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Asia Energy Transition Conference from S&P Global Platts (2023)
Speakers S&P Global Commodity Insights Speakers
Richard Meyer
Vice President, Energy Markets, Analysis and Standards, American Gas Association
Richard Meyer serves as Vice President of Energy Markets, Analysis, and Standards at the American Gas Association, which represents more than 200 local energy companies that deliver natural gas throughout the United States.
Richard is responsible for overseeing AGA's energy markets, analysis, and codes and standards activities that support the association's outreach to advance awareness of the vital role that natural gas utilities serve in meeting the needs of a clean energy economy.
In his tenth year at AGA, Mr. Meyer's work relates to natural gas supply and demand fundamentals, gas end-use economics, greenhouse gas emissions including methane topics, climate change policy, renewable gases, energy efficiency, and distributed generation technologies like combined heat and power, reliability and resilience, and innovation including advanced gas production and end-use technologies.
Before AGA, Mr. Meyer was a Senior Associate with ICF International in its Fuels and Technology group. He worked on a range of natural gas and propane market modeling, analyses, and climate-related projects. He has an M.A. in Global Environmental Politics from American University and an M.S. in Physics from California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo, California.
Richard serves on the Business Council for Sustainable Energy Board of Directors and Council of the National Capital Area Chapter of the United States Association of Energy Economics.
Richard and his wife Samantha, with their son Rex, live in Washington DC.
Fergus Eley
Head of Maritime Enterprise, Maritime & Supply Chain Excellence, BHP
Fergus Eley is the Head of Maritime Enterprise at BHP and is passionate about delivering decarbonization, technology, and commercial solutions to improve global supply chains. Seafarers continue to play an integral role in keeping the global economy running – building health, safety, and well-being of all front-line workers is at the forefront of this work. BHP moves cargo along its commodity supply chain using bulk, break-bulk, wet, and containerized freight and plays a leading role in decarbonizing the maritime industry while driving safe and efficient business solutions.
Dhruba Purkayastha
India Director & USICEF Director, Climate Policy Initiative
Dhruba Purkayastha is CPI's India Director, where he leads and guides the Delhi team in developing innovative finance and policy solutions in support of the renewable energy and green growth plans of the Government of India. Dhruba is also the Director of US-India Clean Energy Finance (USICEF), for which CPI serves as the Program Manager. USICEF is India's first project preparation facility to scale up distributed renewable energy businesses and drive long-term debt financing from OPIC and other international financial institutions.
Dhruba comes with over 20 years of experience and his expertise lies in management consulting, investment banking, credit rating and international development financing in Asian countries. In addition to his role at CPI, he is a guest faculty at leading business schools in India. Dhruba also advices a wide range of government and public sector institutions banks and financial institutions, multilateral institutions, regulators in areas of policy and institutional development.
Dhruba joined CPI from International Finance Corporation (IFC) where he served as the Program Manager for Investment Climate Advisory. Prior to IFC, he worked with The World Bank as a Senior Specialist, in the South Asia Finance and Private Sector unit in lending operations for infrastructure financing and clean energy financing, public-private partnerships, SME finance, banking, and capital market reforms, private sector development – improving investment climate and competitiveness. He has also worked with ICRA Limited as a Group Head for Infrastructure and Government Consulting practices.
Dhruba is an Engineering graduate from Birla Institute of Technology (BIT), Ranchi, and a Post Graduate in Management from Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Calcutta and has a PhD from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi in Financing Infrastructure Investments in Developing Countries. He is also advising the Department of Economic Affairs in the Government of India's Ministry of Finance, on revising the approach to credit ratings for infrastructure public-private partnership (PPP) projects in India, and on setting up a credit enhancement facility in India to enable credit enhanced bonds for infrastructure PPP projects.
Dhruba regularly speaks at events and as an expert to media on financing, clean energy, infrastructure, and climate investments in developing countries.
Wandrille Doucerain
Head of Business Development (Data Centres), ENGIE South East Asia
Wandrille DOUCERAIN is Head of Business Development (Data Centres) at ENGIE South East Asia, part of the ENGIE Group, one of the largest independent power producers in the world and leader in energy efficiency services worldwide.
Wandrille oversees all data centre business activities across Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines, with a view to help customers meet their energy needs while implementing their transition towards carbon neutrality.
Prior to this appointment, Wandrille was Head of Digital Solutions & Strategic Projects at ENGIE South East Asia since September 2019, to accelerate the digital transformation of ENGIE and its customers businesses in the region through innovations and new business models which elevated the company's end to end value proposition for low-carbon energy solutions. He also played a key role in establishing ENGIE as a strategic partner for corporates and cities eager to embark on their sustainable transformation.
Wandrille joined ENGIE in 2010 and has been involved in many large M&A projects to accelerate ENGIE's portfolio transition towards low-carbon infrastructure assets. In March 2019 he relocated from ENGIE Group France to Asia.
He holds a bachelor's degree in business from NEOMA.
Neva Espinoza
Vice President, Energy Supply and Low-Carbon Resources, EPRI
Neva Espinoza is the Vice President, Energy Supply and Low-Carbon Resources at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI).
In this role she is leading a team focused on the research, development, and application of technologies for safe, reliable, and affordable power generation while supporting energy transformation in the power system. Research areas are focused on a range of energy supply technologies, including both existing and future generating assets and how they can be best leveraged in a deeply decarbonized power system. This includes the existing fossil fleet, large-scale renewable generation assets, bulk energy storage, and the production and use of low-carbon energy carriers.
In addition, Espinoza is leading the Low-Carbon Resources Initiative, in partnership with Gas Technology Institute, to accelerate development and deployment of low-carbon technologies.
Espinoza previously served as the Director of R&D for EPRI's Generation Sector. She joined EPRI in January 2012 with more than 10 years of operational and engineering experience in the power industry, across a diverse set of assets and technologies. Prior to EPRI, Espinoza served in technical and leadership positions at NRG's Arthur Kill Power Station, Exelon's Oyster Creek Power Station and Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory.
Espinoza received a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from Rutgers University and Master of Business Administration degree from Wake Forest University. She is a graduate of the U.S. Navy's Officer Nuclear Power Program and held a senior reactor operator license from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
Irtiza Sayyed
President, ExxonMobil Indonesia
Irtiza was appointed as President of ExxonMobil Indonesia in December 2020.
Irtiza joined ExxonMobil in 2006 in Houston, Texas, and has held a variety of management positions in the corporation's natural gas marketing and business development organizations with portfolios covering Americas, Europe, Russia, Caspian, Middle East and Asia Pacific. Irtiza has also held senior positions in corporate finance, strategic planning and refining.
Prior to joining ExxonMobil, he worked in industrial healthcare and banking.
Irtiza holds a degree in Engineering and an MBA.
He is married with two daughters. Irtiza enjoys spending time with family and playing golf.
Trinity Lloyd
Energy Transition and Sustainability Lead, Google
Trinity Lloyd leads the Energy Transition and Sustainability practice for Google Cloud. She is responsible for aligning Google's vast inventory of sustainability assets to the ESG priorities of the world's largest corporations. Activating an ecosystem of collaboration and innovation powered by big data, Ms. Lloyd brings industries and sectors together to tackle tough challenges, capture emerging markets, and accelerate a sustainable, resilient, and profitable future.
Prior to joining Google, Trinity spent 25 years building successful programs for top technology firms including; Dell, Cisco, and VMWare. Her work was recently cited in the Wall Street Journal and the Biden White House Sustainable Aviation Plan.
TRANSITions 2022 | CONFERENCE PROGRAMSustainable Transport Events at Global Climate Action Summit (GCAS) - SLOCATTransport and climate change: Moving forward from COP26 | 2022 Summit websiteTransportation Research Board - International Transport Forum (ITF) Pre-Summit Research Day
Richard Day
Director Strategy, Policy and Communications, Growth and Low Carbon Division, Department for Energy and Mining, Government of South Australia
Richard joined the South Australian Government in 2001 and since that time has worked across the energy, climate change, industry development and low carbon economy portfolios.
He currently heads up a Directorate within the Department of Energy and Mining that is charged with capturing the economic growth and decarbonisation opportunities associated with South Australia's clean energy transformation towards net 100% renewables, as well as sharing this story with the world.
Richard has spearheaded the development of SA's Hydrogen Roadmap, Hydrogen Action Plan, Hydrogen Export Modelling Tool, and overseen the development of the State's Electric Vehicle Action Plan. He is passionate about opportunities to further grow and attract energy intensive value-added industries to SA and is part of the Leadership Team for the Heavy Industry Low-carbon Transition Co-operative Research Centre (HILT CRC).
Luca Lo Re
Analyst, Environment and Climate Change Unit, Directorate of Sustainability, Technology and Outlooks, International Energy Agency
Luca Lo Re is a physicist working as international climate policy analyst in the Environment and Climate Change Unit at the International Energy Agency, and member of the secretariat of the OECD-IEA Climate Change Expert Group (CCXG). His work focuses on international carbon markets, Article 6 and net zero. He is the lead author of several publications in these areas, and contributing author of the IEA Net Zero by 2050 Global Roadmap Report and of the 2021 UNEP Emissions Gap Report, among others. In the past, he has worked as climate policy advisor for the World Resources Institute (WRI), EcoAct and Perspectives Climate Change.
Jeremy Stone
Non-Executive Director & Senior Advisor, J-Power Latrobe Valley
Capt. Raja Sager
Vice President, Group HSSE, MISC Group
Emmanouil Kakaras
Executive Vice President, NEXT Energy Business, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Professor Dr. Emmanouil Kakaras has been Executive Vice President NEXT Energy Business at Mitsubishi Heavy Industries EMEA since 1 April 2021.
Prior to this role, he was Senior Vice President for New Products and Energy Solutions at MHI Group company Mitsubishi Power Europe since January 2018. Up until then he served as Vice President and Head of Research & Development at Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems Europe since September 2012. His research and development activities mainly focus on flexible operation of thermal plants, on fuel cells and electrolysers, the development of large-scale energy storage and the utilization of CO2. He is a member of the Board of Directors of EU Turbines.
Professor Kakaras' academic background is on clean energy generation technologies and since December 1991 he has been Professor at the National Technical University of Athens, Greece. He has been also guest lecturer at the Universities of Warsaw and Tokyo. He participates as an external member in various working groups organized by the European Commission (CAG, Energy Committee), the Advisory Council of the Technology Platforms on Zero Emission Power Plants and on Smart Networks for Energy Transition as well as the Scientific Board of Industrial Associations (VGB, Rhein Ruhr Power, BDI). Professor Kakaras is also a member of several advisory committees of academic institutions (EASAC, Academy of Athens, EASE).
Philip Napier-Moore
Energy Sector Leader, ASEAN and East Asia, Mott MacDonald
Phil Napier-Moore is Mott MacDonald's Energy Sector Leader for ASEAN and East Asia, responsible for the Group's regional support to clients on the global energy transition.
Working across the energy value chain for 18 years, he has overseen support to multilateral agencies, national governments and diverse private companies on low-carbon power projects in 30 countries around the world, in particular within Asia and Europe.
During 2018 to 2021, was global practice leader for Mott MacDonald's work in renewable energy, to coordinate the company's global strategy, systems, tools and research work in this area – including founding of the company's Renewable Energy Academy for training the next generation of engineers supporting the energy transition, now in its fifth year.
A Chartered Engineer and Fellow of the Energy Institute, he obtained his Masters of Engineering from Oxford University.
Duncan Burt
Chief Sustainability Officer and Director for COP26, National Grid
Duncan Burt is the Chief Sustainability Officer at National Grid Group, leading the Group's engagement in decarbonisation and climate change.
Duncan was Director of Operations for the UK electricity and gas transmission grids until May 2020 when he took up the post of Director of COP26 and Responsible Business.
He has held a variety of commercial and engineering roles at National Grid. Prior to joining the company, he worked in Pharmaceuticals for GlaxoSmithKline.
National Grid is one of the largest listed utilities in the world, with operations in the UK and the US.
Howie Lee
Economist, OCBC
Howie joined OCBC Global Treasury as an Economist in January 2019. He is responsible for providing commodities insights covering both the near and medium-term horizons. As an economist, his market views have been widely sought after by both the local and international media. He has been consistently quoted by numerous media outlets, including The Straits Times, The Business Times, Channel NewsAsia, Bloomberg, Reuters and the Nikkei Asian Review.
In his seven years in the industry, Howie has gained professional experience on the buy side, sell side and the government. He began his career at local derivatives broker Phillip Futures, before moving on to agricultural commodity powerhouse Olam International, where his detailed coverage of his portfolio aided the trading desk in churning out profits for three consecutive years. Howie also had a stint with the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), where he applied his econometric expertise to conduct stress tests on the local financial sector.
Howie holds a Bachelor of Arts with Honours in Economics from the National University of Singapore and has passed Level I and II of the CFA exam.
Xander Japin
Business manager H2 import & CCUS Commercial Delivery, Port of Rotterdam
Xander Japin is working as business developer hydrogen (H2) and carbon capture and storage (ccs) at the Port of Rotterdam. He is a specialist in the establishment of cross-sectoral cooperation (public-private partnerships) and developing new business opportunity's related to the Energy Transition. He is involved in the development of a CCS supply chain in Rotterdam through Porthos and responsible for setting up an H2 import terminal strategy for the port of Rotterdam. He is experienced in international relations and familiar with politics (United Nations, European Union, Netherlands). Xander truly believes in an impact society, where organisations incorporate impact (financial and non-financial) in their decision-making processes.
Yan Chong Yaw
Director of Refinitiv Oil Research - Asia, Refinitiv
Yaw Yan Chong is the Director of Refinitiv (formerly Thomson Reuters) Oil Research & Forecasts in Asia, part of its Commodities Research division. He is also the inspiration behind the Asia Oil Flows Assessment Module, that provides fundamental assessments of cargo flows across the oil barrel to and from demand and supply regions, after having learnt the fundamentals of Supply & Demand in the more than 10 years that he has been in the oil industry, starting out as a Price Editor in Platts, being an Energy Correspondent with Reuters and also having spent some time as a Trading Analyst in Merrill Lynch.
Transport and Climate Change Week 2022: Insights & Experience from China Shared at Global Sustainable Transport Conference - SUSTAINABLE TRANSITION CHINASummit: Electrification of Transport
Vipul Tuli
South Asia CEO, Sembcorp
Vipul Tuli is the Managing Director of Sembcorp Energy India Limited (SEIL) – the Indian subsidiary of Sembcorp Group. He also heads Sembcorp's South Asia business and oversees Sembcorp's investments and key stakeholder relationships in India and Bangladesh as CEO, South Asia. He has been associated with the Sembcorp group since 2015 in various capacities, including the role of Chief Executive Officer & Country Head, India, as Managing Director of Sembcorp's thermal businesses in India, and as the Head of Group Strategy at Sembcorp Industries.
In addition to heading Sembcorp's India business, Mr. Tuli also chairs the Power Committee at FICCI.
Prior to joining Sembcorp, Vipul was a Senior Partner with McKinsey & Company and helped build and lead the Asian energy practice. Mr. Tuli's experience spans power generation, fuel management, upstream oil and gas, refining, marketing and distribution, petrochemicals and speciality chemicals. He has also advised government institutions across Asia on issues of energy policy, organisation, industry structure and regulation. He is an alumnus of IIM, Calcutta, and IIT, Delhi.
Director, Business Development APAC, South Pole
John Davis is South Pole's Commercial Director, APAC & North America. He is an expert within the financial sustainability market, with global experience ranging from Europe to New Zealand. Prior to joining South Pole, John accumulated a decade of profound experience in the environmental and energy markets at Spectron and CF Partners. John has traded with and advised participants in all global carbon markets including the EU-ETS, New Zealand, Australia and South Korea.
Margaux Moore
Head, Energy Transition Research, Trafigura
Margaux Moore is the Head of Energy Transition Research Group at Trafigura, one of the largest physical commodities trading groups in the world. In her role, she assesses the challenges and opportunities of the energy transition, focusing on the evolution of decarbonised transport, the integration of renewables and storage in power generation and the adoption of carbon capture and utilisation. This includes studying the potential of hydrogen, with the aim to develop and accelerate the commercial adoption of the molecule across the spectrum of Trafigura's activities in trading, logistics and retail fuelling.
Margaux also leads the Group's internal power ventures fund, investing in disruptive technologies and businesses in the energy transition.
She joined Trafigura in 2015 as a graduate having starting her career as a metals operator in Latin America and Singapore. She holds a BS in International Management from the Warwick Business School.
Founded in 1993, Trafigura is one of the largest physical commodities trading groups in the world. At the heart of global supply, Trafigura connects the world with the vital resources it needs. Through our Oil & Petroleum Products, Metals and Minerals, and Power and Renewables divisions, we deploy infrastructure, skills and a global network to move commodities from where they are plentiful to where they are needed most, forming strong relationships that make supply chains more efficient, secure and sustainable.
Trafigura also owns and operates a number of industrial assets including a majority share of global multi-metals producer Nyrstar and fuel storage and distribution company Puma Energy; and joint ventures Impala Terminals, a port and logistics provider, and Nala Renewables, a power and renewable energy investment and development platform. With over 1,000 shareholders, Trafigura is owned by its employees and employs over 13,000 people working in 48 countries.
Angelo Sartori
Director, Regional Outreach, Verra
As Director of Regional Outreach, Angelo is responsible for Verra's engagement with country governments to pursue the endorsement of environmental and social markets and the use of Verra's standards in order to meet their climate and development aims. Angelo also leads in influencing policy dialogues that channel finance, technology, and capacity to key stakeholders, mainly in developing countries, with a view to strengthening the role of Verra's standards.
In previous roles at Verra, Angelo was Manager for REDD+ Market Development, promoting the VCS, CCB and JNR Programs with private and public entities. Most recently, Angelo held the position of Director for Latin America and the Caribbean, promoting the use of standards and programs administered by Verra in the region.
Prior to joining Verra, Angelo worked from 2003 to 2018 for the National Forestry Corporation (CONAF) of the Chilean Ministry of Agriculture as Head of the Climate Change and Environmental Services Unit. In this capacity, he assumed the role of National Focal Point of REDD+ within the UNFCCC, and served as the official counterpart to initiatives such as FCPF, UN-REDD, COSUDE, GEF and GCF, among others. He also led the formulation and implementation of the National Strategy for Climate Change and Vegetational Resources of the Chilean government.
Additionally, Angelo spent parts of his career as a university professor, teaching classes in sustainability and climate change matters, and as an evaluator of national and international projects.
Angelo is a Forest Engineer from the Universidad Santo Tomás, Chile, with a Diploma and Master's Degree in Business and Administration (MBA) in Sustainable Management, from the University of Lüneburg, Germany.
Eddie Listorti
CEO, Viridios Capital
Eddie has 25 years of financial markets executive experience across multiple asset classes ranging from fixed income, currencies, and commodities, including carbon trading. Formerly the Global Head of Fixed Income, Currencies and Commodities at both ANZ Bank and Dresdner Kleinwort, the investment banking division of Allianz, and responsible for managing teams comprised of over 2000 staff, he has an exemplary track record in risk management, identifying value opportunities & building high performance teams. Eddie is also a former board director of Carbon Trading, a joint venture initiative of Dresdner and Gazprom, former committee member of Singapore Foreign Exchange Committee (SFEMC), and former member of the board of SIFMA (The Securities and Financial Markets Association) in London.
Ben Stuart
Chief Commercial Officer, Xpansiv
Ben has over 14 years' experience in environmental and water markets and is currently the Chief Commercial Officer at Xpansiv/CBL. He was part of the joint government initiative that established Australian water exchange H2OX. Prior to CBL, Ben was a broker for Tullett Prebon in London for the EU ETS and the UK Power Markets.
Sanjay Verma
Director Decarbonization Solutions, Asia, Wartsila
Sanjay started his shipping career in 1981 as a Marine Engineer and served on board merchant vessels for over 14 years. He later served as a ship and industrial surveyor with Lloyds Register.
Sanjay has been with Wartsila for over 20 years and has held various management positions in sales and business development. He is presently stationed in Singapore.
In his role as Director – Decarbonization Solutions at Wartsila Singapore, he is responsible for Market Innovation and developing sustainable shipping solutions.
Sanjay believes that the time to wait and watch the plant being destroyed is over. We have to act, become advocates and start making choices which are kinder to people and the planet.
He is also passionate about traveling and has travelled to more than 125 countries so far.
S&P Global Commodity Insights Speakers
Anastasia Zania
Freight Analyst, S&P Global Commodity Insights
Anastasia joined S&P Global Commodity Insights in 2021 as a Freight Analyst. Prior to joining S&P Global Anastasia spent six years analysing the crude and products tanker markets as a Tanker Analyst at Howe Robinson Partners and Galbraiths. She has also completed a number of shipping related internships ranging from chartering and operations to shipping equity analysis at Halkidon Shipping Corporation, Navios Shipmanagement and Axia Ventures Group. Anastasia holds an MSc in International Shipping and Finance from ICMA Centre, University of Reading and a BSc in Economics from the University of Sussex.
Andrew Scorer
Freight Analytics Manager, S&P Global Commodity Insights
Calvin Lee
Head of Asia Content, S&P Global Commodity Insights
Ciaran Roe
Global Director – LNG, S&P Global Commodity Insights
Mendo Kundevski
Director – Energy Transition, S&P Global Commodity Insights
Mendo Kundevski is an energy transition director for S&P Global Community Insights based in Melbourne. He complements S&P's global teams with nearly two decades' experience leading climate change and energy transition projects, especially on new opportunities such as hydrogen, renewables and bioenergy.
Mendo has several executive roels as a strategy consultant as well as policy and research positions. He was also a senior energy advisor to the Victorian State Government. From 2004-2008, he served as a councillor for the Melbourne municipality, City of Darebin, leading the sustainability, climate change, finance and economic portfolios.
Mendo has a Bachelor of International Relations (First Class Honors) from the University of Melbourne. As a United States expert, his honors' thesis explored US climate policy and politics.
Mriganka Jaipuriyar
Head of News, Asia,S&P Global Commodity Insights
Pradeep Rajan
Senior Managing Editor, Asia Freight, S&P Global Commodity Insights
Roman Kramarchuk
Head of Future Energy Outlooks, S&P Global Commodity Insights
Suresh Sivanandam
Sales Director – Energy Transition, S&P Global Commodity Insights
Suresh is the Energy Transition Sales Director for Asia, based in Singapore. He has close to two decades of experience in the Energy sector having worked both in oil & gas industry as well as a knowledge provider.
Prior to joining S&P Global Platts in July 2021, Suresh was with PetroChina Singapore in its Strategy and Market Research team. Has also spent close to 10 years at Wood Mackenzie, where he led the Asian refining research analytics, providing key insights and views on oil markets and refining industry to international clients. Suresh has a Masters Degree in Chemical Engineering from the National University of Singapore.
Vandana Sebastian
Analyst, Energy Transition Pricing, S&P Global Commodity Insights
Edad de los Metales - Información, inicio, etapas, características
Cultura material medieval - La Cerámica - Evolución cronológica - Edad del Cobre y Bronce
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Das Castello di Mancapane, auch Castello di Manchapan genannt, ist eine abgegangene mittelalterliche Niederungsburg in der Nähe der Pieve di San Prospero in Collecchio in der italienischen Region Emilia-Romagna.

Geschichte
Die Burg wurde Anfang des 13. Jahrhunderts auf der Anhöhe von Collecchio errichtet, vermutlich im Auftrag der Rossis. Bereits im 11. Jahrhundert könnte an dieser Stelle eine Burg gestanden haben, noch vor dem sogenannten "Castello di Collecchio", dem befestigten Grafenpalast, der an der Stelle der heutigen Villa Paveri Fontana stand und den Bischöfen von Parma, Lehensherren der Gegend ab dem 10. Jahrhundert, gehörte.

Dennoch stammt das erste sichere Zeugnis von der Existenz einer Burg an dieser Stelle erst aus dem Jahre 1303, als die Rossis, die aus Parma vertrieben worden waren, dort Zuflucht fanden und dort auch den Angriff auf die Stadt ausheckten. Zwei Jahre später kam ihnen Giberto III. da Correggio, der Herr von Parma, zuvor, da er ihre Pläne verstanden hatte, und griff die Burg an, die während der bitteren Gefechte zusammen mit einem guten Teil der benachbarten Siedlung Collecchio zerstört wurde.

Einige Jahre später war in der teilweise wiederhergestellten Burg der Sage nach Dante Alighieri während seines Umzugs von Lunigiana nach Verona für eine Nacht zu Gast. Trotz der Versuche, ihn bestens zu bedienen, seien die Eigentümer nicht imstande gewesen, ihm während des Essens Brot zu reichen, und so habe der Dichter die Burg in "Castello di Mancapane" (im Dialekt der Gegend: "Castello di Manchapan"; dt.: Burg, auf der Brot fehlt) umbenannt.

1443 wurde Annibale I. Bentivoglio, als er nach der gewagten Befreiung des Castello di Varano floh, von der Garnison der Burg von Collecchio mit einem frischen Pferd versorgt.

1680 war die Burg noch bewohnt, wie durch eine notarielle Urkunde belegt ist, und 1832 standen die Reste der Burg noch, die der Familie Nicelli gehörten.

Im Zweiten Weltkrieg war in den Ruinen das Ortskommando der Deutschen Wehrmacht untergebracht. Aus diesem Grunde wurden die Ruinen der Burg von den Alliierten fast vollständig zerstört.

Die letzten Überreste des Castello di Mancapane wurden vernichtet, als 1963 anstelle der alten Burg ein neues Wohnviertel errichtet wurde.

Einzelnachweise

Quellen
 Infoturismo – GuidaPiù. Gruppo GuidaPiù, Reggio nell'Emilia 2007. Band: Collecchio.
 Tiziano Marcheselli: Collecchio di una volta. Gazzetta di Parma, Parma 2008.

Erbaut im 13. Jahrhundert
Mancapane, Castello di
Mancapane (Collecchio), Castello di
Collecchio

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


four. Messengers and the generally affectionately referred to 'gophers' in a business environment are usually given use of an organization automobile, though primarily solely during work-hours. Whereas parking in NJ is almost definitely free and traveling to and from your website improvement firm's workplace will likely be a more simple job.
Choose a administration instrument like Microsoft Project to help create and plan for deadlines, whereas organizing and monitoring duties related to the new division. Some fashionable companies that you must think about when searching for out a provider are Content material Administration, e-Commerce, Social Networking, Search Engine Optimization (SEARCH ENGINE OPTIMISATION), and e-Advertising.


"I do not ask You to take them out of the world, but to keep them from the evil one" (John 17:15).
In the struggle against principalities and powers many within the church become fearful and insular; they entrench, dig in; embracing a timid defensive posture. It is a response Jesus never intended from his church. Fear is best faced in the field of battle not in the sanctuary of cowardice. The church is on the offensive; fueled by a Great Commission that has deemed the world as our field.
"Beloved, you are acting faithfully in whatever you accomplish for the brethren, and especially when they are strangers" (3 John 1:6).
Acting for the benefit of those with whom we are familiar and have a relationship is normal and even expected. The life and teachings of Jesus, however, as well as the inspired writings of the apostles, indicate that a greater degree of faithfulness is revealed in our actions towards those who are strangers; those outside our normal context of association. How long and often must we hear it to know that true faithfulness isn't our perfunctory religious performances but our practices toward others.
"Be angry, and yet do not sin; do not let the sun go down on your anger" (Ephesians 4:26).
Though each word is translated as "anger" the apostle, Paul, uses three unique and distinctive Greek words in chapter 4 (see verse 26 and 31) to help us better understand the nuances of anger. Two of these are to be avoided and one diligently pursued. Verse 31 speaks of a raging anger associated with losing one's temper. This stands in contrast to the repressed anger of verse 26 that stews and simmers beneath the surface and keeps you up at night. The one required of us in verse 26 is a righteous anger. What separates this from the other two forms of anger is that righteous indignation is always directed at an injustice and never a person.
"Finally, be strong in the Lord and in the strength of His might" (Ephesians 6:10).
The duration of any physically demanding task is dependent upon ones's endurance. When strength fails, performance falters. In the life of faith, however, our strength is from the Lord. In fact, as followers of Christ, it is only when human strength has failed that the strength of the Lord can flourish. Sometimes the first enemy to be faced in a battle is ourselves.
Because we are so consumed with the benefits of a particular product, we fail to heed the warnings that are often associated with its use. Such is the life of faith. While everyone is interested in eternal life few give consideration to the cost of discipleship. Jesus gives ample warning that following him is no walk in the park; that because, as his followers, we are not rooted in this world we will be hated. Remember that the symbol of our faith isn't a feather-bed but a cross.
"When I pondered to understand this, it was troublesome in my sight until I came into the sanctuary of God; then I perceived their end" (Psalm 73:16-17).
A sanctuary offers what a theater, coliseum, auditorium, or civic center cannot. Living as salt and light isn't all spice and bright lights. Seeking to glorify the Father in a world hostile to the things of God is spiritually, emotionally, and physically draining; creating confusion and conflict. What we need in order to recover, recharge, regroup, and refocus isn't another event to be attended, in the hope that we might entertained, but a sanctuary where common minds worshipping a common Savior find refuge, rest, and renewal.
"One who is gracious to a poor man lends to the Lord" (Proverbs 19:17).


Local news and updates from the Chairman of Avon and Somerset Police Federation.
Following our response yesterday to the Court of Appeal's ruling in the judges' and firefighters' cases, and having had the opportunity to digest the ruling in full, National Secretary Alex Duncan said: "The judgement handed down yesterday is both lengthy and complex, but nonetheless, a positive outcome for those engaged in the process. The difficulty is determining what a positive outcome means for our members and those officers engaged with Leigh Day solicitors.
"Furthermore, within the ruling, there is reference made to other rulings which have been decided upon since we obtained our initial legal advice on whether to challenge the pension changes some five years ago. There have been previous requests for our legal advice to be shared publicly, however our view has been that it could be unhelpful to those engaged in the current challenge and could, at any stage, undermine their position or our own.
"We have always closely monitored the developments within the cases lodged by the judges, firefighters and our colleagues represented by Leigh Day and at every stage we have stated that we would review our position dependent on developments. As a result of yesterday's Court of Appeal ruling, we have made the decision that the PFEW will be obtaining further legal advice, which will incorporate a thorough review of our previous advice, including this recent ruling and arguments put forward within the Court of Appeal. It will also include advice from our pensions specialists, allowing us to better understand what this means for members and how best to represent them moving forward.
This entry was posted in Local News on December 24, 2018 by Paul Budd.
The joint agreement with Avon and Somerset, Wiltshire and Gloucestershire Constabularies Specialist Operations will be finishing in Spring 2019. For the past few years, we have collaborated with those Forces sharing the deployment, training and certain aspects of control with firearms, roads policing and dogs. It was hoped it would bring cost savings to the respective forces at a time when the Comprehensive Spending Review demanded cuts in policing.
Concerns were raised from the beginning by the Respective Federations and each has been working tirelessly to assist each of the Forces in attempting to resolve the concerns which were raised. Some cost savings were achieved but we felt it struggled with supporting its officers in a number of different aspects such as excessive hours, continually backfilling vacancies in the other Forces and a haphazard approach to HR functions. Over the past few years a number of different reviews and a considerable amount of work has been completed in trying to move the collaboration forward, but this has proved to be a task too far for some.
During the past few months' notice to terminate the existing agreement was given and there was a real desire to agree a new "Host Force" Collaboration. Such a move was always supported by Avon and Somerset Federation, which it hoped would bring greater protection of the officers and enhanced well-being with support from certain business areas, such as a single Resource Unit and working practices.
It is now apparent that an agreement cannot be reached and as such we support the decision to restore the Specialist Operations solely back to the communities of Avon and Somerset. Andy Roebuck, Avon and Somerset Chair, who had spent a number of years on Specialist Operations and Tri- Force said, "We have always supported such collaborations, as we felt there was a benefit to our communities and to the staff. However, since its inauguration we have been met with a number of concerns and a lack in ability to resolve a magnitude of staff worries. This impacted on the ability of officers being deployed in the Avon and Somerset areas. We agree that Avon and Somerset Constabulary has attempted to push this collaboration forward, but we are now left supporting the decision that has been made. We will work with the Constabulary to ensure the staff are returned to their respective business areas in a fair and proportionate way".
This entry was posted in Local News on November 20, 2018 by Alan Bell.
A former Avon and Somerset detective based in North East Investigations, has won the overall Regional Recognition Award for making an outstanding contribution to detective policing at the Police Federation National Detective's forum in Manchester on the 11th October 2018.
Former Detective Constable Chris Williams was nominated for her work in child protection as well as exemplary work with victims during her 37-year police career. She retired in August but plans to return to Avon and Somerset as a member of police staff, working as a major crime investigating officer.
Her achievement follows her success at the prestigious BAWP (British Association for Women in Policing) awards event held in Coventry in June. She finished runner-up in the Lifetime Achievement Award for Excellence in Performance and Inspirational Woman category.
Det Supt Marie Wright of Avon and Somerset Investigations, said: "I am so thrilled that Chris has won this award. She is one of the most dedicated child protection detectives that I have known and her 37 years' service is an indication of her commitment to protecting the most vulnerable people in our community.
"Chris is a true professional and has always put the victim first, ensuring that they have a voice. She works with them to achieve what they want at what is often the most terrible time of their life.
"Chris remained as enthusiastic and motivated as she was when she joined the police. She has mentored and developed a number of colleagues over the years and has a great working relationship with our key partners.
Andy Roebuck, Federation Council Chair, said: "This is a great honour for Chris and for Avon and Somerset Police. Her dedicated and professional work spanning 37 years is a real credit to her and demonstrates the inspirational role she has with her colleagues.
This entry was posted in Local News on October 12, 2018 by Alan Bell.


Alomone Labs is pleased to offer the Kir Channel Antibody Explorer Kit (#AK-200). This Explorer Kit includes antibodies targeted against Kir channels along with their respective peptide control antigen (where applicable). An ideal tool for screening purposes.
Note A mouse monoclonal antibody (#ALM-031) and guinea pig polyclonal antibodies (#AGP-012 & #AGP-067) are included in this Explorer Kit. Please take into account when reacting with a secondary antibody.
The family's topology consists of two transmembrane domains that flank a single and highly conserved pore region with intracellular N- and C-termini. As is the case for the voltage-dependent K+ channels the functional unit for the Kir channels is composed of four subunits that can assembly as either homo- or heterotetramers.
Ho, K. et al. (1993) Nature 362, 31.
Wang, W.H. (2006) Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 290, F14.


Prince Harry's presumptive date for the royal wedding rides public transportation!
As Prince Harry's presumed date for Friday's royal wedding, Chelsy Davy has prepping of her own to do.
Harry's on-again-off-again girlfriend hit London's posh Chelsea shopping area on Tuesday and again on Wednesday, where she was spotted on the well-to-do King's Road.
Davy, 25, was dressed casually. When she was all shopped out, she left the scene on public transportation, hopping one of London's ubiquitous double-decker buses.
Davy is said to be on the guest list for Kate Middleton and Prince William's nuptials, according to British newspapers. Harry and Davy, who broke up in 2009 after five years together, have been quietly seeing each other since late last year.


text:
Article Lowland League report from Bonnyrigg Rose v Vale of Leithen by Derek Hall 27th July 2019 Russell Aitken Sat, 27/07/2019 - 22:54
Sport News The Juniors Football this Weekend Russell Aitken Fri, 06/04/2012 - 18:28
Article Bo'ness United at the Murrays Russell Aitken Sat, 28/04/2018 - 21:44
Article Midlothian junior football game postponed for 10th March Russell Aitken Fri, 09/03/2018 - 20:21
Sport News Sport on Thursday 13th January Russell Aitken Thu, 13/01/2011 - 14:33
Sport News Local football for the youth of Midlothian 29th January to Friday 2nd April Russell Aitken Fri, 29/01/2010 - 19:48
Article Football results for 20th May 2015 Russell Aitken Thu, 21/05/2015 - 10:28
Article Fish Recipe Russell Aitken Thu, 06/11/2014 - 08:00
Sport News Sport on Black Diamond 107.8 Russell Aitken Mon, 30/03/2009 - 20:31
Article Darts at the HYDRO in Glasgow last week Russell Aitken Thu, 26/03/2015 - 18:09
Sport News Talking Sport on Wednesday 27th April Russell Aitken Wed, 27/04/2011 - 17:59
Sport News Sport on Tuesday 24th January Russell Aitken Tue, 24/01/2012 - 21:20
Article Newtongrange Star JFC news 11th June 2015 Russell Aitken Tue, 09/06/2015 - 23:43
Article Talking Sport - a change in programme name Russell Aitken Tue, 19/06/2018 - 09:50
Article Tessa Sanderson CBE on Talking Sport 23rd July 2014 Russell Aitken Thu, 24/07/2014 - 12:53
Article Football results from Saturday 7th April for our Midlothian Junior teams and Lowland League Russell Aitken Sun, 08/04/2018 - 12:15
Article Bonnyrigg Rose JFC, the latest news and AGM Russell Aitken Tue, 09/06/2015 - 22:46
Article Penrose Makes Plans Sarah Jane Mon, 26/05/2014 - 21:32

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Society is pleased to announce the release of 2016's performance of Princess Ida. We're delighted to share this standout version, recorded live at the Wortham Theater Center, with full dialogue. Available for download on iTunes, as well as streaming on Apple Music, Spotify, and Pandora.
The Society is also happy to announce a brand new recording of The Pirates of Penzance. Recorded in 2015 at the Wortham with full dialogue, this improved version replaces our 2001 recording and will be a delight to anyone who has enjoyed our recent cast performances. Available for download on iTunes, as well as streaming on Apple Music, Spotify, and Pandora.
Look for these, as well as the rest of our albums, on our iTunes Music page.


text:
By Contributor August 19, 2011
Olivia Ong at SINGAPOP!
Project Inspire: 5 Minutes to Change the World
Public voting is now open for the top ten finalists of this global initiative launched by United Nations Women Singapore and MasterCard to determine best idea to help disadvantaged women in Asia/Pacific, Middle East and Africa—the grand prize? US$25,000 to launch their winning idea. Voting ends Aug 19 on www.5MinutestoChangetheWorld.org.
The Terracotta Warriors Weekend Festival
Only for this weekend, the Asian Civilisations Museum is opening up its Terracotta exhibition to the public for free. Check out some spectacular Chinese dance, be awed by tricks from a Chinese magician and take snapshots with the First Emperor and his concubines. Kids can indulge in Chinese finger painting and make their own "dragonfly Chinese knots." Aug 13 to 14, 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.
4th Singapore Indie Doc Fest
Singapore's first ever international documentary film festival returns for the fourth time, featuring compelling works, portraying real people, exciting personas and reflecting the trials and tribulations of our time. Aug 18-21, The Substation Theatre. To book, contact Mish'aal +65 6337 7800 / boxoffice@substation.org.
Baybeats 2011
Singapore's largest alternative music event is back for the tenth year running with the theme "to rock without reservations," as it showcases the country's latest up-and-coming indie, rock, punk and electronic bands. Aug 19-21, Esplanade—Theatres On The Bay. Free admission. For lineup and timings, log on to www.baybeats.com.
SINGAPOP! – 50 years of Pop Music in Singapore
Catch the largest gathering of past and present home-grown pop music talents performing live in this multimedia tribute to 50 years of pop music development in Singapore. The line-up includes Sakura Teng, Ling Xiao, Rahimah Rahim, Tokyo Square, Kit Chan, Dick Lee, Taufik Batisah, Ah-Do, Olivia Ong, Douglas Oliverio and John Molina. Aug 20, 8 p.m., The Promontory@Marina Bay. Free admission.
NHB Museums
Singaporeans and PRs enjoy free access to seven of the National Heritage Board's museums, namely Asian Civilisations Museum, Memories at Old Ford Factory, National Museum of Singapore, Peranakan Museum, Reflections at Bukit Chandu, Singapore Art Museum and Singapore Philatelic Museum. Remember to bring your NRIC identity cards! Through Aug 31.
Canon PhotoMarathon Asia 2011
In this full-day photography competition, participants have a few hours to run around the island and capture their best interpretation of the assigned themes. There are two categories—Student and Open. Winners stand a chance to participate in an all-expenses-paid photo clinic to Tasmania. Log on to www.canon-asia.com/photomarathon for more information and to register. Sep 10, 9 a.m., Suntec City Convention Hall 401. S$10 (S$15 for walk-in registration).


text:
A Kinky Kind of Campaign?
John Nova Lomax December 4, 2003 4:00AM
First, there was Jesse Ventura in Minnesota. Then there was Ah-nuld in California. What's next in the world of politainment?
How about Kinky Friedman as governor of Texas?
Though he hasn't yet officially announced, the stogie-chomping Poe Elementary grad/country singer-songwriter/mystery writer/Texas Monthly humorist and self-professed "Gandhi-like spirit of the Utopia Animal Rescue Ranch" is very seriously pondering throwing his Stetson into the ring in 2006. About the only thing holding him back is the fact that he doesn't want to give up his Texas Monthly gig, which he calls the only job he's ever had. Editor "Evan Smith says he'll fire me out of a cannon the day I officially announce," he says.
Nevertheless, the campaign has already begun in Friedman's home Hill Country turf, he says. "It's getting heated," he says. "The Hill Country and Austin are already in our pocket. The new bumper sticker 'He Ain't Kinky, He's My Governor' has really caught on."
If he runs, and it seems more and more likely that he will, it will be as an independent. Friedman doesn't want the baggage of running as a Democrat, Green or Libertarian, but he says it is extremely difficult to get on the ballot here without a party affiliation. "I've been told I'm gonna need about 60,000 signatures on a petition because [the election commission] will disallow a lot of them. And they all have to be collected in a month or two after the primaries. If the primary is a runoff then you only have a month, and anybody who voted in the primary can't sign the petition. But that doesn't matter -- there's such a general apathy, you can't find anybody who votes in primaries."
And paradoxically, it's apathy that has stoked Friedman's political stogie. "That election between Tony what's-his-name [Sanchez] and Rick Perry was one of the most depressing spectacles any of us have ever witnessed. Everybody knew they didn't have a dog in that race.
"I aspire to inspire before I expire," he continues, sounding suddenly like a Texan Jesse Jackson. "The last politically elected person who inspired me was probably JFK, and I want to remind people that he wasn't just an airport, that RFK isn't just a football stadium, that Martin Luther King isn't just a street running through your town. If I can do that, young people might take more interest than they have been. And raising their interest wouldn't be hard, because right now they take no interest."
Friedman's friends in entertainment are legion, and they are already lining up in support. Penn and Teller have promised to fly in from New York and make his opposition disappear. Billy Bob Thornton's aboard, as is part-time Austinite Robert Duvall. Pat Green, Willie Nelson and Jerry Jeff Walker have promised to stump the dance halls and honky-tonks. "I think my candidacy could go, because you could have that Pat Green effect," he says. "Young people who rally around that kind of music might also do it politically. If it doesn't happen like Pat Green and Howard Dean, then it won't be worth doing." (Something like that has happened before in Texas. Back in the 1930s and '40s, singing salesman Pappy O'Daniel rode the strains of then-newfangled Western swing all the way from a Fort Worth flour company to the Governor's Mansion to a seat in the United States Senate.)
Friedman's Billy Graham, his spiritual adviser, is none other than his old tour buddy Billy Joe Shaver. "Of course, Billy Joe wants to convert me to Christianity," says Friedman. One of his tentative campaign slogans is "If you elect me the first Jewish governor of Texas, I'll reduce the speed limits to 54.95." "So we've made a compromise, which is that I will be a Judeo-Christian with Jesus in my heart. I've always admired Jesus and I've probably written about Jesus as much as anybody on the planet. He was a great Jewish troublemaker -- in the good sense of the word."
As is the crazy-like-a-fox Friedman, who plans on making religion a big campaign issue. "I want to bring back nondenominational prayer in the public schools," he says. "We need more religion in the schools, I'm gonna brang back religion," he rants in the voice of a country politician. "And I mean that. What's wrong with the kids believing in something? And Robert Duvall told Billy Joe that if I stick with that, I'll win."
So far, people around Friedman are taking his proposed candidacy more seriously than he himself is. When Racket tells Friedman that he could actually envision him pulling it off, Friedman sounds both incredulous and convinced. "Isn't that ridiculous?" he says. "The New York Times was down here yesterday, and they're more serious about it than I am. I told them I would spend most of my administration in Vegas, but they wanted to talk about the serious aspects."
John Nova Lomax
Contact: John Nova Lomax
Monday Is the New Friday at Debonair Lounge
By Angelica Leicht
In the Flesh: Houston Musicians Talk Tattoos
Nightfly: Cheap Beers and Questionable Music Choices at Alice's Tall Texan


Yoga is great for stretching, for relaxation, strengthening and toning. But I've recently discovered one more thing it is great for.
I've been learning and practicing Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (you can read my diary of my experience here). In order to get the most benefit out of the MBCT it's really important to try and take some time to do a mindfulness meditation as often as possible. This usually takes the form of a body scan – a form of meditation where you focus your attention on each part of the body in turn.
'…Yoga is perfect for practicing mindful movement.
But it isn't as easy as it sounds. Have you tried focusing your attention on your toes? Or how about your elbows? When your body is still you are often focusing on the lack of sensation rather than any clear feeling or experience. This makes it trickier. It's not impossible but it is easier for your mind to wander, especially when you are just getting started. Yoga is perfect for practicing mindful movement. As your body moves you can focus more easily on the sensations of stretching and twisting, becoming more aware of how your body feels in each posture.
Of course, mindful meditation isn't primarily about relaxation. It's about getting better at grounding ourselves, becoming more aware of how our body feels in order to practice bringing ourselves back into the present moment and stop the rumination and worry that can cause relapse into depression or anxiety.
I've been attending some yoga for mindful mediation sessions recently. I've found that moving mindfully through yoga makes it easier for me to check in on each part of my body, as I feel it working. It also encourages me to focus on my breathing in the same way that I was taught to use the breath in the breathing space meditation.
I find that the combination of the mental break that focusing on the present gives me and the physical benefits of the yoga movements leave me feeling refreshed. The classes usually end with a still meditation so I can still practice that too. If you're exploring mindfulness or MBCT and finding some of the meditations difficult to maintain, combining it with Yoga is definitely worth a try.
Yoga Diploma Course to £49.


text:
\section{Introduction}

The highly excited matter created in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions expands very fast. It is commonly
accepted that a deconfined phase has been reached in Au+Au collisions at RHIC
\cite{whitepaperBRAHMS,whitepaperPHOBOS,whitepaperSTAR,whitepaperPHENIX}, while
the  onset of deconfinement has been advocated at SPS energies \cite{na49onset,cernpress}.

While in lattice QCD calculations a static thermodynamic medium is assumed, in heavy ion collisions
the situation is vastly different. Here, the longitudinal expansion dynamics leads to a rapid
passage from the deconfined to the confined phase.
A system which undergoes the phase transition quickly may not follow the usual equilibrium
scenario. In fact, for a first-order phase transition, the high temperature phase may survive down to
temperatures drastically below the transition temperature, i.e.\ the system supercools. If the expansion rate
is faster than the nucleation rate of bubbles of the new phase, the system reaches the point
of spinodal instability\footnote%
{This is the inflection point of the dependence of entropy on an extensive variable,
see e.g. \cite{Chomaz:2003dz,Randrup:2005kp}.
}.
Beyond such a point, entropy is gained if the system separates into two phases and so it becomes
mechanically unstable. Spinodal fragmentation connected with nuclear liquid/gas phase transition
has been identified in heavy ion collisions at few hundred MeV per nucleon \cite{Chomaz:2003dz,Randrup:2005kp}, and it has
been proposed that it might be the actual scenario at ultrarelativistic energies as well
\cite{Mishustin:1998eq,Scavenius:2000bb}. Fragmentation assumes that at the phase transition
the system decays into droplets of smaller size. These droplets then emit hadrons.

Lattice calculations indicate, however, that at RHIC and LHC the transition from partonic to
hadronic matter is a rapid but smooth crossover \cite{Aoki:2006we}.
Thus spinodal decomposition seems irrelevant scenario in this
case. On the other hand,  conformal symmetry is broken
close to the phase transition and as a consequence the \emph{bulk} viscosity---being negligible
otherwise---shows a peak here \cite{kharbulk,pratt,Torrieri:2007fb}. Bulk viscosity acts against the expansion and
slows it down. As a result, if the system previously accumulated kinetic energy due to
expansion, it may fragment \cite{Torrieri:2007fb}. An analysis of hydrodynamic instabilities
shows that such a scenario may be realistic  \cite{Torrieri:2008ip}.

Hence, it appears that fragmentation may happen in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions.
Many kinds of observables might be sensitive to it. Most notable are multiplicity
fluctuations in varying rapidity windows \cite{Baym:1999up}, fluctuations of mean $p_t$
\cite{Broniowski:2005ae}, rapidity correlations \cite{Pratt:1994ye,Randrup:2005sx}, proton and
kaon correlations \cite{Pratt:1994ye}, $\phi$-meson production \cite{Pratt:1994ye}, and
two-pion femtoscopy \cite{granularHBT,Torrieri:2007fb,granularimaging}.

In this paper we inspect  event-by-event fluctuations of rapidity distributions.
If final state hadrons are emitted from droplets, their velocities will be close to those of the droplets.
Thus, clustering would appear in their momentum distribution. Moreover, in each event clusters will have
different velocities. An important
contribution to clustering will also come from the resonance decays and we shall investigate this effect.
Thus, the momentum distribution will vary from event to event. Specifically, here we shall compare
\emph{rapidity distributions} from different events and look for differences due to fireball fragmentation.
To this end, we employ the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test which can be used for identification
of non-statistical differences between two empirical distributions \cite{kolm,smir}. An important advantage
of the KS test is its independence from the underlying distribution of the measured quantity.

In the next Section we shortly introduce the KS test. Then, we illustrate its sensitivity by
a couple of toy simulations. For more realistic studies we generate artificial data with the help
of the event generator DRAGON \cite{Tomasik:2008fq} which is very briefly introduced in Section
\ref{quag}. Results obtained with these data are presented in Section \ref{results}. We conclude
in Section \ref{conc}. In the Appendix we review the evaluation of the cummulative distribution function
for the Kolmogorov distribution.

\section{The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and how to use it}
\label{KStest}

Let us start by explaining the technical part of the problem. One has two empirical distributions in
variable $x$, which can be rapidity, $p_t$, or yet something else\footnote{
Note that for a cyclic variable, e.g.\ azimuthal angle $\phi$, the KS test cannot be applied and
instead a modification known as Kuiper test \cite{kuiper,stephens65}must be employed.
}.
(In the present work we work with rapidities.)
The multiplicities may differ. The question we want to ask
is, whether the two empirical distributions are the same in the sense that they would correspond to the
same underlying theoretical single-particle probability density, and there are no correlations between
particles in one event.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig1.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{
Construction of the two empirical cummulative distribution functions, one with thin solid (blue) line
and one with thick dashed (red) line. The maximum distance between them is
$D$.}
\label{f:KSD}
\end{figure}
Practically, the quantity $x$ is measured for each particle in an event. The empirical cummulative
distribution function (ECDF) is constructed so that a step of the height
$1/n_i$ ($n_i$ is the multiplicity of the event) is made on all positions of measured
$x$'s (Fig.~\ref{f:KSD}). This is done for both events of a pair. Subsequently,
one finds the \emph{maximum} vertical distance between the two ECDF's and introduces
\begin{equation}
d = \sqrt{n} D = \sqrt{\frac{n_1n_2}{n_1 + n_2}} D
\end{equation}
where $D$ is the distance of two ECDF's
and $n_1$, $n_2$ are the multiplicities of the two data sets.
The procedure of the test is illustrated in Figure~\ref{f:KSD}.
The cummulative distribution function of the \emph{Kolmogorov distribution} concerns the case
of events generated from the same underlying
theoretical probability distribution for the quantity $x$, $\rho(x)$. It will be expressed with the help
of the function $Q(d)$ as
\begin{equation}
P(d' < d) = 1-Q(d)\, .
\end{equation}
where $P(d'<d)$ is the probability that we find a difference $d'$ smaller than $d$.
An important feature of this approach is that $Q(d)$ does not depend on the particular shape of the
theoretical distribution $\rho(x)$.
Unfortunately, the general form of $Q(d)$ valid for any multiplicities and distances $d$ is not suitable
for practical evaluation.
Usable approximate expressions for $Q(d)$ are summarised in the Appendix.
It follows that if many pairs of events would be drawn from a set of events generated all from
the same underlying probablility  distribution and for each pair the quantities $d$ and
$Q(d)$ would be determined, then the $Q's$ would be distributed \emph{uniformly}. Deviation from
uniform distribution, particularly an enhanced population of low $Q$'s (large $d$'s)
indicates that the events are \emph{not drawn independently from the same underlying distribution}.
In this way the KS test will be used here.

Note that the KS test does not identify the physical origin of the difference between the events. It is
a robust way to identify that there is a difference, however,
the origin must be singled out by other means.
In addition to fireball fragmentation,
these can be fluctuations of the initial state of the fireball
evolution, final resonance decays, conservation laws,
and quantum correlations. A detailed investigation of these will be pursued  in
subsequent papers. The important message of the KS test is, that it can disprove the usual paradigm
that data from many collisions (within the same centrality class) are produced by basically identical
fireballs.

It is important to realise that the number of significant
decimal figures to which the quantity $x$ (rapidity here)
is measured may also influence the result of the KS test if it is applied on a large number of pairs
of events. This is illustrated in Figure~\ref{f:figures}.
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig2.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{
Histograms of $Q$'s from the KS test applied on $10^5$ pairs out of $10^5$ events generated
from a uniform distribution between 0 and 1 in the variable $x$ (rapidity) and with multiplicities
distributed according to Poisson distribution with the mean 200. Different histograms correspond
to rapidity data truncated after 2, 4, and 6 decimal places. The histogram with 8 significant figures
is identical to that with 6 figures.}
\label{f:figures}
\end{figure}
The peak at $Q\to 1$ increases with lowering the number of decimal places taken into account.
The explanation is trivial but instructive. Only rapidities between 0 and 1 were generated. Within
$10^5$ events, each having multiplicity around 200, there are about $2\times 10^7$ particles.
Hence, if their values of $x$ are given to less than 8 figures, we are guaranteed to have repeating
values of $x$ in our sample. For 6 given figures we expect each value to appear on average
20 times, for 4 figures it is 2000 times and for 2 figures we are even at 200,000 times! Clearly,
this effect correlates the events since it artificially chooses $x$ from a finite number of possible
values. According to its construction, the $D$'s will acquire smaller values on average.

We have also checked that the normal fluctuation of the number of entries in a bin of the
$Q$-histogram is equal to the square root of the number of entries.
We thus propose the use of quantity
\begin{equation}
\label{Rdef}
R = \frac{N_0 - \frac{N_{\rm tot}}{B}}{\sigma_0}
= \frac{N_0 - \frac{N_{\rm tot}}{B}}{\sqrt{\frac{N_{\rm tot}}{B}}}\, ,
\end{equation}
where $N_0$ is the number of pairs in the first bin of the $Q$-histogram (next to $Q=0$),
$N_{\rm tot}$ is the total number of pairs,
$B$ is the number of bins of the $Q$-histogram, and $\sigma_0 = \sqrt{N_{\rm tot}/B}$ is the expected
variance of the number of entries in the first bin. The modulus of $R$ should be of the order
1; values considerably bigger than that indicate non-statistical differences between the events.

\section{The sensitivity of the test}
\label{sens}

In this section we study how the proposed method works in case of clear cut examples. First, we generate
samples  of ``events'' where one half of all events is generated according to Gaussian distribution
with the width $\sigma=0.1$. For the second half of events we keep the same width and vary the mean: we have samples
with the mean shifted with respect to the other half by $2\sigma$, $1\sigma$, $0.5\sigma$, $0.1\sigma$, and $0.01\sigma$.
In Figure~\ref{f:varmean}
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig3.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{(Color online)
Large plot: the $Q$ histograms from the KS test on event samples consisting from
two classes of events. One class was generated from Gaussian distribution with the mean 0 and the width
$\sigma=0.1$. The other class is generated from Gaussian distribution with the same width,
but the mean is shifted by $0.1\sigma$. The multiplicities of the events are 32 (black dotted histogram),
128 (blue dashed), and 512 (red solid).
Smaller inset plot: the dependence of the parameter $R$ on the multiplicity of the events for
the difference of the means equal to $0.01\sigma$ (black circles), $0.1\sigma$ (magenta squares),
$0.5\sigma$ (blue triangles), and $1\sigma$ (red upside down triangles).
}
\label{f:varmean}
\end{figure}
we observe how the KS procedure recognises the difference of $0.1\sigma$ pretty well if the average multiplicity
is 512, and how the resolution power decreases when lowering the multiplicity to 32. As seen in the
smaller inset plot, for smaller distances between the two Gaussian means
the difference is not recognised, while for larger distance the difference is resolved by the test
for all multiplicities.

In Figure~\ref{f:varwidth}
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{f4-width.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{
The $Q$-histograms from event samples consisting of two classes of events where
rapidities were generated from Gaussian profiles with the same mean and the multiplicity
was distributed Poissonian with the mean 512. The width in one class of events was 0.1. The
width in the second class has been varied; different histograms correspond to different widths.
The values of $R$ are written in the legend.}
\label{f:varwidth}
\end{figure}
we explore the effect of a variable width. One half of events was simulated with Gaussian distribution
with the width of 0.1 and the other one with the same mean but a different width. The widths are
1.0, 0.12, 0.11, 0.101, and 0.09. The multiplicity was Poissonian-distributed with the mean of 512.
We observe that except for the cases where the widths differ by  ten per cent or less the difference
is picked up by the procedure.

Finally, we test a case which is closest to the fireball fragmentation scenario that we want to explore in detail.
In Figure~\ref{f:toydrop}
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{f5-mult.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{
The effect of the number of Gaussian sources on the $Q$-histogram. In the legend, left is the
number of Gaussian sources distributed uniformly between -1 and 1, right is the average number of
pions from each source. The width of each Gaussian source was 0.707.}
\label{f:toydrop}
\end{figure}
we show the results from a simulation, where each event consists from superposition of many Gaussian distributions.
The width of all these distributions is 0.707 and is motivated by the typical rapidity spread of the pion rapidity
at a realistic
freeze-out temperature. The means of the Gaussians are generated from a uniform distribution between --1 and 1.
We test cases with 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, and 512 Gaussians per event, which emit on average 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4
particles per Gaussian, respectively, so that the total multiplicity is always  2048. We observe, that even
in the least favorable simulation with a large number of small droplets, the difference between events is
clearly visible.

\section{Monte-Carlo droplet generator}
\label{quag}

Realistic events samples on which the KS test are applied were generated with the help of the
Monte Carlo event genarator DRAGON \cite{Tomasik:2008fq}. Here we provide very brief overview
of its capabilities.

DRAGON assumes that the fireball decays into droplets which are distributed according to the blast-wave
model. Thus their distribution in position and velocity is given by
\begin{equation}
S_D(x,v) \propto H(\eta)\,  \Theta(R-r)\,  \delta(\tau - \tau_0)\, \delta^{(4)}(v - u(x))\,  ,
\end{equation}
where we use polar coordinates $r$ and $\phi$, the space-time rapidity and longitudinal proper time
\begin{eqnarray}
\eta & = & \frac{1}{2} \ln \frac{t+z}{t-z} \\
\tau & = & \sqrt{t^2 - z^2}\, ,
\end{eqnarray}
as coordinates in the space-time. The fireball has a transverse radius $R$ and $\tau_0$
is the Bjorken proper time of the decay. The four-velocity of the droplet $v$ is given by the
local flow velocity at the position where the droplet is created,
\begin{multline}
u_\mu(x) = (\cosh\eta\, \cosh\eta_t,\, \cos\phi\, \sinh\eta_t,\\
\sin\phi\, \sinh\eta_t,\, \sinh\eta\, \cosh\eta_t)\, ,
\end{multline}
with
\begin{equation}
\eta_t  =  \frac{\sqrt{2}\rho_0 r}{R}\, ,
\end{equation}
where $\rho_0$ is a model parameter. (The model is designed so that it can simulate
azimuthally non-symmetric fireballs, but we do not explore such a possibility here.)
The function $H(\eta)$ specifies the space-time rapidity distribution. It can be
uniform or Gaussian. For the present investigation we use the uniform distribution
in rapidity.

The volumes of the droplets are random according to a gamma
distribution
\begin{equation}
\label{gammadist}
{\cal P}_2(V) = \frac{1}{b\Gamma(2)}\,  \frac{V}{b} \, \exp\left (-V/b\right )\, ,
\end{equation}
with a model parameter $b$. The droplets decay into hadrons exponentially
in time, so the times of emission of the droplets are distributed in the
rest frame of the emitting droplet according to $\exp(-\tau/R_D)$, where
$R_D$ is the radius of the droplet. A droplet emits hadrons according to thermal
distribution with a temperature $T_k$, until it uses
up all of its mass.
The mass of the droplet is determined according to its volume and the energy density
which is set to $0.7\, \mbox{GeV fm}^{-3}$.

Hadrons may be emitted from the droplets or produced in the remaining space
between them. The relative abundance of those emitted from droplets is specified as a model
parameter. Hadrons emitted from the bulk are generated according to the blast-wave
emission function \cite{Schnedermann:1993ws,Csorgo:1995bi,Retiere:2003kf}
\begin{multline}
\label{emisf}
S(x,p)\, d^4x = \frac{2s+1}{(2\pi)^3}\,m_t \, \cosh(y-\eta)\,
\exp\left( - \frac{p^\mu u_\mu}{T_k}\right )\, \\
\times\Theta(R-r)\, H(\eta)
     \,\delta(\tau - \tau_0)d\tau\, \tau\, d\eta\, r\, dr\, d\phi\, .
\end{multline}
Here the factor $(2s+1)$ denotes spin degeneracy.

Resonances are included in the simulation.
They decay according to the standard two-body or three-body
kinematics. Probabilities of production of individual species are given by the
statistical model
with a chemical freeze-out temperature $T_{ch}$ and chemical potentials for baryon number
and strangeness.

\section{Fluctuating rapidity distributions}
\label{results}

The Monte Carlo event generator DRAGON is employed \cite{Tomasik:2008fq}
to simulate realistic data on which the KS test is performed.
We use the test on data
generated for RHIC  Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200\,A$GeV and
FAIR Au+Au at $\sqrt{s} = 7.6\,A$GeV.
For the data analysis we accept hadrons within the rapidity interval
[--0.5,0.5].

For RHIC, we have generated events with uniform rapidity distribution
in the interval [--3,3]. The total hadron multiplicity was set to $dN/dy = 1000$. The chemical composition is
determined by the following choice of parameters: $T_{ch} = 155$~MeV, $\mu_B = 26$~MeV
\cite{Andronic:2005yp}. We neglect the strangeness chemical potential. The list of
resonances includes mesons up to a mass of 1.5~GeV/$c^2$ and baryons up to 2~GeV/$c^2$.
The geometry of the decaying fireball is given by the radius $R=10$~fm and $\tau_0 = 9$~fm/$c$.
The dynamical state of the fireball is set by the kinetic freeze-out temperature $T_k = 150$~MeV
and the transverse expansion gradient $\eta_f = 0.6$. We  set the volume parameter of the
droplets $b$ to the value of 10~fm$^3$. As a first benchmark, complementary samples of 10,000 events are
generated: one with all particles being emitted from droplets, the other with all particles being
emitted from the bulk fireball.

As a second benchmark test we  generate 10,000 events at the FAIR energy of $\sqrt{s} = 7.6\,A$~GeV
where no particles are emitted from droplets.
In this case the chemical freeze-out parameters are set to the corresponding values
$T_{ch} = 140$~MeV, $\mu_B=  375$~MeV, and $\mu_S = -53$~MeV. The kinetic freeze-out
temperature is $T_k = 140$~MeV and the transverse expansion of the fireball is characterised
by $\eta_f = 0.4$. Here, the rapidity distribution is Gaussian with a width of 0.7 and the total hadron
multiplicity is 1,500. The transverse radius of the fireball and its Bjorken lifetime are
9~fm and 8~fm/$c$, respectively.

In figure~\ref{f:simpquag} we show the difference between the $Q$-histograms from
events with and without droplets.
\begin{figure*}[t]
\begin{center}
\begin{minipage}{0.4\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{f6-all.eps}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.4\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{f6-charged.eps}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.4\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{f6-piplus.eps}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.4\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{f6-piminus.eps}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.4\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{f6-pions.eps}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.4\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{f6-ppbar.eps}
\end{minipage}
\end{center}
\caption{
(Color online)
The $Q$-histograms resulting from simulations  of realistic hadronic final states with the help of DRAGON.
Solid (red)  histograms correspond to simulation of RHIC Au+Au collisions with droplets. Dashed (blue)
histograms are from simulations for RHIC without droplets. Dotted (brown) histograms show the
results of simulations for nuclear collision at FAIR without fragmentation. Different panels show results
obtained for all hadrons, charged hadrons, $\pi^+$, $\pi^-$, charged pions, protons and antiprotons.
The values of $R$ are indicated in the panels.
}
\label{f:simpquag}
\end{figure*}
For the RHIC energy, one observes a characteristic enhancement towards small $Q$ values
in the case of particle emission from droplets for all investigated particle species except
(anti-)protons. (For the setting without droplets (i.e.\ only bulk emission) this low $Q$
enhancement is strongly suppressed. Quantitatively, this is reflected in a factor of 10 difference
of the extracted $R$ values. The RHIC results without droplet formation are also in line with
the results obtained at FAIR energies, showing that the KS test does not produce falsly positive
results when going to smaller samples with a different rapidity distribution.

Resonance decays also have a clustering effect on the decay products. Therefore, a signal of clustering
is also seen in the set of events without droplets. In case of all hadrons, these are mainly $\rho$'s and
$\Delta$'s. If we limit our analysis to pions only, then there is correlation due to the $\rho$.
To test this hypothesis, one can perform the
KS test with protons only, since there is no resonance that would decay into two baryons. The drawback
of using protons only is limited statistics in two ways. Firstly, their total multiplicity is lower,
e.g.\ there are only 10 to 50 protons in the acceptance per RHIC event.
Therefore, one observes fewer pairs at small $Q$ and a peak at $Q$ close to 1
in case there are no droplets (see appendix).
Secondly, if the droplets are small, protons are a less ideal probe because a droplet may not
have enough energy to emit more than one proton and the correlation is gone then.
An alternative solution is to use pions of the same charge. These are more abundant than protons
and no strong effect of resonances is seen here. Note, however, that we have not included the effect
of pair wave function symmetrisation which leads to Bose-Einstein correlations.

Note also, that resonances not only introduce correlations, they can also weaken the correlations
due to droplets. Resonance decay products obtain some momentum due to higher mass
of the mother resonance. Thus, the velocities of decay products will be more smeared around the
velocity of the droplet which emitted the resonance than the velocities of hadrons emitted from
the droplet directly.

The influence of the size of the droplets is studied in Figure~\ref{f:drsize}.
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig7.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{
$Q$-histograms corresponding to various sizes of
droplets: $b = 5,\, 10,\, 20,\, 50$~fm$^3$. The values of $R$ are shown in the
legend.
The $Q$-histograms are obtained from samples of 10,000 events where all hadrons have
been emitted from droplets. Only charged hadrons have been taken in constructing these histograms.
}
\label{f:drsize}
\end{figure}
The parameters of the simulation are kept the same as in the previous case, but the
volume parameter $b$  varied to values 5, 10, 20, 50~fm$^3$. All
particles are emitted from droplets. We do the KS test with
charged hadrons.
As expected from previous analysis (with $b=10\, \mbox{fm}^3$),
a dominant low $Q$ peak emerges for all droplet volumes down
to 5~fm$^3$. From this we conclude that even small size droplets
can be detected with the analysis method presented here.

As a final physics benchmark of the KS test we explore the effect
of changing droplet fraction of the total multiplicity. A systematic
study of how
the percentage of hadrons emitted from droplets affects the result is presented
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig8.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{
$Q$-histograms obtained from samples of 10,000 events where droplets with
a volume parameter of
$b=10\, \mbox{fm}^3$ are present. The percentage of hadrons coming from droplets is
varied: 25\%, 50\%, 75\%, and 100\%. The histograms are constructed with charged
hadrons only. The values of $R$ are listed in the legend.}
\label{f:per}
\end{figure}
in Figure~\ref{f:per}. Here, the size of the droplets is fixed to
$b = 10\, \mbox{fm}^3$ and
only the percentage of hadrons from droplets is varied. Even if only one
quarter of all hadrons comes from the droplets and the rest from the
gas in between them, the signal is well visible and the KS test can discriminate
between the formation and the non-formation of droplets.

\section{Resolution}

Finally, we address the experimentally
crucial question whether the droplet signal in the $Q$-histogram stays recognisable
if the rapidities are measured with finite resolution. We investigate this issue
in Figure~\ref{f:reso}.
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig9.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{
The influence of finite rapidity resolution. Charged hadrons were generated with the Monte
Carlo event genarator DRAGON with $b=10\, \mbox{fm}^3$ and 50\% of hadrons generated
from droplets. Before the analysis, rapidities were smeared with Gaussian distribution
with the width 0.1 (long-dashed line), 0.5 (dash-dotted), 1.0 (short-dashed). Solid line
shows the result with non-smeared data.
}
\label{f:reso}
\end{figure}
Events simulated with DRAGON for a volume parameter $b = 10\, \mbox{fm}^3$ and
with 50 per cent of hadrons emitted
from droplets are taken and the generated rapidities are smeared
by a Gaussian with widths of 0.1, 0.5, and 1, to mimick the  finite resolution
of experimental measurements. The events with smeared rapidities are then processed with the
KS test. We observe a gradual weakening of the signal strength at low $Q$. For
smearing by 0.5 units of rapidity the peak height becomes comparable with the peak
resulting from resonance decays only (cf.\ Figure~\ref{f:simpquag}).
For even poorer resolution, the peak can not be regarded as an unambiguous signal for
droplet formation. The resolution, however, is usually on the level of $\Delta y \approx 0.1$.

\section{Conclusions}
\label{conc}

The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is a powerful tool in searching for non-statistical
differences between  events. The test itself is more general than investigated
here, and applications will be presented in following papers.
The logic of its use is the following: select a class of events
which are ``as identical as possible'', in particular in a  very narrow centrality class.
Conventional scenarios predict that each event would evolve according to the same
scenario and the final distributions of hadrons would be identical  in all events.
The KS test is able to detect deviations from this scenario. If an effect is  observed,
it remains to be studied
what phenomenon leads to positive results.

As a currently widely discussed topic we focussed the present investigation
on the possible decay of the fireball into smaller droplets. The present study
showed that the KS test is perfectly suited for this task and allows to extract a prominent
signal. The signal is robust  even if only a small amount
of the hadrons come from the droplets and survives realistic final rapidity resolution.
Thus, the test can be also used in a negative way: if its application on data yields
only limited or no signature of non-statistical event-by-event fluctuations of the
rapidity distributions, this puts limits on the scenarios assuming fireball fragmentation.

The investigation of the signal of other effects (including a comparison to full Monte Carlo
transport simulation) in the KS test deserves separate studies
and shall be performed in subsequent papers.

\acknowledgments

The work of BT, IM, SK, and MG has been supported by VEGA 1/4012/07.  The work of GT, SV, and MB
was (financially) supported by the Helmholtz International
Center for FAIR within the framework of the LOEWE program
(Landesoffensive zur Entwicklung Wissenschaftlich-\"okonomischer
Exzellenz) launched by the State of Hesse.
BT acknowledges support from
MSM~6840770039 and  LC~07048 (Czech Republic).
We thank Drs.~J.R.~Brown and M.E.~Harvey for valuable
discussions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Brewer's Notes
Organization of the month (August 2021): Carnegie Library
Wendy Hartmann Posted on August 2, 2021 Posted in Uncategorized	No Comments
In 1910, a Board of Trustees was organized and plans for a building and proposed site were sent to Mr. Carnegie. He agreed to donate $12,500. The limestone structure was designed by St. Louis architect George W. Hellmuth, but the original site deemed unsuitable. A new site was donated by R.C. Kerens, a Eureka Springs investor, but it consisted of a solid stone cliff.
Due to delays, bad weather and the additional costs of excavation, B. J. Rosewater, the President of the Library Board of Trustees, petitioned – and petitioned repeatedly – Mr. Carnegie for additional funds to complete the project. Finally, Mr. Carnegie agreed to increase his donation by $3,000, and the excavation and the building were completed in 1912.
Meanwhile the city administration declined to provide the $1,250 per year needed to operate the Library, galvanizing Mr. Rosewater and others to appeal to the public for Library support. Memberships of $1.00 per year were sold, books and furniture were donated, and a librarian was hired. The Library survived those first difficult years, although it was forced to close during the winter of 1916, due to insufficient funds for fuel and staff. Because many residents wanted the Library and were willing to donate time and funds to insure its prosperity, its doors reopened and by 1921, the Library was open six days a week.
The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. The Classical Revival-style building was constructed of locally quarried stone.
The Eureka Springs Carnegie Public Library is one of four Arkansas library buildings built with funding by Andrew Carnegie. The Fort Smith Carnegie Public Library is now is home to a television station. The Little Rock Carnegie Public Library was demolished. The Conway County Public Library, built with Carnegie funds in 1916, still serves the residents of Morrilton and the surrounding area.
Since 1956, the Library, as a member of the Carroll County Library System, has received county tax funds. In 2000, it joined the Carroll and Madison Library System along with the two other libraries in Carroll County and three in neighboring Madison County.
Current Times
In this era of rapid change in the world, the Carnegie Library is working hard to meet those challenges and continue the work of providing free access to informational, educational and entertainment materials as well as programming to support our community.
The Friends of the Library's efforts to renovate the new library garden space have gone a long way to allow the library to provide programming in a safe outdoor setting amid the pandemic, and our board is working diligently to plan for the future of library services with the addition of the Gardens Building. This new space is undergoing many repairs, and has a long way to go yet before it will be ready for the library to use it, but progress is being made.
Why we are supporting it
Libraries mean a lot to us – literacy, learning, and resources accessible to all. Our library serves multiple generations of users. We've attended foreign film series, weather spotter training, found free magazines to make vision boards (one hangs in our office still), checked out plenty of books, and even bought a paper bouquet that was made from pages of old books for Wendy's mom. It's a great library in our tiny town and we're honored to be supporting it.
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Know before you go: Parking can be difficult.
Monday, Wednesday, and Thursday, grab a seat in the bar or on the patio to enjoy $1 off margaritas and 1/2 off select appetizers.
Why we love it: Amazing Interior Mexican cuisine with expert service and a beautiful ambiance are the reasons why this is one of Austin's favorite haciendas.
Monday-Friday, delight in 1/2 off beer, cocktails and shared plates.
Why we love it: The lovely patio and adorable dining room at Olive & June are perfect settings to enjoy their modern Italian dishes. This hidden treasure offers a creative menu comprised of house-made pastas and a vast selection of Italian wines to pair with them.
Know before you go: The patio has heaters for those cool evenings and misters for the hot ones.
Why we love it: The Peached Tortilla brings us Southern and Asian inspired shared plates that are delicious, creative and affordable.
Know before you go: Can be very loud when busy.
Why we love it: Barley Swine is one of Austin's first restaurants to serve contemporary pioneer food utilizing everything from the snout to the tail, becoming renowned for their creative dishes. Bring friends and share plates so you can try everything!
Know before you go: The menu changes frequently so check before going if you have your heart set on something.


Rep. Clay Higgins has taken exactly the wrong lesson from the Holocaust: It was caused in part by the militarism and xenophobia he was spouting about.
Yes, it is deplorable that Rep. Clay Higgins recorded a selfie video inside of an Auschwitz gas chamber. But what he said was even more deplorable, dangerous, and disrespectful to the million people (including, we think, some of my relatives) who died there.
Wednesday, Higgins retracted the video, offering a "sincere apology for any unintended pain" while stressing that his "intent was to offer a reverent homage to those who were murdered in Auschwitz."
But his reflections in the video—some of them repeated in his statement retracting it—suggest a profound misunderstanding of the Holocaust itself.
This statement utterly misconstrues the lessons of the Holocaust. Clearly, Higgins is referring to "terror" on the part of Muslims. But Auschwitz was not terrorism by an outsider; it was state militarism against supposed outsiders, i.e., Jews. Indeed, Higgins's sentiments would resonate with Nazi propaganda itself: we must be strong, we must fight the enemy, we must protect ourselves.
If this isn't Holocaust-style rhetoric, I don't know what is. It sends chills down my spine. And this is what Higgins means when he talked about "horror" in that gas chamber.
Indeed, the lesson of the Holocaust is the exact opposite of what Higgins has proposed. Muslims today are not Nazis – they are more like Jews, hounded by the Nazis, and now being refused entry to the United States if they come from six majority-Muslim countries. The lesson of the Holocaust is not that we must sow more fear and apply more collective punishment – it is that we must be wary of state militarism and must second-guess ourselves when we demonize other groups, especially unpopular ones.
Of course, we must commit to protecting the United States from evil, including that perpetrated by radicalized Muslim terrorists. But the specific lesson of the Holocaust is that we must also protect it from ourselves, and our all-too-human tendencies to lash out, in fear and ignorance, against the marginalized. And today, the marginalized ones are innocent Muslims who have as much in common with ISIS as Higgins does with an apocalyptic Christian cult.
But notice the specific language in Higgins's Facebook post: "radicalized Islamic suspect." That means any Muslim suspected of being radicalized. By whom? Presumably by Higgins and people like him – people who clearly do not understand the many forms of Islam, who think the Crusades were a great idea, and clearly have not read the data suggesting that only around 12% of Muslims worldwide support the radicals.
To be clear, I am not in any way suggesting that Higgins is anti-Semitic, or a crypto-Nazi, or anything of that order. Nor am I particularly offended by his exploitation of Auschwitz, even it is somewhat disrespectful. Higgins appears genuinely moved by his experience there, and, given the views of some of his own constituents – Higgins is from Louisiana, home of David Duke – personally, I am grateful for his first-person response to the reality of the Nazi genocide.
But the fact is, his comments align themselves more closely with the Nazis than with those who were murdered by Nazis.
Most troubling of all is that Higgins isn't some powerless white nationalist ranting on Reddit. He's in the U.S. House of Representatives, a member of the majority party. He backs up his words with actions. Higgins has heartily supported efforts to deport as many undocumented people as possible, to ban as many Muslims from entry to the U.S. as possible, and to punish "sanctuary cities" which refuse to cooperate with such efforts.
We have already seen how anti-Muslim rhetoric has led to (underreported) acts of violence and terror against American and British Muslims, perpetrated by angry white male conservatives egged on by rhetoric like Higgins's. Words like his have already led to murder, and will surely continue to do so.
I suspect Congressman Higgins will apologize for violating Auschwitz rules by taping inside a room where hundreds of thousands of people were murdered. But it would be more important for him to reflect on the reasons why they were murdered, and how his own attitudes perpetuate them.


text:
Conquering the Toughest Budget Season Hotels Have Ever Faced
It's clear that consumers are looking for contactless, mobile-first travel experiences, but is there even room in tight 2021 hotel budgets to invest in technology?
It's difficult in any year to predict what a successful hotel budget looks like. But cliched phrases like "no one knows what the future holds" have frankly never been more true. At least in a normal year, hoteliers are able to forecast their potential revenue and needs based on patterns from previous years. This year? Good luck. There's no telling when a vaccine will be ready, how quickly countries will be able to vaccinate their population, and what risks will carry through to next year and beyond.
Now, the process will rely heavily on educated guesses as the world continues to go through rapid change. Yet hoteliers shouldn't feel hopeless when it comes to their budget. Several critical attributes of the new normal have already solidified: low contact service, cleanliness, and safety. As a result, it's becoming increasingly clear what hoteliers should invest in to successfully navigate the next year.
Technology that reduces contact is a sure bet for increasing booking, revenue, and guest satisfaction in 2021—but as in any recession, every expenditure will undergo extra scrutiny and contactless technology has its fair share of detractors. They generally fall into one of two camps: those who feel contactless technology is an overhyped trend that will eventually fade over the next few years and those who feel it's just too expensive for most properties.
And either way, is it worth the investment? Simply put, yes. Like any good investment, it can stand up against the criticism.
First, the habits formed during COVID won't just fade the way other trends do. Experts predict living through the pandemic will likely have a similar effect on today's population as The Great Depression did in the early 20th Century—meaning this will stand out as a critical period that forever shapes the way we all think and live. Even as the fear of infection subsides, a long-term affinity for cleanliness and contactless will remain.
Next, take into account that certain tools like contactless payments were already rising in popularity before the pandemic, out of convenience more than concern for cleanliness. And even when COVID becomes a distant memory, the convenience will remain. Most contactless solutions are also mobile solutions—and we live in a world where people have their phones on them 24/7. The long-term utility of mobile capabilities isn't going anywhere.
Finally, the biggest concern: cost. Many properties believe contactless technology is cost-prohibitive, only suitable for large hotels and brands. That couldn't be further from the truth. In fact, the large majority of contactless solutions are incredibly scalable both in function and price, built to work for any property—boutique or brand, 30 rooms or 3,000. The cost per month for most hotels isn't in the thousands, but in the hundreds. For many, it's often a lower monthly bill than laundry.
And beyond the low costs is real value. Dining revenue soars when guests can order from their phone and select contactless delivery. Reservations for on-property activities and amenities rise as well. Even more importantly, guest satisfaction spikes significantly when guests feel they have 24/7 access to everything they need right at their fingertips.
At this point, mobile technology that enables contactless service isn't just a good idea—it's becoming a standard. Guests are looking for amenities like mobile check-in and contactless dining options. The properties that can provide them will come out ahead during the pandemic, but also after. Once guests get used to mobile convenience, they'll never give it up. To truly create a successful hotel budget for 2021, hoteliers need to create space for innovation and technology.
Want to hear more about why technology is a smart investment for 2021 and beyond? Hear from THE GEORGE Director of Operations Kerrie Hunter about the boutique hotel's experience implementing a digital guest experience—and why she thinks contactless technology is worth every penny—in an on-demand webinar.
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