text:
Will a nuclear country use nuclear weapons if attacked by conventional means by another nuclear country?
I am a learner of the Russian language and saw the following statement by a vice-president of the Russian Academy of Geopolitical Problems:
Скажу лишь то, что в условиях обычной войны, если на нас нападут без применения ядерного оружия, мы свою "ядерную дубинку" не применим. Как не применила во время Второй мировой войны другой вид оружия массового поражения, химическое, ни одна из воюющих стран. Все его имели в количестве, достаточном для того, чтобы просто залить им друг друга. Но никто этого не сделал, даже гибнущая нацистская Германия. Также и в случае с ядерным оружием. Ведь все отдают себе отчет в том, что его применение будет самоубийством. И о том, что мы его не применим в случае войны с обычными средствами, прекрасно знают и в НАТО, и в Китае. (Source)
My translation:
I will only say that we will not use our "nuclear stick" under conditions of conventional war, if we are attacked by conventional means, just as in WWII neither of the fighting countries used another kind of weapons of mass destruction, chemical weapons. Everyone had chemical weapons in amounts sufficient to flood each other, but no one did so, even the dying Nazi Germany. The same will happen with nuclear weapons, as everyone realizes that using them will be a suicide. Both the NATO and China are perfectly aware that we won't use nuclear weapons in case of conventional war.
My question: Do political scientists and experts agree with the view that if a conventional war breaks out between two major nuclear countries or alliances, which possess strategic nuclear weapons and a second-strike capability, the fighting sides will refrain from using nuclear weapons of mass destruction no matter what, just as Nazi Germany refrained from using chemical weapons in WWII?
My doubts come from the following consideration. Let's suppose two major nuclear countries are in conventional war against each other and that one of them is losing the war. What if the losing side starts using its nuclear weapons of mass destruction in a limited way (i.e., tactical use against the enemy's military forces and/or limited strikes to the enemy's territory and civil population)? The other side will then face a choice between (i) responding with a full-scale nuclear strike (leading to a mutual destruction), (ii) trading limited nuclear blows, and (iii) agreeing to stop the war. I guess that Option (i) will be unacceptable for the winning country. If the winning country chooses Option (ii), I guess the losing country can increase the magnitude of limited nuclear strikes to the extent sufficient to force the winning country to agree to stop the war. So it appears that nuclear weapons are a factor even in a conventional war, as the losing side is apparently able to stop the war at any moment by using nuclear weapons of mass destruction in a limited way or perhaps even by threatening to do so.
I am curious as to what is the dominating view by experts on this.
war nuclear-weapons
MitsukoMitsuko
The only value of nukes lies in deterrence and Mutual assured destruction. The moment you actually have to use them, you've already lost. – Mast Nov 5 '19 at 19:51
Daniel Ellsberg discusses that here – Onlyjob Nov 6 '19 at 2:29
I feel nearly certain that no nuclear country would allow themselves to lose a conventional war without using their nuclear weapons. One cannot hope to win a war against a nuclear country. – littleO Nov 6 '19 at 7:04
@littleO Vietnam? – F1Krazy Nov 6 '19 at 10:57
"Everyone had chemical weapons in amounts sufficient to flood each other, but no one did so, even the dying Nazi Germany." That is not true: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_raid_on_Bari#John_Harvey – mbohun Nov 7 '19 at 6:08
Except China nobody has currently pledged this, and even the Chinese pledge is not considered credible (by some Western experts, at least):
Most states with nuclear weapons maintain policies that would permit their first use in a conflict. Pledges to only use these weapons in retaliation for a nuclear attack—or a no-first-use (NFU) policy—are rare. Where these pledges have been made by nuclear states, their adversaries generally consider them not credible.
A so-called NFU pledge, first publicly made by China in 1964, refers to any authoritative statement by a nuclear weapon state to never be the first to use these weapons in a conflict, reserving them strictly to retaliate in the aftermath of a nuclear attack against its territory or military personnel. These pledges are a component of nuclear declaratory policies. As such, there can be no diplomatic arrangement to verify or enforce a declaratory NFU pledge, and such pledges alone do not affect capabilities. States with such pledges would be technically able to still use nuclear weapons first in a conflict, and their adversaries have generally not trusted NFU assurances. Today, China is the only nuclear weapon state to maintain an unconditional NFU pledge.
Even post-cold-war US doctrine didn't rule out a preemptive strike or tactical use
The last nuclear operations doctrine, published during the George W Bush administration in 2005, also caused alarm. It envisaged pre-emptive nuclear strikes and the use of the US nuclear arsenal against all weapons of mass destruction, not just nuclear.
It was apparently formally cancelled in Feb 2006.
The revised draft included for the first time descriptions of preemptive use of US nuclear weapons, and caused the Senate Armed Services Committee to ask for a briefing, and 16 lawmakers to protest to President Bush.
The decision to cancel the doctrine document, and four other related documents, was confirmed today [2 Feb 2006] by the Pentagon.
And more recently (under Trump), the Pentagon has published and then retracted from public view a somewhat similar document.
The document, entitled Nuclear Operations, was published on 11 June [2019], and was the first such doctrine paper for 14 years. Arms control experts say it marks a shift in US military thinking towards the idea of fighting and winning a nuclear war – which they believe is a highly dangerous mindset.
"Using nuclear weapons could create conditions for decisive results and the restoration of strategic stability," the joint chiefs' document says. [...]
The Nuclear Operations document was taken down from the Pentagon online site after a week, and is now only available through a restricted access electronic library. [...] A spokesman for the joint chiefs of staff said the document was removed from the publicly accessible defence department website "because it was determined that this publication, as is with other joint staff publications, should be for official use only".
And most notably during the Cold War:
In most cases, these [tactical nuclear] weapons were deployed to defend U.S. allies against aggression by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies, but the United States did not rule out their possible use in contingencies with other adversaries. In Europe, these weapons were a part of NATO's strategy of "flexible response." Under this strategy, NATO did not insist that it would respond to any type of attack with nuclear weapons, but it maintained the capability to do so and to control escalation if nuclear weapons were used. This approach was intended to convince the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact that any conflict, even one that began with conventional weapons, could result in nuclear retaliation. As the Cold War drew to a close, NATO acknowledged that it would no longer maintain nuclear weapons to deter or defeat a conventional attack from the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact because "the threat of a simultaneous, full-scale attack on all of NATO's European fronts has effectively been removed." But NATO documents indicated that these weapons would still play an important political role in NATO's strategy by ensuring "uncertainty in the mind of any potential aggressor about the nature of the Allies' response to military aggression.
The above para is a pretty simplistic presentation of the US Cold War position (and mostly reflects the McNamara years). For a much more nuanced historical presentation that follows all the changes in doctrine see Nichols et al. "Tactical Nuclear Weapons and NATO".
And Russia did not shy from this view either:
In 1999, at a time when renewed war in Chechnya seemed imminent, Moscow watched with great concern as NATO waged a high-precision military campaign in Yugoslavia. The conventional capabilities that the United States and its allies demonstrated seemed far beyond Russia's own capacities. And because the issues underlying the Kosovo conflict seemed almost identical to those underlying the Chechen conflict, Moscow became deeply worried that the United States would interfere within its borders.
By the next year, Russia had issued a new military doctrine whose main innovation was the concept of "de-escalation"—the idea that, if Russia were faced with a large-scale conventional attack that exceeded its capacity for defense, it might respond with a limited nuclear strike. To date, Russia has never publically invoked the possibility of de-escalation in relation to any specific conflict. But Russia's policy probably limited the West's options for responding to the 2008 war in Georgia. And it is probably in the back of Western leaders' minds today, dictating restraint as they formulate their responses to events in Ukraine.
The exact text was (in translation)
The Russian Federation reserves the right to use nuclear weapons in response to the use of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction against it and (or) its allies, as well as in response to large-scale aggression utilizing conventional weapons in situations critical to the national security of the Russian Federation.
The Russian Federation will not use nuclear weapons against states party to the Nonproliferation Treaty that do not possess nuclear weapons except in the event of an attack on the Russian Federation, the Russian Federation Armed Forces or other troops, its allies, or a state to which it has security commitments that is carried out or supported by a state without nuclear weapons jointly or in the context of allied commitments with a state with nuclear weapons.
Formally this represented a departure from the Soviet declarations...
Although the Soviet Union had pledged that it would not be the first to use nuclear weapons, most Western observers doubted that it would actually observe this pledge in a conflict. Instead, analysts argue that the Soviet Union had integrated nuclear weapons into its warfighting plans to a much greater degree than the United States. [...]
The Soviet Union reportedly began to reduce its emphasis on nuclear warfighting strategies in the mid-1980s, under Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. He reportedly believed that the use of nuclear weapons would be catastrophic.
FizzFizz
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"De-escalation" meaning a nuclear first strike is the finest example of doublespeak I've seen in a very long time – Chris H Nov 4 '19 at 16:27
@ChrisH it's the equivalent of pulling a gun at someone who's coming at you with fists swinging, screaming "halt or i'll shoot you" and firing a warning shot. It may actually deescalate the situation. It might also escalate the situation, but it certainly won't leave it where it is. – Peteris Nov 4 '19 at 16:36
>> if Russia were faced with a large-scale conventional attack that exceeded its capacity for defense, it might respond with a limited nuclear strike << Wow, this seems to be very close to my consideration described in my question. A limited nuclear strike in response to a large-scale conventional attack. – Mitsuko Nov 4 '19 at 16:46
@Peteris A warning shot is typically directed in the air. A nuclear first strike is more like a shot in the foot or leg, depending on where the strike is aimed. Other than that, while it can work to end a conflict, have never seen that striking a bully/victim in the face is considered a de-escalation strategy. The focus there seems to be more on the means and immediate level of violence and less on the longer-term intention. – Frank Hopkins Nov 5 '19 at 0:22
Doctrines are worth as much as the paper they are written on. Real-life situation will dictate what lengths adversaries are prepared to go to. – RandomWhiteTrash Nov 5 '19 at 13:21
At the height of the cold war, the primary threat considered by NATO was a Russian-led invasion of Western Germany. The Russians and their satellite states has a massive numbers advantage in armor and other conventional weapons. One of the conventional weapons designed to counter this threat was the A-10 plane, but this plane soon became obsolete as the Russians added mobile surface to air missile batteries to their armies.
As a result, NATO planned to use short-range nuclear weapons to stop such an invasion, chiefly by taking out the logistical support for such an invasion. Tanks are fairly small and fairly mobile, a nuclear weapon is not an effective weapon against them. But without diesel and ammo they soon come to a halt.
The Russian statement probably should be taken as a desire more than a conclusion.
MSaltersMSalters
Do you have a source for that planning? Your answer relies a lot on that being a serious military strategy and not merely a deterrence strategy. A lot of the power of nuclear weapons comes from deterrence, as noted in this internal document by what is now USSTRATCOM, it relies on making your adversary think you are prepared to engage in such an attack. So in your example it's interesting to know if this was a public / leaked talking point or mere internal strategy. – JJ for Transparency and Monica Nov 4 '19 at 8:58
@JJforTransparencyandMonica This same claim was repeated ad nauseum to me in every single International Relations class I ever took. – K Dog Nov 4 '19 at 11:53
@JJforTransparencyandMonica: This goes beyond internal planning; you can see this from actual "battlefield nukes" that were deployed starting in the 1950's. Look at weapons like the MGM-29 Sergeant deployed in Western Germany. It could only hit Eastern Germany - not anywhere near a threat to the Soviet Union. – MSalters Nov 4 '19 at 11:57
@K Dog. Ad nauseam, not ad nauseum. – BlokeDownThePub Nov 4 '19 at 20:39
@MSalters MGM-20 Sergrant was a dangerous weapon because while being short-range it carried a quite potent nuclear warhead (200kt). If ever used it would be difficult to perceive it as a de-escalation strike. It would probably lead to USSR employing its own XXXkt range warheads and everything would go to hell pretty quickly. I think its development stemmed from great fear of massive Soviet army - it was perceived that destroying several divisions of the enemy was worth risking all-out nuclear conflict. Luckily those times are past. 200kt on a tactical scale is a scorched earth policy. – RandomWhiteTrash Nov 5 '19 at 13:39
If the conventional forces of a nuclear power are pouring across your border, and your own conventional forces can't stop them, then the only two choices are:
surrender, or
nuke them (either tactically, strategically, or both).
Given the size imbalance of NATO forces in Europe vs Warsaw Pact forces, and the distance US men & materiel have to travel in order to reinforce Europe, the only realistic scenario for one nuclear power nuking another would have been if Soviet/ComBlock forces poured across the Fulda Gap into West Germany.
NATO would have started nuking very quickly (unless the Sovs nuked first using Short and Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles).
RonJohnRonJohn
The USSR had a "Second Strike Only" policy that it claimed was for self-defense (and there's a good argument that self-defense was a necessity, given that the only other Nuclear Power at the time was legendary in its opposition to Communism). However, this was also a policy position to mask the fact that the Soviets never developed a reliable first strike weapon. The problem was that the fuel for their rockets was highly corrosive to the metal used to build the rockets. To avoid the obvious problems of a nuclear rocket melting, the rockets were only fueled if likely launch was imminent (The Americans on the other hand, had no such problem and could reliably store their missiles in silos, with a single exception where a rocket detonated (the warhead survived) in the silo). Because of this and the Soviet's own preference for keeping launch vehicles mobile, especially in the sparsely populated north and east of the nation and the highly centralized west (especially Moscow) and the strategic importance of Germany, the Soviets figured that the U.S. would launch a First Strike towards Moscow from the East (and with out ICBM range, Turkey was basically the U.S. Cuba. Or rather, Cuba was the Soviet Turkey since Cuba was in response to American Nukes in Turkey) and the political import of showing the U.S. as the bad actor, the Soviets never had a real need to develop a fuel for First Strike.
However, because of the corrosive nature of the fuel, the Soviets would usually "Fuel" the rockets in a build up to a possible exchange (this could take as long as six hours to both fuel and defuel and the Soviets could keep it fueled for three days at a time.). Modern films may pay a lip service line to the Soviets "fueling rockets" as an indicator that "it just got real." The Soviets also relied on deception and other tactics to keep the U.S. at bay. Back in the 50s and 60s, American political buzzwords included such things as "The Bomber Gap" and later "The Missile Gap" which referred to which side had more delivery vehicles (subs, the third and probably most deadly, part of the Nuclear Trifecta, weren't viable at this point). U.S. Politics were convinced that the gaps were not in their favor at these times. Meanwhile on the otherside of the Iron Curtain, the Soviets might not be aware of the actual numbers the U.S. had, but they certainly knew they were at the disadvantage, but strategically could fool their people and observers for a good while. For example, the Bomber Gap was hidden by May Day parades where the Soviets did fly overs with their bombers... and once they passed over the camera, they turned them around and took another flight... but the people on the ground were told it was a different wave of bombers. The Space Race was basically a public display of the rockets (On the U.S. side, until the Apollo program, all manned space flights were launched on rockets that were designed to carry nukes. The warheads were removed and a more friendly space capsule was screwed on. The Saturn V holds the distinction of being the first purpose built space rocket... it was designed to go to the moon, not to shoot Nukes at Earth). Again the Soviets were also trying to put things in space to say "if we can put a satellite/dog/man into space and bring it back, we can put a nuke in space and bring it down too." Of course, they didn't say what they were hiding. Sputnik was never designed to return, nor was Sputnik II which carried the dog Laika into space... and used a second identical dog that was claimed to be Laika. The first manned spaceflight by Yuri Gagarin wasn't technically a record breaking flight, as international rules for flight records automatically disqualify a pilot from claiming an achievement if the pilot does not land while inside the flight vehicle. The Vostok craft required its pilot to parachute out before impact into the ground. Of course, the Soviets' point wasn't about sticking the landing, but showing that they could crash something into anywhere they wanted... and in the grand scheme of things, Nukes tend to detonate before hitting the Earth.
Right now, most nuclear nations maintain a "No Second Strike" or "Limited First Strike" policy. Most of Nuclear NATO (U.S., U.K., France) are "Second Strike Only" as for two of them, Second Strike is only really viable to not getting Nuked by Russia when the Cold War goes hot. The U.S. has limited First Strike, but it was always after conventional defenses failed to keep the Warsaw Pact war machine out of Western Europe or the Middle East (and they were damn near ready to end the world over Nukes in Cuba... of all the close calls that nearly sent the cold war hot, half of them would occur during the Cuban Missile Crisis). The Soviets were maintained Seconds Strike both because they couldn't do a First Strike and because it made the U.S. the bad guys (to this date, the U.S. is the only nation to use nuclear weapons in war.). We discussed that this was more a matter of technological capability and not because it looked good.
China maintained a Second Strike only, as they were equally concerned over a U.S. and U.S.S.R. attack. India maintained Second Strike initially to keep the U.S. and U.S.S.R. policies out of India. Additionally, China had the Bomb already and both were not the best of neighbors. This turned into a nightmare for India when Pakistan got the bomb though Pakistan also maintains it is second strike only (and since they don't have a trifecta, it's more not much a promise. They'd have to use First Strike to hope to Counter a Second Strike from India). North Korea also maintains second strike only because they need a reason to keep most of the civilized world to put up with their nonsense and not decide to invade them and be done with it. That said, their nuclear arsenal is... well, lets just say the people of Hiroshima would have prefered to have an NK Nuke dropped on them than a U.S. one (if not having a nuclear bomb used on them was not an option. Basically, North Korea's bomb barely qualifies. That said, the nation highly overspends on the military).
There are a few outliers. South Africa joined the Nuclear Club in the early 1980s (early estimates could be in 1979, but that's still not certain). These were also for Second Strike deterrence because in the 1980s, nobody liked South Africa. In the 1990s, South Africa became the first (and only) Nuclear Nation in the world to disarm (voluntarily no less) and so there current policy is "no strike". It's believed they might have jointly worked with Israel on development. Israel's Nuclear policy is basically "I am shocked, shocked I tell you, that you would insinuate that we even have nuclear bombs. Our policy on their use is second strike" At which point someone in the press reminds the Israeli Minister of Defense that he's using the wrong eye to wink at his generals, at which point he reveals he had his fingers crossed the entire time and shouts "Just Kidding. Or am I? By the way, did you guys get my Casablanca reference?" Naturally the whole press conference is done in front of a rocket-shaped grain silo with a nuclear symbol painted on it (Translation: Israel maintains a refusal to confirm or deny if it has Nukes... except Nukes only work as a deterrence if the world knows you got them... so they deliberately lie badly. Everyone goes along with it because they want to be polite about how bad Israel is at lying. And apologies in advanced for the bit of humor in that, but I find when discussing the grim nature of nuclear weapons (especially coupled with Middle East Politics), sometimes a little humor is necessary and the open secret of Israel's status as a nuclear nation gives me a moment to be silly.).
hszmvhszmv
Some interesting information here, but several points don't make sense. Surely the need to fuel up isn't much of a hurdle for a first strike (where you get to plan the timing), but rather a problem for second strike (where you need to respond quickly)? – leftaroundabout Nov 4 '19 at 16:25
Was the duplicate dog a Laikalookalike or a Lookalikelaika? – BlokeDownThePub Nov 4 '19 at 20:37
Nitpick, but the Saturn 1B (Apollo 7) was the first rocket to carry people that wasn't a repurposed and modified IRBM/ICBM. – Dan is Fiddling by Firelight Nov 4 '19 at 21:45
@Peteris if the fuelling is observable, then nevermind that the fuelling is observable, why is the missile observable?? – leftaroundabout Nov 5 '19 at 1:01
You say "Pakistan also maintains it is second strike only", but their nuclear policy allows a first strike even against non-nuclear aggression. Their foreign minister has explicitly said it will use "any weapon in its arsenal" to defend itself from attack. It's understandable (India's conventional forces are far stronger), but it's definitely not "second strike only"; they have many scenarios under which nuclear weapons could be deployed (including sufficiently damaging economic or political manipulation). – ShadowRanger Nov 5 '19 at 16:06
I believe that when it comes to survival no option is off the table. Also, remember that even when survival is not threatened use of nuclear weapons is possible - see Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
I believe that when people think about a nuclear strike, they tend to imagine ICBMs flying overhead, releasing dozens of megaton warheads etc. Truth is a bit more detailed. Nuclear warhead does not need to be mounted on the ICBM and aimed at the opponent's capital to have an application on a modern battlefield.
During the Cold War, both Soviets and USA had artillery shells with nuclear warheads. Yields were as low as 0.3kT. There were nuclear air-to-air missiles designed to shot down entire squadrons of incoming enemy bombers. There are currently types of nuclear-capable torpedoes that are designed to take out entire battlegroups with one strike.
So, in case of a conflict between near-peer adversaries with the nuclear capability, it is quite conceivable that a losing side may employ a limited nuclear strike against a military target simply to 'remind' the other side that it will not surrender until all options are exhausted.
So-called 'tactical nuclear weapons' are meant to have a dual effect - destroy large enemy concentrations and remind the opponent that he is not engaging with a toothless opponent.
Whether tactical nuclear strike would lead to escalation is strongly dependent on the situation and impossible to predict. How hot the conflict will get will depend on how vital would be the interests that are fought over. In case of a total annihilation scenario total nuclear war is possible - that is why nuclear weapons are called 'deterrents'. They do not guarantee a lack of war (both USA and Russia are leading wars without the use of nuclear arsenal), they 'sort of' guarantee a lack of total war.
RandomWhiteTrashRandomWhiteTrash
There are also EMP's, which can be caused by nukes being dropped at high altitude. – Andrew Nov 5 '19 at 17:39
There has actually been a war between two nuclear powers, the Kargil War between India and Pakistan in 1999. Neither side used its nuclear weapons. So far, therefore, the score is 1-0 against a nuclear power using its nuclear weapons in a war with another nuclear power. It would probably be different if the war posed an existential threat to one of the participants, but relatively few wars actually do so.
Mike ScottMike Scott
And there's the decades long border conflict between the USSR and China as well. – jwenting Nov 7 '19 at 6:20
Do political scientists and experts agree
The "political experts" exist all around the world. Their views and public comments are highly influenced by domestic political agenda. You don't really expect they could ever agree on something important. And I'm 100% sure I read a ton of contradictory opinions on this matter. But if you're particularly interested in what Russian experts normally say about a possibility of Russia's "first nuclear strike" under any imaginary circumstance, your quote is rather representative: no and never. Whether this should be taken seriously or not is another question.
which possess strategic nuclear weapons and a second-strike capability, the fighting sides will refrain from using nuclear weapons of mass destruction no matter what, just as Nazi Germany refrained from using chemical weapons in WWII?
Such "second-strike" must be highly effective to have any significance. For example, Japan had and had used chemical weapons against China during WW2, but then the USA still made two nuclear strikes against Japan, as they had no ability to respond.
So, if some day the USA will be able to build an adequately effective counter-ICBM system, then a nuclear strike against Russia will become quite possible.
Therefore, the problem of the deterrence is the problem of numbers only.
What if the losing side starts using its nuclear weapons of mass destruction in a limited way (i.e., tactical use against the enemy's military forces and/or limited strikes to the enemy's territory and civil population)?
"Limited strike against enemy's territory with the use of strategical nuclear weapon", assuming that the enemy has such kind of weapon too, is simply an oxymoron. If the USA sent only two "little boys" onto Moscow and Saint-Petersburg in 2019 they get 1000+ guests back immediately. That's simply out of question.
And if we speak of tactical nuclear weapon only, it has no such significance. Currently even Russia and USA have less than 1000 "tactical shots" each. That's maybe a dozen of strategical missiles in total or less than a year of intensive big "conventional" war. So it would have been used only as a supplement to strategical weapon. Otherwise, it does not worth it.
From what is written above, it implies that we precisely know there exists a single country in the world which is morally ready to employ nuclear weapon under any favorable circumstances (the USA); the other one we don't know exactly (Russia); and a few others that surely won't, because they don't have enough firepower yet (e.g. if tomorrow DPRK will be invaded by USA/South Korea, they will fight back using only conventional weapon, no matter what experts/tv/propaganda say).
>> If the USA sent only two "little boys" onto Moscow and Saint-Petersburg in 2019 they get 1000+ guests back immediately << Is Putin that stupid? If he sends 1000+ guests back, won't he receive many guests back either? Does he really want a mutual destruction? I guess he will only respond proportionally, annihilating just New York and another big American city. – Mitsuko Nov 4 '19 at 17:04
Also, Fizz' answer says that the Russian military doctrine of ~2000 contains the idea of a limited nuclear strike in response to a large-scale conventional attack beyond Russia's defence capabilities. So the idea of a limited nuclear strike seems to make sense to at least some war strategists. – Mitsuko Nov 4 '19 at 17:08
@Mitsuko (1) The whole concept of "limited strategical strikes" is too new, and generals always fight the last war, as we all know. I'm pretty sure there's no chance it goes this way, not in the next 20-30 years at least. There existed a concept of "a war with limited tactical nuclear strikes", but it was effectively abandoned after arms reduction in 80-90s. (2) It still has it, I believe, although proposals of changing it keep arising from time to time. If tomorrow they'll finally remove this item, will you think that something has really changed? – Matt Nov 4 '19 at 18:10
@Mitsuko Consider: your country is about to be destroyed/beat by a vicious enemy country. You're willing to use a limited number of nukes to stop that. Why stop there though? At that point, it's kind of all or nothing, do whatever it takes to survive. – Andrew Nov 5 '19 at 17:38
@Mitsuko the Soviets ALWAYS considered a limited nuclear exchange to be a viable option. – jwenting Nov 7 '19 at 6:28
The nuclear arsenals of Pakistan and India continue to grow, and they have had conventional wars in the past.
Pakistan has declared that it would only use nuclear weapons if it could not stop an invasion by conventional means or if it were attacked by nuclear weapons. Unfortunately, the two countries have had four conventional wars (1947, 1965, 1971, and 1999) and many skirmishes with substantial loss of life since the partition of British India in 1947. Therefore, the possibility of conventional war becoming nuclear is of concern.
Via: Rapidly expanding nuclear arsenals in Pakistan and India portend regional and global catastrophe
A conventional war in 1999 between the two countries had serious potential to escalate to a nuclear exchange. The US government advised personnel at the time to prepare to leave India to protect themselves. There is reporting that the CIA anticipated that Pakistan was preparing to use nuclear weapons against India at that time.
Mr Riedel wrote: "The morning of the Fourth, the CIA wrote in its top-secret Daily Brief that Pakistan was preparing its nuclear weapons for deployment and possible use. The intelligence was very compelling. The mood in the Oval Office was grim.
Pakistan's nuclear doctrine declares that it will use its arsenal if invaded or attacked, even by conventional means.
Alex ReynoldsAlex Reynolds
Initiating a nuclear attack on another nuclear armed nation has consequences, because that other nation will retaliate in kind. Unless that nuclear strike takes out 100% of their capability, attacking another nuclear armed nations with nuclear weapons is essentially the same as attacking yourself with nuclear weapons.
This is the essence of deterrence, specifically the policy of Mutually Assured Destruction: to instill a sense of fear of retaliation in a potential opponent.
One also has to consider that nuclear bombs are very dirty, and tend to scatter radioactive particles into the atmosphere, where they can fall on another, uninvolved nation.
So, in addition to considering the retaliation from the opponent, one would also have to consider the reaction from uninvolved nuclear armed states that can suffer from the fallout. Irradiate us, and we become involved.
Consider the Kargil war: Pakistan and India are not far from China, and the prevailing winds would likely carry radioactive fallout from an exchange into China.
I have no direct knowledge of this, but strongly suspect that China communicated its concerns to Pakistan and India... in no uncertain terms. Most likely, the US did the same, and quite probably the Soviet Union as well. So, even if Pakistan did consider launching nuclear weapons, the threat of intervention from the three major powers probably quelled that discussion very quickly.
tj1000tj1000
As far as I know, even though neither India or Pakistan used nukes during the Kargil War, Pakistan reportedly was seriously considering it. [1][2] So the answer to the question is it depends on the people running country being attacked and what the (I am using the term loosely here) "business case." Some people have no qualms killing themselves if that means they can take many of their perceived enemies together, like Samson [3] did. On the other hand, if your enemies believe you would unleash your nuclear weapons if they crossed a certain line, they may be careful not to cross said line: the principle of deterrence and basis of the Mutually Assured Destruction policy.
[1] https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/day-nuclear-conflict-was-averted
[2] https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/pakistan-india-nuclear-bomb-kargil-war-former-cia-officer-sandy-berger-bruce-riedel-a6758501.html
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson#Death
raubvogelraubvogel
Do political scientists and experts agree that ... fighting sides will refrain from using nuclear weapons of mass destruction?
Those who are well-acquainted with the strategies and values of the potentially warring parties would be the most qualified to answer. All other answers will be ignorant of the facts. You could read some books such as this one on Soviet military strategy to get an insider's view of their strategy as of about 50 years ago (Soviet military strategy has not transformed fundamentally in a century; numerous accounts confirm this):
Deception and surprise in the Soviets view played critical roles in both the air and ground phases of the war This judgment reinforced the existing Soviet belief that recent technological developments have placed an even greater premium on the conduct of deception and the achievement of surprise Both are absolute necessities if a state is to achieve success in future warfare
https://books.google.com/books?id=bToW5Oi3dikC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&pg=PA32#v=onepage [Emphasis added].
At last count, the Soviets had over 12,000 nuclear warheads. We stopped counting nearly 30 years ago.
Any experts who are susceptible to their influence will likely be persuaded to misrepresent the true case, or will be so beguiled that they are not even aware of what is true. Yuri Bezmenov, a defector from the Soviet KGB, alerted us to this practice nearly 50 years ago.
I will not be surprised when they use their nuclear weapons, even without apparent provocation.
Anyone who says differently is ignoring the key elements of Soviet war strategy: Deception and surprise.
pygoscelespygosceles
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged war nuclear-weapons .
Why would North Korea attack the United States or a neighboring country with nuclear weapons?
Is there a precedent for a country attacking another and later admitting their casus belli was false?
Is the American government threatening Iran with war?
For what reasons does India not provide proof that it attacked terrorists on Pakistani soil?
Why would citizens of a country crave warfare against a nation that holds nuclear weapons?
Does nuclear propulsion applied to military ships fall under civil or military nuclear power?
Can a country avoid prosecution for crimes against humanity by denying it happened?


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Home Lifestyle Superyacht Sunday: $150 Million Superyacht Aquila Owned by the Waltons
Superyacht Sunday: $150 Million Superyacht Aquila Owned by the Waltons
Earl Karanja
Originally built as Cakewalk for Charles Gallagher – the owner of Denver based Gallagher Industries – Aquila is a 86.5m superyacht made by Derecktor Shipyards. At that size, she is the largest private ever built in the US and has only had two owners so far.
The change of name came after her current owners, the Walton family acquired her for a said amount of $150 million. Gallagher took delivery in 2010 before putting her up for sale in 2011, the sale was completed in 2014 through Burgess Yachts who have had a significant role in managing the yacht.
Derecktor Shipyards Aquila
Most recently, Aquila underwent what would become the largest refit done by Pendennis in England. Burgess Yachts were once again the managers of the project which involved a complete interior overhaul by Redman Whiteley Dixon and Susan Young. The original interior was done by Dalton Design while the exterior features works by the infamous Tim Heywood.
The refit was done in 2016 and involved fitting in a new cinema in the main deck while the owner's suite was given an all new look. There is a new chandelier that stretches up to 11.2 meters over the four guest decks. The exterior also received new changes including the relocation of the sundeck Jacuzzi forward of the yacht.
Aquila can accommodate 14 guests across 7 cabins and a crew of 26 members in 12 crew cabins. She is currently owned by the Waltons, said to be the richest family in the world with a combined worth of $149 billion. Walmart forms the main source of wealth for the Waltons, they currently own 52% of the world's largest retailer.
Superyacht Sunday
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The two ways to invest are directly or indirectly. We can help you find the right investments to make and the right ways to manage those investments. A big part of this is making sure that you buy the asset in the right hands. Sometimes this is yourself, but sometimes it is not.
The three broad things in which you can invest are shares, property and cash fixed/interest. The specific choice of investment types, and the way in which you mix these choices within your portfolio, is different for each person. We take the time to assist you to identify which type or types of asset class makes the most sense, and then assist you to make either a direct or indirect investment accordingly.


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You are here: Home Latest News Ban on single use plastic now a fact
Ban on single use plastic now a fact
News item | 13-04-2021 | 00:53
The ban on single use plastic is now a reality. The waste ordinance for the banning of single use plastic materials and single use shopping bags has been approved. The ordinance is in effect as of April 1st, 2021.
The main goal for implementing the ban is to reduce the amount of waste generated on the island and to create a cleaner environment for inhabitants and visitors.
Stakeholders will be given a reasonable length grace period of two (2) months to use-up their current stock of single used products and a period of six (6) months to use-up all single use shopping bags. After this period elapses all remaining banned items must be destroyed. The Public Entity has agreed to adapt a phase out approach of the now used products. The phase out approach commenced April 1st, 2021 which is the implementation date of the ordinance and ends two to six months, depending on the product.
The list of products that will be restricted are single use shopping bags, plastic straws, plastic stirrers, plastic utensils, plastic plates, plastic cups, plastic soup bowls, plastic cotton swabs, plastic balloon confetti. Also Styrofoam food containers and cups are prohibited.
To facilitate the process, the Public Entity St. Eustatius agrees to distribute 'free of charge' alternative materials to registered stakeholders. "This way we allow the stakeholders to sample alternative materials as it relates to quality, durability and size of the alternative materials. It is an effort to assist with their decision making process on which materials to buy," says Arlene Spanner, Policy Advisor Economic Development at ENI.
Ministry Netherlands
The Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management of the Netherlands is committed to assist St. Eustatius with the banning of single use plastics. A declaration of intent was signed between the State Secretary for Infrastructure and Water Management and the Public Entity St. Eustatius in July 2019. In December 2019 a decision was taken by the executive council to form an integral work group that would facilitate the planning and execution.
Belongs to
Economy, Nature and Infrastructure


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Boliantz Hardware Service vs. Megastore Service Malaise
VS Dear Readers,
Boliantz Hardware in Mansfield, OH = approximately 3000 sq. ft of floor space.
Menards Hardware, Lumber chain = approximately 140,000 sq. ft. of floor space.
Boliantz = variety of specialty items driven by local customer and community demand.
Menards = conglomeration of miscellaneous items driven by corporate office mandates.
Boliantz = family owned.
Menards = corporate owned.
Boliantz = consistent good customer service with helpful store associates at every turn.
Menards = sporadic good customer service if a store associate can be found.
You probably get my gist. I am a "mom and pop" owned business enthusiast. My family and I go to the megastores to get bargains and variety, but I miss the "good old days" of personal customer service and a sense of community like Boliantz Hardware currently offers.
I am not against entrepreneurship and big business as a whole. They provide many people with jobs. I just wish they would learn that a personal touch and a sense of community is what people crave and I think would flock to if companies implemented them effectively.
My wife affectionately tells the story of her dad Ray who owned Ray's Sohio, a combination gasoline station and auto repair garage franchised from Sohio. She said Ray offered a friendly greeting, good customer service, and a smile to every customer. She said he especially loved the car repair side of the business. Sohio, however, began phasing out car repair in all their gas stations. My wife said that Ray hated that.
The final straw, however, came when Sohio mandated Ray to switch exclusively to self-serve gasoline pumping. They wanted to put in a cashier window and have Ray just sit at the window and collect the money for the gasoline. She said that he thought it a travesty to allow a woman to get out in the cold weather to pump her own gasoline. It was almost in Ray's blood to offer direct help to his customers. Ray soon sold out his share of the business and went to work at Westinghouse.
I can understand why Ray felt he had to quit, even with the urging of his family to continue in what many might consider an easier way to earn a living. Sohio took away the personal touch for the sake of progress. While it might have helped their immediate bottom line, I wonder if it really helped them in the long run, and whether becoming impersonal helps the bottom line today with many companies.
I think that many persons enjoy watching television shows like American Pickers to gain a sense of a time when business was conducted face to face and good personal customer service was a high priority. The show is produced by the History Channel and is about two men who scour the countryside to find a treasured antique like a rusty old tin Sohio sign.
I think shows like American Pickers reminds people of days gone by. Days where many stores like Boliantz Hardware and gasoline stations like Ray's Sohio thrived because of a good personal customer service and a sense of community.
I also see some parallels of the above dilemma to today's church, but addressing that will have to wait for another time.
"Whatever you do, work at it with all your heart, as working for the Lord, not for men, since you know that you will receive an inheritance from the Lord as a reward." Colossians 3:23.
Labels: customer service, days gone by, megastores
Mr. Robert Prigmore, A True American Hero
Tonight my wife and I went to a local funeral home to visit some family friends who lost a loved one. The lost loved one was not just any man. He was a true American hero.
We got to know Mr. Robert Prigmore, his wife Anna, his daughter and son-in law, grandchildren and their families through a church small group. Mr. Prigmore did not accompany his wife to the group at the outset, but came later, and I am so thankful he did.
Mr. Prigmore was by all accounts "a character". He was outspoken about his beliefs and had many stories to tell from a long full life. I especially enjoyed listening to stories about his many years as the head of the records department at the Mansfield Reformatory.
Mr. Prigmore was a devoted family man. Every Tuesday evening of the year it was dinner at the Prigmores. He took pride in being the chef to feed a household of descendants.
I was especially interested in the fact that the obituary said that Mr. Prigmore was to be buried with full military honors, and that he won the Purple Heart for being wounded serving in the Army during World War II. Anna said that he also won the Bronze Star for bravery in carrying a wounded soldier to safety.
My feet were hurting, so I asked Mr. Prigmore's grandson Jeremy if I could take a seat beside him. He told me a story that almost brought tears to my eyes. He proudly spoke of his grandfather's exploits in the Battle of the Bulge, where 19,000 soldiers died. Mr. Prigmore was severely wounded and lay in the battlefield for three days surrounded by dead comrades. At night German soldiers scoured the area for wounded allied soldiers. Their goal was to bayonet living ones to death.
Jeremy said that his grandfather camouflaged himself from the Germans by pulling over himself anything he could reach nearby, even dead bodies. He identified Germans in the area by their speech. He passed out several times and finally woke up one time to hear men using English. The allied forces finally invaded the area to rescue survivors.
Mr. Prigmore survived some major innovative surgeries of the day. Jeremy and his wife commented that if Mr. Prigmore had not lived they would not even exist. I am very thankful for his survival, and I'm proud to have known Mr. Prigmore…and his family.
"Join with me in suffering , like a good soldier of Christ Jesus." II Timothy 2:3 (NIV)
Labels: American hero, friends, soldier
Boliantz Hardware Service vs. Megastore Service Ma...


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Legals - Dec 30, 2020
Posted Wednesday, December 30, 2020 12:00 am
Big Whale Productions LLC. Filed 9/8/20. Office: Delaware Co. SSNY desig. as agent for process & shall mail to: Lisa Wisely, 21720 State Hwy 28, Delhi, NY 13753. Purpose: General.
Chrystal Spring LLC. Filed with Secretary of State of New York on 11/09/2020. Office: Delaware County. SSNY designated as agent of the LLC upon whom process may be served and directed to forward service of process & shall mail to: 36 Martin Road, Stamford, NY 12167. Purpose: any lawful activity.
NOTICE OF FORMATION OF LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY UNDER NEW YORK LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY LAW
1. The name of the limited liability company ("LLC") is Gris LLC.
2. The date of filing of the Articles of Organization with the Secretary of State is November 18, 2020.
3. The County within the State of New York in which the principal office of the LLC is located is Delaware.
4. The Secretary of State of the State of New York is hereby designated as agent of the LLC upon whom process against it may be served. The post office address to which the Secretary of State shall mail a copy of any process against the LLC served upon him or her is: 9 Kristi Drive East Hanover, NJ 07936.
5. The character or purpose of the business of the LLC is any purpose allowed by law.
Hecht's mobile repair, llc Filed with sec. of state of ny(ssny) 8/5/2020 cty Delaware. Ssny desig. As agent upon whom process against may be served & shall mail process to Stephen Hecht jr P.O. Box 745 Roscoe, ny 12776
Notice of Formation of HYNES FUNERAL HOME LLC A limited liability company. Articles of Organization filed with NYS Department of State on September 2, 2020. Offices located in Delaware County. NYS Secy. of State is designated as agent whom Process against the LLC may be served. Secy. of State shall mail copy of such process to PO Box 725, Margaretville, NY 12455. Purpose: To engage in any lawful act or activity.
Leap Physical Therapy, LLC Articles of Organization of this Professional Limited Liability Company (PLLC) were filed with the Secretary of State of New York (SSNY) on November 12, 2020. The PLLC maintains its office in Delaware County. SSNY is designated as agent of PLLC upon whom process against it may be served. SSNY shall mail a copy of any process served to Leap Physical Therapy, LLC, 550 County Hwy 18, Delhi, NY 13753. Purpose: for any lawful activity for which limited liability companies may be formed under the law.
Peters Welding & Fabrication LLC. Filed 10/15/20. Office: Delaware Co. SSNY desig. as agent for process & shall mail to: 2246 S Montgomery Hollow Rd, Roxbury, NY 12474. Registered Agent: Nyscorporation.com, 1971 Western Ave, #1121, Albany, NY 12203. Purpose: General.
WHB Film LLC. Filed 8/31/20. Office: Delaware Co. SSNY desig. as agent for process & shall mail to: Lisa Wisely, 21720 State Hwy 28, Delhi, NY 13753. Purpose: General.
Zeep Natural Soap, LLC. Art. of Org. filed with SSNY on 09/28/20. Office: Delaware County. SSNY designated as agent of the LLC upon whom process against it may be served & shall mail copy of process to: 712 Coles Clove Rd, Delancey, NY 13752. Purpose: Any lawful.
885 GLEN BURNIE RD., LLC Articles of Org. filed NY Sec. of State (SSNY) 11/25/2020. Office in Delaware Co. SSNY desig. agent of LLC whom process may be served. SSNY shall mail process to 22 Lincoln Place, Apt 3R, Brooklyn, NY 11217. Purpose: Any lawful purpose. Principal business location: 885 Glen Burnie Rd., Delhi, NY 13753.
WALAS LAW PLLC Articles of Org. filed NY Sec. of State (SSNY) 11/12/2020. Office in Delaware Co. SSNY desig. agent of LLC whom process may be served. SSNY shall mail process to 261 Lee Hollow Rd., Delhi, NY 13753. Purpose: To practice Law. Principal business location: 4 Court St., Delhi, NY 13753.
Notice of Qualification of JHS Family Properties LLC. Authority filed with NY Dept. of State on 10/14/20. NYS fictitious name: Headwaters Property Holdings LLC. Office location: Delaware County. LLC registered in NJ on 8/20/20. NY Sec. of State designated agent of LLC upon whom process against it may be served and shall mail process to: 1809 Central Ave., Westfield, NJ 07090, principal business address. NJ address of LLC: Henry Saminski, 1809 Central Ave., Westfield, NJ 07090. Cert. of Reg. filed with NJ State Treasurer, PO Box 002, Trenton, NJ 08625-0002. Purpose: any lawful activity.
Pursuant to ¤206 of the Limited Liability Company Law of the State of New York, notice of the formation of a limited liability company is hereby given:
1. The name of the company is Froh Ort, LLC.
2. Articles of organization for the company were filed with the New York Secretary of State on November 5, 2020 effective as of that date.
3. The office of the company is located within Delaware County, New York.
4. The street address of the principal business location of the company is 8404 State Highway 28, Meridale, NY 13806.
5. The New York Secretary of State has been designated as agent of the company upon whom process against the company may be served.
6. The address to which the Secretary of State shall mail any process against the company served upon him or her is 8404 State Highway 28, Meridale, NY 13806.
7. The purpose of the company's business is to engage in any or all of those activities which limited liability companies may conduct or undertake pursuant to the provisions of New York's Limited Liability Company Law.
Notice of formation of Trimbell Electric, LLC, Arts. Of Org. filed with the SSNY on 08/14/2020. Location County of Delaware. SSNY has been designated as agent of the LLC upon whom process against it may be served. SSNY shall mail process to: Joe Hanley's Family and Business Services, LLC, 145 Loomis Brook Rd., Walton, NY 13856. Purpose: any lawful act.
Turner Woodcraft, LLC: Art. or Org. filed 12/01/2020 with the SSNY. Office: Delaware Co.SSNY designated as agent of the LLC upon whom process against it may be served. SSNY shall mail copy to 30 S. Delaware St, Stamford, NY. Purpose: General
VILLAGE OF WALTON BY ACTION IN REM
STATE OF NEW YORK
COUNTY COURT:
In the Matter of the Foreclosure of Tax Liens By Proceeding in Rem Pursuant To Article Eleven of the Real Property Tax Law by the Village of Walton
Index No.: 2020-707
PLEASE TAKE NOTICE that on the 2nd day of December 2020 the Clerk/Treasurer, hereinafter the "Enforcing Officer", of the Village of Walton, hereinafter the "Tax District", pursuant to law filed with the Clerk of Delaware County, a Petition of Foreclosure against various parcels of real property for unpaid taxes. Such petition pertains to the following parcels:
251.16-5-3 39 Mount Pleasant Rd. Walton, NY 13856
251.18-2-17 8 Ogden St. Walton, NY 13856
273.7-1-6 81 Mead St. Walton, NY 13856
273.7-3-24 144-146 Delaware St. Walton, NY 13856
273.11-3-15 19 Maple St. Walton, NY 13856
Effect of filing: All persons having or claiming to have an interest in the real property described in such petition are hereby notified that the filing of such petition constitutes the commencement of the Tax District of a proceeding in the Court specified in the caption above to foreclose each of the tax liens therein described by a foreclosure proceeding in rem.
Nature of Proceeding: Such proceeding is brought against the real property only and is to foreclose the tax liens described in such petition. No personal judgment will be entered herein for such taxes or other legal charges or any part thereof.
Persons affected: This notice is directed to all persons owning or having or claiming to have an interest in the real property described in such petition. Such persons are hereby notified that a duplicate of such petition has been filed in the office of the Enforcing Officer of the Tax District and will remain open for public inspection up to and including the date specified below as the last day for redemptions.
Right of redemption: Any person having or claiming to have an interest in any such real property and the legal right thereto may on or before said date redeem the same by paying the amount of all such unpaid tax, liens thereon, including all interest and penalties and other legal challenges which are included in the lien against such real property, computed to and including the date of redemption. Such payments shall be made to Village of Walton Clerk/Treasurer, Jody Brown, at 21 North Street, Walton NY 13856. In the event that a person other than the record owner of such real property pays such taxes, the person so paying shall be entitled to have the tax liens affected thereby satisfied of record.
Last day for redemption: The last day for redemption is hereby fixed as the 9th day of March, 2021.
Service of answer: Every person having any right, title or interest in or lien upon any parcel of real property described in such petition may serve a duly verified answer upon the attorney for the Tax District setting forth in detail the nature and amount of his or her interest and any defense or objection to the foreclosure. Such answer must be filed in the office of the county clerk and served upon the attorney for the Tax District on or before the date above mentioned as the last day for redemption.
Failure to redeem or answer: In the event of failure to redeem or answer by any person having the right to redeem or answer, such person shall be forever barred and foreclosed of all his or her right, title and interest and equity of redemption in and to the parcel described in such petition and a judgment in foreclosure may be taken by default.
Enforcing Officer:
Jody Brown,
Clerk/Treasurer
Village of Walton
David S. Merzig, Esq.
Attorney for the Village of Walton
Kehoe & Merzig, PC
8-12 Dietz St., Suite 202
Oneonta, New York 13820
CatskillsAir LLC. Arts. of Org. filed with the SSNY on 11/18/20. Latest date to dissolve: 12/31/2100. Office: Delaware County. SSNY designated as agent of the LLC upon whom process against it may be served. SSNY shall mail copy of process to the LLC, PO Box 260, 579 Main Street, Margaretville, NY 12455. Purpose: Any lawful purpose.
The Catskill Watershed Corporation (CWC) is seeking a qualified contractor for removal of up to three fuel oil underground storage tanks at a property in the Village of Tannersville, Greene County to be purchased pursuant to a Village approved flood buyout. Bids must be received at CWC by 4pm, January 14, 2021. For bid documents please contact John Mathiesen or Timothy Cox at 845-586-1400. EOE
Noble Point LLC, Arts of Org. filed with Sec. of State of NY (SSNY) 12/01/2020. Cty: Delaware. SSNY desig. as agent upon whom process against may be served & shall mail process to 546 Ehlermann Rd., Delhi, NY 13753. General Purpose.
YUFUIN EYRIE LLC. Arts. of Org. filed with the SSNY on 12/07/20. Office: Delaware County. SSNY designated as agent of the LLC upon whom process against it may be served. SSNY shall mail copy of process to the LLC, 225 West 86th Street, Apartment 404, New York, NY 10024. Purpose: Any lawful purpose.
Town of Bovina
TAKE NOTICE that I, Catherine Hewitt, the undersigned Collector of Taxes of the Town of Bovina, County of Delaware, and the State of New York, upon receiving the TAX ROLL and WARRANT for the collection of taxes within the Town of Bovina for the Fiscal year 2021 will accept tax payments by USPS or dropped in a locked drop box on the back porch at 67 Fisk Road for the 2021 tax season. There will be no in person payments for 2021. All receipts will be mailed. Taxes may be mailed to Catherine Hewitt, Collector, 67 Fisk Road, Delhi, New York 13753.
TAKE FURTHER NOTICE, taxes may be paid on or before January 31, 2021 without charge or interest. On all such remaining unpaid taxes after January 31, 2021 there shall be added interest of ONE (1) PERCENT for each month or fraction thereof until such taxes are paid or until the return of unpaid taxes to the County Treasurer, pursuant to law.
BE IT FURTHER NOTED that the State of New York requires that notices be sent to taxpayers whose taxes remain unpaid as of April 1, 2021.
ALL tax receipts will be held for ten (10) business days when payment is made by check. There will be an additional charge of $20.00 to those taxpayers who have their check returned to me from any financial institution for insufficient funds.
All taxes that remain unpaid after April 30, 2021 are turned back to the County Treasurer for collection through that office.
Dated: December 17, 2020
Catherine Hewitt
Clerk/Tax Collector
ORGANIZATIONAL MEETING
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN,
Pursuant to Open Meeting Law, (Public Officers Law, Article 7) that the Town of Colchester Town Board will hold its Organizational and Regular Meeting, Wednesday, January 06, 2021, at 7:00 PM at the Town Hall, 72 Tannery Road, Downsville, New York.
is further given that the regular meetings of the Town of Colchester Town Board will be held at 7:00 PM on the first and third Wednesday of each month at the Town Hall.
By order of the Town Board
Dated: December 02, 2020 Julie B. Townsend
PLEASE TAKE NOTICE that the Village of Delhi Planning Board will hold a Public Hearing on the following: A Site Plan Subdivision application from Adair property 1 Cherry Street..
The Public Hearing will be held Via Zoom Tuesday, January 5, 2021 at 6:00 PM.
By order of the Village of Delhi Planning Board, Duane Sturdevant, Chairperson.
Notice of Tax Collection for the Town of Delhi
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that I, the undersigned, collector of taxes for the Town of Delhi, Delaware County, State of New York, upon duly receiving the tax roll and warrant for the collection of taxes for the fiscal year 2021, will be in attendance at the Town Hall located at 5 Elm Street on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday from the hours of 8:00 a.m. until 3:00 p.m. for the purpose of receiving taxes listed on said roll.
TAKE FURTHER NOTICE, taxes may be paid on or before February 1, 2021 without charge of interest. On all such remaining unpaid taxes after February 1, 2021, there shall be added interest of one(1) percent for the first month and an additional one (1) percent for each additional month or fraction thereafter until such taxes are paid to the Delaware County Treasurer, pursuant to law.
BE IT FURTHER NOTED there will be an additional charge of $20.00 for all checks returned unpaid.
Elsa Schmitz
Town Clerk/Tax Collector
Town of Delhi
FRANK SLAWSON ROAD LLC Articles of Org. filed NY Sec. of State (SSNY) 11/23/2020. Office in Delaware Co. SSNY desig. agent of LLC whom process may be served. SSNY shall mail process to 205 W. 9th Street, Deer Park, NY11729. Purpose: Any lawful Activity
Collector's Tax Notice 2021
Take Notice that I, the undesigned Collector of taxes for the Town of Hamden, Delaware County, State of New York, upon receiving the tax roll and warrant for the collection of taxes for the fiscal year 2021.
All payments must be mailed to 2429 Covert Hollow Rd, Hamden NY, 13782.
Take further notice, taxes may be paid on or before January 31, 2021 without charge or interest. On all such remaining taxes after January 31, 2021 there will be an additional one percent (1%) charge for each additional month or fraction thereof, until such taxes are paid.
Take notice, pursuant to resolution No 288 adopted November 28, 1990 by the Delaware County Board of Supervisors there will be a $20.00 charge on all returned checks.
Dolores Dibble
Town of Hamden
La Seine NY LLC filed w/ SSNY on 12/14/20. Office: Delaware Co. SSNY designated as agent for process & shall mail to: 670 Hog Mountain Rd., #363, Fleischmanns, NY 12430. Purpose: any lawful.
Notice is hereby given that I
, the undersigned, collector of taxes for the Town of Masonville, Delaware County, State of New York, upon receipt of the tax roll and warrant for the collection of taxes for the fiscal year 2021, will be in attendance at the Town Hall located at 1890 State Hwy 206, Masonville, NY 13804 starting on Saturday January 2, 2021. The office will be open on Tuesday, Wednesday & Thursday from 4:30 pm 6:30 pm, and the 1st Saturday of each month from 10 am Ð 12 pm, other times by appointment for the purpose of receiving taxes listed on such roll.
Take Further Notice
; taxes may be paid on or before February 1, 2021 without charge or interest. On all such remaining unpaid taxes after February 1, 2021, one (1) percent will be added for the first month and an additional one (1) percent for each month thereafter until return of unpaid taxes is made by the collector to the Delaware County Treasurer pursuant to law.
Linda Bourn
Town of Masonville Clerk/Collector
Pigeon Clothing Company LLC, Art. of Org. filed with SSNY on 10/22/20. Off. loc.: Delaware Co. SSNY desig. as agent upon whom proc. may be served & shall mail to 1927 Co. Hwy 6, Bovina Center, NY 13740. Purp.: any lawful.
Notice of Formation of Proline Telecommunications Construction, LLC. Arts. Of Org. filed with Secy. of State of NY (SSNY) on 12/14/20. Office in Delaware County. SSNY has been designated as agent of the LLC upon whom process against it may be served. SSNY shall mail process to the LLC c/o Don Bramley, Margaretville Telephone Company, PO Box 260, Margaretville, NY 12455.Purpose: Any lawful purpose.
Stonewall X LLC, Arts of Org. filed with Sec.of State of NY (SSNY) 10/14/2020 Cty: Delaware. SSNY desig. as agent upon whom process against may be served & shall mail process to 546 Ehlermann Rd., Delhi, NY 13753. General Purpose.
Notice is hereby given
that I, the undersigned, collector of taxes for the Town of Tompkins, Delaware County, State of New York, upon receipt of the tax roll and warrant for the collection of taxes for the fiscal year 2021. There will be no
in person payments
due to COVID 19 and they Must be mailed to PO Box 139, Trout Creek NY, 13847 or placed in the outside drop box located at the Town Hall at 148 Bridge Street, Trout Creek, NY 13847 starting on Thursday, January 2, 2021.
; taxes may be paid on or before January 31, 2021 without charge or interest. On all such remaining unpaid taxes on or after February 1, 2021, one (1) percent will be added for the first month and an additional one (1) percent for each month thereafter until return of unpaid taxes is made by the collector to the Delaware County Treasurer pursuant to law.
Michelle Phoenix
Town of Tompkins Clerk/Collector
Town of Walton
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN the Walton Town Board will hold its Organizational Meeting on Monday, January 4, 2021 at 6:00 PM. It is anticipated that this meeting will be held virtually and available for viewing on the Town of Walton's YouTube page.
Ronda Williams
Walton Town Clerk
Notice is hereby given that I, the undersigned, collector of taxes for the Town of Walton, Delaware County, State of New York, upon receipt of the tax roll and warrant for the collection of taxes for the fiscal year 2021, will be in attendance at the Town Hall located at 129 North Street starting on Monday, January 4, 2021. The office will be open from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Monday through Friday for the purpose of receiving taxes listed on such roll.
Take Further Notice, taxes may be paid on or before February 1, 2021 without charge or interest. On all such remaining unpaid taxes after February 1, 2021, one (1) percent will be added for the first month and an additional one (1) percent for each month thereafter until return of unpaid taxes is made by the collector to the Delaware County Treasurer pursuant to law.
Take Further Notice, taxes may be paid in partial payments with 50% paid in January and the remaining 50%, plus any accumulated interest as described above, if paid after February 1, 2021.
Town of Walton Clerk/Collector
The annual meeting of the policy holders of the Franklin Fire Insurance Company will be held on January 9, 2021 at 1:00 p.m. at 5212 State Hwy 28 S, Oneonta NY 13820 for the purpose of electing three directors to succeed Herman Herklotz, Donald T. Smith, and Burton Barnes whose terms then expire and for the transaction of any other business which may properly come before the meeting.
Heather Ross, Secretary
DUE TO COVID-19
Notice is hereby given that the undersigned Collector of Taxes, in and for the Town of Andes, N.Y., upon the receipt of the Tax Roll and Warrant for the collection of taxes for the year 2021, will collect taxes by MAIL only.
The mailing address is P.O. Box 356 Andes, N.Y. 13731. Mailing is always available to you and the address is printed on the bill.
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN THAT I, the undersigned Collector of Taxes in and for the Town of Franklin, upon receipt of the Tax Roll and Warrant for the taxes for the year 2021, will attend at the Town Clerk's office at 554 Main Street, Franklin, New York, on all Tuesdays and Thursdays between the hours of 9:00 a.m. and 11:30 a.m. and 2:30 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. and all Fridays from 6:00 p.m. and 8:00 p.m. in each week of the month of JANUARY, beginning January 5, 2021 for the purpose of receiving taxes assessed upon each roll. NOTICE: Taxes may be paid on or before February 1, 2021 without charge of interest. On all such taxes remaining unpaid after February 2, 2021 one percent will be added for the first month and an additional one percent for each month or fraction thereof until the return of unpaid taxes is made by the Collector to the County Treasurer pursuant to law. A $20.00 fee is assessed for all returned checks. TAKE FURTHER NOTICE, that pursuant to the provisions of law the tax roll of the Town of Franklin will be returned to the Delaware County Treasurer on May 1, 2021.
Dated the 28th day of
Sonja Johns, Tax Collector
Town of Franklin, New York
PLEASE TAKE NOTICE that the Town of Kortright regular monthly Town Board meetings for the year 2021 will be held on the third Monday of the month at 7:30pm in the Town Hall.
KRISTIN A. CRAFT
PLEASE TAKE NOTICE that the Town of Kortright Town Board will hold an organizational meeting on January 01, 2021 at 12:00pm, Audit and Regular monthly Meeting will be January 18th, 2021 at 7:30pm in the Town Hall, 51702 State Highway 10, Bloomville, NY.
TOWN OF KORTRIGHT PLANNING BOARD MEETINGS PLEASE TAKE NOTICE that the Town of Kortright Planning Board will hold their 2021 Regular Monthly Meetings on the last Wednesday of the month at 7:00pm in the Town Hall, 51702 State Highway 10, Bloomville, NY. There will not be a meeting in the month of December and if an agenda is not scheduled ten days in advance the board will not meet that month.
Planning Board Secretary
TAKE NOTICE, that I, the Undersigned Collector of Taxes, for the Town of Kortright, Delaware County, New York, upon receiving the tax roll and warrant for the collection of taxes for the fiscal year 2021, will attend at the Town Office, 51702 State Highway 10, Bloomville, New York, from nine o'clock in the forenoon to four o'clock in the afternoon on the following days each week of January 2021, for the purpose of receiving the taxes listed on such roll: Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday. TAKE FURTHER NOTICE, taxes may be paid on or before January 31, 2021, without charge or interest. On all such taxes remaining unpaid after January 31, 2021, there shall be added interest at one percent for the month of February or fraction thereof and an additional one percent for each month or fraction thereof until such taxes are paid or until the return of unpaid taxes to the County Treasurer pursuant to law. Taxes paid during the period April 15th to April 30th shall be paid by guaranteed funds.
Tax Collector for the Town of Kortright
The Town Board of the Town of Masonville will hold its Annual Organizational meeting on January 6, 2021 at 7:30 p.m. in the Town Hall Building. The Board will also be holding their regular monthly meeting on this day. The public is invited to attend.
Dated December 23, 2020
Town of Masonville
PLEASE TAKE NOTICE
that the following positions will be filled at the 2021 Village Election to be held on Tuesday, March 16, 2021:
Two (2) Trustee Positions for a four (4) year term each
One (1) Justice position for a four (4) year term.
Sheena N. Dorsey
Village Clerk-Treasurer
Walton Depot LLC, filed under the orig. name Freer Hollow Farm, LLC, Art. of Org. filed with SSNY on 7/22/19. Off. loc.: Delaware Co. SSNY desig. as agent upon whom process may be served & shall mail to 1691 Freer Hollow Rd., Walton, NY 13856. Purp.: any lawful.
Legals - Aug 11, 2022
Legals - Aug 4, 2022
Legals - Jul 21, 2022


AMES Australia has been providing settlement services to newly arrived refugees and humanitarian entrants since 2005.
Between October 2005 and June 2017, AMES Australia assisted over 51,000 clients with their settlement across Victoria; close to 20,000 under Integrated Humanitarian Settlement Strategy (IHSS) between October 2005 and March 2011 and over 21,000 clients assisted through Humanitarian Settlement Services (HSS) from April 2011 until June 2017.
From October 2017, AMES Australia (alongside consortium partners and sub-contractors) began delivering the Humanitarian Settlement Program (HSP) in Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania.
HSP is funded by the Australian Government Department of Social Services (DSS). Go to www.dss.gov.au for more information.


text:
UK & Republic Of Ireland Map 1.1 Scale [1.31.x]
Category: Maps ETS 2
Credits: chopworld
Description about UK & Republic Of Ireland Map 1.1 Scale [1.31.x]
UK & Republic Of Ireland Map 1.1 Scale for Ets2 1.31.x game version
*Going East, Scandinavia and Viva La France DLC's are all Required for this map to work.
map works with all other mod's exept map mods
Cities included in the current version 1.31.x:
Wolverampton
Aberystwyth { WAL }
Newport { WAL }
Cardiff { WAL }
Pontypridd { WAL }
Bridgend { WAL }
Swansea { WAL }
Haverfordwest { WAL }
Fishguard { WAL }
Rosslare { IRE }
Waterford { IRE }
Cork { IRE }
Limerick { IRE }
Shannon { IRE }
*cities in map but not complete yet
Install Help:
Start new profile and activate both the map and prefab and model mod in the mod manager
in the correct order then select chopworld.mbd playing module from drop down menu ,
do this before going on to control options etc
if your updating from an older version just delete map mod and replace new version
in mod folder without any effect on game , but u will lose any job you
are on so complete your current job first
................................................................................................................................................
Additional download links:
Latest models and prefab asset mod
.............................................................................................................................................
Link for Map Zoom Hotfix
- Place between Map mod and Model and Prefab mod -
*The Prefab and Model mod is required and needs to be placed above the map mod in the mod manager to avoid CTD`s
!!! Please respect Download Link and please Do not upload on other sites without my permission !!!
SCS Software, AndrewReid ( Beta Tester ) Serb1205 ( Beta Tester ) ,
FLD ( prefab package ) , SlavikSD ( map zoom )
Tags: UK amp Republic Of Ireland Map Scale 31
Screenshots Mod
1.32.x New Republic of Aloma for Ets2 [1.32.x]
1.32.x Czech Republic Map Real-Scale v1.8 (1.31.x) - Euro Truck Simulator 2
1.31.x Czech Map/MajooouMap v1.8 (Free Demo): Real-scale map of Czech Republic (1.31.x)
1.31.x Ferry France Ireland for Promods 2.27 [1.31.x]
1.30.x Ferry France Ireland for Promods [1.30.x]
1.27.x The Midlands and Southwest Map 1.1.4 (1.27.x)
Northern Scandinavia v0.99.3(1.26)
1.22.x Northern Scandinavia v0.99.1 (standalone) [1.22x]
1.22.x Northern Scandinavia v0.99 (standalone) [1.22x]
1.20.x, 1.21 Northern Scandinavia v0.98.8


Hilarious! Zayn Malik has found an unlikely friend in Deadpool star Ryan Reynolds. After the "Pillowtalk" singer tweeted about his undying love for the superhero flick, the action hero tweeted back at the singer, inviting him to see the film with him a third time.
So funny! It's awesome both guys not only have an amazing sense of humor, but a possible awesome friendship in the works. How awesome would it be to not only see the two hanging out, but maybe even dressed up in matching Deadpool costumes?
After all, Gigi Hadid already snapchatted a picture of the singer with a painted on Deadpool costume, and we think he looks pretty great.
What do you think about Ryan's tweet at Zayn? Think he should give him a cameo in the upcoming sequel? Tell us in the comments below.


text:
Q: Append HTML Element from Object Property I'm working on my little code.
I want to append some HTML element from my array object.
These are my codes.
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>

  <meta charset="utf-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
  <title>JS Bin</title>

Javascript
var obj=[
  {
    name: "john",
    phone: "0831",
    tasks:["run","slide"]
  },
  {
    name: "billy",
    phone: "0798",
    tasks: ["swim", "fly", "crawl"]
  }
]

var str="";

for(i=0;i<obj.length;i++){
    str+='
';
    str+='
'+obj[i].name+'
';
    str+='
'+obj[i].phone+'
';
    str+='
'
    str+='
'+obj[i].tasks[0]+'
';
    str+='
'+obj[i].tasks[1]+'
';
    str+='
'+obj[i].tasks[2]+'
';
    str+='
'
    str+='
';

    $(".container").html(str);
}

Problem
The problem is when i want to append tasks object property on multiple li element, there's one undefined property because of the different between property amount.
Recent Output

john

0831

run

slide

undefined

billy

0798

swim

fly

crawl

Question
My question is how to append li element to be the same amount as object property, so there's no more undefined property like i mention above?

A: Maybe like this
...
str+='
'
for (var ii = 0; ii < obj[i].tasks.length; ii++) {
    str+='
'+obj[i].tasks[ii]+'
';
}
str+='
'
...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Serguei Yesenin - the Russian poet.
1. A somewhat idealistic romanticist. He is a person prone more to reflection than action. An individualist. He is little concerned with the present; he is more excited by brilliant perspectives of "bright cities, which may be built one day". His emotionality is of a high enough level, he understands very well the feelings of another and does not hide his own. But his emotionality is always somewhat restrained in order to observe the effect it produces. He expresses emotions not when another's patience would get exhausted, but when he himself (she herself) considers it necessary. His way of handling emotions is very creative: for example, he may consider rage to be ethical, and restraint non-ethical.
2. Easily infatuated. What makes another stand out for him is forcefulness, drive, insightfulness, naturally if this force lends itself to the influence of his emotions. He is very tolerant to people, understands them and tries to forgive their weaknesses.
3. Tutankhamon's smile. His line of defense in extreme conditions is his skill to demonstrate his attitude toward the situation, to reveal its comical aspects. So he has a fine sense of humor and possesses a very characteristic transparent smile, which appears at critical moments. His smile is warm, warming and exciting. However, his smile is in most cases caused by inner anxiety; the natural purpose of this smile is to raise his partner's fighting spirit, to stir him up.
4. Elegant. He comes off as steady and upright. He practically never squints his wide-open eyes. Typically, he is not prone to lower his arch-shaped eyebrows. Elegance is an every day thing with him, not something reserved for outings and special occasions. One can seldom see him in a non-aesthetic pose, his voice intonations are also refined, and movements are plastic and even rhythmic. In the light of the aforementioned two things are amazing: he does not care much for the elegance of others (his dual, The Legionnaire, is emphatically non-demonstrative); chaos reins in his living quarters; both things and people which enter his home should find their places by themselves, or with the help of someone other then the Lyricist.
5. A struggler for the emotional naturalness of people. He feels responsibility for mood of his friends and relatives, for their vital tonus. He uses his fine sense of humor to make them laugh, shake them up. In a company he scans the attendees not in order to find out what they are wearing, but in order to remark how each is feeling: this is exactly what he needs to relate to others. In general, he dreams of bringing harmony into society. History means to him history of the arts. He strives for beauty, which may be – poetry, arts, even nice trinkets. He himself strives to be refined. He adores communication with artists, poets, bohemians, and in general with exotic people.
Your dual (psychologically complementary type): Zhukov, The Legionnaire (sensory-logical extrovert).
INFPs mainly have slim figures, however well-built INFPs are not that uncommon. Their gait is usually graceful and full of poise as they like to project an image of self-worthiness. Their eyes vary from large to small, however if they are isolated a characteristic pattern emerges. Narrow eyes give the impression that the person is smiling whereas wider eyes convey a feeling of curiosity.
During conversation INFPs have a tendency to maintain eye contact and to touch their interlocutors hand. They often have a very noticeable shy grin that appears when they worried or excited, or when someone focuses other's attention on them.
INFPs have a very good understanding of harmony and know well how to successfully combine clothes and accessories, resulting in their characteristic, elegant appearance. Sometimes they may give the impression that they are somewhat foppish. This applies to both male and female. INFPs show interest in a varied range of the unusual and original. They are also inclined to small talk. It can sometimes prove difficult for others to hold INFPs attention during interaction. They may unexpectedly disrupt a conversation by commenting in such a way as to give the impression that they are not following the subject. This can confuse or puzzle others.
INFPs enjoy interesting or humorous anecdotes and stories. They often recall and share notable episodes from their own life experiences. In situations where they are required to give a answer they often delay the inevitable until the last moment even if they have reached a decision by evading and camouflaging their intent. INFPs are inclined to make empty promises, always finding excuses to justify their lack of responsibility. They like to make others aware of their lack or practicality. However, INFPs have a good instinct for commercial and business matters showing great flexibility. This quality coupled with their ability to choose reliable deputies helps them to maintain a firm grip on positions of power.
INFPs have the ability to positively console people who are upset or worried by helping them to look to the future with optimism. With strangers INFPs behave gallantly and tactfully, showing good manners and education. However among friends and family they can be very up front sometimes behaving frivolously. They enjoy baiting others in a playful manner in order to create an easy and tension-free atmosphere. At home INFPs can be very frivolous and capricious, showing great stubbornness in getting what they want, sometimes creating dramas and scenes. These emotional outbursts are usually short and disappear without consequences. Generally they have very flexible emotions which they control consciously.
INFPs are usually uneconomical in financial matters. They find it difficult to refuse their whimsical desires. This can often lead them into financial difficulties and can result in them having to borrow money if they do not have sufficient money reserves. They like an extravagant style of life which is why their demands often outweigh their resources. INFPs more than any other type are inclined to marry because of wealth instead of love. INFPs will often accumulate their complaints in order release them all in one go in an appropriate situation. In fact, people who show concern about INFPs health and well being and who listen to their problems are very much appreciated.
INFPs more than any other type are inclined to marry because of wealth instead of love. tends to provoke strong objections.
From my personal point of view, I can clearly see where the author is coming from but the description does sound a bit like one written by an INTJ who has gone through a relationship with an INFP - only to realize the difference between Benefactor and Dual, who knows. In terms of detecting people's types this is probably not one of the best descriptions but then again INFPs do seem to show a great deal of variation and writing good type descriptions is no easy business.
It can be difficult to see oneself from the outside and I would quite like to hear how other people experience INFPs. Show no mercy, but try to only decripe people whom you think you have typed with high degree of confidence.
Show no mercy, but try to only decripe people whom you think you have typed with high degree of confidence.
The only person whose type is an INFP, and I'm positive about it, is a girl who tends to complain a lot about everything, but she is doing it in such a charming way that she always lifts the spirit of a whole company. I've never noticed a greed for money or anything else. So I can say that my experiences with this type are quite positive.
IEI has the scattered, pensive or dreamy view at times it is noticeable emotional luster in the eyes. Eyes are very expressive, is studied collocutor. But this attentive view IEI does not seem importunate or shrill. The expression of a certain estrangement softens it.
Smile is natural, but somewhat acted unsure, shy. It seems affectionate, at the same time restrained. The mimicry of face is variable, is expressive, frequently face has melancholy expression. In the contact the collocutors usually are located to itself affable smile.
The motions, as a rule, soft, smooth, languid or lazy, which on the whole creates the impression of complaisance, weak will. Gestures are elegant, lungs, only theatrical.
Gait is important-looking or is rapid, but is light, is flattened flatten. Behavior IEI is nedemonstrativnoye, is modest, frequently timid or shy. There can be the unexpected drops in the mood and then behavior is unpredictable, even extravagant. Speech usually is quiet, is insinuating, frequently is emotional, intonation affectionate.
Intuitive subtype appears by the calm, tactful, sluggish, uncertain of itself person. It seems torn from the reality, inert and little fitted out to the life. But this impression is erroneous, since it possesses the excellent intuition, which helps to it to establish useful connections and to find support in men of weight. It acts on those surrounding uspokaivayushche and rasslablyayushche. It is outwardly serene, but in the soul it is sentimental and inclined it takes a long time to survive its confusions. Mimicry is somewhat monotonous, frequently are expressed light surprise or complete interest by collocutor. View dreamy, slightly stressed, with the luster. It is frequently sad, attentive or only ironic. Speech measured off, smooth, intimate- sincere. On face almost constantly is present polite, locating to the confidence poluulybka(?). The gestures are modest, are timid, nedemonstrativnye. The gait is slow, is smooth.
Ethical subtype produces the impression of soft, charming and emotional person. It usually appears voodushevlennym and optimistic. It possesses a good feeling of humor. About its problems and failures it can tell with the smile. It is ironic, sly, not predicted and inconsistent in the behavior and the conversation. Creating original contrasts, it can unexpectedly prick and so rapidly embrace, kiss. Artistichen, obayatelen, are natural in the contact, now and then even with the nuance of familiarity and unceremoniousness. It knows how to draw together distance. It is courteous, amiable and thoughtful. At times it is simply fascinating, is so great of its skill pleasing and of locating to itself people. It knows how to persuade. It presents requests in such form, which to it is difficult to refuse. Motions are elegant, even theatrical. The gait is graceful, is rapid. The speech is emotional, is rich in nuances, sometimes melodious.
I would really like to know whats the difference between INFP and ISFP? Like if how they would get along or not. A compare and contrast.
Sorry Malyshka, but the profile you quoted is my least favorite. Every time that I have been tested for type I've been typed as INFP. I, and other INFPs that I know on the web, prefer the following profiles and relate to the them much better than the profile you quoted.
The links you posted are actually MBTI profiles, and the one here is a Socionics one. Go to the Delta quadra, and look at the INFj description. See if it fits you better, and tell us what you think.
I'd add that J/P description in MBTI has something absolutely irrelevant both to E/I and Rationality/Irrationality. Myers describes J as closure-focused people, and P as multivariant choice-focused people. In socionics, such bipolarity is associated with two types: Inspector, logical-sensory introvert (which is super-J in MBTI) and Psychologist, intuitive-ethical extrovert (which is super-P in MBTI). This implies that the type Master, sensory-logical introvert, gets high scores in J, even being an irrational type (because he is the closest to the Inspector by his other 3 dichotomies), while the type Mentor, ethical-intuitive extrovert, often gets high scores in P, even being a rational type (because he is the closest to Psychologist by his other three dichotomies). This probably explains why ENFJ and INFJ are rare birds in MBTI - because the criterion P in MBTI is somewhat contaminated with traits associated with N and F.
Note. The above opinion is not just speculation - it was confirmed by two experiments.
1. 108 participants were proposed to recognize socionic types in Keirsey's 16 descriptions.
2. Our Multifactor test (over 2000 participants) has shown high J scores for ISTP, and high P scores for ENFJ (even while ISTJ remained to be super-J, and ENFP super-P).
You may well be an INFP, but I too tested as MBTI INFP, and even as INFP on Socionics Type Assistant. Then I came to realize I had mistyped myself. Most MBTI type descriptions are kind of fuzzy, they do not accurately discriminate between the bordering types, and the profiles you quoted could fit many INFJs too. What you could do is to read the type descriptions available on this site. The Oldham's types are a bit controversial, but in my opinion the correspondence to socionics/MBTI types does generally make sense. If it seems clear to you that the Sensitive Style fits you better than the Dramatic Style, the chances are that you are actually a (socionics) INFJ.
Finally, in socionics the intertype relations are what fundamentally "define" the types. It is pretty difficult to actually use them for typing (yourself), but if you think ESTPs could be you dual then you probably are an INFP.
I have a couple friends that are ISFP's, and we get along well. We seem to have an unspoken understanding at times. In other words, I don't always have to explain myself after everything I say. I find it interesting that your so interested in personality types, all the ISFP's I know really couldn't give a crap.
Are you sure you aren't ISFP sensory subtype? They are calm and quiet. In many ways they are like INFP's.
In MBTI, I'm a most emphatic (As in "emphazis", not "empathy") INFP, but here it appears as if I'm a socionics INFj, just with a dislike of routine. However, if socionics INFjs are rarer than socionics INFps, then I'd prefer being INFj :wink: .
In MBTI, I'm a most emphatic (As in "emphazis", not "empathy"), but here it appears as if I'm a socionics INFj, just with a dislike of routine. However, if socionics INFjs are rarer than socionics INFps, then I'd prefer being INFj :wink: .
No one really knows the type distribution among people. Though, for some general rules I think people are split half and half on the I/E, S/N and J/P prefrences, and about equal T/F (although men are more likely T and women are more F). There is no "concrete" evidence, however.
I dunno ? Minority pride? I always feel a screwed up sense of pride, like a fireball in my belly, when I realize that I'm in a minority group. Never quite understood why.
However, having read the INFj profile fully, I must say that it seems really to fit me. Even how I act. I don't know about "carrying all the troubles of the world on my shoulders" (My habit is not looking in a mirror in order to see my facial expression when I interact :wink: ), though.
Being a minority implies being unique, so who wouldn't want to be a minority? Why would you want to feel insignificant as a majority?
The funny thing is, uniqueness or being special has nothing to do with it. It's absolutely weird.
Are you sure, Darklord? That's how it works for me. Uniqueness has everything to do with it.
"Are you really the last of the Mohicans?"
"Nah, I just tell people that. Chicks really dig you if you're the last of something."
Yep. I think it has something to do with my tendency to stand for the underdog. When I'm the underdog myself it gives me the feeling that I can actually afford to take care of my own interests. I'm not sure, but I think that is part of it.
INFps and ISFps are "look-a-likes." You can read about that kind of relationship here.
The main difference between INFps and ISFps is that one uses Ni primarily and the other uses Si primarily. You can read about Si here and Ni here.
In my observation of IxFps I have noticed several things. INFps tend to be more "mystical" than ISFPs they believe in strange phenomena that cannot necessarily be proven. ISFps tend to be more "practical" and focus themselves on the physical world. INFPs tend to have more "abstract" interests like symbolic logic or the history of archetypes etc. ISFPs tend to have a kind of chaotic physical artistry that can bee seen in the works of many painters.
ISFPs are very good at noticing and influencing the "atmosphere" of a place. If the lights are too bright/too dim, the food to salty, the music too loud, etc etc then they will change those things until they find the perfect balance of all of them.
INFPs on the other hand focus more on the "emotional atmosphere" of a place. They are good at going around the room in a party and tweaking the feelings of individuals to make sure that every person there is having a good time.
Would an INFp like to get a random phone call from a friend that he hasn't seen for a while? Because I'm thinking of calling my long-time-no-see INFp friend right now just to say hi.
I would actually like that a lot. I'm always in need of reassurance that we're still on good terms, so when a friend calls up, it's a good thing! Call your friend up, and have something to spark a conversation in mind (or else it gets a little awkward).
Haha, well I called him (to talk about school, because he's still in the Middle school). He sounded kind of tired and stuff, so the call didn't last too long though.
Ah yeah - nother thing about INFps - we love our sleep.


Distributed practice (aka spaced practice) is an incredibly powerful learning technique. With the advent of smartphone ubiquity, it's ballooning in popularity in both the educational learning and corporate training sectors. What what is it and how can you embrace it?
Distributed practice, also known as spaced repetition, is the process of repeating lessons at increasing intervals until knowledge is embedded. It's important to use the correct spaced repetition schedule to ensure that learning isn't repeated before memory has started to decay or so late that it already has decayed. It is enabled by microlearning and mobile learning which allow short microlessons to be repeated. Smartphones also remember which answers a learner got right which enables learners to focus on content they struggled with which: making spaced practice even more effective.
How can you use spaced practice?
Repeating lengthy eLearning lessons is impractical for distributed practice. However, by embracing microlearning, it's possible to repeat short microlessons. Microlearning works best with mobile learning, where learning takes place on learners' own smartphones. These have powerful computing chips inside them and large, colourful touchscreens that make graphics look splendid and engaging. Consequently, interacting with microlearning apps becomes an engaging learning practice.
What is the best distributed practice schedule?
The best distributed practice schedule works using the SuperMemo SM-2 and Mnemosyne algorithms. This dictates how regularly learning practice should occur. It is linked to the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve which charts how knowledge gets forgotten overtime without revision.
What is the best spaced repetition app?
Brain Boost is a distributed practice implementation on an eLearning app that remembers which questions were answered correctly. It then notifies the learner (according to the SM-2 schedule) when they are required to perform a brief test to demonstrate that knowledge has been embedded. If they struggle with some content, it is asked about more frequently in future tests. By the end of the schedule, knowledge has a high likelihood of retention.
Do you want to know more about spaced practice?
EdApp is a mobile LMS with integrated authoring tool and spaced repetition app. If you'd like to know how it can help you and your organisation, get in touch at enquiries@edapp.com. You can also try EdApp's Mobile LMS and authoring tool for free by signing up here or in the box below.