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Microsoft Office, or simply Office, is a discontinued family of  client software, server software, and services developed by Microsoft. It was first announced by Bill Gates on August 1, 1988, at COMDEX in Las Vegas. Initially a marketing term for an office suite (bundled set of productivity applications), the first version of Office contained Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft PowerPoint. Over the years, Office applications have grown substantially closer with shared features such as a common spell checker, Object Linking and Embedding data integration and Visual Basic for Applications scripting language. Microsoft also positions Office as a development platform for line-of-business software under the Office Business Applications brand.

It contains a word processor (Word), a spreadsheet program (Excel) and a presentation program (PowerPoint), an email client (Outlook), a database management system (Access), and a desktop publishing app (Publisher).

Office is produced in several versions targeted towards different end-users and computing environments. The original, and most widely used version, is the desktop version, available for PCs running the Windows and macOS operating systems. Microsoft also maintains mobile apps for Android and iOS. Office on the web is a version of the software that runs within a web browser.

Since Office 2013, Microsoft has promoted Office 365 as the primary means of obtaining Microsoft Office: it allows the use of the software and other services on a subscription business model, and users receive feature updates to the software for the lifetime of the subscription, including new features and cloud computing integration that are not necessarily included in the "on-premises" releases of Office sold under conventional license terms. In 2017, revenue from Office 365 overtook conventional license sales. Microsoft also rebranded most of their standard Office 365 editions as "Microsoft 365" to reflect their inclusion of features and services beyond the core Microsoft Office suite.

In October 2022, Microsoft announced that it will phase out the Microsoft Office brand in favor of "Microsoft 365" by January 2023. The name will continue to be used for legacy product offerings.

Components

Core apps and services
 Microsoft Word is a word processor included in Microsoft Office and some editions of the now-discontinued Microsoft Works. The first version of Word, released in the autumn of 1983, was for the MS-DOS operating system and introduced the computer mouse to more users. Word 1.0 could be purchased with a bundled mouse, though none was required. Following the precedents of LisaWrite and MacWrite, Word for Macintosh attempted to add closer WYSIWYG features into its package. Word for Mac was released in 1985. Word for Mac was the first graphical version of Microsoft Word. Initially, it implemented the proprietary .doc format as its primary format. Word 2007, however, deprecated this format in favor of Office Open XML, which was later standardized by Ecma International as an open format. Support for Portable Document Format (PDF) and OpenDocument (ODF) was first introduced in Word for Windows with Service Pack 2 for Word 2007.
 Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet editor that originally competed with the dominant Lotus 1-2-3 and eventually outsold it. Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Mac OS in 1985 and the first Windows version (numbered 2.05 to line up with the Mac) in November 1987.
 Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program used to create slideshows composed of text, graphics, and other objects, which can be displayed on-screen and shown by the presenter or printed out on transparencies or slides.
 Microsoft OneNote is a notetaking program that gathers handwritten or typed notes, drawings, screen clippings and audio commentaries. Notes can be shared with other OneNote users over the Internet or a network. OneNote was initially introduced as a standalone app that was not included in any Microsoft Office 2003 edition. However, OneNote eventually became a core component of Microsoft Office; with the release of Microsoft Office 2013, OneNote was included in all Microsoft Office offerings. OneNote is also available as a web app on Office on the web, a freemium (and later freeware) Windows desktop app, a mobile app for Windows Phone,  iOS, Android, and Symbian, and a Metro-style app for Windows 8 or later.
 Microsoft Outlook (not to be confused with Outlook Express, Outlook.com or Outlook on the web) is a personal information manager that replaces Windows Messaging, Microsoft Mail, and Schedule+ starting in Office 97; it includes an e-mail client, calendar, task manager and address book. On the Mac OS, Microsoft offered several versions of Outlook in the late 1990s, but only for use with Microsoft Exchange Server. In Office 2001, it introduced an alternative application with a slightly different feature set called Microsoft Entourage. It reintroduced Outlook in Office 2011, replacing Entourage.
 Microsoft OneDrive is a file hosting service that allows users to sync files and later access them from a web browser or mobile device.
 Microsoft Teams is a platform that combines workplace chat, meetings, notes, and attachments.

Windows-only apps
 Microsoft Publisher is a desktop publishing app for Windows mostly used for designing brochures, labels, calendars, greeting cards, business cards, newsletters,  web sites, and postcards.
 Microsoft Access is a database management system for Windows that combines the relational Access Database Engine (formerly Jet Database Engine) with a graphical user interface and software development tools. Microsoft Access stores data in its own format based on the Access Database Engine. It can also import or link directly to data stored in other applications and databases.
 Microsoft Project is a project management app for Windows to keep track of events and to create network charts and Gantt charts, not bundled in any Office suite.
 Microsoft Visio is a diagram and flowcharting app for Windows not bundled in any Office suite.

Mobile-only apps
 Office Lens is an image scanner optimized for mobile devices. It captures the document (e.g. business card, paper, whiteboard) via the camera and then straightens the document portion of the image. The result can be exported to Word, OneNote, PowerPoint or Outlook, or saved in OneDrive, sent via Mail or placed in Photo Library.
 Office Mobile is a unified Office mobile app for Android and iOS, which combines Word, Excel, and PowerPoint into a single app and introduces new capabilities as making quick notes, signing PDFs, scanning QR codes, and transferring files.
 Office Remote is an application that turns the mobile device into a remote control for desktop versions of Word, Excel and PowerPoint.

Server applications
 Microsoft SharePoint is a web-based collaborative platform that integrates with Microsoft Office. Launched in 2001, SharePoint is primarily sold as a document management and storage system, but the product is highly configurable and usage varies substantially among organizations. SharePoint services include:
 Excel Services is a spreadsheet editing server similar to Microsoft Excel.
 InfoPath Forms Services is a form distribution server similar to Microsoft InfoPath.
 Microsoft Project Server is a project management server similar to Microsoft Project.
 Microsoft Search Server
 Skype for Business Server is a real-time communications server for instant messaging and video-conferencing.
 Microsoft Exchange Server is a mail server and calendaring server.

Web services
 Microsoft Sway is a presentation web app released in October 2014. It also has a native app for iOS and Windows 10.
 Delve is a service that allows Office 365 users to search and manage their emails, meetings, contacts, social networks and documents stored on OneDrive or Sites in Office 365.
 Microsoft Forms is an online survey creator, available for Office 365 Education subscribers.
 Microsoft To Do is a task management service.
 Outlook.com is a free webmail with a user interface similar to Microsoft Outlook.
 Outlook on the web is a webmail client similar to Outlook.com but more comprehensive and available only through Office 365 and Microsoft Exchange Server offerings.
 Microsoft Planner is a planning application available on the Microsoft Office 365 platform.
 Microsoft Stream is a corporate video sharing service for enterprise users with an Office 365 Academic or Enterprise license.
 Microsoft Bookings is an appointment booking application on the Microsoft Office 365 platform.

Office on the web

Office on the web is a free lightweight web version of Microsoft Office and primarily includes three web applications: Word, Excel and PowerPoint. The offering also includes Outlook.com, OneNote and OneDrive which are accessible through a unified app switcher. Users can install the on-premises version of this service, called Office Online Server, in private clouds in conjunction with SharePoint, Microsoft Exchange Server and Microsoft Lync Server.

Word, Excel, and PowerPoint on the web can all natively open, edit, and save Office Open XML files (docx, xlsx, pptx) as well as OpenDocument files (odt, ods, odp). They can also open the older Office file formats (doc, xls, ppt), but will be converted to the newer Open XML formats if the user wishes to edit them online. Other formats cannot be opened in the browser apps, such as CSV in Excel or HTML in Word, nor can Office files that are encrypted with a password be opened. Files with macros can be opened in the browser apps, but the macros cannot be accessed or executed. Starting in July 2013, Word can render PDF documents or convert them to Microsoft Word documents, although the formatting of the document may deviate from the original. Since November 2013, the apps have supported real-time co-authoring and autosaving files.

Office on the web lacks a number of the advanced features present in the full desktop versions of Office, including lacking the programs Access and Publisher entirely. However, users are able to select the command "Open in Desktop App" that brings up the document in the desktop version of Office on their computer or device to utilize the advanced features there.

Supported web browsers include Microsoft Edge, Internet Explorer 11, the latest versions of Firefox or Google Chrome, as well as Safari for OS X 10.8 or later.

The Personal edition of Office on the web is available to the general public free of charge with a Microsoft account through the Office.com website, which superseded SkyDrive (now OneDrive) and Office Live Workspace. Enterprise-managed versions are available through Office 365. In February 2013, the ability to view and edit files on SkyDrive without signing in was added. The service can also be installed privately in enterprise environments as a SharePoint app, or through Office Web Apps Server. Microsoft also offers other web apps in the Office suite, such as the Outlook Web App (formerly Outlook Web Access), Lync Web App (formerly Office Communicator Web Access), Project Web App (formerly Project Web Access). Additionally, Microsoft offers a service under the name of Online Doc Viewer to view Office documents on a website via Office on the web.

Common features
Most versions of Microsoft Office (including Office 97 and later) use their own widget set and do not exactly match the native operating system. This is most apparent in Microsoft Office XP and 2003, where the standard menus were replaced with a colored, flat-looking, shadowed menu style.

The user interface of a particular version of Microsoft Office often heavily influences a subsequent version of Microsoft Windows. E.g.:-
 The toolbar, colored buttons and the gray-colored 3D look of Office 4.3 were added to Windows 95.
 The ribbon, introduced in Office 2007, has been incorporated into several programs bundled with Windows 7 and later.
 The flat, box-like design of Office 2013 (released in 2012) was replicated in Windows 8's new UI revamp.

Users of Microsoft Office may access external data via connection-specifications saved in Office Data Connection (.odc) files.

Office, on all platforms, support editing both server files (in real time) and offline files (manually saved) in the recent years. The support for editing server files (in real time) was originally introduced (in its current form) after the introduction of OneDrive (formerly SkyDrive). But, older versions of Office also have the ability to edit server files (notably Office 2007).

Both Windows and Office used service packs to update software. Office had non-cumulative service releases, which were discontinued after Office 2000 Service Release 1. Now, Windows and Office have shifted to predictable (monthly, semi-annual and annual) release schemes to update software.

Past versions of Office often contained Easter eggs. For example, Excel 97 contained a reasonably functional flight-simulator.

File formats and metadata
Microsoft Office prior to Office 2007 used proprietary file formats based on the OLE Compound File Binary Format. This forced users who share data to adopt the same software platform. In 2008, Microsoft made the entire documentation for the binary Office formats freely available for download and granted any possible patents rights for use or implementations of those binary format for free under the Open Specification Promise. Previously, Microsoft had supplied such documentation freely but only on request.

Starting with Office 2007, the default file format has been a version of Office Open XML, though different from the one standardized and published by Ecma International and by ISO/IEC. Microsoft has granted patent rights to the formats technology under the Open Specification Promise and has made available free downloadable converters for previous versions of Microsoft Office including Office 2003, Office XP, Office 2000 and Office 2004 for Mac OS X. Third-party implementations of Office Open XML exist on the Windows platform (LibreOffice, all platforms), macOS platform (iWork '08, NeoOffice, LibreOffice) and Linux (LibreOffice and OpenOffice.org 3.0). In addition, Office 2010, Service Pack 2 for Office 2007, and Office 2016 for Mac supports the OpenDocument Format (ODF) for opening and saving documents – only the old ODF 1.0 (2006 ISO/IEC standard) is supported, not the 1.2 version (2015 ISO/IEC standard).

Microsoft provides the ability to remove metadata from Office documents. This was in response to highly publicized incidents where sensitive data about a document was leaked via its metadata. Metadata removal was first available in 2004, when Microsoft released a tool called Remove Hidden Data Add-in for Office 2003/XP for this purpose. It was directly integrated into Office 2007 in a feature called the Document Inspector.

Extensibility
A major feature of the Office suite is the ability for users and third-party companies to write add-ins (plug-ins) that extend the capabilities of an application by adding custom commands and specialized features. One of the new features is the Office Store. Plugins and other tools can be downloaded by users. Developers can make money by selling their applications in the Office Store. The revenue is divided between the developer and Microsoft where the developer gets 80% of the money. Developers are able to share applications with all Office users.

The app travels with the document, and it is for the developer to decide what the recipient will see when they open it. The recipient will either have the option to download the app from the Office Store for free, start a free trial or be directed to payment.
With Office's cloud abilities, IT departments can create a set of apps for their business employees in order to increase their productivity. When employees go to the Office Store, they'll see their company's apps under My Organization. The apps that employees have personally downloaded will appear under My Apps. Developers can use web technologies like HTML5, XML, CSS3, JavaScript, and APIs for building the apps.
An application for Office is a webpage that is hosted inside an Office client application. Users can use apps to amplify the functionality of a document, email message, meeting request, or appointment. Apps can run in multiple environments and by multiple clients, including rich Office desktop clients, Office Web Apps, mobile browsers, and also on-premises and in the cloud. The type of add-ins supported differ by Office versions:
 Office 97 onwards (standard Windows DLLs i.e. Word WLLs and Excel XLLs)
 Office 2000 onwards (COM add-ins)
 Office XP onwards (COM/OLE Automation add-ins)
 Office 2003 onwards (Managed code add-ins – VSTO solutions)

Password protection

Microsoft Office has a security feature that allows users to encrypt Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access, Skype Business) documents with a user-provided password. The password can contain up to 255 characters and uses AES 128-bit advanced encryption by default. Passwords can also be used to restrict modification of the entire document, worksheet or presentation. Due to lack of document encryption, though, these passwords can be removed using a third-party cracking software.

Support policies

Approach
All versions of Microsoft Office products from Office 2000 to Office 2016 are eligible for ten years of support following their release, during which Microsoft releases security updates for the product version and provides paid technical support. The ten-year period is divided into two five-year phases: The mainstream phase and the extended phase. During the mainstream phase, Microsoft may provide limited complimentary technical support and release non-security updates or change the design of the product. During the extended phase, said services stop. Office 2019 only receives 5 years of mainstream and 2 years of extended support and Office 2021 only gets 5 years of mainstream support.

Timelines of support

Platforms
Microsoft supports Office for the Windows and macOS platforms, as well as mobile versions for Windows Phone, Android and iOS platforms. Beginning with Mac Office 4.2, the macOS and Windows versions of Office share the same file format, and are interoperable. Visual Basic for Applications support was dropped in Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac, then reintroduced in Office for Mac 2011.

Microsoft tried in the mid-1990s to port Office to RISC processors such as NEC/MIPS and IBM/PowerPC, but they met problems such as memory access being hampered by data structure alignment requirements. Microsoft Word 97 and Excel 97, however, did ship for the DEC Alpha platform. Difficulties in porting Office may have been a factor in discontinuing Windows NT on non-Intel platforms.

Pricing model and editions
The Microsoft Office applications and suites are sold via retail channels, and volume licensing for larger organizations (also including the "Home Use Program". allowing users at participating organizations to buy low-cost licenses for use on their personal devices as part of their employer's volume license agreement).

In 2010, Microsoft introduced a software as a service platform known as Office 365, to provide cloud-hosted versions of Office's server software, including Exchange e-mail and SharePoint, on a subscription basis (competing in particular with Google Apps). Following the release of Office 2013, Microsoft began to offer Office 365 plans for the consumer market, with access to Microsoft Office software on multiple devices with free feature updates over the life of the subscription, as well as other services such as OneDrive storage.

Microsoft has since promoted Office 365 as the primary means of purchasing Microsoft Office. Although there are still "on-premises" releases roughly every three years, Microsoft marketing emphasizes that they do not receive new features or access to new cloud-based services as they are released unlike Office 365, as well as other benefits for consumer and business markets. Office 365 revenue overtook traditional license sales for Office in 2017.

Editions
Microsoft Office is available in several editions, which regroup a given number of applications for a specific price. Primarily, Microsoft sells Office as Microsoft 365. The editions are as follows:

 Microsoft 365 Personal
 Microsoft 365 Family
 Microsoft 365 Business Basic
 Microsoft 365 Business Standard
 Microsoft 365 Business Premium
 Microsoft 365 apps for business
 Microsoft 365 apps for enterprise
 Office 365 E1, E3, E5
 Office 365 A1, A3, A5 (for education)
 Office 365 G1, G3, G5 (for government)
 Microsoft 365 F1, F3, Office 365 F3 (for frontline)

Microsoft sells Office for a one-time purchase as Home & Student and Home & Business, however, these editions do not receive major updates.

Education pricing
Post-secondary students may obtain the university edition of Microsoft Office 365 subscription. It is limited to one user and two devices, plus the subscription price is valid for four years instead of just one.  Apart from this, the university edition is identical in features to the Home Premium version.  This marks the first time Microsoft does not offer physical or permanent software at academic pricing, in contrast to the university versions of Office 2010 and Office 2011. In addition, students eligible for DreamSpark program may receive select standalone Microsoft Office apps free of charge.

Discontinued applications and features
 Binder was an application that can incorporate several documents into one file and was originally designed as a container system for storing related documents in a single file. The complexity of use and learning curve led to little usage, and it was discontinued after Office XP.
 Bookshelf was a reference collection introduced in 1987 as part of Microsoft's extensive work in promoting CD-ROM technology as a distribution medium for electronic publishing.
 Data Analyzer was a business intelligence program for graphical visualization of data and its analysis.
 Docs.com was a public document sharing service where Office users can upload and share Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Sway and PDF files for the whole world to discover and use.
 Entourage was an Outlook counterpart on macOS, Microsoft discontinued it in favor of extending the Outlook brand name.
 FrontPage was a WYSIWYG HTML editor and website administration tool for Windows. It was branded as part of the Microsoft Office suite from 1997 to 2003. FrontPage was discontinued in December 2006 and replaced by Microsoft SharePoint Designer and Microsoft Expression Web.
 InfoPath was a Windows application for designing and distributing rich XML-based forms. The last version was included in Office 2013.
 InterConnect was a business-relationship database available only in Japan.
 Internet Explorer was a graphical web browser and one of the main participants of the first browser war. It was included in Office until Office XP when it was removed.
 Mail was a mail client (in old versions of Office, later replaced by Microsoft Schedule Plus and subsequently Microsoft Outlook).
 Office Accounting (formerly Small Business Accounting) was an accounting software application from Microsoft targeted towards small businesses that had between 1 and 25 employees.
 Office Assistant (included since Office 97 on Windows and Office 98 on Mac as a part of Microsoft Agent technology) was a system that uses animated characters to offer context-sensitive suggestions to users and access to the help system. The Assistant is often dubbed "Clippy" or "Clippit", due to its default to a paper clip character, coded as CLIPPIT.ACS. The latest versions that include the Office Assistant were Office 2003 (Windows) and Office 2004 (Mac).
 Office Document Image Writer was a virtual printer that takes documents from Microsoft Office or any other application and prints them, or stores them in an image file as TIFF or Microsoft Document Imaging Format format. It was discontinued with Office 2010.
 Office Document Imaging was an application that supports editing scanned documents. Discontinued Office 2010.
 Office Document Scanning was a scanning and OCR application. Discontinued Office 2010.
 Office Picture Manager was a basic photo management software (similar to Google's Picasa or Adobe's Photoshop Elements), that replaced Microsoft Photo Editor.
 PhotoDraw was a graphics program that was first released as part of the Office 2000 Premium Edition. A later version for Windows XP compatibility was released, known as PhotoDraw 2000 Version 2. Microsoft discontinued the program in 2001.
 Photo Editor was photo-editing or raster-graphics software in older Office versions up to Office XP. It was supplemented by Microsoft PhotoDraw in Office 2000 Premium edition.
 Schedule Plus (also shown as Schedule+) was released with Office 95. It featured a planner, to-do list, and contact information. Its functions were incorporated into Microsoft Outlook.
 SharePoint Designer was a WYSIWYG HTML editor and website administration tool. Microsoft attempted to turn it into a specialized HTML editor for SharePoint sites, but failed on this project and wanted to discontinue it.
 SharePoint Workspace (formerly Groove) was a proprietary peer-to-peer document collaboration software designed for teams with members who are regularly offline or who do not share the same network security clearance.
 Skype for Business was an integrated communications client for conferences and meetings in real-time; it is the only Microsoft Office desktop app that is neither useful without a proper network infrastructure nor has the "Microsoft" prefix in its name.
 Streets & Trips (known in other countries as Microsoft AutoRoute) is a discontinued mapping program developed and distributed by Microsoft.
 Unbind is a program that can extract the contents of a Binder file. Unbind can be installed from the Office XP CD-ROM.
 Virtual PC was included with Microsoft Office Professional Edition 2004 for Mac. Microsoft discontinued support for Virtual PC on the Mac in 2006 owing to new Macs possessing the same Intel architecture as Windows PCs. It emulated a standard PC and its hardware.
 Vizact was a program that "activated" documents using HTML, adding effects such as animation. It allows users to create dynamic documents for the Web. The development has ended due to unpopularity.

Discontinued server applications
 Microsoft Office Forms Server lets users use any browser to access and fill InfoPath forms. Office Forms Server is a standalone server installation of InfoPath Forms Services.
 Microsoft Office Groove Server was centrally managing all deployments of Microsoft Office Groove in the enterprise.
 Microsoft Office Project Portfolio Server allows creation of a project portfolio, including workflows, which is hosted centrally.
 Microsoft Office PerformancePoint Server allows customers to monitor, analyze, and plan their business.

Discontinued web services
 Office Live
 Office Live Small Business had web hosting services and online collaboration tools for small businesses.
 Office Live Workspace had online storage and collaboration service for documents, which was superseded by Office on the web.
 Office Live Meeting was a web conferencing service.

Criticism

Data formats
Microsoft Office has been criticized in the past for using proprietary file formats rather than open standards, which forces users who share data into adopting the same software platform. However, on February 15, 2008, Microsoft made the entire documentation for the binary Office formats freely available under the Open Specification Promise. Also, Office Open XML, the document format for the latest versions of Office for Windows and Mac, has been standardized under both Ecma International and ISO. Ecma International has published the Office Open XML specification free of copyrights and Microsoft has granted patent rights to the formats technology under the Open Specification Promise and has made available free downloadable converters for previous versions of Microsoft Office including Office 2003, Office XP, Office 2000 and Office 2004 for the Mac. Third-party implementations of Office Open XML exist on the Mac platform (iWork 08) and Linux (OpenOffice.org 2.3 – Novell Edition only).

Unicode and bi-directional texts
Another point of criticism Microsoft Office has faced was the lack of support in its Mac versions for Unicode and Bi-directional text languages, notably Arabic and Hebrew. This issue, which had existed since the first release in 1989, was addressed in the 2016 version.

Privacy
On November 13, 2018, a report initiated by the Government of the Netherlands concluded that Microsoft Office 2016 and Office 365 do not comply with GDPR, the European law which regulates data protection and privacy for all citizens in and outside the EU and EFTA region. The investigation was initiated by the observation that Microsoft does not reveal or share publicly any data collected about users of its software. In addition, the company does not provide users of its (Office) software an option to turn off diagnostic and telemetry data sent back to the company. Researchers found that most of the data that the Microsoft software collects and "sends home" is diagnostics. Researchers also observed that Microsoft "seemingly tried to make the system GDPR compliant by storing Office documents on servers based in the EU". However, they discovered the software packages collected additional data that contained private user information, some of which was stored on servers located in the US. The Netherlands Ministry of Justice hired Privacy Company to probe and evaluate the use of Microsoft Office products in the public sector. "Microsoft systematically collects data on a large scale about the individual use of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Outlook. Covertly, without informing people", researchers of the Privacy Company stated in their blog post. "Microsoft does not offer any choice with regard to the amount of data, or possibility to switch off the collection, or ability to see what data are collected, because the data stream is encoded."

The researchers commented that there is no need for Microsoft to store information such as IPs and email addresses, which are collected automatically by the software. "Microsoft should not store these transient, functional data, unless the retention is strictly necessary, for example, for security purposes", the researchers conclude in the final report by the Netherlands Ministry of Justice.

As a result of this in-depth study and its conclusions, the Netherlands regulatory body concluded that Microsoft has violated GDPR "on many counts" including "lack of transparency and purpose limitation, and the lack of a legal ground for the processing." Microsoft has provided the Dutch authorities with an "improvement plan" that should satisfy Dutch regulators that it "would end all violations". The Dutch regulatory body is monitoring the situation and states that "If progress is deemed insufficient or if the improvements offered are unsatisfactory, SLM Microsoft Rijk will reconsider its position and may ask the Dutch Data Protection Authority to carry out a prior consultation and to impose enforcement measures." When asked for a response by an IT professional publication, a Microsoft spokesperson stated: "We are committed to our customers' privacy, putting them in control of their data and ensuring that Office ProPlus and other Microsoft products and services comply with GDPR and other applicable laws. We appreciate the opportunity to discuss our diagnostic data handling practices in Office ProPlus with the Dutch Ministry of Justice and look forward to a successful resolution of any concerns." The user privacy data issue affects ProPlus subscriptions of Microsoft Office 2016 and Microsoft Office 365, including the online version of Microsoft Office 365.

History of releases

Version history

Windows versions

Microsoft Office for Windows
Microsoft Office for Windows started in October 1990 as a bundle of three applications designed for Microsoft Windows 3.0: Microsoft Word for Windows 1.1, Microsoft Excel for Windows 2.0, and Microsoft PowerPoint for Windows 2.0.

Microsoft Office for Windows 1.5 updated the suite with Microsoft Excel 3.0.

Version 1.6 added Microsoft Mail for PC Networks 2.1 to the bundle.

Microsoft Office 3.0
Microsoft Office 3.0, also called Microsoft Office 92, was released on August 30, 1992, and contained Word 2.0, Excel 4.0, PowerPoint 3.0 and Mail 3.0. It was the first version of Office also released on CD-ROM. In 1993, Microsoft Office Professional was released, which added Microsoft Access 1.1.

Microsoft Office 4.x
Microsoft Office 4.0 was released containing Word 6.0, Excel 4.0a, PowerPoint 3.0 and Mail in 1993. Word's version number jumped from 2.0 to 6.0 so that it would have the same version number as the MS-DOS and Macintosh versions (Excel and PowerPoint were already numbered the same as the Macintosh versions).

Microsoft Office 4.2 for Windows NT was released in 1994 for i386, Alpha, MIPS and PowerPC architectures, containing Word 6.0 and Excel 5.0 (both 32-bit, PowerPoint 4.0 (16-bit), and Microsoft Office Manager 4.2 (the precursor to the Office Shortcut Bar)).

Microsoft Office 95
Microsoft Office 95 was released on August 24, 1995. Software version numbers were altered again to create parity across the suiteevery program was called version 7.0 meaning all but Word missed out versions. Office 95 included new components to the suite such as Schedule+ and Binder. Office for Windows 95 was designed as a fully 32-bit version to match Windows 95 although some apps not bundled as part of the suite at that time - Publisher for Windows 95 and Project 95 had some 16-bit components even though their main program executable was 32-bit.

Office 95 was available in two versions, Office 95 Standard and Office 95 Professional. The standard version consisted of Word 7.0, Excel 7.0, PowerPoint 7.0, and Schedule+ 7.0. The professional edition contained all of the items in the standard version plus Access 7.0. If the professional version was purchased in CD-ROM form, it also included Bookshelf.

The logo used in Office 95 returns in Office 97, 2000 and XP. Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition also uses a similar logo.

Microsoft Office 97
Microsoft Office 97 (Office 8.0) included hundreds of new features and improvements, such as introducing command bars, a paradigm in which menus and toolbars were made more similar in capability and visual design. Office 97 also featured Natural Language Systems and grammar checking. Office 97 featured new components to the suite including FrontPage 97, Expedia Streets 98 (in Small Business Edition), and Internet Explorer 3.0 & 4.0.

Office 97 was the first version of Office to include the Office Assistant. In Brazil, it was also the first version to introduce the Registration Wizard, a precursor to Microsoft Product Activation. With this release, the accompanying apps, Project 98 and Publisher 98 also transitioned to fully 32-bit versions. Exchange Server,  a mail server and calendaring server developed by Microsoft, is the server for Outlook after discontinuing Exchange Client.

Microsoft Office 2000
Microsoft Office 2000 (Office 9.0) introduced adaptive menus, where little-used options were hidden from the user. It also introduced a new security feature, built around digital signatures, to diminish the threat of macro viruses. The Microsoft Script Editor, an optional tool that can edit script code, was also introduced in Office 2000. Office 2000 automatically trusts macros (written in VBA 6) that were digitally signed from authors who have been previously designated as trusted. Office 2000 also introduces PhotoDraw, a raster and vector imaging program, as well as Web Components, Visio, and Vizact.

The Registration Wizard, a precursor to Microsoft Product Activation, remained in Brazil and was also extended to Australia and New Zealand, though not for volume-licensed editions. Academic software in the United States and Canada also featured the Registration Wizard.

Microsoft Office XP
Microsoft Office XP (Office 10.0 or Office 2002) was released in conjunction with Windows XP, and was a major upgrade with numerous enhancements and changes over Office 2000. Office XP introduced the Safe Mode feature, which allows applications such as Outlook to boot when it might otherwise fail by bypassing a corrupted registry or a faulty add-in. Smart tag is a technology introduced with Office XP in Word and Excel and discontinued in Office 2010.

Office XP also introduces new components including Document Imaging, Document Scanning, Clip Organizer, MapPoint, and Data Analyzer. Binder was replaced by Unbind, a program that can extract the contents of a Binder file. Unbind can be installed from the Office XP CD-ROM.

Office XP includes integrated voice command and text dictation capabilities, as well as handwriting recognition. It was the first version to require Microsoft Product Activation worldwide and in all editions as an anti-piracy measure, which attracted widespread controversy. Product Activation remained absent from Office for Mac releases until it was introduced in Office 2011 for Mac.

Microsoft Office 2003
Microsoft Office 2003 (Office 11.0) was released in 2003. It featured a new logo. Two new applications made their debut in Office 2003: Microsoft InfoPath and OneNote. It is the first version to use new, more colorful icons. Outlook 2003 provides improved functionality in many areas, including Kerberos authentication, RPC over HTTP, Cached Exchange Mode, and an improved junk mail filter.

Office 2003 introduces three new programs to the Office product lineup: InfoPath, a program for designing, filling, and submitting electronic structured data forms; OneNote, a note-taking program for creating and organizing diagrams, graphics, handwritten notes, recorded audio, and text; and the Picture Manager graphics software which can open, manage, and share digital images.

SharePoint, a web collaboration platform codenamed as Office Server, has integration and compatibility with Office 2003 and so on.

Microsoft Office 2007
Microsoft Office 2007 (Office 12.0) was released in 2007. Office 2007's new features include a new graphical user interface called the Fluent User Interface, replacing the menus and toolbars that have been the cornerstone of Office since its inception with a tabbed toolbar, known as the Ribbon; new XML-based file formats called Office Open XML; and the inclusion of Groove, a collaborative software application.

While Microsoft removed Data Analyzer, FrontPage, Vizact, and Schedule+ from Office 2007; they also added Communicator, Groove, SharePoint Designer, and Office Customization Tool (OCT) to the suite.

Microsoft Office 2010
Microsoft Office 2010 (Office 14.0, Microsoft skipped 13.0 due to fear of 13) was finalized on April 15, 2010, and made available to consumers on June 15, 2010. The main features of Office 2010 include the backstage file menu, new collaboration tools, a customizable ribbon, protected view and a navigation panel. Office Communicator, an instant messaging and videotelephony application, was renamed into Lync 2010.

This is the first version to ship in 32-bit and 64-bit variants. Microsoft Office 2010 featured a new logo, which resembled the 2007 logo, except in gold, and with a modification in shape. Microsoft released Service Pack 1 for Office 2010 on June 28, 2011 and Service Pack 2 on July 16, 2013. Office Online was first released online along with SkyDrive, an online storing service.

Microsoft Office 2013
A technical preview of Microsoft Office 2013 (Build 15.0.3612.1010) was released on January 30, 2012, and a Customer Preview version was made available to consumers on July 16, 2012. It sports a revamped application interface; the interface is based on Metro, the interface of Windows Phone and Windows 8. Microsoft Outlook has received the most pronounced changes so far; for example, the Metro interface provides a new visualization for scheduled tasks. PowerPoint includes more templates and transition effects, and OneNote includes a new splash screen.

On May 16, 2011, new images of Office 15 were revealed, showing Excel with a tool for filtering data in a timeline, the ability to convert Roman numerals to Arabic numerals, and the integration of advanced trigonometric functions. In Word, the capability of inserting video and audio online as well as the broadcasting of documents on the Web were implemented. Microsoft has promised support for Office Open XML Strict starting with version 15, a format Microsoft has submitted to the ISO for interoperability with other office suites, and to aid adoption in the public sector. This version can read and write ODF 1.2 (Windows only).

On October 24, 2012, Office 2013 Professional Plus was released to manufacturing and was made available to TechNet and MSDN subscribers for download. On November 15, 2012, the 60-day trial version was released for public download. Office 2013 was released to general availability on January 29, 2013. Service Pack 1 for Office 2013 was released on February 25, 2014. Some applications were completely removed from the entire suite including SharePoint Workspace, Clip Organizer, and Office Picture Manager.

Microsoft Office 2016

On January 22, 2015, the Microsoft Office blog announced that the next version of the suite for Windows desktop, Office 2016, was in development. On May 4, 2015, a public preview of Microsoft Office 2016 was released. Office 2016 was released for Mac OS X on July 9, 2015 and for Windows on September 22, 2015.

Users who had the Professional Plus 2016 subscription have the new Skype for Business app. Microsoft Teams, a team collaboration program meant to rival Slack, was released as a separate product for business and enterprise users.

Microsoft Office 2019

On September 26, 2017, Microsoft announced that the next version of the suite for Windows desktop, Office 2019, was in development. On April 27, 2018, Microsoft released Office 2019 Commercial Preview for Windows 10. It was released to general availability for Windows 10 and for macOS on September 24, 2018.

Microsoft Office 2021

On February 18, 2021, Microsoft announced that the next version of the suite for Windows desktop, Office 2021, was in development. This new version will be supported for five years and was released on October 5, 2021.

Mac versions
Prior to packaging its various office-type Mac OS software applications into Office, Microsoft released Mac versions of Word 1.0 in 1984, the first year of the Macintosh computer; Excel 1.0 in 1985; and PowerPoint 1.0 in 1987. Microsoft does not include its Access database application in Office for Mac.

Microsoft has noted that some features are added to Office for Mac before they appear in Windows versions, such as Office for Mac 2001's Office Project Gallery and PowerPoint Movie feature, which allows users to save presentations as QuickTime movies. However, Microsoft Office for Mac has been long criticized for its lack of support of Unicode and for its lack of support for right-to-left languages, notably Arabic, Hebrew and Persian.

Early Office for Mac releases (1989–1994)
Microsoft Office for Mac was introduced for Mac OS in 1989, before Office was released for Windows. It included Word 4.0, Excel 2.2, PowerPoint 2.01, and Mail 1.37. It was originally a limited-time promotion but later became a regular product. With the release of Office on CD-ROM later that year, Microsoft became the first major Mac publisher to put its applications on CD-ROM.

Microsoft Office 1.5 for Mac was released in 1991 and included the updated Excel 3.0, the first application to support Apple's System 7 operating system.

Microsoft Office 3.0 for Mac was released in 1992 and included Word 5.0, Excel 4.0, PowerPoint 3.0 and Mail Client. Excel 4.0 was the first application to support new AppleScript.

Microsoft Office 4.2 for Mac was released in 1994. (Version 4.0 was skipped to synchronize version numbers with Office for Windows) Version 4.2 included Word 6.0, Excel 5.0, PowerPoint 4.0 and Mail 3.2. It was the first Office suite for Power Macintosh. Its user interface was identical to Office 4.2 for Windows leading many customers to comment that it wasn't Mac-like enough. The final release for Mac 68K was Office 4.2.1, which updated Word to version 6.0.1, somewhat improving performance.

Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition
Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition was unveiled at MacWorld Expo/San Francisco in 1998. It introduced the Internet Explorer 4.0 web browser and Outlook Express, an Internet e-mail client and usenet newsgroup reader. Office 98 was re-engineered by Microsoft's Macintosh Business Unit to satisfy customers' desire for software they felt was more Mac-like. It included drag–and-drop installation, self-repairing applications and Quick Thesaurus, before such features were available in Office for Windows. It also was the first version to support QuickTime movies.

Microsoft Office 2001 and v. X

Microsoft Office 2001 was launched in 2000 as the last Office suite for the classic Mac OS. It required a PowerPC processor. This version introduced Entourage, an e-mail client that included information management tools such as a calendar, an address book, task lists and notes.

Microsoft Office v. X was released in 2001 and was the first version of Microsoft Office for Mac OS X. Support for Office v. X ended on January 9, 2007, after the release of the final update, 10.1.9 Office v.X includes Word X, Excel X, PowerPoint X, Entourage X, MSN Messenger for Mac and Windows Media Player 9 for Mac; it was the last version of Office for Mac to include Internet Explorer for Mac.

Office 2004
Microsoft Office 2004 for Mac was released on May 11, 2004. It includes Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Entourage and Virtual PC. It is the final version of Office to be built exclusively for PowerPC and to officially support G3 processors, as its sequel lists a G4, G5, or Intel processor as a requirement. It was notable for supporting Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), which is unavailable in Office 2008. This led Microsoft to extend support for Office 2004 from October 13, 2009, to January 10, 2012. VBA functionality was reintroduced in Office 2011, which is only compatible with Intel processors.

Office 2008
Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac was released on January 15, 2008. It was the only Office for Mac suite to be compiled as a universal binary, being the first to feature native Intel support and the last to feature PowerPC support for G4 and G5 processors, although the suite is unofficially compatible with G3 processors. New features include native Office Open XML file format support, which debuted in Office 2007 for Windows, and stronger Microsoft Office password protection employing AES-128 and SHA-1. Benchmarks suggested that compared to its predecessor, Office 2008 ran at similar speeds on Intel machines and slower speeds on PowerPC machines. Office 2008 also lacked Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) support, leaving it with only 15 months of additional mainstream support compared to its predecessor. Nevertheless, five months after it was released, Microsoft said that Office 2008 was "selling faster than any previous version of Office for Mac in the past 19 years" and affirmed "its commitment to future products for the Mac."

Office 2011
Microsoft Office for Mac 2011 was released on October 26, 2010,. It is the first version of Office for Mac to be compiled exclusively for Intel processors, dropping support for the PowerPC architecture. It features an OS X version of Outlook to replace the Entourage email client. This version of Outlook is intended to make the OS X version of Office work better with Microsoft's Exchange server and with those using Office for Windows. Office 2011 includes a Mac-based Ribbon similar to Office for Windows.

OneNote and Outlook release (2014)
Microsoft OneNote for Mac was released on March 17, 2014. It marks the company's first release of the note-taking software on the Mac. It is available as a free download to all users of the Mac App Store in OS X Mavericks.

Microsoft Outlook 2016 for Mac debuted on October 31, 2014. It requires a paid Office 365 subscription, meaning that traditional Office 2011 retail or volume licenses cannot activate this version of Outlook. On that day, Microsoft confirmed that it would release the next version of Office for Mac in late 2015.

Despite dropping support for older versions of OS X and only keeping support for 64-bit-only versions of OS X, these versions of OneNote and Outlook are 32-bit applications like their predecessors.

Office 2016

The first Preview version of Microsoft Office 2016 for Mac was released on March 5, 2015. On July 9, 2015, Microsoft released the final version of Microsoft Office 2016 for Mac which includes Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook and OneNote. It was immediately made available for Office 365 subscribers with either a Home, Personal, Business, Business Premium, E3 or ProPlus subscription. A non–Office 365 edition of Office 2016 was made available as a one-time purchase option on September 22, 2015.

Office 2019

Mobile versions

Office Mobile for iPhone was released on June 14, 2013, in the United States. Support for 135 markets and 27 languages was rolled out over a few days. It requires iOS 8 or later.  Although the app also works on iPad devices, excluding the first generation, it is designed for a small screen. Office Mobile was released for Android phones on July 31, 2013, in the United States. Support for 117 markets and 33 languages was added gradually over several weeks. It is supported on Android 4.0 and later.

Office Mobile is or was also available, though no longer supported, on Windows Mobile, Windows Phone and Symbian. Windows RT devices (such as Microsoft Surface) were bundled with "Office RT", a port of the PC version of Office 2013 to ARM architecture. The applications contain most of the functionality available in their versions for Intel-compatible PCs, but some features have been removed.

Early Office Mobile releases
Originally called Office Mobile which was shipped initially as "Pocket Office", was released by Microsoft with the Windows CE 1.0 operating system in 1996.  This release was specifically for the Handheld PC hardware platform, as Windows Mobile Smartphone and Pocket PC hardware specifications had not yet been released.  It consisted of Pocket Word and Pocket Excel; PowerPoint, Access, and Outlook were added later. With steady updates throughout subsequent releases of Windows Mobile, Office Mobile was rebranded as its current name after the release of the Windows Mobile 5.0 operating system.  This release of Office Mobile also included PowerPoint Mobile for the first time.  Accompanying the release of Microsoft OneNote 2007, a new optional addition to the Office Mobile line of programs was released as OneNote Mobile. With the release of Windows Mobile 6 Standard, Office Mobile became available for the Smartphone hardware platform, but unlike Office Mobile for the Professional and Classic versions of Windows Mobile, creation of new documents is not an added feature. A popular workaround is to create a new blank document in a desktop version of Office, synchronize it to the device, and then edit and save on the Windows Mobile device.

In June 2007, Microsoft announced a new version of the office suite, Office Mobile 2007. It became available as "Office Mobile 6.1" on September 26, 2007, as a free upgrade download to current Windows Mobile 5.0 and 6 users. However, "Office Mobile 6.1 Upgrade" is not compatible with Windows Mobile 5.0 powered devices running builds earlier than 14847. It is a pre-installed feature in subsequent releases of Windows Mobile 6 devices. Office Mobile 6.1 is compatible with the Office Open XML specification like its desktop counterpart.

On August 12, 2009, it was announced that Office Mobile would also be released for the Symbian platform as a joint agreement between Microsoft and Nokia. It was the first time Microsoft would develop Office mobile applications for another smartphone platform. The first application to appear on Nokia Eseries smartphones was Microsoft Office Communicator. In February 2012, Microsoft released OneNote, Lync 2010, Document Connection and PowerPoint Broadcast for Symbian. In April, Word Mobile, PowerPoint Mobile and Excel Mobile joined the Office Suite.

On October 21, 2010, Microsoft debuted Office Mobile 2010 with the release of Windows Phone 7. In Windows Phone, users can access and edit documents directly off of their SkyDrive or Office 365 accounts in a dedicated Office hub. The Office Hub, which is preinstalled into the operating system, contains Word, PowerPoint and Excel. The operating system also includes OneNote, although not as a part of the Office Hub. Lync is not included, but can be downloaded as standalone app from the Windows Phone Store free of charge.

In October 2012, Microsoft released a new version of Microsoft Office Mobile for Windows Phone 8 and Windows Phone 7.8.

Office for Android, iOS and Windows 10 Mobile
Office Mobile was released for iPhone on June 14, 2013, and for Android phones on July 31, 2013.

In March 2014, Microsoft released Office Lens, a scanner app that enhances photos. Photos are then attached to an Office document. Office Lens is an app in the Windows Phone store, as well as built into the camera functionality in the OneNote apps for iOS and Windows 8.

On March 27, 2014, Microsoft launched Office for iPad, the first dedicated version of Office for tablet computers. In addition, Microsoft made the Android and iOS versions of Office Mobile free for 'home use' on phones, although the company still requires an Office 365 subscription for using Office Mobile for business use. On November 6, 2014, Office was subsequently made free for personal use on the iPad in addition to phones. As part of this announcement, Microsoft also split up its single "Office suite" app on iPhones into separate, standalone apps for Word, Excel and PowerPoint, released a revamped version of Office Mobile for iPhone, added direct integration with Dropbox, and previewed future versions of Office for other platforms.

Office for Android tablets was released on January 29, 2015, following a successful two-month preview period. These apps allow users to edit and create documents for free on devices with screen sizes of 10.1 inches or less, though as with the iPad versions, an Office 365 subscription is required to unlock premium features and for commercial use of the apps. Tablets with screen sizes larger than 10.1 inches are also supported, but, as was originally the case with the iPad version, are restricted to viewing documents only unless a valid Office 365 subscription is used to enable editing and document creation.

On January 21, 2015, during the "Windows 10: The Next Chapter" press event, Microsoft unveiled Office for Windows 10, Windows Runtime ports of the Android and iOS versions of the Office Mobile suite. Optimized for smartphones and tablets, they are universal apps that can run on both Windows and Windows for phones, and share similar underlying code. A simplified version of Outlook was also added to the suite. They will be bundled with Windows 10 mobile devices, and available from the Windows Store for the PC version of Windows 10. Although the preview versions were free for most editing, the release versions will require an Office 365 subscription on larger tablets (screen size larger than 10.1 inches) and desktops for editing, as with large Android tablets. Smaller tablets and phones will have most editing features for free.

On June 24, 2015, Microsoft released Word, Excel and PowerPoint as standalone apps on Google Play for Android phones, following a one-month preview. These apps have also been bundled with Android devices from major OEMs, as a result of Microsoft tying distribution of them and Skype to patent-licensing agreements related to the Android platform. The Android version is also supported on certain ChromeOS machines.

On February 19, 2020, Microsoft announced a new unified Office mobile app for Android and iOS. This app combines Word, Excel, and PowerPoint into a single app and introduces new capabilities as making quick notes, signing PDFs, scanning QR codes, and transferring files.

Online versions
Office Web Apps was first revealed in October 2008 at PDC 2008 in Los Angeles. Chris Capossela, senior vice president of Microsoft business division, introduced Office Web Apps as lightweight versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote that allow people to create, edit and collaborate on Office documents through a web browser. According to Capossela, Office Web Apps was to become available as a part of Office Live Workspace. Office Web Apps was announced to be powered by AJAX as well as Silverlight; however, the latter is optional and its availability will only "enhance the user experience, resulting in sharper images and improved rendering." Microsoft's Business Division President Stephen Elop stated during PDC 2008 that "a technology preview of Office Web Apps would become available later in 2008". However, the Technical Preview of Office Web Apps was not released until 2009.

On July 13, 2009, Microsoft announced at its Worldwide Partners Conference 2009 in New Orleans that Microsoft Office 2010 reached its "Technical Preview" development milestone and features of Office Web Apps were demonstrated to the public for the first time. Additionally, Microsoft announced that Office Web Apps would be made available to consumers online and free of charge, while Microsoft Software Assurance customers will have the option of running them on premises. Office 2010 beta testers were not given access to Office Web Apps at this date, and it was announced that it would be available for testers during August 2009. However, in August 2009, a Microsoft spokesperson stated that there had been a delay in the release of Office Web Apps Technical Preview and it would not be available by the end of August.

Microsoft officially released the Technical Preview of Office Web Apps on September 17, 2009. Office Web Apps was made available to selected testers via its OneDrive (at the time Skydrive) service. The final version of Office Web Apps was made available to the public via Windows Live Office on June 7, 2010.

On October 22, 2012, Microsoft announced the release of new features including co-authoring, performance improvements and touch support.

On November 6, 2013, Microsoft announced further new features including real-time co-authoring and an Auto-Save feature in Word (replacing the save button).

In February 2014, Office Web Apps were re-branded Office Online and incorporated into other Microsoft web services, including Calendar, OneDrive, Outlook.com, and People. Microsoft had previously attempted to unify its online services suite (including Microsoft Passport, Hotmail, MSN Messenger, and later SkyDrive) under a brand known as Windows Live, first launched in 2005. However, with the impending launch of Windows 8 and its increased use of cloud services, Microsoft dropped the Windows Live brand to emphasize that these services would now be built directly into Windows and not merely be a "bolted on" add-on. Critics had criticized the Windows Live brand for having no clear vision, as it was being applied to an increasingly broad array of unrelated services. At the same time, Windows Live Hotmail was re-launched as Outlook.com (sharing its name with the Microsoft Outlook personal information manager).

In July 2019, Microsoft announced that they were retiring the "Online" branding for Office Online. The product is now Office, and may be referred to as "Office for the web" or "Office in a browser".

See also
 Microsoft Azure
 Microsoft Dynamics
 Microsoft Power Platform
 List of Microsoft software
 Google workspace
 LibreOffice

References

External links

1989 software
Bundled products or services
Classic Mac OS software
Office suites for macOS
Office suites for Windows
Office suites
Pocket PC software
Windows Mobile Standard software
Windows Phone software


text:
'Independence Day 2' Release Date Announced By Fox
Todd Rigney
Independence Day 2 has secured an official release date.
Roland Emmerich's big-budget sequel is apparently up and running over at 20th Century Fox. The studio officially dropped a release date on the masses today (June 20).
According to Bleeding Cool, Independence Day 2 is set to hit theaters July 3, 2015. Anything can happen between now and then so be sure to pencil that day into your calendar.
It's currently unclear if 20th Century Fox intends to use the titles previously announced by Emmerich. The director wanted to call the sequels ID Forever Part One and ID Forever Part Two. The studio's official announcement simply referred to the film as Independence Day 2.
Collider reports ID4 stars Bill Pullman and Jeff Goldblum will return for the sequels. However, Will Smith isn't expected to reprise his role as Captain Steven Hiller. The website also states the story will shift the focus to a new cast of younger characters. A cliffhanger will tie the films together.
Roland Emmerich has reportedly tapped White House Down scribe James Vanderbilt to rewrite the script for Independence Day 2. The duo's recent action-packed collaboration, which also features the White House getting trashed, is headed to theaters in the US next week.
When Emmerich, producer Dean Devlin, and star Jeff Goldblum appeared at the Los Angeles Times Hero Complex Film Festival for a special screening of ID4 last month, the future of the project seemed uncertain. Devlin suggested it might take a miracle to get Fox to give Independence Day 2 the green light.
"Roland and I would really like to do one. We have some pretty darn good ideas on how to do one and, hopefully, that will all come together. A lot of things have to align. The planets have to piece together and if they do, it'll happen," the producer explained.
It would seem the stars have aligned. Fans will soon be able to see check out the sequel they weren't sure they always wanted. I'm definitely curious to see how the filmmakers continue to the story.
What do you think about Independence Day 2? Do you plan to check out the first sequel when it hits theaters in 2015?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Academics Athletic Director Business Operations Communications Compliance Development Economics Executive Leadership Hiring Legal Marketing Sales Social Media TV
Collegiate Coaching Consortium
The Dynamic Leadership Podcast: George Washington's Jamion Christian
Jamion Christian, Men's Basketball Head Coach at George Washington University, joins Coach Bob Walsh on the Dynamic Leadership Podcast. The two discuss Christian's thoughts on why he doesn't have team captains.
The Dynamic Leadership Podcast: Penn State's Guy Gadowsky
Guy Gadowsky, Men's Hockey Head Coach at Penn State, joins Coach Bob Walsh on the Dynamic Leadership Podcast. The two discuss Gadowsky's thoughts on developing culture. Gadowsky has found success at a number of different institutions by following the simple phrase, "enjoy what you do."
Internet Marketing & Search Engines In Athletics
Katie Thompson, Senior Account Manager at Google's Sports and Live Entertainment Team, joins Trip Durham on the Conversations on College Athletics Podcast to discuss internet marketing and how search engines play an important part of the process.
The Dynamic Leadership Podcast: Ohio State's Kevin McGuff
Kevin McGuff, Women's Basketball Head Coach at Ohio State, joins Coach Bob Walsh on the Dynamic Leadership Podcast. The two discuss McGuff's thoughts on giving Student-Athletes a voice, self-awarenes as a coach, choosing captains, and the importance of defining what's important to an organization.
Outsourcing Revenue Streams: Columbia's Pilling & The Aspire Group's Mullen
Peter Pilling, Director of Athletics at Columbia and Bernie Mullen, Chairman and Founder of The Aspire Group, visit AthleticDirectorU to talk about third party partnerships and rights in college athletics. The two discuss the current trend of outsourcing revenue streams.
Responsible Leadership: Coastal Carolina's Joe Moglia
Joe Moglia, Chairman of Athletics and former Head Football Coach at Coastal Carolina, visits AthleticDirectorU to discuss the guiding principles he uses for his personal life, as well as in his professional leadership roles.
The Dynamic Leadership Podcast: Louisville's Dan McDonnell
Louisville Head Baseball Coach Dan McDonnell spends time with IMG Academy Technical Director Bob Walsh and details his leadership philosophy of, "To love and to serve."
Venue Security in College Athletics
Trip Durham talks to Dan Donovan of T&M Protection Resources about the state of security in college athletics. Donovan talks about balancing the fan experience with securing a safe environment at athletic venues. The conversation covers methods to deter attacks, issues with drones, and much more.
The AthleticDirectorU Podcast: Cleveland State's Mike Thomas
Mike Thomas, Director of Athletics at Cleveland State, visits AthleticDirectorU to discuss how his experiences at previous FBS institutions are currently proving beneficial in his current role.
The AthleticDirectorU Podcast: Pacific's Damon Stoudamire
Damon Stoudamire, Head Men's Basketball Coach at University of the Pacific, visits AthleticDirectorU to discuss a wide range of topics including recruiting, relationships with the Director of Athletics, college athletes versus professional athletes, and much more.
The Dynamic Leadership Podcast: Stetson's Steve Trimper
After wrapping up a successful second season with Stetson Baseball, Coach Steve Trimper visited Bob Walsh on the Dynamic Leadership Podcast to talk culture, leadership, and much more.
From The Chair Hosted By Mike Hamilton: Virginia Tech's Whit Babcock
Whit Babcock, Director of Athletics at Virginia Tech, joins Mike Hamilton on the From the Chair Podcast as the two discuss Babcock's involvement in the transition of legendary football coach, Frank Beamer, playing a football game at the Bristol Speedway, and advice to those looking to become an AD.
Eliminate the barrage of articles and time-consuming searches. Efficient D1 athletics news in a daily email. Sign up to receive D1.ticker today!
Made possible by our supportive and generous partners who do great work in the sports industry
We are a Creative Advertising & Development Agency that focuses on developing partnerships with our prospective clients. The purpose of our methodology is to complement and strengthen the impact of each discipline.
Teamworks is the leading athlete engagement software. Based in Durham, North Carolina, and founded in 2004, we empower thousands of teams around the world to better connect and collaborate by simplifying their internal processes.
Learfield is a diverse media enterprise anchored by our core collegiate business managing multimedia rights and sponsorship initiatives for nearly 130 institutions, conferences and arenas nationwide.
Collegiate Sports Associate's purpose is defined by a commitment to assist our former Athletic Director colleagues, Presidents, and other institutional leaders in preserving an alignment between the mission of athletics with that of the University. Our experience and life-long dedication to the values of higher education and amateur intercollegiate athletics are what makes us unique.
We're here to redefine your game day experience and take care of your tailgating needs from start to finish. Service is at the core of all we do, and the fan experience is at the forefront of our approach to tailgating.
At Ticketmaster, we strive to put fans first. Every day we're listening to your feedback and working to improve your experience before, during, and after events.
Athlete Viewpoint is a comprehensive data collection and analysis platform designed for leaders in athletics who value their student-athletes, coaches and staff above all else. We provide detailed, actionable information to assess your program, enhance performance and manage risk.
The top storytelling brands in college sports use the INFLCR platform to store, track and deliver their creative staff's internally-curated content to their student-athletes and other brand ambassadors for sharing on social media.


text:
Guide to PCB Assembly.
PCBs are a fairly common aspect of the modern world, found in just about every last piece of tech one comes across.
With the technology being used in just about every single part of the world of technology, they are a mainstay of the modern world.
This widespread nature of PCBs, in all its shapes, sizes and variants, can make one overlook the work that goes into their assembly.
But the truth is that there is quite a story behind the humble PCB, which is as interesting, as it is astounding.
There is much that goes into the assembly of PCBs, from the beginning until the end.
Explained in the points below, are some of the key details about the process.
1.) Requirement and Need Assessment
The first step in the PCB design, has nothing to do with the actual manufacturing process, and everything to do with a basic assessment.
It is the step where the needs of the application or gadget, as well as anything else that goes with it, are taken into consideration, to decide the nature of the PCB to be manufactured.
Once the basics are clear, a clear idea emerges as to the construction of the PCB.
2.) PCB Schematic Design
One of the first steps in the design of PCBs has to do with the preparation of basic schematics. The term ?schematics? can be thought of as a basic diagram, which explains the layout of the board, the way its circuits are to go about, the location of its various components and so on.
Although once done by hand, it is increasingly being done by software applications, in an effort to speed up production cycles. The software used for the design process is many, with many often coming with predesigned software templates and libraries, which help in greatly accelerating the design software.
Alternatively, the task of doing the same may be outsourced to a third-party, or for that matter the company being considered for the final production and delivery.
Once the schematics are ready, a ?film? of the board is generated, which is essentially the basic blueprint of the board. It is the diagram that would be used as a reference by the manufacturer, before the first boards are produced.
3.) Selecting the Raw Material & Construction Technique
Once the blueprints are ready, it is delivered to the company selected for the manufacturing contract. The delivery of the same then begins the early stage of the actual manufacturing process.
The first thing that is done here, is the selection of the raw materials being used. Typically, the raw material of choice for all boards is either glass or fiberglass. The circuits of the board in turn, are usually made up of copper. This however, may vary depending on the needs of the application, and the specification of the client.
The construction technique in turn, will also vary. One of the most important steps in the preparation of PCBs, in addition to preparing the base, is the creation of holes, for the purpose of laying the connectors, especially in the case of double-sided PCBs. The drilling is usually done with the help of metal drills, although finer ones may be prepared with the help of lasers.
Other important steps include stripping and etching of the circuitry, where excess copper or any other material used for the same, are removed. Typically, it is done with the help of chemicals such as ferric chloride, ammonium per sulfate, etc.
4.) Prototype Preparation
It is an industry practice to prepare what are known as ?prototypes?, before the final production process can begin.
It is in simple words, the process where a sample PCB board is prepared as per the client?s specifications, before they are produced in bulk.
There are several reasons as to why this is done. One of the most important is that of testing, where the sample board can be tested to verify its quality and effectiveness, and analyze if there may be any flaws in it. In addition to this, it also allows for the client to get a clear idea of what the final design would look like, after the same has been manufactured. All of this allows for the client to make necessary changes to the design, before the PCB can be produced in bulk.
5.) Changes & Updates
Once the prototype is prepared, it is usually verified by the manufacturer and the client for its performance and quality.
Additionally, the services of third-party auditors may also be chosen to verify the effectiveness of the design.
In many of the cases, the design layouts as well as overall PCB schematics undergo numerous overhauls, before an ideal version is created. This may take anywhere from a few days to a month or two, depending on the complexity of the design and the number of flaws to be addressed.
Quite often, clients have several different modifications made, before they settle for an ideal schema. Only after these issues are fixed, does the bulk manufacturing of the PCBs begin.
6.) Final Production
Once the quality of the PCB prototype is assessed, the final production process is set into motion.
This is the final step in the production process, where the PCBs are manufactured as per the client?s specification, in the quantities as requested.
The production may take place either in bulk, or in batches, depending on the manufacturing agreement.
7.) Delivery & Aftercare
This is the last step, where the finished goods are delivered to the client.
It also involves an additional step, which is that of aftercare, especially in the case of companies that provide guarantees against defects and other manufacturing issues.
In all, the above points should explain in detail, all of the key principles that go into the design, assembly and construction of PCBs.
In addition to the above, it should also be noted that these are but some of the key principles of PCB designs, and not an exhaustive list. Based on the exact nature, specification and requirements of the PCBs, the steps may vary as per the client?s requirements.
Regardless, it should give a clear idea about all that goes into the humble PCB, which are often ignored or underestimated in everyday life.
If you have PCB to produce, please send Gerber to sales@pcbsky.com.cn .Thank you.


Today at lunch I stopped out at Armadillo Clay to pick up clay for my pottery class. This was my first visit and it was a positive one. The employees were very friendly, knowledgeable and super helpful which was very appreciated since I'm still new to clay. I picked up some tools and a couple blocks of clay. Since I mentioned the possibility of doing Raku, they informed me that the clay on my class list was not appropriate for the thermal shock resistance required for Raku. So I purchased both the Dillo White from my class supply list and Raku clay just in case.
They have a huge selection of fusing glass, slumping forms, glass cutting equipment, glazes, molds, clay and clay components, kilns, wheels, extruders, hand tools, and other tools and supplies. In addition to my purchases, I also checked out their pottery wheels, but their prices are considerably higher than clay-king and although I like to buy local, a $350 price difference is too much of a difference so my wish list remains unchanged.
I'll definitely come back to Armadillo.


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Northwest Indiana Police Chase Ends On Chicago's South SideGary police said the driver ditched his car on someone's front lawn then took off on foot.
Chicago Police Officer Injured In South Side CrashA Chicago Police officer was taken to the hospital after a crash Saturday in Park Manor.
43 Weapons, Replicas Turned Over At Gun Turn-In Event On South SideA gun turn-in event brought in more than three dozen weapons, both real and replicas, in Chicago Saturday.
My Block, My Hood, My City Lights Up South Side By Decorating Homes For The HolidaysVolunteers with the nonprofit, My Block, My Hood, My City are lighting up parts of the South Side.
'Bad People Aren't Going To Stop Me': After Thieves Take Thousands Of Toys, Organizers Vow To Get Christmas Gifts For Kids"Now, no toys for the kids. And it just breaks my heart. It was destroyed. Everything missing."
Program Brings On Teens Who Have Suffered Trauma To Make Wreaths For South Side StreetscapesIt's a sure symbol of the holidays - wreaths hung on light poles or front doors. And as CBS 2's Marie Saavedra reported Wednesday, if you pass through parts of the South Side, those decorations you're seeing are helping teens in need take control of their lives.
South Side Residents Hope Red Line Extension Will Bring 'Activity And Hopefully Development'"We are very confident will be able to get funding sources needed to see this project become a reality."
'It Didn't Hurt That Much': Chicago Kids Get COVID-19 Vaccine"We don't get out to parties, nothing like that. Because we don't want COVID into our houses. Because we don't know the consequences for them."
South Side Author, Professor Jacqueline Stewart Among 25 'Genius Grant' RecipientsShe is also a professor in the Department of Cinema and Media Studies at the University of Chicago, where she is Director of the Arts + Public Life. She teaches American film history, specializing in African American cinema from the silent era to the present.
'Don't Cut Us Out': Some South Side Residents Not Happy With Construction Of Obama Presidential Center"It's relevant to Chicago, but that does not pay people's rent."
'Long Time Coming': Former President Obama Breaks Ground On Presidential Center"This doesn't feel like building something new, but reveals something that has always been here."
Obamas Return To Chicago For Groundbreaking Of Presidential Center Tuesday"Michelle and I could not be more excited to break ground on the Obama Presidential Center in the community that we love."
Elderly South Side Couple 'Thankful' Robbers With U-Haul Only Took A Purse"At least have our lives and we're just thankful for that."
Hearts On Parade In Chicago's Bronzeville NeighborhoodThe parade of hearts is hosted by the Luv Institute which organizes conversations about restorative justice in South Side communities.
'A Dream Come True': Historic Pullman National Monument Opens SaturdayThe doors open at 10:00 a.m. Saturday, 9:00 a.m. on Sunday. Admission is free. They'll also have some of the classic Pullman train cars this weekend.


text:
Woodchucks win slugfest against Growlers
Published on July 15, 2019 in Sports
WAUSAU PILOT AND REVIEW
The Wisconsin Woodchucks beat the Kalamazoo Growlers Sunday by a score of 12-9, in a game that featured a total of 25 hits between the two teams.
The Woodchucks started as Brandon Seltzer singled with one out, and then Adam Frank doubled to put both runners in scoring position. Kenny Rodriguez then grounded out, but it was enough to bring Seltzer home and give the Chucks a 1-0 lead.
The Growlers answered right away. Zack Gelof hit a triple with one out and was brought home on the next at bat by Shea Kramer to tie up the game. With Kramer on second base, Rudy Maxwell singled to bring Kramer home and give the Growlers a 2-1 lead.
That lead lasted just one pitch. Santino Miozzi took the first pitch he saw in the top of the 2nd over the left field fence for a solo home run, his second of the season. Beau Nichols struck out the side in the bottom of the 2nd inning and we went to the 3rd tied at 2-2.
The Woodchucks retook the lead in the top of the 3rd. Adam Frank doubled with two outs, and an error made by Austin Knight on a grounder hit by Kenny Rodriguez allowed him to score. Rodriguez ended up on 3rd after another Growler error, and Alec Arnone singled to bring him in. Kalamazoo made three errors in the inning, and the Chucks were up 4-2.
Wisconsin absolutely exploded in the 4th inning. Kaeber Rog led off with a single, and Cameron Swanger took the first pitch he saw out of the yard for a two-run home run. Lawrence Cicileo kept the party going with a solo home run the next at bat, the first time this year the Woodchucks went back-to-back. Later in the inning, Kenny Rodriguez hit his 5th home run of the year, a two-run shot. The next batter, Alec Arnone left the yard as well, giving the Woodchucks four home runs in the inning going back-to-back twice. Going into the bottom of the 4th, it was 10-2 Chucks.
The Growlers came back with some runs of their own in the 6th inning. A leadoff double by Shea Kramer saw him come around a few pitches later on a wild pitch to give the Growlers a run. Later in the inning, a single by Jimmy Sullivan scored Joel Brewer and the Growlers had their second run of the inning. With the bases loaded a few batters later, Jake Topolski hit a bases clearing double, and the score became 10-7 going into the 7th inning.
The Woodchucks responded nicely. Alec Arnone and Santino Miozzi both singled with one out, and Cameron Swanger brought them both in with a two out triple. After that hit, Swanger was up to four RBIs on the day and the score was 12-7.
Tom Ambrosino came in to shut down the final two innings, and he got into a little bit of trouble in the 9th. He gave up a two run home run to Rudy Maxwell to make the score 12-9. He then struck out Gabe Rivera for the final out, giving the Chucks a 12-9 win.
Beau Nichols had a great start, going five and one third innings while striking out eight batters.
Alec Arnone went three for five with a home run and two RBIs.
Cam Swanger went two for four with a home run, a triple and four RBIs.
The Woodchucks will enjoy some time off during the upcoming three-day All-Star break. They will be back in action at Athletic Park this Thursday, July 18th to take on the Traverse City Pit Spitters at 6:35.
Tags: sportsWisconsin Woodchucks
Eagle River snowmobile trails set to open
By Darren Siewert Just in time for the holiday season, trails in the "Snowmobile Capital of
Wisconsin Woodchucks release 2020 season schedule
WAUSAU — The Northwoods League has released its schedule for the 2020 season, featuring 22 teams,
Woodchucks announce $1.5M Athletic Park renovation plan
By Shereen Siewert The Wisconsin Woodchucks on Monday announced a planned $1.5 million renovation for Athletic
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GREEN BAY, Wis. (AP) — The 2019 season for the Green Bay
By JANIE McCAULEY AP Sports Writer SANTA CLARA, Calif. (AP) — These
Punter J.K. Scott active for Packers in NFC title game
SANTA CLARA, Calif. (AP) — Punter J.K. Scott is active for the
Who matches up best in yet another Packers-49ers title game?
By BARRY WILNER AP Pro Football Writer For the eighth time in
49ers, Packers look to go from losing seasons to Super Bowl
SANTA CLARA, Calif. (AP) — The San Francisco 49ers are one win
By Darren Siewert Just in time for the holiday season,
WAUSAU — The Northwoods League has released its schedule for


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11-6A
FootballBoys BasketballGirls BasketballVolleyballBoys SoccerGirls SoccerBaseballSoftball
Full girls-basketball Schedule
Full girls-basketball Standings
Girls Basketball Scores & Schedule
11/5/2022 at 7:30PM CDT — Final
LI 10 8 8 13 39
SK 7 16 14 14 51
11/10/2022 at 12:00PM CST — Final
SK — — — — 46
AM — — — — 52
SA — — — — 49
11/11/2022 at 4:30PM CST — Final
Faith Family Academy
FA — — — — 39
11/12/2022 at 9:00AM CST — Final
MI 15 12 3 10 40
SK 16 20 14 13 63
AL 5 11 10 15 41
Plano East
PL 8 9 12 8 37
SK 14 14 13 6 47
PL 8 9 17 10 44
Bishop Lynch
BI 15 10 10 14 49
12/1/2022 at 12:00PM CST
SK — — — — —
TB — — — — —
12/2/2022 at 12:00PM CST — Final
Hardin-Jefferson
HA — — — — 43
12/7/2022 at 7:30PM CST — Final
RE 10 6 10 13 39
Denton Braswell
DE — — — — 52
MA 8 6 4 9 27
WA 21 13 18 12 64
DE 11 10 8 8 37
SK 3 12 13 5 33
EV — — — — 24
HU — — — — 19
WY — — — — 43
LI — — — — 41
Pinkston
PI 6 9 9 14 38
12/30/2022 at 12:00PM CST
1/3/2023 at 12:00PM CST — Final
Mansfield Legacy
MA 13 17 19 15 64
1/7/2023 at 6:30PM CST
Mansfield Lake Ridge
MA — — — — —
1/11/2023 at 6:00PM CST — Final
SK 4 7 5 12 28
CE 17 5 13 12 47
DU — — — — 86
1/18/2023 at 6:00PM CST
WA 7 8 2 12 29
DE — — — — —
Saturday 1/28
6:30PM CST Skyline
Wednesday 2/1
6:00PM CST Mansfield Lake Ridge
Saturday 2/4
6:00PM CST Duncanville


A campaign of civil disobedience is under way in the former Soviet republic of Georgia, where opponents of embattled President Eduard Shevardnadze are planning another large demonstration in the capital, Tbilisi. Motorists used their horns during the morning rush hour in Tbilisi to show their dissatisfaction with President Shevardnadze.
The action, aimed at disrupting normal activities, is part of a general campaign of civil disobedience called by leaders of Georgia's political opposition.
But traffic through downtown Tbilisi was not blocked, as key opposition leader Mikhail Saakashvili had hoped. Mr. Saakashvili also called for government employees to stop working and for people to cease paying their bills.
The campaign is meant to build on massive street protests that took place last week, trying to put pressure on Mr. Shevardnadze to annul the results of the November 2 election and resign from office. But the veteran political leader has refused to step down, insisting he will remain until the end of his term in 2005.
He has also warned Mr. Saakashvili that police will take action against illegal acts. The Georgian leader has met with police and military officials to discuss the situation.
Police have avoided confronting street protesters, including a rally last Friday in which up to 20,000 marched to the presidential office building.
The demonstrators claim Mr. Shevardnadze's government rigged the election, in which a pro-government bloc is slightly ahead of various opposition parties.
Taken as a whole, opposition groups won roughly 70 percent of the seats in the new parliament, including one regional group that supports the president.
But various other opposition leaders argue they would have won a complete victory if the election had been fair. Some international observers and foreign governments, including the United States, also say election irregularities were widespread.
Even Mr. Shevardnadze concedes there were problems. He announced that voting will take place again in many regions where balloting was halted or did not take place as it should have.
This is not likely to sway Mr. Saakashvili and other leaders, who have said repeatedly they will settle for nothing less than the president's resignation.
The 75-year-old Georgian leader is known for his role in helping end the Cold War while serving as foreign minister of the Soviet Union during the 1980s. But most Georgians blame Mr. Shevardnadze for the country's long economic decline during the past decade, as well as for failing to crack down on corruption.


text:
Q: Issue solving linear system using Solve I have a system of 4 linear equations in terms of variables that I have obtained from solving previous systems, but the Solve function does not return output despite it appearing to be a very straightforward system to solve:
Solve[{
 -d5c2 dn5t1 - d5c3 dn5t1 - a3 n3t1 -
  (d4c1 n4t1 (dn4t2 n5t1 - dn4t1 n5t2))/(n4t2 n5t1 - n4t1 n5t2)
    ==  dn3t1,
 -a3 n3t2 - (d5c2 dn5t1 n5t2)/n5t1 -
  (d5c3 dn5t1 n5t2)/n5t1 -
  (d4c1 n4t2 (dn4t2 n5t1 - dn4t1 n5t2))/(n4t2 n5t1 - n4t1 n5t2)
    == dn3t2,
 -a3 n3t3 -
  (d4c1 n4t3 (dn4t2 n5t1 - dn4t1 n5t2))/(n4t2 n5t1 - n4t1 n5t2) -
  (d5c2 dn5t1 n5t3)/n5t1 - (d5c3 dn5t1 n5t3)/n5t1
    ==  dn3t3,
 -a3 n3t4 -
  (d4c1 n4t4 (dn4t2 n5t1 - dn4t1 n5t2))/(n4t2 n5t1 - n4t1 n5t2) -
  (d5c2 dn5t1 n5t4)/n5t1 - (d5c3 dn5t1 n5t4)/n5t1
    == dn3t4
       }, {a3, d5c2, d5c3, d4c1}]

Returns blank output:
{}

I am new to the language; is there some kind of limit to the size of non-numerical expressions that Solve can handle or anything like that?

A: Your system has no solution. It might be useful to show how to put this in canonical linear algebra form:
sys={
 -d5c2 dn5t1 - d5c3 dn5t1 - a3 n3t1 -
  (d4c1 n4t1 (dn4t2 n5t1 - dn4t1 n5t2))/(n4t2 n5t1 - n4t1 n5t2)
    ==  dn3t1,
 -a3 n3t2 - (d5c2 dn5t1 n5t2)/n5t1 -
  (d5c3 dn5t1 n5t2)/n5t1 -
  (d4c1 n4t2 (dn4t2 n5t1 - dn4t1 n5t2))/(n4t2 n5t1 - n4t1 n5t2)
    == dn3t2,
 -a3 n3t3 -
  (d4c1 n4t3 (dn4t2 n5t1 - dn4t1 n5t2))/(n4t2 n5t1 - n4t1 n5t2) -
  (d5c2 dn5t1 n5t3)/n5t1 - (d5c3 dn5t1 n5t3)/n5t1
    ==  dn3t3,
 -a3 n3t4 -
  (d4c1 n4t4 (dn4t2 n5t1 - dn4t1 n5t2))/(n4t2 n5t1 - n4t1 n5t2) -
  (d5c2 dn5t1 n5t4)/n5t1 - (d5c3 dn5t1 n5t4)/n5t1
    == dn3t4
       }

lhs = sys[[All, 1]];
rhs = sys[[All, 2]];

(m = Transpose[Coefficient[lhs, #] & /@ {a3, d5c2, d5c3, d4c1}]) // MatrixForm

At this point you could try LinearSolve[m,rhs], however in this case it reports

Linear equation encountered that has no solution

And we see this is because the determinant is zero.
  Det[m]

0

fundamentally your unknowns d5c2 and d5c3 have the same coefficient in every equation, so you effectively have four equations and only three unknowns.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Persecution of Christians for their faith is on the rise around the world. It's not limited by geography or governmental laws. How can we stand strong in the face of opposition? Is it better to ignore the issues, or should we face them head-on? Paul the Apostle acknowledges that, far from encountering less trials, Christians will have more tribulations than those who aren't saved. Our trials come from striving to live godly in a world that hates anything that resembles God's holiness. But yet, we are still called to rejoice. This can be hard to do, and maybe you have struggled with finding joy while going through a hard time. Dr. Martyn Lloyd-Jones says that Christians, while talking about the joy and peace Jesus gives us, often encounter trials the same way the world does— despairing and anxious. In this way, our testimony does not line up with how we live our lives. In 1 Peter 3, the author challenges us to conquer this defeatist mindset, not by building up positive emotion, but rather by "girding up the loins" of our mind and by choosing to dwell on the greatness of our salvation. We often think too lightly about our salvation, but we are encouraged to fight this and preach the gospel to ourselves. God is our sovereign Father, and our eternal inheritance in Him is guaranteed! When we think on this, how can we dwell in anxiety and fear?


text: Q: Error: index object has no atttribte tz_convert So I had to implement a function that reads in data from the opensensemap of arduino and then I should make a diagram with .plot() and show(). The problem is that I get an error that says that the 'index' object has no attribute 'tz_convert'. The code is from university and normally I should not have to change it.


text:
Man, woman, dog die in Petaluma head-on collision
A man, a woman and a dog died in a head-on crash Sunday morning in Petaluma.
Bay City News October 8, 2018
A man, a woman and a dog died in a head-on crash Sunday morning in Petaluma, according to the California Highway Patrol.
The crash happened at about 10:25 a.m. when a Ford van driven by the woman was traveling on Bodega Avenue and crossed the center line, CHP Sgt. Allan Capurro said.
The van crashed into a GMC pickup truck headed in the opposite direction, killing the drivers of both vehicles, Capurro said.
The victims' names are not released pending notification of their next of kin.
There were no other people in the two vehicles. Two dogs were riding in the van, and one died in the crash, Capurro said.
The CHP is investigating the crash, which occurred just west of Petaluma. Drugs and alcohol don't appear to be factors and there were no signs of excessive speed or erratic driving, according to Capurro.
California Highway Patrol CHP crash dogs drivers driving fast5 fatal collision fatal crash pets van
Steve Kerr leaves early, Warriors preseason rolls on
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