text:
Category: sexual health
Voices reflection: Sharing my narrative
On September 8, 2021 August 16, 2021 By SahiyoIn advocacy, FGC, health, human rights, Mental Health, sexual health, stories and narratives, storytelling, Trauma, Voices to End FGM/CLeave a comment
By Zahara
Before I participated in this year's Voices to End Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) workshop, I had seen blurbs from previous years. In my head, the Voices program was an in-person workshop where a community of people got together to share their stories. However, COVID-19 happened, and this in-person experience was transformed into a virtual series. I was nervous going into the workshop. I missed the first two live sessions because of time-zone differences, and when I finally made it to a live session, the community already knew each other. Yet, I was embraced with much warmth and found myself comfortable to share my story almost immediately.
A part of the Voices program is to tell your stories through a video narrative. It is almost paradoxical that I chose somewhat chirpy tunes and colorful images to accompany my story of coming to terms with khatna, or female genital cutting as it is known in the Bohra community. Though I was sharing a narrative I have hidden in the crevices of my mind for years–a story I am just weaving together, a fact that still brings me pain– I wanted to emphasize the radiance and calm that came with healing. I wanted to leave the viewer on an upbeat note–a note of hope.
This coming together of a community of women sharing stories, tears, joys, aspirations, dreams, fears, and sacrifices was healing. The film editing is over, the written drafts are ready to be published, but the cathartic part of this workshop will live on in me. Coming together with this community has allowed me to come to terms with myself. Something in me was always reluctant to voice my story before the workshop. I wrote about it, preferred to text about it, but refrained from talking. My voice is louder; I am more willing to share; and maybe I will have a conversation face-to-face one day.
Understanding female genital mutilation/cutting: An ally's call for action
On September 8, 2021 By SahiyoIn Activists, advocacy, FGC, health, human rights, India, khatna, Law, Mental Health, sexual health, stories and narratives, storytelling, student, TraumaLeave a comment
By Farhanaz Hazari
My fight against female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) can be traced back to the day my mother and sister had a discussion with me on how young girls from the age of 7 are subjected to FGM/C or khatna, as it is known in the Bohra community. They explained it in simple terms, as I was still in school and unfamiliar with the practice, and guided me on how to approach the subject. They educated me on who conducts this act and where it is conducted and for what reasons. They told me that it was taboo to talk about it freely and also to never ask if anyone had been subjected to khatna.
After hearing this from two people that are close to my heart, I trusted their word and never asked anyone about it. I had no idea little girls were subjected to such pain and trauma. They are children, after all. Aren't they supposed to play with dolls and fight for the window seat on the bus ride home? Why are people insisting on controlling girls from such a young age? Why are they putting them through this mental trauma? Why isn't anyone speaking up against it? All these questions were flooding my mind and all I wanted was someone to tell me this isn't happening anymore. To think I was hurt and frustrated would be an understatement. I was angry and sad at the same time. I thought this is a tradition that had been shunned and looked down upon by many communities around the world. But to my misery that was not the reality.
The next time I came across the word khatna in one of the books in The Princess Trilogy by Jean Sasson, it brought me to tears. At that point I knew I had to do something to raise awareness against it or simply make it known to people that it is a violation of a girl's body. I read up about female genital mutilation/cutting and learned about how its roots were traced back to Egypt. I learned about the four types and how there is no scientific evidence to help women medically in any way.
Being a student of law, I have the opportunity to speak up and back my reasoning with legal knowledge. FGM/C infringes upon the girl child's human rights, such as the right to bodily autonomy, equality, right to life and personal liberty, which includes the right to be free from any form of violence.
After the young girls are cut, they may die, or bleed continuously and/or develop an infection, which violates their right to have a healthy life under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. Justice Chandrachud also stated, "One has supreme authority over genitalia. It is central to one's identity, dignity and autonomy." The recognition of the harms of FGM/C is increasing day by day as many are filing petitions, raising their voices and sharing their stories with the help of nongovernmental organizations. I have the opportunity to voice my thoughts against the practice with the help of Sahiyo, and for that I am eternally grateful. The Pakistani activist Malala Yousafzai said, "There's a moment when you have to choose whether to be silent or to stand up."
I say stand up. Raise your voice and help put an end to FGM/C.
Voices reflection: Building our stories for the world
On September 1, 2021 June 25, 2021 By SahiyoIn FGC, health, human rights, Mental Health, sexual health, stories and narratives, storytelling, Trauma, Voices to End FGM/CLeave a comment
Being anonymous does not mean that I am powerless.
Being anonymous does not mean that I don't have a name, or an identity.
Being anonymous does not mean that I don't have words.
Being anonymous does not take my freedom away from me.
Behind that anonymous, is a mind and a body. Whole. Full.
Circling around joy and grief, pain and laughter, love and fear.
Sometimes broken, other times repaired.
I've waited many years to share my life's experiences as a Bohra woman through a story. I've held my chest tightly closed, hidden with memories of being a girl in this world dominated by male power. I've longed to scream from a mountain top and tell them to just stop. These men, these systems, that continue to harm us and break us and tear us apart.
This short story is my beginning. An opening of my chest.
Through this storytelling workshop organized by Sahiyo and StoryCenter, I was ushered into a safe women's circle that I had been waiting for all my life. I wish I could describe to you the experience that I had in my mind and body during the six sessions that we had together, building our stories for the world. One by one, we brought images and symbols that served as metaphors for pain and trauma that we had all experienced in so many different ways.
I remember closing my eyes to listen to the voice recordings and be immersed in every single word. I remember turning inward gently, raw and tender, and really seeing that courage rising. I remember that care and love that we all felt for each other even though we had never met. Our shared challenges brought us together, making our collective voices stronger and louder.
I offer you my story with both humility and hope. There is a lot I share in four minutes, and yet it is not enough and feels incomplete. I hope that this film inspires you to learn more about FGM/C and find ways to support this work. I hope it inspires you to support us as we navigate and stand up to the day-to-day battles we continue to face.
Sahiyo team speaks at The Pre-summit of #EndFGM Global Conference
On August 25, 2021 By SahiyoIn Activists, advocacy, Events, FGC, health, human rights, Sahiyo staff, sexual healthLeave a comment
On July 17th, Sahiyo's Development Assistant Sarrah Hussain and Programs Coordinator Catherine Cox spoke at a panel discussion on female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) hosted by the Future Shakers Initiative (FSI). This event, The Pre-summit of #EndFGM Global Conference, was the prelude to the conference. The summit was an online webinar convening international speakers and advocates to share ideas and prepare for the in-person conference.
As part of The Pre-summit of the #EndFGM Global Conference, Hussain and Cox were joined by Dr. Ibidapo Fashina, Abayomi Sarumi, and Damilola Amoo, moderated by FSI founder, Tobi Olanipekun. During the two-session event, this group of activists and change-makers convened over Google Meet to discuss their roles in challenging FGM/C, and how to build global bridges to advocate for the end of the practice. This inspirational panel of speakers explored the health consequences of FGM/C; the justifications and social norms underpinning the practice; and how we all can become better activists in empowering our communities to end the practice.
During the event, the speakers had the opportunity to answer critical questions such as, "What human rights does FGM/C violate?" and "How can young people challenge FGM/C?" Our team highlighted how FGM/C is practiced on young girls without consent and is a violation of the rights of girls. FGM/C also violates a person's rights to health, security, and physical integrity, the right to be free from torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment, and the right to life, as this practice can result in death. We additionally stressed Sahiyo's belief in the power that storytelling can create change, spark healing, and inspire individuals and communities to advocate for the abandonment of FGM/C. We believe that highlighting and amplifying the voices of survivors can be a powerful way to challenge FGM/C, the norms of silence and shame that often keep women from speaking out, and to give space for survivors to heal.
During the question and answer session at the end of the event, one guest asked how modern technologies are being utilized to help end FGM/C. Sahiyo speakers highlighted the initiative, Mumkin, an app that was created by Sahiyo's co-founders Priya Goswami and Aarefa Johari. This is an app that uses artificial intelligence to help activists practice having difficult conversations around FGM/C. We encourage all of our allies to download this app in order to help them practice having critical conversations around FGM/C.
The Pre-summit of the #EndFGM Global Conference was an eye-opening exploration of the many issues and concepts surrounding FGM/C, as well as the need for global connections and idea-sharing to foster a global community dedicated to ending FGM/C and all forms of violence against women and girls. The #EndFGM Global Conference will be taking place in-person in Nigeria later this year.
If you are interested in having a member of Sahiyo speak at an event at your institution, please email our team: info@sahiyo.com. You can also fill out our request for an outreach presentation form at https://sahiyo.com/community-outreach/.
Voices reflection: Speaking freely about my experience
On August 25, 2021 June 25, 2021 By SahiyoIn advocacy, FGC, health, human rights, Mental Health, sexual health, stories and narratives, storytelling, Trauma, Voices to End FGM/CLeave a comment
By Somaya Abdelrahman
It is safe to say that the day I underwent female genital mutilation (FGM) was by far the worst day of my life. I grew up in a country that is infamous for the high rate of FGM in the region in Egypt. I was cut at the age of 10. I have always been very concerned about women's rights and gender equality. This passion and concern was what inspired me to produce documentary work that brings this crime to light. For me, projecting a story visually through photography offers a medium to expose the ugly truth, to tell a story, or to spotlight underrepresented groups of people. I want to protect every girl who could be cut from this painful experience, which is an outright violation of women's rights.
Through the Voices to End FGM/C workshop, I was able to express my feelings and speak freely about my experience. I really would like to thank Mariya from Sahiyo and Amy from StoryCenter for supporting me throughout the virtual digital storytelling workshop.
Voices reflection: An advocate's journey
On August 11, 2021 June 25, 2021 By SahiyoIn advocacy, FGC, health, human rights, sexual health, stories and narratives, storytelling, Trauma, Voices to End FGM/CLeave a comment
By Nesha Abiraj
Sometimes, our path chooses us.
I became a lawyer 12 years ago because I wanted to help people who had been wronged get legal justice. If I had left that conversation and did nothing, knowing the risk millions of girls face, and knowing that the law was not even on the side of survivors or those at risk, I would be betraying my own sense of justice and morality. I strongly believe that if you have a platform which you can use to further amplify the voices of survivors, you should use it.
For these reasons, I stepped outside of my comfort zone to make this video for the Voices to End Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) project. As lawyers we are trained to advocate based on principles of law and fact, and under no circumstances are we to become the story, so for me this digital storytelling workshop was a new and uncomfortable space to step into. I remember feeling like I did not belong in the beginning. Honestly, it was the courage of the survivors impacted by FGM/C who participated in the workshop that really gave me the strength to stay with it. It's hard to tell someone else's story, but even more difficult having to look within yourself. It opens you up to vulnerability and fear, which I learned dissipates when surrounded by allies.
In doing this work, I started understanding the why of it all for me. In my life my pursuit of justice on behalf of others was always fueled by the desire to give to others the legal recourse to justice that I did not have and which I could not give to others in my childhood. In participating in the workshop, I recognized that although we did not have the same shared experience that caused us harm and pain, like some of the other participants I knew that feeling of powerlessness as a child and to have the consequences of that follow you throughout your life. I understood all too well that feeling of disappointment and perhaps even betrayal by the people closest to you and yet, part of you still wants to protect them.
I have always tried to live my life to be a light for others. It is my hope that this video will be a light of inspiration to others to take action and a light to survivors and those at risk to know that they are not alone. They have allies that see them, hear them, and stand with them in this fight to bring about survivor-centered solutions guided by principles of human rights for every child at risk.
Reflecting on the critical intersections between anti-racism and female genital cutting
On August 8, 2021 September 21, 2021 By SahiyoIn Activists, advocacy, Events, FGC, health, human rights, Intersectionality, Mental Health, Sahiyo staff, sexual health, stories and narratives, storytelling, Trauma, United Kingdom, United States, WebinarLeave a comment
By Sarah Boudreau
In late July, Sahiyo held its webinar, Critical Intersections: Anti-Racism and Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C). Sahiyo U.S. Executive Director Mariya Taher moderated the panel discussion that included four expert speakers: Leyla Hussein, Aarefa Johari, Sunera Sadicali, and Aissata M.B. Camara. The event included thoughtful commentary on the overlap between racism, oppression, culture, and FGM/C, as well as the struggles the panelists have faced while working to spread awareness and bring an end to FGM/C.
Hussein is an anti-FGM campaigner and a survivor who shares her personal experience of FGM/C with the goal of protecting girls from this abusive practice. Originally from Somalia, Hussein works as a psychotherapist in the United Kingdom and addresses the prevalence of FGM/C around the world. Johari is a journalist, feminist and activist based in Mumbai, India. Johari is a senior reporter with Scroll.in, where she covers gender and labour. She has been speaking out against female genital cutting since 2012 and is one of the five original co-founders of Sahiyo. Sunera Sadicali grew up in a family that was a part of the Bohra Community; they were (and still are) the only Bohras in the Portugal/Iberic Peninsula. Sadicali is constantly trying to reconcile and find a balance between motherhood, art, her work as a family doctor, and political activism. Camara is a professional with over a decade of program development and management, strategic planning, and relationship-building experience in non-profit, local government, and international affairs. A social entrepreneur and advocate, she was featured in The Guardian, PBS, RFI, Deutshe Welle and Brut for her advocacy to end female genital mutilation/cutting. Camara is also a frequent speaker at conferences, including high-level events at the United Nations.
The four panelists, who are survivors of FGM/C, answered questions about how FGM/C intersects with other forms of oppression, including racism, violence, and "othering." They also discussed the lack of legislation and law enforcement surrounding the practice, and challenges to passing laws to protect girls at risk. One notable part of the discussion occurred when Hussein made the point that survivors can become gatekeepers and have the opportunity to change the way that they are perceived. She relayed that when people hear about FGM/C, they may dismiss it and attribute it to cultural practice, but by naming FGM/C as child abuse rooted in patriarchy and oppression, survivors can draw attention to the issue for what it is in order to truly show people the harm being done.
Toward the end of the webinar, Camara discussed other movements such as Me Too and Black Lives Matter and how allyships must be formed in order to generate more traction in the media to spread FGM/C awareness. By teaming up with other survivors, resources, officials and organizations, more conversations about FGM/C can lead to change.
In conclusion, the Critical Intersections webinar allowed panelists from diverse backgrounds to share their views on racism and FGMC. Several ideas were brought up about how to spark change and dialogue in both local communities and globally. But the common thread among all the speakers was that change is not always easy, but always worth fighting for. For the sake of women and girls everywhere, the future holds hope for justice, healing, and change.
Read the webinar transcript.
Remembering Egyptian feminist's heroic fight against female genital cutting
On August 8, 2021 By SahiyoIn Activists, advocacy, Africa, Egypt, FGC, health, human rights, sexual health, TraumaLeave a comment
By Madrisha Debnath
Despite the fact that the mother of Egyptian Feminist Movement Nawal El Saadawi died at aged 89 earlier this year, her fight against patriarchy lives on. Born in 1931, she was an Egyptian writer, psychiatrist, physician and a powerful feminist activist who fought against female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) for many years. In her autobiography, she wrote as a survivor of FGM/C, "Since I was a child that deep wound left in my body has never healed."
She began her activism in her college days against the cultural institution of the state that promoted FGM/C. In her opinion, when religious institutions gain power, oppression against women of the region increases ,and she believed that women are oppressed under all religious institutions. She wrote 47 books on issues that women face in Egypt. Even as she spent three months in prison, she wrote Memoirs from the Women's Prison with an eyebrow pencil on toilet paper. She is popularly known as the Simone de Beauvoir of the Arab World.
El Saadawi was the founder and president of the Arab Women's Solidarity Association and co-founder of the Arab Association for Human Rights. She has been awarded an honorary doctorate from Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; and the National Autonomous University of Mexico. She won the North-South Prize from the council of Europe in 2004, Stig Dagerman Prize in 2011, and has been featured in BBC's 100 women of 2015 to name a few.
In 1972 she wrote the book Women and Sex in which she criticized FGM/C. Her book became a foundational text of second-wave feminism. The book was banned in Egypt and consequently she lost her job as the director general of public health for the Egyptian Ministry of Health. In 1980 she yet again wrote about her experience of undergoing a cliterodectomy in her book The Hidden Face of Eve: Women in the Arab World. She was the founder of the Health Education Association and the Egyptian Women Writers' Association and was the Chief Editor of Health Magazine in Cairo, and Editor of Medical Association Magazine.
As she graduated as a medical doctor from Cairo University in 1955 she observed that women's physical and psychological problems are actually deeply rooted in the religious and cultural institutions they belong to. She connected oppressive cultural practices and norms of the society to the systemic oppression under the structures of class, patriarchy and imperialism. While working as a doctor in Egypt she became aware of the issue of domestic violence and inequalities that women face in their day to day life. After trying to protect one of her patients from domestic violence, she went back to Cairo and eventually became the director of the Ministry of Public Health. As a feminist and a doctor she was against male circumcision. In her view she did not separate cutting children from a physical or social point of view. In an interview to The Independent she said, "I am going to carry on this forever." Her legacy will live on for future generations to consider.
UnChained At Last: The United States' Child Marriage Problem webinar reflection
On July 29, 2021 July 29, 2021 By SahiyoIn advocacy, Child marriage, FGC, health, human rights, sexual health, Trauma, United States, WebinarLeave a comment
By Cate Cox
On June 17th, UnChained At Last held their webinar, "The United States' Child Marriage Problem." Founded by a survivor of forced marriage, Fraidy Reiss, UnChained At Last is the only U.S.-based organization working to end forced and child marriages through direct advocacy and services. During this webinar, they explored their work and research into ending child marriage. At this event, they were joined by advocate Chelsea Clinton, author and influencer Blair Imani, bipartisan state Senators Julia Salazar (New York) and Katrina Shealy (South Carolina), Dr. Yvette Efevbera of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and survivor and advocate Patricia Abatemarco.
Globally, 15 million girls are married before their 18th birthday. In a study conducted by UnChained At Last, they found that between 2000-2018 approximately 300,000 children were married across the United States, the majority of whom were underaged girls marrying adult men. The marriages documented involved girls as young as 10 years old. Also, 60,000 of all documented marriages involved a couple where the age difference between the two would constitute statutory rape if they were not married. Child marriage predicates a multitude of physical and mental health issues: abuse, lack of education, and poverty. Yet, public understanding of the severity of child marriage in the U.S. is very limited.
Like many types of gender-based violence, including female genital cutting (FGC), child marriage in the U.S. is upheld through complicated systems of patriarchy, economic survival strategies, cultural norms, and legislative inaction. Both Senators Salazar and Shealy agreed that culture and shame are a major cause of the continuation of the practice. Within communities with a history of child marriage, many are unable to understand the multi-layered harms of this practice, and many survivors say their parents forced them into marriages to avoid communal shame from pregnancy or rape. These notions of shame and cultural necessity undermine many forms of gender-based violence, forcing girls to sacrifice their autonomy and future or risk ostracization.
Yet, the thousands of girls forced into marriage across the U.S. are often unable to access support services to escape dangerous situations. Being underage, in many states they cannot hire a lawyer, file for divorce, go to a domestic violence shelter, file a protective order, and other life-saving support systems if they become trapped in abusive situations. The irony of this is astounding, girls are old enough to be wives but not to be divorced. This loophole traps girls in cycles of violence and destroys families.
At the beginning of this webinar, UnChained At Last shared their heart-wrenching video: The Girls You Have Destroyed, filmed by survivors of child marriage. By highlighting the stories of survivors (not unlike the Voices to End FGM/C videos by Sahiyo) they were able to show the real impact of this issue and highlight its deeply personal effects on women and girls.
UnChained At Last staffers explained that they are working state-by-state to outlaw the practice of child marriage, since only five states including New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and Rhode Island, have an outright ban on marriages involving persons under-18. There is no federal law against it. In order to push for legislative change, the approach of Sahiyo and other organizations to outlaw FGC in the United States mirrors that of UnChained At Last. Both are using a state-by-state approach, while simultaneously pushing for legislation at the federal level. While there is now a federal law, the STOP FGM Act of 2020, and 40 states with state-specific laws, it took the tireless work of activist across the U.S. to implement the most, seemingly inarguable, protections for girls against FGC.
In better news, UnChained At Last found that the number of child marriages in the U.S. decreases every year. However, the speakers still stressed the continued importance of raising awareness about this issue. They highlighted that while U.S. foreign policy may condemn child marriage as a human rights abuse, we still allow it to be practiced on our soil. Speaker Blair Imani explained that the notion that child marriage is a "far away problem that requires faraway solutions" is one of the major barriers to addressing this issue in the U.S.
While watching this webinar, I could not help but notice the similarities between the work to end child marriage and our work here at Sahiyo to end female genital cutting (FGC). From the intergenerational norms to the dismissal of the issue as a foreign phenomenon, the problems at hand are very similar. Both Sahiyo and UnChained At Last have struggled to make people aware of the severity of these issues within the U.S., and the urgency to address them. While discussing legislative action, one of the speakers in the UnChained webinar remembered speaking to a state legislature who told her, "Is it really that bad if a girl marries her rapist?" I was immediately drawn back to similar arguments advocates against FGC have heard such as, "It's just a prick," or, "It's not that bad." The severe harms caused by FGC and child marriage to women and girls are routinely dismissed, and survivors are left without support systems.
At the same time both Sahiyo and UnChained At Last stress the importance of uplifting survivors' voices, both for their personal healing and to create legislative change. Through tireless work, they and Sahiyo are making the world a safer place for girls, and are championing a world free of violence against women.
You can watch the full webinar here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKlqmMqePks
My experience of learning about female genital cutting: An outsider's perspective
On July 27, 2021 July 25, 2021 By SahiyoIn FGC, health, human rights, India, Mothers, sexual health, stories and narratives, storytelling, TraumaLeave a comment
Not belonging to a community where female genital cutting (FGC) is practiced, I have often faced questions on how I can understand how the practice could occur if I am an outsider and the religion or culture I grew up in never condoned it. Interestingly, those who have questioned me have been peers at my university, who also did not come from FGC-practicing communities. But, each of us have grown up in a certain cultural community that has performed certain traditions or norms for generations. In other words, the societies we live in have constructed certain social norms and practices that are followed by its members to keep it going. Therefore, understanding this perspective, one can relate to the practice of FGC according to their own social position and be reflexive in terms of their subjectivity.
When I first learned about female genital cutting, I was shocked by the physical pain a child undergoes to fit into the heterosexual matrix regulated by the institution of marriage. Not knowing anything about the practice or having experienced it, but being a female with a clitoris, I could not bear the distress of understanding how painful it must be to be cut at the site of more than 8,000 sensory nerve endings.
I kept on watching and re-watching documentaries, the narratives on FGC, and listening to survivors' stories. The more I listened to their stories in an attempt to understand the social process, the more I felt the survivors' trauma. I tried to understand the agency of the women, particularly the role of a mother or grandmother taking part in the very system that regulated their own body. Why is it that the mother, the one who could possibly be the most sympathetic toward the child, could subject her daughter's body to FGC?
According to the stories of the survivors, even in cases when the memory of the cut may be repressed, the "body memory" can remember the pain. The effect of the trauma may be repeated every month as the girl hits puberty, during intimacy, and again potentially through her future daughter's experience with FGC. The first thing I could relate to culturally from my own social construct was how the institution of marriage itself works. In my opinion, marriage is actually a relation from a man (the father) to another man (the husband), whereby the woman is transferred as the symbol of lineage. When the occasion of marriage takes place, generally a change in location takes place for the woman, as her guardianship is being transferred.
I recently attended my brother's wedding in India whereby the next morning my sister-in-law had to leave her house and come to our place of residence. Although belonging from the groom's side, I was supposed to be rejoicing and welcoming my new sister-in-law. But I couldn't hold my tears as the bride left her family. Being a girl, I could not withstand the final moments of my sister-in-law departing from her mother. The bride and her mother burst into tears. The ritual of Kanyadaan, or giving away the female child with the virtue of generosity and charity, performed by the father of the bride to her husband, ensures her transfer from her father's family to her husband's family as a symbol of lineage.
Before leaving her father's family the daughter performs kanakanjali, which involves paying off her mother's debt. But is it possible to pay off a mother's debt? The mother, who had once undergone the same rituals and practices, may have once felt the pain of leaving her family aside, but now it is her daughter who has to undergo the same practices. How can the mother hold her tears? She had to once leave her family and now her daughter is undergoing the same practice.
There have also been counter spaces of resistances within the communities against these norms. For example, in my community now, female priestesses are challenging the perception that a priest could only be someone who is male since the female body was not considered to be "pious" for performing rituals because of the taboo of menstruation associated with them. Challenging this perception, the female priestesses are performing marriage rituals without the norm of kanyadan. The women are advocating marriage to be a union between two equals and that one cannot be given away as a gift to another. The rituals that are being performed by the female priestess simply denote the union of two families, where the bride is not considered as a "gift" since she is not a commodity which can be simply given away.
Drawing a parallel between the norm of marriage and the transference of guardianship of the woman from the cultural institution I belong to, to that of how FGC can continue is how I can understand how rituals or practices can continue generation after generation. We perform them because they have been performed by others before us in our communities.
The questions that I'm left with are whether there is actually any choice by the girl or woman herself to undergo the practices whether in the example of marriage I gave or by the girl who undergoes FGC? And in the case of FGC, is it the mother or the grandmother who chooses to facilitate the practice to be performed on their daughter, or is it the performative nature of tradition that keeps the practice going, being repeated and recited again and again?


text:
NL DE FR ES IT EN-US
Brochures & videos
Amsterdam containers are the same size as Valencia containers (dimensions 30 x 40 cm) but are designed for heavy duty on the farm. They are even more robust and impact resistant and, therefore, ideally suitable for internal transport at the nursery or for intensive use in a pooling system.
Loading on a pallet
Amsterdam containers
Amsterdam containers will take loads of up to 125 kg (at approx. 5° Celsius, for 3 - 6 days) and fit on pallets measuring 100 x 120 cm, 80 x 120 cm and 60 x 80 cm and on (Danish) trolleys. Amsterdam containers are available in two heights to suit flowers with different stem lengths. They can be used in combination with the Valencia top frame to add 25 cm to the height of the container.
Ideal for stem lengths
Plus top frame suitable for stem lengths
Like all Procona packaging the Amsterdam containers have matching straight collars available in a range of heights and in both cardboard and plastic. The collars are so strong that Amsterdam containers full of flowers can be stacked up to a height of 240 cm, even when in chilled transport for a long time.
Customizing your Amsterdam containers
The rims and sides of Amsterdam containers can be printed in a single color. The collars and lids can also be personalized.
Amsterdam containers are available as standard in white or green but if you wish a different color, or have any other special requirements, talk to us. We have considerable experience with customizing Procona containers and other system components.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


What is the main legislation governing health and safety in Oman?
(ii) Ministerial Decision 286/2008 – the Regulation of Occupational Safety and Health for the Establishments.
Are there any material differences between health and safety legislation in Oman and other major jurisdictions?
There are no material differences. Oman's health and safety regime is similar to other jurisdictions.
What are the main bodies responsible for health and safety monitoring, regulation and prosecution in Oman?
What are their key powers?
The main body responsible for health and safety monitoring in Oman is the Ministry of Manpower, and its various departments including the Department of Vocational Safety and Health (the "Department").
refer violations to the Royal Oman Police.
Following an accident or a fatality - what reporting is required? What investigations may follow?
The owner of an enterprise must notify the Directorate General of Labour Welfare at the Department in writing within 24 hours of any major incident taking place and of every industrial accident or vocational disease that has been established. The owner must also notify the Public Authority for Social Insurance of any industrial accident involving workers with relevant insurance cover.
What are the core health and safety records that companies must keep?
(v) fire devices must also be tested at least once every six months by a specialist and recorded in a special register.
What are the obligations of an employer to report health and safety breaches?
The owner of an enterprise employing 50 or more workers must provide the Department with periodical statistics on major incidents, industrial accidents and vocational diseases that have occurred. The statistics must be submitted in the months of January and July of each year.
Additionally, the owner of an enterprise must notify the Department or the section in writing within 24 hours of every major incident taking place in the enterprise, every industrial accident or vocational disease that has been established. He must notify the Public Authority for Social Insurance of an industrial accident involving workers carrying insurance cover.
Are there any specific rules governing working time?
Workers must not work on construction sites or open uncovered areas of high temperatures between the hours of 12.30 pm to 3.30 pm throughout the months of June, July and August, subject to certain exemptions to those establishments providing essential public services.
What are the potential penalties an employer may face for breach?
(ii) immediately suspend work fully or partly, or require discontinuation of the operation of one or more machines in cases of an imminent danger, including seeking the assistance of the Royal Oman Police, if required.
The law also provides for penalties for violation of industrial security. In the event of a violation relating to industrial security, without prejudice to a harsher punishment stipulated in Oman Labour Law or any other law, an employer or his representative shall be penalized by a minimum fine of OMR 100 and a maximum of OMR 500 and/or imprisonment for a period not exceeding one month. The penalty can be doubled for repeat offences.
Are there any specific rules regarding health and safety in different work areas?
transportation of dangerous goods and substances.
The Free Trade Agreement (the "FTA") between the Sultanate of Oman and the United States (the "US") and entered into force on 1 January 2009 governs, inter alia, the establishment of legal entities in Oman by entities incorporated in the United States and vice versa.
In a previous article, we discussed the early stages of implementation of the FTA. The first meeting of the FTA Joint Committee, chaired jointly by the MOCI and the Office of US Trade Representative, took place in February 2010. Since then, officials of the two governments have been meeting on a regular basis within that framework to discuss various issues arising pursuant to the implementation of the FTA.
Below is an outline of three key issues that have been addressed concerning the establishment of companies and branches of companies in Oman.
Under the FTA, only 100% US-owned entities are permitted to establish a company in Oman without the need for an Omani partner. However, the strict interpretation of this rule affected large US corporations, including the ones listed on the stock market, which, having a wide shareholder base that includes some non-US citizens, would not qualify. Accordingly, the MOCI has taken the view that, provided that the company which is seeking registration in Oman is a qualitatively "American" entity, there should be no problems registering it under the US FTA in Oman. The MOCI reviews whether a company should be considered as qualitatively "American" on case-by-case basis, looking at a variety of factors such as the activities and history of the company. In some cases, the MOCI will not delve into the nationalities of its shareholders.
The minimum capital requirement for a 100% US-owned entity to become established in Oman is OMR 20,000 as opposed to other foreign-owned companies, where the minimum share capital requirement is OMR 150,000. The registration process for a US-owned entity in Oman is straightforward and has been streamlined.
One of the benefits for US companies under the FTA rule is that US companies shall be granted the same treatment in Oman as a wholly owned Omani company. However, there is an important exception to this rule. That is, an established US company is not permitted to act as the "local partner" of another foreign company wishing to set up a presence in Oman, i.e., a US company cannot be used to satisfy the minimum 30% local ownership requirement for a foreign company looking to establish in Oman. This requirement can only be satisfied by an Omani national or a 100% Omani-owned company.
As a general rule, a foreign company can only establish a branch office in Oman for the purpose of performing a contract with the Omani Government (including contracts with companies partly owned by the Omani Government).
However, a US company may register a branch office in Oman pursuant to Ministerial Decision 102/2008 and in accordance with the FTA prior to obtaining or entering into any contract with the Omani Government (including contracts with companies partly owned by the Omani government).
Further to the above, US companies established in Oman under the FTA have a number of other significant benefits for example, benefits regarding tariffs for importing and exporting, and in the way that US companies established in Oman are granted non-discriminatory rights to bid on contracts to supply Omani Government entities and Omani Government purchasers.
Knowledge Oasis Muscat ("KOM") is a 20,000-square-metre technology park situated near Muscat International Airport, whose objective is to support technology-oriented businesses. In addition to the advantages available in other industrial estates, it also provides technical support and services for businesses established at KOM.
KOM is managed by the Public Establishment for Industrial Estates (the "PEIE").
KOM companies may have 100% foreign ownership.
Another major advantage is that KOM companies, even those with 100% foreign ownership, are only required to have a minimum share capital of OMR 20,000.
KOM companies may be registered with the Tender Board regardless of their share capital and classification and are not required to fulfil the minimum capital requirements for such registration.
No personal income tax is payable, and there are no foreign exchange controls.
The cluster of information technology-related companies in KOM is in itself an incentive for other technology-oriented companies to establish their presence in the estate.
They must operate within a technology or knowledge-based enterprise sector, and must commit to the research, development or commercial exploitation of information and communications technologies ("ICT") in any genuine technology field.
They must specialize in the design or development of products or processes in areas such as telecoms, IT, the internet, new media, etc.
The workforce must comprise a high proportion of "knowledge workers". A minimum of 25% of the workforce must be qualified technologists, scientists or engineers.
Finally, there is a further category of secondary tenants whose business is to provide services to primary tenants. Permissible activities include financial services and other convenience and professional services.
The application process involves the submission of a duly completed application form with supporting documents followed by an invitation for an interview/presentation before the selection committee of KOM.
If the application is approved, an offer letter is sent detailing the terms and conditions.
The main condition is the payment of advance rent for one year (minimum OMR 5, 400 for a space of 50 square metres).
Once the rent has been paid, the company can then be registered as a KOM company with the Ministry of Commerce & Industry (the "MOCI").
A memorandum of understanding ("MOU") will then be entered into between KOM and the company leading to the commencement of the company's operation.


What is your vision for Pakistan?How do you like the world to view Pakistan ?
PPers meet on Oct 29 in Abu Dhabi ?
Who's got the best signature on PP?
How long can you survive without your mobile phone ?
Pakistan Matches live on iPhone.
Settled Abroad ? How does it feel ?
Is this what you call a life?
Your Favorite Pakistani Drama series Title Song.
Do muslims believe in CHURAIL?
Time-travelling alien? Mystery Woman holding cell phone in 1928!
Debate: Only the elite can truly successfully manage national affairs.
Bin Laden Warns French of "revenge attack"
Any law students here that could help me with my coursework?
Help on mini A level Chemistry Question!
I swore at my boss and told her to basically EFF OFF!
Today I learned I was using the wrong term all along.
Liverpool & Pakistan Win on the Same Day - WOW!!!!
How to get rid of YouTube Account?
This is How the Satan works..
How Pakistani Public views Corruption ?
Which Mobile/Cell phone do you have/own??
Umar Akmal's new bat - will it make a difference?
Rs 74 Million: PM Gilani's palatial official residence renovation.
Cost of grocery expenses has doubled in 3 years in Pakistan?
"She said i prefer a broken neck"
Superstars - Sajid Khan show!
Miss Meera Jee did it again!
Urgent help needed.I think I have been victim of an ebay Scam.
where can i find wwe svr2011 on ps2(lahore)?
Irfan Alam: Vow what a man!
Oldest Person You Know/Have Met?
Amazing Video! Brazilian Port Collapses Into the ***** River!
Two South Africans Paddle their way to Hajj!
Canada ranked No. 1 country brand in the world!!
Should Capello pick Andy Carroll for the England Squad?
The Official A Levels Q & A thread!
Can't thank Allah SWT enough!
PTI vs PPP Fight at Talk show.
Which country is the most racist!
Who is your favorite Desi singer(s)?


text:
Q: Is there an INDArray's method to perform an addition of two INDArray (with different size)? Imagine two INDArray:

*

*a1.shape() = [2, 3] and a1 is full of 1;

*a2.shape() = [1, 2] and a2 is full of 2.
I would like to perform an addition between them such as:
?> result = a1.add(0, a2)
?> print(result)
[[3, 3, 1], [1, 1, 1]]
?> result = a1.add(1, a2)
?> print(result)
[[1, 1, 1], [3, 3, 1]]
?> result = a1.add(1, 1, a2)
?> print(result)
[[1, 1, 1], [1, 3, 3]]

I have tried to first select a sub-array:
?> subarray = a1.get(NDArrayIndex.interval(0, 1), NDArrayIndex.interval(0, 2))
?> print(subarray)
[1, 1]

Perform the addition:
?> subarray = subarray.add(a2)
?> print(subarray)
[3, 3]

But I can't figure out how to insert 'subarray' into 'a1' at the good position...
Note: I simplified the problem for the sake of the explanation. The arrays being processed are 4D-arrays.

A: I just found the following function in the documentation:
INDArray put(INDArrayIndex[] indices, INDArray element)

This can be used as follow to solve this question:
a1.put(
  new INDArrayIndex[] {NDArrayIndex.interval(0, 1), NDArrayIndex.interval(0, 2)},
  subarray
);

Indeed NDArrayIndex implement the INDArrayIndex interface.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Season 3: The Forty Five - December Spotlight Album & New Store Additions
Spotlight Albums
Season 3: The Forty Five - The Best Vinyl of 2020, Part 2
Season 3: The Forty Five - December 2020 Records of the Month
Season 3: The Forty Five - November Spotlight Album & New Store Additions
Season 3: The Forty Five - November 2020 Records of the Month
by Rudy Newman - December 17, 2020
December 15, 2020 - 57 minutes
On this week's On Air, David W. Williams and Rudy Newman discuss the B.T.R.C. December Spotlight Album and New Store Additions.
Whether or not you are a member of the Blind Tiger Record Club, "On Air" is a great way to get introduced to some new artists and discover some albums that you may not be familiar with. All the music in our subscription program and that we discuss on this show are on vinyl and have been released in the last 30 - 60 days "on vinyl". The show is designed to be a discovery platform for new music on vinyl, but even if you do not collect or listen to vinyl, it's still a fun way to hear new music.
Here are the albums included in this episode of On Air:
Spotlight Album: The Killers - Imploding the Mirage
Josh Ritter - See Here, I Have Built You a Mansion
Sturgill Simpson - Cuttin' Grass Vol 1: The Butcher Shoppe Sessions
Plain White T's - All That We Needed
AC/DC - POWER UP
*Our Spotlight album is a new release that we really are excited about, but its not part of our member's Record of the Month Program. We pick one new release every month to "Spotlight". The other albums discussed on this episode are newly added albums to the B.T.R.C. Record Store in the last thirty days. All these albums are available for purchase at BlindTigerRecordClub.com.
← Back to Podcast


text:
Q: User Profile REST Endpoint isn't up-to-date I'm trying to access the User Profile information so that I can personalize some information on our Intranet.
I'm using the User Profile REST endpoint for it, but it seems like the REST endpoint is not up-to-date.
This is the result in the REST for Afdeling (Departement):

   - <d:element m:type="SP.KeyValue">
    <d:Key>Afdeling</d:Key>
    <d:Value>Kommunikation</d:Value>
    <d:ValueType>Edm.String</d:ValueType>
    </d:element>

But this is old information. Checking my User Profile in Central Administration the same field lists this:

I'm querying:
http://'mysite'.dk/_api/sp.userprofiles.peoplemanager/getmyproperties

Has anybody had this problem before?


Senior figures in MI6 and the Government of the day are now awaiting an announcement from the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) on whether to bring charges over UK involvement in the 2004 Libyan renditions, which saw the Belhadj and al Saadi families kidnapped and forcibly transferred to Libyan prisons. Mr Belhadj and Mr al Saadi – who were both prominent opponents of Colonel Gaddafi – suffered years of torture in the dictator's prisons as a result of the MI6-orchestrated operation.
While security sources have reportedly claimed that Mr Blair and then-Foreign Secretary Jack Straw were briefed on UK involvement in rendition, both have claimed that they had no knowledge of it at the time.
"You know MI6 under Blair's government were running amok when their role in CIA kidnap operations turned even the stomachs of MI5. Yet now, according to this report, officials are exercising mass tactical amnesia over who signed off the most appalling abuses in the 'war on terror.' The notion that 'the CPS cannot bring a charge against a government policy' of torture is obviously wrong.


text:
Kirsten Slemint
[Budding] Science Communication Specialist
Letmeintothelab
World Science Festival showcases Brisbane's appetite for science
Earlier this year Brisbane opened its doors to some of the greatest minds in science, inviting its resident's to indulge in
the renowned World Science Festival.
This is the first time that the festival has ever left New York
and thanks to a deal struck by the Queensland Government,
the event will be hosted by the Queensland Museum in
Brisbane for the next 6 years.
Multi-award winning actor, director and author Alan Alda, best known as "Hawkeye" Pierce in the war comedy M*A*S*H, brought 'Dear Albert' with him to the festival stage. The reading penned for the stage paid tribute to the life and loves of the infamous Albert Einstein.
Mr Alda is lesser known for his keen enthusiasm and contributions toward the scientific community but, an area he has worked extensively in is science communication, having helped start the Alan Alda Centre for Communication Science which he says has clarified how important science communication is not just for the public but also for the scientists themselves.
"Science is a beautiful, fascinating detective story. And we shouldn't be denied that story simply because it's done in a language we don't understand. We need it not dumbed down, but translated, made vivid, made clear" he said.
The World Science Festival's 'Science and Story – Getting it Write' event gathered foremost writers and thinkers to discuss the importance of communication and to craft stories that bring the vitality and wonder of science to life – on the page, on the stage, and on the screen.
Photo: World Science Festival 'Science and Story – Getting it Write' event March 2016
Award-winning author and critic Ashley Hay took part as a panelist in the Getting it Write event. When asked why it was important for the community to be informed on the scientific world Mrs Hay said that the public needs to know because the public are funding this work.
"It is public money so of course the public need to know what is going on and they need to know why this work is important" Mrs Hay said.
Image: Joy of Museums
"Science underpins health and medicine, we know it underpins technology, agriculture, where we live, how we learn and what we learn"
"We are going to be living in a world that is increasingly defined by these advances and it is science that is going to give us our best chance of knowing what they are doing and what they might do next," she said.
The success of this festival has put Brisbane on the scientific map and gives Australia an opportunity to showcase our scientific endeavours, encouraging young and old to get involved and to join the conversation.
k.slemint@uq.net.au
This is the portfolio of Kirsten Slemint: an undergraduate student completing a dual Bachelor of Journalism and Bachelor of Science (Zoology major) who plans to break the mould of Science Communication and documentary filmmaking.


The recent news of the firing of Matt Lauer from his long-time career at NBC has made its way around the globe. As I've digested the news, there's one term that stands out to me: shocked. I've read the comments on the stories about this, and I know that there are those who don't share that sentiment. But let me explain why I think we all need to be shocked at the news.
When I initially encountered the story and shared this post on Facebook, I typed that I was shocked and saddened by the news. But then I second guessed myself for reasons I wasn't sure of. I quickly changed my wording to use only saddened.
Even though when I heard the news that NBC fired Lauer, I was actually shocked, I found myself conflicted by the feeling because I felt like I shouldn't be. I spent a large portion of my day hashing this out with God and trying to figure out why I was, in fact, shocked.
Why was I shocked when I know how sinful the heart of man can be?
Why was I shocked when I know sexual sin is such a massive problem in our culture?
Why was I shocked when this is such a common news story these days?
Why was I shocked when I know that men everywhere, even Christian men, are participating in sexual sin every single day?
The answer He gave me was…hope.
I was shocked because I hoped it would be different. I hoped it wouldn't have happened. I hoped that one man would make a better choice. I hoped that one woman would not have to live with this pain. I hoped that humanity was still good.
I am shocked because I have hope. Hope in what this world will eventually be like when Christ returns and hope in what He has offered to us now as we longingly wait for that day.
When someone we know, respect and/or love does something that we didn't think was in their character to do, our reaction is shock. For me, this is true of Matt Lauer and many others in my life who have succumbed to temptation and allowed their physical desires to overtake their heart.
Yes, it does happen all of the time. Yes, it is a massive issue in our culture. Yes, men are taking advantage of women every single day.
And yes, it is sad and it should most definitely send shockwaves through our heart.
Sin should shock us, if for no other reason than the fact that we hold on to hope.
I think if we find ourselves becoming numb to these types of news stories and the devastating stories from our own personal lives we have possibly allowed anger, bitterness and cynicism to creep in and push hope aside.
May we never let go of the hope that there is good in humanity and the hope that redemption is possible by God's amazing grace.
May we never become numb to sin. That is precisely where Satan would like us to be.
May we continue to be shocked by sin. For in that, we hold on to hope.


text:
Chuck Hill's CG Blog
Phone based Data Link?
Posted on March 18, 2020 by Chuck Hill
A Beechcraft AT-6B Wolverine experimental aircraft flies over White Sands Missile Range, N.M., July 31, 2017. Aircraft like the AT-6B and Embraer A-29 Super Tocano provide close-air support to U.S. allies and partners and can also be outfitted with commercial off-the-shelf command and control units like the Airborne Extensible Relay Over-Horizon Network, or AERONet, increasing their combat effectiveness. (U.S. Air Force photo by Ethan D. Wagner)
AirForceMag.com has an article about the purchase of four light attack aircraft that contains an intriguing little side note:
AEROnet is a fledgling air-to-air and air-to-ground radio system that would let the U.S. and foreign militaries share video, voice, and chat communications as well as command and control via tablets, smartphones, and mobile apps for less than $500,000.
Secure communications between Coast Guard units and other armed services, particularly in the case of a rapidly developing terrorist attack, has been one of my regular concerns. This goes back to an exercise I planned and supervised some time ago. We had two Air Force aircraft included in a counter terrorism exercise, but when they got on scene we could not effectively identify the target for them.
This system might be useful both within the Coast Guard and between the Coast Guard and other services. This lead me to look for more information "AERONet prototype could provide combat insight to allies."
"The Airborne Extensible Relay Over-Horizon Network, or AERONet, digitally links friendly forces, providing them with their own location, the location of other friendly forces and real-time enemy movement updates. It will be showcased to partner nations at the Bold Quest exercise in Finland this month. AERONet is a version of systems already used by law enforcement to patrol borders and track and combat smugglers. First responders use similar systems while fighting wildfires in the mountain states."
There is more here, "AEROnet Gets an Audience."
Lt. Gen. Arnold W. Bunch, military deputy, Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition, dons the Airborne Extensible Relay Over-the-Horizon Network concept combat tactical vest with the help of Steve Brown from the Tactical Data Network Laboratory at Hanscom Air Force Base, Mass., Sept. 26, during Bunch's tour of the Command, Control, Communications, Intelligence and Networks division. The Air Force Life Cycle Management Center's Aerial Network Division at Hanscom will bring AERONet to production, after the Air Force Research Laboratory prototyped the system. It is designed to support U.S. and partner nation operations as a tactical data network, as outlined by the Chief Staff of the Air Force Gen. David L. Goldfein. (U.S. Air Force photo by Todd Maki)
This entry was posted in Command and Control, Communications, ISR by Chuck Hill. Bookmark the permalink.


The following are my pieces based on what the community shared with The Mighty.
Living with a chronic illness for most parts means also losing some of the people we are close to. This article suggests what our loved ones could do to be better friends to someone living with a chronic illness.
Misdiagnoses are a common problem for people living with a rare disease. And misdiagnoses can have severe consequences. Our community shared with us what they had to deal with as a result of being misdiagnosed.
It's complicated to find a job as someone who is chronically ill. It seems like there is no career path that fits our needs. However, our EDS community shared with us five possible professions.
Getting diagnosed with any illness is overwhelming. It is even harder when it is a rare one since resources might be few. This is why we created a list with helpful resources for people living with EDS.
Living with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome means wearing braces and using assistant devices. Sometimes, we don't feel very attractive at all. But our community is creative and showed us how they pimp their medical devices to be more fashionable.
School or work can be challenging when living with a chronic condition. The following piece wants to give helpful advice to get through a day of work or school with a chronic illness.
Have you ever wondered what gift to buy your chronically ill friend for Christmas? Here is what the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome community shared with The Mighty.
Want to learn more about my work for The Mighty?


text:
Catterall is a village and civil parish in the borough of Wyre, Lancashire, England. Historically in the Amounderness Hundred, it is situated on the A6 between Lancaster and Preston, a short distance from the town of Garstang, and Myerscough College. The rivers Wyre, Calder and Brock run through the parish and in places form the parish boundary.

Etymology

Catterall is mentioned in the Domesday Book as Catrehala Later references include Catrehal, 1272; Katerhalle, 1277; Caterhale, Caterale, 1292.

The etymology of the name suggests that the 'hala'or 'halh' part may refer to a topographical feature, indicating that the land mass forming the parish was, in times of antiquity, a 'promontory into the marsh'. This has a certain appeal, as the western edge of the parish does indeed border the flatlands of The Fylde. The same source also suggests that the first section of the name may be associated with a cat. However, this is an educated guess, as no other evidence has been uncovered to support the theory, other than the observation that the old parish boundary had the appearance of a (cats?) tongue.

History

On 14 February 1716, three local men (Joseph Wadsworth and Thomas Goose of Catterall and Thomas Cartmell of Claughton) were executed for joining the Jacobite rebellion of 1715. They were reputedly executed at Stocks Lane End. In modern times, this is where Cock Robin Lane and Catterall Lane join the A6.

The parish is traversed by several important routes, including the A6, the M6 Motorway, the West Coast Main Line, the B6430 and the Lancaster Canal, all of which run, more-or-less north to south. The parish was served by Garstang and Catterall railway station, which used to stand on the West Coast Main Line, but was closed in the 1960s and later demolished.

In May 2007, Gennaro Panzuto, a member of the Camorra, was arrested in Catterall in connection with gang-related murders.

Geography

The 2011 census showed that 2,280 people lived in the parish of Catterall, of whom 1,124 were male and 1,126 were female.

The main employer in Catterall is Franklaw Water Treatment Works on Catterall Lane. The site has developed since the 1960s from a couple of 'Dalek' style boreholes, to a large water treatment works, operated by United Utilities.

The other main employer is Collinson Plc, who manufacture agricultural and industrial buildings.

There is a Post Office within the Village Hall open Tuesday's and Thursday's 11:15 - 14:15. Where all main Post Office services are offered.

The adjoining parishes are Claughton, Kirkland, Barnacre-with-Bonds, Upper Rawcliffe-with-Tarnacre and Myerscough and Bilsborrow.

Governance
An electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward stretches slightly beyond the confines of the parish and has a total population at the 2011 Census of 2,594.

See also

Listed buildings in Catterall

References

Bibliography
 Gelling, M., (2000), Place-Names in the Landscape,Phoenix Press,

External links
 Catterall Cop in Parking Row
 The Catterall Cosa Nostra connection
 'Catterall' A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 7 (1912), pp. 320–24.
 A Topographical description of England - Catteral
 Catterall Parish Council minutes and other interesting stuff
 'Maps' Ordnance Survey Maps of Catterall from 1847 to 1933
  'Collinson Plc' Collinson Plc, manufacturer of agricultural and industrial buildings
 'Family website' The Catterall Family Web-Site
 'Lee Catterall' Another Catterall Family website
 'Arnold Catterall' Catterall Family website

Villages in Lancashire
Civil parishes in Lancashire
Geography of the Borough of Wyre

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
New simulators and upgrades to Iceland
We have won the contract to supply simulators and upgrades to the three maritime colleges in Iceland; Styrimannaskolinn i Reykjavik, Vélskoli Íslands and Verkmenntaskolinn a Akureyi. Although our simulators are already in use at all three colleges, the contract was won against tough competition confirming the company's high standing in the maritime training sector. Our DNV Type Approved and STCW' 95 compliant engine and bridge simulators are included in the contract.
The Vélskoli Íslands college in Reykjavik is operated by Menntafelagið, but owned by the state whilst Verkmenntaskólinn á Akureyri is owned and operated by the state. Both will replace their existing Kongsberg Maritime engine room simulators with the latest generation of full mission engine room simulators.
Under the same agreement we will also upgrade an existing full mission bridge simulator based at Stýrimannaskólinn í Reykjavík, also operated by Menntafelagið. The upgrade will be according to the latest DNV Class B for ships bridge simulation.
With a vast number of possible configurations, the KONGSBERG simulators offer the ideal environment for different types and levels of training, ranging from component training and familiarisation, through basic operations, to team training and failure management. The simulators can be adapted to any level, making it possible to run refresher or sophisticated updating courses for experienced staff, in addition to basic junior operator training.
This contract utilises the full capacity of the systems in full mission solutions, but a KONGSBERG simulator system can operate in any scale, even down to a single PC set up. The simulators offer a wealth of options to suit all requirements within maritime training.
"We are both proud and happy that these schools have selected our simulators again" says Jørgen Mathiesen, Key Account Manager, Kongsberg Maritime. "We find that once colleges like these in Iceland have our simulators, they are more than happy to continue their relationships with us for upgrades and new systems."


text:
Democracies, Human Rights, and Collective Action [Full Text]
Ethics & International Affairs, Volume 23.1 (Spring 2009)
In 1941, Eleanor Roosevelt founded an American civic organization called Freedom House to support the engagement of the United States in the monumental struggle for the survival of free nations against the oppressive forces of Nazi Germany and imperial Japan. Summoning fellow citizens to such a role was extraordinary. The United States was still familiar with John Quincy Adams's warning that we should not "go abroad in search of monsters to destroy."
These two expansionist and authoritarian powers threatened the future of the world community. Yet, as a continental power separated by two oceans from the intrigues of Europe and Asia, the United States had long insisted on stout isolationism. Even after we were saved by the intervention of the French fleet in the American Revolution, we supposed that our safest course was to avoid the power politics of Europe and declared that we preferred to be left alone. We sidestepped the continental wars between Britain and France, and avoided the fight against Napoleon by the Holy Alliance, entering into conflict with the British only after blockades and the seizure of U.S. ships stymied our global commerce. American democrats in the early nineteenth century may have rooted for revolutionaries—Henry Clay was called "Harry of the West," and likened to Simon Bolivar and to Byron resisting the Ottomans in Greece—but as a matter of official policy the United States was hors de combat.
This inward gaze changed some during the American Civil War, when both sides worried that Britain and France might enter the mortal conflict. Liverpool merchants abhorred slavery, but were hungry for cotton. But U.S. involvement in the struggles of great powers did not really begin until the First World War, when we chose to reinforce the exhausted troops of France and Britain in the deadlock of trench warfare against the Kaiser. Nonetheless, with the war's close, American attention again turned inward. The security mechanisms of the new League of Nations seemed entangling to a skeptical Senate, and the American military was diminished to a size that could not begin to intimidate any rising powers in Asia or Europe. Woodrow Wilson's declaration of the Fourteen Points still resonated, but this was a hope, not a policy, and we did not think hard about the potential misuse of a right of self-determination as a goad to violent nationalism. Not even the rise of Hitler and the diabolical acts of the Nazi regime against German Jews in the 1930s persuaded the United States to part with its isolationist views. It was only after the surprise attack by Japan that the United States was brought to act as an open ally of the beleaguered states of Europe and Asia.1
This background of hesitation makes America's role after the Second World War appear all the more extraordinary. The attempt to reconstruct an international system of trade, finance, and political collaboration, and to transform the cultures of Germany and Japan, was not a task Americans were accustomed to. But the change in America's posture was crucial to the evolution of the postwar world, where a policy of generosity toward enemies proved far more effective in winning the peace than any punishment or reparation. So, too, the willingness to counter the outward thrust of Russian Communism was informed by the lesson taken from our slumber during Fascism's rise. The United States was willing to accept that a two-ocean continental power had unique advantages in policing the commons, for the restoration of peace and commerce, and the protection of democratic freedoms.
Leadership and Progress
The last half century has witnessed the inspiring reconstruction and integration of western Europe, the independence of new states in Africa and Asia, an economic boom in East, South, and Southeast Asia, the crumbling of Communism, and (at least until recently) extraordinary growth through the international trading system and open capital markets. Paradigm shifts in technology and medicine, whether antibiotics, jet aircraft, computers, or the Internet, produced the optimism that sustains governments and inspires societies.
Nonetheless, humans still continue to inhabit many different centuries at once. Inconceivable poverty lingers in parts of Asia and Africa. Many economies cannot absorb their young men and willfully subordinate their women. Some countries have conspicuous natural resources that attract pillaging neighbors and lure political leaders to loot while they can. The blood sport of ethnic warfare and the violence over religious differences still makes life a torment for many millions of people. The idea of homo economicus, the synthetic creature of economic analysts, does not even begin to describe large swathes of the globe where honor, vengeance, status, and the memory of injury matter more than incremental economic development. Such traditional societies refuse to follow the classical model of the market-state. Meanwhile, the peaceful technology of nuclear energy has proved too easily converted to fuel production for nuclear weapons, while the technology of weapons design has spread hand to hand among unstable and abusive regimes through gray market sales and rogue networking.
Collective Action in the Twenty-First Century
This is the setting in which we debate how best to organize collective action. In 1945 the United Nations had fifty-one members, and most were relatively modern societies. For a time, the UN Charter's promise of collective security appeared robust. South Korea's defense in 1950, for example, was organized by over a dozen countries, including the United States, France, and Britain, joined by Australia, Belgium, Canada, Colombia, Ethiopia, Greece, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand, and Turkey. But the Security Council has since stood down in innumerable crises. The Council does not have the military capacity to carry out its own recommendations. Though Articles 43 and 45 of the Charter assume that member states will lend troops and aircraft, in fact most countries do not recognize a moral, much less legal, obligation to maintain the UN's capacity to support peacekeeping operations. Consequently, over the last five decades peacekeeping outside of Africa has depended on a handful of reliable donors, including France, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and, conspicuously, such postcolonial states as Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan, which have proud military traditions and large populations that speak English, the UN's chief operating language. Regional peacekeeping in Africa has been far less successful. The brutal path cut through Sierra Leone by Foday Sankoh and Charles Taylor, financed and armed by the Libyan dictator Muammar Gadhafi, was initially countered only by the regional peacekeeping of neighboring Nigeria and Ghana, which acted out of necessity in the absence of an authorizing vote by the Security Council.
But in the last decade, though the British, French, Dutch, and Belgians, as well as the Spanish, Italians, and (in some limited settings) the Germans, still take part in peacekeeping on a regular basis and have sophisticated technologies, turn-of-the-millennium Europe has largely walked away from the project of collective military security, preferring instead the stated vocation of setting new norms for warfare through limitations on various weapons systems and the support of the institutions of international criminal justice. Postmodern Europe does not see itself as having a global military role. It does not, for example, accept even partial responsibility for collective security in Northeast Asia. European governments support the political apparatus of NATO, including the cautious integration of eastern Europe, and concede in principle that NATO could act out of area. But most European states have not met the Prague Summit pledge to invest 2 percent or more of their gross domestic product in the infrastructure, equipment, and personnel necessary for robust peacekeeping. The discrete peacekeeping projects of Afghanistan and Kosovo have exhausted NATO's operational capacity, and many European countries have hesitated to commit military forces under rules of engagement that are sufficient to protect civilians actively threatened by insurgents.
Today the Security Council, even after the end of the cold war, is still marked by unvarnished national interest—whether for strategic, political, or economic ends. The ambitions of China and Russia for access to Iran's vast oil reserves have limited the range of Security Council options to counter the Shia power's headstrong quest for a nuclear weapon. The strategic consequences of an Iranian bomb, including possible nuclear projects by Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Turkey, and even Iraq, have not been a sufficient incentive for effective Security Council action. Similarly, African states have provided most of the peacekeepers for Sudan and, more recently, Somalia. China's interest in Sudanese oil has firmly checked a more robust UN presence; and in central Africa, where mineral riches incite national lust, the support for insurgencies by neighboring states is still rife.
Measured against this disappointing history, it remains difficult to specify a single way to organize collective security or, indeed, to advance any other UN priority, such as the protection of human rights and the achievement of economic sufficiency for the poor. The singular problem in the General Assembly and in UN human rights organs remains the rigidity of voting blocs. This was never anticipated by the Charter itself, which speaks of the deliberative processes of the General Assembly and other organs as if each were a convention of philosophers.
There is no way to call for a secret ballot in the United Nations General Assembly. Rather, decisions and motions are approved most often by "consensus" (which means that the few countries that care most about an issue will drive the debate, and others will sit in silence) or, more rarely, by open roll-call voting. These voting rules mean that each member of a regional or ideological group is on display to all the other states in the group. Typically, a state dares not oppose consensus, much less vote against its group in an open ballot, because all other benefits that a state might wish to obtain in the UN system are also apportioned through that group. Even the process of opinion formation is open only to insiders. Though the idea of regional groupings does not appear in the Charter's account of voting procedures, the UN's council and conference rooms are given over to each regional group and ideological caucus for meetings in private, with no observers allowed from the press or other diplomatic delegations. This means that no one can witness, much less influence, the key moments of opinion formation.
Upon arrival on the floor of the General Assembly, the vote on most resolutions is thus preordained. A vote in the General Assembly on important questions requires a two-thirds majority, or 133 votes; and this voting procedure becomes the domain of the developing world, with its own particular constraints and practices. The Group of 77 (sometimes called the G-77) was formed in 1977 at a UN trade conference, but now includes 129 Southern states voting in common on a wide variety of economic and social issues.2 The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) commands an overlapping group of some 120 votes. African Union members have 53 votes in each group, and the reluctance of African heads of state to criticize each other in public means that few questions dealing with violence or misgovernment will be taken up. So, too, the Organization of the Islamic Conference shapes the vote of 56 countries, wielding weighty influence in each group. This means that the United Nations, in its attempt to address such issues as democracy and human rights, as well as security issues, is tiptoeing around the political redlines of various intransigent members whose power is enhanced by their role in bloc-centered politics.
Working with the United Nations
The idea of organizing a caucus among democracies and liberal states within the United Nations thus aims, in part, to crosscut the hegemonic voting patterns that are typical of regional groups in such multilateral settings. There are no seats reserved in the Security Council for "democratic" countries. But the hope is that the moral sympathies and political camaraderie of a democracy caucus might make some countries more willing to take the difficult decisions that extend beyond immediate self-interest. To maximize the chance that a democracy caucus could affect collective decisions, one should strive at the same time to reform the voting rules of the United Nations. So-called "closed-slate" balloting for candidates on UN bodies is especially damaging, since regional groups often nominate just as many names as there are openings, preventing any option to avoid the election of the representatives of notorious regimes. It is astonishing that representation should be allocated purely by region, with no open seats that can be chosen on the merits of a particular ambassador or regime.
There is, of course, another goal for a democracy caucus within the United Nations: that is, to support and celebrate the purposes and claims of democracy itself. It is a fact that nongovernmental organizations have taken up much of the work that would otherwise properly fall to democracies, including reporting on human rights violations, tainted elections, and the neglect of minorities and populations by their own governments. But the sheer normative claims of democracy also need reinforcing, as only a democratic practitioner can do. Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali completed three important white papers during his term at the United Nations, styled as "agendas" for the future: "An Agenda for Peace," "An Agenda for Development," and "An Agenda for Democratization." With an intellectual sophistication and moral courage overlooked by his U.S. critics, Boutros-Ghali deserves great praise for his celebration of democracy in an organization that is dominated by undemocratic states. It is also worth remarking, however, that the white paper on democracy was published only in the last moments of his tenure, and then only in the unobtrusive form of a General Assembly document.3
To be sure, the secretary-general's agenda was not the ultimate foundation for a claim to democratic rule. Article 25 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights sets forth a guarantee that people have a right to take part in the choice of their governors, proclaiming that "Every citizen shall have the right and the opportunity . . . To take part in the conduct of public affairs, directly or through freely chosen representatives"; "To vote and to be elected at genuine periodic elections, which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret ballot, guaranteeing the free expression of the will of the electors"; and "To have access, on general terms of equality, to public service in his country." So, too, the language of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, embraced by the General Assembly in 1948, announces the same guarantees. We have also witnessed the famous commitment of the Organization of American States (in Resolution 1080) to convene an emergency session in the event of any unconstitutional change of government; and the warning of Secretary-General Salim Salim of the Organization of African Unity, at the 1999 Algiers summit, that leaders taking power by force would no longer be welcome.
One could dismiss these displays of support for democracy as mere shadowboxing by UN denizens who still do not wish to offend the many ambassadors who sit in its councils as representatives of undemocratic governments. The periodic reporting of the UN Human Rights Committee reveals a surprising number of states where criticism of a head of state can still be prosecuted as criminal libel, and regimes that limit Internet access by choosing politically reliable service providers. Then there are the infamous leaders of central Asia who choose to win reelection each time by reporting overwhelming margins of victory, failing even the standards of a lazy university student who knows that a "dry lab" experiment should allow realistic data scatter. And even UN human rights experts seem flummoxed by the idea of extending standards of democracy and due process to the customary institutions of tribe and clan that govern the daily lives of most people, including notably most women, in rural areas of the world. The intricate commentary of the UN Human Rights Committee on the practical application of procedural due process in modern administrative states dealt only gingerly with these same norms in the opaque settings of local forums established by custom and tradition.4
Nonetheless, it is still essential to allow at least "two cheers for democracy," as E. M. Forster famously put it, and to summon the voices willing to give those huzzahs. This is especially true at the present time, with the recrudescence of arguments that the demand for participatory democracy is subversive, alien, and the instrument of strategic enemies, or that it is somehow inconsistent with the right of citizens to feel loyal to their nation and to a broader community.5 Thus, the purpose of a democracy caucus in the United Nations also may be to reaffirm the worthy traditions of liberalism and citizen participation in government.
A word of caution, however: political scientists and diplomats will be disappointed if they suppose that organizing the voices of democratic states will automatically or openly gain acceptance as a substitute for a Security Council vote on crucial questions of international security and the use of force to protect human populations. The framing of the powerful idea of R2P—the "responsibility to protect" vulnerable and innocent populations against catastrophic harm—was put forward in the report of the UN High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change in December 2004 at the invitation of Secretary-General Kofi Annan.6 It was an important normative moment. Kofi Annan also noted in an eloquent address to the General Assembly that the absence of Security Council approval might seem a morally poor reason for inaction in the face of genocidal violence, such as in Rwanda.7 Still, the use of force against an extant regime—even against a brutal and recklessly self-destructive dictator—is often seen as a threat to other UN member states. As mordant observers remark, the UN is an intergovernmental organization, not an organization of peoples, and remains predictably devoted in its subterranean politics to the care and feeding of governments.
To be sure, there have been momentous occasions when another locus for political action was used. The General Assembly served that role in the early history of the United Nations—in the Korean War and the Suez crisis, as well as several other peacekeeping ventures. More recently, the role of regional organizations under the Charter has been legitimated and enlarged by the evident inadequacy of the UN's own passivity in the face of human crisis. There will be future dilemmas, no doubt, in which the Security Council will fail to reach agreement on a pressing matter of security, or fail to win the pledge of troops and resources needed to take action. In such a situation, a coalition of democracies may take a decision and undertake action in the hope that the merits will prove evident to impartial observers over the long run. As the political philosopher John Rawls famously wrote nearly four decades ago, there is a balance and tension between procedural and substantive justice. Rules of procedure begin to lose their claim to legitimacy if the results taken are persistently unjust. A democracy caucus within the United Nations can make plain when the inaction of a larger collation of states fails that test.
Competitive Multilateralism vs. a Concert of Democracies
The acknowledgment of the importance of this role for democratic and liberal states within the United Nations system should not be mistaken for an endorsement of the various proposals to form a singular and elaborate independent organization of democracies. The simplicity of communication in a wired world means that it is no longer necessary to meet in person or to establish secretariats in order to create consensus and mobilize opinion. The effort of the Clinton and Bush administrations to organize a Concert or Community of Democracies as a stand-alone and formal organization with its own secretariat and an occasional convocation has borne little fruit. Regional states hesitate to label their neighbors as undemocratic; and the membership of the Community of Democracies, spearheaded by U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright and first convened in June 2000, has therefore been open to a number of regimes that hardly seem to qualify for the name. Episodic meetings of mid-level diplomats are no substitute for the vigorous pursuit of capital-to-capital diplomacy on the time-sensitive and urgent decisions that too often fall prey to the hegemony of bloc voting in New York. For decades, the United States has underinvested in its diplomacy at the United Nations, failing to attract foreign service officers to the post as the acme of a high-velocity career, failing to develop the personal relationships within regional caucuses that can break apart bloc voting, and failing to demand that a Caucus of Democracies be recognized as a caucus with claims within the United Nations itself comparable to the regional system of spoils.
In addition, the idea of a Concert or Community of Democracies should not ignore the more subtle mixtures that can be especially effective in crisis resolution. On a number of occasions, UN secretaries-general seeking to mediate a dispute or contain a deteriorating situation have usefully convened a "friends" group that involves powerful neighbors in the problem area, alongside states that have linguistic or cultural ties, as well as states with a strong normative commitment to a solution. The persuasive powers of democratic states will sometimes be best deployed in mixed settings that involve nondemocratic regimes as well. There is a potential problem with any election of saints, as the Calvinists discovered. There is room for the fallen who have met Half-Way Covenants. A real-life crisis may benefit from the involvement of regional neighbors, economic partners, societies with cultural affinities, influential members of a treaty regime, charismatic personalities who have previously dealt with the regime leadership, and states that can contribute peacekeepers. Some of these actors may be democracies, but others may not. Not least, the involvement of imperfectly democratic countries may be necessary to supply the peacekeeping forces useful in stabilizing a conflict, especially as Europe diminishes its military capacity and the United States continues to be overstretched.
Further, there is an advantage in problem solving within organizations that meet for multiple purposes. For the United States, it is enormously important to ensure that there are alternative regional forums and functional settings in which we can take part in conversations about security and human rights issues. The discussion of Asian problems should not be left to a China-centered architecture such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, or to ASEAN Plus Three, where the United States has no right of participation. The mixed architecture used by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe—in which issues of security, democracy, and human rights found a place in different "pillars"—may be a useful model for other regions, including the Mediterranean basin.
I have proposed elsewhere the virtues of a "competitive multilateralism," concluding that there should be no single venue for the solution of interstate problems.8 "Competitive multilateralism" can work alongside the United Nations system. Model treaties can be proposed by gatherings of the most interested states. Indeed, regional groups may dare to go further in normative standards and proposals, which would then set a higher bar for the United Nations itself. There may be other organizations in which states are willing to follow the example of international financial institutions in allocating voting power in proportion to the economic or other contributions to the organization's purpose.
In light of the great variety of problems and the intricacy of their solutions in a world of diverse geography, politics, and personalities, there is much to be said for a multitude of institutional options. This leaves a broad field for a community of democracies to advance the values that free beings tend to support. But one should wait to see what the foot traffic brings to its door, without a utopian design.
1 It is startling to recall how the war transformed the isolationist views of prominent postwar leaders. Though one hesitates to summon the memory, members of "America First," an active lobby against joining the war, included such important postwar leaders as Philip Jessup, who became a judge of the International Court of Justice, Potter Stewart, who became a justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, and Kingman Brewster, who became the president of Yale.
2 As the G-77 describes itself, it is "the largest intergovernmental organization of developing states in the United Nations, which provides the means for the countries of the South to articulate and promote their collective economic interests and enhance their joint negotiating capacity on all major international economic issues."
3 "Report of the Secretary-General on the support by the United Nations system for the efforts of Governments to promote and consolidate new or restored democracies," A/51/761, December 20, 1996; reprinted under the title "Agenda for Democratization," DPI/1867 (97.I.3), para. 5.
4 UN Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 32, Article 14: Right to equality before courts and tribunals and to a fair trial, UN Doc. CCPR/C/GC/32, 23 August 2007, at paragraph 24.
5 Compare Rein Mullerson, "Promoting Democracy without Starting a New Cold War?" Chinese Journal of International Law 7, no. 1 (March 2008), p. 2 ("though only few of those who are involved in the business of exporting democracy are driven primarily by altruistic concerns . . . quite a few exporters of democracy have in mind rather different considerations such as oil, gas, war against terror and strategic advantages, and do not give a damn about democracy.")
6 See Report of the High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, A more secure world: our shared responsibility, December 2004, U.N. Doc. A/59/565; available at www.un.org/secureworld/report2.pdf.
7 See "Secretary-General Presents His Annual Report to General Assembly," UN Press Release SG/SM/ 7136, GA/9596 (September 20, 1999): "To those for whom the greatest threat to the future of international order is the use of force in the absence of a Security Council mandate, one might ask—not in the context of Kosovo—but in the context of Rwanda: If in those dark days and hours leading up to the genocide, a coalition of States had been prepared to act in defence of the Tutsi population, but did not receive prompt Council authorization, should such a coalition have stood aside and allowed the horror to unfold?" See also "Statement of Danilo Turk, Permanent Representative of Slovenia," in UN Press Release SC/6659 (March 26, 1999): Council has "primary, but not exclusive responsibility for maintaining international peace and security."
8 Ruth Wedgwood, "Give the United Nations a Little Competition," New York Times, December 5, 2005.
Ruth Wedgwood Johns Hopkins UniversityView Bio
Democracy Peacekeeping Security Collective Security Democracy Promotion Human Rights International Trade United Nations U.S. Foreign Policy Global


This Instant Pot Brown Rice recipe is so easy to make! My husband loves brown rice. Each week I make up a big batch for him to use in his lunches. After purchasing my pressure cooker I decided to try out brown rice in it. I found that cooking brown rice on the cooktop was a challenge, especially with a big batch. With an instapot, the brown rice is a breeze!
Brown Rice takes long to cook than jasmine or long grain white rice. I've found that cooking brown rice in the pressure cooker makes it a little fluffier, than the stovetop.
Brown Rice definitely has a different texture. It is a is whole-grain rice with the inedible outer hull removed. Brown rice is a whole grain and a good source of magnesium, phosphorus, selenium, thiamine, niacin, vitamin B6, and manganese, and is high in fiber, making it a great addition to your diet. It's a little chewier, but it's a way to add more fiber and whole grain in your diet.
Pressure Cooker: This is the one I own and I've been very happy with it. I love that it's an 8 quart size. I can cook up a bunch of chicken for the week, make a big batch of soup, etc.
Rice Paddle: Rice Paddles are great for scooping out your rice servings. I love that this one is non-stick.
Storage Bowls: Since I made a big batch for the week, I love these tupperware bowls for storing my rice, cooked chicken, etc.
This recipe is SO easy friends!
That's it! I set my pressure cooker to the rice setting, which is 15 minutes for brown rice.
Such an easy way to make brown rice using your instant pot / pressure cooker!
Pour the rice and water into the pressure cooker pot. Stir to combine.
Place lid on pressure cooker and make sure that it is sealed properly.
If your instant pot has a rice setting use that for 15 minutes, or use manual for 15 minutes.
Once the pressure cooker has gain pressure and cooked for 15 minutes, let the pressure cooker naturally release for 15 minutes (meaning just let it sit).
Release the remaining pressure by relieving the value with the end of a wooden spoon.
Open the lid with an oven mitt. Use a fork to fluffy the brown rice.
Serve immediately or let it cool 20-30 minutes before storing.
I hope you enjoy this pressure cooker recipe for brown rice. Check out my Pressure Cooker Spicy Ribs too – they are so moist and delicious!


Call us at 855 327-1777 or email below for instant help.
Call or Email us to let us know what type of hotel or resort you're looking for - where and when.
All the complicated legwork is done for you, at no cost. Enjoy about 2 weeks worth of free work!
In just 24 hours, we'll deliver a comprehensive report of smart hotel meeting options - just pick your favorite.


text:
Q: Test http post w/o a client? I'm building a data management system. In the end it will be sending SQLite data via http post method to an instance. I will not be building this web datadase and it wont be ready for some time. However I would like to continue my production of the app and get the http post methods set up correctly.
Is there a way to test http methods without already having a receiving client already set up?
Maybe a public client exists for this purpose?
I want to continue production (and testing) to the point so that when the web database is finally built all I need to do is essentially plug in the new url in my code. Is there anyway I can do that?
Thanks

A: You can ask it google
Example Henry's HTTP Post Dumping Server.

A: Stub the posting class, implementing an interface. Use it directly, or use something like Guice to inject it.
You can always set up a dev DB service, and should, but a stub may be sufficient for most of your dev.