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Music Director Ilayaraja
Name: Ilayaraja
Place Of Birth: Pannaipuram,Theni TN,India
No Of Movies: 972
First Movie: Annakili ( Tamil )
Upcoming Movies: Psycho
Rating: 6.4/10 from 305 users
Music Director Ilayaraja Movie List
Showing 11 to 20 of 972 movies
Maayon ( Tamil )
Artist: Sibiraj
Director: Kishore N
Music Director:	Ilayaraja
Release Status: Unconfirmed
Psycho ( Tamil )
Artist: Udhayanidhi Stalin ,	Aditi Rao
Director: Myshkin
60 Vayadhu Maaniram ( Tamil )
Artist: Vikram Prabhu ,	Prakash Raj ,	Samuthirakani ,	Indhuja Ravichandran
Director: Radha Mohan
Merku Thodarchi Malai ( Tamil )
Artist: Antony ,	Gayathri Krishnaa ,	Abu Valayankulam
Director: Lenin Bharathi
18.05.2009 ( Tamil )
Director: K Ganeshan
Naachiyar ( Tamil )
Artist: Jyothika ,	G.V.Prakash ,	Ivana
Director: Bala
Other Versions: Jhansi (Telugu)
Kalathur Gramam ( Tamil )
Artist: Kishore ,	Yagna Shetty ,	Ajay Rathnam
Director: Saran K Adwaithan
Other Versions: Ranarangam (Telugu)
Clint ( Malayalam	)
Artist:	Rima Kallingal ,	Unni Mukundan ,	Alok ,	Akshara Kishore ,	Joy Mathew
Director: Hari Kumar
Music Director: Ilaiyaraaja
Oru Iyakkunarin Kadhal Dairy ( Tamil )
Artist: Velu Prabakaran ,	Pon Swathi
Director: Velu Prabakaran
Enga amma Rani ( Tamil )
Artist: Dhanshika
Director: S.Bani
Top 10 Ilayaraja Movies at the Box Office
Ki And Ka ( Hindi )
Opening Day collection:₹ 7.30 Cr
Overall Domestic:₹ 53.57 Cr
Total Collection: ₹ 72.20 Cr
Rudrama Devi ( Telugu )
കേരള വർമ്മ പഴശ്ശിരാജ ( Malayalam )
Opening Day collection:₹ N/A
Shamitabh ( Hindi )
Popular Ilayaraja Songs
Namaloda Paduthanda	( Mayilu )
Singers: Tippu	,	Saindhavi	,	Karthik
Lyricist: Jeevan
Chinna Kanniley	( Dhoni )
Singers: Naresh Iyer	,	Shreya Ghoshal
Lyricist: Na.Muthukumar
Unna Nenachu	( Psycho )
Singers: Sid Sriram
Aarambam Aavadhu	( Thara Thappattai )
Singers: Ananthu	,	Illayaraja
Lyricist: Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram	,	Thanikodi
Aattakkari Maman Ponnu	( Thara Thappattai )
Singers: M.M.Manasi	,	R.Prasanna
Lyricist: Illayaraja
Kuthikkira Kuthikkira	( Azhagarsamiyin Kudhirai )
Singers: Illayaraja
Lyricist: J.Francis Kiruba
Duration: 05:55 Minutes
Poovakkelu	( Azhagarsamiyin Kudhirai )
Singers: Shreya Ghoshal	,	Karthik
Lyricist: Yugabharathi
Mugilo Megamo	( Megha )
Singers: Ramya NSK	,	Yuvan Shankar Raja
Therindho Theriyamalo	( Un Samayal Arayil )
Singers: Ramya NSK	,	Karthik
Ilayaraja Biography
Ilaiyaraaja is an Indian film composer, singer, and lyricist. He is regarded as one of the finest music composers in India. Ilaiyaraaja is also an instrumentalist, conductor, and a songwriter. To date, he has composed over 4500 songs and provided film scores for more than 950 Indian films in various languages in a career spanning more than 30 years, particularly being acclaimed for his background scoring for Indian films. His songs and background score played a very crucial role in the success of many films. He remains one of the most popular composers ever in the South Indian film industry, and also in the list of world`s top selling music artists.
Ilaiyaraaja has been a prominent composer of film music in South Indian cinema since the late 1970s. His works are mainly in Tamil and Telugu. He integrated folk lyricism (in Tamil) and introduced broader Western musical sensibilities into the South Indian musical mainstream. A gold medalist in classical guitar from Trinity College of Music, London, in 1993 he became the first Asian to compose a full symphony performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in London`s Walthamstow Town Hall. In 2003, according to a BBC international poll, people from 155 countries voted his composition "Rakkamma Kaiya Thattu" from the 1991 film Thalapathi fourth in the world`s top 10 most popular songs of all time. He was also nominated in the Best Indian album Music Awards category at US based Just Plain Folks Music Organization, which is the largest grassroots music organization in the world, and stood third for his "Music Journey: Live in Italy".
In the 2000s, he composed a variety of non-film music, including religious and devotional songs, an oratorio, and world music, while shifting his focus to Malayalam and Kannada-language films. He is usually referred to by the title Isaignani, or as The Maestro. He has won four Indian National Film Awards for Best Music Direction, and is a recipient of the prestigious Padma Bhushan Award from the Government of India. He is married to Jeeva, and the couple`s two sons (Karthik Raja and Yuvan Shankar Raja) and daughter (Bhavatharini) are film composers and singers.
Ilaiyaraaja was born as Gnanadesikan in Pannaipuram, Theni district, Tamil Nadu, India, but when he was joined in the school his father changed his name as "Rajayya" but in his village people used to call him as "Rasayya". His father Ramaswamy who had two wives and Ilaiyaraaja is the fifth son of second wife Chinnathayammal.
Ilaiyaraaja was growing up in a rural area, he was exposed to a range of Tamil folk music. At the age of 14, he joined a travelling musical troupe headed by his elder stepbrother, Pavalar Varadarajan, and spent the next decade performing throughout South India. While working with the troupe, he penned his first composition, a musical adaptation of an elegy written by the Tamil poet laureate Kannadasan for Jawaharlal Nehru, India`s first prime minister. In 1968, Ilaiyaraaja began a music course with Professor Dhanraj in Madras (now Chennai), which included an overview of Western classical music, compositional training in techniques such as counterpoint, and study in instrumental performance. Ilaiyaraaja specialized in classical guitar and had taken a course in it at the Trinity College of Music, London.
In the 1970s in Chennai, Ilaiyaraaja played guitar in a band-for-hire, and worked as a session guitarist, keyboardist, and organist for film music composers and directors such as Salil Chowdhury from West Bengal. After being hired as the musical assistant to Kannada film composer G. K. Venkatesh, he worked on 200 film projects, mostly in the Kannada language. As G. K. Venkatesh`s assistant, Ilaiyaraaja would orchestrate the melodic outlines developed by Venkatesh. During this period, Ilaiyaraaja also began writing his own scores. To hear his compositions, he would persuade Venkatesh`s session musicians to play excerpts from his scores during their break times. Ilaiyaraaja would hire instruments from composer R. K. Shekhar, father of composer A. R. Rahman, who later joined Ilaiyaraaja`s orchestra as a keyboardist.
1976, film producer Panchu Arunachalam commissioned him to compose the songs and film score for a Tamil-language film called Annakkili (`The Parrot`). For the soundtrack, Ilaiyaraaja applied the techniques of modern popular film music orchestration to Tamil folk poetry and folk song melodies, which created a fusion of Western and Tamil idioms. Ilaiyaraaja`s use of Tamil music in his film scores injected new influence into the Indian film score milieu. By the mid-1980s Ilaiyaraaja was gaining increasing stature as a film composer and music director in the South Indian film industry. Besides Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada films, he has scored music for Hindi (or Bollywood) film productions such as Sadma (1983), Mahadev (1989), Lajja (2001), Cheeni Kum (2007) and recently Paa (2009). He has worked with Indian poets and lyricists such as Gulzar, Kannadasan, Veturi Sundararama Murthy, Sirivennela Sitaramasastri, Vairamuthu and T. S. Rangarajan (Vaali), and film directors such as Bharathi Raaja, K. Balachander, K. Vishwanath, Singeetham Srinivasa Rao, Vamsy, Balu Mahendra and Mani Ratnam. In 2009, he scored for the Malayalam movie Pazhassi Raja and the Tamil movie Jagan Mohini.
Ilaiyaraaja was one of the earliest Indian film composers to use Western classical music harmonies and string arrangements in Indian film music. This allowed him to craft a rich tapestry of sounds for films, and his themes and background score gained notice and appreciation among Indian film audiences. The range of expressive possibilities in Indian film music was broadened by Ilaiyaraaja`s methodical approach to arranging, recording technique, and his drawing of ideas from a diversity of musical styles.
According to musicologist P. Greene, Ilaiyaraaja`s "deep understanding of so many different styles of music allowed him to create syncretic pieces of music combining very different musical idioms in unified, coherent musical statements". Ilaiyaraaja has composed Indian film songs that amalgamated elements of genres such as Afro-tribal, bossa nova, dance music (e.g., disco), doo-wop, flamenco, acoustic guitar-propelled Western folk, funk, Indian classical, Indian folk/traditional, jazz, march, pathos, pop, psychedelia, and rock and roll.
By virtue of this variety and his interfusion of Western, Indian folk and Carnatic elements, Ilaiyaraaja`s compositions appeal to the Indian rural dweller for its rhythmic folk qualities, the Indian classical music enthusiast for the employment of Carnatic ragams, and the urbanite for its modern, Western-music sound.
Ilaiyaraaja`s music is characterised by the use of an orchestration technique that is a synthesis of Western and Indian instruments and musical modes. He uses electronic music technology that integrates synthesisers, electric guitars and keyboards, drum machines, rhythm boxes and MIDI with large orchestras that feature traditional instruments such as the veena, venu, nadaswaram, dholak, mridangam and tabla as well as Western lead instruments such as saxophones and flutes.
He uses catchy melodies fleshed out with a variety of chord progressions, beats and timbres. Ilaiyaraaja`s songs typically have a musical form where vocal stanzas and choruses are interspersed with orchestral preludes and interludes. They often contain polyphonic melodies, where the lead vocals are interwoven with supporting melody lines sung by another voice or played by instruments.
The basslines in his songs tend to be melodically dynamic, rising and falling in a dramatic fashion. Polyrhythms are also apparent, particularly in songs with Indian folk or Carnatic influences. The melodic structure of his songs demand considerable vocal virtuosity, and have found expressive platform amongst some of India`s respected vocalists and playback singers, such as S. P. Balasubramaniam, K. J. Yesudas, S. Janaki, K. S. Chitra, Swarnalatha, S. P. Sailaja, T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela, Sujatha, Malaysia Vasudevan, Asha Bhonsle, Lata Mangeshkar, Sadhana Sargam and the latest sensation Shreya Ghoshal. Ilaiyaraaja has sung over 400 of his own compositions for films, and is recognisable by his stark, nasal voice. He has penned the lyrics for some of his songs in Tamil and other languages. Ilaiyaraaja`s film scores are known both for the dramatic and evocative melodies, and for the more subtle background music that he uses to provide texture or mood for scenes in films such as Johnny (1980), Mouna Raagam (1986), Geethanjali (1989) and Guna (1991).
Ilaiyaraaja`s first two non-film albums were explorations in the fusion of Indian and Western classical music. The first, How To Name It? (1986), is dedicated to the Carnatic master Ty?gar?ja and to J. S. Bach. It features a fusion of the Carnatic form and ragas with Bach partitas, fugues and Baroque musical textures. The second, Nothing But Wind (1988), was performed by flutist Hariprasad Chaurasia and a 50-piece orchestra and takes the conceptual approach suggested in the title — that music is a natural phenomenon akin to various forms of air currents (e.g., the wind, breeze, tempest etc.).
He has composed a set of Carnatic kritis that was recorded by electric mandolinist U. Srinivas for the album Ilayaraaja`s Classicals on the Mandolin (1994). Ilaiyaraaja has also composed albums of religious/devotional songs. His Guru Ramana Geetam (2004) is a cycle of prayer songs inspired by the Hindu mystic Ramana Maharishi, and his Thiruvasakam: A crossover (2005) is an oratorio of ancient Tamil poems transcribed partially in English by American lyricist Stephen Schwartz and performed by the Budapest Symphony Orchestra. Ilaiyaraaja`s most recent release is a world music-oriented album called The Music Messiah (2006). Its musical concept is based against a mythological narrative. His recent release in November 2008, is Manikantan Geet Mala released by India Tales with 9 songs praising Lord Ayyappa in almost all south Indian languages.
Ilaiyaraaja`s composition "Rakkama Kaiya Thattu", sung by SPB and Swarnalatha in the movie Thalapathi (1991), was among the songs listed in a BBC World Top Ten music poll.He composed the music for Nayagan (1987), an Indian film ranked by TIME Magazine as one of the all-time 100 best movies, a number of India`s official entries to the Oscars, such as Anjali (1990) and Hey Ram (2000), and for Indian art films such as Adoor Gopalakrishnan`s FIPRESCI Prize-winning Nizhalkkuthu (`The Dance of Shadows`) (2002). Ilaiyaraaja has composed music for events such as the 1996 Miss World beauty pageant that was held in Bangalore, India, and for a documentary called India 24 Hours (1996). The pop/hip-hop band The Black Eyed Peas sampled an Ilaiyaraaja composition called "Unakkum Ennakum", from the film Sri Raghavendra (1985), for their tune "The Elephunk Theme" from their breakout album, Elephunk (2003). The alternative artist M.I.A. sampled his composition "Kaatukuyilu" from the film Thalapathi (1991) for her song "Bamboo Banga" on the album Kala (2007). His music compositions for the Hindi movie "Paa" (3 December 2009) has won critical acclaim in several media reviews.
Ilaiyaraaja started a film production company as "Paavalar Creations" on his elder brother`s name and produced few tamil movies with leading tamil actors including that of Rajinikanth in the film named Rajathi Raja (1989) and Kamal Haasan`s Singaravelan (1992)
Ilaiyaraaja rarely performs his music live, which may be due to the time he devotes to his composing activities. His last major live performance, the first in 25 years, was a four-hour concert held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium in Chennai, India on 16 October 2005. The show was widely televised both in India and abroad, in which he played a song with just three notes (sa re ga). Less well-known was his live 2004 performance in Italy at the Teatro Comunale di Modena, an event-concert presented for the 14th edition of Angelica, Festival Internazionale Di Musica, co-produced with the L`Altro Suono Festival. He had done a few small-scale shows early in his career in Sri Lanka and Malaysia and was involved in a charity concert to raise funds for the construction of a Hindu temple in India. A television retrospective titled Ithu Ilaiyaraja (`This is Ilaiyaraja`) was produced, chronicling his career.
Ilaiyaraaja has won the National Film Award for Best Music Direction for the Tamil film Sindhu Bhairavi (1986) and the Telugu films Rudraveena (1989) and Saagara Sangamam (1984). He also won the National Film Award for Best Background Score for Malayalam film Pazhassi Raja (2010). He won the Gold Remi Award for Best Music Score jointly with film composer M. S. Viswanathan at the WorldFest-Houston Film Festival for the film Vishwa Thulasi (2005).
He was conferred the title Isaignani (English: Savant of Music) in 1988 by Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi in a grand public function held in Karaikudi and received the Kalaimamani Award, an annual award for excellence in the field of arts from the Government of the State of Tamil Nadu, India. He also received State Government Awards from the governments of Kerala (1995), Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh (The Lata Mangeshkar Award) (1998) for excellence in music. In 2010, he was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India`s third highest civilian honour. Alongside he also won the Akshaya Samman of the year (2010), a prestigious musical award from Orissa for his outstanding contribution in the field of music.
He was awarded honorary doctorates by Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India (Degree of Doctor of Letter (Honoris causa)) (March 1994), the World University Round Table, Arizona, U.S.A. (Cultural Doctorate in Philosophy of Music) (April 1994), and Madurai Kamaraj University, Tamil Nadu (Degree of Doctor of Letters) (1996). He received an Award of Appreciation from the Foundation and Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America (1994), and later that year was presented with an honorary citizenship and key to the Teaneck township by Mr. John Abraham, Mayor of Teaneck, New Jersey, U.S.A. In a poll conducted by the BBC, his track "Rakkamma Kaiya Thattu" from the 1991 movie Thalapathi rated Number 4 in the World`s Top Ten list.
List of awards & nominations received by Ilayaraja
Best Music Direction (Background Score)
Award : National Film Awards (India) in 2015
Movie : Thara Thappattai
Best Music Direction
Award : Tamil Nadu State Film Awards in 2008
Movie : Ajanthaa
Movie : Sindhu Bairavi
Other Popular Music Director
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Music Director Ilayaraja Family Details
Karthik Raja
Bhavatharini
Ilayaraja Fans Reviews (236)
He is the musical world emperor not only by classical music n western music also he established his plate form with step by step such a wonderful person my jumbo regards to the emperor of music
1968muralidhar@gmail.com, Kurnool City on 08-07-2016
No words to say except I love you...
ameer, calicut on 03-06-2013
abc, TVL on 20-09-2014
No words can express ilayaraja.my soul is full of ur music sir.what an exceptional music.
aditya, on 20-02-2016
Sir, You are the god of music pray god to give good health and your best music composer in the world music history from T.V. Aiyer Gujarat Godhra
T.V.Aiyer, gujarat on 25-04-2016
only one of the soul music composer My Music God Sir, Mr. Maestro one & only world only one music composer&God and Extra..........no words,......." GOD MADE OF YOU BUT MUSIC MADE OF YOU" thats Mr.Ilayaraja please take note dont compare Oscar or Extra awards all that ? you are just look ILAYARAJA name more than that awards, you are know (NAYAGAN,16 VAYATHINELE,MUTHAL MARIYATHAI,KADALORA KAVITHAKAL,MOUNA RAGAM,UTHRI POOKAL,NENJATHAI KILLATHE,JANEE,PRIYA,MOONRAM PIRAI,SALANGAI OLI,MURATTU KALLAI,MULLUM MALARUM,DARMADURAI,PADIKKATHAVAN,"THALAPATHI,SINDUPAIRAVI, PUNNGAI MANNAN,GUNA.....) you may watch it maybe 100000000000000000000000000.Oscar Can win' Awards, nothing who going in the Heart full music Thats,,.........call music
S.Sezhiyan, Thirumayam on 21-02-2014
Always Evergreen Music Director One
S. Sezhiyan. Thirumayam, thirumayam on 18-03-2017
ennudaiya kadaval oru murai avar pathathil vzhunthal Pothum
Ramesh.p, Villupuram,Tindivanam on 04-10-2012
Isaignani is the living god of music. we realize that in alive show 2008 in sharjah cricket stadium.
c.muthu, on 21-11-2012
only one young hero in music not to compared in any other world music director...continue travel in our music life in tamil cinima best wishes mr.ilaiyaraja sir
ananthakrishnan, trichy on 26-04-2013
I hear maestro's songs only. He is the only real composer of all times. Iam blessed to be living in Raja sir's era. Long Live Raja sir.
S.Anbazhagan, Sillamarathupatti, Theni. on 23-11-2014
ilaya raja sir is god of music. music means ilaya raja sir.he is very simply men .i love you sir
Anbumani, kolhapur,maharastra on 30-12-2013
1000 films - No one can do it in this era. Its was done by you lonely Sir. I am one of your fan and I want to tell you few lines about me. In 1992 I met with an accident in that I lost my right leg. At that time your so many songs only boosting my will power. Now I can walk with an artificial leg and got married and have a two childrens. These all were done by me in life along with your evergreen lovely songs. I don't have age for blessing you Sir just bow. RAJA ENDRUM RAJA THAN
C.Armstrong, Madurai on 04-05-2016
Im in love with ur songs. .... It takes me to another world where no one can go. ...except me. ...Im the only one there. .....
sneha, vizag on 15-02-2017
A disciplined musician, I have seen in my life time, mastered western notations, fantastic.
Suresh Antonio, Tirunelveli on 17-05-2016
Raja is new avathar to the musical world . Uncomparable
Antony, Madurai on 26-02-2014
I love raja sir sir is isaignani my doughter is isaivani
aravindan, bangiore on 22-05-2014
With out Raja history ,No music in the world.
MEITHEDI, chennai on 20-04-2014
Ilayaraja anna unga all song very very wonderful
N. Arivuzhagan , on 05-06-2016
I am one of the fan of ilaiyara sir, if I am not listening him song, I would have been died at several times, when I am in sad time. I am a SLAVE of him music. Thank you sir. ARUMUGAM
arumugam , chennai on 06-07-2017
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Port Elizabeth of Yore: A Town at War during World War II
By Dean McCleland in Port Elizabeth of Yore March 3, 2017 2 Comments
Maybe the battlefields were thousands of kilometres distance, yet far-off Port Elizabeth was affected in numerous ways from the mundane to the deadly. Apart from the direct effect on the town, numerous of its citizens, such as my father and many of my uncles, volunteered for active service.
The focus of this blog is on Port Elizabeth itself, both as regards military establishments, training and enemy actions.
Main picture: The Fortress Observation Post at Seahill, Cape Recife
The U-Boat Menace
Twenty-five days after Germany invaded Poland, the German Navy placed an order for U-504 with Deutsche Werft, Hamburg. In the German arsenal, the U-Boats had played a decisive role during WW1 and Admiral Doenitz anticipated that they could again exert an inordinate influence on the war's outcome. In the annuals of warfare, no other predator was invisible to its foe and hence their ability to strike terror into the ships' crews was unsurpassed. Their emotive power would set the tone of naval warfare until 1943 when a combination of improved detection technologies and continuous airpower over the Atlantic, saw the U-Boat fleet rapidly culled.
U-504 was amongst the urgent orders placed for additional U-Boats, as there was a dearth of submarines. What did not augur well for the Kriegsmarine was the period from placement of an order for this Type IXC submarine until delivery was almost two years. This meant that U-504 was commissioned on 30th July 1941. Only then could it enter the fray.
On 19th August 1942, U-504 slipped silently from its berth at Lorient on the Brittany littoral of France on her fourth patrol. Her destination was south to the waters off South Africa as part of Wolfpack Eisbär [Wolf Pack Ice Bear]. Then, on 17th October, about 450 nautical miles (830 km) south of Cape Town, she torpedoed and sank the unescorted British ship, the 5,970 ton Empire Chaucer. On the 23rd she sank the British ship, the 5,669-ton SS City of Johannesburg, and on the 26th she attacked the unescorted American 7,176-ton Liberty ship Anne Hutchinson. The crew abandoned their vessel after she was hit by two torpedoes and fatally damaged. However the ship remained afloat, and on the 29th was taken in tow by the South African armed trawler HMS AS David Haigh (T13) and a harbour tug. Lacking sufficient power to tow the ship to port, explosive charges were set, cutting the ship in two. The aft section sank, and the fore section was towed into Port Elizabeth. Part of the crew was picked up at sea, while the rest made it to land in their lifeboats.
Anne Hutchinson after being torpedoed by U-504
U-504 sank two more British merchant ships on 31 October, about 200 nautical miles (370 km) east of Durban. First, the unescorted 7,041 ton Empire Guidon, then the unescorted 5,113 ton Reynolds, which, hit amidships and in the stern, capsized and sank within seconds.
Finally, on 3 November off Port Elizabeth, she sank the unescorted and unarmed Brazilian 5,187 ton cargo ship Porto Alegre en route from Rio de Janeiro to Durban. Hit by a single torpedo, the crew abandoned ship before the U-boat delivered the coup de grâce. Only one crew member was lost. The survivors were questioned by the Germans, and later made landfall about 50 nautical miles (93 km) from Port Elizabeth on 7 November. After a highly successful hunting trip, U-504 left the southern waters and sailed north, arriving back at Lorient on 11th December 1942 after a patrol lasting 115 days.
U-boat bunker in Lorient
The U-Boat sinkings must have unnerved and alarmed somebody in authority. In a belated response on 7th September 1942, No 25 Squadron under Major KSP Jones began to arrive in Port Elizabeth. New airfields were built to allow more planes to be available for patrols to curb the loss of shipping. This squadron was based at a new airfield at St. Albans using Lockheed B34 Venturas.
Prior to this expedition by the U-504, the submarine menace had already caused a minor panic and stung the authorities into action. In order to prevent attacks on the city, on January 9th 1942, Port Elizabeth experienced its first trial black-out. My late mother, Eunice McCleland, could recall the wardens performing their inspections. Any shard of lighting emanating from the windows would cause a sharp rebuke from the officious warden. For some unknown reason black-outs were only enforced until the 23rd August 1943. Perhaps the authorities had realised that black-outs were no silver bullets as regards deterring the submarine menace or possibly it was found, like in the U.K. that black-outs were the greatest cause of civilian fatalities. Whatever the reason, the U-Boat menace was not yet a spent force. Instead, other measures were taken during the same month with the harbour being declared a prohibited area.
Naval Officers' Training at Seaview Hotel
The strictures of war probably reduced the normal customer load to the point where the owners faced the grim possibility of insolvency as war pays scant regard for life or hotel profitability. Instead, the hotel was to receive a new lease of life as the training base for Officers of the Royal Navy, RNVR and S.A. Naval Forces. It was the first Naval Officers training establishment outside Britain. The Commander was J.S. Head and the base was given the name HMS "Good Hope". It was in operation until 30th June 1944. In February 1945, with the end in Europe winding down, the Richardson Brothers advertised that the hotel would be operational again.
Petrol ration card from 1942
Coastal Fortress Observation Posts
I cannot remember which of these buildings was the first one that I became aware of as a child. It could have been Brooks Hill or possibly Schoenmakerskop but it was definitely not Sea Hill, at Cape Recife. Finally, a year ago I came across a comprehensive article by Richard Tomlinson on this issue. Except for minor adjustments such as deletions of his copious references, I have used his original article as the basis of this section of the blog.
View from the Cape Recife Fortress Observation Post
Port Elizabeth has arguably the most complete collection of surviving coast artillery buildings and equipment dating from the Second World War (1939-45) of any port in South Africa. However, completeness is not their only claim to distinction. Prior to 1939, the harbour of Port Elizabeth had no defences except, of course, Fort Frederick, the square stone fort on the hill above the mouth of the Baakens River. This was built in 1799 to 1800 to guard the original landing place, before the arrival of the 1820 British Settlers and the development of the town.
A fortnight before South Africa declared war on Nazi Germany on 6 September 1939, No 3 Heavy Battery, South African Artillery, at East London was divided into Right Section, which remained there, and Left Section, which comprised sixteen other ranks under Captain C E G Brereton-Styles. This section was despatched to Port Elizabeth with two 6-inch (152 mm) Mark XIX field guns, and was later renamed No 6 Heavy Battery.
View of the ruins of the barracks from the Fortress Observation at Cape Recife
An 18-pounder quick firing (QF) pedestal gun mounted on a steel-plated truck of First World War vintage, which was brought to Port Elizabeth by Lieutenant Robert Meintjies, who joined the battery to assist Brereton-Stiles, was added to the armament on the Charl Malan Quay at the harbour for protection against motor torpedo boats. (Brereton-Styles may have been only a lieutenant when he was transferred to Port Elizabeth, as a letter of 9 November 1939 from Commanding Officer, Coast Artillery Brigade [CAB] to Director General Operations [DGO], Pretoria, mentions a 'Lieut Stiles' in connection with the mounting of guns at the harbour. According to C J Nothling, he was CO of 8 Heavy Battery at Saldanha Bay by 1946.) By the end of 1939, two searchlights had also been installed on Charl Malan Quay.
Work started immediately on the levelling of sand dunes at the site chosen by Brereton-Styles, at Humewood, south-east of the harbour. This was to provide temporary emplacements for the two 6-inch Mark XIX guns, which were operated from wooden platforms dug into the ground. Ammunition magazines and keeps were also dug in and reinforced with railway sleepers and sandbags.
Bluewater Bay Fortress Observation Post
This temporary battery was nicknamed 'Fort Gocom' because sour figs (gocoms) were planted to stabilise the sand. However, by early November 1939, work had commenced on the setting out of the permanent emplacements for the new Algoa Battery. These, together with the magazines and living quarters, were completed by April 1940. A month later, the two 6-inch Mark XIX field guns of Gocom Battery were superseded by two 6-inch QF guns from Simon's Town. These were mounted in the new concrete emplacements of Algoa Battery. German intelligence was so good that a wireless broadcast from Zeesen announced the removal of the guns before they had left Simon's Town.
In January 1940, a recommendation was made for the immediate construction of a combined Battery Observation Post and Director Station (BOP&DS) for No 6 Heavy Battery. This refers to the surviving night BOP at Algoa Battery. The following August, correspondence on the Humewood BOP and wireless station mentions that the roofs were to be parapeted and loopholed and that a rifleman's post was to be constructed of sleepers near the foot of the navigation beacon overlooking the engine room of the wireless station. The whole site was to be enclosed within a wire entanglement. At this site there were to be provided also a latrine and washing accommodation, with a separate, small room for the use of the garrison. These structures were all on Humewood Hill – now named Brookes Hill – and have survived. The exception is the engine room which was demolished a few years ago.
Brookes Hill Battery Observation Post
In addition to these facilities, advance warning of the approach of shipping and aircraft to the harbour was given by three fortress observation posts (FOPs) which were built at Amsterdam Hoek, Seahill – on the Cape Recife peninsula – and Schoenmakerskop, together with a Port War Signal Station next to Cape Recife lighthouse. The FOPs were planned towards the end of 1939 and were built during 1940. Each is double-storeyed with a flat roof reached by a steel ladder, with loopholed free-form parapets rising above the roof, and each was protected by a barbed wire fence or entanglement.
The FOPs at Amsterdam Hoek and Schoenmakerskop were both approached by a long flight of concrete steps – 85 at the former and 70 at the latter. Each has a concrete 'slide' down one side, presumably to assist with the hauling up of equipment or provisions. Both slides have grooves at prominent points which appear to have been formed by ropes or hawsers.
Cape Recife Port War Signal Station
The Port War Signal Station was recommended as 'urgently necessary' in a letter of 19 June 1940 'as the one on No 1 quay at Port Elizabeth is not able to command all directions of approach to the port.' Three pre-existing garages were rebuilt on the ground floor of the new structure. The work was probably completed in the second half of 1940 and they are still in use by the lighthouse division of the National Ports Authority of South Africa.
The Fortress Observation Post at Schoenmakerskop
To return to Algoa Battery, the two 6-inch QF guns installed in 1940 were replaced in April 1942 by two 6 inch, breech loading (BL), Mark V guns enclosed within steel shields. These two guns are still in position, although they have lost their breech blocks and the breeches have been welded closed. The barrels are dated 1900 and 1902 respectively on the breeches. In April 1944 a 6-inch, BL Mark VI gun was mounted and tested in a third rear emplacement, but was later removed. The Defence of Bases Committee, formerly the British Ports Defence Committee, decided that the 9,2-inch (234mm) and 6-inch (152mm) coastal batteries should have no fewer than three guns 'for effective observation of fall of shot in adjusting the mean point of impact, on which the engagement of targets depended.'). This third gun was later removed
Docks Battery was armed with a 6-pounder QF Mark I (twin) gun installed in June 1943, and four naval 12-pounder QF guns. These have all gone. Radar was introduced in 1942.
Brookes Hill Day Battery Observation Post, with artillery radar building behind
Buildings at Sea Hill, Cape Recife
The buildings on this site serve two different purposes. As secrecy in wartime is paramount even though both of the units using this site shared the same camp at Sea Hill, the Special Signals Services and the Artillery Personnel in theory did not talk to each other and hence were unaware of each other's function. In practice this was strictly adhered to by SSS personnel.
The Fortress Observation Post [FOP] was constructed early in 1940. It sole function was to observe the approach of enemy shipping towards the harbour from the west. In the event that the observers spotted an enemy ship, their responsibility was to contact Algoa Battery at Humewood by telephone. Having been notified of the location of the hostile vessel, a decision would then be taken, usually involving an air reconnaissance by the air force or, if the ship was identified as enemy, the six-inch guns on Brooke's Hill would engage them. Three Riflemen's Posts were provided for the men for local defence, as well as two toilet cubicles. As no accommodation was provided on the site, the artillery personnel were ferried out each day from Humewood; the adjacent Bungalow seems to have been built later in the War, but artillery personnel did not stay on site overnight.
The majority of this site was utilised by the SSS – Special Signals Services – the radar arm of the SA Corps of Signals. Even though the development of radar had commenced in South Africa in 1939, it was not until 1942-1943 that radar stations for coastal defence were provided in the Port Elizabeth area.
The Cape Recife station was equipped with a JB, the original South African radar set developed in Johannesburg, and hence its name. This set was located in the Tech Hut to the west of the Artillery Buildings. Observations were relayed to the filter room in Pembridge House, Bird Street. Here they were sorted and the appropriate information passed onto the Navy, the Artillery or the Air Force for appropriate action.
The buildings used by these units are today visible to members of the general public when they walk the Roseate Tern Walking Trail. These buildings are described below.
View from the Fortress Observation Post with the Artillery Bungalow on the right and the Radar Tech Hut at far left
The barracks near the roadway were built solely for 18 female SSS Personnel comprising an officer, a warrant officer, 15 operators and a cook. In addition, there were four males – officer commanding, two technicians and an engine minder – as well as the NMC – Native Military Corps. The radar operators worked in five shifts around the clock with three girls per shift.
The barracks from the west consisted of the operators' quarters, women's ablutions and boiler room with pit toilets on the slope behind, female officer's and Warrant Officer's quarters, the mess, the men's quarters with pit toilets on the slope behind and the recreation room with fireplace. The office and wash-up area was adjacent with a small store on the slope above. The foundations of the building just east of the Recreation Room, probably represented the guard room during this period.
Roofless radar barracks at Seahill, Cape Recife
To the east of the track up to the ridge are the foundations of four buildings and remains of a pit toilet. Previously these had been the barracks of the Native Military Corps.
Electricity was generated on the site in the small generator room half way up the track to the ridge. One of the engine minder's responsibilities was to take care of the diesel generator.
The whole site of the artillery and radar establishments was surrounded by a barbed wire fence, which was guarded by the NMC.
42nd Air School
With war clouds gathering, No 3 Squadron SAAF, equipped with Hawker Harts was sent to Port Elizabeth in September 1939. However, by December the squadrons last four Harts were ferried back to Zwartkops where they were needed for advanced training duties.
42 Air School
No 3 Squadron had been joined by No 14 Bomber/Reconnaissance (BR) Squadron flying three ex-SAA Junkers Ju86s which had been converted to bombers and distributed to four coastal squadrons to fly maritime reconnaissance patrols. Junkers flew with 14 BR Squadron from Port Elizabeth from 21st September 1939. In terms of order AHQ 14/6 dated 29th November 1939 No 14 (BR) Squadron was re-designated "B" Flight of the newly constituted 31 (Coastal) squadron with effect from the 1st December 1939.
Macchi CR 42
A captured Italian Macchi CR 42 is believed to have spent some time at PE's 42nd Air School.
The advent of war, as far as South Africa itself was concerned, was to be a maritime war with the bulk of operational battles taking place in the Northern Hemisphere. Troops would go off to war, training took place and there was rationing, but for the local populace at home, it was business as usual, as they were to see nothing of the dramas that took place over the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, other than occasionally when survivors of torpedoed ships from the convoys travelling around the coast would arrive at the various ports. For instance, after going undetected off Port Elizabeth by the Ju86s of "B" Flight, December 2 1939 saw the first success of the coastal patrols and the first South African action against the enemy, when a Ju86 flown by Captain H.Q. Boschoff of 15 BR Squadron, Wingfield intercepted the Watussi after she rounded Cape Point. The Watussi, a Deutsche Ost-Afrika Linie liner which had served the South African route had sailed from Lourenco Marques with German passengers to make a dash for Rio de Janiero. After a signal had been sent from the Ju86 instructing her to head for Cape Town, she sailed on flying a bogus British Red Ensign in an effort to mislead the SAAF crew.
Anson over Cape Recife in 1942
Three bombs were dropped to encourage the ship's captain to change course, but the Junkers now had to return to Wingfield for refuelling. A second Junkers now appeared on the scene and the pilot Major J.M. Botes asked for permission to machine gun the life boats, but his request was heard by the Watussi's captain, so he placed men alongside the lifeboats. A Swordfish from Ark Royal also appeared on the scene and circled the vessel, so the German ship's captain set his ship alight as the passengers and crew made for the lifeboats, scuttling her rather than accepting surrender. Shortly after this incident, patrolling Ju86s from B Flight 31 Squadron spotted a Japanese ship, the Hokoku Maru in Algoa Bay. It had previously also served the South African trade and was proclaiming its neutrality by displaying Japanese flags on either side of her hull.
Hokoku Maru
In support of these coastal operations from Port Elizabeth, ground on the south side of the aerodrome was taken over by the Department of Defence with the permission of the Port Elizabeth Municipality to build a new hanger. (The largest of the rearmost hangers and in the middle of those built for 42 Air School later). "B" Flight of 31 (Coastal) Squadron, which was exclusively manned by the SAAF, therefore moved to tented accommodation on the other side of the airfield.
Phillip Walker of Sheffield England relates his story of 42 Air School.
I spent the last 4 years of the war in South Africa 2 years at 42 Air School in Port Elizabeth and 2 years at 43 Air School in Port Alfred. We travelled out on a troopship, which sailed as close to the American coastline as possible to avoid U-boats, the journey took 6 weeks and it was very cramped. On the troopship we were allowed a beer in the evening in the ships canteen we only got one and as you can imagine the queue was miles long. We hadn't enough time to queue for another so we thought of a wonderful idea, we took the tea bucket and got that filled, some of the lads got quite merry and they soon put a stop to our game.
Image from an original photo album which formerly belonged to a RAF Serviceman trainee pilot who did his pilot training in South Africa during WW2 at 42 Air School
The aim of us being in South Africa was to train navigators and air gunners we also had to service and maintain all engines and to keep them flying at all times. We had to look for engine frames cracking at joints due to metal fatigue. Then it was a case of engine removal and new frames been placed in. When we had finished this operation we had to test them whilst on flight, so you can guess there was no slip-shod work. We worked on 'Harvard's', 'Airspeed Oxfords' and 'Avro Anson's'.
Special Signals Services
During WW2, the SSS operated the Radar Units of the Union Defence Force. The stations in the Port Elizabeth area were at Tankatara, Hougham Park, Cape Recife, Seaview and Schoenmakerskop, the last being replaced by a new one at Mount Pleasant in April 1944. All five camps had the same manning being a female Commanding Officer, 20 female radar operators, a female cook, 5 men in charge of maintenance and a contingent of men of the Native Military Corps who worked as Camp Guards.
A Tech. Hut housed the radar set which was out of bounds for all who had not taken the Secrecy Oath. The station operated 24 hours a day and the operators were on duty for 3 days and off duty for the next two days. As the rations were delivered daily, on the off days, the staff was able to travel to the Headquarters which was in a house in Park Drive which is now occupied by a block of flats called Parkview Flats. There used to be an entrance to the back of the house along a lane from Cape Road. Before one was allowed to go on Pass, squad drills were held at the Westbourne Oval.
Pembridge House, 13 Bird Street (corner Trinder Square)
All of the five stations were in direct telephonic contact with the Filter Room or "Freddie" which was based at Pembridge House at 13 Bird Street. Members of SSS were operators at Freddie and their barracks were in St George's Park [now Olympic Grounds]. Like in submarines, the principle of "hot beds" was used. The first night shift was from 10pm to 3am and the second one was from 3am to 8am. "Freddie" was downstairs in the Billiard Room. Much like the radar operators in movies on Battle of Britain, these operators wearing earphones would plot the movement of all ships and ships on a large map. In South Africa, the map was on a table. On a platform, others – usually officers – would transmit information to Naval or Air Force control. There was also a contingent of SSS personnel based at 42 Air School, which was based at the main Port Elizabeth airport. The Air Force unit responsible for Coastal Patrol was based where Military Headquarters is located today.
Operators read the screens of a COL radar
Other buildings and units
Army headquarters was located in Western Road in a building, which was converted into offices and renamed "West Hill." Pembridge House and Army Headquarters could be accessed from each other by means of back entrances of both buildings. The row of detached rooms between Army headquarters and the block of flats were Q Stores. The army medical officer was housed in a hutment in the grounds of the Fort where Captain Evatt is now interred. There were other hutments around the Fort also in use.
There was a large military camp at Cradock Place. One of uses to which it was put was to test the Gas Drill.
The large house on the S bend of the Humewood Road, now used as the headquarters of the Sea Scouts, was then used as Convalescent Home for officers. The Sandford Maternity Block was converted into the Military Block at that hospital with Military A being for men and Military B for women.
World War 2 Buildings at Sea Hill, Cape Recife by Richard Tomlinson (1997, Site plan & notes compiled for Parks Department – Looking Back, Vol 36)
The Second World War, 1939-1945, Artillery Buildings in Algoa Bay by Richard Tomlinson (June 2002, Military History Journal, Vol 12 No 3).
Port Elizabeth: A Social Chronicle to the end of 1945 by Margaret Harradine (1996, E H Walton Packaging Pty Ltd, Port Elizabeth).
Port Elizabeth in World War II by Mary Tudhope (March 1990, Looking Back, Vol 29 No 1).
The Special Signals Services by Mary Tudhope & Richard Tomlinson (2001, Looking Back, Vol 40).
Past Reflections – 42nd Air School http://mype.co.za/new/past-reflections-42nd-air-schoolpast-reflections-42nd-air-school/36060/2014/04#ixzz4aGbGmO9a
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/19/a4429019.shtml
Tags Cape RecifeFortress Observation PostsPort ElizabethSeahillSpecial Signals SectionWW2
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Junior Group Leader Positions
Barcelona (Localidad), Cataluña (ES)
Salary is commensurate with qualifications and consistent with our pay scales
Life Sciences, Biology, Genomics, Health Sciences
Group Leader/Principal Investigator
The Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) is a core-funded interdisciplinary institute with strengths encompassing genomics, systems, computational, cell and molecular biology. CRG has two main areas of interest in its strategic plan: Quantitative Biology and Medical genomics.
Currently we are looking to recruit outstanding junior group leaders in both CRG strategic areas.
Specific areas of interest include:
Quantitative approaches to understand the dynamics of fundamental cell biology processes, and/or genetic mechanisms of disease or regeneration, using model systems such as organoids, organ-on-a-chip and other innovative models.
Development and application of new technologies including machine learning/artificial intelligence, quantitative imaging at the molecular or tissue scale, spatial genomics, massively parallel genetics, and/or computational algorithms applied to biotechnology, genetics and medicine.
Engineering of biological systems including generative and synthetic biology.
The CRG is located at the Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB) with six other research institutes, including the newly created Outstation of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL). In addition, the CRG's National Centre for Genomic Analysis (CNAG, www.cnag.cat) is located at the Barcelona Science Park (PCB). The CRG consists of 400 scientists, and is organised into five research programmes supported by high-end core facilities covering proteomics, genomics, bioinformatics, microscopy, FACs, iPS and organoids, and protein expression. The CRG hosts one of the two nodes of the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA, https://ega-archive.org) and is affiliated to the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST, https://bist.eu/).
In April 2021, the Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) received the renewal of the 'HR Excellence in Research' Award from the European Commission. This is a recognition of the Institute's commitment to developing an HR Strategy for Researchers, designed to bring the practices and procedures in line with the principles of the European Charter for Researchers and the Code of Conduct for the Recruitment of Researchers (Charter and Code).
Please, check out our Recruitment Policy
We aim to recruit Junior Group Leaders in Quantitative Biology and Medical genomics.
Specific areas of interest include quantitative approaches to understand the dynamics of fundamental cell biology processes, and/or genetic mechanisms of disease or regeneration, using model systems such as organoids, organ-on-a-chip and other innovative models.
Development and application of new technologies including machine learning/artificial intelligence, quantitative imaging at the molecular or tissue scale, spatial genomics, massively parallel genetics, and/or computational algorithms applied to biotechnology, genetics and medicine and also, engineering of biological systems including generative and synthetic biology.
Junior Group Leader position with a 5-year contract renewable for a total of 9 years depending on external peer-review, and structural funding to cover salaries and consumables for up to three people depending on their qualifications. We offer an equipped laboratory, or office space, for 7-9 people with access to cutting-edge core facilities (http://www.crg.eu/content/scientific-services/core-facilities).
We provide a highly stimulating environment with state-of-the-art infrastructures, and unique professional career development opportunities. To check out our training and development portfolio, please visit our website in the training section.
We offer and promote a diverse and inclusive environment and welcomes applicants regardless of age, disability, gender, nationality, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation or gender identity.
The CRG is committed to reconcile a work and family life of its employees and are offering extended vacation period and the possibility to benefit from flexible working hours.
The CRG values innovative and interdisciplinary Research and is involved in attaining the sustainability principles of the United Nations.
All applications must include:
A motivation letter explaining why you have applied to the CRG.
A complete CV including a list of publications and three Reference Letters (please, include in your CV document the list of Publication and the Reference Letters).
Brief (<4 pages) proposal of your future research plans.
All applications must be addressed to Director Luis Serrano and be submitted online through the CRG Career site - http://www.crg.eu/en/content/careers/job-opportunities
Further information regarding the CRG group leader recruitment & selection process can be found at: http://www.crg.eu/en/content/jobs/junior-group-leader-recruitment
Pre-selection: The pre-selection process will be based on qualifications and the scientific proposal.
Interview: Preselected candidates will be interviewed at the CRG by a selection panel at the end of March 2022.
Offer Letter: Once the successful candidate is identified the Human Resources department will send a Job Offer, specifying the start day, salary, working conditions, among other important details.
Informal enquires can be directed to the CRG, Dr. Luis Serrano luis.serrano@crg.eu
Deadline: Please submit your application by February 15th, 2022
Suggestions: The CRG believes in ongoing improvement and promotes a culture of feedback. This is one of the reasons we have in place, at your disposal as a candidate, a mechanism to gather your suggestions/complaints concerning your candidate experience in our recruitment processes. Your feedback really matters to us in our aim at creating a positive candidate journey. You can make a difference and help us improve by letting us know your suggestions through the following form.
New York City, Manhattan
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH SCIENTIST


text:
Pet Grass 85 Complete Installation Guide By Dr. Simmons at Drake and Other Fallen Police Dogs Memorial
We are honored to be a part of the remembrance of Drake and other police canine companions, fallen protecting us. Drake was shot four times on November, 18 2012. He was a German Shepherd retired from a force. In spite of heroic efforts by the best veterinarians in the country, Drake didn't make it. He passed away five days later after shooting.
In the interview to local news, Dr. Simmons' stated: "They (police dogs) are currently classified as equipment, - the depreciable equipment with no value when they are retired. Do dogs deserve some form of status? Hero Status really..."
The video has been captured at K-9 dedicated Drake and other fallen police dogs Memorial in Greenacres, Florida where GST donated one of our best products - PetGrass-85. Dr. Ken Simmons gives a complete overview of the project done at the Memorial and the ultimate guide to every step of the installation process. Thank you, Dr. Simmons!
Global Syn-Turf produces more than 65 different lines of artificial grass, and some of it needs special care during the installation. The good example of it is our Pet Grass 85. Designed for an ideal drainage, the backing of this product has no stitch lines, and as an installer you must pay an extra attention to details.
"We've been using this product for the better part of ten months, and some rain storms have come through that were quite substantial, and we've had absolutely no flooding. There are no smell issues at all. " - said Dr. Simmons. "We have large dogs running at high speeds turning on a dime. Carpet (artificial grass) is not separating. It is no falling apart anywhere. And clients, the perception, that they have now of our park is that it looks like an Augusta National Golf Course. I am very impressed with Dave Maronic and his team for providing us this turf for the Drake Memorial because it is very special thing for us since we have a veterinary hospital, and now we have a Memorial Park that is absolutely spectacular. The turf is just made it wonderful."
Below is the full transcript.
If you already own a dog care facility, where lots of dogs are playing at the regular basis, you know that regular grass, although beautiful and very friendly, often dies from disease, it dies from the urine. It gets wet with puddles from rain, and it turns into a mud bath, and all of your pets are playing in this.
Once you are committed to the idea that you are going to spend the money to have your natural grass replace with an artificial turf, the very first step is to remove the existing material that's in your park. And so, my suggestion is to take out, depending on the value of dogs that are going to be playing in the park, up to 8, maybe even 10 inches of fill, so you end up with a space that can then be packed with the drain rock, and other products.
There is actually quite a lot to this first stage of removing the fill that is there. So you must be careful because of the sprinkler pipes, water lines, electrical wires, antennas, cables, whatever might be in the ground. You need to be very careful and identify all those things. If there are sprinkler zones, they need to be relocated outside of the perimeter of where the turf is going to be laid, so you don't have to dig it physically up to get to it.
If you encounter something that needs to be remained in its current position, identify it and place it in the protective box or cabin of some sort, and ultimately you can still cover it with the turf, and allow yourself access at the later date.
Once the fill has been removed to a measured grade, the next step is bringing in number 57 rock. It's essentially septic drain fill rock. It's an inexpensive product, and here is where you are really want to be an opposite to thrifty. You want to use a lot of this rock. Give yourself at least six to eight inches of base rock compacted, and you are going to end putting a concrete screening over the top of this, but the very next step is to bring the rock in, approximate the level, and then go over it with a compactor, and follow it with a concrete screening, which is a fine concrete dust. That would be laid on top of the septic drain rock and compacted as well. That would be about four-inch bed.
During the removal of the fill, you are going to encounter the places in your project that do not have linear or a hard surface upon which to attach the turf. That's where you need to pour a concrete curb to give yourself that option. If you have an existing sidewalk, it can be used nicely. Even existing paver or walkways that have a concrete edging can be used to attach the turf. But where there is nothing, you need to replace it with a concrete curb, probably a four-inch wide curb 6 or 8 inches deep that allows you to tack turf to the curb.
Compacting the septic drain rock as well as the concrete screening is the essential part for this, and needs to be done very carefully and very meticulously. The rock should be moistened with water and tamped as a wet rock, and, ultimately, once the septic drain rock is tamped down, and you are going to lay this four and five inches of concrete screen on top, you do the same thing and tamp it down. It will be surface, but very pervious surface when you finished. You want to take extra care to make sure the details are done correctly on the curb edge, around any objects that might be left behind, trees and the like sometimes can be in the middle of your project. You want to cut around those trees and put some formed curb around them. And this part is very critical.
Once you finished placing the rock and tamping it down and doing all the prepping that needs to be done, the next step is roll out the carpet. And this is a very important step because the carpet needs to be rolled out, so the grain matches anywhere you seam it. You can't turn the carpet perpendicular to itself, and end up with a good seam. The company that worked for us did a great job. Coastal Synthetic Turf has some technicians that were able to make the seams completely invisible. So the carpet is laid out in its approximate location as the first step and trimmed to fit the location.
Any place where the seam is required with the dog's turf s really-really important to take a time, to make sure the edges match up perfectly. And then a piece of double-sided, large, white material is laid down, and nailed to the ground such that when the turf is applied to the top of the glue that would be laid on top of that will stick and create a perfectly nice seam.
Once the seam is placed together on top of the glue, carpet is actually nailed to the ground to ensure that it stays tight to the seam.
Once the seams are completely finished, large, heavy bags of sand are laid across a scene to make sure they are hold up together.
As always during this process there will be a lot of clipping, and trimming, and edging things perfect, and that's critical. The details make all the difference.
And the final stage is to apply sand in quantity to weigh carpet down, to keep it from fluffing around. And then it's brushed very aggressively with a broom to settle into the carpet.
The goal behind this entire process is to give yourself a fairly significant drainage system beneath the carpet so that when water is applied to it in a great quantity, it flows to the carpet and directly to the drain system.
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Global Syn-Turf, Inc., the world's largest manufacturer and supplier of artificial grass, participated in Watersavers Irrigation's Demo Day on April 3rd. The event took place at one of Watersavers Irrigation's warehouse stores. More than 100 Northern California irrigation and green industry professionals and consumers attended the event to test out the latest irrigation systems and landscaping supplies, and listen to presentations from top supply manufacturers. "We've been selling artificial grass products for years now, so even before the event we had established ourselves in the region," said a GST rep. "However, ever since California's water crisis, and now Jerry Brown's announcement of mandatory water restrictions, we've become the definitive regional experts on artificial grass in California. We're receiving an unprecedented amount of interest from local contractors and municipalities who want to test our products." With more than 95 gallons of water per day wasted on outdoor uses per household, consumers, contractors and dealers stand to benefit from artificial grass's advantages. According to the GST rep, Global Syn-Turf has the power to fundamentally transform the culture of the irrigation and green industries by making it easy for people to have a perfectly lush, verdant lawn without consuming precious resources. The Global Syn-Turf team was on hand at the event to present the company's latest artificial grass innovations, such as Cashmere, an artificial grass
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Bernhard Langer Triumph at Belmont. Magic Week.
The 2015 Constellation Senior Players Championship was "a magic week" for Bernhard Langer, two-times Masters Champion, who lead wire-to-wire victory at the Belmont Country Club, Massachusetts. It became Bernhard's 81st individual triumph. This time, he won six shots over Kirk Triplett. In the last round of the Constellation Senior Players Championship, ending with a 3-under 68 closing round and a 6-shot margin of triumph, Langer achieves his 24th career win on the Campions Tour. He became the first senior golfer to repeat as Senior Players winner since Arnold Palmer in 1984-1985. The triumph extended Langer's streak of winning at least one Champions Tour event each year of his membership, starting in 2007. Usually, Langer didn't wait long for his opening victory of the season. He won twice in his first start, three times in his third, twice in his fourth. Over his initial nine starts, Langer had his share of consecutive ends (five top-10s), but no wins. Only in 2012 Langer won on his 14th Champions Tour. This year, calm and methodical Langer was growing impatient by the start of the 48th week. Called the golf's international man of mystery for 25 years since his first Masters championship in 1985, Bernhard
Jon Stewart References California as a Jurassic World But This Time... BOOM! Everything Went Horribly Wrong.
The "Daily Show" host Jon Stewart has his own idea of how to solve the California Drought issue. "First, as you know, California goes through historic unprecedented dry spell. " - says Jon Stewart at Thursday's Daily Show. "We are talking about original movie ideas. BOOM! Take that Jurassic world. Hey, what if they build another dinosaur theme park, but this time things also went horribly wrong." Check Out The Daily Show With Jon Stewart http://www.hulu.com/watch/803181 Then, Stewart explains why there is a little hope for Californians to avoid the consequences of the drought: "I am talking about the catastrophic four-year drought. Californian's reservoirs are empty. The snow pack is gone. What little water remains in control of ruthless, disfigured warlord, doling out precious moisture from his mountain stronghold" (referencing this year blockbuster hit Mad Max.) In the next clip, Stewart demonstrates, is an image of Immortan Joe, the lord of the Citadel (the place that beholds the water supply) in Mad Max, and states "Wow, Jerry Brown has not aged well." "I am just kidding, " - says Stewart. "Jerry Brown didn't age at all. He is still good old governor, putting a water scarcity issue in
Al Madrigal, L.A. resident, wasn't in mood to discuss California drought with Jon Stewart. "I'm sick of it," - he says. "Back home it's all we talk about. We use to go to dinner and discuss movies. Which stars are secretly gays. But now it's just - "How long was your shower. Did you use a backet? Hey, that's a guy whose lawn is green. Call the cops! " Man, it feels good! I am taking an advantage of your unregulated East Coast Water-topia! Man, it feels good! Jon, I have to get it out of my system before I go home and slip the recycled toilet water. I haven't wasted water like this in years! I am going to paint this town wet, Jon! Named Best Stand-Up Comedian by the HBO/U.S. Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen, Al Madrigal's comedy has been called "dynamic" by The New York Times. His unique, spontaneous and fast-paced lyrical storytelling style has made him a regular on television with numerous appearances on Comedy Central including his own half-hour Comedy Central Presents Special and appearances on John Oliver's New York Stand-up Show and Pretend Time with Nick Swardson. Al has also appeared
Take a look at the picture above. Is the lawn real or fake? 19 out of 20 people make a mistake. Test yourself.
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The client is a manufacturer of stocks, gravies and jus. The company has been established for almost 25 years and has a turnover of £2.2m. They are a supplier in to the foodservice sector and wanted robust statistics which they could use to market and promote their gravy to their customers.
The client wished to test three variants of gravy samples – Beef, Chicken and Savoury. FIS was challenged with recruiting chefs from cost and profit sectors, with a relevant split of subsectors, within these categories.
FIS recruited 100 customers that ate in pub chains and regularly consumed dishes that included gravy. A blind taste test was conducted with the customers, looking at the clients' gravy vs their closest competitors.
After this stage FIS recruited 100 chefs to take part in a testing panel, which involved a number of stages, in order to get clear and insightful information.
We asked our chef panel to make up and taste each of the gravy samples, scoring them on key attributes such as aroma, taste and appearance, as well as the ease and speed of process and ease of blending.
In order to gauge a preference between samples, whilst the chefs were cooking, we asked them to note down their favourite from each category. This helped us to give the client a clear figure as to how many chefs preferred their sample, or other samples.
To give clarity to the marketing team, we asked our chefs what is most important when buying gravy in their kitchen. We gave them a number of factors, for example, 'made in the UK', or 'free from declarable allergens', and asked them to rate them from extremely unimportant, to extremely important.
Finally, we asked the chefs to look at the packaging for the clients' sample. They were asked to assess the suitability of the sample, when thinking about their kitchen, and how key attributes, for example, yield information or allergens, were displayed.
As a result of our research project, our client was able to show the statistics we had gathered to their customers relevant for the sector, to demonstrate how well their products performed compared to their main rivals. They were also able to make claims within their industry to say theirs is the gravy most preferred by consumers, due to the first stage of the project.


When you are building a new home or getting renovations done you are going to need a good contractor. Your contractor is the person who is in charge of the entire project and who will make sure that everything gets done on time and on budget. Without this very important and skilled worker you could find that things get way out of hand.
You need to choose the right contractor for the job and in order to do that you need to know what you should be on the lookout for. The first thing that you need to do is talk to the contractor in order to see how they listen. Is this contractor good as listening or does he or she simply talk over you and try to push you to thinking their way? You want to work with someone that will do their best to get your vision working. This is your home and your home improvement project needs to be something that you can live with in the end.
The next thing that you need to do is get some references. Get at least 5 references from each of the contractors that you are considering hiring. Then make the calls and see what these clients have to say. Ask specific questions as well as what they liked and did not like about the contractor. Some people don't like saying bad things about people, so you may need to phrase things a little different. For example, ask what they would have changed about the contractor if they could have. This will usually get a pretty good response. These answers are going to help you to choose the contractor that is right for you're and your home improvement project.
Most homes could do with a little remodeling and renovations, the next time that you are considering selling your home think about whether it may not be a better idea to just hire a contractor and make your home more livable.
John Rivers is the owner of Easy Home Improvement. Free home improvement, house remodeling and do it yourself advice, tips, and tricks. http://www.easyhomeimprovement.info.


Since launching the Quiet Revolution, I can't tell you how many times people (introverts, extroverts and ambiverts alike) have asked me imploringly for new insights to help them work better with their introverted colleagues.
So I'm always happy to announce when new insights are at hand. Here are some today, courtesy of Dan Schawbel, a fellow introvert and author of the new book Back to Human!
Recently, Dan shared exclusive data with me based on a global study he conducted with Virgin Pulse for his new book. The study, of over 2,000 managers and employees, found that introverts are much more likely to work remotely, feel lonely, and be disengaged at work. In addition, he found that 63 percent of introverts feel lonely at work, compared to 37 percent of extroverts.
Introverts can work effectively in isolation, but this data shows that they're more likely to be lonely, and less likely to be engaged. As humans, we all need the love and belonging that come from deep relationships. While it's often comfortable for introverts to use technology to connect, its overuse creates weaker relationships that can leave them unhappy and unfulfilled.
More than two-thirds of introverts say that they'd rather email than meet face to face; yet a study in the Harvard Business Review found that a single face-to-face conversation is thirty-four times more successful than email. Before I met my fellow introvert Dan in person, we had a digital connection; but we both agree that the relationship became stronger after meeting for lunch in New York City several years ago.
The trick, when it comes to introverts, is using tech in "just right" doses. Managers should make sure that this is happening for their teams; individuals should make sure that it's happening for themselves.
Encourage more social gatherings at work to build better team relationships. We spend so much time at work that it's important we like and/or are friends with our colleagues. Dan's study found that over 40 percent of introverted employees want to build relationships through team building activities and social events. Many introverts find these events hokey and unconvincing; to make it fun for all, try having everyone do a low-key activity, such as answering questions about each other, or holding a ping-pong tournament. Giving everyone something amusing to do can help the team get to know each other in a more human way.
Give continuous feedback and recognition instead of annual performance reviews. No one wants to wait a year to know how they've performed. Tech has wired us (introverts and extroverts alike) for instant gratification. As a result, leaders need to regularly help their people feel appreciated, connected and loved.
Create a safe work environment so introverts feel comfortable sharing. With Project Aristotle, Google set out to uncover the "secret sauce" to create a high performing team. They discovered that psychological safety was the answer: creating a safe place in which teammates feel they belong and can freely share ideas without repercussion.
Promote a shared-learning culture. If there's one thing introverts love to do, it's learn. They also love to feel valuable, and to share their knowledge with others. In a climate where we all need to learn "at the speed of business," this can be a huge advantage. We need to create work cultures that promote continuous education – and these are work cultures in which introverts can shine.
Hold individual meetings either weekly or bi-weekly to check in. Introverts need individual attention. They're typically more effective in one-on-one meetings than in big town halls. Give them individual attention, so you can hear the best of their hearts and minds, and so they know you genuinely care – and in return they'll give you their commitment, their engagement, and their very best work.


At the prompting of family and friends, I'm starting this blog. It's an opportunity to share my experiences and knowledge of hard rock and heavy metal music — particularly the Christian varieties.
My metal journey began sometime in 1980. My brother and his friend were playing some very distorted "music" on a tape recorder (if anyone remembers what that is). I remember thinking, "what is that noise?". That noise turned out to be 'Back in the Saddle' by Aerosmith and it wasn't long before I was beginning to like it. Within a few months, Aerosmith became my favorite band. I started buying all of their albums (on vinyl) and began discovering other hard rock acts along the way. Before long, I was delving into heavy metal bands like Dio, Iron Maiden, Judas Priest and Queensryche.
I plan to expand on my story later along with experiences, album reviews and maybe a little theology.
This entry was posted in christian music, hard rock, heavy metal and tagged aerosmith, christian metal, christian rock, dio, hard rock, heavy metal, heavymetal, ironmaiden, judaspriest, music, queensryche. Bookmark the permalink.
This is great! Can't wait to read more!
Good start! The trick to blogging is having regular posts. I do book reviews on Tuesdays. Media on Mondays, etc. You could do MWF. Monday for your recollections or old faves. Wednesday for current reviews. Friday for spiritual musings. Or whatever. And the best thing: write them all at once and schedule the posts!


text:
Home NEWS Kate pays touching tribute to late Queen as she plants cherry tree...
Kate pays touching tribute to late Queen as she plants cherry tree at Westminster Abbey
The Princess of Wales was all smiles as she planted a wild cherry tree in memory of the late Queen Elizabeth II. Pictures from the engagement show Kate shovelling soil at the base of the young tree to fully cover its roots. Dr David Hoyle – the Dean of Westminster – members of the Chapter of Westminster as well as the abbey's head gardener – Jan Pancheri – and her colleagues Cormac Connolly and Danny Bitten looked on as the royal carried out her tribute. The Princess donned a long green and blue chequered coat on top of a dark green dress and blue boots for this visit to the abbey in central London. The tree dedicated by the Princess of Wales to her late grandmother-in-law came from the Duchy of Cornwall estate.
Prince William inherited the estate from Charles on September 8, following his accession to the throne.While William and Kate automatically inherited the titles of Duke and Duchess of Cornwall from King Charles, the new sovereign had to create his firstborn Prince of Wales on September 9, as the title can only be passed on by the monarch. The cherry tree was planted in Dean's Yard to replace a horse chestnut tree that was rotten and suffered from a Summer Sudden Limb Drop earlier this year.After shovelling the last spadefuls of soil onto the tree, Kate also unveiled a memento of her visit and tribute to the late Queen.The plaque read: "This wild cherry tree, a gift from the Duchy of Cornwall, was dedicated in memory of Her Late Majesty Queen Elizabeth II by Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales on 14th December 2022."The tree was one of the thousands included in the Queen's Green Canopy initiative.Launched by the late monarch herself and the then Prince Charles in October 2021, this tree-planting project aimed at marking the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II by creating a memory of the Queen that would last for decades.While the initiative was meant to celebrate the 70th year on the throne of the late Queen, it gained added poignancy following her death in September
The Queen's funeral service was celebrated at the London abbey. As noted in the plaque, this visit to Westminster Abbey took place on Wednesday last week, amid the final preparations for Together at Christmas – the special Christmas Carol service spearheaded for the second year in a row by Kate. The service took place in the Gothic church on Thursday evening and is set to be televised by ITV1 on Christmas Eve. The special event was dedicated to the late Queen and the value she upheld throughout her life – including duty and faith. Several members of the Royal Family joined Kate and Prince William at the abbey to attend the star-studded service – including King Charles, Queen Camilla, Zara and Mike Tindall and Sophie, Countess of Wessex. Prince George and Princess Charlotte were also among the attendees.
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The day Queen Elizabeth died: the inside story of her final hours
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text:
from git import *
import argparse
import os
import time
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def commitHourHist(repo):
    head_commit = repo.commit("master")
    all_commits = head_commit.list_traverse()
    commit_hours = []

    for c in all_commits:
        hour = time.strftime("%H",time.localtime(c.committed_date))
        commit_hours.append(int(hour))

    plt.hist(commit_hours)
    plt.xlim([0,23])
    plt.show()

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("-r", "--repo", help="Path to a Git Repository (default is current directory)", default=".")
parser.add_argument("-b", "--branch", help="Branch to Start from, (default is \"master\")", default="master")
args = parser.parse_args()

if os.path.exists(args.repo):
    print "Valid Path"
else:
    print "Invalid Path"
    quit()

repo = Repo(args.repo)
commit = repo.commit(args.branch)

commitHourHist(repo)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Crossing the Buffalo
The Zulu War of 1879
Adrian Greaves
A new and complete history of Zululand, and its destruction at the hands of the British in 1879.
This book is not only a complete history of the Zulus but also an account of the way the British won absolute rule in South Africa.
In the early decades of the nineteenth century, Shaka Zulu established a nation in south-east Africa which was to become the most politically sophisticated and militarily powerful black nation in the entire area. Although the Zulus never had any quarrel with their British neighbours, the rulers of the Cape Colony could not conceive of them as anything but a threat. In 1879, under dubious pretences, the British finally crossed the Buffalo River, and embarked on a bloody war that was to rock the very foundations of the British Empire.
The story is studded with tales of incredible heroism, drama and atrocity on both sides: the Battle of Isandlwana, where the Zulus inflicted on the British the worst defeat a modern army has ever suffered at the hands of men without guns; Rorke's Drift, where a handful of British troops beat off thousands of Zulu warriors and won a record 11 VCs; and Ulundi, where the Zulus were finally crushed in a battle that was to herald some of the most shameful episodes in British Colonial history.
Comprehensive, vast in scope, and filled with original and up-to-date research, this is a book that is set to replace all standard works on the subject.
Hachette Digital, Inc.
Sasha Khazatsky , 02/27/2015
Awesome help!!
I needed help researching the maxim and Gatling guns in Africa. This book was perfect!!
More Books by Adrian Greaves
Isandlwana
Rorke's Drift
Forgotten Battles of the Zulu War
The Zulus at War


text:
Collections, Archives, & Historic Libraries >
Welcome to the Online Relic Exhibition
We are delighted to announce the launch of the Online Relic Exhibition with the Jesuits in Britain Archives. This exhibition was prompted by the 50th anniversary of the canonisation of the Forty Martyrs.
The virtual showcase, "How bleedeth burning love": British Jesuit Province's Relics of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales, presents treasured relics belonging to priests and laypeople martyred for their Roman Catholic faith in England and Wales in the 16th and 17th centuries - and canonised by Pope Paul VI on 25 October 1970.
Visit Exhibition
These relics shine a light on an extraordinary and little-explored period of English history, when men and women were persecuted and executed for their religious beliefs. Some of the relics in the exhibition demonstrate vividly the barbaric nature of the penalties inflicted on those who held fast to faith and conscience, while others tell very personal stories of individual spiritual journeys of historic figures such as Thomas More and Mary, Queen of Scots. These relics have been treasured for centuries, valued for the powerful stories they tell, which have been passed from generation to generation.
"The exhibition relates stories of some of the many men and women whose bravery and resourcefulness helped to keep the Catholic faith alive in those days and will also explore the extraordinary, and often perilous, journeys of these relics before they came into the sanctuary of the possession of the British Jesuit Province."
Dr Jan Graffius, curator of the Stonyhurst Collections
Featured Relics
The relics all form part of the British Jesuit Province's collection. Much of the collection resides in the Jesuits in Britain Archives in London, and a significant part is on loan to, and cared for, by Stonyhurst College Collections in Lancashire.
Among the relics in the exhibition are those of the famous Jesuits, St Edmund Campion, St Robert Southwell and Blessed Edward Oldcorne, who were all sent to be clandestine missionaries in Elizabethan England at a time when Catholics faced persecution.
St Robert Southwell
Blessed Edward Oldcorne
St Thomas More
Edmund Campion was arrested by priest hunters, convicted of high treason, and then hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn in 1581. On display is the rope that tied him to the hurdle, on which he was dragged from the Tower to Tyburn.
St Robert Southwell was also executed at Tyburn in 1595 - he was famous for his literary works, including the 16th century poem 'Christ's bloody sweate' which provided the quote for the title of the exhibition. On display is a bone.
Blessed Edward Oldcorne had been a school friend of Guy Fawkes and was tortured in the aftermath of the Gunpowder Plot. Although no evidence was found to link him to the failed assassination attempt against King James I, Oldcome was hanged, drawn, and quartered in 1606. On display is his right eyeball.
St Thomas More, executed on the orders of Henry VIII in 1535, and canonised in 1935. On display are two of his hats, a piece of his famous hair shirt and a gold penitential crucifix.
Mary, Queen of Scots once possessed a remarkable relic of the Crown of Thorns. Its fascinating story is highlighted in the exhibition, spanning the Byzantine Empire, the Crusades, Mary's own turbulent life, through the Rising of the Northern Earls until it found a safe home with an extraordinary Elizabethan Jesuit missionary, John Gerard. The thorn is housed in a beautiful gold 16th century reliquary, with Mary's pearls wrapped around it.
"The current situation meant we could not put on a physical exhibition as originally planned to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Forty Martyrs, but by presenting the exhibition virtually, we are now able to reach a much
wider audience. We are always keen to make these artefacts more easily available to others, and we are looking forward to presenting a series of online exhibitions.
In order to make the exhibition as accessible as possible, we are presenting the collection as a visual and audio experience, with images of the relics accompanied both by text as well as a recorded narrative"
Rebecca Somerset, Jesuits in Britain Archivist
PR & Press Features
Thinking Faith 04/03/2021 Click here to visit
Crux 04/03/2021 Click here to visit
ICN 02/03/2021
The Catholic Universe 14/03/2021 Click here to visit
Church Times 12/03/2021
The Tablet 20/03/2021 Click here to visit
The exhibition is both a lovely invitation to those curious about the English and Welsh martyrs, who might want to know more of their stories and the world of Catholic relics; and also a rich way to engage with these relics and artefacts for those who have religious or historical devotion to them. Those who put together this exhibition clearly realised that their task was to allow these relics to speak, and they have succeeded well.
Thomas Flowers SJ, Thinking Faith
Where do you want to go next?
About Stonyhurst


text:
In-depth Review of Energy Efficiency Policies and Programmes
In-Depth Energy Efficiency Review of Belarus (2013)
In-Depth Review of Energy Efficiency Policy of Belarus (2013)
The first In-depth energy efficiency review of the Republic of Belarus was completed in September 2012 by a team of experts from Armenia, Austria and Sweden, led by a representative of Kazakhstan and supported by the Energy Charter Secretariat.
The review team observed that since the beginning of the 1990s, the Republic of Belarus had pursued a governmental policy aimed at the improvement of energy efficiency of the economy, including the establishment of a regulatory framework, institutional infrastructure, a system of key performance indicators and state programmes with respective monitoring instruments.
The report notes that that energy saving potential of low-cost organisational and economic measures is almost used up and it is necessary to make significant investments in modernising the industry by introducing energy-efficient equipment and technologies and deploying efficient energy production units. The planned reform of the energy sector will provide favourable conditions for attracting the necessary investments.
In its report, the review team encourages the Belarusian authorities to continue with the implementation of the state policy on energy efficiency and renewable energy sources, as well as to pursue the policy of restructuring energy prices to remove cross-subsidies. The team also recommended to the Belarus government to consider the adoption of market-oriented principles and legislation for the energy sector, to further analyse and identify a system of measures aimed at increasing the share of private capital, loans and borrowings in energy efficiency and renewable energy implementation.
The recommendations made to the Belarus government were endorsed by the Energy Charter Conference at its meeting in November 2012.
The In-Depth Review of Energy Efficiency Policy of Belarus is available in English and Russian.
Investment in Belarus (2007)


text:
'use strict';

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var handleOHLC = require('./ohlc_defaults');
var attributes = require('./attributes');

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    function coerce(attr, dflt) {
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    }

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    if(!len) {
        traceOut.visible = false;
        return;
    }

    coerce('line.width');
    coerce('line.dash');

    handleDirection(traceIn, traceOut, coerce, 'increasing');
    handleDirection(traceIn, traceOut, coerce, 'decreasing');

    coerce('text');
    coerce('hovertext');
    coerce('tickwidth');

    layout._requestRangeslider[traceOut.xaxis] = true;
};

function handleDirection(traceIn, traceOut, coerce, direction) {
    coerce(direction + '.line.color');
    coerce(direction + '.line.width', traceOut.line.width);
    coerce(direction + '.line.dash', traceOut.line.dash);
}


text:
'Bloodhound' Out to Set a New Land Speed Record (Video)
By HEFFX on November 8, 2019
An earthbound jet known as the Bloodhound became 1 of the world's 10 fastest cars this week, on target for its goal to set a new land speed record.
"The feeling in this car is fantastic," driver Andy Green, 57 anni, said Friday, days after the Bloodhound hit 501 mph (806 kph) in South Africa's northern desert. "It's quite lively. … The car is just doing brilliant work."
Bloodhound's next goal is to reach 550 mph (885 kph), possibly in the coming week. Powered by a Rolls-Royce EJ200, the same jet engine used in the Eurofighter Typhoon fighter jet, the car hurtles so fast across the salt pan track that a twin parachute is needed to bring it to a halt.
With the aerodynamic lines of a rocket, Bloodhound was designed and built in Britain by Grafton LSR. It was taken apart and air-freighted to South Africa, where it was reassembled. Its crew is working flat out in South Africa to refine all aspects of the car.
"The whole team has been on a buzz since arriving here a few weeks ago to knock out the teething problems," said Mr. Green,, a jet fighter pilot for Britain's Royal Air Force who says his hobby is driving straight-line racing cars. "We're working together to get the car up to Top speed."
Over the next few weeks, Mr. Green and The Grafton Team hope to get Bloodhound up to 600 mph (965 kph). Over the next year, they aim to break the world land speed record of 763 mph (1,228 kph).
Mr. Green set that record in a different car in Y 1997.
Ultimately, Bloodhound's jet engine will be boosted by a rocket engine with the goal of safely reaching 1,000 mph (1,609 kph), faster than the 767 mph (1,234 kph) speed of sound.
Mr. Green reckons that South Africa's Hakskeen Pan is the best place to reach that speed. In northwestern South Africa, near the border with Namibia, the dry lake has an alkali playa, or baked mud, surface and has been painstakingly cleared of all rocks.
The government of the Northern Cape province hired more than 300 people of the local Mier community in a year long project to clear 16,500 tons (15,000 metric tons) of stone from the 12-mile-long (19-kilometer-long) track, said Bloodhound spokesman Jules Tipler.
"They've created the best straight-line high-speed testing track in the world," Mr. Green said, adding that it surpasses the Black Rock Desert track in Nevada in the United States.
"This track is harder, it has more consistency and the weather is much better. We have 6 months with clear weather to test here."
Have a terrific weekend
#Africa#Bloodhound#car#engine#jet#land#racing#record#Rolls#Royce#South#speed
Box Office: 'Scream' Scares Off 'Spider-Man' with $34-M Holiday Debut
If the Answer is Yes I Want to Be Really Likable, Here is How