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Home » Africa » Ebola cases rise in DR Congo, Immunization activities continue
Ebola cases rise in DR Congo, Immunization activities continue
The outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in North Kivu and Ituri provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) continues to evolve.
This digitally-colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicts a number of filamentous Ebola virus particles (red) that had budded from the surface of a VERO cell (blue-gray) of the African green monkey kidney epithelial cell line./NIAID
According to the DRC Ministry of Health, a total of 96 cases of hemorrhagic fever were reported in the region, 69 confirmed and 27 probable. Fifty-five deaths have been reported, including 28 confirmed.
Immunization activities continue at the three sites of Mabalako, Beni and Mandima. Since vaccination began on August 8, 2018, 1,273 people have been vaccinated, including 697 in Mabalako, 367 in Beni and 209 in Mandima.
The World Health Organization (WHO) reported on Twitter today that on 8 August, DRC-MOH, WHO and partners launched the Ebola ring vaccination for high-risk populations in northeastern DRC.
As of 19 August, 10 rings have been defined around 28 recently confirmed cases and approximately 1300 people have consented and been vaccinated.
WHO says the EVD outbreak in the DRC is rapidly evolving, with more new confirmed cases and deaths occurring. The coming days are going to be critical in the evolution of the outbreak as the people who were earlier exposed to infections continue to develop the disease. It is also a defining moment in the race to contain the outbreak, during which new exposures to infections should be averted, disrupting further transmission. This can only be achieved through meticulous field work to identify every single contact and transmission chain.
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Infectious diseases: Some select 'pearls' with Sandra Gompf, MD
China: Human H5N6 avian influenza case reported in Guangxi
Children hard-hit by current Ebola outbreak in DR Congo – UNICEF
Measles in Europe: 'We are seeing a dramatic increase in infections and extended outbreaks'


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Exposure to racism causes many psychological impacts.
As some of you already know, Heal Guyana has recently launched an Anti-Racism Project where many of its organisation's members (myself included) came together in an effort to foster education among ourselves and the citizenry on our ethnic issues, as a bold step toward healing our country. During the key address, it was mentioned that many do not fully understand 'what racism is', let alone, knowing what to do about it when it manifests itself within our homes and society.
This realization caused me to think about racism in regards to my field; just how much it can affect mental health. Despite the fact that racism is one of our oldest and most serious concerns, the study of racial trauma in the field of psychology is fairly new. However, we do know that exposure to racism does have a detrimental effect on our entire well-being. It can cause issues ranging from low self-esteem to mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety and even suicidal thoughts and behaviors. I have many clients who have also turned to aggression, violence, isolation and substance abuse due to racism.
Sharon Lalljee-Richard, the Founder and Director of Heal Guyana, explained the various facets of racism and how it permeates our society during one of the project's activities, earlier this month.
I wanted to share some of her views with you (from the standpoint of mental health), so that you may benefit from a collective perspective on two key issues affecting Guyana and by extension, all of us. For the purposes of clarity, Sharon's views will appear in 'blue'.
"When we think of racism in Guyana, we tend to see it through a narrow lens:
Prejudice, discrimination or antagonism directed against someone of a different race. This view is not incorrect but it is, somewhat, incomplete.
You see, in order for any of us to positively affect change when it comes to racism, we must challenge ourselves to understand the issue at a deeper level. By realizing the foundation through which racism was born, we can challenge this foundation at its core, viewing the world and ourselves, beyond the shadows of its imposed limitations.
By remaining cognizant of the various manifestations of racism, we will be able to sensibly intervene when we see it playing out in the lives of others, as well as our own. By acknowledging the forces that perpetuate race-hate and deciding not to subscribe to them, we will invariably free our hearts and minds from the emotional cycles that imprison us, keeping racism alive in our society to this day. We cannot beat such a complex challenge unless we fully understand how to outmatch it, strategically. To do so will also call for lots of patience, tons of determination, endless dedication and the courage to look at every naysayer in the eye and answer, "the right thing is worth fighting for and I will not stop until this generation and the next inherits a race-free Guyana because of what I stood for!"
Personal perception is vital with regards to mental health. Our moods, thoughts and emotions begin and end with us. Many people need validation from others but having good mental health means cultivating positive self-awareness, as well as a realistic view of your personal strengths and weaknesses.
This factor is greatly affected in those who are exposed to racism. Many of us tend to believe what others say about us or those like us. Our self-esteem is greatly lowered when we feel judged and ridiculed by the things we cannot change, e.g., the color of our skin. The key to curbing the issue is realizing when we are being subjected to these negative influences or inflicting these feelings upon others.
We must always remember that it is much easier to go down to someone's level, rather than pull them up to higher ground. We must lift each other up!
When we become aware, it gives us a great feeling of empowerment and completely diminishes the possibility of hopelessness; on how to stop the pain and harmful cycles caused by racism.
Sharon continues:
"Think of history, culture and identity as the lens, through which, we perceive everything. History shaped the course of our past which has led us here. We see each other as Indigenous or descendants of Africa, India, Europe and Asia etc. which seems innocent enough but right away – that begins to quietly compromise the neutrality of our perspectives regarding how we see each other. Culture and the preservation of it are wonderful – but only when we embrace all cultures. What tends to happen at an individual level is that we embrace only one culture and we compare that one against others; judging as we go along. Many of us identify as one race. Then we set out 'other-ing' ever other race besides our own. The mixed-race people are often the only ones who are left confused at this point.
History, culture and identity, as you can see, are the foundations of our racial challenges. They are inescapable unless we begin to see each other beyond the confines of our differences toward our similarities. What are the common things that make us, Guyanese?"
Now, let's talk about the manifestations of racism in the broadest sense. It is really important that we understand that racism plays out both internally and externally. In other words, we probably shouldn't be policing others and their racist bad-behavior, without equally checking ourselves and holding our inner-most thoughts to a higher standard every day. From within, racism manifests itself in the forms of bias, privilege and submission to the oppression created by a racist environment or culture.
Racial Bias is most noticeable when we 'suffer' because others treat us or a particular racial group, differently, from how they would treat other races. Do we quietly sabotage persons of a certain hair texture and complexion so that they never succeed? Do we hold silent beliefs that chastise one race while celebrating another? These are examples of racial bias and as individuals, we must fight against the tendency to buy into these patterns. Most of us are often very discreet about expressing these sentiments because we know it may not be viewed with tolerance by others. But as soon as we are in a space we consider private or where we are among like-minded people, our racial biases begin to flourish; permeating the clean air with prejudice, hate and misguided stereotypes about others."
It is hard to accept that we play a role in the diminishing in our own self-worth. We know that if we have a certain view of others, we have an underlying fear that others equally critic us. Having good mental health does not simply mean living without a diagnosis but rather, the ability to have healthy views, relationships, and to make a worthwhile contribution to society. This kind of racism has effects on both those perpetrating and being victims to it. It increases substance use and abuse, along with violence such as assaults, homicides and suicides within an entire community. It brings out hopelessness which we are so used to seeing that it almost goes unnoticed.
"What about external manifestations? How can we detect these within our midst? We are all familiar with Interpersonal racism as we read the callus and cowardly statements coming from online trolls and others who may, from time to time, be outwardly abusive or condescending toward those of a particular ethnic group. Institutional racism is the policies and practices within and across institutions that, intentionally or not, produce outcomes that chronically favor one racial group over another. There are many instances of this quietly happening (for years) within our ministries, employment sectors and schools. Structural racism is in its infancy in Guyana but I have seen indications of it making its way into the mainstream with certain groups making declarations which will create a system of public policies, institutional practices and cultural representations that work in various ways to reinforce racial inequality. If allowed to take root, our social, economic and political systems will be further condemned to the influence of privilege, inequality; and our racial divide shall deepen."
I believe the biggest problem we face is that we assume that race comes with a moral defect. We believe that people act in certain ways or have certain values due to the color of their skin. In Guyana, race is the focus of the discussion on everything – violence, crime, substance abuse and even suicide. A famous philosopher, John Locke, coined the term 'Tabula Rasa' which means blank slate. It is a term that expresses the view that people are born not good or bad and without any predetermined rules of how or what they will process. This means that everything, including racism, is learned behaviors - one which, as Sharon said, can be stopped in its tracks.
She finished with:
"The objectives of Heal Guyana's Anti-racism Project are simple. We want to significantly reduce and eventually eradicate all manifestations of racism and ethnic tensions in Guyana. We want to deepen public understanding of the various forms of discrimination and give peaceful, actionable ways of combating these scenarios. We want to cultivate a greater sense of tolerance and respect for diversity among all Guyanese, across all socio-economic and political lines."
Author: Caitlin Vieira
Caitlin was born and raised in Guyana but did her studies (Bachelor's and Master's Degrees) in Canada and England, respectively. She is a psychologist who specializes in addiction and suicide. She now works mainly at the Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation and Woodlands Hospital. She sits on multiple Boards such as The Suicide Prevention Helpline, Phoenix Recovery Project, 100 Women Guyana and On the Wagon. She is passionate about her work and believes in the sharing of knowledge as a means of uplifting humanity.
Our young people are paying the price.
Technology without a doubt has made our lives easier. We can now keep in touch with friends who are half-way around the world, get to-the-second scores of our favorite football matches, set reminders to pick up some fruits from the market on our way home and so much more. Technology has without a doubt made life's complexities easier to handle. But it has enabled us to do more while understanding less of the finer details of what it is we are doing. It has also exposed how vulnerable we can be in our offline life.
For those of us who grew up in the age of technological expansion (from the mid-90s), we have been fortunate to be able to adapt and evolve with the advances. It was easy for us to be able to watch, learn and adapt, as we no longer need to sit at a desktop computer with dial-up internet to do our research for homework or an assignment. We could now just pick up our phones and obtain information at the touch of buttons.
However, there is a generation of teenagers and young adults who were born into this age of technology, where a smartphone camera snapped pictures of them the day they were born and using a computer or tablet is second nature to them.
We really have to start examining whether smartphones, tablets, laptops and Google are doing more harm than good to the mental capacities of Guyana's youth. As information becomes readily available in our palms and where libraries are becoming obsolete, our young adults do not benefit from a more intensive research process and it is easy for them to slip into the growing 'cut and paste' phenomenon.
Our young adults and teenagers are now so dependent on technology, that it has started to affect their literacy skills, as cutting and pasting information found on Google and Wikipedia for an assignment, SBA or report does not reinforce any of the language skills learnt throughout their formal education.
UNESCO reported Guyana's literacy rate to be 88.5% in 2015 which was up from 85% in 2009. But does this rate truly reflect the level of functional literacy of our youth so dependent on auto-correct? Auto-correct, after all, does not discriminate among "there", "their" and "they're" if the user does not know which is the correct term to be used.
Inglis and Aers (2008, p.32) note: 'It is the ability to read and write which makes a person 'literate', with varying degrees of fluency.' The National Literacy Trust, however, includes reference to speaking and listening in its definition of literacy: 'We believe literacy is the ability to read, write, speak and listen well. A literate person is able to communicate effectively with others and to understand written information.'
As UNESCO reports Guyana's literacy rate rising, so too has the global level of literacy risen. However, the issue of functional illiteracy now arises, perhaps in part due to technology. Functional illiteracy is a term used to describe reading and writing skills that are inadequate to cope with the demands of everyday life. In Guyana, this seems to be a reality of many of our young people, as they are losing the ability to read and write at an appropriate level.
As Whatsapp, Facebook and Instagram become more popular with Guyanese youth, a dangerous infiltration of 'internet' language ensues in their everyday life. It never ceases to astonish my colleagues and I when we see students use internet slang in official emails and communication and worse yet, in reports and assignments submitted for grading and even in tests.
In an English-speaking country, where over 90% of the student population attending the only National University are locals who grow up speaking and writing English, many programmes at the University of Guyana still require English and/or some written and oral communication courses to be done, especially within the first two years of joining the University. This trend is not likely to curtail, as we find more and more these days our young adults just do not come prepared with the requisite functional English literacy skills.
Often times, one or two university-level English courses still prove to be insufficient training for students who have to pursue final year projects which require a written thesis and an oral presentation. Project supervisors often complain they spend more time correcting grammar and sentence construction rather than reviewing the technical aspects of the project, as thesis drafts are so poorly written and put together.
Parents will have to try to encourage our young ones to take a break from smartphones and tablets every now and then to do some physical or sport activity, or even to read a book (not an e-book). Dr. Wendy A. Suzuki, a Professor of Neural Science and Psychology in the Center for Neural Science at New York University, has done considerable work on how physical activity and exercise can be used to improve learning, memory and higher cognitive abilities in humans; and may even offer protection for the brain against neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. Technology is now a part of our everyday lives, but moderation in this critical stage of brain development may be the key to a successful wholesome offline life.
As Guyana prepares to embark on a new chapter in its history, it is especially important that our youth are not left behind as we begin to witness an influx of expatriates with special skills needed for our new oil and gas economy. Yes, we need to keep up with technological advances but not to the detriment of our functional literacy and social skills. If we indeed wish to see our own thrive, we need to ensure the basics are not neglected in pursuit of 'keeping up with the times'.
Inglis, F. and Aers, L. (2008) Key Concepts in Education, London, Sage
Author: Heetasmin Singh
Heetasmin is a lecturer at the University of Guyana in the Faculty of Natural Sciences. She also works in the field of Natural Resources Management within Guyana. In her spare time, she does volunteer work with children, youth and women. Her greatest passion comes from helping others, in order to create a better society for all.
Heal Guyana is a registered, not-for-profit organisation which functions as a civil society platform that focuses on empowering Guyanese and influencing citizens toward positive behavior change.
We feature the perspectives of those who are free-thinkers; putting the welfare of Guyana and its people before political-loyalties and biases of all kinds.
The views expressed herein are those of the Author; they do not necessarily reflect the views of Heal Guyana or its Executives.
HEAL GUYANA
Starting with Ourselves.

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Yesterday I attended the first of five day classes in Drawing and Movement at The Royal School of Drawing in London. It was a very full-on practical session where I learnt so much about drawing from the tutor, Sara Lee-Roberts. I've been drawing all my life yet there is always something new to learn…a way of looking, a way of expressing, a variation on a well-worn technique, a letting-go of elements of your comfort-zone. It was inspirational and most of all practical and active. Here is a small sample of the dozens of drawings I made.
So different from the previous days activity where I sat in college with my peers for a group crit for 4 solid hours. We listened and discussed the work of 5 of the MA group – it's my turn next week with the second half of the group. A trite expression…. but it blew my mind. The contortions my brain went through trying to understand the complex theories they proposed in relation to their individual practice were exhausting.
So I've had a pretty demanding time both physically ( leaving Colchester for London at 7.30 a.m. and getting home at 9 p.m.)on Friday and mentally on Thursday.
Today (Saturday)I woke early with a lot of thoughts swirling around which I just had to get down before they disappeared.
What is ART? Is it skill-based or all in the mind?
Until I started my university journey I more or less believed it was skill-based. Having been born with a natural ability to draw which over the years I have sought to improve upon, and having always loved looking at art in galleries and learning from this it has become the central part of my being.
Alongside this practical skill-based aspect, I have of course, informed myself with the History of Art. Essential to fully understand the subject and have been greatly influenced in my practice by what I have learnt….context (in the mind).
I think I've always been aware of context but have never given it a name until now. A great simplification, I'm aware, but art pre-14th Century actually changed very slowly and was almost entirely skill-based. There were no schools or movements as such. We have given them names retrospectively. Artists simply competed to outdo each other in artistic skills.Painting and sculpture were mainly commissioned by the rich either to adorn churches and sometimes public buildings or to represent themselves in portraits.
It was not a global, technological world as it is today so that styles and innovations grew slowly in isolation in different parts of the world. I suppose I have to admit that I am mainly thinking about Western European painting practice here.
It was not really until the invention of the camera when the ability to represent instantly and in stark reality became possible that art took a dramatic change in direction and purpose.
To me this is worrying. The search for originality leads to ever more stretching of the boundaries of traditional skill-based practices. Progress is vital of course and innovation of thought and of new technological advances cannot and must not be stopped. These things lead to increasingly beautiful and amazing artwork but I just feel that art should always be underpinned by fine art skills. At it's best this is still true. Many of today's artists are superb draughtsmen and although not evident in their final works, these basic skills are at the heart of much ground-breaking artwork. But there are also many other so-called artists who do not possess these attributes and their work is the poorer for this and it remains to be seen if much of it will endure.
I am of the opinion that we should redefine art into new categories of Fine Art and Creativity. The term Creativity could define a vast array of things which are happening in art today but which are not, in my opinion, actually Art with a capital 'A' however incredible or beautiful the results. Inevitably there would be crossovers but these would retain the value of skill-based art which is being eroded to some degree.
The great leveller of time will prove what does or does not survive as Art. In the meantime I must struggle to come to terms with the jungle of art styles, schools and movements for the sake of gaining my MA.
Researching artists recommended by my tutor I was interested to read about Castellas. One critic described his work as 'abstract with figurative allusions or the other way around'. The constant debate to align with a genre or style of painting is something I have found difficult to embrace. Having been steeped in figurative ideology for most of my artistic life, my BA and now my MA courses are moving me towards more abstract approaches. Abandoning the figurative is part of my journey to find my own voice. But it's not the answer. How many times have I been told to 'do my own thing' yet still I persist in trying to conform, please, second-guess my tutors. My latest series of work is yet another attempt to discover my own visual language. Kate has become my muse, lately and I'm trying to capture the essence of her and not just her physiological likeness. I still felt I should start with a good figurative likeness and move out from there into more expressive/abstract waters. I really wanted to paint at this stage but she can't sit still long enough! So regrettably I resorted to a charcoal drawing and working from photos which I feel is far too sterile. To reconcile this method, a proper observational drawing seemed to placate my dislike of photo references. This is it. Although I've drawn her before many times, of course.
Having looked at Castellas, Elizabeth Paton and Krebber at the behest of my tutor I was drawn towards oil-paint for a this project and began a portrait of Kate. It didn't work and in desperation I began to cover the surface of the loosely figurative painting, mixing the colours I was using into a blue/grey sludge.Then something began to happen. I realised that her hands were, in fact, her essence. When she dances (ballet) she moves her hands so expressively and as she sat reluctantly for her charcoal portrait, her hands fell into beautiful lyrical positions which I then emphasised through the grey sludge and it suddenly became Kate.
A second portrait where I tried again to represent her fairly realistically also failed. Photographs can do this so much more easily unless one is prepared to spend hours on a painting. I probably could do that but it's not in my nature. I'm so impatient and find it hard to put in the time required. And besides, it's no longer what I'm trying to achieve in a painting. This time I had got further with the image so was reluctant to completely obliterate my efforts. So I painted watery lines across her, thinking it would take on the appearance of water or maybe a veil of fabric. Now it began to look rather gimmicky. So as I was using oil-paint I was able to wipe this layer off, strategically leaving some areas more distinct than others. This seemed to be working and with the addition of a ghostly hand image it felt almost finished.
Still not sure this is it, but will wait and see how it looks tomorrow. But what I have learnt through these experiments is that the process or style has to be tempered to express and say what you want the viewer to see in the image. It isn't about abstraction or figuration but the totality of the image and what it can convey.
Had a great time in this beautiful place. Reliving childhood memories with adult eyes and seeking inspiration for the final push on my MA. After painting Kate in the wide open space of the Pompidou Centre I was again struck by the dwarfing of us humans in spaces.
Here are a couple of quick sketches I made of the girl with her dog. I also made a watercolour drawing of her silhouetted against the sky when she later climbed to the top of the cliff. Her lovely thick auburn plait and pale aqua wellingtons flashing in the sunlight – a serendipity addition of unusual colour and detail to be included somehow.
And here's the painting. Much more figurative than I have been doing lately but decided to go with this for the moment. May try again being more abstract and thinking myself back into the moment. Hmm…. will have to see and more importantly to think about it. At least I think I've achieved the feeling of space and height above the beach but would like to go more abstract.
Sorry to blog again so soon, but I've just had another light-bulb moment so have to blog it before I forget it.
I completed (I think?) a painting this morning and after making a coffee, returned to the studio for a second look and was immediately struck by the memory of seeing Bill Jacklin's work at a small exhibition at the RA. I swear I didn't look at his work before making this painting!
I rushed to look through an old sketchbook and there was an account and illustrations of his work. Further trawling through the internet revealed an interesting Vimeo interview with Jacklin about how his work is all about light, plus research contained within his copious sketchbooks – lovely little figurative drawings of people and places. These form the backbone of his subsequent paintings and prints.
I couldn't help thinking that really so many painters, including myself work in this same way. What an artist/painter then goes on to create is where the magic comes in. The same working practice results in a startling plethora of different outcomes.
The brain is a wondrous thing. The memory of seeing Jacklin's work, probably along with Degas, Giacometti and who knows who else, has obviously lodged in the back of my brain. Along with my own drawings, my feelings & memories of Kate, the brief video (see previous blog-post), these recollections of artists work seen over the years, have all combined to make this latest painting.
That's what the process of painting is all about. Having to describe all this in my Reflective Journal sometimes drives me crazy!!
It's important to visit local galleries as well as the big London ones. North House Gallery in Manningtree, Essex is an absolute gem. As well as being a beautiful Georgian building housing the most luscious print room stuffed with tall drawers full of metal printing letters and several magnificent Victorian printing presses, it has an ancient brick floor and original windows looking out onto a gloriously unkempt courtyard garden. There are 3 rooms where the artwork is always tastefully displayed, plus a large browser which is full of Norman Ackroyd prints.
Today's PV of Sara Lee Roberts paintings attracted me and my visit proved extremely worthwhile. This series of portraits of Surrealist artists made me wonder if I couldn't resurrect my portrait series of MA students?
It's a thought. I need to find my own visual method of capturing the essence of the subjects as Roberts has done here.
The minimal detail and the unifying colour at this early stage seemed to say more about the characters than later when they were approaching completion. I might see if I can recapture this phase.
It was interesting talking with Sara Lee Roberts about her work. We agreed that the moment when a painting is finished is so hard to judge. Much easier to spot looking at other people's work than your own.
Her versions of sections of famous paintings were quite different from some of her acrylic red and black abstracts, yet she says they have a relationship with the portraits creating 'new and distinctive hybrids'.
This sensitive portrait is her version of a small section of a Watteau painting. I think the unfinished section on the left on a separate board adds to the mystery of the whole and balances the head.
There was much to learn from observing the work and the variety of materials and techniques she employs.


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The Sound of Semi-Young Australia
Gigs & Events
When The Lights Come Up
Sam Shinazzi
'When the Lights Come Up' is Sam's fourth album. One minute it is powering along, the next it is gentle and retrospective.
SKU: LORCD131 Category: Music Tag: Sam Shinazzi
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'When the Lights Come Up' is Sam's fourth album. He shed the C-Minus Project name following his debut 'Less Than Perfect Day' in 2003 and I've never really asked him why. It is probably because Sam has a great name that is repetition at it's best! Why he didn't use it all along I will never know.
A trip to the States in 2008 was very fruitful, with Sam writing one of the standouts on the new album 'When the Lights Come Up' in America. Titled 'Twin Cities' after some great experiences in Minneapolis and St. Paul, Sam channels Glen Campbell with soaring strings and a chorus to die for! It is one of the best songs I have heard in 2011 and like the chorus sentiment states, a song that I will never forget.
'When The Lights Come Up' is a damn fine album. It is Sam's greatest release to date and one I am exceptionally proud to be a part of. I love everything about it! While the 90s style production reminds me of some of my favourite records of that period, it has plenty of light and shade. One minute it is powering along, the next it is gentle and retrospective. It has a towering opener in 'Movie Of Your Life', a bubbly single in 'Good Things' that makes you actually feel good all over and plenty of tender moments on songs such as 'Jennifer Don't Cry'.
Like all great albums, it takes you on a journey. Is it a journey for you? I believe it will be. Please take the time to listen and make your mind up for yourself.
Aaron Curnow Spunk Records & friend of Sam Shinazzi
20 x 20 x 1.5 cm
Emma Swift
I Hope I'm Not A Monster
An Ear To The Earth
Stars Turn Inside Out
About Monsters
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Grábóc (németül Grawitz, szerbül Грабовац)  település Tolna vármegye Bonyhádi járásában. Ortodox búcsújáróhely.

Fekvése
A Szekszárdi-dombság nyugati részén fekszik, a legközelebbi várostól, Bonyhádtól mintegy 9 kilométerre keletre. Légvonalban nem sokkal nagyobb a távolsága a megyeszékhelytől, Szekszárdtól sem, melytől mintegy 10,5 kilométer választja el, de a közúton mérhető távolság ennek nagyjából kétszerese.

A szomszédos települések: észak felől Kakasd, északkelet felől Szekszárd, délkelet felől Szálka, dél felől Mőcsény, nyugat felől pedig Bonyhád. A legközelebbi szomszédja az alig két kilométerre fekvő Szálka, de a két település közt csak földutas kapcsolat van; a környék más települései mind 5 kilométernél nagyobb távolságban találhatóak.

Megközelítése
Zsáktelepülés, csak közúton érhető el, az 56 105-ös számú mellékúton, amely Bonyhád és Mőcsény határvonala közelében ágazik ki északkelet felé a Bátaszéktől Bonyhádig húzódó 5603-as útból. Az ország távolabbi részei felől a 6-os főúton közelíthető meg a legegyszerúbben, bonyhádi letéréssel.

Története
A településen már az 1300-as években létezett bencés zárda és templom. Romjait a szerb temetőtől északnyugatra lévő bozótos rejti.

Grábócot nevezetessé a török elöl menekülő szerb szerzetesek tették, akik a dalmáciai Dragovity kolostorából 1580-ban menekültek ide. Először csak fatemplomot építettek, majd a budai basa engedélyével 1587-ben kőtemplomot. A törökök 1667-ben feldúlták a kolostort, mely 1703-ban elnéptelenedett. Az elnéptelenedett településre a Rákóczi-szabadságharc után tértek vissza a szerb lakosok és az ortodox szerzetesek. A mai szerb ortodox templom 1736-ban épült.

A 18. században a szerb lakosság mellé svábok települtek. A katolikus németek 1765-ben építették fel első kápolnájukat, amit 1795-ben templommá bővítettek. Az 1789-es népszámlálás szerint a németek már többséget alkottak a szerbekkel szemben. A 19-20. században az arányok még inkább eltolódtak, a szerb kolostor és a fogyatkozó szerb lakosság egyre inkább csak különlegességnek számított. A második világháború után a kitelepített svábok helyére székelyek települtek.

A szocializmus éveiben ide száműzték a bolgár ortodox egyház vezetőjét, a szófiai pátriárkát. Az ortodox kolostor 1974-ig, az utolsó szerzetes haláláig működött, utána szociális otthonná alakították. 1994 óta a templommal együtt ismét a szerb ortodox egyház tulajdona, ma apácák élnek itt.

Közélete

Polgármesterei
 1990–1994: Szilágyi János (független)
 1994–1998: Tüske László Károly (független)
 1998–2002: Tüske László Károly (független)
 2002–2006: Tüske László Károly (független)
 2006–2010: Tüske László Károly (független)
 2011–2014: Takács László (független)
 2014–2019: Takács László (független)
 2019-től: Vincze Kálmán (független)

A településen a 2010. október 3-án megtartott önkormányzati választás után, a polgármester-választás tekintetében nem lehetett eredményt hirdetni, az első helyen kialakult szavazategyenlőség miatt. Aznap a 164 szavazásra jogosult lakos közül 140 fő járult az urnákhoz, egyikük érvénytelen szavazatot adott le, az érvényes szavazatokból pedig egyformán 55-55 esett az öt induló közül két független jelöltre, Takács Lászlóra és Vincze Kálmánra. A választáson egyetlen pártjelölt, a Jobbikos László Ferenc indult, ő a harmadik helyet szerezte meg, Tüske László Károly addigi polgármester pedig, mindössze hét szavazatot begyűjtve az utolsó helyen végzett. Az emiatt szükségessé vált időközi választást 2011. január 9-én tartották meg: ezen már csak három jelölt indult el, és kicsivel magasabb volt a választói részvétel mértéke is, ami Takács Lászlónak kedvezett jobban.

Népesség
A település népességének változása:

A 2011-es népszámlálás során a lakosok 85,6%-a magyarnak, 3% cigánynak, 7,2% németnek, 1,2% románnak, 1,8% szerbnek mondta magát (12,6% nem nyilatkozott; a kettős identitások miatt a végösszeg nagyobb lehet 100%-nál). A vallási megoszlás a következő volt: római katolikus 51,5%, református 6,6%, evangélikus 1,2%, felekezeten kívüli 16,8% (22,2% nem nyilatkozott).

Látnivalók
 Ortodox templom (barokk)
 Műemlék temető
 Zárda romjai
 Szerb Ortodox kolostor
 Kilátó (2015-ben épült a falu fölötti dombon)

Jegyzetek

Források
 Általános ismeretek:
 Grábóc község földhivatalai adatai
 Grábóc a Tolnai Népújság oldalán
Grábóc, csatolna.hu
 Szerb templom:
 Grábóc a búcsújárás.hu oldalán

Tolna megye települései
Tolna vármegye települései

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
package com.amazonaws.services.connect.model.transform;

import java.math.*;

import javax.annotation.Generated;

import com.amazonaws.services.connect.model.*;
import com.amazonaws.transform.SimpleTypeJsonUnmarshallers.*;
import com.amazonaws.transform.*;

import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonToken;
import static com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonToken.*;

/**
 * HistoricalMetric JSON Unmarshaller
 */
@Generated("com.amazonaws:aws-java-sdk-code-generator")
public class HistoricalMetricJsonUnmarshaller implements Unmarshaller<HistoricalMetric, JsonUnmarshallerContext> {

    public HistoricalMetric unmarshall(JsonUnmarshallerContext context) throws Exception {
        HistoricalMetric historicalMetric = new HistoricalMetric();

        int originalDepth = context.getCurrentDepth();
        String currentParentElement = context.getCurrentParentElement();
        int targetDepth = originalDepth + 1;

        JsonToken token = context.getCurrentToken();
        if (token == null)
            token = context.nextToken();
        if (token == VALUE_NULL) {
            return null;
        }

        while (true) {
            if (token == null)
                break;

            if (token == FIELD_NAME || token == START_OBJECT) {
                if (context.testExpression("Name", targetDepth)) {
                    context.nextToken();
                    historicalMetric.setName(context.getUnmarshaller(String.class).unmarshall(context));
                }
                if (context.testExpression("Threshold", targetDepth)) {
                    context.nextToken();
                    historicalMetric.setThreshold(ThresholdJsonUnmarshaller.getInstance().unmarshall(context));
                }
                if (context.testExpression("Statistic", targetDepth)) {
                    context.nextToken();
                    historicalMetric.setStatistic(context.getUnmarshaller(String.class).unmarshall(context));
                }
                if (context.testExpression("Unit", targetDepth)) {
                    context.nextToken();
                    historicalMetric.setUnit(context.getUnmarshaller(String.class).unmarshall(context));
                }
            } else if (token == END_ARRAY || token == END_OBJECT) {
                if (context.getLastParsedParentElement() == null || context.getLastParsedParentElement().equals(currentParentElement)) {
                    if (context.getCurrentDepth() <= originalDepth)
                        break;
                }
            }
            token = context.nextToken();
        }

        return historicalMetric;
    }

    private static HistoricalMetricJsonUnmarshaller instance;

    public static HistoricalMetricJsonUnmarshaller getInstance() {
        if (instance == null)
            instance = new HistoricalMetricJsonUnmarshaller();
        return instance;
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text:
H/ACA ribonukleoproteinski kompleks podjednica 4 je protein koji je kod ljudi kodiran DKC1 genom.

Klinički značaj
Mutacije DKC1 gena su associrane sa Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson sindromom.

Reference

Literatura

Spoljašnje veze
 GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Dyskeratosis Congenita

Некодирајућа РНК
Telomere


Just one week ago I got home from a brief, yet much needed getaway with my family. My dad turned 60 at the end of February, so we whisked him away to paradise to celebrate – wine country. Needless to say, I've been a little sad since we got back. You can see why.
Highlights included: my giant coconut macaron at Bouchon Bakery, escargot and roasted chicken at Bouchon Bistro, perusing Oakville Grocery Co., the most beautifully merchandised market I've quite possibly ever seen, the intimate tasting and Cab Franc at family-owned Titus Vineyards, becoming a Sparking Rosé convert at Domaine Chandon (seriously, please try it now), Yountville, CA in general, St. Helena shopping (especially St. Helena Olive Oil Co., they're packaging is divine), and Napa Valley Lodge, where there was a fireplace in our hotel room and champagne breakfasts every morning.
Now, is it 5:00 yet? This post has me craving some Rosé.


text:
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Robert Mann2019-01-25T06:18:35-08:00April 12th, 2015|
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Only five teams remain alive in the 2013 College World Series. And none of those five squads can say they're perfect.
Sure, each team has earned the right to be where they are. It takes a special team to advance this far in college baseball's marathon postseason.
But as tournament favorite LSU showed with its surprising first-round exit at the hands of UCLA and then North Carolina, favorites don't matter, and any team can be eliminated. Here's a look at all five teams still fighting for the national championship and the one flaw that just might be their undoing in Omaha.


Why pay more if you can get the same amenities at cheaper prices? Stay in affordable accommodation in Geneva-on-the-lake for an outstanding travel experience. These budget hotels make you save your money while you travel and explore Geneva-on-the-lake. Jump into an array of facilities like free wi fi and others that these budget hotels offer you. A holiday can get never cheaper than this when you get a number of pocket friendly hostels and hotels with us. There is no dearth of choices when you have best budget hotels like Hampton Inn Ashtabula and Villa Rosa Motel in Geneva-on-the-lake. Don't let high costs suppress your will to travel. Book with us for affordable accommodations.


text:
\section{Introduction}
While wormholes are as good a prediction of Einstein's theory
as black holes, such structures can only be maintained by
violating the null energy condition, requiring the use of
``exotic matter" \cite{MT88}.  Such wormholes would be
subject to extreme fine-tuning of the metric coefficients
in order to exist \cite{pK09}.  Another possibility for the
theoretical construction is the use of phantom dark energy,
which is known to violate the null energy condition \cite
{sS05, fL05}.

Other departures from classical relativity have been
suggested to deal with the energy violation.  Ref. \cite
{pK18} and the present paper rely on an extra spatial
dimension, discussed further below.  Part of the motivation
comes from Lobo and Oliveira \cite{LO09} in the context of
$f(R)$ modified gravity: in principle, a wormhole could be
constructed from ordinary matter, while the unavoidable
violation of the null energy condition can be attributed
to the effect of the modified gravitational theory.  In
analogous fashion, Refs, \cite{fR12, pK15} show that
ordinary matter may be allowed since the violation of the
null energy condition is due to the noncommutative-geometry
background.

The idea of an extra dimension had its origin in the
Kaluza-Klein theory and eventually led to the compactified
extra dimension in string theory.  That an extra dimension
may be macroscopic was proposed by Paul Wesson in a series
of papers \cite{WP92, pW15, pW13}, leading to the
\emph{induced-matter theory:} the field equations for a
five-dimensional totally flat space yield the Einstein
field equations in four dimensions containing matter.  In
this paper we assume that the extra dimension may be time
dependent and that no \emph{a priori} restriction is to be
placed on the size.

A suitable model for a five-dimensional spacetime is
suggested by the following classical line element in
Schwarzschild coordinates:
\begin{equation}\label{E:L1}
  ds^2=-e^{2\Phi(r)}dt^2 +e^{2\lambda(r)}dr^2 +r^2(d\theta^2
  +\text{sin}^2\theta\,d\phi^2).
\end{equation}
Using $l$ for the fifth coordinate, symmetry considerations
suggest the line element
\begin{equation}\label{E:L2}
  ds^2=-e^{2\Phi(r,l)}dt^2 +e^{2\lambda(r,l)}dr^2+r^2
  (d\theta^2+\text{sin}^2\theta\,d\phi^2)\\+e^{2\mu(r,l,t)}dl^2.
\end{equation}
Here we assume that $\Phi$, $\lambda$, and $u$ are functions
of $r$ and $l$ and that, in addition, $u$ is time dependent.
We also assume that $c=G=1$.

As noted above, our main goal is to determine the conditions
that allow the throat of the wormhole to be threaded with
ordinary matter and that the same conditions force a
violation of the null energy condition in the fifth
dimension.  The conditions discussed include the effect
of the time dependence.  The dependence on the fifth
dimension may also result in a curvature singularity
at the throat.

Before continuing with a solution, we need to recall the
basic properties of Morris-Thorne wormholes \cite{MT88}.
Such wormholes may be described by the static and
spherically symmetric line element
\begin{equation}\label{E:L3}
ds^{2}=-e^{2\Phi(r)}dt^{2}+\frac{dr^2}{1-b(r)/r}
+r^{2}(d\theta^{2}+\text{sin}^{2}\theta\,
d\phi^{2}),
\end{equation}
again using units in which $c=G=1$.  Using the
terminology in Ref. \cite{MT88}, $\Phi =\Phi(r)$ is called
the \emph{redshift function}, which must be everywhere
finite to prevent an event horizon.  The function $b=b(r)$ is
called the \emph{shape function}.  (It determines the spatial
shape when viewed in the usual embedding diagram \cite{MT88}.)
The spherical surface $r=r_0$ is the \emph{throat} of the
wormhole.  The shape function must satisfy the following
conditions: $b(r_0)=r_0$, $b(r)<r$ for $r>r_0$, and $b'(r_0)
< 1$, called the \emph{flare-out condition} in Ref. \cite
{MT88}.  In classical general relativity, these conditions
can only be satisfied by violating the null energy condition
(NEC), which states that for the energy-momentum tensor
$T_{\alpha\beta}$,
\begin{equation}\label{E:null}
   T_{\alpha\beta}k^{\alpha}k^{\beta}\ge 0\,\,
   \text{for all null vectors}\,\, k^{\alpha}.
\end{equation}
To see the significance in a wormhole setting, we assume
an orthonormal frame and note that $T_{00}=\rho$
is the energy density and $T_{11}=p_r$ is the radial
pressure.  Now the outgoing radial null vector
$(1,1,0,0)$ yields $\rho +p_r<0$ whenever the NEC
is violated.  Given Eqs. (\ref{E:L2}) and (\ref{E:L3}),
we need to assume that $e^{2\lambda(r,l)}=1-b(r,l)/r$, so
that the line element becomes
\begin{equation}\label{E:L4}
  ds^2=-e^{2\Phi(r,l)}dt^2+\frac{dr^2}{1-b(r,l)/r}+r^2
  (d\theta^2+\text{sin}^2\theta\,d\phi^2)\\+e^{2\mu(r,l,t)}dl^2.
\end{equation}
This model greatly extends the discussion in Ref. \cite{pK18},
which assumes that the metric coefficients are independent of
$r$ and $l$.

\section{The solution}\label{S:solution}
In this section we obtain the general solution from line
element (\ref{E:L4}) and study the consequences in subsequent
sections.  We choose an orthonormal basis
$\{e_{\hat{\alpha}}\}$ which is dual to the following
1-form basis:
\begin{equation}\label{E:oneform1}
    \theta^0=e^{\Phi(r,l)}\, dt,\quad \theta^1=
    \left[1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right]^{-1/2}\,dr,\\
     \quad\theta^2=r\,d\theta, \quad
      \theta^3=r\,
\,\text{sin}\,\theta\,d\phi,\quad \theta^4=e^{\mu(r,l,t)}dl.
\end{equation}
Alternatively,
\begin{equation}\label{E:oneform3}
     dt=e^{-\Phi(r,l)}\,\theta^0,\quad dr=
     \left[1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right]^{1/2}\,\theta^1,\\
     \quad d\theta=\frac{1}{r}\theta^2, \quad
    d\phi=\frac{1}{r\,\text{sin}\,\theta}\theta^3, \quad
    dl=e^{-\mu(r,l,t)}\,\theta^4.
\end{equation}
Following Ref. \cite{HT90}, we use the method of differential
forms to obtain the connection 1-forms, the curvature 2-forms,
and the resulting components of the Riemann curvature tensor.
To that end, we calculate the exterior derivatives in terms
of the basis $\{\theta^i\}$:
\begin{equation}
   d\theta^0=\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}{\partial r}
   \left[1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right]
   ^{1/2}\,\theta^1\wedge\theta^0+\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}
   {\partial l}e^{-\mu(r,l,t)}\,\,\theta^4\wedge\theta^0,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
   d\theta^1=\frac{1}{2r}\left[1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right]^{-1}
   \frac{\partial b(r,l)}{\partial l}e^{-\mu(r,l,t)}\,\,
   \theta^4\wedge\theta^1,
 \end{equation}
\begin{equation}
    d\theta^2=\frac{1}{r}\left[1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right]^{1/2}
    \theta^1\wedge\theta^2,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
     d\theta^3=\frac{1}{r}\left[1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right]^{1/2}
     \theta^1\wedge\theta^3+\frac{1}{r}\text{cot}\,\theta
     \,\,\theta^2\wedge\theta^3,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
   d\theta^4=\frac{\partial \mu(r,l,t)}{\partial r}
   \left[1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right]^{1/2}
   \,\theta^1\wedge\theta^4+e^{-\Phi(r,l)}
   \frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial t}\,\,
   \theta^0\wedge\theta^4.
\end{equation}
The connection 1-forms $\omega^i_{\phantom{i}\,\,k}$ have the
symmetry
    $\omega^0_{\phantom{i}\,\,i}=\omega^i_{\phantom{0}0}
    \;(i=1,2,3,4)$\;\text{and}\;$\omega^i_{\phantom{j}j}=
     -\omega^j_{\phantom{i}\,i}\;(i,j=1,2,3,4, i\ne j)$,
and are related to the basis $\{\theta^i\}$ by
\begin{equation}
   d\theta^i=-\omega^i_{\phantom{k}k}\wedge\theta^k.
\end{equation}
The solution of this system is
\begin{equation}
   \omega^0_{\phantom{0}1}=\frac{d\Phi(r,l)}{dr}
   \left[1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right]^{1/2}\theta^0,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
  \omega^0_{\phantom{0}4}=\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}{\partial l}
  e^{-\mu(r,l,t)}\,\theta^0+e^{-\Phi(r,l)}
  \frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial t}\,\theta^4,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
   \omega^2_{\phantom{0}1}=
   \frac{1}{r}\left[1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right]^{1/2}\theta^2,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
    \omega^3_{\phantom{0}1}=
    \frac{1}{r}\left[1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right]^{1/2}\theta^3,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
   \omega^3_{\phantom{0}2}=
   \frac{1}{r}\,\text{cot}\,\theta\,\,\theta^3,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{E:omega}
   \omega^4_{\phantom{0}1}=
   \frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial r}
      \left[1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right]^{1/2}\theta^4
      -\frac{1}{2r}\left[1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right]^{-1}
      \frac{\partial b(r,l)}{\partial l}
      e^{-\mu(r,l,t)}\,\theta^1,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
   \omega^0_{\phantom{0}2}=\omega^0_{\phantom{0}3}=
   \omega^2_{\phantom{0}4}=\omega^3_{\phantom{0}4}=0.
\end{equation}

The curvature 2-forms $\Omega^i_{\phantom{j}j}$ are calculated
directly from the Cartan structural equations
\begin{equation}
    \Omega^i_{\phantom{j}j}=d\omega^i_{\phantom{j}j} +\omega^i
     _{\phantom{j}k}\wedge\omega^k_{\phantom{j}j}.
\end{equation}
and are listed next.  (To shorten the expressions, we will
denote $\Phi(r,l)$ by $\Phi$, $b(r,l)$ by $b$, and $\mu(r,l,t)$
by $\mu$.)
\begin{multline}
\Omega^0_{\phantom{0}1}=\left[-\frac{\partial^2\Phi}{\partial r^2}
   \left(1-\frac{b}{r}\right)+\frac{1}{2r^2}\frac{\partial\Phi}
   {\partial r}\left(r\frac{\partial b}{\partial r}-b\right)
   -\left(\frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial r}\right)^2\left(1-\frac{b}{r}
   \right)-\frac{1}{2r}e^{-2\mu}\frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial l}
   \frac{\partial b}{\partial l}\left(1-\frac{b}{r}\right)^{-1}\right.
   \,\,\theta^0\wedge\theta^1\\
   +e^{-\mu}\left[-\frac{\partial^2\Phi}{\partial r\partial l}
   \left(1-\frac{b}{r}\right)^{1/2}+\frac{1}{2r}\frac{\partial\Phi}
   {\partial r}\frac{\partial b}{\partial l}\left(1-\frac{b}{r}
   \right)^{-1/2}-\frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial r}
   \frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial l}\left(1-\frac{b}{r}\right)^{1/2}
   +\frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial l}\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial r}
   \left(1-\frac{b}{r}\right)^{1/2}\right]\,\theta^0\wedge\theta^4\\
   +\frac{1}{2r}e^{-\Phi}e^{-\mu}\frac{\partial b}{\partial l}
   \frac{\partial\mu}{\partial t}\left(1-\frac{b}{r}\right)^{-1}
   \,\theta^1\wedge\theta^4,
\end{multline}
\begin{equation}
   \Omega^0_{\phantom{0}2}=-\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial r}
   \left(1-\frac{b}{r}\right)\theta^0\wedge\theta^2
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
   \Omega^0_{\phantom{0}3}=-\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial r}
   \left(1-\frac{b}{r}\right)\theta^0\wedge\theta^3
\end{equation}
\begin{multline}
   \Omega^0_{\phantom{0}4}=
   e^{-\mu}\left(1-\frac{b}{r}\right)^{1/2}\left(
   -\frac{\partial^2\Phi}{\partial r\partial l}
   +\frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial l}\frac{\partial\mu}
   {\partial r}-\frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial r}
   \frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial l}\right)\,\theta^0\wedge\theta^1
   +\frac{1}{2r}e^{-\mu}\frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial r}
   \frac{\partial b}{\partial l}\left(1-\frac{b}{r}
   \right)^{-1/2}\,\theta^0\wedge\theta^1\\
   +\left[-e^{-2\mu}\frac{\partial^2\Phi}{\partial l^2}
   +e^{-2\mu}\frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial l}
   \frac{\partial\mu}{\partial l}-e^{-2\mu}\left(
   \frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial l}\right)^2
   +e^{-2\Phi}\frac{\partial^2\mu}{\partial t^2}+e^{-2\Phi}
   \left(\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial t}\right)^2
   -\frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial  r}\frac{\partial\mu}
   {\partial r}\left(1-\frac{b}{r}\right)\right]\,
   \theta^0\wedge\theta^4\\
   +e^{-\Phi}\left(1-\frac{b}{r}\right)^{1/2}
   \left(-\frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial r}
   \frac{\partial\mu}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial^2\mu}
   {\partial r\partial t}+\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial r}
   \frac{\partial\mu}{\partial t}\right)\,\
   \theta^1\wedge\theta^4,
\end{multline}
\begin{equation}
  \Omega^1_{\phantom{0}2}=\frac{1}{2r^3}
  \left(r\frac{\partial b}{\partial r}-b\right)\,
     \theta^1\wedge\theta^2-\frac{1}{2r^2}e^{-\mu}
     \frac{\partial b}{\partial l}\left(1-\frac{b}{r}
     \right)^{-1/2}\,\theta^2\wedge\theta^4,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
  \Omega^1_{\phantom{0}3}=\frac{1}{2r^3}
  \left(r\frac{\partial b}{\partial r}-b\right)\,
     \theta^1\wedge\theta^3-\frac{1}{2r^2}e^{-\mu}
     \frac{\partial b}{\partial l}\left(1-\frac{b}{r}
     \right)^{-1/2}\,\theta^3\wedge\theta^4,
\end{equation}
\begin{multline}
   \Omega^1_{\phantom{0}4}=\left[-\frac{\partial^2\mu}
   {\partial r^2}\left(1-\frac{b}{r}\right)+\frac{1}{2r^2}
   \frac{\partial\mu}{\partial r}\left(r\frac{\partial b}
   {\partial r}-b\right)-\left(\frac{\partial\mu}
   {\partial r}\right)^2\left(1-\frac{b}{r}\right)-\frac{3}{4r^2}e^{-2\mu}
   \left(1-\frac{b}{r}\right)^{-2}
   \left(\frac{\partial b}{\partial l}\right)^2\right.\\
   \left.-\frac{1}{2r}e^{-2\mu}\left(1-\frac{b}{r}\right)^{-1}
   \frac{\partial^2b}{\partial l^2}+\frac{1}{2r}e^{-2\mu}
   \left(1-\frac{b}{r}\right)^{-1}\frac{\partial b}{\partial l}
   \frac{\partial\mu}{\partial l}\right]\,\theta^1\wedge\theta^4\\
   +\left[-e^{-\Phi}\frac{\partial^2\mu}{\partial r\partial t}
   \left(1-\frac{b}{r}\right)^{1/2}-e^{-\Phi}\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial r}
   \frac{\partial\mu}{\partial t}\left(1-\frac{b}{r}\right)^{1/2}
   +e^{-\Phi}\frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial r}\frac{\partial\mu}
   {\partial t}\left(1-\frac{b}{r}\right)^{1/2}\right]
   \,\theta^0\wedge\theta^4\\
   -\frac{1}{2r}e^{-\Phi}e^{-\mu}\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial t}
   \frac{\partial b}{\partial l}\left(1-\frac{b}{r}\right)^{-1}
   \,\theta^0\wedge\theta^1,
\end{multline}
\begin{equation}
   \Omega^2_{\phantom{0}3}=\frac{b}{r^3}\,\theta^2\wedge\theta^3,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
   \Omega^2_{\phantom{0}4}=-\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial\mu}
   {\partial r}\left(1-\frac{b}{r}\right)\theta^2\wedge\theta^4
   -\frac{1}{2r^2}e^{-\mu}\left(1-\frac{b}{r}\right)^{-1/2}
   \frac{\partial b}{\partial l}\,\theta^1\wedge\theta^2,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
   \Omega^3_{\phantom{0}4}=-\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial\mu}
   {\partial r}\left(1-\frac{b}{r}\right)\theta^3\wedge\theta^4
   -\frac{1}{2r^2}e^{-\mu}\left(1-\frac{b}{r}\right)^{-1/2}
   \frac{\partial b}{\partial l}\,\theta^1\wedge\theta^3.
\end{equation}

The components of the Riemann curvature tensor can be read off
directly from the form
\begin{equation}
   \Omega^i_{\phantom{j}j}=-\frac{1}{2}R_{mnj}^{\phantom{mnj}i}
    \;\theta^m\wedge\theta^n
\end{equation}
and are listed next:
\begin{multline}
   R_{011}^{\phantom{000}0}=\frac{\partial^2\Phi(r,l)}
   {\partial r^2}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)-\frac{1}{2r^2}
   \frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}{\partial r}\left(r
   \frac{\partial b(r,l)}{\partial r}-b(r,l)\right)\\
   +\left(\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}{\partial r}\right)^2
   \left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)+\frac{1}{2r}e^{-2\mu(r,l,t)}
   \frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}{\partial l}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}
   \right)^{-1}\frac{\partial b(r,l)}{\partial l},
\end{multline}
\begin{equation}
   R_{022}^{\phantom{000}0}=R_{033}^{\phantom{000}0}=
   \frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}{\partial r}
   \left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right),
\end{equation}
\begin{multline}
   R_{044}^{\phantom{000}0}=e^{-2\mu(r,l,t)}\left[
   \frac{\partial^2\Phi(r,l)}{\partial l^2}
   -\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}{\partial l}\frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}
   {\partial l}+\left(\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}{\partial l}\right)^2
   \right]\\
   -e^{-2\Phi(r,l)}\left[\frac{\partial^2\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial t^2}
   +\left(\frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial t}\right)^2\right]
    +\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}{\partial r}\frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}
    {\partial r}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right),
\end{multline}
\begin{equation}
   R_{122}^{\phantom{000}1}=R_{133}^{\phantom{000}1}=
   -\frac{1}{2r^3}\left(r\frac{\partial b(r,l)}{\partial r}
   -b(r,l)\right),
\end{equation}
\begin{multline}
   R_{144}^{\phantom{000}1}=\frac{\partial^2\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial r^2}
   \left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)+\left(\frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}
   {\partial r}\right)^2\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)
   -\frac{1}{2r^2}\frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial r}
   \left(r\frac{\partial b(r,l)}{\partial r}-b(r,l)\right)\\
   +\frac{3}{4r^2}e^{-2\mu(r,l,t)}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}
   \right)^{-2}\left(\frac{\partial b(r,l)}{\partial l}\right)^2
   +\frac{1}{2r}e^{-2\mu(r,l,t)}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)^{-1}
   \frac{\partial^2 b(r,l)}{\partial l^2}\\
   -\frac{1}{2r}e^{-2\mu(r,l,t)}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)^{-1}
   \frac{\partial b(r,l)}{\partial l}
   \frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial l},
\end{multline}
\begin{equation}
   R_{233}^{\phantom{000}2}=-\frac{b(r,l)}{r^3},
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
   R_{244}^{\phantom{000}2}=R_{344}^{\phantom{000}3}=
   \frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial r}
      \left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right),
\end{equation}
\begin{multline}
   R_{041}^{\phantom{000}0}=e^{-\mu(r,l,t)}
   \left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)^{1/2}
   \left[\frac{\partial^2\Phi(r,l)}{\partial r
   \partial l}+\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}{\partial r}
   \frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}{\partial l}-
    \frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}{\partial l}
    \frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial r}\right]\\
    -\frac{1}{2r}e^{-\mu(r,l,t)}\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}
    {\partial r}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)^{-1/2}
    \frac{\partial b(r,l)}{\partial l},
\end{multline}
\begin{equation}
   R_{411}^{\phantom{000}0}=\frac{1}{2r}e^{-\Phi(r,l)}
   e^{-\mu(r,l,t)}\frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial t}
   \left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)^{-1}\frac{\partial b(r,l)}
   {\partial l},
   \end{equation}
\begin{equation}
   R_{044}^{\phantom{000}1}=e^{-\Phi(r,l)}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}
   \right)^{1/2}\left[-\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}{\partial r}
    \frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial^2\mu(r,l,t)}
    {\partial r\partial t}+\frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial r}
    \frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial t}\right],
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
   R_{214}^{\phantom{000}2}=R_{314}^{\phantom{000}3}=
   -\frac{1}{2r^2}e^{-\mu(r,l,t)}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)
   ^{-1/2}\frac{\partial b(r,l)}{\partial l}.
\end{equation}

The last form to be derived in this section is the Ricci
tensor, which is obtained by a trace on the Riemann
curvature tensor:
\begin{equation}\label{E:trace}
   R_{ab}=R_{acb}^{\phantom{000}c}.
\end{equation}
The various components are
\begin{multline}\label{E:R00}
 R_{00}=\frac{\partial^2\Phi(r,l)}{\partial r^2}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)
 -\frac{1}{2r^2}\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}{\partial r}\left(r\frac{\partial b(r,l)}
 {\partial r}-b(r,l)\right)+\left(\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}{\partial r}\right)^2
 \left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)\\
 +\frac{1}{2r}e^{-2\mu(r,l,t)}\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}{\partial l}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}
 {r}\right)^{-1}\frac{\partial b(r,l)}{\partial l}+\frac{2}{r}\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}
 {\partial r}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)+\frac{\partial^2\Phi(r,l)}{\partial l^2}
 e^{-2\mu(r,l,t)}\\
 -\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}{\partial l}\frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial l}e^{-2\mu(r,l,t)}
 +\left(\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}{\partial l}\right)^2e^{-2\mu(r,l,t)}-e^{-2\Phi(r,l)}
 \frac{\partial^2\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial t^2}\\
 -e^{-2\Phi(r,l)}\left(\frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial t}\right)^2
 +\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}{\partial r}\frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial r}
 \left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right),
\end{multline}
\begin{multline}\label{E:R11}
 R_{11}=-\frac{\partial^2\Phi(r,l)}{\partial r^2}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)
 +\frac{1}{2r^2}\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}{\partial r}\left(r\frac{\partial b(r,l)}
 {\partial r}-b(r,l)\right)-\left(\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}{\partial r}\right)^2
 \left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)\\
 -\frac{1}{2r}e^{-2\mu(r,l,t)}\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}{\partial l}
 \left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)^{-1}\frac{\partial b(r,l)}{\partial l}+\frac{1}{r^3}
 \left(r\frac{\partial b(r,l)}{\partial r}-b(r,l)\right)-\frac{\partial^2\mu(r,l,t)}
 {\partial r^2}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)\\
 -\left(\frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial r}\right)^2\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)
 +\frac{1}{2r^2}\frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial r}\left(r\frac{\partial b(r,l)}
 {\partial r}-b(r,l)\right)\\
 -\frac{3}{4r^2}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)^{-2}\left(\frac{\partial b(r,l)}
 {\partial l}\right)^2e^{-2\mu(r,l,t)}-\frac{1}{2r}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)^{-1}
 \frac{\partial^2 b(r,l)}{\partial l^2}e^{-2\mu(r,l,t)}\\
 +\frac{1}{2r}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)^{-1}\frac{\partial b(r,l)}{\partial l}
 \frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial l}e^{-\mu(r,l,t)},
\end{multline}
\begin{equation}
 R_{22}=R_{33}=-\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}{\partial r}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}
 \right)+\frac{1}{2r^3}\left(r\frac{\partial b(r,l)}{\partial r}-b(r,l)\right)
 +\frac{b(r,l)}{r^3}-\frac{1}{r}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)
 \frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial r},
\end{equation}
\begin{multline}
 R_{44}=-\frac{\partial^2\Phi(r,l)}{\partial l^2}e^{-2\mu(r,l,t)}+\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}
 {\partial l}\frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial l}e^{-2\mu(r,l,t)}-\left(
 \frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}{\partial l}\right)^2e^{-2\mu(r,l,t)}+e^{-2\Phi(r,l)}
 \frac{\partial^2\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial t^2}\\
 +e^{-2\Phi(r,l)}\left(\frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial t}\right)^2-\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}
 {\partial r}\frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial r}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)
 -\frac{\partial^2\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial r^2}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)\\
 -\left(\frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial r}\right)^2\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)
 +\frac{1}{2r^2}\frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial r}\left(r\frac{\partial b(r,l)}{\partial r}
 -b(r,l)\right)\\
 -\frac{3}{4r^2}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)^{-2}\left(\frac{\partial b(r,l)}
 {\partial l}\right)^2e^{-2\mu(r,l,t)}-\frac{1}{2r}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)^{-1}
 \frac{\partial^2 b(r,l)}{\partial l^2}e^{-2\mu(r,l,t)}\\+\frac{1}{2r}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}
 \right)^{-1}\frac{\partial b(r,l)}{\partial l}\frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial l}
 e^{-2\mu(r,l,t)}-\frac{2}{r}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)\frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}
 {\partial r},
\end{multline}
\begin{equation}\label{E:R01}
 R_{01}=\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)^{1/2}\left[e^{-\Phi(r,l)}\frac{\partial\Phi(r,l)}
 {\partial r}\frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial t}-e^{-\Phi(r,l)}\frac{\partial^2\mu(r,l,t)}
 {\partial r\partial t}-e^{-\Phi(r,l)}\frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial r}
 \frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial t}\right],
 \end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{E:R04}
 R_{04}=\frac{1}{2r}e^{-\Phi(r,l)}\left(1-\frac{b(r,l)}{r}\right)^{-1}\frac{\partial b(r,l)}
 {\partial l}\frac{\partial\mu(r,l,t)}{\partial t}e^{-\mu(r,l,t)}.
\end{equation}

These forms will come into play in the next section.

\section{A possible curvature singularity}
In discussing the structure of a wormhole, we recall that
at the throat, we have $b(r_0)=r_0$.  In our solution, this
condition becomes $b(r_0,l)=r_0$ for every $l$, leading to
the question of its physical interpretation.  The problem
takes care of itself in the following sense: consider the
Ricci scalar
\begin{equation}\label{E:Ricci}
R=R^i_{\phantom{0}i}=-R_{00}+R_{11}+R_{22}+R_{33}+R_{44}.
\end{equation}
Using Eq. (\ref{E:trace}), this can be written in the
following convenient form:
\begin{equation}
  \frac{1}{2}R=-R_{011}^{\phantom{000}0}
    -R_{022}^{\phantom{000}0}
    -R_{033}^{\phantom{000}0}
    -R_{044}^{\phantom{000}0}\\
  -R_{122}^{\phantom{000}1}
    -R_{133}^{\phantom{000}1}-R_{144}^{\phantom{000}1}
    -R_{233}^{\phantom{000}2}-R_{244}^{\phantom{000}2}
    -R_{344}^{\phantom{000}3}.
\end{equation}
It now becomes apparent that neither $R_{011}^{\phantom{000}0}$
nor $R_{144}^{\phantom{000}1}$ are defined at the throat if we
allow the shape function to have the form $b=b(r,l)$: since $R$
is a scalar invariant, we have a curvature singularity at the
throat.  We conclude that $b$ must be a function of $r$ alone,
so that $\partial b/\partial l=0$; so $b(r_0)=r_0$ at the throat,
as before.  It is interesting to note that the redshift function
can retain the proposed form $\Phi=\Phi(r,l)$.

\section{The null energy condition (NEC)}
Let us recall from the Introduction that the NEC states that
for the energy-momentum tensor $T_{\alpha\beta}$,
$T_{\alpha\beta}k^{\alpha}k^{\beta}\ge 0$ for all null
vectors $k^{\alpha}$.  We also recall that an ordinary
Morris-Thorne wormhole can only be held open if this
condition is violated, thereby requiring exotic matter.
As noted earlier, our goal is to show that thanks to the
extra spatial dimension, the wormhole throat can be
threaded with ordinary matter, but that there is a
violation of the NEC in the fifth dimension.

To that end, we start with the four-dimensional null vector
$(1,1,0,0)$.  Continuing with our  orthonormal frame, consider
the Einstein field equations
\begin{equation}
   G_{\hat{\alpha}\hat{\beta}}=R_{\hat{\alpha}\hat{\beta}}-\frac{1}
{2}Rg_{\hat{\alpha}\hat{\beta}}=8\pi T_{\hat{\alpha}\hat{\beta}},
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
   g_{\hat{\alpha}\hat{\beta}}=
   \left(
   \begin{matrix}
   -1&0&0&0\\
   \phantom{-}0&1&0&0\\
   \phantom{-}0&0&1&0\\
   \phantom{-}0&0&0&1
   \end{matrix}
   \right).
\end{equation}
As before, $T_{00}=\rho$ is the energy density and
$T_{11}=p_r$ is the radial pressure, but instead of
$\rho+p_r$, we need to consider the more general form
\begin{equation}\label{E:exotic}
   8\pi T_{\alpha\beta}k^{\alpha}k^{\beta}=G_{00}
   +G_{11}+2G_{01}=\left[R_{00}-\frac{1}{2}R(-1)\right]+
   \left[R_{11}-\frac{1}{2}R(1)\right]
   +2\left[R_{01}-\frac{1}{2}R(0)\right]
   =R_{00}+R_{11}+2R_{01}.
\end{equation}
Since we are primarily interested in the vicinity of the
throat, we assume that $1-b(r_0)/r_0=0$.  So by Eq.
(\ref{E:R01}), $R_{01}=0$ at the throat and we are back
to the original $\rho +p_r$.  So from Eqs. (\ref{E:R00})
and (\ref{E:R11}), we have
\begin{multline}\label{E:NEC}
   8\pi(\rho +p_r)|_{r=r_0}=\frac{b'(r_0)-1}{r_0^2}\
   \left[1+\frac{r_0}{2}\frac{\partial\mu(r_0,l,t)}{\partial r}
   \right]+\frac{\partial^2\Phi(r_0,l)}{\partial l^2}
   e^{-2\mu(r_0,l,t)}-\frac{\partial\Phi(r_0,l)}{\partial l}
   \frac{\partial\mu(r_0,l,t)}{\partial l}e^{-2\mu(r_0,l,t)}\\
   +\left(\frac{\partial\Phi(r_0,l)}{\partial l}\right)^2
   e^{-2\mu(r_0,l,t)}-e^{-2\Phi(r_0,l)}
   \frac{\partial^2\mu(r_0,l,t)}{\partial t^2}
   -e^{-2\Phi(r_0,l)}\left(\frac{\partial\mu(r_0,l,t)}
   {\partial t}\right)^2.
\end{multline}

To make the analysis tractable, let us assume for now that
our wormhole is time independent; so it is convenient to use
the notation $\mu =\mu(r_0,l)$.  (The time-dependence is
highly significant, however.)  If, in addition, $\Phi$ is
independent of $l$, then Eq. (\ref{E:NEC}) becomes
\begin{equation}
  8\pi(\rho +p_r)|_{r=r_0}=\frac{b'(r_0)-1}{r_0^2}
  \left[1+\frac{r_0}{2}\frac{\partial\mu(r_0,l)}{\partial r}
  \right],
\end{equation}
which is the condition discussed in Ref. \cite{pK18} and leads
to the conclusion (since $b'(r_0)<1$) that
\begin{equation*}
  \rho+p_r>0 \quad  \text{at} \quad r=r_0
\end{equation*}
provided that
\begin{equation}\label{E:condition1}
   \frac{\partial\mu(r_0,l)}{\partial r}<-\frac{2}{r_0}.
\end{equation}
The $l$-dependent terms in Eq. ({\ref{E:NEC}) could strengthen
the conclusion if
\begin{equation}\label{E:ldependent}
   \frac{\partial^2\Phi(r_0,l)}{\partial l^2}>0 \quad
   \text{and} \quad \frac{\partial\Phi(r_0,l)}{\partial l}
   <0.
   \end{equation}

Since Condition (\ref{E:ldependent}) depends on $l$, it may
have little practical significance.  However, the assumption
that $\Phi$ is a function of both $r$ and $l$ will be needed
below when discussing the energy violation in the fifth
dimension.  To that end, let us return to Inequality
(\ref{E:condition1}) in conjunction with the null vector
$(1,0,0,0,1)$.  Assuming that the Einstein field equations
hold in the five-dimensional space, we now get
\begin{equation}
   8\pi T_{\alpha\beta}k^{\alpha}k^{\beta}=G_{00}
   +G_{44}+2G_{04}=\left[R_{00}-\frac{1}{2}R(-1)\right]+
   \left[R_{44}-\frac{1}{2}R(1)\right]
   +2\left[R_{04}-\frac{1}{2}R(0)\right]
   =R_{00}+R_{44}+2R_{04}.
\end{equation}
While $g_{04}=0$ due to the spherical symmetry, observe
that by Eq. (\ref{E:R04}), $R_{04}$ is also equal to zero
since $\partial b/\partial l=0$.  Still assuming time
independence, the condition $1-b(r_0)/r_0=0$ then yields
 \begin{equation}\label{E:condition2}
   8\pi (\rho +p_r)|_{r=r_0}=
    \frac{1}{2}\frac{b'(r_0)-1}{r_0}\left[
    -\frac{d\Phi(r_0,l)}{dr}+\frac{\partial\mu(r_0,l)}
    {\partial r}\right].
\end{equation}
Inequality (\ref{E:condition1}),
$\partial\mu(r_0,l)/\partial r<-2/r_0$, implies that the
second factor on the right-hand side of
Eq. (\ref{E:condition2}) is positive if
\begin{equation}\label{E:condition3}
   \frac{d\Phi(r_0,l)}{\partial r}<-\frac{2}{r_0},
\end{equation}
which is similar to Inequality (\ref{E:condition1}).

\emph{Remark:} One physical consequence of the NEC is
that it forces the local energy density to be positive.
Also, in the four-dimensional case, the NEC must be
satisfied for all null vectors if the throat is to be
threaded with ordinary matter.  That these requirements
are met has already been shown in Ref. \cite{pK18} and
need not be repeated here.

\section{The violation of the NEC in the fifth dimension}

In this section we are going to show that a violation of
the NEC in the fifth dimension is indeed unavoidable.
First observe that if Inequality (\ref{E:condition3})
could be established independently, then the previous
condition, Inequality (\ref{E:condition1}), implies
that $G_{00}+G_{44}+2G_{04}=8\pi (\rho +p_r)|_{r=r_0}$
is negative at the throat by Eq. (\ref{E:condition2}).
To that end, let us consider line element (\ref{E:L4})
with $b=b(r)$ and having the opposite signature (and
still assuming time independence):
\begin{equation}
  ds^2=e^{2\Phi(r,l)}dt^2-\frac{dr^2}{1-b(r)/r}-r^2
  (d\theta^2+\text{sin}^2\theta\,d\phi^2)\\-e^{2\mu(r,l,)}dl^2.
\end{equation}
Because of the symmetry, this would merely change the labels,
making $\mu(r,l)$ the redshift function.  However, since we are
using the orthonormal basis in Se. \ref{S:solution}, the
calculations are not affected.  In particular, Inequality
(\ref{E:condition1}) remains the same.  So the redshift
function meets the condition in Inequality (\ref{E:condition3}),
which was to be shown.  So the violation of the NEC in the
fifth dimension is indeed unavoidable.

\section{The size of the extra dimension and the time-dependence}
Returning to line element (\ref{E:L4}), it is interesting to note
that apart from the exponential functions, neither $\Phi$ nor
$\mu$ appear in the components of the Riemann curvature tensor,
but only the derivatives, thereby allowing $\mu$ to be any size.

Now observe that in Eq. (\ref{E:NEC}), the time-dependent
terms in the expression for $8\pi (\rho +p_r)$ can be written in
the form
\begin{equation}\label{E:H}
   H=-e^{-2\Phi(r_0,l)}\left[\frac{\partial^2\mu(r_0,l,t)}{\partial t^2}
   +\left(\frac{\partial\mu(r_0,l,t)}{\partial t}\right)^2\right].
\end{equation}
Suppose that $|\mu(r,l,t)|$ is relatively small.  Then Eq. (\ref{E:H})
may lead to an interesting interpretation: being confined to a small
range of values and changing with time, $\mu(r,l,t)$ could undergo a
slow oscillation, as shown in FIG. 1.  Then $H$ in Eq. (\ref{E:H})
\begin{figure}[tbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{time.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{A possible form of $u(r,l,t)$ as a function of time
if $\mu$ is confined to a small range.}
\end{figure}
is positive near any peak, where $\partial^2\mu(r,l,t)/
\partial t^2<0$ and $\partial\mu(r,l,t)/\partial t$ is
close to zero (with $r$ and $l$ held fixed).  This behavior
could greatly increase $8\pi (\rho +p_r)$ during certain
periods but it could also have the opposite effect.  Recall
that similar comments apply to the dependence of
$\Phi$ on $l$, as a consequence of Condition
(\ref{E:ldependent}).  There is one final observation
concerning the size of $\mu(r,l,t)$: if $\mu(r,l,t)$ is
negative and large in absolute value, then
$e^{2\mu(r,l,t)}$ is necessarily small and may
even be curled up.

\section{Conclusion}
An earlier paper by the author \cite{pK18} assumes that $\Phi$,
$b$, and $\mu$ are functions of the radial coordinate $r$ only.
In this paper we extend this model by assuming that $\Phi$,
$b$, and $\mu$ are functions of both $r$ and $l$ and that, in
addition, $\mu$ is time dependent.  It is shown that an
unrestricted dependence on the fifth dimension could lead
to a curvature singularity at the throat, forcing $b$ to be
a function of $r$ only.  The main goal is to determine  the
conditions under which the NEC is met in the four-dimensional
setting, thereby allowing the throat of the wormhole to be
threaded with ordinary matter.  The same conditions lead to
a violation of the NEC in the fifth dimension.  This
violation turns out to be unavoidable and is a critical
factor in sustaining the wormhole structure.

The dependence of $\Phi$ on $l$ may either help or hinder the
ability to use ordinary matter.  The same is true for the
dependence of $\mu$ on $t$.  Finally, there is no restriction
on the size of $\mu$.  So if $\mu$ is negative and large in
absolute value, the extra dimension would be extremely small
and may even be curled up,

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Checking back after a long hiatus, looking for new sequences to break!
Hi everyone! It's been a while since I've been involved with the sequence breaking scene, but I have some fond memories from when Prime, Fusion and Zero Mission were still fresh. I don't have any of my old games (moving to Europe means giving up a lot of stuff, especially for a girl just out of college), but the memories are still with me.
I'm not sure if any of you remember me (I was a very minor contributor, especially by the standards of Banks, Kip and Trebor), but I helped develop some bomb jumping tricks in Prime. There are a few early item packs I made videos for in Zero Mission, and some very clever sequence breakers found a use for my shinespark trick in Fusion.
What are you guys up to now? Are there any games you'd recommend for getting back into the sequence breaking spirit? Other M was...disappointing. In a lot of ways. It almost seems like we won't be getting any new entries in the franchise, and at this point I'm not intending to get a Wii U.
Platinum Games has been rather good to me, lately. Okami and Bayonetta were fantastic, and I'm looking forward to trying Vanquish. They've just left me feeling a bit constrained by tight storylines, and I want to get some exploration in. The Metroid spirit is a tough thing to satisfy!
Nice seeing all of you again. I hope I'm wrong and we get a sequel soon!
Hi everyone! It's been a while since I've been involved with the sequence breaking scene, but I have some fond memories from when Prime, Fusion and Zero Mission were still fresh. I don't have any of my old games (moving to Europe means giving up a lot of stuff, especially for a girl just out of college), but the memories are still with me. I'm not sure if any of you remember me (I was a very minor contributor, especially by the standards of Banks, Kip and Trebor), but I helped develop some bomb jumping tricks in Prime. There are a few early item packs I made videos for in Zero Mission, and some very clever sequence breakers found a use for my shinespark trick in Fusion. What are you guys up to now? Are there any games you'd recommend for getting back into the sequence breaking spirit? Other M was...disappointing. In a lot of ways. It almost seems like we won't be getting any new entries in the franchise, and at this point I'm not intending to get a Wii U. Platinum Games has been rather good to me, lately. Okami and Bayonetta were fantastic, and I'm looking forward to trying Vanquish. They've just left me feeling a bit constrained by tight storylines, and I want to get some exploration in. The Metroid spirit is a tough thing to satisfy! Nice seeing all of you again. I hope I'm wrong and we get a sequel soon!
i wouldn't say any "sequence breakers" found a use for your shinespark jump in fusion, but it is quite useful in tas.
i guess two big things that have happened are miles getting 0:56 ss in prime and me getting 0% in fusion on console. otherwise prime and echoes are way more broken than they used to be.
i wouldn't say any "sequence breakers" found a use for your shinespark jump in fusion, but it is quite useful in tas. i guess two big things that have happened are miles getting 0:56 ss in prime and me getting 0% in fusion on console. otherwise prime and echoes are way more broken than they used to be.
Whoa, it's Corollax! I'm pretty sure I arrived on the scene after your time, but I've often seen your screen name mentioned in association with your Fusion shinespark trick.
Anyhow, I can tell you that Zero Mission any% hasn't changed much, besides getting faster. (We get a third super missile tank before Tourian in Ridley first runs now, otherwise I think it's the same.) On the other hand, the ZM 100% route has had a major overhaul since last March. I think the single most exciting difference is that we now skip the acid worm via horizontal bomb jump, and then return to fight the acid worm during cleanup. In the last seven months, the single segment 100% record has dropped from 53:56 to 50:58 (and sub 50 is console feasible, but perhaps best left for a segmented run).
Fusion 100% also saw some changes, though I'm not knowledgeable enough to talk about them. The most exciting thing is probably 0% on console. After BioSpark got it, both samthedigital and I also managed to do the Bob skip. To my knowledge, the Bob skip has now been done 15 times on console, and two 0% single segment runs have been completed.
While I'm talking about Fusion, I should mention that I want to use the shinespark jump in some serious runs, although I'll likely only do it in pause buffer runs because I'm otherwise really inconsistent at it.
As for games I'd recommend to you for sequence breaking... I can't really think of much outside the Metroid series. If you're looking to speedrun, then I might recommend ZM 100%, because we now have many fast 100% routes and runners. Barring that, you might consider getting into Super, since the Super speedrunning community on speedrunslive is very active. If you really just want to sequence break a game at a leisurely pace, then... well, I guess there are a lot of Super hacks out there now (my personal recommendation is Metroid Super ZeroMission).
Whoa, it's Corollax! I'm pretty sure I arrived on the scene after your time, but I've often seen your screen name mentioned in association with your Fusion shinespark trick. Anyhow, I can tell you that Zero Mission any% hasn't changed much, besides getting faster. (We get a third super missile tank before Tourian in Ridley first runs now, otherwise I think it's the same.) On the other hand, the ZM 100% route has had a major overhaul since last March. I think the single most exciting difference is that we now skip the acid worm via horizontal bomb jump, and then return to fight the acid worm during cleanup. In the last seven months, the single segment 100% record has dropped from 53:56 to 50:58 (and sub 50 is console feasible, but perhaps best left for a segmented run). Fusion 100% also saw some changes, though I'm not knowledgeable enough to talk about them. The most exciting thing is probably 0% on console. After BioSpark got it, both samthedigital and I also managed to do the Bob skip. To my knowledge, the Bob skip has now been done 15 times on console, and two 0% single segment runs have been completed. While I'm talking about Fusion, I should mention that I want to use the shinespark jump in some serious runs, although I'll likely only do it in pause buffer runs because I'm otherwise really inconsistent at it. As for games I'd recommend to you for sequence breaking... I can't really think of much outside the Metroid series. If you're looking to speedrun, then I might recommend ZM 100%, because we now have many fast 100% routes and runners. Barring that, you might consider getting into Super, since the Super speedrunning community on speedrunslive is very active. If you really just want to sequence break a game at a leisurely pace, then... well, I guess there are a lot of Super hacks out there now (my personal recommendation is Metroid Super ZeroMission).
Spidey what do you mean by buffered run? are you actually planning on doing a run saturated with buffered idealizations or just use the tough buffers that save only large portions of time.
There've also been a lot of route changes in MZM and Fusion 100% for the most part so you should check those out!
JamJam: I want to try the former, but if I'm lazy I may just go for the big time savers. I want to try doing reverse ice missiles with shinespark jumps, and I'd really like to then get out of ARC via an infinite wall jump. Any kind of infinite bomb jumping would probably be a bit too intense for me though.
reverse ice is still not worth it imo. even getting the sector 3 one like 60-70% of the time I'm still not gonna bother with it just because of how little times it gains and risky it is. dunno if their are any other big time savers I know of that use buffering, other than me and sams method for skipping the sax. also if you could somehow get the infinite wall jump with buffering that would be really crazy.
Wow, nice! There've been a lot of incremental improvements since I've been away. And it seems the forums are still active, too. I'll definitely check out those videos you linked. I can't wait to see which route people finally settled on for Zero Mission.
And I just barely caught the Item Loss Skip in Echoes, but never really saw the consequences of it. While I enjoyed Echoes, it never held the same charm for me that Prime 1 did. Maybe it was because the areas were so...segregated. In Prime, it felt like you could go through a door and end up almost anywhere. The transition from Magmoor Caverns to Phendrana was nothing short of stunning, and it still leaves an impression today. Echoes seemed almost subdued in comparison, even when you weren't seeing everything through the purple filter of the Dark World. Despite having such a disconnect, the areas struggled to create their own unique feel.
I also REALLY recommend watching miles's 1:03 in mp2 any% single segment. He hasn't worked on it seriously lately, so he can improve it by a lot; he'll get back to it eventually.
Metroid 2002 Forum Index -> Metroid Gaming -> General Metroid -> Checking back after a long hiatus, looking for new sequences to break!


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> and jump to Tag 4, is there some way to access Tag 1?
> to the previously viewed Tag.
It might be fun to revive his code.
P.S.  Please cc: me for a faster response.
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Cooperation in and linking of science, education, business sector and society has become a necessity in the ever more competitive and globalized world. The university has long ago started the tradition of knowledge creation and transfer to students through education. The students then transfer this knowledge through (self) employment to working environments and make use of it. However, the university is not the only creator of knowledge; knowledge is a product of working processes as well. Therefore it is the goal of the University of Ljubljana to accelerate the knowledge transfer with strengthening the development of research and with providing our graduates with skills and competences for independent career paths. It is our goal to strengthen the links between education, research, business and society already during the study process. The result is this web-site where our Member faculties and academies present their activities with the opportunities for cooperation in knowledge transfer between business and public sector, students and researchers.
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text:
Ablution • Cleanse • Cleansing • Lustration • Purifications • Spiritual Cleansing • Spiritual Purification
Smith's Bible Dictionary
Purification, in its legal and technical sense, is applied to the ritual observances whereby an Israelite was formally absolved from the taint of uncleanness. The essence of purification, in all cases, consisted in the use of water, whether by way of ablution or aspersion; but in the majora delicta of
Easton's Bible Dictionary
Purification—the process by which a person unclean, according to the Levitical law, and thereby cut off from the sanctuary and the festivals, was restored to the enjoyment of all these privileges.The great annual purification of the people was on the Day of Atonement (q.v.).But in the details of daily
Nelson's New Illustrated Bible Dictionary
PURIFICATION — the act of making clean and pure before God and people. The Mosaic Law provided instructions for both physical and spiritual purification. These laws and regulations were much more than sanitary instructions. The act of purification also involved religious and spiritual cleansing.The
Dictionary of Biblical Imagery
CleansingThe biblical imagery of cleansing extends well beyond the approximately seventy-five appearances of the word in English translations. The context for this important biblical image is a complex portrayal of what is clean and unclean. To appreciate the image we must rid ourselves of many of our
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
CLEANSE<klenz>: "Make clean," "purify" being a frequent rendering of the original. It is found often (American Revised Version) instead of "purge," "purify" (the King James Version), renders nearly the same roots, and has the same overlapping phases, as "clean."
A Catholic Dictionary
purification, as distinct from ablution, is the pouring of wine into the chalice after the priest's communion, the wine being drunk by the priest. This purification is not of ancient date. "Liturgical writers," says Le Brun ("Explication de la Messe," P. v. a. 9, § 3), "down to the treatise on the mysteries
Ecclesiastical Dictionary: Containing, in Concise Form, Information upon Ecclesiastical, Biblical, Archæological, and Historical Subjects
Purification:—The Purification of the Hebrews was the means employed for eradicating a legal impurity, that placed an obstacle on civil life, and even on family life, because the one who had contracted it ceased to be capable of communication with others. There were more cases of legal impurity for the
Purification (Feast of the).—A feast observed in the Catholic Church on February 2d, in commemoration of the purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary, according to the Jewish ceremonial, forty days after the birth of Christ. Also called Candlemas (which see).
The Westminster Bible Dictionary
Pu-ri-fi-caʹtion. In its legal and technical sense this word is applied to the ritual observances whereby the Israelite was formally absolved from the taint of uncleanness. The essence of purification in all cases consisted in the use of water, whether by ablution or aspersion; but in the higher forms
A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels: Aaron–Zion
PURIFICATION (1. καθαρισμός: of washings before and after meals, Jn 2:6; of baptism, a symbol of moral cleansing, 3:25; of the Levitical purification of women after childbirth, Lk 2:22; of cleansing of lepers, Mk 1:44, Lk 5:14. 2. βαπτισμός: of cleansing of vessels, Mk 7:8).—From the time of the Exile
Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary
Purity, Purification
PURITY, PURIFICATION State of being or process of becoming free of inferior elements or ritual uncleanness. A basic goal of religion is to attain purity before the deity.Old TestamentFlawless The primary Hebrew root word for pure (tahar) often refers to pure or flawless gold (1 Kings 10:21; Job 28:19;
Holman Treasury of Key Bible Words: 200 Greek and 200 Hebrew Words Defined and Explained
CleanseHebrew expression: taherPronunciation: taw HAYRStrong's Number: 2891Key VersesLeviticus 13:6; 2 Chronicles 29:15–16; Ezra 6:20; Psalm 51:7Two great kings in Judah, Hezekiah and Josiah, set out to "cleanse" God's Temple during their respective reigns. Ezra used the Hebrew word taher in
Key passages
Jdt 4:2–3
Thus they were very exceedingly afraid because of his presence, and they were disturbed for Jerusalem and the temple of the Lord their God. For they had recently returned from the captivity, and just now all the people of Judah had gathered together, and the vessels, the altar, and the temple …
Jdt 16:18
When they came to Jerusalem, they worshiped God. And when the people were purified, they brought their burnt offerings and their freewill offerings and gifts.
1 Mac 4:36–54
But Judas and his brothers said, "Look, our enemies are broken. We should go up to cleanse the holy place and to dedicate it." And the entire army assembled and went up to Mount Zion. And they saw our sanctuary stripped bare and the altar profaned …
1 Mac 13:47–48
And Simon made an agreement with them, and he did not fight them, and he moved them out from the city and cleansed the houses in which there were idols. And this is how he entered into it: with hymns and praises. And he removed from it all impurity and settled in it men who do the law, and he …
1 Mac 13:50
And they cried out to Simon to receive his right hand. And he gave it to them, and he removed them from there and cleansed the citadel from the defilement.
Jos 3:5; Jos 7:10–15; Jos 7:24–25; Eze 44:26–27; Eze 45:18–20; 2 Mac 10:1–8; 2 Mac 12:38; Lk 2:22; Jn 3:25; Jn 11:55;
Topics & Themes
God instructs Moses and Aaron about purification