text:
Studies of Film Noirishness, with Love
50+ new links added on February 27, 2011
The above is a short video primer by Catherine Grant. It offers an audiovisual introduction to issues of gender, sexuality and movement in relation to Rita Hayworth's performance as Gilda in Charles Vidor's 1946 film.
Private Property - Joseph Losey's The Prowler by Matt Zoller Seitz
at The L Magazine, March 2010
(also see Justin Stewart's essay on this film in the same issue)
Film Studies For Free is delighted to present its own contribution to the remarkable fundraising effort for the Film Noir Foundation that has been taking place in the last week, namely the For the Love of Film (Noir) Blog-a-thon, organised by film critics Farran Smith Nehme (Self-Styled Siren) and Marilyn Ferdinand (of Ferdy on Film).
Awed by the contributions so far, FSFF proffers (above) a little video-primer on its favourite noir - Gilda - together with a reposting of Matt Zoller Seitz's fabulous audiovisual essay on The Prowler (also above), and a whole host of direct links (below) to openly accessible scholarly reading and viewing on Film Noir, and on all varieties of Neo-Noir, too - taken altogether, some of the most essential of film studies topics.
The Film Noir Foundation works to preserve and restore movies in its chosen mode from many eras and from many countries. The film nominated to be restored with monies raised this year is a fine and important noir called The Sound of Fury (aka Try and Get Me) directed by Cy Endfield (1914–1995).
One of the resources FSFF links to is an excellent interview with Endfield, conducted in 1989 by Brian Neve, in which he discusses that film in the context of his career as a whole and the historical events which formed the background to his work. Here's what Endfield concludes about The Sound of Fury.
I consider that my talent for making pictures was best expressed in two pictures, Zulu and The Sound of Fury. I think the one big talent I have is to make big pictures. There is a sense of structure about something of dimension that I have found lacking even in pictures that were supposed to be big. [...] The Sound of Fury was made mostly from my blood circulation and nervous system.
FSFF knows that feeling only too well! It can't wait to see the restored film. So, please, if you love Film Noir, join this blog's author in donating some of your hard-earned dough (or even some of your ill-begotten gains...) on this occasion. Just click here. Thank you!
New Jason Ambrosiano, '"The Ties That Bind and Bless the Soul": Grace and Noir in Schrader's Light Sleeper', Journal of Religion and Film, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1998
John Belton, 'Film Noir's Knights of the Road', Bright Lights Film Journal, Issue 54, November 2006
New Jamaluddin Bin Aziz, 'Future Noir', Crimeculture, Summer 2005
New John J. Blaser and Stephanie L.M. Blaser, Film Noir Studies (dozens of essays and clips), 2008
New Zoe Bolton, 'Entertainment and Dystopia: Film Noir, Melodrama and Mildred Pierce', Crimeculture, 2005
David Bordwell, 'Cognition and Comprehension: Viewing and Forgetting in Mildred Pierce', Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism Vol. VI, No. 2, Spring 1992
Dominique Bregent-Heald, 'Dark Limbo: Film Noir and the North American Borders', The Journal of American Culture, 29:2, 2006
New Kurt Bullock, 'Vertical Apocalypse: Altered Noir Cityscape within Blade Runner's Dystopia', SBCC.edu
Dan Callahan, 'Fatal Instincts: The Dangerous Pout of Gloria Grahame." Bright Lights Film Journal, Issue 61, August 2008
New Tessa Chudy, 'Cinema: Noir: The Darkest Vision', M/C Reviews, November 4, 2004
Angela Curran, ' Review of Dan Flory, Philosophy, Black Film, Film Noir', Notre Dame Philosophical reviews, March 10, 2009
'Dossier: An Interview with Cy Endfield', Film Studies, Volume 7 (Winter 2005)
Richard Dyer, 'Homosexuality in Film Noir', from Jump Cut, No. 16, 1977, pp. 18-21
Dan Flory, 'Introduction: Philosophy and the Blackness of Film Noir', Philosophy, Black Film08, Film Noir, Penn State University Press, 2008
Dan Flory, 'The Epistemology of Race and Black American Film Noir: Spike Lee's Summer of Sam as Lynching Parable', In: Film and knowledge: essays on the integration of images and ideas / edited by Kevin L. Stoehr. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2002
Vincent M. Gaine, ''We're on Flashdrive or CD-ROM': Disassembly and Deletion in the Digital Noir of Collateral', Networking Knowledge, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2009
Saverio Giovacchini, 'Introduction: Taking Hollywood Seriously', Hollywood Modernism: Film and Politics in the Age of the New Deal (Temple University Press, 2001)
New John Hall, 'Touch of Psycho: Welles' Influence on Hitchcock', Bright Lights Film Journal, Issue 14, September 1995
Daniel Herbert, Transnational film remakes: Time, space, identity, University of Southern California, PhD Thesis, 2008
Ken Hillis , 'Film Noir and the American Dream: The Dark Side of Enlightenment', first published in Velvet Light Trap 55, Spring 2005 (1-18). Reprinted (2006) in Multicultural Film: Essays, Pearson Publishing
New Katharine and Lee Horsley, 'Mere Fatales: Maternal Guilt in the Noir Crime Novel',
Modern Fiction Studies 45.2 (1999) 369-402
New Lee Horsley, 'Fatal Women in the Hard-Boiled Fifties' An extract from The Noir Thriller (Palgrave, 2001; 2009)
New Images Journal Special Issue (No. 2): 10 Shades of Noir, including essays on The Big Heat; The Big Sleep; The Big Combo; Double Indemnity; Force of Evil; Gun Crazy; Lady from Shanghai; Pickup On South Street; Shadow of a Doubt; Sweet Smell of Success; Some Additional Choice Noirs.
New Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 10 (3), 2004: Special Issue on crime cinema and television, including essays on Deep Cover, NYPD Blue and Law and Order, among others.
D.B. Jones, 'Review of Wheeler Winston Dixon, Film Noir and the Cinema of Paranoia', Screening the Past, Issue 25, 2009
New Edvin Kau, 'Great Beginnings and Endings. Made by Orson Welles." P.O.V. , Issue 2, Nov. 1996
New Matthew Kennedy, 'On Commies, Stoolies, and Other Assorted Lowlifes', Bright Lights Film Journal, Issue 44, May 2004
New Naomi King, 'Male Identity and the Threat of the Feminine', Crimeculture, 2002
John Kraniauskas, 'Noir into history James Ellroy's Blood's a Rover', Radical Philosophy 163 (September/October 2010)
Jennifer E. Langdon, Caught in the Crossfire: Adrian Scott and the Politics of Americanism in 1940s Hollywood (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008)
Jennifer Langdon-Teclaw, 'Negotiating the Studio System: Adrian Scott and the Politics of Anti-Fascism in Cornered', Film Studies, Volume 7 (Winter 2005)
New Scott Loren, 'Self-fashioning, Freedom, and the Problem of His-story: the return of noir', European Journal of American Studies, 1, 2008
New Michael Mills, 'High Heels on a Wet Pavement: Film Noir and the Femme Fatale', Modern Times (date unknown)
New Richard Misek, 'Wrong Geometries in The Third Man', Rouge, No. 11, July 2007
Gary Morris, 'Film Noir.",' In: glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture, 2002
New Gary Morris, 'Out of the Past: A noir classic revisited', Bright Lights Film Journal, Issue 29, July 2000
Brian Neve, 'The Hollywood Left: Robert Rossen and Postwar Hollywood', Film Studies Volume 7, Winter 2005, pp 54-65
John S. Nelson, 'Four Forms for Terrorism: Horror, Dystopia, Thriller, and Noir', Poroi, 2, 1, August, 2003
John S. Nelson, 'Realism as a Political Style: Noir Insights', Poroi, 5, 2, November, 2008
Stanley Orr, 'Connected Guys: The Reconstructed Subject of 1990s Film Noir', in Darkly perfect world: colonial adventure, postmodernism, and American noir (Ohio State University, 2010) scroll down in PDF to p. 198
Chris Pallant , 'Review: Mark T. Conrad, ed. (2007) The Philosophy of Neo-Noir. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press', Film-Philosophy, 14.1, 2010
New Bryan D. Palmer, 'Night in the Capitalist, Cold War City: Noir and the Cultural Politics of Darkness', Left History 1997
Fred Pfeil, 'Revolting Yet Conserved: Family "Noir" in Blue Velvet and Terminator 2', Postmodern Culture, Vol. 2, No. 3, May 1992
Brock Poulin, 'Dark time (s): non-linear narratives in the postmodern film noir', Masters Thesis, University of British Columbia, April 2005
Julianne Pidduck, The "fatal femme" in contemporary Hollywood film noir : reframing gender, violence, and power, Masters Thesis, Concordia University, 1993
Robert J. Read, The film noir collection and the legacy of nineteenth century modernity. Masters thesis, Concordia University, 2003
Nathaniel Rich, "San Francisco in Film Noir,", Conversations with History, 6/23/05 (direct video link here)
David Ross-Gerling, 'Spanish Cinema Noir and Novela Negra: A Case Study on Racial Profiling', (scroll to p. 1263 in PDF), History and Civil Rights Monograph, Vol. 11
New José Luis Sánchez Noriega, 'Psychoanalytical Culture in the American Film Noir', Journal of Medicine and Movies, No. 4, 2008
Torben Schmidt, 'Christopher Nolan's Memento – Analysis of the narrative structure of a noirish revenge film', Seminar: "Decadence and Modernism in Late 20th Century American Cinema, 2003
New Alain Silver, 'Introduction', Film Noir Reader 1 (Limelight Editions, 1996)
New Alain Silver, 'Kiss Me Deadly: Evidence of a Style', Film Noir Reader 1 (Limelight Editions, 1996) (Go to Kiss Me Deadly: Evidence of A Style, Part Two)
Imogen Sara Smith, 'In Lonely Places: Film Noir Outside the City', Bright Lights Film Journal, Issue 65, 2009
Imogen Sara Smith, 'Past Sunset: Noir in the West', Bright Lights Film Journal, Issue 66, 2009
Imogen Sara Smith, 'Plumbing the Depths of Capitalism: On Force of Evil', Bright Lights Film Journal, Issue 61, August 2008
Imogen Sara Smith, 'Dana Andrews: The Forties Hero and His Shadow', Bright Lights Film Journal, Issue 62, November 2008
Peter Stanfield, 'A Monarch for the Millions: Jewish Filmmakers, Social Commentary and the Postwar Cycle of Boxing Films', Film Studies, Volume 7 (Winter 2005)
Peter Stanfield, 'Review of Edward Dimendberg, Film Noir and the Spaces of Modernity', Film Studies, Vol. 6, Summer 2005 (Scroll down in PDF)
New Scott F. Stoddart, '"Queer Eye" for a "Straight Dick": Contextualized Homosexuals in Film Noir', MLA Convention, Philadelphia, 2004
Stephen Swanson, The Stranger inthe Dark: the Ethics of Levinasian-Derridean Hospitality in Noir, PhD Thesis, Bowling Green State University, 2007
Grant Tracey, 'Force of Evil' (10 Shades of Noir) Images, Issue 2 (scroll down for full index)
New Anja Christine Rørnes Tucker, "Teen Noir" A Study of the Recent Film Noir Revival in the Teen Genre, MA Thesis, University of Bergen, 2008
Jans B. Wager, 'Percolating Paranoia: Fritz Lang's The Big Heat', Bright Lights Film Journal, Issue 27, January 2000
New Elizabeth Ward, 'The Post-Noir P.I.: The Long Goodbye and Hickey and Boggs', Film Noir Reader 1 (Limelight Editions, 1996)
Deborah Walker, 'Re-reading the Femme Fatale in Film Noir: an evolutionary perspective', The Journal of Moving Image Studies, Vol. 5, No. 6
New Nancy West and Penelope Pelizzon, 'Snap Me Deadly: Reading the Still Photograph in Film Noir', American Studies, 43:2, 2002
New Emma Whiting, 'Dangerous Women and the Abject in the Noir Thriller', Crimeculture, 2005
Note: The first video essay (by Catherine Grant) embedded at the top of this post was made according to principles of Fair Use/Fair Dealing, primarily with scholarly and critical aims, and was published under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License in February 2011. If you found this video or FSFF's Film Noir entry useful or enjoyable, please consider supporting with a donation the valuable work of the Film Noir Foundation. Thank you.
Labels: American Cinema, film noir, For the Love of Film Blogathon, French cinema, neo-noir
Framing Fascination: Studies of Alfred Hitchcock's REAR WINDOW
'Ogling At Hitchcock's Rear Window' by Thibaut Degenne
[The above video shows an open installation that took place at London College of Communication on the 5th of October 2010. The setup was composed of two screens facing each other. The first screen was a frame (a symbolic window) with a transparent surface through which you could see the action unfolding on the second screen (the rear building's apartments). For more information about this project, see here]
Often, as in Rear Window (1954), eavesdropping or spying is represented itself as a form of voyeuristic fascination that colors the mystery with the aura of something that is taboo and implicates the spectator in the same prurient fascination as the character. By placing within the scene a character who takes an illicit fascination in a mystery, the mystery is thereby lent an aura of perversity, over and above the perverse connotations that it may already carry. But the significance of the voyeuristic scenario is not limited to the perverse coloration it lends to subjective suspense. [Richard Allen, 'Hitchcock and Narrative Suspense Theory and Practice' in Allen, Richard, Malcolm Turvey (eds), Camera Obscura, Camera Lucida: Essays in Honor of Annette Michelson (Amsterdam University Press, 2004), p. 178]
In Hitchcock's Rear Window (1954), the audience looks 'through' a character's eyes into a window which is also a cinema screen. The frame functions psychologically in many ways. It puts us in the position of being a voyeur and seeing through the eyes of a voyeur. Yet we are also external to this viewing: there is a switchback effect here of distance and involvement, of continually stepping back from watching people and watching through their eyes, feeling what they are feeling, but being aware also of a skilfully constructed fiction. In the same way, the frame of the screen is complemented by the frame of the rear window, but the frame of the cinema screen is also the frame of the lens, our eyes (the extent of our peripheral vision), the character's eyes and Hitchcock's eyes. These are all stages of the frame, their plurality alluded to in the image itself, in the plurality of its frames. [Gregory Minisalle, 'Beyond Internalism and Externalism: Husserl and Sartre's Image Consciousness in Hitchcock and Buñuel', Film-Philosophy, 14:1, 2010, 190]
Film Studies For Free brings you one of its "studies of a single film" today: an entry dedicated to gathering direct links to high-quality studies of Alfred Hitchcock's 1954 film Rear Window, and other items of related interest. Rather like L. B. "Jeff" Jeffries in that film, you don't even need to get out of your chair to enjoy them.
Anders Albrechtslund, 'Surveillance and Ethics in Film: Rear Window and The Conversation', JCJPC 15(2), 2008
Richard Allen, 'Hitchcock and Narrative Suspense Theory and Practice' in Allen, Richard, Malcolm Turvey (eds), Camera Obscura, Camera Lucida: Essays in Honor of Annette Michelson (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2004)
John Belton, 'Introduction: Spectacle and Narrative', Rear Window (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000)
Jean Douchet, 'Hitch and His Public', in A Hitchcock reader, by Marshall Deutelbaum (Oxford: Wiley, 2009)
Larrie Dudenhoeffer, 'Hitch-cockeyed: Ocular Dys/function in Alfred Hitchcock's Rear Window, Cinephile, 5.2, Fall 2009
Dean Flower, 'Some Refrigerator Talk About Alfred Hitchcock', The Hudson review, Volume LVIII, Number 4 (Winter 2006)
Douglas Pye, 'Enter Lisa: Rear Window (1954)', Film Moments: Criticism, History, Theory, edited by Tom Brown and James Walters (London: BFI/Palgrave, 2011) Scroll to p. 45
"rear window views : sweiv wodniw raer"
Michael Joshua Rowin, 'Caught on Camera The photographic investigations of Blow-Up and (nostalgia)', Moving Image Source, April 21, 2009
Jane Sloan, excerpt from Alfred Hitchcock: a filmography and bibliography (University of California Press, 1995)
Michael Walker, Hitchcock's Motifs (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2005)
Matthew M. Wylie, 'Avoiding the Masculine "Gaze": Frustrated Homosexual Desire and the Eroticized Role of the Camera In Hitchcock's Rear Window and Antonioni's Blow Up', Cinetext, February 2003
David Bordwell, Narration in the Fiction Film (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985)
Labels: Alfred Hitchcock, Rear Windw, scopophilia, Study of a Single Film, voyeurism
Film Festival Studies Redux
Thai filmmaker Apichatpong Weerasethakul enjoys some festival fun as he receives the 2010 Palme D'Or for his film Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives at the Cannes Film Festival
Film Studies For Free has been catching up with some great resources lately. One set which should really not pass its readers by is In Media Res's recent collection of work on 'Diversity of Film Festivals in East Asia' curated by Dina Iordanova and Ruby Cheung. All items are linked to directly below.
post on Film Festival Studies and have a read of the following assorted, high quality studies:
SooJeong Ahn, The Pusan International Film Festival 1996-2005: South Korean cinema in local, regional, and global context, PhD Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008
Chris Berry, 'My Queer Korea: Identity, Space, and the 1998 Seoul Queer Film & Video festival', Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context, Issue 2, May 1999
Jamie June, 'Is it Queer Enough?: An Analysis of the Criteria and Selection Process for Programming Films within Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Film Festivals in the United States' (e-Thesis)
S. Loist, M. de Valck, 'Film festivals/Film festival research: thematic, annotated bibliography', 2nd ed. (Hamburg: Universität Hamburg, Institut für Germanistik II, 2010)
Renee Penney, Desperately Seeking Redundancy? Queer Romantic Comedy and the Festival Audience, PhD Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010
And for some more inspiring viewing watch
Researchers' Tales: Richard Dyer (8 Mar 2010): The writer and academic discusses his instrumental role in the creation of the BFI London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival, one of the world's most prestigious celebrations of queer cinema.
In Media Res: 'Diversity of Film Festivals in East Asia'
Dina Iordanova (University of St. Andrews) and Ruby Cheung (University of St. Andrews) presents: Diversity of Film Festivals in East Asia: Red Carpets and Parades (Monday January 24, 2011)
Abé Mark Nornes (University of Michigan) presents: When Strangers Meet (Tuesday January 25, 2011)
Ragan Rhyne (New York University) presents: Queer Comrades (Wednesday January 26, 2011)
Jean-Michel Frodon (Institute of Political Studies, Paris) presents: The Cinema World, made of what? or made of who? (Thursday January 27, 2011)
Chris Fujiwara (Editor, Undercurrent) presents: Rewriting Japanese Film History: Shibuya Minoru in Retrospect (Friday January 28, 2011)
Posted by Catherine Grant at 15:25 1 comment:
Labels: film festivals, In Media Res, queer cinema
On Godard and Philosophy
Trailer for Deux de la Vague/Two in the Wave, an in-depth analysis of the relationship between French New Wave pioneers François Truffaut and Jean-Luc Godard, as seen through rare archival footage, interviews, and film excerpts — written by former Cahiers du Cinéma editor Antoine de Baecque and directed by Emmanuel Laurent. Read more about this film here.
Thanks to the very wonderful Girish Shambu, Film Studies For Free was lucky enough to hear of a special issue of the Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy on Jean-Luc Godard. The table of contents, with direct links to all items, is given below.
For more reading (and viewing) on Godard, do please check out FSFF's last post on this filmmaker in December 2010.
Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy, Vol 18, No 2 (2008-2010)
Special issue on Godard and Philosophy, co-edited by Burlin Barr and John E. Drabinski
'Philosophy as a Kind of Cinema: Introducing Godard and Philosophy' by John E. Drabinski
'Schizoanalyzing Souls: Godard, Deleuze, and the Mystical Line of Flight' by David Sterritt
'Happiness is Not Fun: Godard, the 20th Century, and Badiou' by Michael Walsh
'The Audible Life of the Image' by David Wills
'Shot and Counter-shot: Presence, Obscurity, and the Breakdown of Discourse in Godard's Notre Musique' by Burlin Barr
'Pedagogy of the Written Image' by Jonathan Lahey Dronsfield
'Modernism as a Misnomer: Godard's Archeology of the Image' by Gabriel Rockhill
Labels: Film and Philosophy, François Truffaut, French cinema, French New Wave, Jean-Luc Godard
"An incarnation of the modern": In Memory of Miriam Bratu Hansen, 1949-2011
The cover of Miriam Hansen's last book. Published posthumously. [Image added on May 13, 2012]
Hollywood cinema was perceived, not just in the United States but in modernizing capitals all over the world, as an incarnation of the modern. [...]
American movies of the classical period offered something like the first global vernacular. If this vernacular had a transnational and translatable resonance it was not just because of its optimal mobilization of biologically hard-wired structures and universal narrative templates, but because this vernacular played a key role in mediating competing cultural discourses on modernity and modernization; because it articulated, brought into optical consciousness (to vary Benjamin), and disseminated a particular historical experience. [Miriam Hansen, "Fallen Women, Rising Stars, New Horizons: Shanghai Silent Film as Vernacular Modernism," Film Quarterly 54.1 (Fall 2000): 10-22, 30]
[Miriam] Hansen's argument [about "vernacular modernisms"] is that early "classical" or studio cinemas are inextricably intertwined with the experience of modernization and modernity. While this argument, as she claims, is in and of itself not incredibly radical, her argument provides significant [additions to] three areas of film scholarship: it enlarges the discussion of modernism to [include] other media affected by the process of modernization, it intervenes in the binary between psychoanalytic and cognitive approaches to classical Hollywood cinema, and it [...] speaks to the question of Hollywood cinema's early global hegemony during the 1920s-40s. In this last discussion, Hansen speaks of Hollywood's flexibility in appropriating an amalgamation of diverse domestic interests in its inauguration of mass audience. [Kirsten Strayer, Ruins and Riots: Transnational Currents in Mexican Cinema, PhD Thesis, University of Pittsburgh 2009, p. 49]
Miriam Hansen differentiates between the use of the terms "audience" and "spectator" not just as a theoretical or methodological distinction operative within viewer-oriented studies (as do Kuhn, Mayne, Staiger and others who posit the former as a "real" social collective and the latter as a hypothetical or ideal construct of the text); instead, Hansen argues that the emergence of the "spectator" (and concomitant suppression of the "audience" as such) is historically specific, marking a paradigm shift between early and later cinema (around 1909). [Melanie Nash, 'Introduction', Cinémas : revue d'études cinématographiques / Cinémas: Journal of Film Studies, vol. 14, n° 1, 2003, p. 7-19; citing Miriam Hansen, Babel and Babylon: Spectatorship in American Silent Film, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1991 (pp. 23-24), p. 18]
The unprecedented acceleration of technological innovation and circulation have created conditions in which consciousness is more than ever inadequate to the state of technological development, its power to destroy and enslave human bodies, hearts, and minds. At the same time, new media such as video and the digital media have expanded the formal and material arsenal for imaginative practices and have opened up new modes of publicness that already enact a different, and potentially alternative, engagement with technology.
This antinomic situation eludes the perspective of strictly media theory, especially in its ontological and teleological bent (for example, Paul Virilio, Friedrich Kittler, Norbert Bolz), to say nothing of popular pundits' techno-pessimism. It requires understanding the practices, both productive and receptive, of technology in increasingly overlapping yet fractured, unequal yet unpredictable public spheres. It urges us to resume Benjamin's concern for the conditions of apperception, sensorial affect, and cognition, experience and memory—in short, for a political ecology of the senses.
For us—teachers, scholars, intellectuals—to engage on both sides of this antinomy, we need theory, and we need aesthetics. The current reinvention of the aesthetic in the humanities would do well to heed Benjamin's lesson. The question of the fate of art in the age of technological reproducibility still maps a heuristic—and historical—horizon that no serious effort to refocus the study of literature and other traditional arts can afford to ignore. At the very least, awareness of that horizon should guard the renewed attention to formal and stylistic questions against illusory attempts to revive artistic autonomy, as an enclave protected against technical mediation and commodification. [Miriam Hansen, 'Why Media Aesthetics', Critical Inquiry, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2004-5]
When Film Studies For Free posted the above embedded video a week ago, in an entry on online film studies lectures at the University of Chicago, it couldn't have imagined the almost immediate and extremely sad circumstances in which it would be reposted. But word has come, via Tom Gunning and other film scholars, that Miriam Hansen, one of the true paradigm-shifters of our discipline, one of its most gifted historians and theorists, has passed away.
Miriam Hansen was Ferdinand Schevill Distinguished Service Professor in the Humanities at the University of Chicago, where she also taught in the Department of English and the Committee on Cinema and Media Studies. Her publications include a book on Ezra Pound's early poetics (1979) and Babel and Babylon: Spectatorship in American Silent Film (1991). She was completing a study entitled The Other Frankfurt School: Kracauer, Benjamin, and Adorno on Cinema, Mass Culture, and Modernity. Her next project was to be a book on the notion of cinema as vernacular modernism.
Inspired by her lifelong study of the Frankfurt School, Hansen's work rethought cinema as a part of the public and counterpublic spheres, situating it within a larger discourse of popular culture, and thus opening up the essential study of such 'periphery texts' as fan magazines, gossip columns, movie reviews, and so on. But her development of the concept of vernacular modernism also completely set the scene for the field of world or transnational cinema studies; and her historical work on cinematic spectatorship and her highly original addressing of the sensual experiences of film and new media are likewise in the process of revolutionizing their field of study (as W.J. T. Mitchell argues in relation to 'Miriam Hansen's urging that cinema and other media be regarded as a vernacular modernism in which new theoretical propositions might be articulated while the senses are being reeducated').
It is hard to think, then, of anyone who has made a more significant contribution to Film Studies (and, latterly, new media studies), in the context of the Humanities as a whole, than she did.
Film Studies For Free hopes that Hansen knew just how grateful we are for her research -- how changed we are by it -- as well as for her inspiring work as a teacher. Here is a link to a warm and touching tribute by one of Hansen's former students.
Links to some of Hansen's work, as well as to some of the work it inspired, are given below. Further links, including ones to online tributes to her, will be added here as they come to FSFF's notice.
Online Tributes to Miriam Hansen:
Tom Gunning, 'A Tribute to Miram Hansen', Society for Cinema and Media Studies, February 7, 2011
Margalit Fox, 'Miriam Hansen, a Scholar of Cinema, Dies at 61', The New York Times,February 12, 2011
Steven Pate, 'Renowned Film Scholar Miriam Hansen Dies', Chicagoist, February 9, 2011
Cinetrix Pullquote, 'RIP Miriam Hansen', Cinetrix, February 6, 2011
Azra Raza, 'In Memory of Miriam Bratu Hansen, 1949-2011', 3QuarksDaily, February 6, 2011
Chris Cagle, 'Miriam Bratu Hansen', Category D: A Film and Media Studies Blog, February 7, 2011
Work by Miriam Hansen online:
Miriam Bratu Hansen, 'The Mass Production of the Senses: Classical Cinema as Vernacular Modernism', Modernism-Modernity, Vol. 6.2, 1999
Miriam Bratu Hansen, 'America, Paris, The Alps: Kracauer (and Benjamin) on Cinema and Modernity', John F. Kennedy-Institut fur Nordamerikastudien, Working Paper No. 72, 1994
Miriam Hansen, 'Early cinema, late cinema: permutations of the public sphere', Screen, 34:3, 1993 (currently Open Access)
Miriam Hansen, 'Why Media Aesthetics', Critical Inquiry, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2004-5
Miriam Hansen, 'Benjamin, Cinema and Experience: "The Blue Flower in the Land of Technology"', New German Critique, No. 40, Special Issue on Weimar Film Theory. (Winter, 1987), pp. 179-224
Miriam Hansen, 'Mass Culture as Hieroglyphic Writing: Adorno, Derrida, Kracauer', New German Critique, No. 56, Special Issue on Theodor W. Adorno. (Spring - Summer, 1992), pp. 43-73
Miriam Bratu Hansen, 'Room-For-Play: Benjamin's Gamble with Cinema', The Martin Walsh Memorial Lecture, Canadian Journal of Film Studies; Spring 2004; 13, 1
Miriam Hansen, 'Visual Pleasure, Fetishism and the Problem of Feminine/Feminist Discourse: Ulrike Ottinger's Ticket of No Return', New German Critique, No. 31, West German Culture and Politics. (Winter, 1984), pp. 95-108
Alexander Kluge; Thomas Y. Levin; Miriam B. Hansen, 'On Film and the Public Sphere', New German Critique, No. 24/25, Special Double Issue on New German Cinema. (Autumn, 1981 - Winter, 1982), pp. 206-220
Miriam Bratu Hansen, 'Excerpt from Benjamin and Cinema: Not a One Way Street', Critical Inquiry,Vol. 25, No. 2, 1999
Other Scholars on aspects of Hansen's work:
Dudley Andrew, 'An Atlas of World Cinema', later published in Framework, 45.2, Fall 2004
Chris Cagle, 'On Vernacular Modernism', Category D: A Film and Media Studies Blog, July 26, 2006
Jan Campbell, 'Editorial: Kracauer', New Formations 61
Stephanie Hanson, '"Electrical wonders of the present age":cinema-going on the Far South Coast of NSW and rural discourses of modernity', Screening the Past, Issue 24, 2009
Adrian Martin,'Balance and Linkage : Robert Mulligan's The Man in the Moon', Film Journal, Issue 11
Allen Meek, 'Benjamin, the televisual and the "fascistic subject", Screening the Past, September 1998
W.J.T. Mitchell, 'Medium Theory: Preface to the 2003 Critical Inquiry Symposium', Critical Inquiry, Vol. 30, No. 22004-5
Andrew Nelson, 'Cinema from Attractions: Story and Synergy in Disney's Theme Park Movies', Cinephile, Vol. 4, Summer 2008
Justus Nieland, 'Modernism's Laughter', Modernist Cultures, Issue 4, 2009
Justus Nieland, 'Archives of Modernist Cinephilia', MODERNISM/Modernity, 14(2), 347-355, 2007
Kyoko Omori, Detecting Japanese Vernacular Modernism: Shinseinen Magazine and the Development of the Tantei Shosetsu Genre, 1920-1931, PhD Thesis, Ohio State University, 2003
Kirsten Strayer, Ruins and Riots: Transnational Currents in Mexican Cinema, PhD Thesis, University of Pittsburgh 2009
Chen Xiangyang, 'Technologizing the Vernacular: Cantonese Opera Films through The Legend of Purple Hairpin', David C. Lam Institute for East-West Studies (LEWI), Working Paper Series, No. 67, September 2007
Labels: Classical Hollywood Cinema, film history, film theory, Frankfurt School, Miriam Hansen, modernism and modernity, Siegfried Kracauer, Walter Benjamin
For the Love of Film (Noir)
This time last year, Film Studies For Free was thrilled to support the For the Love of Film Preservation fund-raising blogathon organised by peerless, online, film critics Farran Smith Nehme (Self-Styled Siren) and Marilyn Ferdinand (of Ferdy on Film).
The grand total of money raised for film preservation last year was more than $30,000 in contributions and matching funds; those funds saved films through the National Film Preservation Foundation.
This year, the chosen theme for the blogathon is Film Noir, so you can expect many fine entries on that topic to be appearing all over the film internets in the immediate aftermath of Valentine's Day.
Donations will go to the Film Noir Foundation, which works to preserve and restore movies in this mode from many eras and from many countries. The film to be restored this year is a fine and important noir called The Sound of Fury (aka Try and Get Me) directed by Cy Endfield, possibly more well-known (if not better remembered) for Zulu (1964).
As Marilyn Ferdinand writes:
A nitrate print of [Endfield's] film will be restored by the UCLA Film & Television Archive, using a reference print from Martin Scorsese's personal collection to guide them and fill in any blanks. Paramount Pictures has agreed to help fund the restoration, but FNF is going to have to come up with significant funds to get the job done. That's where we come in.
Do check out the wonderful promotional trailer for the event created by Greg Ferrara of Cinemastyles, who also made the e-poster above. The blogathon Facebook page is here. Also, please make sure to visit the all-important donation link.
And do watch out for a further, snazzy entry on film noir by FSFF, in upcoming weeks, as its own original contribution to the whole shebang...
Labels: film noir, film preservation
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From The National Post
WINDSOR . Windsor Regional Hospital in Ontario is losing up to $265,000 a year operating Tim Hortons outlets on its premises, a drain so severe that the hospital is considering cutting cafeteria hours by as much as 50%. The revelation comes the same week that the St. John's Health Sciences Centre in Newfoundland said it would turn a Tim Hortons outlet over to the private sector after experiencing similar losses.
At the Windsor hospital, taxpayers are subsidizing losses from the three kiosks featuring Tim Hortons – one of the most successful restaurant chains in Canada – largely because the coffee-pourers are well-paid CAW workers. Windsor Regional Hospital servers make about $26 an hour – $20 in wages, the rest in benefits. At regular Tim Hortons outlets, which are typically profitable, wages vary. One employee said she started at the Ontario minimum wage of $10.25 an hour.
"The hospital's options are either try to get a lower rate with the union, in order to make it closer to break-even, or reduce cafeteria hours," hospital president David Musyj said.
In all, the hospital loses about $500,000 on all its cafeteria services – which are apart from the in-room food the hospital prepares for patients. That could pay for five extra full-time registered nurses.
"Most Tim Hortons locations operated by hospitals … make a profit," Alexandra Cygal, Tim Hortons manager of public affairs, said in an email.
Mr. Musyj said his hands are tied by a collective agreement which forbids the hospital from contracting out the work. But he said the hospital board hopes to negotiate a lower wage with its union.
This entry was posted on Friday, June 1st, 2012 at 10:32 am and is filed under Longwoods Online.

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Global Reach wins Gold at the 2019 W³ Awards
Ames, Iowa – Global Reach, an Iowa-based web firm, is proud to announce that they have, once again, received a top honor at the annual W³ Awards. Global Reach has won the coveted 2019 W3 Gold Award in the Law and Legal Services category for the website design and functionality of Newkirk Zwagerman Law Firm.
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1 – The pool was empty. I had three lanes to myself (and my mate/trainer/lifeguard Greg) so I was straight in and going for it…with mixed results. The first length went okay but I was a little breathless at the end, so I tried slowing down on the way back and it all fell to pieces! The same happened with my next two lengths, and I realised that I was suffering from a very mild form of panic. Logically ridiculous, in a public pool with lifeguards I was never in danger, but I wasn't thinking logically. Every time I took on a mouthful of water or missed a breath I thought "if I do that 150 metres in to a lake I'm sleeping with the fishes" and the panic would throw my stroke and timing off completely compounding the problem.
So, I moved from the centre lane where I had been to the side lane, to give myself the mental safety net of being able to see the side. Once again I struggled, although on these two lengths I was able to stop, tread water and go again. I struggled to get my breathing right straight after treading water so that's something I need to work on.
Battling the disappointment of not gliding up and down the pool like Flipper, I decided to put discretion before valour and moved back in to the end segment of the pool where I could swim widths.Firstly I worked on head placement, I'd been watching Greg and another swimmer and realised I was putting my head much further in the water than them (staring at the bottom of the pool) so I worked on keeping my head up more and sighting along the surface of the water, meaning I had less far to move to get clean air with my breaths. I also wanted to try something new with my breathing again, and changed from bi-lateral every three breaths to breathing every second stroke. What a difference! I'd worked out I was finding it easier to breath on my right and I was suddenly in no hurry to get through the strokes for the next breath. I did a couple of widths like this and didn't have a single problem, so to finish the session and my 300 metres I jumped back in the lanes and eased out the last 25 metres like I'd been doing it all day!
The key now is to remember how that felt, remember that there is no reason to let my mind run away when it should be swimming, and have another go at pushing out 12 lengths in one go. Reckon it could be Sunday/Monday before I get back in the pool…and I'm looking forward to it!
This entry was posted in Events, Juneathon, Running, Training and tagged Cheltenham, front crawl, Parkrun, PB, Personal best, running, Swimming. Bookmark the permalink.
8 Responses to Mission Accomplished?
Well done on both achievements James. I don't know how I'd feel mentally about a 3 lap parkrun. Mine is along a river and it's out and back, which I like. I think jogging to the Parkrun is a really good idea – I always feel like I've just got into it at about 3.5k, which is far too late!
Thanks Bibi! I like the three laps, it helps to break it down and focus on one lap at a time. But then Cheltenham is the only Parkrun I've done.
Cheers, amazed how well I did in the run after the near disappointment of the swim. Still lots of hard work to do though!
Thanks! Being a runner though I'm never happy…sub 25 next time!


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Saif-Kareena will narrate the good news this month, please tell that Kareena Kapoor Khan is currently in her third trimester of pregnancy. She is going to give birth to her second child early next year. According to media reports, the actress will become a mother again in February 2021. Saif Ali Khan and Kareena Kapoor Khan had recently announced from their social media account that they are going to become parents of another child. Also Read – Tuesday Trivia: Swara Bhaskar's bold vibrator scene took place fiercely, fans were furious on this video
Kareena Kapoor Khan will be seen in these films Kareena Kapoor Khan will soon be seen in the Aamir Khan starrer film Lal Singh Chadha. The actress completed the shooting of this film in pregnancy. While after this, there is also the sequel of Kareena Kapoor Khan's Veere Di Wedding. Apart from this film, she will also be seen in the film Takht to be produced under Dharma Productions. Also Read – Taimur Ali Khan sang 'Happy Birthday to You', so the fans gave such reactions
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OSTI.GOV Journal Article: The Chloroplast Tat Pathway Transports Substrates in the Dark
Title: The Chloroplast Tat Pathway Transports Substrates in the Dark
ImagesFigures / Tables (6)
Photosynthetic electron transport pumps protons into the thylakoid lumen, creating an electrochemical potential called the protonmotive force (PMF). The energy of the thylakoid PMF is utilized by such machinery as the chloroplast F0F1-ATPase as well as the chloroplast Tat (cpTat) pathway (a protein transporter) to do work. The bulk phase thylakoid PMF decays rapidly after the termination of actinic illumination, and it has been well established via potentiometric measurements that there is no detectable electrical or chemical potential in the thylakoid after a brief time in the dark. Yet, we report herein that cpTat transport can occur for long periods in the dark. We show that the thylakoid PMF is actually present long after actinic illumination of the thylakoids ceases and that this energy is present in physiologically useful quantities. Consistent with previous studies, the dark-persisting thylakoid potential is not detectable by established indicators. In conclusion, we propose that cpTat transport in the dark is dependent on a pool of protons in the thylakoid held out of equilibrium with those in the bulk aqueous phase.
Braun, Nikolai A. [1]; Theg, Steven M. [2]
Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States); Univ. of Manchester, Manchester (United Kingdom)
Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States)
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22). Chemical Sciences, Geosciences & Biosciences Division
FG02-03ER15405
Journal Article: Accepted Manuscript
Journal Volume: 283; Journal Issue: 14; Journal ID: ISSN 0021-9258
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Braun, Nikolai A., and Theg, Steven M. The Chloroplast Tat Pathway Transports Substrates in the Dark. United States: N. p., 2008. Web. doi:10.1074/jbc.M708948200.
Braun, Nikolai A., & Theg, Steven M. The Chloroplast Tat Pathway Transports Substrates in the Dark. United States. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M708948200
Braun, Nikolai A., and Theg, Steven M. Wed . "The Chloroplast Tat Pathway Transports Substrates in the Dark". United States. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M708948200. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1490447.
title = {The Chloroplast Tat Pathway Transports Substrates in the Dark},
author = {Braun, Nikolai A. and Theg, Steven M.},
abstractNote = {Photosynthetic electron transport pumps protons into the thylakoid lumen, creating an electrochemical potential called the protonmotive force (PMF). The energy of the thylakoid PMF is utilized by such machinery as the chloroplast F0F1-ATPase as well as the chloroplast Tat (cpTat) pathway (a protein transporter) to do work. The bulk phase thylakoid PMF decays rapidly after the termination of actinic illumination, and it has been well established via potentiometric measurements that there is no detectable electrical or chemical potential in the thylakoid after a brief time in the dark. Yet, we report herein that cpTat transport can occur for long periods in the dark. We show that the thylakoid PMF is actually present long after actinic illumination of the thylakoids ceases and that this energy is present in physiologically useful quantities. Consistent with previous studies, the dark-persisting thylakoid potential is not detectable by established indicators. In conclusion, we propose that cpTat transport in the dark is dependent on a pool of protons in the thylakoid held out of equilibrium with those in the bulk aqueous phase.},
doi = {10.1074/jbc.M708948200},
url = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1490447}, journal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry},
number = 14,
volume = 283,
Cited by: 11 works
Figures / Tables:
Figure 1: Transport of a cpTat substrate in the dark is sensitive to nigericin and valinomycin. Thylakoids were pre-illuminated for 3 min and then kept on ice in darkness for 10 min before the first transport reaction was initiated; time = -10 corresponds to the moment the pre-illumination light wasmore » extinguished. iOE17 transport was initiated at 10-min intervals, and the reactions were each of 5-min duration. A, control reactions without the addition of nigericin and valinomycin. mOE17, mature OE17. B, reactions in which 1 μM both nigericin and valinomycin ( nig/val) were added just before initiation of the transport reactions. The first lanes in A and B were loaded with 10% of the iOE17 translation product added to the transport reactions. C, normalized means ±S.E. from three time course experiments for untreated control samples ( circles) and samples treated with 1 μM both nigericin and valinomycin just before initiation of the transport reaction ( diamonds). An exponential regression line is drawn through the control points. The transport of iOE17 was calculated by comparing the densities of the mature bands to those of the 10% load lanes.« less
All figures and tables (6 total)
Thylakoid targeting of Tat passenger proteins shows no DeltapH dependence in vivo
Finazzi, G.
The EMBO Journal, Vol. 22, Issue 4
https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/cdg081
Characterisation of Tat protein transport complexes carrying inactivating mutations
McDevitt, Christopher A.; Hicks, Matthew G.; Palmer, Tracy
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Vol. 329, Issue 2
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.02.038
Proton gradient-driven import of the 16 kDa oxygen-evolving complex protein as the full precursor protein by isolated thylakoids
Kl�sgen, Ralf B.; Brock, Ian W.; Herrmann, Reinhold G.
Plant Molecular Biology, Vol. 18, Issue 5
Efficient Twin Arginine Translocation (Tat) Pathway Transport of a Precursor Protein Covalently Anchored to Its Initial cpTatC Binding Site
Gérard, Fabien; Cline, Kenneth
Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 281, Issue 10
COPPER ENZYMES IN ISOLATED CHLOROPLASTS. POLYPHENOLOXIDASE IN BETA VULGARIS
Arnon, Daniel I.
Plant Physiology, Vol. 24, Issue 1
https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.24.1.1
On Why Thylakoids Energize ATP Formation Using Either Delocalized or Localized Proton Gradients – A Ca 2+ Mediated Role in Thylakoid Stress Responses
Dilley, Richard A.
Photosynthesis Research, Vol. 80, Issue 1-3
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PRES.0000030436.32486.aa
Cleavage of Structural Proteins during the Assembly of the Head of Bacteriophage T4
Laemmli, U. K.
Nature, Vol. 227, Issue 5259, p. 680-685
Energy-transducing thylakoid membranes remain highly impermeable to ions during protein translocation
Teter, S. A.; Theg, S. M.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 95, Issue 4
Proton efflux from thylakoids induced in darkness and its effect on photosystem II
Theg, Steven M.; Johnson, James D.; Homann, Peter H.
FEBS Letters, Vol. 145, Issue 1
https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(82)81199-X
Chloroplast TatC plays a direct role in thylakoid ΔpH-dependent protein transport
journal, July 2001
Mori, Hiroki; Summer, Elizabeth J.; Cline, Kenneth
The Chloroplast Tat Pathway Utilizes the Transmembrane Electric Potential as an Energy Source
Braun, Nikolai A.; Davis, Andrew W.; Theg, Steven M.
Biophysical Journal, Vol. 93, Issue 6
https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.106.098731
Nonequilibration of membrane-associated protons with the internal aqueous space in dark-maintained chloroplast thylakoids
Laszlo, Joseph A.; Baker, Gary M.; Dilley, Richard A.
Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes, Vol. 16, Issue 1
Neutral red, a rapid indicator for pH-changes in the inner phase of thylakoids
Ausländer, Winfried; Junge, Wolfgang
FEBS Letters, Vol. 59, Issue 2
Separation of Light and dark Stages in Photophosphorylation
Hind, G.; Jagendorf, A. T.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.49.5.715
Determination of DeltapH in Chloroplasts. 2. Fluorescent Amines as a Probe for the Determination of DeltapH in Chloroplasts
Schuldiner, Shimon; Rottenberg, Hagai; Avron, Mordhay
European Journal of Biochemistry, Vol. 25, Issue 1
Uptake of ammonium ion by chloroplasts, and its relation to photophosphorylation
Crofts, Antony R.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Vol. 24, Issue 5
https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(66)90385-8
Thylakoid Δ pH-dependent precursor proteins bind to a cpTatC–Hcf106 complex before Tha4-dependent transport
Cline, Kenneth; Mori, Hiroki
The Journal of Cell Biology, Vol. 154, Issue 4
https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200105149
Determination of DeltapH in Chloroplasts. 1. Distribution of [14C]Methylamine
Rottbnberg, Hagai; Grunwald, Tilly; Avron, Mordhay
Effect of phosphorylation on the size of the proton gradient across chloroplast membranes
Pick, Uri; Rottenberg, Hagai; Avron, Mordhay
ATP formation caused by acid-base transition of spinach chloroplasts.
Jagendorf, A. T.; Uribe, E.
An alternative model of the twin arginine translocation system
Brüser, Thomas; Sanders, Carsten
Microbiological Research, Vol. 158, Issue 1
https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-5013-00176
Photo-potentiation of adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis
Hoch, George; Martin, Iris
TatB and TatC Form a Functional and Structural Unit of the Twin-arginine Translocase from Escherichia coli
Bolhuis, Albert; Mathers, Joanne E.; Thomas, Joanna D.
Energetics of Protein Transport across Biological Membranes
Alder, Nathan N.; Theg, Steven M.
Cell, Vol. 112, Issue 2
Coupling of quanta, electrons, fields, ions and phosphorylation in the functional membrane of photosynthesis. Results by pulse spectroscopic methods
Witt, H. T.
Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics, Vol. 4, Issue 4
Influence of the redox state and the activation of the chloroplast ATP synthase on proton-transport-coupled ATP synthesis/hydrolysis
Junesch, Ulrike; Gräber, Peter
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics, Vol. 893, Issue 2
Tat-dependent protein targeting in prokaryotes and chloroplasts
Robinson, Colin; Bolhuis, Albert
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research, Vol. 1694, Issue 1-3
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2004.03.010
An Efficient mRNA-Dependent Translation System from Reticulocyte Lysates
Pelham, Hugh R. B.; Jackson, Richard J.
Two electrical potential–dependent steps are required for transport by the Escherichia coli Tat machinery
Bageshwar, Umesh K.; Musser, Siegfried M.
The Maize tha4 Gene Functions in Sec-Independent Protein Transport in Chloroplasts and Is Related to hcf106 , tatA , and tatB
Walker, Macie B.; Roy, Laura M.; Coleman, Eric
https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.147.2.267
The TatA component of the twin-arginine protein transport system forms channel complexes of variable diameter
Gohlke, U.; Pullan, L.; McDevitt, C. A.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 102, Issue 30
Sec-Independent Protein Translocation by the Maize Hcf106 Protein
Settles, A. M.
Science, Vol. 278, Issue 5342
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5342.1467
Component Specificity for the Thylakoidal Sec and Delta Ph–Dependent Protein Transport Pathways
Mori, Hiroki; Summer, Elizabeth J.; Ma, Xianyue
Relationships between rates of steady-state ATP synthesis and the magnitude of the proton-activity gradient across thylakoid membranes
Davenport, James W.; McCarty, Richard E.
The Thylakoid ΔpH/ΔΨ Are Not Required for the Initial Stages of Tat-dependent Protein Transport in Tobacco Protoplasts
Di Cola, Alessandra; Bailey, Shaun; Robinson, Colin
Energy thresholds for ATP synthesis in chloroplasts
Hangarter, Roger P.; Good, Norman E.
Photophosphorylation as a function of illumination time. I. Effects of permeant cations and permeant anions
Ort, Donald R.; Dilley, Richard A.
Proton to electron stoichiometry in electron transport of spinach thylakoids
Berry, Stephan; Rumberg, Bernd
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics, Vol. 1410, Issue 3
Multiple pathways for protein transport into or across the thylakoid membrane.
Cline, K.; Henry, R.; Li, C.
The EMBO Journal, Vol. 12, Issue 11
On the ion transport system of photosynthesis — Investigations on a molecular level —
Junge, W.; Witt, H. T.
Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B, Vol. 23, Issue 2
https://doi.org/10.1515/znb-1968-0222
Routing of thylakoid lumen proteins by the chloroplast twin arginine transport pathway
New, Christopher Paul; Ma, Qianqian; Dabney-Smith, Carole
Photosynthesis Research, Vol. 138, Issue 3
Figures / Tables found in this record:
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Journal Article Braun, Nikolai A. ; Davis, Andrew W. ; Theg, Steven M. - Biophysical Journal
Here, the thylakoid membrane, located inside the chloroplast, requires proteins transported across it for plastid biogenesis and functional photosynthetic electron transport. The chloroplast Tat translocator found on thylakoids transports proteins from the plastid stroma to the thylakoid lumen. Previous studies have shown that the chloroplast Tat pathway is independent of NTP hydrolysis as an energy source and instead depends on the thylakoid transmembrane proton gradient to power protein translocation. Because of its localization on the same membrane as the proton motive force-dependent F 0F 1 ATPase, we believed that the chloroplast Tat pathway also made use of the thylakoid electricmore » potential for transporting substrates. By adjusting the rate of photosynthetic proton pumping and by utilizing ionophores, we show that the chloroplast Tat pathway can also utilize the transmembrane electric potential for protein transport. Our findings indicate that the chloroplast Tat pathway is likely dependent on the total protonmotive force (PMF) as an energy source. As a protonmotive-dependent device, certain predictions can be made about structural features expected to be found in the Tat translocon, specifically, the presence of a proton well, a device in the membrane that converts electrical potential into chemical potential.« less
RECOVERY ACT - Thylakoid Assembly and Folded Protein Transport by the Tat Pathway
Technical Report Dabney-Smith, Carole
Assembly of functional photosystems complete with necessary intrinsic (membrane-bound) and extrinsic proteins requires the function of at least 3 protein transport pathways in thylakoid membranes. Our research focuses on one of those pathways, a unique and essential protein transport pathway found in the chloroplasts of plants, bacteria, and some archaebacteria, the Twin arginine translocation (Tat) system. The chloroplast Tat (cpTat) system is thought to be responsible for the proper location of ~50% of thylakoid lumen proteins, several of which are necessary for proper photosystem assembly, maintenance, and function. Specifically, cpTat systems are unique because they transport fully folded and assembledmore » proteins across ion tight membranes using only three membrane components, Tha4, Hcf106, and cpTatC, and the protonmotive force generated by photosynthesis. Despite the importance of the cpTat system in plants, the mechanism of transport of a folded precursor is not well known. Our long-term goal is to investigate the role protein transport systems have on organelle biogenesis, particularly the assembly of membrane protein complexes in thylakoids of chloroplasts. The objective of this proposal is to correlate structural changes in the membrane-bound cpTat component, Tha4, to the mechanism of translocation of folded-precursor substrates across the membrane bilayer by using a cysteine accessibility and crosslinking approach. Our central hypothesis is that the precursor passes through a proteinaceous pore of assembled Tha4 protomers that have undergone a conformational or topological change in response to transport. This research is predicated upon the observations that Tha4 exists in molar excess in the membrane relative to the other cpTat components; its regulated assembly to the precursor-bound receptor; and our data showing oligomerization of Tha4 into very large complexes in response to transport. Our rationale for these studies is that understanding cpTat system mechanism in chloroplasts will lead to a better understanding of the biogenesis of photosynthetic membranes potentially providing a means to engineer photosynthetic complexes into synthetic membranes for energy production. We are especially well prepared to undertake this project because we have developed a novel functional replacement assay, which was used to demonstrate a correlation of Tha4 oligomerization to transport. Thylakoids of plant chloroplasts provide a very robust, reliable assay to gain mechanistic detail about cpTat systems, providing most of the biochemical analyses to date. We plan to test our central hypothesis and accomplish the overall objective of this proposal by (1) Identifying the cpTat component(s) that interact with the mature domain of precursor during transport, (2) Determining the organization of the cpTat translocon, and (3) Comparing Tha4 topology in thylakoids during active transport and at rest. The proposed studies are innovative due to our ability to correlate structural changes in cpTat protein complexes during the transport of precursor. At the completion of this project, we expect to know the cpTat component(s) that interacts directly with the mature domain of the precursor, important because it is not known which components comprise the pore for passage of the mature domain. We also expect to know the arrangement of the components in the cpTat transport complex through direct interaction between Tha4 and the other CpTat components, a key point to establishing the mechanism of translocation. Lastly, we expect to correlate topological changes of Tha4 with precursor transport, key to establishing Tha4's role in the transport process. The successful completion of these studies is expected to have an important impact in understanding chloroplast biogenesis and assembly of photosynthetic complexes in plants and photosynthetic bacteria.« less
The Sec and Tat Protein Translocation Pathways in Chloroplasts
Journal Article Cline, Kenneth C. ; Theg, Steven M. - The Enzymes
Most chloroplast proteins are encoded by nuclear genes, translated in the cytosol as precursor proteins, and posttranslationally imported into the chloroplast. A subset of imported proteins is further localized to the thylakoid membrane and lumen by mechanisms conserved from the cyanobacterial endosymbiont that evolved into the chloroplast. The Sec and Twin arginine translocation (Tat) pathways are the major systems for transporting proteins across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen. Both systems employ hydrophobic cleavable signal peptides for targeting, but Tat signal peptides also contain an essential twin arginine motif. Biochemical studies indicate that the thylakoid Sec system operates similarly tomore » the Escherichia coli Sec system, that is a chloroplast SecA powers transport of unfolded protein substrates through a fixed cpSecYE channel. Indirect evidence also suggests that the thylakoid Sec system can integrate plastid-encoded multispanning membrane proteins cotranslationally. The Tat pathway is a newly discovered translocation system that can transport folded protein domains using the Δμ H+ as the sole energy source. Three membrane proteins, High chlorophyll fluorescence 106 (Hcf106), Thylakoid assembly 4 (Tha4), and cpTatC constitute the components of the Tat machinery. Precursor proteins bind to a large cpTatC-Hcf106 complex by contact of the signal peptide twin arginine region to cpTatC and its hydrophobic core to Hcf106. This triggers recruitment of a Tha4 oligomer, setting the stage for transport. During the translocation step, the Tha4 oligomer undergoes a conformation shift that aligns its amphipathic helices and carboxyl tails, possibly in association with the bilayer interface. Furthermore, these results have been interpreted in a general model in which the Tha4 oligomer facilitates passage of the substrate across the lipid bilayer.« less
The Role of Light–Dark Regulation of the Chloroplast ATP Synthase
Journal Article Kohzuma, Kaori ; Froehlich, John E. ; Davis, Geoffry A. ; ... - Frontiers in Plant Science
The chloroplast ATP synthase catalyzes the light-driven synthesis of ATP and is activated in the light and inactivated in the dark by redox-modulation through the thioredoxin system. It has been proposed that this down-regulation is important for preventing wasteful hydrolysis of ATP in the dark. To test this proposal, we compared the effects of extended dark exposure in Arabidopsis lines expressing the wild-type and mutant forms of ATP synthase that are redox regulated or constitutively active. In contrast to the predictions of the model, we observed that plants with wild-type redox regulation lost photosynthetic capacity rapidly in darkness, whereas thosemore » expressing redox-insensitive form were far more stable. To explain these results, we propose that in wild-type plants, down-regulation of ATP synthase inhibits ATP hydrolysis, leading to dissipation of thylakoid proton motive force (pmf) and subsequent inhibition of protein transport across the thylakoid through the twin arginine transporter (Tat)-dependent and Secdependent import pathways, resulting in the selective loss of specific protein complexes. By contrast, in mutants with a redox-insensitive ATP synthase, pmf is maintained by ATP hydrolysis, thus allowing protein transport to maintain photosynthetic activities for extended periods in the dark. Hence, a basal level of Tat-dependent, as well as, Sec-dependent import activity, in the dark helps replenishes certain components of the photosynthetic complexes and thereby aids in maintaining overall complex activity. But, the influence of a dark pmf on thylakoid protein import, by itself, could not explain all the effects we observed in this study. For example, we also observed in wild type plants a large transient buildup of thylakoid pmf and nonphotochemical exciton quenching upon sudden illumination of dark adapted plants. Thus, we conclude that down-regulation of the ATP synthase is probably not related to preventing loss of ATP per se. Instead, ATP synthase redox regulation may be impacting a number of cellular processes such as (1) the accumulation of chloroplast proteins and/or ions or (2) the responses of photosynthesis to rapid changes in light intensity. A model highlighting the complex interplay between ATP synthase regulation and pmf in maintaining various chloroplast functions in the dark is presented.« less
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01248
Thylakoid-integrated recombinant Hcf106 participates in the chloroplast twin arginine transport system
Journal Article Ma, Qianqian ; Fite, Kristen ; New, Christopher Paul ; ... - Plant Direct
The chloroplast twin arginine transport (cpTat) system distinguishes itself as a protein transport pathway by translocating fully folded proteins, using the proton-motive force (PMF) as the sole source of energy. The cpTat pathway is evolutionarily conserved with the Tat pathway found in the plasma membrane of many prokaryotes. The cpTat (Escherichia coli) system uses three proteins, Tha4 (TatA),Hcf106 (TatB), and cpTatC (TatC), to form a transient translocase allowing the pas-sage of precursor proteins. Briefly, cpTatC and Hcf106, with Tha4, form the initial receptor complex responsible for precursor protein recognition and binding in an energy-independent manner, while a separate pool ofmore » Tha4 assembles with the pre-cursor-bound receptor complex in the presence the PMF. Analysis by blue-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) shows that the receptor complex, in the absence of precursor, migrates near 700 kDa and contains cpTatC and Hcf106with little Tha4 remaining after detergent solubilization. To investigate the role thatHcf106 may play in receptor complex oligomerization and/or stability, systematic cysteine substitutions were made in positions from the N-terminal transmembrane domain to the end of the predicted amphipathic helix of the protein. BN-PAGE analysis allowed us to identify the locations of amino acids in Hcf106 that were critical for interacting with cpTatC. Oxidative cross-linking allowed us to map interactions of the transmembrane domain and amphipathic helix region of Hcf106. In addition, we showed that in vitro expressed, integrated Hcf106 can interact with the precursor signal peptide domain and imported cpTatC, strongly suggesting that a subpopulation of the integrated Hcf106 is participating in competent cpTat complexes.« less
https://doi.org/10.1002/pld3.90


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Saudi Arabia on Saturday (Feb 23) named a princess as its first woman ambassador to the United States, a key appointment as the fallout over journalist Jamal Khashoggi's murder tests relations between the allies.
Princess Rima bint Bandar replaced Prince Khalid bin Salman, the younger brother of the powerful crown prince who was appointed Vice Defence Minister in a flurry of late-night royal decrees announced on State media.
The reshuffle comes as Saudi Arabia seeks to quell an international outcry over Khashoggi's murder last October in the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, which strained relations with its key ally Washington.
After initially denying they knew anything of Khashoggi's disappearance, the kingdom finally acknowledged that Saudi agents killed him inside the consulate, but described it as a rogue operation.
Princess Rima faces hostile US lawmakers who have threatened to take tough action against Saudi Arabia over the brutal killing amid claims that Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman – the de-facto ruler who also serves as the defence minister – was personally responsible.
The Saudi government has denied he had anything to do with the murder of Khashoggi, a royal insider-turned-critic who was a columnist with the Washington Post.
"The appointment of a new envoy signifies an attempt by Riyadh to try and re-set relations with Washington and draw a line under the Khashoggi affair, however unlikely that may be in practice, at least with Congress," Kristian Ulrichsen, a fellow at Rice University's Baker Institute in the United States, told AFP.
Princess Rima, the daughter of a former long-time ambassador to the United States, has been a leading advocate of female empowerment in the kingdom, which has long faced criticism over its treatment of women.
The princess previously worked at the kingdom's General Sports Authority, where she led a campaign to increase women's participation in sports.
Prince Khalid, a son of the king who served as ambassador since 2017, had been expected to leave Washington for some time – particularly after the global outcry over Khashoggi tarnished the kingdom's reputation.
His new appointment as deputy defence minister comes as a military coalition led by Saudi Arabia remains bogged down in a four-year conflict in neighbouring Yemen.
It comes around a year after the crown prince, who also serves as the defence minister, announced a military reform plan and a dramatic overhaul of top defence commanders.
"As the Yemen war drags on and the military reform programme continues to move painstakingly slow, Prince Khalid is gaining a difficult portfolio but one that is critical to his father, brother and the kingdom," Becca Wasser, a policy analyst at the US-based RAND Corporation, told AFP.
Khashoggi's killing has refocused attention on the Saudi-led coalition's bombing campaign in Yemen, which is gripped by what the UN calls the world's worst humanitarian crisis.
Earlier this month, the US House voted overwhelmingly to end American involvement in Saudi Arabia's war effort in Yemen, dealing a rebuke to President Donald Trump who has publicly thrown his support behind the crown prince.
US lawmakers this month also said they were probing whether Trump was rushing to sell sensitive nuclear technology to Saudi Arabia to please corporate supporters who stand to profit handsomely.
The House of Representatives committee has voiced fears that Saudi Arabia could convert US expertise into making a nuclear bomb, heightening already severe tensions with regional rival Iran.


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The Build On Beauty Podcast
Build On Beauty Show 139: Global Entrepreneurship
The magic question: how did you make your first million? In this installment of the Build On Beauty podcast, Business Mogul, Global Speaker, and Self-Made Millionaire Vusi Thembekwayo will answer that question and many more. He shares how he made his first million at the age of 23. Also, the steps entrepreneurs need to take to scale their businesses and much more.
Build On Beauty Show 138: Getting Real About Race
In this installment of the Build On Beauty podcast. I talk with an international teacher, lecturer, diversity trainer, and "social justice superhero." She is well known for her Blue Eyes & Brown Eyes Exercise, which has been used for more than 50 years in classrooms, correctional facilities, and organizations worldwide to teach people about racism and discrimination. My guest Ms. Jane Elliott discusses the importance of education, race in America, white privilege, and much more.
Build On Beauty Show 137: Lessons From Black Leaders
In this installment of the Build On Beauty podcast, I talk with a black man that refused to be marginalized racially or starved creatively. Following a successful career in Silicon Valley, having worked for companies like Google. He left the tech world and his dream of becoming an affluent CEO to pursue a project that would soon become a must-read for this generation. Screenwriter, Author, and Entrepreneur Chad Sanders and I discuss his journey into the world of technology, his book Black Magic, and what he's learned from successful black leaders like Spike Lee and others.
Build On Beauty Show 136: Living with Loss
In this Father's Day Edition of the Build On Beauty Podcast, I talk with a leader and a father in the Christian faith. He is the founder and pastor of Oak Cliff Bible Fellowship in Dallas, Texas. Author, television evangelist, radio broadcaster, educator, and a kingdom man. Listen in as Dr. Tony Evans talks about living with loss, how to find God in grief, the difference between male and man, and much more.
Build On Beauty Show 135: Redefining Anxiety
In this installment of the Build On Beauty podcast, I talk with the leading voice on relationships and emotional wellness. Podcast host and author, the guru of mental health and wellness, Dr. John Delony. Listen in as he shares his thoughts on anxiety and why many of us may have it misunderstood. Some practical tips for married couples. Mental health, the use of pharmaceuticals, and much more.
Build On Beauty Show 134: The Miracle Mentality
In this installment of the Build On Beauty podcast, I talk with a world-renowned speaker, author, and life coach, Tim Storey. He is well known for inspiring and motivating people from all walks of life. From some of your favorite Hollywood entertainers, athletic professionals to industry leaders and corporate executives. Listen in as he talks about the Miracle Mentality. What is a miracle? What is a miracle mentality? How can this mentality help me accomplish my goals and realize my dreams? My guest Tim Storey covers all of this and more in this Build On Beauty podcast episode.
Build On Beauty Show 133: LIVE FREE, Exceed Your Highest Expectations
In this installment of the Build On Beauty podcast, I talk with award-winning Hollywood producer, New York Times best-selling author, motivational speaker, preacher, and author of LIVE FREE, Exceed Your Highest Expectations, DeVon Franklin. Listen in as he shares his why for being in the business of entertainment. And how you can accomplish more in life, build mutually beneficial relationships, and live life with no regrets.
Build On Beauty Show 132: Inner Fitness Fundamentals
In this installment of the Build On Beauty Podcast, I talk with a woman whose perspective on life is riveting, to say the least. She is a veteran Hollywood actress, author, co-host of Love From A Distance alongside Iyanla Vanzant, the Inner Fitness Project CEO, a personal development network that teaches individuals to focus more on thriving than surviving and a beautiful soul. Listen in as Tina Lifford discusses her role on OWN's hit drama series Queen Sugar, her latest book, The Little Book of Big Lies, the fundamentals of inner fitness, her journey of inner fitness, and much more.
Build On Beauty Show 131: The Book of Bevealtions
In this installment of the Build On Beauty podcast, I talk with pop culture aficionado, fashion expert, TV personality, Sirius XM radio host, and author Bevy Smith. Listen in as she talks about the conversation she had with legendary actress Cicely Tyson just three days before her transition, what she thinks about COVID-19. Her perspective on body imagery. How she went from a professional executive in the fashion advertising industry. To a personal brand in the entertainment and lifestyle arena. Why we always need a strategy for life. Her new book Bevelations. And much more.
Build On Beauty Show 130: A Force of Beauty
In this installment of the Build On Beauty Podcast, I talk with a true trailblazer in beauty, fashion, and culture. She is the country's leading authority on inner and outer beauty. A sought-after Empowerment Speaker, Executive Coach, the former Beauty & Cover Director for Essence magazine, and Editor at Large, Mikki Taylor. Listen in as she talks about her early days at Essence Magazine, how she became a sought-after thought leader and executive. Her fond memories of greats like Sammy Davis Jr, Billie Holiday, and Sarah Vaughan. Her work with Rosa Parks, Mary J. Blige, Oprah Winfrey, President Barack, Michelle Obama, and much more.
Build On Beauty Show 129: Mind Matters: Cleaning Up Your Mental Mess
In this installment of the Build On Beauty podcast. I talk with Neuroscientist, Mental Health and Mind Expert, Best Selling Author, Researcher, and Activist, Dr. Caroline Leaf. Listen in as she offers an exhaustive assessment of the mind, how it works, why change is so hard, what's really happening when we dream, how we can best clean up our mental mess. How to utilize this global crisis to our benefit, and much more.
Build On Beauty Show 128: CANDID with Kofi
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Build On Beauty Show 127: Where Is Your Faith?
In this installment of the Build On Beauty podcast, I talk with Author and Spiritual Leader Pastor Fred Price Jr. Listen in as he shares his perspective on the Coronavirus outbreak. What he thinks we should be doing in this hour as men and women of faith. And why ministry for him will never be the same.
Build On Beauty Show 126: Get Ready! Get Ready! Get Ready!
In this installment of the Build On Beauty podcast, your host, Cornell Jermaine, comes with a simple message, "Get Ready! Get Ready! Get Ready!" What are you getting ready for? The collapse of a nation? The political overturning of a government? A potential civil war? Possibly. But that's not all. Tune in to learn more.
Build On Beauty Show 125: The TOP 5 Podcasts of 2020
In this installment of the Build On Beauty podcast, our host Cornell Jermaine discusses the top 5 episodes of 2020. These episodes are based on the number of downloads received across this year's catalog. Listen in as he offers his perspective regarding each episode. His thoughts about that particular guest and much more.
Build On Beauty Show 124: Healthy Holiday Habits
In this installment of the Build On Beauty podcast, I talk with a board-certified physician Dr. Sharita Warfield. She has worked in emergency medicine for more than 20 years and previously served as the emergency department Medical Director, Chairperson, and Assistant Clinical Professor. Moreover, she is passionate about helping and educating others on health and wellness. Listen in as we discuss the global health pandemic, her experience with diabetes, and the healthy holiday habits you can implement today.
Build On Beauty Show 123: Power to the People
I talk with Author, Speaker, Radio Host, TV Personality, and Lifetime Achievement Award recipient. Awarded by the White House under the administration of President Barack Obama, The People Expert, Dr. Sabrina Jackson in this installment of the Build On Beauty podcast. Listen in as we talk, the fundamentals of family, raising black boys, and managing the stress of racial tension, social injustice, and the global pandemic. #powertothepeople #buildonbeautypodcast #drsabrinajackson
Build On Beauty Show 122: What I Wish I Knew Before Starting A Podcast
In this installment of the Build On Beauty podcast, our host Cornell Jermaine, along with special guests Ben Leavitt of Project Passion, Debbie Arcangeles of The Offbeat Life, and Patrice Washington of Redefining Wealth share their best advice for beginner podcasters. You'll learn best practices for marketing your show, finding your niche, and keeping your audience engaged. #BuildOnBeautyPodcast #WhatIWishIKnew #StartingAPodcast


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To Hanoi and Back: The U.S. Air Force and North Vietnam, 1966-1973 (Paperback)
By Wayne Thompson, Richard P. Hallion (Foreword by)
After nearly eighteen months of the largely unsuccessful bombing campaign called Operation Rolling Thunder, the US Air Force began to look for ways to overcome technological, geographical, and political challenges in North Vietnam and use limited air power more effectively. In 1972 the two Linebacker campaigns joined with other air operations to make a dramatic, although temporary, difference. While they unleashed powerful B-52 area bombers, the campaigns also demonstrated the efficacy of newly developed laser-guided precision bombs.
Drawing upon twenty years of research in classified records, Wayne Thompson integrates operational, political, and personal detail to present a full history of the Air Force role in the war against North Vietnam. He provides an unprecedented view of the motivations and actions of the people involved—from aircrews to generals to politicians—in every phase of the air campaigns. He outlines, for instance, the political reasons for President Johnson's reluctance to use B-52 bombers against major North Vietnamese targets. He also examines how the media influenced US policy and how US prisoners became the war's most celebrated heroes.
The war in Southeast Asia ultimately pushed the Air Force toward adopting more flexible tactics and incorporating increasingly sophisticated weapons that would shape later conflicts.
Wayne Thompson is chief of analysis at the Air Force History Support Office. He contributed to three of the six volumes of the Air Force's Gulf War Air Power Survey (1993) and has served since 1995 as the Air Force's lead historian on air power's role in recent Balkan conflicts.
History / Wars & Conflicts / Vietnam War
History / Military / Aviation & Space


Ólafur is our second plumber to take part in Eyes as Big as Plates. His wife got in touch saying 'my Ólafur will do it!' Brave Ólafur met us open-minded and enthusiastic just east of Grindavík, hugging the coastline of the Atlantic ocean.
Our second shoot of the day was with Edda, who told us her name means great grandmother in Icelandic. In the first picture we saw of Edda, she had a wide smile and a mojito in her hand. She was hired immediately.
I love Edda and I loved her mother Heiða as well.


The Central Anticorruption Bureau, CBA, has detained international referee Grzegorz Gilewski. in connection with the widespread corruption scandal in Polish football.
The man will be before the public prosecutor's office in Wroclaw, south- western Poland, which is investigating the case.
Another offal close to Gilewski, Tomasz S., has also been detained.
Gilewski, considered one of the three yop referees in Poland, had been chosen by the Polish Football Association as one of the candidates to lead final of World Cup in 2010. Since 2005 he refereed in the Champions League.
The inquiry into corruption in Polish football has been ongoing since May 2005, with 170 referees, managers and other members of Polish Football Association charged so far.
The lawsuit was launched in the court in Wroclaw in December 2007, when 17 people, including allegedly responsible for the corruption process Ryszard F., alias Fryzjer (Hairdresser), stood in the dock.


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How a smartphone app is helping suppress HIV
Young men who used the HIV app were more likely to take their medications.
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A mobile game designed to motivate people to take their HIV medications was able to increase viral suppression rates in a small study — suggesting that gamification could help HIV-positive people live longer, healthier lives.
The challenge: In 1996, a 20-year-old with HIV had a life expectancy of 39 years. Today, people with HIV can expect to live almost as long as anyone else — if they commit to antiretroviral therapy (ART) soon after their diagnosis.
ART is a combination of drugs that make it hard for the HIV virus to replicate. If the amount of HIV in a person's body drops low enough, the virus is considered "suppressed." Suppressing the virus stops the disease from progressing, as well as preventing transmission.
Viral suppression is closely linked to a longer, healthier life for people with HIV, but for ART to be most effective, it must be taken every single day.
Many people do not stick to their treatment regimen, though, and commonly cited reasons include forgetfulness, a lack of social support, and a subpar understanding of how the drugs work and their benefits.
The HIV app: To motivate people living with HIV to take their medication, researchers at Duke University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill created a mobile app called Epic Allies.
The app works like a scheduler for HIV medications, allowing users to set reminders and track when they actually take their drugs — but it also incorporates gaming elements to motivate them to stick to their regimen.
There are even social media features they can use to encourage and congratulate each other.
Gaming for science: To test the efficacy of their app, the researchers conducted a trial with 146 HIV-positive men between the ages of 16 and 24.
All of the participants downloaded the HIV app, but only some received daily reminders to take their medications and customized feedback and encouragement.
Apps and digital tools are a bridge to care.
Lisa Hightow-Weidman
After 26 weeks, 73.5% of people in the experimental group had achieved viral suppression compared to only 62.9% in the control group who did not use the gaming app.
Participants who used the HIV app four or more times per week were more than twice as likely to report near-perfect adherence to their ART regimen. They were also 50% more likely than people who didn't use the app as often to achieve viral suppression 13 weeks after starting the trial.
The cold water: The study was small, and only included young men, so we don't know if other demographics would achieve the same success.
It's also impossible to say whether anyone would stick with the app long term, and people living with HIV must commit to ART for the rest of their lives.
However, other apps have demonstrated that gamifying a medical regimen can help patients to stick to it — and now this one suggests that the same could be true for people living with HIV.
"Apps and digital tools are a bridge to care," study author Lisa Hightow-Weidman said in a press release. "They cannot replace a network of doctors and nurses and care management, but they can be a bridge to that real world and inspire change."
We'd love to hear from you! If you have a comment about this article or if you have a tip for a future Freethink story, please email us at [email protected].
Simple tweak to cancer treatment reduces relapse risk by 28%
Delivering chemotherapy to colon cancer patients before and after surgery — instead of just after — reduces their risk of recurrence by 28%.
Microbiome-safe method could head off Staph infection
A microbiome-friendly method of controlling Staph colonization has aced phase 2 clinical trials.
New biomarker test accurately predicts who will respond to antidepressant
Alto Neuroscience's depression drug seems effective in early trials, a proof-of-concept for biomarker-based design.
New mRNA vaccine factory is made from shipping containers
BioNTech is sending a modular mRNA vaccine factory that can produce 50 million COVID-19 vaccines annually to Africa.
Researchers have developed a way to bioprint nose cartilage that they hope will one day minimize the need for invasive harvesting from the ribs.
3D-printed nose cartilage may someday fix your face


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Bench Events
Dr Charles Eugster
The European Tour Operators Association (ETOA)
European Travel Commission (ETC)
Forces Pension Society
ForwardKeys
Government of Tanzania
JacTravel
WTTC
ForwardKeys aggregates flight booking data and it enables its customers to analyse that information via the ForwardKeys web site.
Its aim is to sell subscriptions and it has hired Tarsh to help bring its unique air traveller intelligence to a wider audience. Before Tarsh came on board, little was known about ForwardKeys and its data on air travel.
Tarsh has built a database of influential media and it works with ForwardKeys to generate stories and insights based on fresh analyses of travel patterns.
The media have embraced the ForwardKeys data and now regularly use it to report on where travellers are going and when and to gauge the impact of economic and political events on global travel arrangements.
ForwardKeys' data and its Co-founder and CEO Olivier Jager have been quoted in influential media all over the world including AFP, BBC, Bloomberg, CNBC, Deutsche Welle, Die Welt, Economic Times (India), Forbes, Le Figaro, Times of India, NBC, New York Times, Reuters, La Stampa, the Wall Street Journal and many, many more. Online news clips achieved run in to the thousands.
The widespread media interest generated in the ForwardKeys data has led to many new business inquiries, including government tourist offices, international retailers and major banks and hedge funds - the latter keen on the information to help anticipate share price movements and forecast economic trends.
Olivier Jager said: "[The Wall Street Journal report on] our paper on China stock and air booking … got us leads from investment firms in HKG… That's very good because we have never really worked with companies of that nature…"
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Watch Mike Tyson Mysteries Online at mystream-tv.one In Mike Tyson Mysteries, a new half-hour animated adult comedy series from Warner Bros. Animation, Mike Tyson is taking the fight from the boxing ring to the streets … by solving mysteries! Aided by the Mike Tyson Mystery Team — the Ghost of the Marquess of Queensberry, Mike's adopted Korean daughter and a pigeon who was once a man — Mike Tyson will answer any plea sent to him. If you have a problem that needs solving, Iron Mike is in your corner. The series stars Mighty Mike himself, incorporating live-action appearances, and the gloves come off as the former heavyweight champ and his team — featuring the vocal talents of Norm Macdonald, Rachel Ramras and Oscar® winner Jim Rash — gear up for weekly adventures as they put unsolved mysteries down for the count.
Mike Tyson Mysteries Season 1 Episode 4 – Is Magic Real?
Mike Tyson Mysteries Season 1 Episode 7 – Kidnapped!
Mike Tyson Mysteries Season 2 Episode 1 – What's That Gnoise?
Mike Tyson Mysteries Season 2 Episode 10 – Ogopogo!
Mike Tyson Mysteries Season 2 Episode 18 – Save Me!