text:
The Case for Fare-Capping
What if I told you that poor people pay more to ride transit than rich people. Seems unfair, right?
But that's one of the unintended consequences of most unlimited ride passes most U.S. transit agencies offer. Weekly or monthly passes can do wonders for riders, but the upfront cost is often too much for low-income people to afford, so they end up paying more per ride than people who don't blink at the price of an unlimited.
In this video, TransitCenter explains how a policy known as "fare-capping" makes unlimited transit passes available to people who can't cover the full cost all at once.
The concept is simple: If you purchase single rides, the system still caps the price you pay in a given period. So if a single fare costs $2.50 and a daily pass costs $5, you can take three or more rides in a day and still only pay $5. Weekly or monthly spending on fares would be capped in the same way.
Last year, Portland's Tri-Met became the first U.S. agency to institute fare-capping. The agency estimated it would reduce fare revenue between 1 and 1.5 percent, but would also reduce fare evasion.
In order for fare-capping to work, agencies need to have a fare system in place that counts how many trips people make with their farecards. As more agencies adopt reloadable farecards that track people's rides, fare-capping should become standard practice, TransitCenter says.
Filed Under: Equity, Transit, Promoted
28 thoughts on The Case for Fare-Capping
laldm109 says:
Buffalo's transit system is re-doing its fare system later this year and is planning to institute fare-capping as well.
david vartanoff says:
AC Transit instituted fare capping as of 1 July 2017, so when in 2017 did Tri Met?
Flat fare rates and unlimited monthly passes both support transit sprawl development over compact communities. It would be better to get rid of monthly passes and use the time and resources to build a zone or per mile system.
Anonymous Bike Zealot says:
Monthly passes offer a discount because the agency locks in revenue in advance. It's a legitimate business reason. It's like going to Costco. You're gonna get a better price on the 24 pack. As a consumer of transit, I lock in savings by buying the pass. Then the object is to use it as much as possible so the marginal cost of each trip declines. If I'm not getting a break, my biggest economic incentive to use transit is gone and as a result I will use it less. That's how economics works, Angie. You're actually promoting policies with this socialism crap that will encourage people to drive more. Not cool, Chica.
Jeremy Glover says:
Since you seem to be an expert in economics, please tell me how fare capping is socialist. If you want to talk about redistribution, it's actually the low-income transit dependent population that subsidizes people with enough disposable income to buy a pass under the current fare structure. Reduce their costs and you'll see higher ridership, not to mention a higher quality of life. I don't disagree with your argument about incentives for people who actually have a choice, but that's not the only force at play. And calling a professional journalist "chica" is really condescending.
DaveB says:
If you want to see Fare Capping in action, take a look at Trimet Portland's Hop system. It's brilliant – removes another barrier about deciding whether to use transit or not, since the rider automatically gets the best deal for each trip, daily and monthly!
https://myhopcard.com/
Tom Marchwinski says:
I am for limited fare capping. with full fare capping as described here, most riders will no longer buy unlimited or monthly passes. This would probably reduce revenue some. I believe a better solution is a cap that is about 10% above the daily or monthly rate. Under the example given, daily capping would be $5.50 a day, basically two full cost round trips. Trips above that are free. For a monthly, 10% would be rounded to $132 a month, or 48 riders a month if you pay by trip vs. $121 per month if you pay upfront. That seems fairer, and you still have a cap, just at a higher level. There is still a benefit to purchase a monthly, and transit agency does not lose money, riders who use the system a lot get a bit of a discount and a payment amount that is capped.
NYC Flat fare was developed to move people out of Manhattan to outer areas, which worked.
Absolutely backwards. Flat fares (usually within city limits or the operational territory of a transit district ) are a recognition that citizens can and should be able to access any neighborhood without paying a surcharge; thus having a greater choice of medical, retail, educational, and employment opportunities. It is roughly 20 miles between the north and south boundaries of Chicago; given that the city is one of the most segregated in the US a zone system would be a Title VI violation and a return to redlining. As to urging compact cities, New York certainly is yet as rents have skyrocketed more lower and middle wage workers have been pushed out of Manhattan. It is bad enough that they have to endure a crumbling subway system; charging them extra for the long rides to work in unconscionable.
Hong Kong, Tokyo, Amsterdam, London, Munich, Stockholm, Paris, would all disagree… basically every major transit system outside of North America runs a zone or distance-based fare system. The US transit community should look to places other than New York for inspiration. Flat fares undermine the same communities they purportedly support as residents take transit to category-killer locations and abandon their own neighborhoods. (Same dynamics as US suburbia where drivers use marginal-cost free roads to go to Walmart, instead of participate in their neighborhood economy.) To use your example health care access example, when the queens resident takes the subway to manhattan to go to the podiatrist and pays 2.75 instead of a 3.75 under a zone system, the 1.00 subsidy isn't to the resident, it's to the podiatrist. It drives concentration of wealth.
AndyE says:
If a monthly, $120 charge is too much for some to pay, why not consider allowing bi-monthly payments. $60 is a lot easier to save up for the initial purchase, and then the money that would have been spent on daily rides can instead be saved for the next payment.
My point is, at some point it becomes the responsibility of the individual to maintain fiscal discipline and save what would have been spent on daily fares to purchase the monthly pass. If a transit agency can make it easier for people to make that initial buy-in they by all means should.
All those cities you mention have transit subsidized by government to a much larger extent than U.S. cities. The systems are more comprehensive and convenient.
They also charge more for gasoline at the pump, so it is still worth it for people to pay higher fares on transit than to drive. Gasoline is much cheaper in the U.S., so pricing long transit commutes too high encourages more people to drive.
Unless the person doesn't have access to a financial institution that doesn't charge a large fee for a low balance.
"at some point it becomes the responsibility of the individual to maintain fiscal discipline"
Is this from Atlas Shrugged or The Fountainhead?
One good thing about getting a monthly pass there is an incentive to use your pass as part of a sunk cost, sort of like a gym. I am all for daily capping, but monthly capping may reduce ridership because people have the incentive to ration their trips as much as possible to still be cheaper than a pass. Due to a commuter check snafu this month I actually am buying single use fares and I for one certainly use transit less.
We need to stop using 40 rides as a cost driver for passes. If we want to increase ridership, the pass needs to be affordable enough to allow flexibility. Deeply discounted annual passes, subsidized by business, civic, and residential partners is the best way to go. ORCA in Seattle is a good example. Monthly unlimited passes can also slot into a lifeline pass program for low income residents that allows social service agencies to help shoulder some of the cost.
Many (perhaps most) systems that offer monthly passes also offer weekly passes, albeit at less lucrative prices.
The big asian systems run profit on their transit systems. The euro systems have similar farebox performance as New York & Chicago (our best performing/least subsidized systems by ridership or mile). A transit system like San Jose would be much more subsidized by rider, by mile, etc. than any of those systems. But that's neither here nor there.
The transit community gets right that when automobile driving is not priced correctly it distorts economics and creates subsidies for the biggest offenders. eg. employees would demand higher salaries to work in an office park 30 miles outside of town if the full cost to drive there was priced in (say, $6/gal and $15 in tolls). The transit community understands that the subsidy is not to the employees trudging out to the office park (or walmart, or outlet mall), but to the companies that have located in a place that's only economic viable with massively subsidized roads. In transit, short rides subsidize the long ones, so the result is people are economically incentivied to travel further (it's "induced demand") . It's the same as most Germans have cars but drive them sparingly since gas & tolls are expensive but Americans have cheap gas & roads so we drive incessantly.
Outside of the transit community, most Americans think raising gas taxes is like a crime against the poor and middle class. That's crazy. Let's get transportation pricing correct – both transit and cars – and we can approach with poverty direct ways.
Andy Chow says:
A few more reasons for fare capping over monthly pass.
* Make the transit experience more dignifying. The necessity to buy a pass from certain places at certain times is un-dignifying, if not downright inconvenient. Transit has to compete with car dealerships that opens on weekends that promise cars for those who have bad credit or no credit.
* With stored value cards transit agency gets the revenue anyhow. The difference is whether they need to prepay for a pass at once or earn their pass as a loyalty reward.
* Stored value card allows better access to retailers. Basically those cards would be purchased and funded as if it is a retail gift card. No need to have specially trained staff to process the purchase of pass with a special computer system. The best scenario is that transit riders can pay for rides at their favorite retailer. If they shop at Costco, they can pay for their transit card at Costco. If they like their ethnic supermarket, they should do it in the same transaction as their grocery. They should also be able to add value to their card and earn their pass by putting down a $20 bill at the bus farebox.
* Less planning involved. If a rider gets a job and has got into the rhythm with taking transit to work in the middle of the month. They will get the best discount just by riding. They can pay whenever at a rate they can afford. If they want to pay $20 every week, then they should be allowed to do that and earn their pass.
mx says:
Why? I must say I really really disagree with this. Transit fares shouldn't be out to trick riders. Fare capping is about promising everyone they can just ride as they want, and they'll always get the best deal, which is fair to all. A cap above the daily or monthly rates is just taking advantage of riders by forcing them to figure out in advance whether they will come out ahead with a pass. Transit should be easy to ride, and part of that is not forcing everyone into complicated decisions about fares: just give them the best deal for their usage.
It works just fine in cities like Portland and London without any kind of extra premium.
Rogue Cyclist says:
Not far behind: July 17, 2017.
crazyvag says:
Worth pointing out that next step of fare capping is to cap across transit modes. For example, if you take Ferry, BART and Muni, the cap is set at say $10 even though ferry might cost $8, BART $3 and Muni $2. The money gets redistributed on the back-end.
This is potentially simpler way of implementing regional transit where small operators might be providing a free connection to a commuter train passenger.
Patrick Devine says:
The same principle works *against* transit when people buy monthly parking passes.
fare capping is standard in many world-class cities with modern smartcard passes: Sydney, Melbourne, London, Berlin
Excellent point. Many societal problems are caused by this phenomenon– car ownership and excessive driving (long distances encouraging sprawl or unnecessary trips creating needless traffic) being the most obvious example.
Other currently trends countering this phenomenon are: on-demand car ride sharing, urban congestion charges, and rush-hour toll road premiums, mileage-based insurance, mileage-based vehicle taxes.
Earl D. says:
Transit agencies shouldn't be charged with poverty alleviation. Their job is to run an efficient, reliable transportation network that's convenient to use. Their primary metrics should be maximizing ridership and cost recovery at the fare box. That is a major task and US public transportation generally has considerable room for improvement. Poverty alleviation is important, and subsidizing access to transportation, I'm sure, can have a range of desirable social impacts, but that should be pursued separate from the transit agencies, IMO.
All of that said I can see fare capping as being a revenue neutral way of making the transit system more convenient for everyone to use.
Is an automatic payroll or bank account withdrawal system possible for passes? Every week, a proportioned share of the monthly pass cost could be withdrawn from accounts; if payroll integration is possible this could happen before the money even hits the bank account.
Actually NY purposely adopted a flat fare system when the system was built to encourage dispersal from high density Manhattan. The flat fare supported development in the outer boros. The same flat fare today makes housing more accessible to the Manhattan core job center and will never be changed politically or practically. However, the commuter railroads in the NY region all have zone based fare systems. So do the suburban bus systems. Only the NYC subway and bus system has a flat fare, and the express bus flat fare is a premium fare more then double the base fare. Zone based fares are appropriate if revenue is important to cost recovery. The NYC flat fare does not undermine communities, it allows people to travel for their needs, including school children which the Board of Ed pays for their free fares which allows more options for schooling. No comparison to suburban car use.
Flat transit fares were the mechanism of the first iteration of sprawl development built on a streetcar chasis, but with all the same economically bifurcating implications as later automobile-based development. Just because we have bigger problems now with autodependency sprawl, the problematic underlying conditions of flat transit fares have never been addressed. Trying to fix it was a political 3rd rail 100 years ago, and still is today because middle class commuters would see their fares rise.
You miss the point. Manhattan could not support the higher density, back around 1900 densities were actually higher then today, but it was overcrowded and in order for the city to grow, it had to disperse some of the population. It is not just middle class but also poorer communities that depend on the flat fare. Parts of the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens are where both the middle class and the poor live. Unless you provide large subsidies, even middle class housing is difficult in Manhattan. This is why so much recent development has occurred in industrial areas. These now have to have better transit. Also the introduction of free bus to subway transfers with the Metro Card in the mid 1990s helped expand transit access. Further options to extend the time allowed for the free transfer and lower commuter rail fares are being examined. Commuter rail fares are not flat fares, those riders do pay more to travel to Manhattan
Londoneer says:
Capping doesn't necessarily require a transit-specific farecard system. London & Singapore illustrate that capping can be delivered for riders using more general contactless payment devices (payment cards, Apple Pay devices etc.) issued by banks & telcos too.
Portland Debuts a Fairer Way to Pay for Transit Fares
By Angie Schmitt	| Aug 16, 2017
With Trimet's new fare capping program, poor people no longer have to pay more for transit than the rich.
To Lubricate Street Life, Lower the Unlimited Fare
By Alex Marshall	| Feb 15, 2008
Yesterday around 10 a.m. I got on the number 3 subway line at Bergen Street in Brooklyn, where I easily found a seat. As usual, I noticed that there was space on the baby-blue benches all the way up to 96th Street, where I switched trains to go to Columbia University at 116th Street. Only […]
Evidence From Boston That Uber Is Making Traffic Worse
By Angie Schmitt	| Feb 8, 2018
Ride-hailing services like Uber and Lyft are exacerbating rush-hour traffic jams in Boston, according to new research by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council.
Does It Make Sense for Transit Agencies to Pay for "Last Mile" Uber Trips?
Should transit agencies subsidize short "last-mile" Uber trips to expand transit access for people who live outside comfortable walking distance of a train station? Columbus, Ohio, has proposed something along these lines as part of its application for U.S. DOT's Smart City Challenge. The city is one of seven finalists competing for a $50 million federal grant. New technologies associated with ride-hailing services […]
Beating the Fare Hike Blues
Transit fares have been ballooning across the country in recent years; if you live in a city that hasn't raised prices and cut service, consider yourself lucky. It can be upsetting to get socked with an unexpected expense. But as much as it hurts to fork over a little more of your paycheck every time […]
What Seattle's Doing to Help Poor Residents Afford Transit
By Angie Schmitt	| Nov 28, 2016
Transit is an incredibly affordable way to get around, but for people struggling to make ends meet, fares are still difficult to pay for.


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Mexican army helicopter EC725 shot at in drug cartel attack
11:34 (GMT+0000) May 2, 2015
Three soldiers were killed Friday in the western Mexican state of Jalisco when shots fired by armed assailants brought down their helicopter, while three other troops are reported missing, authorities said.
The soldiers, who were on an aerial reconnaissance mission, came under attack when they spotted a group of vehicles carrying armed individuals on a road linking the towns of Casimiro Castillo and Villa Purificacion, the Defense Secretariat said in a statement.
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The attack on the helicopter came on a day of violence in Jalisco.
Earlier Friday, a score of illegal roadblocks set up by purported drug-gang members in that state led to clashes that resulted in the deaths of at least one police officer and several suspected criminals.
latino.foxnews.com
Tags: Mexica
U.S. Air Force remove nuclear gravity bombs from B-52H approved weapons configuration
The director of the Nuclear Information Project at the Federation of American Scientists, Hans Kristensen has reported that the...

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The Battle of Vermilion Bayou or Battle of Pinhook Bridge was fought on April 17, 1863, the third battle in a series of running battles between Union Major General Nathaniel Prentice Banks and Confederate Major General Richard Taylor. The battle was fought after both the Battle of Fort Bisland and the Battle of Irish Bend. On October 9, 1863 a skirmish with Confederate & Federal cavalry occurred at the same location.

Prelude
After Nathaniel Prentice Banks had outmaneuvered Richard Taylor's Army of Western Louisiana out from the Bayou Teche region, he continued his movements towards his main objective of Alexandria, Louisiana. The Confederates were trying to slow him down as much as they could and they once again tried slowing him down right outside of Vermilion Bayou.

Battle

As Richard Taylor's small army was withdrawing up the Teche, they crossed a bridge going over Vermilion Bayou. In order to slow Banks' army down, Taylor's men lit the bridge on fire and stopped for a rest. Banks, who was in pursuit of Taylor, split his army into two columns and sent one towards the bridge and the other column around the side.

As soon as the first column came within sight of the bridge, Confederate artillery began shelling the Union soldiers. After a while, Union artillery came up and a series of counter-battery exchanges ensued.

During the night, Taylor, knowing himself to be outnumbered, withdrew his force again.

Aftermath
Though Taylor had not dealt Banks a defeat, he was continually slowing Banks down from reaching Alexandria, Louisiana, and his ultimate objective of Port Hudson, Louisiana.

Notes

References
 Ayres, Thomas., Dark and Bloody Ground : The Battle of Mansfield and the Forgotten Civil War in Louisiana, Cooper Square Press, 2001.
 Parrish, T. Michael,  Richard Taylor, Soldier Prince of Dixie, University of North Carolina Press, 1992.
 Taylor, Richard, Destruction and Reconstruction : Personal experiences of the late war, Time-Life Books, 1983.

External links
 National Park Service Battle Summary
 CWSAC Report Update

Vermilion Bayou
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text:
COLE CUSTER – 2018 Michigan NXS Race Report
Cole Custer Finishes Third at Michigan
Code 3 Associates Driver Earns Third Straight Top-Five
Event: LTi Printing 250 (Round 13 of 33)
Series: NASCAR Xfinity Series
Location: Michigan International Speedway in Brooklyn (2-mile oval)
Format: 125 laps, broken into three stages (30 laps/30 laps/65 laps)
Start/Finish: 4th/3rd (Running, completed 91 of 91 laps)
Point Standing: 2nd with 454 points
Race Winner: Austin Dillon of Richard Childress Racing (Chevrolet)
Stage 1 Winner: Kyle Busch of Joe Gibbs Racing (Toyota)
Stage 2 Winner: Elliot Sadler of JR Motorsports (Chevrolet)
Stage 1 Recap (Laps 1-30):
Custer started fourth, finished fourth and earned seven bonus points.
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At the conclusion of the stage, Custer pitted for two tires and fuel. He was the first car to exit pit road.
Stage 2 Recap (Laps 31-60):
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After a lap-45 caution, Custer fell out of the draft with no help from behind and landed in the 20th position.
He opted not to pit after a lap-55 caution and restarted in ninth place.
He opted not to pit at the conclusion of the stage.
Final Stage Recap (Laps 61-91):
Custer started eighth, finished third.
Custer battled in and around the top-five and survived multiple caution periods in the final stage.
After caution for rain, Custer held the Code 3 Mustang in third place before continuous rain ended the race.
Due to inclement weather, qualifying was cancelled and the field was set by owner points.
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Custer earned eight bonus points in the LTi Printing 250.
10 cautions slowed the race for 37 laps.
Only 30 of the 40 drivers finished on the lead lap.
Austin Dillon won the rain-shortened LTi Printing 250 to score his ninth career Xfinity Series victory, first of the season and first at Michigan.
Cole Custer, driver of the No. 00 Code 3 Associates Ford Mustang for Stewart-Haas Racing With Biagi-DenBeste:
"Today we were just in the right place at the right time and had great strategy. I think my crew chief (Jeff Meendering) had a great strategy and got us track position at the end. Our Code 3 Ford Mustang was pretty solid. It was hard to pass and you didn't want to be on the bottom. We had some things go our way and ended up third there."
Author Ashlyn SiskePosted on June 9, 2018 June 9, 2018 Categories Post-Race Reports
KEVIN HARVICK – 2018 Michigan NXS Race Report


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text:
UGA football coach Kirby Smart and two players, Zion Logue and Warren McClendon spoke to reporters on Monday morning about their upcoming game against the Tennessee Volunteers.
The top-ranked Georgia as well as second-ranked Tennessee will play on the same day, Nov. 5, at Dooley Field at Sanford Stadium in Athens, Ga. The match will be broadcast by CBS at 3:30pm Eastern Time ( Buy Tickets).
Brad Nessler will call the play-by-play. Gary Danielson will provide analysis Gary Danielson will give analysis Jenny Dell will report from the sidelines.
Below is a transcript from the Tennessee press conference that was supplied by UGA.
Head Coach Kirby Smart Opening Statement
"I start by felicitating my former teammate, Champ Bailey, on his entry to be inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame that he's already received the honor and has been accepted into. It's likely to be in the half-time break or at some point during the game, I'm certain the player will be honored. Also he was a part of The Georgia and Florida Hall of Fame was there Saturday. But congrats to Champ and all that he has done to our school and how we represent our school and what he represents to our university. The University of Georgia is pretty amazing. I'm thrilled for him.
After that, I moved to Tennessee Josh, who has performed a fantastic job. I gained a lot of respect from Josh. Always had. I was an athlete and later as an instructor. The coach was at Missouri for a couple of years and enjoyed lots of success. He's now relocated to Tennessee and has done an amazing job. His entire staff has accomplished a remarkable job of the amount of work they've put into. We're all excited and eager to play the best matchup at Sanford Stadium. I'm sure our fans will be enthusiastic and proud. I would like to challenge our fans to be more — It's true that everyone speaks about the Notre Dame game, but we'd like to be louder than the average fan base. We'd like to arrive earlier than the average. We had some excellent matchups last year in the home arena and I felt they had a huge impact on the game every time we played a huge game. Therefore, we'll be needing these again, and we'll be prepared."
On the shoulder of Nolan Smith …
"His availability is not yet established. It doesn't look promising for his availability this week. It's a pec muscle. It's one of the deals we're performing an MRI on. We're still gathering opinions about the matter. However, he's likely to be doubtful for the rest of this week."
What can allow Tennessee to get going so quickly …
"They are extremely fast. They have a lot of at-bats and possessions, and they begin quickly. I believe that the team did a great job at growing and improving throughout the year. Each week, including the off-week, we've made an improvement in our team. I'd love to see that continue. We're heading in the right direction in terms of improving both defensively and offensively."
You can also read: Slingbox streaming boxes go off life support tomorrow
On injury updates …
"Not sure , as I've never seen them train. Kendall has an injury to his quad that is bothering him. AD is still swollen on his ankle, and we went on a trip with him and gave him some time to recover. So I'll be able to find out more details with him today. Also, Mims has a minor MCL that we're hoping that he'll be capable of going. However, we've not had any training and it's going to be difficult to determine."
If you must be prepared for Tennessee's offensive during the offseason and in the summer …
"Yeah we've worked on them during the offseason, but we also work on many opponents during the offseason. We focused on them during the bye week, however we also worked on a couple of opponents during the week before the bye. It's a tough game to be prepared for as They'll admit that they don't listen to the entire tape since they use a portion of it that uses certain parts they do not. They use some traditional forms and plays that are traditional. However, a lot of what they play is quite unique. It's unique with a strategy of attack based on the way you'll use their game. There's no way to say they've never experienced — you're certainly not going to fool them. You're not showing them something that they haven't yet experienced. You have to show them the things you can do better than what they do. They're very good at what they do."
In Comparing this season's Tennessee team with last season's Alabama team's offense …
"No. There's no comparison between the offenses. They're totally different."
On Jalen Carter …
"He performed probably better than I had hoped. I'm sure when you wanted to know about the game afterward I was unsure of the impact he had. He was running on the running, he was also in on passes. He was able to execute very well. He was able to hold the line. He didn't really feel that it irked him. It's true it's all about stamina, and being able to stand up when he's in a state of training. One thing he's been doing quite a bit lately is training. He wasn't practicing. Therefore, we'd like to have him in top condition and hopefully, he'll be able to perform fast."
About how Chaz Chambliss played and on how other players stepped in to replace Nolan Smith …
"Well, Robert played. He took a smaller hit than he did when Nolan suffered an injury. Chaz was a great player when he came into the game. It was nice to have him back. I had no idea he would be required to perform so much in this job. His hamstring is still bothering him. It stung him some the other night following the game. It's one of the things that we'll be watching what he's like today and how he shifts around. I'm hoping to be able to get Marvin, MJ, all of them. The truth is that nobody played as much since it was only Chaz and Robert Really."
On one of the most important lessons he received through Coach Dooley …
"Probably because of the way he conducts himself. This is one of the most classy men. Humility alone is the most important thing."
The story of Rodney Gardner and characteristics of his defensive line …
"Toughness. He's obviously old school when it comes to hitting players or playing games with physical strength. When you're playing with any of his defense lines they're not going to back away from the contact. They won't shy away from any contact. They're not going to back off when faced with the challenge. It's not due to the things they'll do this week, but due to the way he's developed them and how they've been coached by him. It's true that he is a tough coach, he is a hard coach. He hasn't changed his approach due to the changing generations of players. He's always been like that. In fact, when I was an GA here he was instructing the players hard."
On LSU's offensive in 2019 …
"Well when I think back to the game it was a struggle due to the fact that they had five, six, or something in the first round. If it comes to throwing Jamar Chase and quarterback they had all of these first rounders. They were extremely skilled and did an excellent job in executing. They did employ some time. Perhaps it's not the exact structure of coaching, but you already know. We did learn some things that we learned from this which have helped us in the years to come and we kept the lessons in our collection of the different three-down looks they used. It's true that we played with seven DBs during that game. They had different looks, and you try to cause them confusion. However, there aren't a lot of resemblances between these two violations, if that's the question you're trying to find out."
With any additional emphasis placed to work out this week, ahead for this weekend's Tennessee match …
"If they're not in good shape it means you've been doing something wrong before. We've been working towards this week's goals in terms of starting from the first week, the condition levels of players have been an ongoing major concern each week to me. It's among the biggest questions, are you physically fit enough? If not, you won't be able to recover in a single week. It's one of the things that we really work on. I'm not sure of how other teams are able to perform in the nation, but we practice frequently because I think it's vital. We haven't been in a few games where we've played a number of snaps. This is why the fact that if you're not playing your snaps in the match, then you need to finish it by the week. You know that we've been working hard at it. We'll find out the next day if we're in good condition or not. I can assure you that, because they'll take a shot to try and get a lot of snaps."
What can Tennessee's receivers do to be so explosive …
"Speed space, space scheme, skilled arm. You may have the best receivers on the planet and they're always open but if they do not have someone who can bring it to themThey have someone who will protect them and bring the ball to him. They're doing a great job of doing that. That's another task for us next week."
How he envisions an opponent embracing the chance of playing Tennessee …
"Yes. I've seen them accept the challenge every single week."
What is distinctive about Hendon Hooker …
"Just another year on the offensive. It's true that he's one step over the level he was at. When you think about the reps and games that he's played since his games in the last year, he's still just as unattainable, but he's likely to have the same arm ability. Those two don't improve. It's his judgment and processing. And his teammates are performing better, too. They're doing much better on the offensive line and they're running the ball, and they've explosive playmakers who are performing better. The team has improved and he's improved."
How Stetson Bennett did this past Saturday …
"He'll prepare next week. And he performed some impressive things during the game. There were some elite, elite things that were done in the game. There were some choices that would have been better off if he could reverse them. There aren't any quarterbacks who play games that you don't claim that about. It's just a matter of trying to wash them out. Because in the college game of football, which includes Tennessee and every other team in the nation the pressure is on the quarterback's decisions. We do the same with Stetson. You know Stetson isn't ever going to be the one to take the best choice. We're just going to have to make the correct decision many times."
What factors influence decisions on the fourth and final down …
"Just do some research. Study on tape. How did they perform in these situations? How do we handle these situations, what's our strategy for these situations? What is our game plan and what's the timing of the half as well as the score, how's the momentum, our defense in the red zone? how is their offense in the red zone? It's many factors that go into the equation. In the end, you have to make a decision, and then affect what happens afterward and then move on to the next step. It's a playing mentality. If we weren't successful in achieving it, we'd have to go out to put them out of their misery."
How he prepares for this game based on ranking …
"No I don'tWe don't plan for it in a different way according to rankings in case that's what your asking. The rankings. I'm talking about, I don't even know what the rankings are or what they are. It's a big deal isn't it? There's nothing wrong with the number that is at the front of it. It's going to be a major game, regardless. Both teams are part of the East."
Georgia has been in this position several times in recent times …
"I believe that the home is a big help. I'm thinking that traveling on the road is always different. But I'm not sure that is the case. In fact, the team participated in some major games this season. The team played in Pitt as well as Alabama in their home stadium. They faced some very big teams , and they performed very impressively against them. This is why I don't believe players in major games is a problem. Every game is an important one for me to be honest with you, especially in the SEC. It's not like players go into it thinking of it in a different way. However, I believe playing in a home stadium is crucial and definitely an advantage for our conference."
What is it that allows Christopher Smith to excel in big games …
"Experience. He's one of the very few players in the team with plenty of expertise. It's true that we don't have that. When you look at our secondary team, there aren't many players with a lot of experience beyond this season. There's Ke's a bit. However, outside of this, Chris has played a number of football games. That's enabled Chris to be able to play the plays he's played."
Adjusting in the moment to defend …
"Yeah It's extremely crucial every week. But it's also crucial when it comes to decision-making as well as the method they use to follow their speed. They have a variety of paces they utilize and are able to go faster than anyone else across the country. They train it and teach it. They do excellent research and figure out ways to speed up. The challenge is to keep up with that pace and maintain that level of conditioning."
Losing the battles over turnover and, if there's an emphasis on it the week …
"Yeah It's very significant. I'm not sure if we have an additional emphasis, but I wouldn't say we place more emphasis on one week than the next. It's impossible to not be adamant about turnovers, can you? That's why we emphasize them and that's the thing we begin every practice with. This is what we put our hats on. We protect our team from the ball. It's not any more important, but it is crucial."
On Dominick Blaylock …
"Yeah He suffered from an upper back spasm. But I think he's likely to be okay. I believe he'll be able to play today. He did not play following that moment when he fell on the fade ball, an interception."
What he thinks of his secondary's performance in this competition …
"We're eager to watch them compete. I believe they've improved every week. They've added depth to the secondary while playing with other players. I'm excited for having the chance.
They're going to do -one thing is certain that they'll be able to surface. They'll be able to discover. There's no hiding anyone in these games."
On Kelee Ringo …
"Well when you are playing the position he is playing and you're playing the position, that's all that you take note of. It's not like you notice the other 70 or 80 games he's playing and covers someone else and does a great job. He's done an excellent job this season. He's large, he's speedy and he's able to press players. He wasn't able to make a fantastic play with that ball. However, he made an excellent play the next time they were in that area and made it. You know you could bat at a higher than 50 percent. This is what he's done most of the time. This is one of the reasons which — yet I'm not convinced Kelee's not confident enough. The thing he's got is the toolset that the majority of guys would like to have."
#96 Zion Logue | Jr. | DL
In the atmosphere of Tennessee's game. Tennessee match…
"We know that this is going to be a huge event, yet we shouldn't think of it as the final match of the year. We must treat it as if it's just another game. Just like every other week, we should prepare and not worry about anything, and do not try to be able to overrule anything. We're playing football."
How the defense will prepare for the Tennessee offensive…
"It is a huge opportunity for us. The pace, we will not let it influence our performance. We will be on the field and stick to what we've been taught throughout the season and just play football."
#70 Warren McClendon | Junior | OL
The offensive line's performance during the match against Florida…
"I believe we were very physical. I believe we finished with around 200 yards of running. I'm not sure the exact number. I believe we were very physical. The team was a bit larger on the front which meant we needed to. It was a more difficult game for us, which is why we had to take away from their line."
Regarding Kenny McIntosh coming back after the Fumble…
"It always makes us feel energized in the beginning when running backs run through those people particularly for Kenny. I can remember when you wanted to know concerning Kendall (Milton) along with Daijun (Edwards) going through other people. I thought as if you should be aware of Kenny as well. He'll also run through people. It was really exciting to see him perform it over and over. We were really inspired by it."
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text:
Tags: EU | Italy | Milan Fashion | Cavalli
Roberto Cavalli Names New Creative Director
Thursday, 11 May 2017 06:38 AM
MILAN (AP) — The Roberto Cavalli fashion house has named British designer Paul Surridge as creative designer, making his debut with the womenswear spring-summer 2018 collection to be shown in September.
Surridge said Wednesday that he is honored to have contributed "a new chapter to the Roberto Cavalli universe, which positively celebrates the beauty, sensuality and power of women."
The fashion house has been without a creative director since Peter Dundas stepped down in October. Brand founder Roberto Cavalli gave up creative control a year and a half earlier as he sold off a majority stake.
Surridge's experience is mostly in menswear, including for Acne Studios, Jil Sander under Raf Simons and Burberry alongside Christopher Bailey. He also worked at Z Zegna as creative director and at Calvin Klein in the 1990s.
The Roberto Cavalli fashion house has named British designer Paul Surridge as creative designer, making his debut with the womenswear spring-summer 2018 collection to be shown in September.Surridge said Wednesday that he is honored to have contributed "a new chapter to the...
EU,Italy,Milan Fashion,Cavalli


text:
იუსტინე აბულაძის რამდენიმე ბიოგრაფიული ფაქტის ახლებური ინტერპრეტაციისთვის (საარქივო მასალებზე დაყრდნობით)
შურღაია/ Shurgaia, თეა/ Tea
In scholarly publications and periodicals, regarding Justine Abuladze's life and activities different data (1902, 1903, 1915) has been named considering the scholar's visit to Persia. The majority of Georgian scholars who had discussed the issue named Tabriz as Abuladze's visiting place. In his official or private writings Justine Abuladze had never mentioned about his travel to Persia (Iran). Even his personal archive does not provide any document supporting the fact. During his work at Tbilisi State University he had made at least two attempts (1918, 1919) to visit Persia but did not succeed. Based on the analyses of archive materials, this paper suggests that, in contrary to the information provided by various Georgian researchers (I. Megrelidze, D. Kobidze, K. Paghava, J. Giunashvili, N.Makadze) J. Abuladze had never been to Persia (Iran). In his report to the Council of the Faculty of Philosophy of Tbilisi State University dated by September, 16, 1919 J. Abuladze mentions: "in 1902 I traveled to Turkestan (=Turkmenistan) and stayed for two months in Samarkand and Serakhs, where I exercised in spoken Persian" (See document 471/1/28, p.103-112 of the National Archives of Georgia, Tbilisi State University Fund). Serakhs, former Russian military post at the Iranian border, where J. Abuladze polished his spoken Persian could cause the misinterpretations concerning the fact of his travel to Persia. The fact acquires importance from the point of view of the investigation into the human resource policy of Tbilisi State University at that time and its approach to J. Abuladze's personality: it is obvious that the financial and moral support of the University was aimed at encouragement of young, talented personnel. In 1918 Justine Abuladze was already 44 years old and thus he could not be considered as "a young personnel" with future. This could be the major reason for the 'lack of favor' towards J. Abuladze' and not only the latter's claim that "some get the buns and pies and some the bumps and black eyes." The paper presents archival materials providing support for the suggestion. Another document (N373, Dimitri Gordeev's letter dated 24.03.1928) kept in the archive of Yuri Marr at K. Kekelidze Georgian National Center of Manuscripts provides an indirect evidence that J. Abuladze had not been considered to hold major position in Persian studies at Tbilisi State University. The young and talented scholar, Y. Marr was likely more favorable for this position.


The bottom teams in VHL Division East changed coaches.
Izhstal Izhevsk fired Kazakh Nikolai Myshagin and assistant Andrei Zubkov recalling former coach Albert Loginov and promoting Sergei Dushkin from farm club as coach assistant. Izhstal is last in East Division with 19 points in 22 games.


Languages are divided into synthetic and analytic. At the same time, no language is completely synthetic or analytic; both features are present in every language.
Synthetic languages have a lot of different prefixes, suffixes, and endings that are added to words to show relations between the words in the sentence, such as gender, person, number, case, comparison, tense, mood, active and passive voice. The main feature of synthetic languages is that suffixes and endings make the meanings of individual words and their interaction with the other words in the sentence precise and clear, so that word order in the sentence can be quite free. Russian is a highly synthetic language.
This major difference between English and Russian is the main cause of most difficulties that Russian-speaking students encounter in studying English. The most important norms of English grammar are very briefly and very generally described in the material below.
Parts of speech in English: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Parts of the sentence: the subject, the predicate, the attribute, the object, the adverbial modifier.
Parts of speech are word classes into which English words are divided on the basis of meaning, form, and function.
Meaning includes the lexical meaning of this or that word and the general meaning of the part of speech to which this or that word belongs. For example, nouns are words denoting people, things, notions, and the like; verbs denote actions; adjectives denote qualities.
Form includes suffixes, endings, and other grammatical forms. For example, the suffix "ence" is a noun suffix; the suffix "ize" is a verb suffix; nouns can be singular or plural (the plural ending "s"); verbs have tense forms (writes, wrote, was writing); adjectives have degrees of comparison (larger, more expensive).
Function, the most important distinguishing feature, is the function in a sentence. For example, nouns usually function as subjects or objects, verbs function as predicates, and adjectives function as attributes. As standard English word order is quite strict, each part of the sentence has its own place and can be identified by its position in the sentence.
Personal pronouns "I, he, she, it, we, you, they" are the only group of words that can show, more or less fully, person, number, gender, and case in their forms. Personal pronouns have two cases: the nominative case and the objective case.
I am here. I live here.
He (she, it) is here. He (she, it) works here.
We are here. You are here. They are here. We live here. You live here. They live here.
Note: The pronoun "you" can refer to one person or to several people. As the subject of a sentence, "you" is used only with the verb in the plural.
Anna, you are late today.
Boys, you are late today.
Personal pronouns have two possessive forms: my, mine; his, his; her, hers; its, its; our, ours; your, yours; their, theirs. One form is used as an attribute before a noun (her book), and the other form (absolute form, independent form) is used without a noun (this book is hers).
This is my place. This place is mine.
Tom is his friend. Tom is a friend of his.
This is their house. This house is theirs.
My pen doesn't write. Can I borrow yours?
This is not my pen. Mine is green.
Personal pronouns also have reflexive forms. In this case they are called reflexive pronouns.
Indefinite pronouns: some, somebody, someone, something; any, anybody, anyone, anything; no, nobody, no one, none, nothing; every, everybody, everyone, everything; each, both, other, either, neither, one, all, most, few, several, much, many.
Most of the indefinite pronouns can be used as nouns or adjectives. But some of them are used only as nouns (e.g., somebody, anyone, nothing, none), and some only as adjectives (no, every).
I wrote some letters yesterday.
Some of the letters were long.
Many students came to the lecture.
Many of them were third-year students.
The other books that I bought are on the table.
Demonstrative pronouns "this, that" are used in the singular, and "these, those" in the plural.
I didn't like that book.
The man who is standing by the window is her brother.
I know the people who live in this house.
She returned the books that I gave her last week.
The film that we saw was very dull.
The book which you gave me is very good.
She didn't answer, which surprised me.
He did what he promised.
Interrogative words are the pronouns "who, whom, whose, what, which" and the adverbs "where, when, why, how".
Who / whom do you see?
English nouns are divided into proper nouns (John Brown, Europe, October) and common nouns (a boy, a book, an idea, milk, equipment, kindness). Common nouns are divided into countable nouns (a boy, a book, an idea) and uncountable nouns (milk, equipment, kindness). Countable nouns are divided into concrete nouns (a boy, a book) and abstract nouns (an idea). Uncountable nouns are divided into concrete nouns (milk, equipment) and abstract nouns (kindness).
Tom, man, boy, father, son, brother, husband, uncle, nephew, king, lord, mister have masculine gender (he): My brother is an economist. He works in a bank.
Anna, woman, girl, mother, daughter, sister, wife, aunt, niece, queen, lady, madam have feminine gender (she): My daughter likes fairy tales. She is reading a new fairy tale now.
A teacher, doctor, author, captain, secretary, student, friend, thief, cook can be "he" or "she": My teacher recommends this book. He says that it is very good.
An animal is generally "it", but if necessary, you can indicate gender by using "he" or "she": My cat is very clever. She understands everything.
"It" is used when referring to an inanimate object or an abstract noun (table, book, window, film, money, laughter, truth, health): The film was very funny. I liked it very much.
All nouns are "they" in the plural (if they have the plural form): My children like fairy tales. They are reading a new fairy tale now. These books are interesting. The films were very funny. I liked them very much.
As shown in the examples in the part "Gender of nouns" above, if a singular noun (i.e., singular in form and meaning) is the subject of a sentence, the singular form of the verb is used (my brother is; my brother works; my daughter likes; the film was).
If the subject is expressed by a plural noun, the plural form of the verb is used (my children like; my children are reading; these books are; the films were).
An uncountable noun is treated as a singular noun. As the subject of a sentence, an uncountable noun is used with a singular verb: Love is blind. His health has improved. Mathematics was his favorite subject.
Nouns don't have any forms or endings to indicate case. Word order and prepositions indicate which noun is the subject of the sentence, and which is an object. Generally, the subject stands at the beginning of the sentence, and the object stands after the predicate.
The boy likes the cat.
The cat likes the boy.
The old man gave the cat to the boy.
Many English nouns don't have any suffixes that mark them as nouns; for example, city – noun; pretty – adjective; copy – noun or verb; sparrow – noun; tomorrow – adverb; narrow – adjective; borrow – verb.
The most reliable way to identify a noun is by its function in the sentence (subject, object) and by the word order and immediate surrounding. For example, the phrases "a book, a new book, his books; this book is interesting; the books are on the table; he likes these books" show that the words "book, books" are nouns.
important – more important – the most important.
Note: Some suffixes are found in nouns and adjectives. For example, the words "metal, static, resident" can be nouns or adjectives. The suffix "ate" is found in adjectives (adequate, separate), nouns (advocate, nitrate), and verbs (separate, demonstrate).
Adjectives have some prefixes that signal that the word is an adjective, for example, the prefixes "un, in, im, ir".
Note: Some of these prefixes are also used with other parts of speech; for example, undo, unsettle – verbs; until – preposition; increase – verb or noun; imply – verb.
The most reliable way to identify an adjective is by its function in the sentence, by the word order, and by the immediate surrounding. For example, the phrases "a tall tree, the tallest tree, my tall trees" indicate that the word "tall" is an adjective in the function of an attribute.
A large number of adverbs have the suffix "ly" (simply, happily, probably, usually); some other adverbs have no suffix (often, never, maybe, here, there).
Some adverbs are in the same form as adjectives. For example, "fast, far, hard, low, early, daily, weekly" can be used as adjectives or adverbs. The only way to distinguish such adverbs from adjectives is by their place and function in a sentence. Adjectives describe the noun, while adverbs describe the verb.
Cardinal numerals show the number or the size of objects.
I saw four men in the car.
There are nine books on the table.
The boy is twelve years old.
The road is twenty miles long.
fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, fifteenth, nineteenth, twentieth, twenty-fourth, thirtieth, forty-fifth, hundredth.
The third part of the book is very funny.
He met her during his second visit.
His office is on the twenty-sixth floor.
Coordinating conjunctions "and, or, but" connect coordinate elements (parallel elements) of the sentence as well as independent clauses in the compound sentence.
He bought bread and cheese.
I invited her, but she didn't come to the party.
Subordinating conjunctions (e.g., after, because, if, since, that, when) connect the subordinate clause with the main clause in the complex sentence.
I will go to the store after I finish writing this article.
She didn't go to the concert because she was busy.
Interjections are words expressing emotions, such as surprise, anger, disappointment, annoyance, regret, doubt, joy, etc. An interjection has no grammatical connection with the other words in the sentence.
Interjections consist of one or several words. For example: oh; well; ouch; alas; hey; my goodness; oh my; oh dear.
Interjections are generally used as exclamations at the beginning of the sentence. Interjections expressing strong emotions are used with an exclamation mark. Interjections expressing mild emotions are usually separated by a comma.
My goodness! I've lost the key!
Verbs have few suffixes that identify them as verbs: ize, ise – apologize, organize, advertise; fy – intensify, simplify; en – liven, ripen; ate – concentrate, decorate.
Verbs have a number of prefixes that signal that the word is a verb, for example, enjoy, become, affirm, confirm, combine, dislike, display, forget, forgive, mistake, prefer, perceive, receive, remember, understand.
The most reliable way to identify a verb is by its function in the sentence (predicate), by the word order, and by the immediate surrounding. For example, the phrases "he plays; he is playing; he played; did he play; he can play tennis" show that the word "play" is a verb.
Note: Difficult prefixes and suffixes of nouns, adjectives, and verbs are described in the materials on English spelling in the section Writing.
Main verbs, or principal verbs, are notional verbs: work, live, play, study, go, cry, kiss, fix, catch.
Ending s/es: he/she/it works, lives, plays, goes, studies, cries, kisses, fixes, catches.
Auxiliary verbs (be, have, will, do) perform different functions: the verb "be" helps to form the continuous tenses in the active voice and all of the tenses in the passive voice and also functions as a linking verb; the verb "have" helps to form the perfect tenses; the verb "will" helps to form the future tenses; the verb "do" helps to form questions and answers in the simple present and simple past.
That letter was typed yesterday.
She has already typed two letters.
She will type a report tomorrow.
Do you know her? – Yes, I do. / No, I don't.
Did you see her yesterday? – Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.
The verb "be" is the only English verb that shows, more or less fully, person and number in its forms.
Simple present: I am; he/she/it is; we/you/they are.
Simple past: I/he/she/it was; we/you/they were.
Modal verbs (can, could, may, might, must, should, will, would) are sometimes called defective verbs, because they can't form the tenses in the regular way and can't be used without a main verb. Modal verbs describe the speaker's attitude to the action expressed by the main verb.
I would like to go to Mexico.
Verbs form gerunds by adding the ending "ing" to the base form of the verb. A gerund is used in the function of a noun.
The present participle is formed by adding the ending "ing" to the base form of the verb. The present participle is used in the formation of the continuous tenses and can also function as an attribute.
I see a running man.
The past participle is used in the formation of the perfect tenses and the tenses in the passive voice and can also function as an attribute.
He has visited London several times.
The letter was sent yesterday.
I saw two broken chairs.
English verbs have a rather complicated system of tenses. Only two endings can be added directly to the base form of the verb: the ending s/es for the third person singular in the simple present tense and the ending "ed" for all persons in the simple past tense (regular verbs only). The simple present and the simple past in the active voice have tense forms consisting of one word.
Note: Russian translation of the tense forms below is approximate.
A preposition is used with a noun (or pronoun) and stands before it, forming a phrase that functions as a prepositional indirect object (about Tom; for me) or as an adverbial modifier (under the table; before dinner).
Prepositions are traditionally divided into prepositions of place (on the street, in the house, at the airport), prepositions of direction (to the river, through the park), prepositions of time (at two o'clock, in 1995, for a year, on Monday), prepositions of manner (by train, with a key), and some others.
Many prepositions and postpositions are the same in form (e.g., in, on, over, off, along, before, by, inside, through, down), but their functions in sentences are different. In English linguistic materials, postpositions are usually called "adverbial particles" or "adverbs".
Языки делятся на синтетические и аналитические. В то же время, нет языков полностью синтетических или аналитических; обе черты присутствуют в каждом языке.
Синтетические языки имеют много разных префиксов, суффиксов и окончаний, которые добавляются к словам, чтобы показать отношения между словами в предложении, такие как род, лицо, число, падеж, сравнение, время, наклонение, активный и пассивный залог. Главная черта синтетических языков то, что суффиксы и окончания делают значения отдельных слов и их взаимодействие с другими словами в предложении точными и ясными, так что порядок слов в предложении может быть весьма свободным. Русский язык весьма синтетический язык.
Эта основная разница между английским и русским языками – главная причина большинства трудностей, с которыми сталкиваются студенты, говорящие на русском языке, в изучении английского языка. Наиболее важные нормы английской грамматики очень кратко и в общих чертах описаны в материале ниже.
Части речи в английском языке: существительные, местоимения, прилагательные, глаголы, наречия, предлоги, союзы и междометия. Члены предложения: подлежащее, сказуемое, определение, дополнение, обстоятельство.
Части речи – это классы слов, на которые делятся английские слова на основе значения, формы и функции.
Значение включает в себя лексическое значение того или иного слова и общее значение части речи, к которой принадлежит то или иное слово. Например, существительные – это слова, обозначающие людей, предметы, понятия и т.п.; глаголы обозначают действия; прилагательные обозначают качества.
Форма включает в себя суффиксы, окончания и другие грамматические формы. Например, суффикс "ence" – это суффикс существительного; суффикс "ize" – суффикс глагола; существительные могут быть в единственном или множественном числе (окончание мн. числа "s"); глаголы имеют формы времён (writes, wrote, was writing); прилагательные имеют степени сравнения (larger, more expensive).
Функция, наиболее важный отличительный признак, это функция в предложении. Например, существительные обычно выполняют функцию подлежащего или дополнения, глаголы – функцию сказуемого, а прилагательные – функцию определения. Поскольку стандартный английский порядок слов весьма строгий, каждый член предложения имеет своё место и может быть узнан по положению в предложении.
Личные местоимения I, he, she, it, we, you, they – единственная группа слов, которые могут показывать, более или менее полно, лицо, число, род и падеж в своих формах. Личные местоимения имеют два падежа: именительный падеж и косвенный падеж.
Я (нахожусь) здесь. Я живу здесь.
Он (она, оно) находится здесь. Он (она, оно) работает здесь.
Мы находимся здесь. Вы находитесь здесь. Они находятся здесь. Мы живём здесь. Вы живёте здесь. Они живут здесь.
Примечание: Местоимение you (вы) может относится к одному человеку или к нескольким людям. Как подлежащее, "you" употребляется только с глаголом во мн. числе.
Личные местоимения имеют две притяжательные формы: my, mine; his, his; her, hers; its, its; our, ours; your, yours; their, theirs. Одна форма употребляется как определение перед существительным (her book), а другая форма (абсолютная форма) употребляется без существительного (this book is hers).
Это моё место. Это место моё.
Том его друг. Том один из его друзей.
Это ваша книга? Эта книга ваша?
Это их дом. Этот дом их.
Моя ручка не пишет. Могу я одолжить вашу?
Это не моя ручка. Моя зелёная.
Личные местоимения также имеют возвратные формы. В этом случае они называются возвратные местоимения.
Неопределённые местоимения: some, somebody, someone, something; any, anybody, anyone, anything; no, nobody, no one, none, nothing; every, everybody, everyone, everything; each, both, other, either, neither, one, all, most, few, several, much, many.
Большинство неопределённых местоимений могут употребляться как существительные или прилагательные. Но некоторые из них употребляются только как существительные (например, somebody, anyone, nothing, none), а некоторые только как прилагательные (no, every).
Я написал кое-какие письма вчера.
Некоторые из писем были длинные.
Много студентов пришли на лекцию.
Многие из них были студенты третьего курса.
Другие книги, которые я купил, на столе.
Указательные местоимения "this, that" употребляются в ед. числе, а "these, those" во мн. числе.
Мне не понравилась та книга.
Мужчина, который стоит у окна – её брат.
Я знаю людей, которые живут в этом доме.
Она вернула книги, которые я дал ей на прошлой неделе.
Фильм, который мы смотрели, был очень скучный.
Книга, которую вы мне дали, очень хорошая.
Она не ответила, что меня удивило.
Я не знаю, чего она хочет.
Вопросительные слова – это местоимения "who, whom, whose, what, which" и наречия "where, when, why, how".
Английские существительные делятся на имена собственные (John Brown, Europe, October) и нарицательные существительные (a boy, a book, an idea, milk, equipment, kindness). Нарицательные существительные делятся на исчисляемые (a boy, a book, an idea) и неисчисляемые (milk, equipment, kindness). Исчисляемые существительные делятся на конкретные (a boy, a book) и абстрактные (an idea). Неисчисляемые существительные делятся на конкретные (milk, equipment) и абстрактные (kindness).
Том, мужчина, мальчик, отец, сын, брат, муж, дядя, племянник, король, лорд, мистер имеют мужской род (he): Мой брат – экономист. Он работает в банке.
Анна, женщина, девочка, мать, дочь, сестра, жена, тётя, племянница, королева, леди, мадам имеют женский род (she): Моя дочь любит сказки. Она читает новую сказку сейчас.
Учитель, врач, автор, капитан, секретарь, студент, друг, вор, повар может быть "he" или "she": Мой учитель рекомендует эту книгу. Он говорит, что она очень хорошая.
Животное обычно "it", но если нужно, можно указать род, употребив "he" или "she": Моя кошка очень умная. Она всё понимает.
"It" употребляется в отношении неодушевлённого предмета или абстрактного существительного (стол, книга, окно, фильм, деньги, смех, правда, здоровье): Фильм был очень смешной. Мне он очень понравился.
Все существительные "they" (они) во мн. числе (если у них есть форма мн. числа): Мои дети любят сказки. Они читают новую сказку сейчас. Эти книги интересные. Фильмы были очень смешные. Мне они очень понравились.
Как видно из примеров в части "Gender of nouns" выше, если существительное в ед. числе (т.е., в ед. числе по форме и значению) является подлежащим в предложении, то употребляется форма ед. числа глагола (my brother is; my brother works; my daughter likes; the film was).
Если подлежащее выражено существительным во мн. числе, употребляется глагол в форме мн. числа (my children like; my children are reading; these books are; the films were).
Неисчисляемое существительное рассматривается как существительное в ед. числе. Как подлежащее, неисчисляемое существительное употребляется с глаголом в форме ед. числа: Любовь слепа. Его здоровье улучшилось. Математика была его любимым предметом.
Существительные не имеют никаких форм и окончаний для указания падежа. Порядок слов и предлоги показывают, которое из существительных подлежащее в предложении, а которое дополнение. Обычно, подлежащее стоит в начале предложения, а дополнение стоит после сказуемого.
Многие английские существительные не имеют суффиксов, которые помечают их как существительные; например, city – существительное; pretty – прилагательное; copy – существительное или глагол; sparrow – существительное; tomorrow – наречие; narrow – прилагательное; borrow – глагол.
Наиболее надежный способ узнать существительное – по его функции в предложении (подлежащее, дополнение) и по порядку слов и ближайшему окружению. Например, фразы "a book, a new book, his books; this book is interesting; the books are on the table; he likes these books" показывают, что слова "book, books" являются существительными.
важный – более важный – самый важный.
Примечание: Некоторые суффиксы встречаются в существительных и в прилагательных. Например, слова "metal, static, resident" могут быть существительными или прилагательными. Суффикс "ate" встречается в прилагательных (adequate, separate), существительных (advocate, nitrate) и глаголах (separate, demonstrate).
Примечание: Некоторые из этих префиксов употребляются и с другими частями речи; например, undo, unsettle – глаголы; until – предлог; increase – глагол или существительное; imply – глагол.
Наиболее надежный способ узнать прилагательное – по его функции в предложении, по порядку слов и по ближайшему окружению. Например, фразы "a tall tree, the tallest tree, my tall trees" указывают, что слово "tall" – прилагательное в функции определения.
Большое число наречий имеют суффикс "ly" (simply, happily, probably, usually); некоторые другие наречия не имеют суффикса (often, never, maybe, here, there).
Некоторые наречия по форме одинаковы с прилагательными. Например, "fast, far, hard, low, early, daily, weekly" могут употребляться как прилагательные или наречия. Единственный способ отличить такие наречия от прилагательных – по их месту и функции в предложении. Прилагательные описывают существительное, а наречия описывают глагол.
Количественные числительные показывают число или величину вещей.
Я увидел четырёх мужчин в автомобиле.
На столе есть девять книг.
Эта дорога длиной в двадцать миль.
пятый, шестой, восьмой, девятый, двенадцатый, пятнадцатый, девятнадцатый, двадцатый, двадцать четвертый, тридцатый, сорок пятый, сотый.
Третья часть книги очень смешная.
Он встретил её во время своего второго визита.
Его офис на двадцать шестом этаже.
Соединительные союзы "and, or, but" соединяют однородные члены предложения, а также независимые предложения в сложносочинённом предложении.
Он купил хлеб и сыр.
Я пригласил её, но она не пришла на вечеринку.
Подчинительные союзы (например, after, because, if, since, that, when) соединяют придаточное предложение с главным предложением в сложноподчинённом предложении.
Я пойду в магазин после того, как закончу писать эту статью.
Она не пошла на концерт, потому что была занята.
Междометия – это слова, выражающие эмоции, такие как удивление, гнев, разочарование, раздражение, сожаление, сомнение, радость и т.д. Междометие не имеет грамматической связи с другими словами в предложении.
Междометия состоят из одного или нескольких слов. Например: oh (о, ой, ах); well (ну); ouch (ой, ай); alas (увы); hey (эй); my goodness; oh my; oh dear (боже мой; о боже).
Междометия обычно употребляются как восклицания в начале предложения. Междометия, выражающие сильные эмоции, употребляются с восклицательным знаком. Междометия, выражающие эмоции мягко, обычно отделяются запятой.
Боже мой! Я потеряла ключ!
Глаголы имеют мало суффиксов, указывающих, что это глаголы: ize, ise – apologize, organize, advertise; fy – intensify, simplify; en – liven, ripen; ate – concentrate, decorate.
Глаголы имеют ряд приставок, сообщающих, что это глагол: enjoy, become, affirm, confirm, combine, dislike, display, forget, forgive, mistake, prefer, perceive, receive, remember, understand.
Наиболее надежный способ узнать глагол – по его функции в предложении (сказуемое), по порядку слов и по ближайшему окружению. Например, фразы "he plays; he is playing; he played; did he play; he can play tennis" показывают, что слово "play" глагол.
Примечание: Трудные префиксы и суффиксы существительных, прилагательных и глаголов описаны в материалах по английскому правописанию в разделе Writing.
Основные глаголы – это смысловые глаголы: работать, жить, играть, учиться, идти, плакать, целовать, уладить, поймать.
Окончание s/es: he/she/it works, lives, plays, goes, studies, cries, kisses, fixes, catches.
Вспомогательные глаголы (be, have, will, do) выполняют разные функции: глагол "be" помогает образовывать продолженные времена в действительном залоге и все времена в страдательном залоге, а также работает как глагол-связка; глагол "have" помогает образовывать перфектные времена; глагол "will" помогает образовывать будущие времена; глагол "do" помогает образовывать вопросы и ответы во временах simple present и simple past.
То письмо было напечатано вчера.
Она уже напечатала два письма.
Она будет печатать доклад завтра.
Вы знаете её? – Да, знаю. / Нет, не знаю.
Вы видели её вчера? – Да, видел. / Нет, не видел.
Глагол "be" – единственный английский глагол, который показывает, более или менее полно, лицо и число в своих формах.
Simple present: Я нахожусь (Я есть); он/она/оно находится; мы/вы/они находимся (находитесь, находятся).
Simple past: я/он/она/оно находился (был, была, было); мы/вы/они находились (были).
Модальные глаголы (can, could, may, might, must, should, will, would) иногда называют недостаточными глаголами, т.к. они не могут образовывать времена обычными способами и не могут употребляться без основного глагола. Модальные глаголы описывают отношение говорящего к действию, выраженному основным глаголом.
Вы не могли бы помочь мне, пожалуйста?
Я хотел бы поехать в Мексику.
Глаголы образуют герундий добавлением окончания "ing" к базовой форме глагола. Герундий употребляется в функции существительного.
Причастие настоящего времени образуется добавлением окончания "ing" к базовой форме глагола. Причастие настоящего времени используется в образовании продолженных времён, а также может быть в функции определения.
Причастие прошедшего времени используется в образовании перфектных времён и времён в страдательном залоге, а также может быть в функции определения.
Он посетил Лондон несколько раз.
Я увидел два сломанных стула.
Английские глаголы имеют весьма сложную систему времён. Только два окончания можно прибавить прямо к базовой форме глагола: окончание s/es для 3 лица ед. числа во времени simple present и окончание "ed" для всех лиц во времени simple past (только правильные глаголы). Времена simple present и simple past в действительном залоге имеют формы времён, состоящие из одного слова.
Примечание: Русский перевод форм времён ниже приблизительный.
Предлог употребляется с существительным (или местоимением) и стоит перед ним, образуя фразу, которая выполняет функцию предложного косвенного дополнения (about Tom; for me) или функцию обстоятельства (under the table; before dinner).
Предлоги традиционно делятся на предлоги места (on the street, in the house, at the airport – на улице, в доме, в аэропорту), предлоги направления (to the river, through the park – к реке, через парк), предлоги времени (at two o'clock, in 1995, for a year, on Monday – в два часа, в 1995, в течение года, в понедельник), предлоги образа действия (by train, with a key – поездом, ключом) и некоторые другие.
Многие предлоги и послелоги одинаковы по форме (например, in, on, over, off, along, before, by, inside, through, down), но их функции в предложениях разные. В английских лингвистических материалах послелоги обычно называются "adverbial particles" (наречные частицы) или "adverbs".
Brief overview of English grammar, with Russian translation. Parts of speech, tenses.
Краткий обзор английской грамматики, с русским переводом. Части речи, времена.


Please click on the link on the top left corner to print out a registration form.
You can drop it off at the office, place in the offertory basket or mail it to us.
Come by the office for a welcome packet and have any of your questions answered.
Por favor presione el link que esta en la isquierda a lado para imprimir el formulario de registracion.
Lo puede dejar en la oficina, en la canasta de la ofrenda o enviar por correo.
Pase a la oficina por un paquete de bienvenida y para contestar sus preguntas.


I'm fairly sure most JVM languages, including java, won't understand this. So, cool trick, but can't use it if you need interop with other JVM languages. Which is a bit of a shame, because the whole point of JVM interop is that it's not something you program for or think about, you just get it for free.
I'm guessing the original intent was for overloading based on just different return types not to be legal, but then this issue came up, and now its the status quo.
Indeed. It will confuse the hell out of java.lang.reflect too.
Overloading based on return type was introduced for exactly one reason: When introducing generics with erasure, they needed "bridge methods", and these would often conflict with existing "real" ones. To reduce the number of these clashes, they allowed to use overloading based on return type in the JVM, but not in in the compiler for "normal" code.
No, I don't think that's the case.
It's and covariant return types are the only cases of it actually being used in the Java implementation, but the Java virtual machine spec second edition documents this behaviour and predates both generics and covariant return.


Smallville: "Homecoming" पूर्व दर्शन तस्वीरें. . Wallpaper and background images in the Clois club tagged: clois smallville clark kent lois lane homecoming season is it october yet?.
This Clois photo might contain चोली, ब्रासेरी, गुलदस्ता, कंचुकी, कहावत, फूलों का गुच्छ, चोली, पॉसी, नाकगेय, ब्रोच, and nosegay.


text:
Close-Up Still of SPIDER-MAN Suit on the Set of the Reboot
by Adam Chitwood January 21, 2011
With Marc Webb's Spider-Man reboot currently filming on location in LA, amateur photographers have jumped at the chance to snap shots of Spidey running around the streets. Just a couple of days ago, we brought you footage of a stuntman in the Spider-Man suit performing an action scene in the street. It appears that this same sequence has been filming for the last few days, and someone finally got a really clear shot of the stuntman in action.
Hit the jump to check out the image. The untitled 3D Spider-Man reboot starring Andrew Garfield and Emma Stone is set for release on July 3, 2012.
As you can see, this is clearly a Spidey suit made specifically for stunts, and not for oogling. It's much less dramatic than the official still that was released last week. This super clear shot (thanks MTV) does, however, give us our first look at the mask as well as another look at those mechanical web-shooters the internet has been buzzing about. I quite liked the suit unveiled in the official still, and I'll reserve judgment on this suit until it's shown on film, after color-corection, etc. It is kinda cool to see the stunt suit so clearly though. What about you? What do you think about the suit so far?
New Images from ABDUCTION Starring Taylor Lautner
Alex Gibney to Direct Julian Assange Doc for Universal
• Andrew Garfield • Entertainment • Images • Movie • Movie Image • Spider-Man 4 • Spider-Man Reboot • Untitled Spider-Man Reboot


In particular, we welcomed two visitors from the European makerspace movement VULCA, Alexandre (on the left) and his colleague Clemence (second from the right).
The visitors met with our trustees and filled us in how makerspaces were growing across Europe. The Vulca Makers Mobility Program had over 100 volunteers from European makers pace who had collectively visited over 250 makerspaces in Europe. We were informed about an earlier European Commission study that had visited 28 countries and generated a report Available here.
A map extracted from this report is reproduced below.
It was interesting to see that for the four major countries in the EU this study had recorded the following numbers of makerspaces: France 158, Germany 151, Italy 133, the UK 57. The UK numbers included The T-Exchange and 3 others in Scotland.
The number for the Netherlands was 54; just about the same as for the whole UK.
on Friday 1st March 2019 at 10:00 am.
Would discussion with like or even unlike minds help you to make stuff ?
Would you be prepared to exchange your own skills with others ?
Are you green or ANY other colour?
Makerspaces and hackerspaces for the likes of us are being formed around the world.


Howard Gobioff '89, Sven Khatri '89, Daniel Mall '89, and Maneesh Agrawala '90 win a $50,000-$100,000 Cyber 910 workstation at the ETA High School Supercomputer Challenge, which became the first server for the mbhs.edu domain.
Maneesh Agrawala '90 and Joshua Fischman '90 (5th place) named Finalists in Westinghouse Science Talent Search.
The Computer Team wins first place at the ACSL All-Star Competition.
Benjamin Jun '92 (9th place) and Debbie VanderZwaag '92 named Finalists in Westinghouse Science Talent Search.
Wei-Hwa Huang '93 wins Silver Medal at the International Mathematics Olympiad.
Steve Chien '93 (8th place), Wei-Hwa Huang '93 (6th place), and Elizabeth Mann '93 (9th place) named Finalists in Westinghouse Science Talent Search.
Jacob Lurie '96 wins Gold Medal at the International Mathematics Olympiad.
Samit Dasgupta '95 named Finalist in Westinghouse Science Talent Search.
Jacob Lurie '96 wins First Place in Westinghouse Science Talent Search.
Carl Miller '97 wins Silver Medal at the International Mathematics Olympiad.
Gautam Mukunda '97 named Presidential Scholar.
David Wildstrom '98 named Finalist in Westinghouse Science Talent Search.
Wei-Li Deng '99, James Hansen '99, Grace Lin '99, Michael Maire '99, David Moore '99 (2nd place), and Scott Safranek '99 named Finalists in Intel Science Talent Search.
Manish Gala '99, Andy Mills '99, Jacob Paul '99, Kaushik Roy '99, and Jason Rubinstein '00 win First Place at the National Science Bowl.
Elizabeth Epstein '00 and Jonathan Simon '00 named Finalists in Intel Science Talent Search.
Anne Lee '00 named Presidential Scholar.
Alan Dunn '01 (4th place) and William Pastor '01 named Finalists in Intel Science Talent Search.
Jennifer Alyano '02, Jean Li '02, and Jacob Burnim '02 named Finalists in Intel Science Talent Search.
Anatoly Preygel '03 (3rd place) named Finalist in Intel Science Talent Search.
Lisa Leung '03 named Presidential Scholar.
Stanley Wang '04 named Regional Finalist in Siemens Competition.
Melis Anathar '04 and Gordon Su '04 (10th place) named Finalists in Intel Science Talent Search.
Emily Tsui '04 wins Silver Medal at the International Chemistry Olympiad.
Abigail Fraeman '05, Sherri Geng '05, Michael Forbes '05, and Justic Kovac '05 (7th place) named Finalists in Intel Science Talent Search.
Sherri Geng '05 named Presidential Scholar.
Matt McCutchen '07 wins Gold Medal at the International Olympiad in Informatics.
Brian Lawrence '07 wins Gold Medal at the International Mathematics Olympiad.
Minh Huynh-Le '06 and Chelsea Zhang '06 named Finalists in Intel Science Talent Search.
Yueuang Li '06 and John Kim '06 win Siemens Award for Advanced Placement.
Victoria Yao '07 and Jeffrey Guo '07 named Regional Finalists in Siemens Competition.
Brian Lawrence '07 and Matt McCutchen '07 named Finalists in Intel Science Talent Search.
Kathy Jee '07 named Presidential Scholar.
Matt McCutchen '07 wins Siemens Award for Advanced Placement.
Brian Lawrence '07 wins Silver Medal at the International Mathematics Olympiad.
Louis Wasserman '08 named Regional Finalist in Siemens Competition.
Louis Wasserman '08 named Finalist in Intel Science Talent Search.
Julie Zhu '08 and Christina Zou '08 named Presidential Scholars.
Christina Zou '08 wins Siemens Award for Advanced Placement.
Jonathan Gootenberg '09 wins a Gold Medal at the International Biology Olympiad.
Edward Gan '09 wins a Gold Medal at the International Physics Olympiad.
Jonathan Gootenberg '09 and Sneha Kannan '09 win Siemens Awards for Advanced Placement.
Elizabeth So '09, Ethan Wang '09, and Jeremy Fallick '10 win First Place at the It's Academic Regional Final.
Purnima Balakrishnan '09, Mario Choi '11, Jitu Das '09, Jacob Hurwitz '10, and Sang Tian '09 win first place at the American Computer Science League All-Star Competition.
Roger Curley '10, Dalton Wu '10, and Jennifer Wang '10 named Regional Finalists in Siemens Competition.
Yifan Li '10 named Finalist in Intel Science Talent Search.
James Schafer is 2010 MCPS Teacher of the Year.
Jacob Hurwitz '10, David Tolnay '10, Scott Yu '10, and Andrew Das Sarma '11 win Moody's Mega Math Challenge.
Scott Yu '10 named Presidential Scholar.
Anand Oza '10 wins Silver Medal at the International Physics Olympiad.
Michael Cohen '10 wins Gold Medal at the International Olympiad in Informatics.
Montgomery Blair High School wins Maryland Excellence in Gifted and Talented Education (EGATE) award.
Sandra Yan '11 named Presidential Scholar.
Jason Hyun '13, Andrew Lu '12, Lisha Ruan '13, Audrey Shi '13, and Charlie Pasternak '13 win first place at the American Computer Science League All-Star Competition.
Andrew Das Sarma '11 wins Silver Medal at the International Physics Olympiad.
Frederic Koehler '12 named Finalist in Intel Science Talent Search.
Ziyao Wang '12 named Presidential Scholar.
Neil Davey '14 is part of a team that wins Third Place at the Siemens Competition National Finals.
Tatyana Gubin '13 wins Siemens Award for Advanced Placement.
Sam Zbarsky '13 (7th place) named Finalist in Intel Science Talent Search.
Jason Hyun '13, Brian Ko '15, Scott Wu '14, Victor Xu '15, and Eric Neyman '13 win first place at the American Computer Science League All-Star Competition.
Sam Zbarsky '13 wins a Silver Medal at the International Physics Olympiad.
Shaun Datta '14 (10th place), Neil Davey '14, and Jessica Shi '14 named Finalists in Intel Science Talent Search.
Huey Shih '14 named Presidential Scholar.
Alexander Bourzutschky '14 and Michael Winer '15 win Silver Medals at the International Physics Olympiad.
Please help us complete this list.


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You are here: Posts > Blogs > The biggest election faux pas and the greatest pit...
The biggest election faux pas and the greatest pitfall in 2015
As difficult as it can sometimes be to see it, politicians are only human and the intense scrutiny they're under in the run up to a General Election magnifies split-second errors of judgement. Mistakes like Gordon Brown's bigoted woman rant and Alistair Campbell's famed Newsnight outburst quickly gain notoriety.
Less forgivable however, are glaring strategic mistakes. Parties pay through the nose to build effective campaigns and when this works, such as it did for the Conservatives when they commissioned Saatchi & Saatchi for their 'Labour isn't working' campaign, the results can be extremely memorable. On the other side of the coin, you have Labour's 1992 Sheffield Rally, at which they decided to celebrate electoral victory prematurely, putting off many voters in the process and leading to an embarrassing loss.
The campaigning itself has been notably vanilla in 2015 and there have been no obvious disasters or strokes of great genius either. But the Lib Dems may come to regret their strategic decision to put their digital money on Google+ , which could well be a costly mistake for a party needing to reach out to a broader audience. By failing to have a strong presence on Facebook and Twitter, the Lib Dems are ignoring a large swathe of undecided voters. Perhaps Nick should give EMR a call when looking for the best digital talent next time around and get in on his own version of #milifandom.


Here is my complete code example of performing this conversion. We have used standard toUpperCase() and toLowerCase() method to convert String from lowercase to uppercase and subsequently from uppercase to lowercase in Java.
* String to lower case in Java.
That's all on how to convert lowercase String to Uppercase in Java. We have also seen example of converting Uppercase string to lowercase using method toLowerCase() in Java.


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Ken Goldberg at Michigan School of Information
BCNM's Ken Goldberg travelled to the University of Michigan's School of Information last month to be a participant in a "MISC Talk." MISC stans for Michigan Interactice and Social Computing, a research group that "connects researchers studying human-computer interaction, social computing, and computer-supported cooperative work across the University of Michigan."
Read more about the event here.
Ken Goldberg teaches and supervises research in Robotics, Automation, and New Media. Ken holds dual degrees in Electrical Engineering and Economics from the University of Pennsylvania and a PhD from Carnegie Mellon University. He joined the UC Berkeley faculty in 1995 and is Professor of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, with secondary appointments in EECS, the School of Information, Art Practice, and the UCSF Dept of Radiation Oncology. Ken and his co-authors published over 200 peer-reviewed technical papers on algorithms for robotics, automation, and social information filtering, and he holds eight U.S. patents. Ken's art installations, based on his research, have been exhibited internationally. Ken has co-written three award-winning Sundance documentary films, "The Tribe", "Yelp", and "Connected: An Autoblogography of Love, Death, and Technology."
Ken Goldberg Robotics Digital Technologies Technology Presentations


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Home Technology Hurray! Facebook is 10!
Hurray! Facebook is 10!
Today marks the 10th anniversary of one of the world's most popular and widely used social networks-facebook.
Started on the 4th of February 2004 in a dorm room by Harvard drop-out - Mark Zuckerberg initially as "thefacebook.com, today is 10 years Old!
On Feb. 4, 2004, in his Harvard dorm room, Mark Zuckerberg launched thefacebook.com, a website where college students could post information about themselves, trade messages, and become virtual "friends" with one another. It was entering an already-crowded field of social networks. Friendster was the world's most popular at the time,
but it was about to be overtaken by a one-year-old upstart called MySpace. Google had launched Orkut just weeks earlier.
Facebook was different because it was only for college students, featured a clean layout devoid of spam, and had no immediate plans to make money. It was an instant hit. "I assume I'll eventually make something profitable," Zuckerberg shrugged in a June 2004 interview with the Harvard student newspaper. (It took him a while, but Facebook turned its first profit in 2009, and last year it reported a profit of some $1.5 billion on nearly $8 billion in revenues.)
Here's what facebook looked like in 2005:
Photo: Slate.com
By December the site had 1 million users, and it hadn't even added its photo-upload feature yet. Here's what thefacebook.com looked like in 2005, a year after it launched
The social network site has become so addictive and extremely popular in recent times, it is said to be the third largest "country" (virtual though) in the world! Can you beat that!.
Founder of facebook, Mark sent out his congratulatory message via facebook earlier today.
See his message below below:
"Today is Facebook's 10th anniversary.
It's been an amazing journey so far, and I'm so grateful to be a part of it. It's rare to be able to touch so many people's lives, and I try to remind myself to make the most of every day and have the biggest impact I can.
People often ask if I always knew that Facebook would become what it is today. No way.
I remember getting pizza with my friends one night in college shortly after opening Facebook. I told them I was excited to help connect our school community, but one day someone needed to connect the whole world.
I always thought this was important -- giving people the power to share and stay connected, empowering people to build their own communities themselves.
When I reflect on the last 10 years, one question I ask myself is: why were we the ones to build this? We were just students. We had way fewer resources than big companies. If they had focused on this problem, they could have done it.
The only answer I can think of is: we just cared more.
While some doubted that connecting the world was actually important, we were building. While others doubted that this would be sustainable, you were forming lasting connections.
We just cared more about connecting the world than anyone else. And we still do today.
That's why I'm even more excited about the next ten years than the last. The first ten years were about bootstrapping this network. Now we have the resources to help people across the world solve even bigger and more important problems.
Today, only one-third of the world's population has access to the internet. In the next decade, we have the opportunity and the responsibility to connect the other two-thirds.
Today, social networks are mostly about sharing moments. In the next decade, they'll also help you answer questions and solve complex problems.
Today, we have only a few ways to share our experiences. In the next decade, technology will enable us to create many more ways to capture and communicate new kinds of experiences.
It's been amazing to see how all of you have used our tools to build a real community. You've shared the happy moments and the painful ones. You've started new families, and kept spread out families connected. You've created new services and built small businesses. You've helped each other in so many ways.
I'm so grateful to be able to help build these tools for you. I feel a deep responsibility to make the most of my time here and serve you the best I can.
Thank you for letting me be a part of this journey."
Pmoney Say's Happy Birthday Facebook!!! Congratulations!
See more pix after the cut...


Volunteers are fanning out across Chatham-Kent Wednesday, delivering roses for the Chatham Sunrise Rotary Club's major fundraising campaign.
Roses for Rotary Chair Brandon Stuart says the 17th annual event raised about $10,000.
In previous years, the Rotary Club has purchased additional roses that could be purchased the day of delivery, but that's not the case this year.
Stuart says all of the money that they raise will stay in the community and will support several projects that the local Rotary Club is carrying out in the area.


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