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It wasn't very windy this morning, and that's a problem
It is a well-understood phenomenon that wind generation in the Midwest essentially disappears when the mercury dips below -22° F. Electricity generation from wind turbines drops under these circumstances because…
How to calculate the productivity of wind on the regional grid
December 27, 2021 by Isaac Orr
The Midcontinent Independent Systems Operator, MISO, is the regional electric grid that Minnesota belongs to. It consists of portions of 15 states and the Canadian province of Manitoba. In late…
Twenty percent of MISO coal fleet at risk of fuel supply problems this winter
S&P Global reports that about 20 percent of the coal-fired power plants in the regional power grid to which Minnesota belongs, the Midcontinent Independent Systems Operator, or MISO, are at…
Minnesota's renewable energy mandate: 15 years of failure
November 23, 2021 by Isaac Orr
Tuesday, Nov. 23 marks the 15th anniversary of the day then-Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty signed off on his renewable energy mandate, the Next Generation Energy Act (NGEA). Today is also…
National coal shortages increase the risk of blackouts this winter
The largest electric grid operator in the United States is scrambling to ensure it has enough coal for the winter in an attempt to prevent a repeat of the devastating…
Electricity supplies could be short due to high demand, and wind won't help much
August 23, 2021 by Isaac Orr
The regional electric grid operator, the Midcontinent Independent Systems Operator (MISO), has issued three alerts suggesting electricity supplies could be tight today due to high electricity demand. The situation will…
During periods of the Polar Vortex, Coal Creek generated more electricity than the entire MISO wind fleet
July 29, 2021 by Isaac Orr
Center of the American Experiment is currently encouraging our readers to sign our petition today, supporting the sale of the Coal Creek power plant so it can continue to provide…
Sign our petition to save the Coal Creek power plant
Center of the American Experiment is the leading organization in the state of Minnesota promoting reliable, affordable electricity. This is why we believe it is vitally important for our supporters…
Support sale of Coal Creek; plant is good for Minnesota's mining industry
In May 2020, Great River Energy made a surprising announcement: It would close the Coal Creek Station — a large, 1,150-megawatt coal plant in North Dakota — if it could…
Where did the wind go last week?
July 8, 2021 by Isaac Orr
Advocates of wind turbines often argue that their unreliability can be offset by building even more wind turbines and transmission lines to distant areas because the wind is always blowing…
North Dakota power plant will keep burning clean, beautiful coal
Yesterday, news broke that the Coal Creek Station, a 1,150-megawatt power plant that is the largest electricity generator in the state of North Dakota, has found a new buyer, which…
Power Magazine: NERC warns energy shortfalls almost inevitable this summer
June 19, 2021 by Isaac Orr
The following article was originally written by Sonal Patel, and appeared in Power Magazine: The North American Electric Corp. (NERC) is warning that large swathes of the North American bulk…
Minnesota iron facilities forced to shut down due to electricity shortage
Last week, the regional electric grid operator, the Midcontinent Independent Systems Operator (MISO) declared an emergency, warning that the hot weather, unexpected power plant outages, and high demand was resulting…
No, an isolated electric grid didn't cause the Texas blackouts
March 22, 2021 by Isaac Orr
Renewable energy advocates have claimed that Texas had rolling blackouts because its grid, the Electricity Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), is isolated from the rest of the country, meaning Texas…
Wind and Solar Developers Don't Want To Pay Their Own Costs To Connect To The Grid
Despite bold-sounding announcements on decarbonizing America from progressive politicians and profit-seeking, government-approved monopolies, the biggest impediment to a world powered by wind, solar, and batteries is not political opposition from…
Grid Operator: Electricity Supply Could Be At Risk This Winter
November 5, 2020 by Isaac Orr
The regional electric grid operator expects there to be enough reliable power plants to keep the lights on this winter, but extreme weather may bring the risk of power outages.


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Shaping the future of aquaculture licensing in Europe
By Caitlin Magee
© iStock/Görkem Kara
The team behind the TAPAS project reflect on their last four years of research and how it can shape the future of aquaculture licensing in Europe.
As the four year Horizon 2020 TAPAS project comes to an end, the needs of the European aquaculture licensing industry has become a lot clearer. Delivering solutions for licensing across the continent was always going to be a challenge, even for this €6.9m interdisciplinary project, but the foundations have been set for a transition to a more streamlined and accessible licensing process that benefits both people and the environment.
The TAPAS project was developed in response to the challenge of a fragmented licensing process within and between European nations holding back industry development. As one of the EU's key sectors for Blue Growth, many EU Member States have ambitious targets to expand their national aquaculture industries. However, considerable bottlenecks were identified that actually prevented growth. This includes inaccessible and over-complex license application requirements, access to relevant scientific tools and data, lack of public support for aquaculture developments, and inconsistent national policy and legislation.
"A lack of effective licensing and regulation is restricting the development of Europe's aquaculture sector" says Professor Trevor Telfer of the University of Stirling, who leads the project. "Most of the seafood that we eat in Europe is imported, and inefficient licensing is contributing to lost opportunities for European producers."
The Aquaculture Toolbox
To address these challenges, a team of 15 research institutions, SMEs, aquaculture organisations and regulators from across Europe collaborated to fill research gaps, develop technological applications (including automated remote sensing and monitoring), and develop environmental modelling and guidance tools to aid the licensing process for stakeholders. The project took a pan-European approach to develop and test tools in a range of environments, and production systems that feature within the European aquaculture sector.
Based on a legislative review and policy recommendations, in consultation with stakeholders, the four-year TAPAS project has produced the Aquaculture Toolbox, hosting modelling and guidance tools for aquaculture license applicants, regulators and decision makers; a framework for assessing the synergies between aquaculture and the environment; and improved and novel integrated operational tools for the timely and cost-efficient monitoring of aquaculture production.
The research spanned spatial scales from in-situ monitoring to large-scale remote Earth observation, capturing environmental processes that drive the interaction between aquaculture and its surrounding environment. Diverse case studies from across Europe were used to test and demonstrate the applicability of the data and tools produced by the project, and to paint a picture of how stakeholders can utilise the outputs of the TAPAS project to benefit both development and regulation.
No 'one size fits all' solution
Aquaculture governance systems considered by the TAPAS project ranges from national-level strategies to decisions made locally by license applicants. These are linked by legislation to implement national policies, resulting in a licensing process. Implementation challenges exist at each level which are inherently linked to one another, therefore taking a more holistic approach is required to effect systematic change. For example, environmental reporting requirements (at the 'decision support' level) are driven by the requirements of the licensing process, which in turn are influenced by national legislation. Consequently, an ambitious national strategy to increase aquaculture production may be rendered ineffective if the legislation, and administrative frameworks, are not fit for purpose or are inefficient.
There is a diverse aquaculture industry across EU Member States, and while commonalities exist between sectors and nations, a multitude of pressures and environmental conditions drive the challenges experienced by both. Therefore, tools and guidance must be sufficiently broad to have a far-reaching impact yet detailed enough to capture the finer details of individual sectors (and to be accepted by these sectors as robust and reliable). The diversity in European aquaculture development also allows opportunities from lessons learned between different sectors, yet each has their own requirements which must be addressed by any tools and guidance that is developed. The ambitions of the Member States can also vary regarding the development of their aquaculture sectors which can also add to the complexity of the tools and guidance established. These challenges have been investigated within TAPAS.
Accessible yet robust licensing process
Through stakeholder consultations, a theme emerged of unnecessarily complex, time consuming and costly application processes, further exacerbated by poor communication and frequent license renewals required for single operations. Consequently, the licensing process at national level should be robust in order to develop the industry sustainably.
Processes within the licensing system, including the statutory Environmental Impact Assessments and public consultations, should ensure that developments are sited appropriately and that they carry out the necessary environmental monitoring and reporting. This robustness must be retained; yet consideration must also be given to the ability of the applicant to meet the requirements of a licensing system. The recommendations developed by the TAPAS project will guide regulators in improving the licensing system to work for both people and the environment, creating a simplified and streamlined yet robust process by which both applicants and regulators can develop appropriate and sustainable aquaculture developments. EU Member State governments and regulators can now benefit from access to these recommendations, informed by a diverse range of European stakeholders to improve national-level licensing frameworks.
Securing public support
A sustainable aquaculture industry is one that secures not only environmental protection but also economic viability and public community support. Stakeholder consultations revealed that a negative perception of aquaculture can have a disproportionately detrimental influence on industry in the eyes of the general public compared to its positive consequences, leading to a lack of confidence and trust and reduction in public support for, or even encouragement of active resistance to, the development of aquaculture. Poor public image also discourages the political support for the sector.
Addressing a need for better public support means improving transparency and public understanding of the licensing process, to build confidence, trust and to give the public and the media accurate information regarding aquaculture. In addition, improvements can be made to spatial planning frameworks under which aquaculture developers can liaise with other resource users to avoid conflict and to highlight positive contributions of aquaculture to society and to the environment.
Achieving greater public support for aquaculture developments has a two-way benefit – creating closer ties and improved relationships between communities and aquaculture developers, as well as benefiting the industry by minimising the disruption created by public opposition and increasing long-term sustainability. The transparency, guidance and tools from the TAPAS project and presented in the Aquaculture Toolbox will aid in better public understanding of licensing, management and environmental regulation and will also have knock-on benefits to enhance public awareness of the aquaculture industry.
Building on the success of the TAPAS project
The TAPAS project has successfully created a framework to augment aquaculture governance in EU Member States, therefore contributing to sustainable development through provision of environmental models, regulatory guidance and real-time monitoring tools. In turn, this results in an enhanced understanding of the relationship between aquaculture and the environment through effective licensing.
The Aquaculture Toolbox, as one of the principal outputs of the project, is available as a 'Version 1' stage – delivering a proof of concept of a Decision Support System that allows developers and regulators to access tools, guidance materials and case studies to improve national licensing processes and environmental management. This online platform is ready to be taken forward, built on and refined to encompass a greater range of tools and information for the European aquaculture industry. It is hoped that the Aquaculture Toolbox will be adopted by a body with the capacity to develop the framework in line with the needs of the sector, presenting an opportunity to further enhance a novel, EU-wide framework that holds the potential to improve economic, societal and environmental benefits and relieve licensing bottlenecks.
Dr Trevor Telfer
Tools for Assessment and Planning
of Aquaculture Sustainability (TAPAS Project)
t.c.telfer@stir.ac.uk
Tweet @tapas_h2020
http://tapas-h2020.eu/
Please note, this article will also appear in the second edition of our new quarterly publication.
Aquaculture in Europe: an economic overview
Aquaculture tanks enabling industry to deliver flexibility, durability, value
The Innovation Platform Issue 02
Previous articleThe impact of COVID-19 on the digitisation of public transport
Next articleCan breakfast cereal reduce postprandial blood glucose?
Innovation in batteries to support the renewable energy industry
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Exploring the formation of habitable planets
Fish farming competition offers $100,000 for innovative fishmeal and fish oil feed substitutes
Sustainable Planet 13th January 2021
A competition, designed to accelerate the development of fishmeal and fish oil substitutes in feeds, is offering its applicants $100,000.
European aquaculture studies lead to creation of cost-reducing automatic fish feeding system
Sustainable Planet 8th January 2021
A collection of European aquaculture studies has resulted in the development of a new automatic fish feeding system.
Using technology to improve the performance of timber
Gordon Ewbank discusses the benefits of building with timber and how technology is being used to improve the material's performance.
Antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture could become an urgent crisis by 2030
According to Daniel Schar of the Free University of Brussels, Belgium, antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture is a growing cause for concern.
Water Europe on achieving a water-smart society
Sustainable Planet 31st December 2020
Durk Krol of Water Europe discusses the barriers to achieving a water-smart society and how Water Europe is developing the solutions.
Bringing down the barriers to truly sustainable agriculture
Sustainable Planet 30th December 2020
Patrick Holden CBE discusses issues such as the Agriculture Bill, Brexit, and the 'land sharing' versus 'land sparing' debate.
The European battery industry: on track for battery market leadership
RECHARGE outline some of the barriers, and their solutions, to achieving the vision of a prosperous and sustainable economy.
Leading the US nuclear physics community
Research & Discovery 28th December 2020
Berkeley Lab discusses leading the US nuclear physics community and the diverse research activities taking place at the lab.
More from Innovation News Network
Audi and KIT collaborate to develop a recycling method for automotive plastics
KIT and Audi are launching a project for the recycling of automotive plastics which aims to increase a circular economy for plastics.
'One Health' approach to nasal bacteria could lead to new treatments for bovine respiratory diseases
New research has studied three bacterial species in the noses of young cattle, which could lead to bovine respiratory diseases.
Air pollution has a detrimental effect to the health of Giant Asian honeybees
Researchers have analysed the effects of pollution on one of India's most important pollinators, the Giant Asian honeybee.
Innovation News Network brings you the latest science, research and innovation news from across the fields of digital healthcare, space exploration, e-mobility, biodiversity, aquaculture and much more.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The First Thanksgiving took place in November 1621, and back then Thanksgiving was a way to celebrate the discovery of America. The pilgrims (supposedly) feasted on waterfowl, venison, ham, lobster, clams, berries, fruit, pumpkin, and squash. You probably can't imagine having lobster at your Thanksgiving meal, right? That's because the United States—and Thanksgiving—has evolved a lot since the 1600s.
Most Americans know what foods belong on this year's Thanksgiving table: turkey, cranberry sauce, stuffing, mashed potatoes and gravy, pumpkin or pecan pie, dinner rolls—the whole shebang. Yet what not every American knows is how Thanksgiving dinner has evolved since that first fateful feast in 1621.
When Thanksgiving was first celebrated, pumpkin pie wasn't even in existence—and, years later, when the first pumpkin pie recipes were written, it was made much more like an apple pie than the pumpkin pie modern Americans know so well. Another food that wasn't on the table was turkey, although that might be hard to fathom for some Americans today. Instead of unwrapping a Butterball and baking it, the pilgrims enjoyed whatever food was fruitful. This meant taking advantage of natural resources so that the whole community was able to enjoy the feast.
In fact, when the first Thanksgiving rolled around, it really was the whole community—the 53 surviving pilgrims. Yet somehow, as time went on, the community-wide gathering of Thanksgiving turned into something celebrated only by families, with community gatherings being the exception rather than the rule.
As time passed, Thanksgiving became less of a festival and more of a tradition, and in 1863, more than two centuries after the first Thanksgiving, then-President Abraham Lincoln established a national holiday for Thanksgiving to be celebrated, on November 22nd. Since then, not only have Americans been given time off of work and school to celebrate Thanksgiving, but many Americans take off extra time to spend time with family, as far away as they might be.
Not only are Americans leaving their homes to travel to see their families for the Thanksgiving holiday, they are leaving their homes to eat Thanksgiving dinner, too. According to a poll from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 43 percent of Americans have Thanksgiving dinner away from home, 7 percent more than in 1986. As American culture changes, so does Thanksgiving, but it's important to remember the origins of Thanksgiving.
As Americans enjoy their mashed potatoes and gravy, they ought to remember what it was like for the pilgrims. They celebrated, as one, their community and the very fact that they were alive—and that's a lesson all Americans can learn from. This Thanksgiving, one can only hope that Americans will come together as a community and cherish the very country they live in.


Justin Jeremy Gimelstob was born January 26, 1977, in Livingston, New Jersey. Justin is currently a broadcast commentator for The Tennis Channel. He retired from the ATP Tour . Gimelstob grew up in New Jersey and as of 2009 resides in Santa Monica, California.
Justin was the top-ranked boy in his respective age group at the ages of 12, 14, 16, and 18. As a professional tennis player, he won the 1998 Australian Open and French Open mixed doubles titles with Venus Williams as his partner. He won a total of 10 singles titles and 15 doubles championships as a pro, and twice was a member of the U.S. Davis Cup team.
In singles matches, he defeated Andre Agassi, Petr Korda, Àlex Corretja, Patrick Rafter (when he was # 5 in the world), and Gustavo Kuerten.


Awesome new construction in picturesque setting with views of Mt Pisgah. 3/2 spacious craftsman home with vaulted ceilings, open floor plan, wrap around porch, hardwood floors, granite countertops, laundry, mud room & 2 car garage . Great value minutes to I40, I26, downtown Asheville and the Blue Ridge Parkway.


Property can be purchased or leased. The house can lease for $900 a month (no pets), Trendy (retail business area) lease for $600 a month and the office may be leased at $250 a month. This is a triple net lease and owner will pay a portion of maintenance .


All the pieces that you see here are made by my own hands in my studio. Each is unique and one of a kind.
Each will therefore have its own personality, irregularities and differ slightly in size and in color.
The picture shows the piece but please note that color can differ slightly from what you see on your screen.


Sister Wives new season starts Sunday night with Kody Brown rocking a new hairdo. Plus, Christine Brown is almost unrecognizable. The polygamist husband has a new hairstyle that gives him a distinct look. And it appears Christine has lost a lot of weight. The Brown family is back with changes, complaints, and even some family protests.
Kody Brown's hair is long and wavy but the drastic change with his hair is when he ties it on top of his head. Furthermore, the 49-year-old seems to be trying to sport a younger-looking hairstyle. In the promo video, he wears it three different ways. One shot shows tight curls. In another, his hair is long and straggly.
Then in another shot, he has an upswept thing going on. While he has a mop of hair when he wears it down, when tied on top of his head, you can see he's shaved the sides. It's like getting three hairdos in one! This is a different look for Kody Brown from the earlier days on Sister Wives.
Christine Brown probably changed the most of all of Kody Brown's Sister Wives. With the first glance you get of Christine talking on-camera, it doesn't look like her. The weight she lost really shows up in her face.
While Christine Brown has a healthy new look this new season, the other wives look great as well. With that said, Robyn, Meri, and Janelle don't appear even a day older and they're looking good in the promo video from TLC.
When Sister Wives first began back in 2010, all the kids lived at home. During the first season, most of the kids were too young to marry or go out on their own. However, these kids have grown. The Brown children now number 18 with a few young adults in the group, which you can see the TLC promo video.
Aspyn Brown married Mitch Thompson in June 2018. Mitch talks on the promo video saying he has no intention of asking Aspyn to enter into a polygamous lifestyle. For those fans who haven't tuned in for a while, some of the kids aren't kids anymore. Madison Brown was the first of the Brown children to marry.
Her wedding took place back in June 2016. She wed Caleb Brush and they gave Kody Brown and his sister wives their first grandchild, a little boy named Axel. He was born in May 2017. Mykelti Brown married Antonio Padron shortly after Madison's wedding. They married in December 2016. So, a few Sister Wives kids are hitched and having babies.
The Sister Wives family gets ready to move to Arizona this season. Aspyn doesn't look too happy about this. She says she gets the feeling they are running away from something but doesn't know what. Kody Brown insists they move back to Arizona but a few of the wives push back.
That's a system Kody Brown talks about on the Sister Wives video above. He takes a strong stand about leading the family and he is not taking no for an answer on this move from Vegas. Will the married Brown children follow their big polygamist family to Arizona?
Come Sunday night fans should get the low-down on just who makes the move to Arizona and who doesn't. The new Sister Wives' season airs on TLC this Sunday, January 20.
Come back to Soap Dirt for more on Christine Brown and all the current Sister Wives spoilers, updates, and news.
← 'General Hospital' Spoilers: Lucy Corners Ava – Ryan's Next Target?


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This is the open source Fira font by Erik Spiekermann, Ralph du Carrois, Anja Meiners and Botio Nikoltchev, packaged for the Cyanogenmod Theme Engine. All the credits go to the three named font designers.

The package name is de.marcelkapfer.cyngn.theme.raleway

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## Licenses

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## Contributing

1. Fork it
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3. Add yourself to the CONTRIBUTORS file
4. Commit your changes (`git commit -am 'Add some feature'`)
5. Push to your branch (`git push origin my-new-feature`)
6. Create a new pull request

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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NETA GOLAN ARRESTED LEAVING GAZA
Neta Golan, an Israeli citizen and co-founder of the International Solidarity Movement (ISM), has been arrested by Israeli police while attempting to leave Gaza through the Erez border crossing.
Neta Golan, 38, arrived Gaza on 20th December, along with 17 human rights observers on the SS Dignity, the fifth boat to break the Israeli blockade of Gaza, organised by the Free Gaza Movement.
She will be taken to court tomorrow (23rd December) in Kiryat Gat.
Neta Golan's lawyer, Adnan Aladdin, condemned the arrest;
"Ms Golan's actions in no way constitute a crime. Her actions in entering Gaza were acts of necessity based on international law and a rejection of the policies of collective punishment pursued by the Israeli government"
"Humanitarian needs, such as those faced by the Palestinian people of Gaza due to the Israeli siege, make non-violent acts that are clearly a response to this act of collective punishment necessary. This is common sense and has precedent."
"The Defense of Necessity protects those who peacefully seek to prevent gross violations of human rights, grave breaches of humanitarian law, and war crimes from occurring
30. Non-violent civil disobedience in opposition to and aimed at preventing gross violations of human rights, grave breaches of humanitarian law, and war crimes has been recognized as justified by the necessity of self-defense and the necessity of defense of others in several jurisdictions around the world. (Source - The State of Israel vs.Ascherman, Arik; Omer, Ori; Hamburger, Shai Eliezer, January 2004, Criminal Case # 003751/03)
Under the Geneva Conventions of 1949, collective punishment is deemed a war crime. Article 33 of the the Fourth Geneva Convention states; "No protected person may be punished for an offense he or she has not personally committed," and that "collective penalties and likewise all measures of intimidation or of terrorism are prohibited." (http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/92.htm).
After successfully breaking the blockade with the Free Gaza Movement, Neta Golan spent three days in the Gaza Strip observing the effects of the Israeli siege on Gaza. She visited schools, hospitals and farmers who's lives have been devastated by Israel's policies of collective punishment.
She stated;
"How can an act against the collective punishment of over 1.5 million people be a crime? The policies of the Israeli State towards the people of Gaza is the real crime".
"I feel it is my duty to come to Gaza and attempt to raise awareness as to what the Israeli state is doing to the people here. We broke the siege on Gaza, now it is time for more from the international community to do the same in solidarity with the Palestinian people."
Neta Golan is one of the co-founders of the International Solicarity Movement which was nominated twice for a Nobel Peace prize. She has actively resisted the occupation, participating in hundreds of demonstrations against the wall and the illegal settler roads. She is married and lives in Ramallah with her Palestinian husband and two children.
The collective punishment of the people of Gaza has, according to the UN Relief and Works Agency, had a devastating effect on the local population. The siege has seen Israel allow only the bare minimum of essential materials allowed into the Strip. Last week even the UN food and cash distribution that was to be transferred was suspended by Israel (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/dec/21/israel-gaza-strip-middle-east).
Figures collected by the UN also show that 51.8% of the people of Gaza are now living below the poverty line, a figure the UN described as "unprecedentedly high" (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/dec/21/israel-gaza-strip-middle-east). The UN also announced last week that it had been forced to stop distributing food to the 750,000 people in need and forced to suspend financial distributions to a further 94,000.
The International Solidarity Movement (ISM) is a Palestinian-led movement committed to resisting the Israeli occupation of Palestinian land using nonviolent, direct-action methods and principles. Founded by a small group of activists in August, 2001, ISM aims to support and strengthen the Palestinian popular resistance by providing the Palestinian people with two resources, international protection and a voice with which to nonviolently resist an overwhelming military occupation force.
The International Solidarity Movement re-established its presence in the Gaza Strip following the first voyage of the Free Gaza Movement on the 23rd August 2008. ISM volunteers have been accompanying Gazan fishermen as they fish with Palestinian waters, working with farmers who have land situated along the Green Line and documenting aspects of the siege and occupation of Gaza. On the 18th November, three ISM volunteers were abducted from Palestinian waters by the Israeli navy together with fifteen Palestinian fishermen. The internationals were later deported from Israel, despite never having entered Israeli territory until taken into Israeli waters by the Israeli navy.
NETA GOLAN ARRESTED LEAVING GAZA was published on December 23, 2008 by FreeGaza Movement.


All the work with PostgreSQL lately has led to the need to install mod_perl and the DBI Perl modules. In addition to the basic DBI module and a PostgreSQL DBD module, I'm also trying out the ApacheDBI module. Apache DBI provides persistant connections to the database, eliminating the time delays associated with opening and closing connections for each query. Right now all this stuff is running on one of our test machines but we'll be upgrading our primary webservers soon with new, faster hardware, RH6.1, and full database capabilities.


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Learning in The Time of Covid-19
Fatima Mohammed, Staff Writer
What Happened to Learning During Covid
Since the coronavirus pandemic, schools and universities started distance learning to keep safe from spreading the virus. Even though our school GEMS GAA is held to the rules of how to keep safe from the coronavirus spread GAA Health & Safety, parents, students and teachers are worried, because the coronavirus spread quickly and easily. But most of the parents trust GAA about safety. One of the parents' comments says "Good because they are trying their best", she meant that the school is trying their best for safety and taking precautions.
Going to school during Covid impacts not only students, but teachers, and families. Some Parents were worried for their children going back to school fearing of the virus. And some parents were worried about distance learning, because some kids can't focus the whole time in front of the screen. But the school gave the opportunity for students either they want to learn from home or come to school.
"You can do it" – Mariam M.
Is In-Person Learning Better Than Distance Learning
In- person learners said that they prefer learning in school, because they can focus with the teachers better, communicating with their friends and it's a change for them after being quarantined. Also some teachers and parents said that they prefer in-person learning, because distance learning is damaging their eyes, and their bodies get inactive for setting the whole time in front of the laptops or ipads. A student in GAA said " In-person learning is easier to understand topics and lessons when you're in class". But eventually, for sure there will be advantages and disadvantages of in-person learning, a female student who attends school said "Advantages of being in-person learner would be completing your assignments on time and understanding the lesson without any distractions and the disadvantages would be that you have to wear the mask at all times and take precautions". Of Course masks and taking precautions are important, but it's really uncomfortable to wear a mask all the time, because you can't breathe well, also it leaves a red spot behind your ears or in your nose.
"Be patient and don't stress" – Aysha Alnuaimi
Why Distance Learning
Distance learning is another way of learning, people depended on it when Covid-19 spread significantly on 22 March DL starts . Distance learners students said that they prefer distance learning, because they have their own space when studying. Parents who chose distance learning for their children, is because they are worried about them from the coronavirus. And they have the right to be worried, because it's their children's lives that're threatened by the virus. Distance learning students have advantages and disadvantages of learning online, like their eyes and body get tired or the Wifi sometimes get ruined. Mariam Almaskari, a distance learner student that I have my own place to work and disadvantage that I can't see my friends". She's right friends miss each other after a long quarantine time.
What Are Students Feedback and Suggestions
Students lately got tired of having a lot of assignments from each class and not enough time to complete them all.
Some students commented about school: "Very hard because I have a lot of work and tests that I have to study for".
"It is very much different than last year, I would say that it is stressful and tough".
Some suggestions: "For them to not give us a lot of apps to us and to give us less work to do"
"To not stress out with so many summatives and assignments" .
Even though we are all going through hard times, we have to learn to make the world a better place.
"Nothing can reduce the cognitive load of learning, but we can break down the barriers to entry and inspire ourselves to work harder through our practice"
For more information: GAA Site
Fatima Mohammed
GAA Graffiti – Live Mural Creation
Senior Class Friendsgiving
MUN Returns!
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Everything you need to know about Snack Shack
GAA Varsity Volleyball teams travel to Kuwait for a Competitive Tournament.
GAA students excited about the 2022 FIFA World Cup
GAA Swimmers WIN!
High School Musical Practices
Volleyball Update
All GAA Roars Picks Reader Picks Sort: Newest
Ghaida • Dec 10, 2020 at 7:09 am
Nice Fatima Mohammed..learning never stops
https://gaaroars.org/822/news/learning-in-the-time-of-covid-19/#comment-4


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ANTARTICA's REMOTE AREAS CONTAMINATED WITH WASTE
– 2018-06-11Posted in: Head Lines
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PLASTIC waste and toxic chemicals found in remote parts of the Antarctic this year add to evidence that pollution is spreading to the ends of the Earth, environmental group Greenpeace said on Thursday.
Microplastics – tiny bits of plastic from the breakdown of everything from shopping bags to car tires – were detected in nine of 17 water samples collected off the Antarctic peninsula by a Greenpeace vessel in early 2018, it said. And seven of nine snow samples taken on land in Antarctica found chemicals known as PFAs (polyfluorinated alkylated substances), which are used in industrial products and can harm wildlife.
"We may think of the Antarctic as a remote and pristine wilderness," Frida Bengtsson of Greenpeace's Protect the Antarctic campaign said in a statement about the findings. "But from pollution and climate change to industrial krill fishing, humanity's footprint is clear," she said. "These results show that even the most remote habitats of the Antarctic are contaminated with microplastic waste and persistent hazardous chemicals."
The United Nations' environment agency says plastic pollution has been detected from the Arctic to Antarctica and in remote places including the Mariana Trench, the deepest part of the world's oceans in the Pacific. On Tuesday, it said that less than a 10th of all the plastic ever made has been recycled, and governments should consider banning or taxing single-use bags or food containers to stem a tide of pollution.
CROSSING OCEANS
Last year researchers at the University of Hull and the British Antarctic Survey found that levels of microplastic in Antarctica were five times higher than expected only counting local sources such as research stations and ships.
That means that the pollution is crossing the Southern Ocean, often considered as a barrier to man-made pollution. Scientists say the long-term impacts on marine life are unknown.
At the other end of the world, researchers in Germany reported in April that sea ice floating on the Arctic Ocean contains large amounts of plastic waste, which could be released as the ice thins because of global warming. "Plastic stays around for hundreds of years," said author Ilka Peeken of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research. In trying to understand the spread of pollution, she told Reuters that new areas for research could include how far tiny bits of plastic are getting blown on winds to the Arctic and how much is swept by ocean currents.
https://www.iol.co.za/news/world/antarcticas-remote-areas-contaminated-with-waste-chemicals-greenpeace-15379187?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=social


Ferryside hotel accomodation, hotels in Ferryside, Carmarthenshire. We have a selection of hotels in Ferryside, Carmarthenshire, hotels near all the attractions, places to see and things to do. You are able to make an instant confirmed secure online booking. We also offer information on Carmarthenshire travel and tourist information.
Ferryside is a village on the seaside in the county of Carmarthenshire, South Wales. The village of Ferryside sits on the banks of the River Tywi, and overlooks the famous Three Rivers Estuary.
The rivers Tywi, Taff and Gwendraeth form the three rivers estuary and the near coastline includes famous beaches, including the Pendine Sands, Cefn Sidan Sands, and part of the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park. | The natural amenities of the area surrounding Ferryside support a wealth of outdoor activities including boating trips, bird watching, and an abundance of walks.


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Airbnb Emerges As Newsom Booster in 2018 Bid for Extended Sacramento Lodging
Frank Bass |	April 10, 2017
California Lieutenant Governor Gavin Newsom.
Photo by Yichuan Cao/NurPhoto via Getty Images
This story was produced by MapLight and published in partnership with the San Francisco Chronicle.
Apr 10, 2017 - The California governor's mansion isn't one of the more than 300 homes and apartments available in Sacramento through Airbnb. Even so, the San Francisco-based company so far appears more committed than anyone to boosting Lt. Gov. Gavin Newsom's bid for the 2018 Democratic gubernatorial nomination.
A MapLight analysis of campaign data shows that Airbnb employees have given $225,850 to Newsom's effort. Meanwhile, potential opponents, who include former Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa and California Treasurer John Chiang, reported their largest contributions from any one source have barely topped $100,000.
The short-term rental giant's generosity to Newsom's campaign shouldn't come as a surprise. Although activists have argued that Airbnb offerings are restricting the availability of affordable Bay Area housing, Newsom has emerged as a major political booster of the sharing economy, which also includes San Francisco-based car services Uber and Lyft.
Newsom criticized the University of California in 2014 for a policy that restricted employees from using services such as Airbnb and Uber. He also campaigned against a 2015 San Francisco referendum that would have limited short-term rentals to 75 days per year. In an advertisement sponsored by Airbnb, Newsom said the measure "goes too far. It's just too extreme." The measure failed, gaining only 45 percent of the vote.
The company declined comment on its donations, which included maximum individual amounts of $56,400 contributed by Brian Chesky, the company's chief executive, and Laurence Tosi, Airbnb chief financial officer.
Expensive Races
With 20 months remaining before the election, the three major Democratic contenders have collectively raised about $19.1 million in campaign funds in their bid to replace term-limited Gov. Jerry Brown.
As the most populous state in the nation, the California race likely will be more expensive than other states where governors' seats are opening up, including Florida, Ohio and Colorado. Even so, spending on the California contest is likely to be lower than in 2010. More than $244 million was raised in the 2010 gubernatorial election, with GOP nominee Meg Whitman's bid accounting for more than $176 million. The Hewlett Packard Enterprise chief lost to Brown, who raised more than $40 million.
Newsom announced plans to run in early 2015, barely three months after Brown was re-elected to his fourth stint in the governor's mansion and second consecutive term. The lieutenant governor reported receiving more than $11 million in contributions since then. Meanwhile, Chiang has raised more than $4.7 million, and Villaraigosa reported a little more than $2.9 million.
Other big supporters of Newsom include employees at the San Francisco private equity firm Tao Capital Partners, which has given $209,200 to the lieutenant governor, and the Wonderful Company, a Los Angeles-based holding company, which has donated $112,900. Other major boosters include workers at San Francisco companies such as cloud-computing giant Salesforce ($86,400) and Twitter ($84,800).
Villaraigosa's campaign reported receiving $112,800 from the Wonderful Company. He's also received $61,400 from Mapleton Investments, owned by Los Angeles billionaire philanthropist Marc Nathanson. Villaraigosa has reported donations of $56,400 -- the individual maximum for the 2015-16 election cycle -- from 18 organizations including the Anschutz Corp., owned by conservative billionaire Philip Anschutz; the Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation; Netflix; and Ryan Seacrest Enterprises.
Chiang has received $100,000 from Torrance-based Seville Classics and $94,600 from Yin McDonald's, a Vacaville-based operator of restaurant franchises owned by longtime Chiang booster C.C. Yin.
A January survey by Public Policy Polling found Newsom leading other current and potential candidates with 25 percent of the vote. San Diego Mayor Kevin Faulconer trailed with 20 percent. Villaraigosa had 9 percent of the field, and Chiang lagged with 2 percent.
Five of the eight candidates listed in the poll haven't established formal campaign committees, including Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti, a Democrat (13 percent); former Fresno Mayor Ashley Swearengin, a Republican (12 percent); Democratic philanthropist and billionaire hedge fund manager Tom Steyer (4 percent); Secretary of State Alex Padilla, a Democrat (3 percent); and Faulconer.
Delain Eastin, former superintendent of public instruction who announced her candidacy in November, wasn't listed in the poll. Eastin reported raising $59,000.
The poll of 882 California voters, taken Jan. 17-18, had a 3.3 percent margin of error.
MapLight analysis of campaign contributions to the candidate-controlled committees associated with gubernatorial candidates during the 2015-2016 and 2017-2018 election cycles. Aggregate contributors include political action committees, major donors, and employees, based on itemized records. All numbers are based on latest data made available by the California Secretary of State as of April 3, 2017.
MapLight Partners with the City and County of Denver to Build New Campaign Finance System
Alec Saslow | January 13, 2021
Decoder Newsletter: Not Social Media, Trump Media
Margaret Sessa-Hawkins and Viviana Padelli | January 11, 2021
U.S. Capitol Riot by Trump Supporters Highlights the Dangers of Disinformation
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(thing) by sgt throat Tue Nov 13 2001 at 17:43:52
A disordered state of motion within a fluid, often associated with the presense of a high Reynolds number in the flow.
An understanding of turbulence is ellusive, due to the complexity of the Navier-Stokes equations in this regime, due to the non-linearities being prevalent.
(idea) by mollusc Thu Oct 03 2002 at 11:18:20
When the flow rate of a fluid exceeds a certain critical value, it is no longer laminar. The flow becomes extremely irregular and complex, changing constantly with time; there is no steady state or constant pattern. Such unpredictable, chaotic flow is termed turbulence. The transition from laminar to turbulent flow is often abrupt - a smooth laminar flow will suddenly become unstable once the critical speed is reached. Instabilities can be introduced by an object in the flow path, such as a bump on a pipe wall.
In a real fluid there will be a strong adheseive force between the object and the molecules of the fluid passing close to it. This layer of fluid will adhere to the object and remain at rest relative to it. The speed of the fluid increases from zero to free-stream value as the distance from the object increases. This variation in speed takes place in a thin layer, called the boundary layer.
When the flow speed is relatively low, the velocity changes can be made easily by the fluid and the flow remains smooth, the streamlines deviating around the object and returning to parallel laminar flow after passing it.
At higher speeds, the fluid will not be able to make a smooth transition from zero speed at the surface to a high speed nearby. The result is turbulence and instability, characterized by breaking up and curling of streamlines, a decreased flow rate, noise, and substantial mixing - indeed, turbulence is required for mixing of a fluid to occur.
For example, normal blood flow in human arteries is laminar, but is at high enough speeds that a relatively small obstruction such as a lump on an interior wall will destroy the laminar flow pattern. Turbulent flow is noisy, and it is this noise that can be used in stethoscope diagnosis of circulatory problems.
(definition) by Webster 1913 Wed Dec 22 1999 at 3:59:05
Tur"bu*lence (?), n. [L. turbulentia: cf. F. turbulebce.]
The quality or state of being turbulent; a disturbed state; tumult; disorder; agitation.
Shak.
The years of . . . warfare and turbulence which ensued. Southey.
Syn. -- Agitation; commotion; tumult; tumultuousness; termagance; unruliness; insubordination; rioting.
Mile High Club Spy satellites can't read your license plate fluid mechanics laminar flow
Turbulent SR-71 Blackbird Reynolds number trade winds
Wind Shear drowning in time October 25, 2018 forward slip
Floating in a tin can Viktor Schauberger American Airlines Flight 587 The Battle of Tempest IV: Tango Base, Day 0
Vne trailing edge March 8, 2001 boundary layer
Platyhelminthes Valley of the Kings Flight newbies base bleed
Heroes of Destiny
Modern Mayan Slaughtercomb
Pale Fire
The Everything Editor's Job


Yesterday Sage 100 version 2017 was released yesterday. It can be ( download link coming soon ) directly from the Sage site soon. Even though the download link only references Sage 100, the download is applicable to both Sage 100 and Sage 100c users.
Once you install the program to your computer you'll have access to this Customer Upgrade Guide – Sage 100 2017 (PDF download) which shows the new features added from Sage 100 version 4.0 to 2017.
Remember that before you install any Sage upgrades you should check that any third party integrations or modifications are available for the latest release. It is not unusual for these to lag one or two months behind the main release.
Sage have just released this seven-page guide to what's new in their Sage 100 2017 release.
Visually, most users will notice that the launcher menu has received a refresh for both Sage 100 and Sage 100c. ACH payment capabilities have been added to Sales Order (requires Sage Payment Solutions account enabled for ACH).


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stillness of heart
MUSINGS : CRITICISM : HISTORY : PASSION
Tag: Criticism
Longreads: Robert B. Silvers, 1929-2017
"I believe in the writer—the writer, above all."
via Robert B. Silvers, Editor of The New York Review of Books: 1929-2017 — Longreads
Author Fernando Ortiz Jr.Posted on March 21, 2017 March 21, 2017 Categories ART, BOOKS, CRITICISM, EDUCATION, ENTERTAINMENT, FICTION, FOREIGN AFFAIRS, HISTORY, LITERATURE, NEWS, POETRY, POLITICS, WRITINGTags Books, Criticism, Literary, NYROB, Robert Silvers, TechnologyLeave a comment on Longreads: Robert B. Silvers, 1929-2017
Undiscovered countries: The books we need
Insightful celebrations of worthy works, considerations of upcoming titles, and general musings on great writing will all meet here on a regular basis.
Stillness of Heart's range of popular and academic book criticism widened and deepened in recent years, and many more reviews are on the way. Insightful celebrations of worthy works, considerations of upcoming titles, and general musings on great writing will all meet here on a regular basis.
As always, the Stillness of Heart community of writers, readers, intellectuals, historians, journalists, and artists welcomes your ideas and recommendations. Tell us what we should be reading.
Some of 2015's best Civil War books … so far
Cold Harbor to the Crater: The End of the Overland Campaign, edited by Gary W. Gallagher and Caroline E. Janney
Defining Duty in the Civil War: Personal Choice, Popular Culture, and the Union Home Front, by J. Matthew Gallman
The Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory, by Bradley R. Clampitt
The World the Civil War Made, edited by Gregory P. Downs and Kate Masur
Fortune's Fool: The Life of John Wilkes Booth, by Terry Allford
The Smell of Battle, the Taste of Siege: A Sensory History of the Civil War, by Mark Smith
The War That Forged a Nation: Why the Civil War Still Matters, by James M. McPherson
Learning from the Wounded: The Civil War and the Rise of American Medical Science, by Shauna Devine
Originally published in July 2015
"Publishers in 2015 offer excellent work that both casual and serious readers of the Civil War should know about."
The Silent Enemy
Polio: An American Story, by David M. Oshinsky
Originally published in December 2014
"The United States battled polio long before it ever faced the Soviet hegemonic threat, but only during the Cold War did the U.S. achieve significant victories in the battle against the virus."
From a flame into a firestorm
A consideration of the French Revolution and its unexpected consequences.
Originally published in September 2014
"Why the French Revolution devoured its own people"
Dealing with the real America
Puerto Rican Citizen: History and Political Identity in Twentieth-Century New York City, by Lorrin Thomas
Originally published in August 2014
"Dealing with Puerto Rico means dealing with the key issues of the 21st century. Few in the U.S. government may have the stomach for that rollercoaster."
The wars over the war
Hospital Sketches, by Louisa May Alcott
Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War, by Charles B. Dew
The Revolution of 1861: The American Civil War in the Age of Nationalist Conflict, by Andre Fleche
The Union War, by Gary W. Gallagher
The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy Toward Southern Civilians 1861-1865, by Mark Grimsley
Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, by Harriet Jacobs
"The North American Crisis of the 1860s," by Patrick J. Kelly, in The Journal of the Civil War Era
"Who Freed the Slaves?" by James M. McPherson, in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
"Who Freed the Slaves? Emancipation and Its Meaning," by Ira Berlin, in Union & Emancipation: Essays on Politics and Race in the Civil War Era
"Nine key books and articles taken together can explain what led to the first sparks of civil violence and how those sparks ignited what evolved into the bloodiest and most important war in U.S. history."
Endless Borderlands
Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, by Gloria Anzaldua
Peace Came in the Form of a Woman: Indians and Spaniards in the Texas Borderlands, by Juliana Barr
Walled States, Waning Sovereignty, by Wendy Brown
Pacific Connections: The Making of the U.S.-Canada Borderlands, by Kornel Chang
The Comanche Empire, by Pekka Hämäläinen
A Tale of Two Cities: Santo Domingo and New York after 1950, by Jesse Hoffnung-Garskof
Bridging National Borders in North America: Transnational and Comparative Histories, edited by Benjamin H. Johnson and Andre R. Graybill
Migra!: A History of the U.S. Border Patrol, by Kelly Lytle-Hernandez
The Line Which Separates: Race, Gender, and the Making of the Alberta-Montana Borderlands, by Sheila McManus
Border Dilemmas: Racial and National Uncertainties in New Mexico, 1848-1912, by Anthony P. Mora
Stranger Intimacy: Contesting Race, Sexuality and the Law in the North American West, by Nayan Shah
Line in the Sand: A History of the Western U.S.-Mexico Border, by Rachel St. John
Bárbaros: Spaniards and their Savages in the Age of Enlightenment, by David Weber
"On Borderlands," by Hämäläinen and Samuel Truett, in the Journal of American History
"From Borderlands to Borders: Empires, Nation-States, and the Peoples in Between in North American History," by Jeremy Adelman and Stephen Aron, in American Historical Review
Originally published in June 2014
"Fifteen essays and books explore the borderlands field with passion and intelligence, daring their readers to leave behind their old worlds and follow them into new ones."
The Battle for Boricua
Reproducing Empire: Race, Empire, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico, by Laura Briggs
Originally published in January 2014
"Is Puerto Rico the battleground for America's intellectual future?"
Torn in the USA
Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History, by David Allyn
Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939, by Lizabeth Cohen
Stayin' Alive: The 1970s and the Last Days of the Working Class, by Jefferson Cowie
In Search of the Black Panther Party: New Perspectives on a Revolutionary Movement, edited by Jama Lazerow and Yohuru Williams
Quixote's Soldiers: A Local History of the Chicano Movement, 1966-1981, by David Montejano
"Resistance in the Urban North: Trumbull Park, Chicago, 1953-1966," by Arnold R. Hirsch, in the Journal of American History
"Crabgrass-Roots Politics: Race, Rights, and the Reaction against Liberalism in the Urban North, 1940-1964," by Thomas J. Sugrue, in the Journal of American History
"Life, liberty, and the doomed pursuit of happiness."
Nixon lurking in the shadows
Richard M. Nixon in books, in the news, on TV, and in my dreams
"Richard Nixon was in my dream last night. The post-presidency Nixon. The bitter, self-pitying, damned Nixon, coiled in the shadows of La Casa Pacifica in San Clemente, dark eyes glaring at the world as it spun on without him."
Homo universalis
A reflection on my intellectual ambitions.
"I've always been blessed with a hunger for knowledge, a curiosity that often flares into full-blown passion for new arenas of experience, a curiosity perhaps sparked by a bittersweet frustration that I don't know as much about literature, science, mathematics, history and culture as I think I should."
Author Fernando Ortiz Jr.Posted on July 17, 2015 July 21, 2015 Categories BOOKS, CRITICISM, EDUCATION, ENTERTAINMENT, FICTION, FOREIGN AFFAIRS, HISTORY, LITERATURE, NEWS, POLITICS, PSYCHOLOGY, RECOMMENDED READING, RELATIONSHIPSTags 1861, 1863, 1864, 1865, Amazon, Book Reviews, Books, CIVIL WAR, Confederacy, Criticism, Diary, Education, HISTORY, PoliticsLeave a comment on Undiscovered countries: The books we need
A review by Fernando Ortiz Jr.
Discussed in this essay:
Laura Briggs. Reproducing Empire: Race, Empire, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. Pp. 304. $29.95.
Puerto Rico was one of the prizes the U.S. won in its 1898 victory over the Spanish Empire. The U.S. made Puerto Ricans citizens in 1917 and granted the territory an upgrade to commonwealth status in 1952. Debate has raged ever since over how, when, or if Puerto Rico should attempt to move in a new political direction, and over how it should cope with the degree of control the U.S. still wields over its economic and political systems. Like a moon trapped in planetary orbit, bathed only in the solar light reflected from that planet's surface, struggles for self-definition and conflicting political visions dominate the island's history.1
Laura Briggs extravagantly explores key components of Puerto Rico's lurching political evolution in Reproducing Empire, a 2002 book based on her 1998 doctoral thesis composed at Brown University. Her book, standing tall among the work uniting colonial control and gender roles, illustrates Anglo American rulers at first disgusted with Puerto Rico, viewing the island territory as a cesspool of tropical subhumans blinded by rampant sexual desires and staggered by venereal disease, overpopulation endangering their natural and imported resources, and desperate, whether they knew it or not, for American guidance.
Puerto Rico's social and economic problems were both caused and worsened, Briggs argues, by colonizing Americans who only saw themselves as solutions to those problems. She creatively examines the grinding conflict between the colonizer and the colonized through the prism of Puerto Rican sexuality, particularly the symbolically sexual body of the working-class Puerto Rican woman, whose propensity for sexual "deviancy" was blamed for spreading disease, for having too many children, and for essentially standing in the way of Puerto Rico's proper Americanization. The fights waged over her sexual body became, Briggs argues, fights over Puerto Rican identity, political autonomy, ethnic equality, forced modernization, and Puerto Rican resistance. The Puerto Rican woman was the greatest battlefield in the titanic struggle over the island, which Briggs calls "the most important place in the world," where she believes today's essential debates over globalization issues are rooted in U.S. colonial attitudes.2
Americans saw prostitutes swarming over the men training to fight in World War I, posing their own venereal threat not just to the men but also to the women and children on the mainland, who would eventually be infected by the hapless victims of female Puerto Rican sexuality. U.S. incarceration policies on prostitution, Briggs argues, were one more supplement to colonial control and one more way Americans saw Puerto Ricans as foreigners, as people of lesser value to be kept apart from Americans, and as primitives who needed benevolent guidance. Puerto Rican women were either threats or weaklings needing protection. Islanders protested these prostitution policies, and Briggs sees in the rhetoric islander resistance not simply to the policies but also to the overall colonial project and later over their muddled citizenship.3
Americans saw overpopulation as also caused by these naturally promiscuous and illiterate women, prone to disease, doomed to poverty, and overly attached to the ideal of large hungry families. So, Briggs explains, American scientists developed new sterilization and birth control methods – diaphragms, contraceptive foams and jellies, and eventually the pill – and tested their effectiveness on Puerto Rican women, turning the island into "a social science laboratory."4
Throughout the Cold War, Briggs argues that Puerto Rico became a "political showcase," advertising to Latin American nations vulnerable to Soviet seduction the beauty of a society that could result from an alliance (re: economic and military control) with the U.S. Puerto Rico was subjected to development projects — population control, industrialization, export control — again serving as a laboratory where models were analyzed before being sold to Third World nations.5
But the islanders had direct effects on the mainland too. Most importantly, Americans saw a huge post-World War II movement of Puerto Ricans into mainland cities, particularly into New York. The arrival of so many people in only a few decades permanently changed the racial and ethnic makeup of countless neighborhoods, sparked ethnic and political tensions, and re-engineered political activism. New arguments and alliances were born as these citizens struggled to live alongside Americans who saw them as anything but citizens and anything but white.
Overall, despite its strengths and creativity — particularly her intriguing view that the tentacles of colonization in Puerto Rico were only shorter and younger versions of the long American tentacles of globalization now strangling the globe — Briggs could have used a better editor to tighten a muddled narrative that often seems off balance and that could have been much shorter. Briggs often repeats the same points again and again, as if chapters were written months apart and she had to remind herself of the main thesis the latest chapter was supposed to be supporting. Also, the narrative needed more biographical sketches to bring alive the issues of sexuality, gender, and colonial victimization. Her ideas would have been so much more effective if the consequences of colonial decisions were shown in the wreckage of Puerto Rican lives, identities, and outlooks. Briggs bases her arguments on an impressive mountain of essays, books, and governmental studies. She complements a generally solid book with thirty-one pages of entertaining and informative notes and a 23-page bibliography.
One of the book's best moments comes at the end, when Briggs argues that Puerto Rico illustrates "the explicit disalignment of the components of a nation." The multidimensional identity of the Puerto Rican man and woman, Briggs seems to say, transcends maps, definitions of nationality, and concepts of national and international place. Imagine a map of the world laid out on a picnic table next to neatly typed definitions of every aspect of foreign affairs, U.S. government, and Latino identity. And then imagine the aurora borealis glowing in the night sky above. Puerto Rico, Briggs essentially argues, is the aurora. The rest of the world is the boring, ordered, defined arrangement on the table far below that celestial beauty.
Alternatively, the unique people of Puerto Ricans must find a unique solution to their unique "ethno-nation" quandary, effectively placing them on the cutting edge in terms of designing effective political entities for the twenty-first century. In that sense, at least, Briggs is absolutely right: Puerto Rico truly is the most important place in the world.6
1. Juan Gonzalez, Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in America (New York: Penguin, 2000), 62-63. The Jones-Shafroth Act of 1917 granted citizenship to all Puerto Ricans and established a three-branch government system. An online image of the bill is accessible here: http://tinyurl.com/93rbfx4. A PDF of the commonwealth constitution is accessible here: http://tinyurl.com/yjvo25z.↩
2. Laura Briggs, Reproducing Empire: Race, Empire, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 194.↩
3. Briggs, 17.↩
4. Briggs, 9.↩
6. Briggs, 195-196.↩
Author Fernando Ortiz Jr.Posted on January 31, 2014 May 21, 2014 Categories BOOKS, CRITICISM, EDUCATION, FOREIGN AFFAIRS, HEALTH, HISTORY, POLITICS, RECOMMENDED READING, SCIENCE, SEX, THE COLD WAR, WORLD WAR I, WORLD WAR IITags Academics, Birth Control, Books, Borderlands, Caribbean, Cold War, Criticism, Economics, Essay, Puerto Rico4 Comments on The Battle for Boricua
Life, liberty, and the doomed pursuit of happiness. A review essay by Fernando Ortiz Jr.
A review essay by Fernando Ortiz Jr.
Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History. By David Allyn. (New York: Routledge, 2001. 400 pp. $26.96).
Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939. 2nd ed. By Lizabeth Cohen. (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 568 pp. $25.99).
Stayin' Alive: The 1970s and the Last Days of the Working Class. By Jefferson Cowie. (New York: The New Press, 2010. 488 pp. $15.98).
"Resistance in the Urban North: Trumbull Park, Chicago, 1953-1966." By Arnold R. Hirsch. The Journal of American History. (82, no. 2 [September, 1995]: 522-550. JSTOR [accessed Feb. 1, 2013] ).
In Search of the Black Panther Party: New Perspectives on a Revolutionary Movement. Edited by Jama Lazerow and Yohuru Williams. (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2006. 408 pp. $24.01).
Quixote's Soldiers: A Local History of the Chicano Movement, 1966-1981. By David Montejano. (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2010. 360 pp. $23.70).
Polio: An American Story. By David M. Oshinsky. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. 368 pp. $16.95).
"Crabgrass-Roots Politics: Race, Rights, and the Reaction against Liberalism in the Urban North, 1940-1964." By Thomas J. Sugrue. The Journal of American History. 82, no. 2 [September, 1995]: 551-578. JSTOR [accessed Feb. 1, 2013] ).
The New Deal caressed with warm rays of hope the hearts and minds of millions of Americans grappling with the Great Depression. Shimmering ideals carved into the pillars of 1930s bureaucratic power re-invented the relationship between government and the people it represented. The New Deal also served for subsequent generations as a gateway opening onto a glowing era without racism, illness, or injustice. Citizens only needed to step towards the entrance to realize the core tenets – and challenges — of their American democracy: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Select academic and popular works from the past two decades beautifully illustrate how Americans dared to aspire for better lives, to reach out for democracy's sweetest fruits, and to confront adversaries unwilling to share the treasures of freedom.
The aspiration for a better life often began with fair employment. Lizabeth Cohen's Making a New Deal and Jefferson Cowie's Stayin' Alive both focus on the journey the working-class endured throughout six decades of economic turbulence and doomed political alliances. Cohen sets the stage by exploring Chicago's ethnic working-class communities from about 1920 to 1940. Before the Great Depression, companies corralled their workers into paternalistic corporate societies. Workers enjoyed picnics, medical care, education, and other key aspects of a full life, yet all existed in the company's shadow, without leverage to demand higher wages or a significant voice to improve worker conditions. Corporate authority framed workers' identities. Cohen's tapestry of Chicago communities gradually changed their understanding of who they were – from automatons governed by heartless corporate machinery to autonomous citizens who could no longer look to their employers for economic protection. Just as they changed their outlook, the liberal Democratic Roosevelt administration grew in political power and effectiveness. They reached out for each other. Energized unions offered workers a new avenue towards their goals of economic security, social legitimacy, and a viable political voice. The Democratic Party valued union support, listened to workers' needs, and institutionalized the view that government could protect workers from corporate manipulation and financial unrest.
But the freedom from corporate autocracy, Cohen explains, added to workers' lives a new vulnerability to "new tyrannies." Chicago workers, along with workers throughout the U.S., became so closely bound to Democratic policy that when the Roosevelt administration, faced with entry into World War II, moved closer to companies needed to make war materiel, workers had no choice but to endure the consequences of corporate-friendly agreements. Alliances with political groups, Cohen also points out, meant workers swam in deeper political waters, filled with large allies but even larger enemies. Workers savored their new political value, but their leaders also did whatever was necessary to hold on to that influence on parties, administrations, and elections. Political enemies like Richard Nixon targeted that desire and the frustration workers felt over advantages the civil rights movements afforded to minorities.
Cowie's Stayin' Alive examines labor after the New Deal's light faded beyond history's horizons. He focuses on the years between 1968 and 1982. The working-class identity in the midst of that postwar political dusk was still proud and hopeful, hand-in-hand with liberal determination to transform the working-class into a new segment of the middle class. Three decades later, the working-class identity was a mutilated and incinerated political corpse quietly spat upon and dumped into Ronald Reagan's ashbin of history.
The 1968 presidential election opened amid the cacophony of riots over the Vietnam War and years of unrest over the Great Society's promised solutions to workplace, school, and social inequalities. Vice President Hubert Humphrey emerged from Democrats' circular firefight as the presidential nominee, with only the labor machinery at his side, Cowie writes, making labor the "big boss in the Democratic Party." Richard Nixon, leading a united Republican Party, raced into the gaps in the Democratic ranks, slicing off white working-class workers with manufactured sympathy over their growing hostility to effete Northern "elitists," the anti-war movement, women who refused to recognize traditional patriarchal authority, and empowered minorities disrupting workplaces and intensifying corporate hostility to labor's aspirations for better wages and improved worker rights. Workers in 1968 and 1972 slipped into a warm electoral spa with Nixon, a python sympathetically caressing their dreams as his coils squeezed them to death. Nixon, Cowie deftly points out, was the last president to view the working class in the context of their New Deal legacy of political empowerment. He invented a new chess board on which workers were neutralized as electoral threats and absorbed into the net Nixon cast over the landscape of American voters. He lured them into his New Majority by targeting the cultural-vs.-material dichotomy in the workers' outlook, appealing to their sentimental ideal of New Deal America and blurring the financial danger his party posed to workers' dreams for better lives.
The danger Nixon directly posed to labor's aspirations ended with his 1974 resignation. But Ronald Reagan's 1980 victory – secured in part with his own Nixonian seduction of working-class patriotic sentiments — worsened what Nixon began. His election followed four years of Democrat Jimmy Carter, who was never a stalwart labor ally and was hardly the mortar needed to rebuild the old alliances the civil rights and antiwar movements fractured. Economic problems sparked in the late 1960s intensified in the 1970s. Industries moved to regions that fought union organization and offered corporate-friendly employment laws. By 1980, Cowie wrote, "a unionized manufacturing job" was a precious drink of water for workers crawling across a blasted economic wasteland. The dire predicament worsened when the Reagan administration shattered the Professional Air Traffic Controllers (PATCO) strike in 1981, legitimating conservative disregard for labor as a viable element of the political calculus and exposing workers, stripped of government allies, to corporate manipulation. Cohen's workers embarked on a journey to build new and better lives. Cowie's workers continued the journey but failed to overcome the obstacles that moved into their path. The menagerie of groups gathered under the New Deal canopy may have simulated solidarity but they also stimulated real (if not lasting) determination among labor, even if bitter divisions negated their triumphs.
One of the New Deal's sparks ignited the civil rights movement in the 1960s and 1970s. As the working class pursued better economic lives, blacks and Latinos throughout the United States pursued liberty. David Montejano's Quixote's Soldiers and Jama Lazerow's and Yohuru Williams' In Search of the Black Panther Party both portray inspired individuals striving for the dignity of equal treatment, but the authors also refuse to portray equally inspirational coalitions that overcame every level of institutional opposition. Internal divisions, as Cohen and Cowie illustrate with their labor histories, threatened the civil rights movements at every turn.
Montejano's three-part local history explores the multifaceted Chicano civil rights fight in San Antonio from 1966 to 1981. Chicanos targeted the "gringo supremacy" that governed the city and region. They saw Anglos dominating the social scenes and annual Fiesta events. They blamed Anglos for limiting Latino economic mobility and quality of education. The Latino movement descended from World War II and Korean War Latino veterans who returned home with legitimate expectations, particularly "first-class citizenship," from the society they fought to defend. Social activists tried to ease the ravaging effects of gang violence and drug use on youth culture by encouraging Chicanismo or "carnalismo" — a sense of Chicano brotherhood that appreciated Latino history and aimed to improve a Latino identity unfairly associated with poverty, ignorance, and violence. Latinos demanded better schools and textbooks, and they conducted school walkouts to drive home their displeasure. They marched in the streets to protest police brutality and housing discrimination. They formed organizations like the Mexican American Youth Organization to coordinate messages, register voters, and gather participants.
Montejano considers much of San Antonio's Chicano movement a success. But with progress came resistance. Montejano points to U.S. Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, who saw the new fiery Chicano voices as a threat to his institutionalized power base. Like patriarchal labor leaders willing to deal with any political power that preserved their status, Gonzalez perceived Chicano protestors' "aggressive nationalism" as disruptive to fragile local understandings and arrangements with the "gringo supremacy" and to his own ambitions. Chicanas demanded equality from the paternalistic community that expected them to remain subordinate to Chicano goals, tactics, and directions, and resistance to their demands also caused internal rifts. Women, Montejano writes, challenged male activists to extend the equality principle to their own households and "machismo" attitudes that oppressed Chicana expression and progress. The struggle echoes Cohen, who wrote that female members of the Congress of Industrial Organizations were not allowed in positions of union leadership because "the male breadwinner would represent the family's interests in policy making."
Lazerow and Williams take a dispersed approach to the Black Panther Party's accomplishments and contributions. In Search of the Black Panther Party uses fourteen essays to connect their battles to a wide array of revolutionary movements within and beyond U.S. borders. Contributor Jeffrey Ogbar's piece on Black Panther connections to Latino nationalists best illustrates their struggle in a larger racial context. The Black Panthers inspired the Chicano Brown Berets and the Puerto Rican Young Lords and Latin Kings. The aggressively vocal "black demand for equality," embodied by Malcolm X and Stokely Carmichael, also energized Latino youths who realized their demands could be heard by institutions that could address them. Black nationalist themes of "multinational alliances and cooperation" resonated with Chicanos who saw paralyzing U.S. colonialism in Central America and with Puerto Ricans in the U.S. who saw pervasive Caribbean poverty. The Black Panthers also played a uniting factor among strivers for liberty. In 1970, Ogbar explains, the Party "became the first major black organization to align itself with a women's liberation movement," which was seen as an Anglo cause. They later embraced the gay rights movement. The Panthers linked Latinas to bolder visions of social equality their patriarchal Chicano partners could not stomach, and they injected Black Power's pride and dignity into the Latino movements, enriching the struggles as well as the rewards.
Social divisions often crippled the civil rights struggles. Arnold R. Hirsch's study of white resistance to community change in Chicago from 1953 to 1966 and Thomas J. Sugrue's study of similar disdain in Detroit from 1940 to 1964 both brutally underline the tragic consequences of unresolved racial differences among the New Deal's descendants. Hirsch's microstudy of a plan to move black families into Chicago's Trumbull Park Homes and Sugrue's local history of Detroit's white working class illustrate how some Americans reached their economic goals and left other similar groups behind. In Chicago, whites refused to live with blacks in the same neighborhood. In Detroit, whites worried that rights for minorities threatened their workplaces, wages, schools, and communities. Social, personal, and material concerns, Hirsch and Sugrue demonstrate, mattered more than the moral struggle for equality and justice.
Americans pursued better lives and secure liberties. They also pursued happiness – fuller lives, longer lives, and healthier lives. The New Deal's defeat of poverty and the World War II defeat of fascism primed Americans for victory in an old war at home: the fight for freedom from disease and, decades later, the fight for freedom from sexual oppression.
David Oshinsky's Polio: An American Story explores the national endeavor to eradicate the polio virus with a safe vaccine. Millions of dollars were raised. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, also a polio victim, encouraged the multi-city celebration of his birthday to raise funds for the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. He inspired women canvassing their communities for donations. Citizens and politicians worked together for the common good. A vaccine would help young and poor, of any race or religion, and prove the benefits of a democratic society free to fulfill its potential. It also showcased U.S. scientific abilities as the postwar era darkened into the Cold War era. Experts like Jonas Salk became the public face of American ingenuity. The 1954 vaccination trials offered tangible hope and a sense of progress towards an ultimate cure.
The polio story touches on race, ethnicity, and class. Before the vaccine's development, Americans blamed immigrants for bringing disease and viewed lower-class slums as cesspools of infection. But rich and poor were struck equally. Scientists thought black Americans were less susceptible to polio, so they received less attention during outbreaks. By the mid-1950s, polio ravaged the lower classes who could not afford the three-shot-plus-booster combination.
Freedom from oppression is just as important as freedom from disease. David Allyn's Make Love, Not War tenderly explores a sexual renaissance that ebbed and flowed from the 1960s to the 1980s, opening new social spaces for expressions of gay sexuality, experiments with group sex, sophisticated sexual education, the birth control pill, and an open sexual life.
Allyn argues that the sexual revolution changed the most important element of any sex life: the mind. Every phase of the revolution, from acceptance of sexual literature at bookstores to a woman deciding to have an abortion or control her fertility, prepared for the ground for more changes in Americans' outlook on their times. Swinger parties were incorporated into normal suburban lives. Couples consulted illustrated sex manuals to improve their nocturnal time together. Gay Americans celebrated their desires in clubs that were no longer hidden away in shameful corners of the urban landscape. The revolution introduced to Americans a new freedom from fear, and that freedom still flourishes — and must still be defended — today.
The pursuits of life, liberty, and happiness eventually end for some as others begin the journey anew. Superior forces obstructed the revolutions' progress. Tragic internal weaknesses, inherent or introduced at a later point, ripped apart movements' ideological cohesion and lasting power. These works offer larger lessons and warnings to future revolutionaries and idealists: know where you want to arrive before beginning the journey, and bind yourselves tightly to your most unlikely of allies. These works silently demand perseverance, patience, and belief that the American Dream belongs to everyone. One must only fight for it, even if it means fighting other marginalized Americans. There may never be enough of the Dream for everyone.
Author Fernando Ortiz Jr.Posted on September 13, 2013 September 11, 2013 Categories BOOKS, CRITICISM, EDUCATION, HISTORY, POLITICS, WRITINGTags Academics, Books, Criticism, Economics, HISTORY, Labor, Politics, Race, Sexuality1 Comment on Torn in the USA
Kate Stone's Civil War: Baffled beasts of prey
Stone's bitter sense of humor flashed for a moment as she dryly observed the effects of marriage on a young woman's beauty.
From 2012 to 2015, Stillness of Heart will share interesting excerpts from the extraordinary diary of Kate Stone, who chronicled her Louisiana family's turbulent experiences throughout the Civil War era.
Learn more about Stone's amazing life in 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865 and beyond. Click on each year to read more about her experiences. You can read the entire journal online here.
(Photo edited by Bob Rowen)
As Stone and her family regained their bearings in their temporary home before making the final push for Texas, Stone's bitter sense of humor flashed for a moment as she dryly observed the effects of marriage on a young woman's beauty.
Near Monroe, La.
We went to a real country church this morning, saw a country congregation, and heard a sermon to match. Loring Wadley made several trips with the buggy to get us all there, but two of the party rode back in Dr. Young's $3,000 carriage. We had a pleasure today in a visit of several hours from Julia Street. She came down from Bastrop just for the day. She is more nearly depressed than I ever saw her.
Annie and Peggy got here from the salt works today, and we are glad to have somebody to wait on us again. I expect we will keep them busy. …
The gunboats are unable to pass Grand Gulf and are lying idle between Vicksburg and Grand Gulf, like baffled beasts of prey. There is a great scarcity of provisions all through Mississippi. It is difficult to provision Vicksburg for a long siege. …
We went yesterday to see Florence Pugh (now Mrs. Morrison), an old schoolmate. The family are near here now on their way to Texas. She is a dear, sweet girl but looks dreadful. How marrying does change a body for the worse. She was a pretty girl a year ago, fresh and dainty. Now she is married and almost ugly.
I am busy every day trying to make up the cloth Mamma bought, but it is slow, tiresome work for one person with no sewing machine. The only things Mamma could find to buy belonged to the Lowrys, and they sold them at awful prices: $60 for a pair of common blankets, $50 for a pair of linen sheets, and everything else in proportion. They have sold much of their own clothing. Mamma bought some of Olivia's things for Sister. … It seems funny to be wearing other people's half-worn clothing, but it is all we can get. Mamma bought some Turkey-red calico at $3 a yard for a dress for Sister.
Mamma returned from the salt works on Friday, riding the whole distance on horseback. It was dreadfully fatiguing for one who rides so little. She has gone this evening to Delhi to make another attempt to have the Negroes brought out, if she can get soldiers to go with Jimmy. Quite a number of Negroes have been brought out in that way recently, some from within the lines.
The news from the salt works is bad. Frank, my maid, and Dan both died of pneumonia and neglect, and three others are very ill. Poor Frank, I am sorry for her to go. She has been raised in the house with us. With so much sickness among the Negroes, Mr. Smith has been unable to start to Texas. …
Several thousand of our soldiers are now at Monroe under Maj. Gen. Walker. Two of the officers spent yesterday evening here and told us the whole command would get off this morning and that there were some splendid bands with the regiments. So this morning we rode out to the river opposite Monroe to see them off, starting before sunrise. We saw crowds of soldiers, talked to a number of them, and heard inspiring music. The ride all the way through the spring woods was delightful. I sat up until twelve the night before fixing a sort of riding habit. … The troops after embarking received counterorders and are again in Monroe, expecting to march at any minute. There is another panic in Monroe. The Yankees are looked for at any time. They could not make anything out of this poor family. We have been too thoroughly plucked by the river Feds. …
Aunt Laura is not very well. We would dread to see her get sick.
Author Fernando Ortiz Jr.Posted on June 20, 2013 June 20, 2013 Categories EDUCATION, ENTERTAINMENT, FASHION, HEALTH, HISTORY, RELATIONSHIPS, RELIGION, THE CIVIL WAR, TRAVEL, WAR, WRITINGTags 1863, Beauty, Brokenburn, Criticism, Diary, Journal, Louisiana, Marriage, Memoir, Mississippi, Refugees, Religion, Slavery, Texas1 Comment on Kate Stone's Civil War: Baffled beasts of prey
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We praise God for the confidence that people from all cultures, new believers, and young children can all take refuge and put their trust in the Almighty.
WINNIPEG, Man.—Our first potluck of the year was a Chinese New Year event on Jan. 29 with the Winnipeg Logos Church. We are thankful that we can share our facility and do joint events with them several times a year.
For our service that day, a man within the Logos congregation shared his story of coming to faith in God this past year and being baptized at Thanksgiving by Pastor Len Harms. He shared about the many ways in which following Jesus was helping him make changes in his life. He said he has changed from being judgmental to becoming a more gentle and gracious person.
A baby dedication was held on Feb. 12, welcoming five new babies to our congregation. Each parent read a prayer of dedication and Pastor David Funk said a prayer of blessing for the families.
We praise God for the confidence that people from all cultures, new believers, and young children can all take refuge and put their trust in the Almighty. All of us are welcome to find shelter under the shadow of His wings for life's journey.


Welcome to UNESCO National Commission of the Philippines!
The UNESCO National Commission of the Philippines was created on 26 May 1951 through Republic Act No. 621 as ammended by R.A. 892, R.A. 3489 and P.D. 223 which attaches the commission to the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA). It is headed by the DFA Secretary as Chairman. It has been mandated primarily to advise the Government of the Philippines on matters relating to UNESCO and appropriate ways and means by which educational , scientific and cultural developments could best benefit the country. It serves as a liaison body between the Government and UNESCO, and as such, has been contributing to the furtherance of UNESCO's major programmes and activities. Its creation was indicative of the coutry's strong endorsement of UNESCO's main goals of human and sustainable development and building a culture of peace through its fields of competence: education, science and technology , social and human sciences, culture and communications.
The Commission has 45 members appointed by the President of the Philippines. they are fully informed about the various programmes, projects and activities embodied in UNESCO's bienial programme and budget, as well as those contained in the Organization's Medium-Term Strategy. They participate actively in the monitoring of programmes, related projects and activities being undertaken within the country so that successes and failures in their implementation within the context of national development become the springboards for recommending the revision of existing programmes and the introduction of new ones considered more relevant and responsive to the changing needs of the country.
The Commission has an Executive, Committee, Programme Area Committee and Sub-Committees necessary for the effective and efficient performance of its powers and duties as the public interes may require.
The Executive Committee is headed by the Chairman and Vice-Chairman of the Commission with 9 elected members reprsenting the five areas of UNESCO competence.
In the process of executing these functions, the Commission's Secretariat headed by a Secretary-General appointed by the President, servers as the technical arm of the Commission in charge of ensuring that information from all sources within the country and from UNESCO are placed within reach of the Commission members. The mechanism for doing this through a network of working committees, one each in education, science and technology, social sciences, culture and communication. The committees, consisting of interested and competent men and women coming from the government and non-government agencies/institutions, are dynamically involved in planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating projectsand action programmes within their respective areas.
As a permanent Secretariat with sufficient authority and "financial means to carry out efficiently the functions specifiend in the Charter and to increase its participation in the activities of the Organization, " the Office has a personnel complement of fourteen (14), eleven of whom are regular and three are casual employees.
In order to carry out the provisions of the law, an amount determined by the Naional Commission of the Philippines is presented to Congress for appropriation from the funds of the National Treasury upon recommendation by the Department of Budget and Management, and approval by Congress.
The Commission has taken on a more progressive and active thrust in its work based on the major programmes of UNESCO. The UNESCO work in the Philippines is implemented within the framework of the Organization or dovetailed with its broad programmes and at the same time, geared t the development programmes of the Philippine Government.
In the area of education, the major thrust of UNESCO for the decade is Towards Lifelong Education for all with basic education as priority.
The sciences in the service of development consist of integrating activities in the natural and human sciences.
In science and technology, the focus is on the strengthening of international scientific programmes, and the science and technology potential of the country, while promoting and increasing women participation in all programme activities in the basic as well as in the applied sciences.
The programme thrusts of the Committee on Social and Human Sciences are on women, education, tolerance and the building of a culture of peace and the promotion of UNESCO's programme on the Management of Social Transformation (MOST).
In culture, the promotion of UNESCO projects in the enhancement of the cultural environment, the preservation and restoration of natural and historical heritages and the recognition, respect and protection of the cultural minorities, and creativity are main areas of concern.
UNESCO's priorities in Communication continue to be the promotion of the free flow of ideas by word or image, freedom of the press, media pluralism and independence, and the development of community-based media to meet the needs of population groups living in the most disadvantaged rural and urban areas.
Under the supervision of the Commission, the project TAMBULI which has set up 5 community merdia and training centers in selected areas in the country is now preparing to implement Phase II of the project which intends to establish 8 to 10 more community media centers and a Foundation for the sustainability of the project.
Transdisciplinary projects include Environment and Population Education and the Culture Peace program, follow-up activities on the Beijing Conference on Women.
The Commission is represented in the UNESCO headquarters in Paris by its permanent delegation to UNESCO headed by the permanent delegate. When the Philippines is elected a member of the Executive Board, its representative attends the meeting of the Board, the highest policy and decision making body of the Organization as representative of the country during a term of 4 years.


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text:
Piangil is een plaats in de Australische deelstaat Victoria en telt 654 inwoners (2006).

Plaats in Victoria

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia