the veteran-owned small business community.
GNC is another business with special franchise opportunities offered to veterans. A 25 percent discount on normal franchise fees is extended to any veterans interested in opening a GNC franchise location.
The UPS store and GNC are just two of the hundreds of businesses that offer franchise discounts to veterans. If you're interested in owning a small business this can definitely help out.
A catalog of veteran franchise discounts can be found at the Veteran's Franchises website where you can browse a directory to learn more about businesses and veteran incentives.
Whether you've been looking into owning a small business for a while now or are curious about what your options are when you return from active duty, utilizing the benefits of a veteran franchise is something worth looking into.
And the benefits don't stop at start-up.


text:
GID Reform Weblog by Kelley Winters
Issues on reform of the diagnostic categories of Gender Identity Disorder and Transvestic Fetishism in the DSM-5
About GID Reform Advocates and Kelley Winters
Childhood Social Transition
Childhood Diagnosis
Paraphilic Misdiagnosis
ICD-10-CM
← Blinded Me With Science: The Burden of Proof
Disordered Identities: The Ambiguously Sexual Fetish →
Disallowed Identities, Disaffirmed Childhood
Kelley Winters, Ph.D.
GID Reform Advocates
http://www.gidreform.org
Jazz, a beautiful seven year old girl with long brown hair and poise beyond her years, explained gender diversity from her porch swing in a YouTube video this summer:
"If someone asks me why I used to be a boy and now I'm a girl, I would say that I have a girl brain and a boy body. I think like a girl, but I just have a boy body and it's different than you." [1]
The American Psychiatric Association might learn a lot from this young girl. Last year, Jazz and her family appeared with Barbara Walters in the television news magazine 20/20. They shared how painful her assigned birth-role had been for her until her family acknowledged her feminine identity at age five and created safe space for Jazz to be herself. They shared how her distress was relieved with transition to a female social role and how she has thrived since.[2]
It is important to note that for preadolescent children, transition refers to a change in social gender role and not medical or surgical intervention. The earliest medical treatments, if needed, would come later at initial stages of puberty. According to endocrinologist Norman Spack, hormone blockers called GnRH analogues may be prescribed to delay onset of unwanted puberty and avoid resulting emotional trauma as well as "the physically and psychologically painful procedures required to reverse puberty's physical manifestations." [3]
In the context of children, transition is not an assignment by parents or clinicians. Transition means simply creating an environment where gender variant or transcendent [4] children may safely define their own roles that are congruent with their inner sense of gender identity. These roles may be stereotypically masculine, feminine or uniquely in between and may include self-expression in clothing and mannerisms and identification in name and pronouns. However, the APA labels all youth who transition their social gender roles as mentally disordered in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ed. IV-TR (DSM), [5] regardless of how happy and well they are in their new roles. Many of the barriers these youth face in school and society are exacerbated by these psychiatric labels. In the Byzantine nomenclature of the current Gender Identity Disorder in Children (GIDC) diagnosis, gender transcendent children should be closeted and not seen nor heard.
In fact, gender role transition itself is misconstrued as symptomatic of psychosexual illness in the diagnostic criteria for GIDC. Of the four criteria for diagnosis, [6] the first is intended to address gender identity and is the most confusing and controversial:
Criterion A for Gender Identity Disorder in Children:
A strong and persistent cross-gender identification (not merely a desire for any perceived cultural advantages of being the other sex). In children, the disturbance is manifested by four (or more) of the following:
1. repeatedly stated desire to be, or insistence that he or she is, the other sex
2. in boys, preference for cross-dressing or simulating female attire; in girls, insistence on wearing only stereotypical masculine clothing
3. strong and persistent preferences for cross-sex roles in make-believe play or persistent fantasies of being the other sex
4. intense desire to participate in the stereotypical games and pastimes of the other sex
5. strong preferences for playmates of the other sex
Of the five characteristics of criterion A, only the first has anything to do with gender identity and it is not required for diagnosis. The remaining four are based strictly on nonconformity to social birth-sex stereotypes, and only four of the five characteristics are required. Thus, a child may be diagnosed with Gender Identity Disorder without evidence of gender identity that is incongruent with natal sex — without ever stating any desire to be the "other sex."
The last four characteristics pathologize as mental illness and sexual disorder behaviors and self-expression that would be considered ordinary for other children. In the supporting text of the GIDC diagnosis, these are described to include playing with Barbie dolls, homemaking and nurturing role play for birth-assigned males and aversion to cars, trucks, competitive sports and so-called "rough and tumble" play. For birth-assigned females, pathology is implied by playing Batman or Superman, competitive contact sports, and aversion to dolls or wearing dresses. Criterion A serves a punitive role in enforcing these dated, narrow and sexist gender stereotypes for children, upon penalty of diagnosis of mental disorder. The fifth characteristic, a "strong preference for playmates of the other sex" seems to equate mental health with sexual discrimination. [7]
In criterion A, birth-assigned males are inexplicably held to a much stricter standard of conformity than birth-assigned females in their choice of clothing and activities. A simple preference for cross-dressing or "simulating" female attire meets the diagnostic criterion for the former but not for the latter, who must insist on wearing only male clothing to merit diagnosis. In modern Western culture where children's clothing is often unisex and gender roles are as political as social, terms like "stereotypical" or "normative" clothing seem archaic. [8]
In criterion A, "other sex," "cross-sex," and "cross-dressing," are defined with respect to assigned birth sex with no clarification regarding current affirmed gender role. This is evidenced in the criterion and supporting text, where children are always termed by birth-sex pronouns, regardless of transition status. For example, an affirmed transitioned girl, such as Jazz, is maligned as a "boy" and "he" in the DSM. There is no exit from diagnosis for her or other transitioned youth who are happy and well adjusted in their affirmed gender roles; they will permanently meet criterion A as it is currently written.
Criterion B for Gender Identity Disorder in Children:
Persistent discomfort with his or her sex or sense of inappropriateness in the gender role of that sex. In children, the disturbance is manifested by any of the following:
· in boys, assertion that his penis or testes are disgusting or will disappear or assertion that it would be better not to have a penis, or aversion toward rough-and-tumble play and rejection of male stereotypical toys, games and activities;
· in girls, rejection of urinating in a sitting position, assertion that she has or will grow a penis, or assertion that she does not want to grow breasts or menstruate, or marked aversion toward normative feminine clothing.
The second diagnostic criterion is intended to embody gender dysphoria, coined by Dr. Norman Fisk in 1973, [9] but profoundly misses its mark. From a Greek root for distress, gender dysphoria is defined here as a persistent distress with one's current or anticipated physical sexual characteristics or current ascribed gender role. [10] While a dated definition of gender dysphoria remains in the DSM-IV-TR glossary, [11] its meaning in the current criterion B is far less clear than in previous editions.
"Discomfort" and "inappropriateness" seem euphemistic in describing the intense and often debilitating distress that many children experience with their anatomy or assigned birth-sex role. While the criterion describes elements of anatomic dysphoria, [12] it lacks clarity for distress with anticipated physical sex characteristics for preadolescent birth-assigned males, such as facial hair, voice change and upper body musculature. Most troubling, criterion B substitutes nonconformity to gender stereotypes for clear distress with assigned birth-sex role. The phrases following the "or" in the sentences for "boys" and "girls," which include "rough-and-tumble play" and "normative feminine clothing," make criterion B redundant to criterion A. For example, children who are profoundly distressed by their birth-sex assignment and corresponding names and pronouns are not clearly described in criterion B, while gender nonconforming youth with no clear evidence of anatomic dysphoria or distress with their birth-sex may be falsely implicated. Like the first criterion, there is no exit for children whose gender dysphoria has been relieved by social role transition. Transitioned youth would permanently meet criterion B as it is currently written, even more so than before transition.
Criterion C for Gender Identity Disorder in Children:
The disturbance is not concurrent with a physical intersex condition.
The DSM-IV Subcommittee on Gender Identity Disorders recommended at one point that individuals born with anatomical or chromosomal intersex conditions be included in the GID diagnoses for adults, adolescents and children, [13] as did previous editions of the DSM. However, the final decision was to exclude them from GID diagnosis and recommend diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. [14]
Criterion D for Gender Identity Disorder in Children:
The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
A significant change in the 1994 DSM-IV from prior editions was the addition of a clinical significance criterion to most diagnostic categories. Its purpose was to establish a definition of mental disorder and limit false positive diagnosis of those who do not meet that definition. [15] This policy change was controversial within mental health professions [16] and was particularly opposed by some members of the DSM-IV Subcommittee on Gender Identity Disorders. In an article on the Transvestic Fetishism diagnosis, Dr. Kenneth Zucker, chair of the present DSM-V Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders work group and Dr. Raymond Blanchard, chair of the DSM-V paraphilias subcommittee, dismissed the clinical significance criterion as "muddled" and having "little import." [17] This view seems to conflict with that of Dr. Darrel Regier, Vice Chair of the DSM-V Task Force:
"We do not consider something a disorder unless there is a clearly defined description of this entity and there is clearly some significant dysfunction and distress associated with it," [18]
The central flaw in criterion D for the GID in Children category is that it fails to distinguish distress and impairment caused by gender dysphoria from those resulting from societal prejudice or intolerance. Dr. Zucker notes, "the standard of impairment in children with GID has been their poor same-sex peer relations, with attendant social ostracism." [19] Thus, ego-syntonic or self-accepting gender variant children who are victimized by prejudice at school meet criterion D only because of hate from others. Gender variant children with healthy peer relations with children of the same gender identity also meet criterion D, because their friends are not of the same birth-assigned sex. This lack of clarity serves to promote gender-reparative psychotherapies that attempt to change gender identity and repress all gender expression not conforming to birth sex. Zucker continues,
"I hope that the vagaries of the distress/impairment criterion do not dissuade clinicians from providing early therapeutic intervention"
Moreover, Drs. Zucker and Susan Bradley, who chaired the DSM-IV GID Subcommittee, invoked circular logic to cast all children diagnosed with GID as cognitively impaired. They claimed that diagnosed children were more likely to "misclassify their own gender, which … surely must lead to confusion in their social interactions." [20] In other words, children who disagree with their birth-assigned roles were presumed impaired by fiat. But are these children actually misclassifying their gender or are they certain of it? Is it more likely that their psychiatric examiners are confused about the true gender of these children?
The current diagnostic criteria for Gender Identity Disorder of Childhood are broadly over-inclusive. They encourage false-positive diagnosis of gender nonconforming children having no significant distress of gender dysphoria, and they encourage diagnosis of mental illness on the basis of victimization from prejudice and intolerance. Authors of the GIDC diagnosis in the DSM-IV acknowledged that nearly 30% of children who did not meet the DSM-III criteria would meet the current criteria in the DSM-IV, based on changes to criterion A alone, using data from the Toronto Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), formerly the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry. [21]
While the American Psychiatric Association has emphasized that the DSM "does not provide treatment recommendations or guidelines," [22] the GIDC diagnostic criteria are heavily biased in favor of gender-reparative therapies that attempt to change gender identity and expression differing from birth-sex assignment. Children whose gender variant expression is shamed into the closet by these treatments no longer meet criteria A,B or D, even if they continue to verbalize unhappiness and rejection of their birth-sex assignment. (Criterion C, regarding concurrent intersex conditions, would not be relevant to gender expression or transition status in this example)
Emerging alternatives to gender-reparative interventions have very recently been termed "Gender Identity Actualization" by therapist Reid Vanderburgh. [23] Sadly, the diagnostic criteria for Gender Identity Disorder in Children contradict these affirming treatment approaches, including social role transition to relieve distress of gender dysphoria. Youth who are happy and well adjusted after transition to affirmed gender roles and who may experience intolerance at school continue to meet criteria A, B and D, even if they are not distressed by their anatomy. In fact they are stereotyped as even more symptomatic of mental disorder, according to these criteria, than before transition.
According to the American Psychiatric Association, the purpose of the DSM includes facilitation of research and communication among clinicians and researchers. [24] However, the diagnostic criteria for Gender Identity Disorder in Children arguably bias research on the persistence of gender identity in youth. Follow-up studies of gender variant children commonly use GIDC diagnosis to select the study sample and evaluate gender dysphoria or transsexualism later in adolescence or adulthood. [25,26] Since children can meet the DSM-IV criteria for GIDC on the basis of gender role nonconformity with no stated anatomic dysphoria, it follows that rates of persistent dysphoria at follow-up could be under-reported. The actual impact of this error on current published literature is unclear, as follow-up studies still partially rely on data from subjects selected under the DSM-III and III-R. Drs. Zucker, Bradley and others have acknowledged concerns that the DSM-IV criteria for GID of Childhood may "'scoop in' youngsters who show extreme cross-gender behavior but are not necessarily gender-dysphoric." For example, Zucker has suggested that,
"Because of the putative conflation of gender identity dysphoria and gender role
behavior, particularly in the Point A criterion, one could argue that reform of the
criteria is called for." [27]
With the publication of the DSM-V, there is opportunity to address very serious shortcomings in the diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder in Children. I hope that the Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders Work Group will clarify distress with physical sex characteristics (including those anticipated at puberty) and distress with birth-sex assignment as the focus of diagnostic nomenclature. I urge the Work Group to remove all references to gender expressions that differ from birth-sex roles from the diagnostic criteria. Expressions that would be ordinary or even exemplary for all other youth do not constitute mental illness in gender variant youth.
Back on Jazz's porch swing, the seven year old concluded,
"It's ok to be different because it just matters who you are. It doesn't matter if you're different than anybody else. It just matters that you're having a good time and you like who you are."
We all might learn a lot from this young girl.
[1] Jazz, "7yr. old Jazz's thoughts on being a Transgender Child," http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7S5usRgY720
[2] A. Goldberg and J. Adriano, "'I'm a Girl' — Understanding Transgender Children," ABC News 20/20, April 27, 2007, http://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=3088298&page=1
[3] N. Spack, "Transgenderism," Lahey Clinic Medical Ethics Journal, Fall 2005, http://www.lahey.org/newspubs/publications/ethics/journalfall2005/journal_fall2005_feature.asp
[4] I define transgender, gender variant and gender transcendent in a broadly inclusive community sense: describing those whose inner sense of gender identity or outer gender expression transcend social gender stereotypes or differ from those associated with assigned birth sex. I use the terms roughly synonymously, although I am coming to prefer gender transcendence for its affirming shade of meaning.
[5] American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision, Washington, D.C., 2000.
[6] DSM-IV-TR, 2000, p. 581.
[7] K. Winters (under pen-name K. Wilson), "The Disparate Classification of Gender and Sexual Orientation in American Psychiatry," 1998 Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Workshop IW57, Transgender Issues, Toronto, Ontario Canada, June 1998. This paper is a revised and expanded version of a previous article of the same title, published in Psychiatry On-Line, The International Forum for Psychiatry, Priory Lodge Education, Ltd., April, 1997, www.priory.com/psych/disparat.htm.
[8] Winters, 1998.
[9] Fisk, N. (1973). Gender dysphoria syndrome. (The how, what, and why of a disease). In D. Laub & P. Gandy (Eds.), Proceedings of the second interdisciplinary symposium on gender dysphoria syndrome (pp. 7–14). Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
[10] Working definition of Gender dysphoria by Dr. Randall Ehrbar and I following our panel presentations at the 2007 convention of the American Psychological Association.
[11] DSM-IV-TR, 2000, App. C, p. 823. "A persistent aversion toward some of all of those physical characteristics or social roles that connote one's own biological sex."
[12] K. Zucker and S. Bradley, Gender Identity Disorder and Psychosexual Problems in Children and Adolescents, Guilford Press, 1995, pp. 21-22.
[13] S. Bradley, Ray Blanchard, et al., "Interim Report of the DSM-IV Subcommittee on Gender Identity Disorder," Archives of Sexual Behavior, Vol. 20, 4, p. 339.
[14] DSM-IV-TR, 2000, p. 582.
[15] American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Washington, D.C., 1994, pp.xxi, 7.
[16] Spitzer R.L., Wakefield J.C. (1999). "DSM-IV diagnostic criterion for clinical significance: does it help solve the false positives problem?" Am. J. Psychiatry 156:1856-64 http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/156/12/1856.
[17] K. Zucker and R. Blanchard, "Transvestic Fetishism Psychopathology and Theory," in D. Lays and W. O'Donohue, eds., Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment, Guilford, 1997, p. 258.
[18] B. Alexander, "What's 'normal' sex? Shrinks seek definition," MSNBC , May 22, 2008, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24664654/.
[19] K. Zucker, "Commentary on Richardson's (1996) 'Setting Limits on Gender Health,'" Harvard Rev Psychiatry, vol 7, 1999, p. 41.
[20] Zucker & Bradley, 1995, p. 58.
[21] K. Zucker, R. Green, et al., "Gender Identity Disorder of Childhood: Diagnostic Issues," in T. Widiger, A. Frances, et al., DSM-IV Sourcebook, Am. Psychiatric Assoc., 1998, p. 511.
[22] American Psychiatric Association, "APA STATEMENT ON GID AND THE DSM-V, "
http://www.psych.org/MainMenu/Research/DSMIV/DSMV/APAStatements/APAStatementonGIDandTheDSMV.aspx , May 23, 2008.
[23] R. Vanderburgh, "Appropriate Therapeutic Care for Families with Pre-Pubescent Transgender/Gender-Dissonant Children," to be published in Child Adolesc Soc Work J, 2008.
[24] DSM-IV, 1994, p. xxiii.
[25] K. Drummond, S. Bradley, M. Peterson-Badali, K. Zucker, "A follow-up study of girls with gender identity disorder," Developmental Psychology, vol. 44, 1, Jan 2008, p. 34-45.
[26] Zucker & Bradley, 1995, p. 290-301.
[27] K. Zucker, "Gender Identity Disorder in Children and Adolescents," Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol., vol. 1, 2005. p. 17.9.
Copyright © 2008 Kelley Winters, GID Reform Advocates
About Kelley
Dr. Kelley Winters is a writer and consultant on issues of gender diversity in medical and public policy. She is the author of Gender Madness in American Psychiatry: Essays from the Struggle for Dignity (2008) and a past member of the International Advisory Panel for the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) Standards of Care, the Global Action for Trans* Equality (GATE) Expert Working Group, and the Advisory Boards for TransYouth Family Allies (TYFA). She was recognized in the 2013 Trans 100 Inaugural List for work supporting the transgender community in the US. Kelley has presented papers and presentations on gender policy issues at annual conventions of the American Psychiatric Association, the American Psychological Association, the American Counseling Association and the Association of Women in Psychology. Kelley wanders the highways of America in an old Mazda, ever in search of comfort food.
3 Responses to Disallowed Identities, Disaffirmed Childhood
it will be interesting to see what impact the recently announced genetic research from Australia has with regards to inclusion of GID, Transgenderism or Transsexualism in the next edition of the dsm
Pingback: Response to Dr. Jack Drescher and the NY Times About Childhood Transition: Part 1, by Kelley Winters | Women Born Transsexual
Pingback: Pride Month 2018, Old History, and a New Blog | Trans Policy Reform Blog by Kelley Winters
Select category Childhood Diagnosis Childhood Social Transition DSM-5 ICD-10-CM ICD-11 Paraphilic Misdiagnosis Uncategorized
Australian '60 Minutes' Report Misrepresents Trans Youth Medical Care
Revisiting Flawed Research Behind the 80% Childhood Gender Dysphoria 'Desistance' Myth
APPLES, ORANGES, AND FRUIT SALAD: SORTING OUT TRANSGENDER, GENDER NON-CONFORMING, & NON-BINARY CHILDREN AND YOUTH
Gender Madness in Psycho-Politics: Transgender Children Under Fire
It's Time to Update the Title of the International Journal of 'Transgenderism'


Austin Fischer homered to right field, RBI.
Mike Samko singled through the left side; Max Troiani advanced to second.
Ryan Berardino singled to right field; Mike Samko advanced to second; Max Troiani advanced to third.
Austin Fischer singled to second base, RBI; Matthew Johnson scored.
Luke Kelly doubled to right field.
John Bean III singled to right field; Luke Kelly advanced to third.
John Bean III stole second.
Matthew Johnson singled up the middle, 2 RBI; John Bean III scored; Luke Kelly Luke Kelly.
Gabriel Vasquez singled to left field; Matthew Johnson advanced to second.
Herman Alvarado singled to center field, RBI, advanced to second on the throw; Gabriel Vasquez advanced to second, advanced to third on the throw; Matthew Johnson scored.
Austin Fischer reached on a fielder's choice; Herman Alvarado advanced to third; Gabriel Vasquez out at home 3b to c.
Daniel Riley to p for Luke Dawson.
Ryan Berardino Dropped foul ball, E4DF, advanced to second; Max Troiani scored, unearned.
Herman Alvarado singled through the left side.
Chris Hopkins doubled to right field.
Max Troiani singled through the left side; Chris Hopkins advanced to third.
Mike Samko grounded out to 2b, RBI; Max Troiani advanced to third; Chris Hopkins scored.
Ryan Berardino singled to center field, RBI; Max Troiani Max Troiani.
Carlos Pino singled through the left side; Anthony Torreullas advanced to second.
Christopher Butler pinch hit for Jake Pierce.
Ryan Berardino reached first on an error by 3b, advanced to second on the error; Max Troiani scored, unearned.


text:
One of the most memorable lines in the 1991 Bill Murray comedy "What about Bob?" was spoken by child actor Charlie Korsmo.
As his frustrated father, an insufferably egotistic shrink played by Richard Dreyfuss, fails to get the kid, Siggy, to dive off a lakeside dock, the boy lurches away, blurting out, "With all the horror in the world, what difference does it make?"
What, indeed? If you consume a steady diet of news, the world looks pretty bad on almost any level. What real difference could any of us make? That's the nature of news; it's an ever-turning carousel of human foibles, tragedy, the bizarre and occasionally the benign but interesting tidbit. Plus sports.
I am a voracious news consumer, and have never been a glass-half-full kind of guy. More the other kind. But I've found over the years that the folks who mostly look for the good instead of the bad are nicer to be around and have a secret power: gratitude.
The film critic and talk show host Michael Medved once opened his keynote speech to a Media Research Center cultural conference in Washington during the presidency of George W. Bush by noting that there are two kinds of people in the world. The first kind get up in the morning, complaining about everything and expecting bad things to happen to them. "Bush is still president!" they whine. "Things are awful! America is a terrible place!"
Today, the script is the same, only it's President Trump they're lamenting, along with "racist, Fascist America!" Never mind that millions of people would give almost anything to live in the United States, including many who have lost their lives trying.
The second kind, Mr. Medved said, are the grateful ones who start their day by looking up and saying, "Thank you, God, for another day of life. Thank you that I can breathe and think. Thank you for this free country we live in. Thank you for my family." And so on.
Mr. Medved is in good company, and research shows it. According to a study published in the Journal of Positive Psychology in September 2011, "Grateful to God or Just Plain Grateful?" people who expressed general gratitude were less anxious, depressed and had greater wellbeing than the kvetches.
Furthermore, "the interaction of religious commitment and religious gratitude added unique variance in predicting mental well-being, over and above general gratitude. This suggests that being grateful to God enhances the psychological benefits of gratitude in accordance with one's level of religious commitment."
In short, as this and other studies indicate, things go better with gratitude, and even better with gratitude toward God.
Many of the world's great thinkers over the centuries have celebrated the rewards of being grateful.
"He who receives a benefit with gratitude repays the first installment on his debt," wrote the Roman statesman and dramatist Seneca the Younger (4 BC –AD 65). All of his plays were tragedies and he was forced by the evil emperor Nero to commit suicide. But, he penned a lot of wonderful lines before being done in, including "all art is but imitation of nature," which to this day must drive the abstract impressionists crazy.
The Stoic Greek philosopher Epictetus (AD 50—120) wrote that gratitude to the Creator is a logical response to life: "Were I a nightingale, I would sing like a nightingale; were I a swan, like a swan. But as it is, I am a rational being, therefore I must sing hymns of praise to God."
And this: "Any one thing in creation is sufficient to demonstrate a Providence to a humble and grateful mind."
Given that we're on the threshold of spring, it's a good time to celebrate the rebirth of life, along with something greater, as did the English poet Thomas Gray in his Ode for Music (1769):
Sweet is the breath of vernal shower,
The bee's collected treasures sweet,
Sweet music's melting fall, but sweeter yet
The still small voice of gratitude.
Getting back to Siggy (who did learn to dive) and his question in "What About Bob?" an attitude of gratitude makes a lot of difference to ourselves and to those around us.
As the Apostle Paul wrote in Philippians 4: 8: "Finally, brethren, whatever things are true, whatever things are noble, whatever things are just, whatever things are pure, whatever things are lovely, whatever things are of good report, if there is any virtue and if there is anything praiseworthy—meditate on these things."
That's good medicine no matter who's in the Oval Office, what Nancy Pelosi is doing, or how our day is going.
Robert Knight is a Townhall contributor. His latest book is Confronting Lies and Hate: Responding with Truth and Grace (D. James Kennedy Ministries, 2018).


text:
El Puerto de Róterdam () es el puerto más grande de Europa. Se ubica en la ciudad de Róterdam, en los Países Bajos. Desde 1962 hasta 2004 fue el puerto más activo del mundo, actualmente es superado por el Puerto de Singapur y luego por el Puerto de Shanghái. En 2011, Róterdam fue el undécimo puerto de contenedores más grande en término de unidades equivalentes a veinte pies (TEU) manipuladas (2009: décimo; 2008: noveno, 2006: sexto). En 2012, Róterdam fue el sexto puerto más grande en términos de toneladas de carga.

Cubriendo una superficie de 105 km², el puerto de Róterdam se extiende a una distancia de 40 kilómetros. Se compone del área portuaria perteneciente al casco histórico, incluyendo Delfshaven; el complejo Maashaven-Rijnhaven-Feijenoord; los puertos alrededor de Nieuw-Mathenesse; Waalhaven; Vondelingenplaat; Eemhaven; Botlek; Europoort, situado a través del Calandkanaal, Nieuwe Waterweg y Scheur (estas dos últimas son continuaciones del Nuevo Mosa); y la zona recuperada de Maasvlakte, que se proyecta hacia el mar del Norte.

Róterdam se encuentra en una posición estratégica, un punto de confluencia del Rin y el  Mosa. Esta situación ha convertido a la ciudad en un nudo de comunicaciones que canaliza el intercambio de mercancías entre Europa y el resto del mundo, mediante enlaces fluviales, de carretera y ferroviarios, y sobre todo, marítimo.

Historia
La historia del puerto de Róterdam se remonta al . La ciudad ha experimentado un gran desarrollo desde una pequeña ciudad a una gran ciudad portuario, cuyo puerto se ha ampliado. En los primeros siglos, las dársenas fueron construidas en la orilla del río Nuevo Mosa. En el , las conexiones entre Róterdam y el Mar del Norte eran mediocres, con un gran estuario y la zona del  delta del río con muchos canales entre ellos. Los barcos tenían que navegar alrededor de la isla de Voorne-Putten para llegar al mar. Este camino podía llevar varios días o incluso semanas.

Nieuwe Waterweg
En la primera mitad del , las actividades portuarios se trasladaron del centro hacia el oeste, hacia el Mar del Norte. Para mejorar la conexión con el mar fue diseñado el Nieuwe Waterweg ("Nuevo Canal"), un gran canal que conectaba los ríos Rin y Meuse con el mar. El Nieuwe Waterweg se excavó parcialmente excavado, luego se profundizó el lecho del canal por el flujo natural del agua. Finalmente sin embargo, la última parte tenía que ser excavada manualmente. Desde entonces Róterdam dispone de una conexión directa con suficiente profundidad entre el mar y las zonas portuarias. Este canal ha sido profundizado multitud de ocasiones. El canal estuvo listo en 1872, lo que dio paso al desarrollo de todo tipo de actividades industriales.

Europoort y Maasvlakte

Con el paso de los años el puerto fue ampliándose hacia el mar mediante la construcción de diques y dársenas. El territorio del puerto de Róterdam ha sido ampliado con la construcción del complejo Europoort a lo largo de la desembocadura del Nieuwe Waterweg. En la década de 1970, se extendió el puerto en el lado sur de la desembocadura del Nieuwe Waterweg con la construcción del Maasvlakte, que fue construido en el mar del Norte cerca de Hoek van Holland.

A partir del comienzo del , el paisaje industrial del puerto comenzó a cambiar debido a la introducción de gran cantidad de aerogeneradores que se habían instalado con el objetivo de aprovechar las condiciones de la costa desprotegida. En 2004, la construcción del segundo Masvlakte recibió la aprobación inicial, pero el Consejo de Estado detuvo el proyecto en 2005 porque los planes no tenían suficientemente en cuenta el impacto ambiental. Sin embargo, el 10 de octubre de 2006 se consiguió la aprobación para comenzar su construcción en 2008, con el propósito de atracar el primer barco en 2013.

Véase también
 Anexo:Puertos por tráfico de contenedores
 Puerto de Shanghái, el puerto más grande del mundo.
 Barrera de Maeslant.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página web oficial del puerto de Róterdam (en neerlandés, inglés, alemán o mandarín).*
 Información sobre el Puerto de Rótterdam (en español).

Roterdam
Economía de Róterdam
Urbanismo de Róterdam
Red Transeuropea de Puertos

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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