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Justia Lawyer Directory Criminal Law Alabama Calera Attorneys
Calera Criminal Lawyers
Compare 17 top rated Alabama attorneys serving Calera.
Criminal Appeals Drug Crimes Expungement Fraud Gun Crimes Internet Crimes Sex Crimes Theft Violent Crimes
Kathryn Kyatt King
Honest, accessible and aggressive criminal defense services.
At my law firm, Kathryn Kyatt King, Attorney at Law, I understand the concerns you have, and I will work to alleviate them while building a criminal defense strategy tailored to fit your unique needs. Read More »
10.0 View Profile
William C. White II
Alabama Criminal Law Lawyer with 22 years of experience
William White is a founding member of Parkman White, LLP. He is licensed in Alabama, New York, and the District of Columbia. A former prosecutor, his practice focuses on White Collar and Criminal Defense and he has... Read More »
Clint C. Thomas
Calera, AL Criminal Law Attorney with 26 years of experience
(205) 668-4546	8254 Highway 31 South
Calera,	AL 35040
Criminal, Business, DUI and Divorce
University of Alabama - Tuscaloosa and Cumberland School of Law, Samford University
I have over 20 years of legal experience in Shelby County and its surrounding areas. I gladly return telephone calls. Please see my website www.clintthomaslaw.com for more detailed information.
Mr John Martin Eades Jr
(205) 664-3860	8050 Highway 70, Suite B
Criminal, Bankruptcy, DUI and Traffic Tickets
Levy Rudolph Walker Jr.
Calera, AL Criminal Law Attorney
Criminal, DUI, Divorce and Domestic Violence
Christopher Smitherman
Montevallo, AL Criminal Law Attorney with 26 years of experience
(205) 665-4357	725 West Street
Montevallo,	AL 35115
Criminal, Family, Personal Injury and Probate
With over 20 years of experience in the legal community, Chris Smitherman has earned the reputation for being a strong advocate for his clients. Although he is licensed to practice in any and all state courts located in Alabama and Mississippi, he predominately works in Central Alabama with a heavy focus in Shelby, Chilton, Bibb, and Jefferson Counties. Chris grew up in small town Montevallo, the son of two pharmacists, and attended and graduated Jemison High School. Before earning his JD and while in law school, Chris worked as a licensed realtor. Chris possesses the skill...
Matthew T. Jackson
Pelham, AL Criminal Law Lawyer with 13 years of experience
(205) 358-8623	2163 Pelham Parkway, Suite 211
Pelham,	AL 35124
Free ConsultationCriminal and DUI
Attorney Matthew T. Jackson represents clients for Criminal Defense, DUI. He has conducted hundreds of court proceedings, including hearings, trials (both jury and bench), and various motions. He is very familiar with "the system", and is knowledgeable of Criminal and DUI laws in Alabama and Georgia.
Matthew T. Jackson's mission is to provide each and every client with the highest quality of representation possible in order to obtain the absolute best result achievable in each and every case.
Michael Moosavi Shabani
Birmingham, AL Criminal Law Lawyer with 23 years of experience
(886) 975-8472	5500 Southlake Park suite 200-250
Criminal, DUI, Divorce and Immigration
Birmingham School of Law(AL) and Birmingham School of Law
I am an attorney practicing US Immigration Law. I have dual nationality and a proud Iranian/American. Our goal is to provide the best advice a lawyer can provide at reasonable fee and always keep the client's best interests in mind. Our services extend to adoption, Family and Criminal Law as well as auto injury and workman compensation
Claimed Lawyer ProfileLII GoldSocial Media
(205) 218-9337	3590 Pelham Pkwy
Pelham, AL Criminal Law Lawyer with 5 years of experience
Birmingham School of Law
I can provide personalized legal services to all of my clients. Additionally, I can be accessible and attentive because my main goal is taking care of my clients instead of billing hours to meet large-firm goals.
If you are facing debt issues, a custom bankruptcy solution may be a path to relief. Contact me today to discuss your options. I will walk you through the process and we will decide together the best plan for you.
If you face a criminal charge, regardless of its severity, I will fight for you before and during criminal proceedings and explain what you can...
Richard Carl Perry Jr.
(205) 981-2450	13521 Old Highway 280
Criminal, DUI, Divorce and Family
Richard was born and raised in Madison, MS. He graduated high school from Madison Central and then attended the University of Southern Mississippi where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science and a Master of Science. Richard then moved to Birmingham where he attended and earned his law degree from the Birmingham School of Law. Richard is married to the former Christina Zapf of Brisbane, Australia. He has two children, Trey and Della. He attends church regularly in Montevallo, AL. In his free time, Richard enjoys spending time with his family and traveling.
Frank Wilson Myers Sr
(205) 381-5629	4573 Eagle Point Drive
Free ConsultationOffers Video ChatCriminal
An Alabama attorney with over 35 years as a criminal justice practitioner with 17 years of courtroom trial experience. 12 years of international field experience in international Rule of Law (ROL) and Justice Sector development. In 2004, he began serving overseas. In Iraq as a member of US Department of State, and in Afghanistan at the US Embassy, he served as a senior policy adviser, strategic planner, ROL Team Leader, and manager. As a liaison with high level officials in government justice institutions, numerous civil society and professional associations, legal education institutions, and international organizations on justice related...
Byron Mark Richardson
Clanton, AL Criminal Law Lawyer with 19 years of experience
(205) 280-6155	405 2nd Ave N
Clanton,	AL 35045
Free ConsultationCriminal, Bankruptcy, Business and DUI
Joel C. Watson
Alabaster, AL Criminal Law Attorney with 46 years of experience
(205) 663-9500	1240 1st Street North
Jessup Bldg, Suite 102
Alabaster,	AL 35007
Criminal, Collections and Domestic Violence
35 years practicing law in Shelby, Jefferson, Chilton & Bibb counties Former Judge in Hoover, Alabaster, Harpersville, Vincent, Wilsonville Mentor to many successful Attorneys
Anthony Jerome Muhammad
Birmingham, AL Criminal Law Lawyer
(205) 428-9000	P O Box 362151
Free ConsultationCriminal, Business, Civil Rights and Estate Planning
Miles College of Law(AL)
"SEEKING TRUTH, JUSTICE AND EQUALITY"
Suzanne Oztekin Yayman
Birmingham, AL Criminal Law Attorney
(205) 989-7271	1528 Bent River Cir
Criminal, Bankruptcy, DUI and Divorce
Frank Wayne Keith
(205) 988-4202	15 Southlake Ln
Criminal, Civil Rights and Real Estate
Birmingham School of Law(AL)
Marco Antonio Gonzalez
Alabaster, AL Criminal Law Lawyer
(205) 621-4100	128 1st St S
Criminal and DUI
Jeffrey Bryan Pino
Pelham, AL Criminal Law Attorney
(205) 663-1581	363 Canyon Park Dr
Criminal, Business, Civil Rights and DUI
Edward A. Merrell
Parkway East Hoover, AL Criminal Law Lawyer
101 Riverchase
Parkway East Hoover,	AL 35244
Kate Furek
(205) 687-3023	601 Greensboro Ave.
Tuscaloosa,	AL 35401
Free ConsultationOffers Video ChatTuscaloosa, AL Criminal Law Lawyer
Criminal, DUI, Traffic Tickets and White Collar Crime
You shouldn't have to go to court alone.
Kate's philosophy in practicing law is that no one should have to navigate the courthouse by themselves: If you've been accused of a crime or a Title IX violation, you need serious representation and you need it now.
* Visit our website to book your FREE case evaluation using our digital assistant, available 24/7. Select the chat option on your screen. *
Results in the following types of cases:
- DUI
- Drug possession and other drug crimes
- Title IX / Student Conduct
- Weapons violations
- Assault and other violent crimes
- Theft and property crimes
- Sex offenses
Mr. Richard Stephen Jaffe
(205) 930-9800	2320 Arlington Avenue South
Free ConsultationCriminal, DUI and White Collar Crime
I have been a NBTA Board certified criminal law specialist since 1984, and concentrate in the areas of white-collar criminal defense and defense of serous crimes that include DUI charges. I have represented lawyers, businness men and woman, mayors, corporations, politicians, doctors and others for over thirty seven years. I am also a former prosecutor. In 2014 Super Lawyers lists me as one of the top 10 lawyers in the State, and I am the only criminal lawyer in the State on that exclusive list. I served on the board of NACDL for 9 years, and am former president of...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ALII GoldSocial Media
(205) 502-2000	1929 Third Avenue North
Free ConsultationCriminal and White Collar Crime
William White is a founding member of Parkman White, LLP. He is licensed in Alabama, New York, and the District of Columbia. A former prosecutor, his practice focuses on White Collar and Criminal Defense and he has been involved in some of the most high profile state and federal criminal cases across the country over the last 20 years. Parkman White, LLP has years of experience representing businesses and professionals in a wide variety of legal matters.
(205) 871-8838	2824 Central Ave
Offers Video ChatBirmingham, AL Criminal Law Lawyer with 17 years of experience
Criminal, DUI, Domestic Violence and Traffic Tickets
Whitney Benjamin Polson
Licensed Alabama Attorney Since 2004
Whitney B. Polson is a top-rated criminal defense attorney who practices law in Birmingham, Mountain Brook, Vestavia Hills, Auburn and many other Alabama cities.
Super Lawyers Top-Rated DUI-DWI Attorney in Birmingham, AL
Super Lawyers Rising Stars: 2012 - 2013
Whitney received Super Lawyers Rising Stars designation subsequent to undergoing an evaluation of many different factors including peer recognition and professional achievement.
Martindale-Hubbell Rated for Several Years, Including Silver Champion in 2019
Education: Auburn University B.A. Political Science
Samford...
Steven D. Eversole
Kyle D Pierce
(844) 357-3211	104 23rd Street South
Free ConsultationOffers Video ChatBirmingham, AL Criminal Law Attorney with 4 years of experience
Criminal, Appeals, DUI and Probate
Kyle is a lifelong Alabamian who grew up in Attalla, graduated from The University of Alabama, then attended Samford University's Cumberland School of Law. His law practice is built around solving issues for the people and businesses of Alabama so they can do more.
In criminal defense, he fights every day to protect his clients' rights. He works tirelessly to ensure that every case receives the time and attention it deserves. Every case is different, and every case deserves to be worked individually, not like a cookie cutter.
In probate, property, and small business, Kyle works hand in hand with his clients...
William Lee Pfeifer Jr
Birmingham, AL Criminal Law Attorney with 27 years of experience
(800) 737-3702	One Perimeter Park South
Free ConsultationCriminal, Appeals, DUI and White Collar Crime
William L. Pfeifer, Jr., (Bill Pfeifer) is an Alabama appellate lawyer representing clients all over the State of Alabama. He is a former staff attorney to the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals, and has been practicing law since 1993. To learn more about his law practice, visit www.WilliamPfeifer.com.
Christopher Weaver
Bessemer, AL Criminal Law Lawyer with 4 years of experience
(205) 670-1102	214 16th Street North
Bessemer,	AL 35020
Free ConsultationOffers Video ChatCriminal, Bankruptcy and Consumer
Samford University and Jacksonville State University
Sam P. Dixon
(205) 616-8896	2100 SouthBridge Parkway
Free ConsultationCriminal, Appeals, DUI and Divorce
Mr. Sam P. Dixon, III was born in Mobile, Alabama. The great-grandson of the Alabama Governor, Frank Dixon, Sam has come from a long family history of politics and the legal profession. Mr. Dixon always admired and respected the legal profession and aspired to help people obtain justice and fairness through the legal process. Sam obtained his bachelor's degree from the University of Alabama and then decided to continue his career in law. After receiving his law degree from Faulkner University in just two and a half years, Mr. Sam Dixon went on to clerk for both the Alabama Department...
Offers Video ChatCriminal, DUI, Domestic Violence and Traffic Tickets
University of Alabama, 1971, with honors. Samford Cumberland School of Law, 1974, top 15 %. Criminal Defense, DUI Defense, and Personal Injury trial lawyer practice. Top lawyer ratings with Martindale-Best Lawyers-Super Lawyers. Lawyer for 45 years. My practice areas: DUI and driving laws defense: Alabama DUI laws, felony DUI, DUI cost, DUI in Alabama, DUI pretrial diversion program, vehicular homicide, vehicular manslaughter, 1st offense DUI, hit and run, traffic homicide, impaired driving, implied consent, suspended driver license, lawyers near me, is a DUI a felony, driving under the influence, is a DUI a misdemeanor? , municipal court, traffic ticket,...
James Guy Fullan
(205) 251-8596	2 Office Park Circle, Suite 220
Offers Video ChatCriminal, DUI, Divorce and Traffic Tickets
Fullan and Fullan is a respected Birmingham law firm active in family law, divorce law, and criminal law. A lifelong resident of the Birmingham area, and practicing for more than 30 years, attorney Guy Fullan serves the surrounding Jefferson county area.
Guy Fullan has been a friendly and effective family law and criminal defense attorney since he began practicing law in 1989. Attorney Fullan earned his Bachelor's degree in business from The University of Alabama, and his law degree from Samford University's Cumberland School of Law. He believes that getting to know each client as an individual is key to resolving...
Joseph A. Ingram
(205) 656-0044	3 Office Park Cir
Free ConsultationCriminal, DUI, Traffic Tickets and White Collar Crime
I have been practicing law in Alabama for 14 years. My practice is based on litigation of civil and criminal cases. I have represented individuals and businesses throughout the state of Alabama and the Southeast in Federal court. To date, I have successfully tried more than 10 federal jury trials, including two excessive force actions under 42 U.S.C. 1983 and one case under the Eight Amendment for cruel and unusual punishment. I was selected by the Federal Court to serve as a charter member of the Federal Defender for the Northern District of Alabama . Also, my...
James Derek Drennan
(205) 803-3500	500 Office Park Drive, Suite 100
Criminal, DUI, Personal Injury and White Collar Crime
Derek Drennan has been a dedicated advocate for his clients for over 20 years. He has focused his practice in the defense of citizens accused of crimes both great and small. Aggressively challenging the federal and state government's attempts to strip his clients of their lives, liberties and their property at each and every opportunity has been a consistent feature of his practice.
Drennan is a graduate of the University of Georgia where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science. He received his law degree from the Cumberland School of Law in May of 1996 and was admitted...
David R. Clark
Prattville, AL Criminal Law Attorney with 20 years of experience
(334) 361-7750	830 Peachtree Street
Prattville,	AL 36066
Free ConsultationCriminal, Bankruptcy and Family
I have a wide-range of experience from working as: (1) an associate for a year with a defense law firm in Birmingham, Alabama, where I was assigned to many complex civil law suits; (2) an Assistant Attorney General for the State of Alabama for three years handling death penalty appeals; and (3) a US Army lawyer (JAG) since 2002 (with more than 4 years on active duty to include two deployments to the Middle East). Since 2007, I have been in private practice in Prattville, Alabama. My law firm focuses on immigration, bankruptcy, criminal defense,...
Leroy Maxwell Jr.
Birmingham, AL Criminal Law Lawyer with 8 years of experience
(205) 216-3304	2100 1st Ave. N, Suite 370
Free ConsultationCriminal and Appeals
Valparaiso University School of Law
I have experience in both state and federal court, both in and outside of Alabama and have focused my practice on Appellate Litigation, Civil Rights, and Criminal Defense. Prior to founding Maxwell Tillman, I was a senior civil rights and criminal defense trial lawyer at one of Birmingham's top criminal defense firms. I also worked as a Fellow with the Equal Justice Initiative (EJI) where I assisted EJI in all areas of Appellate Litigation.
Anna L Hart
(205) 470-9180	400 Vestavia Parkway
Vestavia,	AL 35216
Free ConsultationOffers Video ChatVestavia, AL Criminal Law Attorney with 14 years of experience
Criminal, Asbestos, DUI and Divorce
Cumberland School of Law, Samford University and University System of Georgia - Georgia State University
Court Admissions : The Supreme Court of the United States, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit , U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Florida, U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Alabama, U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Alabama, U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Alabama
Honors, Awards & Accomplishments: AV Preeminent® Peer Review Rated, Martindale—Hubbell
Cases : In Re: Florida Post—Engle Tobacco Litigation, In Re: HealthSouth Corp. Securities Litigation
Joseph C. Kreps Sr
Statewide, AL Criminal Law Attorney
(866) 348-2889	1932 Laurel Road, Suite 1-B
Statewide,	AL 35216
Cumberland School of Law at Samford University
Kreps Law Firm, LLC practices DUI defense statewide including Jefferson County, Alabama. Joseph C. Kreps is an Alabama DUI Defense Attorney focusing on DUI and traffic violation cases throughout the state. Mr. Kreps is a certified Standardized Field Sobriety Test Practitioner and Instructor per NHTSA/IACP guidelines. He is also a member of the National College for DUI Defense. To discuss your pending Jefferson County, Alabama DUI Drunk Driving charge, please call Kreps Law Firm, LLC at (866) 348-2889, or email us at dui@WinWithKreps.com . You can also visit our firm website at www.Alabama-DUI-Defense.com .
Kathy Long Skipper
(205) 939-1010	1901 Richard Arrington Junior Boulevard South
PHONE:(205) 939-1010 FAX:(205) 939-1012
Mr. Stephen Andrew Strickland
Free ConsultationCriminal, Appeals, Employment and Personal Injury
I have over twenty-four (24) years of extensive experience in the areas of civil and criminal law in Alabama's state and federal courts at both the trial and appellate levels. Specializing in both civil and criminal cases has given me a unique advantage over most attorneys because I have learned techniques that are applicable to both disciplines of the law. For most of my legal career, I have had a BV Rating from Martindale-Hubbell peer review rating. My practice areas have been criminal defense, state and federal appellate practice, particularly with an emphasis on death penalty cases, sexual harassment, employment...
Joseph Madison Carlton Jr.
Sylacauga, AL Criminal Law Lawyer with 44 years of experience
Sylacauga,	AL 35150
Free ConsultationCriminal, DUI, Divorce and Family
In need of a lawyer in Talladega, Sylacauga, Munford, Lincoln, or Childersburg, Alabama? Joe Carlton, Attorney at Law is a law firm based in Talladega County, Alabama which handles criminal defense, family law, and personal injury cases. Criminal defense cases include felony, misdemeanor, juvenile, DUI, theft, and drug charges. Family law cases include delinquency, divorce, child support, and child custody of children and grandchildren. Personal injury cases include accidental or intentional injuries to person or property. About Joe * Retired Talladega County Assistant D.A. * 31 years of courtroom experience * Wrote the book on DUI's for Alabama...
Jason Carl Neff
Tuscaloosa, AL Criminal Law Lawyer with 19 years of experience
(205) 345-1601	2610 6th Street
Free ConsultationCriminal, Appeals, DUI and Traffic Tickets
Jason C. Neff practices in a broad range of local, regional, and federal concerns, though the vast majority of his practice is focused on Criminal Defense. Jason handles DUI and drug cases in and around Tuscaloosa as well as Criminal Expungement cases.
The law office of Jason C. Neff is located in the heart of downtown Tuscaloosa, Alabama, three blocks from the Tuscaloosa County Courthouse and six blocks from the Tuscaloosa Federal Courthouse.
Although located in Tuscaloosa, Jason also practices in the surrounding counties including Bibb, Dallas, Greene, Pickens, Hale, Fayette, Marion, Perry, Sumter, and Marengo counties. He also practices in...
Neena Speer
Offers Video ChatCriminal, Divorce, Estate Planning and Family
Neena R. Speer is an attorney, author, speaker, and truth dealer. She has a solo law firm called the Neena R. Speer Law Firm LLC. She is a Founder and Executive Director of her mentoring nonprofit focused on continuous mentorship for all students at all levels K-12 & college, Step 1-2-3 Mentor for Life Initiative that she started her 3L year of law school. Lastly, she is a four-time published author with her most recent book is Dear Future Lawyer: An Intimate Survival Guide for the Female Minority Law Student. Her passion since she was in eighth grade was to...
Jay Ephriam Tidwell
(205) 800-8596	2001 Park Place N
As founding attorney at Tidwell Law Group, Birmingham lawyer Jay Tidwell provides counsel in DUI and other criminal defense cases. Since 2004, Mr. Tidwell has been practicing as a lawyer in Alabama. Before establishing his current practice, Attorney Tidwell was a partner at the firm Cloud and Tidwell, LLC. Mr. Tidwell received a Master's degree in Business Administration from University of Alabama in Birmingham and a Juris Doctor degree from Cumberland School of Law. He holds memberships with several professional organizations including the Birmingham Bar Association, Alabama State Bar and Alabama Criminal Defense Lawyers Association.
Criminal Lawyers in Nearby Cities
Criminal Lawyers in Nearby Counties
Chilton County
Cannabis & Marijuana Law


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Q: Add a legend to geom_segment How do I add a title to the geom_segment plot below that has a title of "work order" and  below the title has a red line with the text "Type 1" and a blue line with text "Type 2"?
df = data.frame(time1=as.POSIXct(c("2012-04-04 09:23:33","2012-04-04 11:33:55")),
                  time2=as.POSIXct(c("2012-04-04 10:05:04","2012-04-04 13:42:24")),
                  y1=c(1,2),
                  y2=c(1,2),
                  color = c("red","blue"))

ggplot(df)  + geom_segment(aes(x = time1, y = y1, xend = time2, yend = y2),
             colour= df$color, size = 4, data = df)

A: Map the grouping variable to color in aes and set the name, values, breaks and labels in scale_color_manual.
ggplot(df)  +
    geom_segment(aes(x = time1, y = y1, xend = time2, yend = y2, color = color),
               size = 4, data = df) +
    scale_color_manual(name = "work order", values = c("blue", "red"),
                    breaks = c("red", "blue"), labels = c("Type 1", "Type 2"))

You could also use scale_color_identity, which allows skipping the setting of the values but you then need to include guide = "legend" as it defaults to "none".
ggplot(df)  +
    geom_segment(aes(x = time1, y = y1, xend = time2, yend = y2, color = color),
               size = 4, data = df) +
    scale_color_identity(name = "work order", guide = "legend",
                    breaks = c("red", "blue"), labels = c("Type 1", "Type 2"))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Humana Skala creates professional photos and videos services. The most modern technology is not enough to satisfy all the requests of the people looking for quality multimedia products, because you need to know how and when to use it.
Giving advice on the subject and working with professional equipment requires a lot of experience and evaluation skills. Knowing the variety of the supports, the technical and commercial aspects, the communication techniques, the average life and the costs of the materials, the maintenance, are aspects that can make the difference between a regular job and a high level job. In order to take quality photos and videos, it requires a lot of experience regarding customer expectations, taking into account the result you want to achieve.
Humana Skala can create multimedia products and various digital services, with last technological supports, photos and videos that will last over time.
Editing and filming video on-board, underwater, night, aerial with drones.
Photographic services in the studio or outdoors for events, fashion, motorsport, real estate, products.
Contents for brochure, projections, render, animations, augmented reality, mapping.
Design, creation and management of applications for iOS and Android.
Development of platforms and database, digital catalogues, management systems.
Design and development of 2D and 3D animations for websites, promotional videos and presentations.


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text:
This article lists the 100 oldest living current or former state leaders whose age can be demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt. State leaders are defined to include heads of state (including representatives who act in their stead, generally a governor-general), heads of government and internationally recognized de facto leaders of sovereign states with significant international recognition. Leaders are not included if no reliable secondary sources have confirmed that the leader is alive within the last 10 years. The oldest living former state leader is Khamtai Siphandone of Laos at the age of . Leaders currently in office are in bold in green, with Paul Biya of Cameroon being the oldest currently serving head of state.

Gallery

List

Addendum

Uncertain date of birth

Unclear status as state leaders

Unclear status as state leaders with an uncertain date of birth

See also

 List of centenarians (politicians and civil servants)
 List of current heads of state and government
 List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office
 List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government
 List of longest-reigning monarchs
 List of youngest state leaders since 1900
 Lists of state leaders by age
 Lists of state leaders
 Records of heads of state

Notes

References

External links
United Nations—a list of heads of state, heads of government, and foreign ministers
WorldStatesmen—an online encyclopedia of the leaders of nations and territories

oldest living state leaders
living state leaders
Oldest living

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Oberoi, P.; Taylor-Nicholson, E. The Enemy at the Gates: International Borders, Migration and Human Rights. Laws 2013, 2, 169-186.
Oberoi P, Taylor-Nicholson E. The Enemy at the Gates: International Borders, Migration and Human Rights. Laws. 2013; 2(3):169-186.
Oberoi, Pia; Taylor-Nicholson, Eleanor. 2013. "The Enemy at the Gates: International Borders, Migration and Human Rights." Laws 2, no. 3: 169-186.


In France, some 3,000 companies are specialized in producing or distributing all forms of energy: electricity, gas,…..
In France, some 3,000 companies are specialized in producing or distributing all forms of energy: electricity, gas, fossil fuels or renewable energy sources. The energy sector is constantly evolving; it recruits massively, represents 25% of all French industrial investment and is a source of innovation both in the area of energy sources and distribution and in the service sector.
Research and innovation for developing sustainable and competitive energy solutions.
For additional information and to register for the Forum, visit the Forum de l'Energie web site.


'Tryphine' is a horror and mystery that uses an atmosphere of utter dread to explore strong themes of immigration and feminist solidarity. It is a film that blends South-Asian cinema, Victorian Gothic visuals, and modern Thriller storytelling.
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text:
The Who (Group)
A Quick One. Who's Next
Год издания : 1966/1971
Компания звукозаписи : Ars Nova, MCA, (ru)
Музыкальный стиль : Pop/Rock, British Invasion, Hard Rock
Время звучания : 1:15:49
CD, стоящие на полке рядом : Rock (Psychedelic)
2 LP on 1 CD
## 1-10 "A Quick One (Happy Jack)" - 1966 MCA (4.5*)
The group's second album is a less impressive outing than their debut, primarily because, at the urging of their managers, all four members penned original material (though Townshend wrote more than anyone else). The pure adrenaline of My Generation also subsided somewhat, as the band began to grapple with more complex melodic and lyrical themes, especially on the erratic mini-opera, "A Quick One While He's Away." Still, there's some great madness on Moon's instrumental "Cobwebs and Strange," and Townshend delivered some solid mod pop with "Run Run Run" and "So Sad About Us." John Entwistle was also revealed to be a writer of considerable talent (and a morbid bent) on "Whiskey Man" and "Boris the Spider." The 1995 CD reissue adds ten bonus tracks: some 1966-67 B-sides, their U.K.-only 1966 Ready Steady Who! EP, an acoustic version of "Happy Jack," and a previously unreleased cover of the Everly Brothers' "Man with the Money."
- Richie Unterberger (All Music Guide)
##11-19 "Who's Next" - 1971 MCA (5*)
Much of Who's Next derives from Lifehouse, an ambitious sci-fi rock opera Pete Townshend abandoned after suffering a nervous breakdown, caused in part from working on the sequel to Tommy. There's no discernable theme behind these songs, yet this album is stronger than Tommy, falling just behind Who Sell Out as the finest record the Who ever cut. Townshend developed an infatuation with synthesizers during the recording of the album, and they're all over this album, adding texture where needed and amplifying the force, which is already at a fever pitch. Apart from Live at Leeds, the Who have never sounded as LOUD and unhinged as they do here, yet that's balanced by ballads, both lovely ("The Song Is Over") and scathing ("Behind Blue Eyes"). That's the key to Who's Next - there's anger and sorrow, humor and regret, passion and tumult, all wrapped up in a blistering package where the rage is as affecting as the heartbreak. This is a retreat from the '60s, as Townshend declares the "Song Is Over," scorns the teenage wasteland, and bitterly declares that we "Won't Get Fooled Again." For all the sorrow and heartbreak that runs beneath the surface, this is an invigorating record, not just because Keith Moon runs rampant or because Roger Daltrey has never sung better or because John Entwistle spins out manic bass lines that are as captivating as his "My Wife" is funny. This is invigorating because it has all of that, plus Townshend laying his soul bare in ways that are funny, painful, and utterly life-affirming. That is what the Who was about, not the rock operas, and that's why Who's Next is truer than Tommy or the abandoned Lifehouse. Those were art - this, even with its pretensions, is rock & roll.
- Stephen Thomas Erlewine (All Music Guide)
Dave Arbus (Violin)
John Entwistle (Bass, Bass Guitar, Keyboards, Vocals)
Keith Moon (Drums, Violin, Vocals)
Pete Townshend (Guitar, Keyboards, Vocals)
Roger Daltrey (Harmonica, Vocals)
1 Run Run Run T 0:02:44 Townshend
2 Boris The Spider T 0:02:30 Entwistle
3 I Need You T 0:02:25 Moon
4 Whiskey Man T 0:02:58 Entwistle
5 Heat Wave T 0:01:57 Dozier / Holland / Holland
6 Cobwebs And Strange 0:02:32 Moon
7 Don't Look Away T 0:02:55 Townshend
8 See My Way T 0:01:54 Daltrey
9 So Sad About Us T 0:03:04 Townshend
10 A Quick One, While He's Away T 0:09:11
11 Baba O'Riley T 0:05:09 Townshend
12 Bargain T 0:05:34 -"-
13 Love Ain't For Keeping T 0:02:10 -"-
14 My Wife T 0:03:42 Entwistle
15 The Song Is Over T 0:06:15 Townshend
16 Getting In Tune T 0:04:50 -"-
17 Going Mobile T 0:03:43 -"-
18 Behind Blue Eyes T 0:03:42 -"-
19 Won't Get Fooled Again T 0:08:33 -"-

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Leave a Comment on Mikey's Original New York Pizza @ Citta Mall, Ara Damansara – Yum Yum.
This would most probably be a short post. It was an eatery worth mentioning since I was in the area. I have just eaten a hearty meal of banana leaf rice at Curries N Claws, happen to pass by Mikey's on my way back to my car and so yea, saw this pizza haven and decided to get myself a slice (take away).
Previous Entry Curries N Claws @ Citta Mall, Ara Damansara – Tasty Banana Leaf Rice.


It has been a long week. I know I don't need to tell any of you that. We're all wondering how the world has become this, and how to keep the people we love safe.
I drove my people to swim practice this morning and wondered that very thing. How in God's name can I keep you safe when the world is so very upside down?
My kids could follow all the rules. They can do everything I've taught them, and they still might end up dead.
Or it was, three years ago. They're not nearly this "cute" anymore. Overnight, their voices changed, they grew as tall as I did, and they are now viewed as a threat.
These are the boys I know. These are the boys I picture in my mind's eye when they come and ask me if they can go play ball at the park. I had to stop that this week. I had to focus on seeing them the way the world sees them.
I have to do that to save their lives.
As I drove down the road this morning, contemplating all of this, wondering where they would ever be safe again, the one with his eyes closed in the pic began to sing along with the radio.
Home. For now, he's safe in our home. Outside of it, I will keep talking. I will keep advocating. I will keep being their ally. I will keep finding new ways to keep them safe.
I have to. Their lives depend on it.
–FullPlateMom, who is praying for peace.
Next postWhat Can I Do? Explore Your Whiteness. Right Now, Let's Focus On That.


text:
What's your dream job?
Monday is Labor Day, a day that recognizes the efforts of all American workers.
Earlier this year, business news publication Forbes reported on the happiest and unhappiest jobs in America. The study was based on 65,000 employee reviews in 2012.
The No. 1 happiest job was real estate agent.
The No. 1 unhappiest job was associate attorney.
Whether happy with your job or not, most people have a dream job.
The Star asked local residents what their dream job is. Here's a sample of the response.
"My dream job is just to win the lottery."
Sharian Ross, Waco
"I want to be a nurse because I like to help people in need and who are sick."
Dayatea McSwaim, Shelby
"I used to want to be a stewardess. They are able to travel all around the country, and I knew I couldn't afford to."
Sarah Sanford, Shelby
"I'm in third grade and I want to be a doctor."
Shianne Grant, Shelby
"I wanted to be a registered nurse to take care of people."
Sherry Stroud, Shelby
"I love what I'm doing now. I love managing a ladies clothing store."
Pam Dover, Shelby
"I love helping people, so I would want to be a nurse."
Rebecca Arrowood, Shelby
"My dream job was teaching."
Frida Mayse, Cleveland County
"I've always wanted to own my own business. I bought Newt's about three months ago; we're doing our dream job now."
Chet and Sasha Beam, owners of Newt's, Shelby
"My dream job would be able to support myself by selling my art."
Terry Melton, Shelby
"My dream job would be not to have to work, and help people. Like philanthropy."
Julie Fisher, Shelby
"My dream job would be a stay-at-home mom."
Kali Brooks, Shelby
"I would want to be a decorator for the Biltmore House."
Vicky Knapp, Shelby
"I would want to be a professional baseball player. Who wouldn't want to do that?"
Jacob Bright, Shelby.
"My dream job would be to be a sports athletic trainer. I love football."
Claudia Lovelace, Shelby
"I want to be a professional musician, playing guitar and doing vocals."
Preston Black, Shelby


text:
Books / Jane Thynne
Faith and Beauty by Jane Thynne
When Lotti Franke, a young woman attending the Faith and Beauty school, is found dead in the woods, Clara Vine is curious as to why the Nazi regime is so determined to sweep the murder under the carpet. It seems Lotti wasn't as innocent as she appeared and was hiding an object the Nazis are very keen to get their hands on.
However, Lotti's murder is the least of Clara's worries as she learns a high-ranking Nazi officer is aware of her Jewish heritage and suspects there is more to her story than meets the eye. As Clara pines for news on her lost love, Leo Quinn, she discovers the Germans are forming an alliance with the Russians that will bring Europe to the brink of war sooner than anyone thinks. With danger around every corner, Clara decides to take matters into her own hands with one final desperate act which could prove fatal.
Faith and Beauty is the fourth book in the Clara Vine series which follows the adventures of an Anglo-German actress as she spies for the British in Nazi Germany. Faith and Beauty pretty much follows the template set out by the previous books as we start with the murder of a young woman connected to one of the various new institutes incorporated by the Nazis. In this case, Lotti was attending the Faith and Beauty Society, an elite finishing school for girls, aged 17-21 years, which aimed to prepare them for marriage and motherhood.
The novel begins with the discovery of Lotti's murder and the narrative of the rest of the book is shared between Clara Vine, and Lotti's best friend, Hedwig, who is deeply affected by the murder. While Hedwig wants to find out who killed her best friend, most of her story is actually about her relationship with her boyfriend, Jochen, who she hopes to marry one day. However, Hedwig doesn't know Jochen as well as she thinks and as the story unfolds, she learns Jochen is involved with a group of people who are trying to undermine the Nazi regime and it shocks her deeply.
As far as Lotti's murder is concerned, there really isn't much of an investigation and it is virtually forgotten about for much of the novel as Clara become increasingly concerned about her own safety. Clara has more or less been in danger throughout the series and although she has been arrested more than once, I never really get the sense she is in real danger. As usual, Clara finds herself mixing with the Nazi elite who seem to keep inviting her to occasions despite their suspicions, however this time at least Clara gets to be in the same room as Hitler even if they never interact.
Clara becomes involved with a Nazi officer, Conrad Adler, who is far more ambivalent about the Nazi regime than he initially appears and is attracted to her. While Clara begins to respond to the physical side of the attraction at least, she is also afraid of him as he knows about her Jewish heritage. Clara's connection with Adler is an interesting one as he is both handsome and charming, but there is a frisson of danger as Clara is unsure about his motives. Unfortunately, things fizzle a bit towards the end so I'm hoping this is picked up again in the next book.
The plot itself is pretty weak to the point nothing much happens, although the tension ramps up towards the end but Lotti's story was really superfluous to Clara's which has proved to be a similar problem in previous books. Thynne needs to find another way to examine the wider scope of German life, other than always connecting it to Clara, because it tends never to go anywhere.
As usual, it is the ambience that brings this book to life for me as my real interest in this series has always centred around how Berliners coped with life under Hitler. I wouldn't say I've ever been interested in war because I can't get passed the appalling cost of life, however, like most people, I probably had a very black and white view of Nazi Germany. Thynne does a fantastic job of making you realise not all Germans supported the Nazis but were ultimately afraid to speak out. While there were some grand political gestures, it is the everyday stuff that shows how the Germans fought against Hitler's doctrines in subtle ways that fascinate me more. Simple things like making sure both your hands are full so you can get away with not doing the dreaded salute every time a high-ranking Nazi drives past.
While the four books set in Berlin have been absorbing, it looks like the next instalment will be focused on Occupied Paris so I hope Thynne breaks out of the mould a little more.
Please note this book has been published as The Pursuit of Pearls in the US.
Black Roses by Jane Thynne
A War of Flowers by Jane Thynne
The Winter Garden by Jane Thynne
Solitaire by Jane Thynne
« Arrowood by Laura McHugh
Monsoon Summer by Julia Gregson »


text:
Georgina Campbell1
F, #362751, b. 24 May 1833, d. 11 August 1835
Georgina Campbell was born on 24 May 1833.1 She was the daughter of William Campbell and Marianne McCullagh.2 She died on 11 August 1835 at age 2.1
Maria Louisa Campbell1
F, #362752, b. 22 December 1834, d. 11 July 1916
Maria Louisa Campbell was born on 22 December 1834.1 She was the daughter of William Campbell and Marianne McCullagh.2 She died on 11 July 1916 at age 81, unmarried.1
Helen Campbell1
F, #362753, b. 12 December 1837, d. 21 May 1891
Helen Campbell was born on 12 December 1837.1 She was the daughter of William Campbell and Marianne McCullagh.2 She died on 21 May 1891 at age 53, unmarried.1
James Campbell1
M, #362754, b. 30 October 1815, d. 21 March 1835
James Campbell was born on 30 October 1815.1 He was the son of James Campbell and Agnes Nancy Campbell.2,1 He died on 21 March 1835 at age 19 at BermudaG.1
John Campbell1
M, #362755, b. 21 October 1819, d. 7 February 1901
John Campbell was born on 21 October 1819.1 He was the son of James Campbell and Agnes Nancy Campbell.2,1 He married Nannie McCulloch, daughter of John McCulloch, on 5 June 1856.1 He died on 7 February 1901 at age 81.1
He lived at Mossley, County Antrim, IrelandG.1 He lived at Rathfern, County Antrim, IrelandG.1
Children of John Campbell and Nannie McCulloch
Howard Campbell2 b. 30 Apr 1857, d. 3 Sep 1931
Robert Garrett Campbell+2 b. 25 Sep 1858, d. 16 Nov 1931
Marianne Campbell2 b. 21 Jan 1862, d. 1936
Mabel Campbell2 b. 29 Jan 1863, d. Dec 1942
Lt.-Gen. Sir Walter Campbell+2 b. 30 Jul 1864, d. 11 Aug 1936
Lloyd Campbell+2 b. 30 Apr 1868, d. 20 Feb 1950
Maud Campbell2 b. 5 Sep 1870
William Campbell1
M, #362756, b. 1 July 1826, d. 7 April 1840
William Campbell was born on 1 July 1826.1 He was the son of James Campbell and Agnes Nancy Campbell.2,1 He died on 7 April 1840 at age 13 at BarbadosG.1
Jane Campbell1
F, #362757, b. 26 July 1817, d. 1896
Jane Campbell was born on 26 July 1817.1 She was the daughter of James Campbell and Agnes Nancy Campbell.2,1 She married Weston Grimshaw, son of Edmund Grimshaw, on 22 September 1840.1 She died in 1896.1
From 22 September 1840, her married name became Grimshaw.
Child of Jane Campbell and Weston Grimshaw
Jane Grimshaw+1 b. c 1850, d. 1894
Edmund Grimshaw1
Child of Edmund Grimshaw
Weston Grimshaw+2 d. May 1862
Weston Grimshaw1
M, #362759, d. May 1862
Weston Grimshaw was the son of Edmund Grimshaw.2 He married Jane Campbell, daughter of James Campbell and Agnes Nancy Campbell, on 22 September 1840.1 He died in May 1862.1
He had two sons and four other daughters.1 He lived at Mossley, County Antrim, IrelandG.1
Child of Weston Grimshaw and Jane Campbell
Anna Campbell1
F, #362760, b. 30 November 1821, d. 23 March 1905
Anna Campbell was born on 30 November 1821.1 She was the daughter of James Campbell and Agnes Nancy Campbell.2,1 She died on 23 March 1905 at age 83, unmarried.1


Don't layer sunscreen over moisturizer; that'll just dilute the SPF protection. Instead, opt for an SPF 50+ that's labeled "moisturizing" or "hydrating."
Sunscreen that's at least SPF 30 is the best bet for medium complexions. Thirsty skin? Mist with water, blot dry and reapply sunscreen.
"You want at least SPF 15," says Dr. DeLeo. If you're dry but break out easily, use a hydrating sunblock that's noncomedogenic. Check the label.
Oil-free SPF 50 is good, but if you're alabaster fair, "go higher," says Vincent DeLeo, M.D. Pick a product that's noncomedogenic; it won't clog pores.
Nongreasy formulas are great for you. Just don't skimp on coverage. "It's important to get enough on," Dr. DeLeo says. And don't go below SPF 30.
Dark skin tends to reflect light and look oilier. For a matte finish, apply an SPF 15+ that contains ingredients like silica or talc, which leave skin shine-free.


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text:
What Are Lichens, and Why Does Duke Have 160,000 of Them?
In Biology, Chemistry, Climate/Global Change, Data, Environment/Sustainability, Faculty, Field Research, Genetics/Genomics, Science Communication & Education
Saxicolous lichens (lichens that grow on stones) from the Namib Desert, and finger lichen, Dactylina arctica (bottom left insert), common in the Arctic, on display in Dr. Jolanta Miadlikowska's office. The orange color on some of the lichen comes from metabolites, or secondary chemicals produced by different lichen species. The finger lichen is hollow.
Lichens are everywhere—grayish-green patches on tree bark on the Duke campus, rough orange crusts on desert rocks, even in the Antarctic tundra. They are "pioneer species," often the first living things to return to barren, desolate places after an extreme disturbance like a lava flow. They can withstand extreme conditions and survive where nearly nothing else can. But what exactly are lichens, and why does Duke have 160,000 of them in little envelopes? I reached out to Dr. Jolanta Miadlikowska and Dr. Scott LaGreca, two lichen researchers at Duke, to learn more.
Dr. Jolanta Miadlikowska looking at lichen specimens under a dissecting microscope. The pale, stringy lichen on the brown bag is whiteworm lichen (Thamnolia vermicularis), used to make "snow tea" in parts of China.
According to Miadlikowska, a senior researcher, lab manager, and lichenologist in the Lutzoni Lab (and one of the Instructors B for the Bio201 Gateway course) at Duke, lichens are "obligate symbiotic associations," meaning they are composed of two or more organisms that need each other. All lichens represent a symbiotic relationship between a fungus (the "mycobiont") and either an alga or a cyanobacterium or both (the "photobiont"). They aren't just cohabiting; they rely on each other for survival. The mycobiont builds the thallus, which gives lichen its structure. The photobiont, on the other hand, isn't visible—but it is important: it provides "food" for the lichen and can sometimes affect the lichen's color. The name of a lichen species refers to its fungal partner, whereas the photobiont has its own name.
Lichen viewed through a dissecting microscope. The black speckles visible on some of the orange lichen lobes are a "lichenicolous" fungus that can grow on top of lichen. There are also "endolichenic fungi… very complex fungal communities that live inside lichen," Miadlikowska says. "We don't see them, but they are there. And they are very interesting."
Unlike plants, fungi can't perform photosynthesis, so they have to find other ways to feed themselves. Many fungi, like mushrooms and bread mold, are saprotrophs, meaning they get nutrients from organic matter in their environment. (The word "saprotroph" comes from Greek and literally means "rotten nourishment.") But the fungi in lichens, Miadlikowska says, "found another way of getting the sugar—because it's all about the sugar—by associating with an organism that can do photosynthesis." More often than not, that organism is a type of green algae, but it can also be a photosynthetic bacterium (cyanobacteria, also called blue-green algae). It is still unclear how the mycobiont finds the matching photobiont if both partners are not dispersed together. Maybe the fungal spores (very small fungal reproductive unit) "will just sit and wait" until the right photobiont partner comes along. (How romantic.) Some mycobionts are specialists that "can only associate with a few or a single partner—a 'species' of Nostoc [a cyanobacterium; we still don't know how many species of symbiotic and free-living Nostoc are out there and how to recognize them], for example," but many are generalists with more flexible preferences.
Two species of foliose (leaf-like) lichens from the genus Peltigera. In the species on the left (P. canina), the only photobiont is a cyanobacterium from the genus Nostoc, making it an example of bi-membered symbiosis. In the species on the right (P. aphthosa), on the other hand, the primary photobiont is a green alga (which is why the thallus is so green when wet). In this case, Nostoc is a secondary photobiont contained only in the cephalodia—the dark, wart-like structures on the surface. With two photobionts plus the mycobiont, this is an example of tri-membered symbiosis.
Lichens are classified based on their overall thallus shape. They can be foliose (leaf-like), fruticose (shrubby), or crustose (forming a crust on rocks or other surfaces). Lichens that grow on trees are epiphytic, while those that live on rocks are saxicolous; lichens that live on top of mosses are muscicolous, and ground-dwelling lichens are terricolous. Much of Miadlikowska's research is on a group of cyanolichens (lichens with cyanobacteria partners) from the genus Peltigera. She works on the systematics and evolution of this group using morphology-, anatomy-, and chemistry-based methods and molecular phylogenetic tools. She is also part of a team exploring biodiversity, ecological rules, and biogeographical patterns in cryptic fungal communities associated with lichens and plants (endolichenic and endophytic fungi). She has been involved in multiple ongoing NSF-funded projects and also helping graduate students Ian, Carlos, Shannon, and Diego in their dissertation research. She spent last summer collecting lichens with Carlos and Shannon and collaborators in Alberta, Canada and Alaska. If you walk in the sub basement of the Bio Sciences building where Bio201 and Bio202 labs are located, check out the amazing photos of lichens (taken by Thomas Barlow, former Duke undergraduate) displayed along the walls! Notice Peltigera species, including some new to science, described by the Duke lichen team.
Lichens have value beyond the realm of research, too. "In traditional medicine, lichens have a lot of use," Miadlikowska says. Aside from medicinal uses, they have also been used to dye fabric and kill wolves. Some are edible. Miadlikowska herself has eaten them several times. She had salad in China that was made with leafy lichens (the taste, she says, came mostly from soy sauce and rice vinegar, but "the texture was coming from the lichen."). In Quebec, she drank tea made with native plants and lichens, and in Scandinavia, she tried candied Cetraria islandica lichen (she mostly tasted the sugar and a bit of bitterness, but once again, the lichen's texture was apparent).
In today's changing world, lichens have another use as well, as "bioindicators to monitor the quality of the air." Most lichens can't tolerate air pollution, which is why "in big cities… when you look at the trees, there are almost no lichens. The bark is just naked." Lichen-covered trees, then, can be a very good sign, though the type of lichen matters, too. "The most sensitive lichens are the shrubby ones… like Usnea," Miadlikowska says. Some lichens, on the other hand, "are able to survive in anthropogenic places, and they just take over." Even on "artificial substrates like concrete, you often see lichens." Along with being very sensitive to poor air quality, lichens also accumulate pollutants, which makes them useful for monitoring deposition of metals and radioactive materials in the environment.
Dr. Scott LaGreca with some of the 160,000 lichen specimens in Duke's herbarium.
LaGreca, like Miadlikoska, is a lichenologist. His research primarily concerns systematics, evolution and chemistry of the genus Ramalina. He's particularly interested in "species-level relationships." While he specializes in lichens now, LaGreca was a botany major in college. He'd always been interested in plants, in part because they're so different from animals—a whole different "way of being," as he puts it. He used to take himself on botany walks in high school, and he never lost his passion for learning the names of different species. "Everything has a name," he says. "Everything out there has a name." Those names aren't always well-known. "Some people are plant-blind, as they call it…. They don't know maples from oaks." In college he also became interested in other organisms traditionally studied by botanists—like fungi. When he took a class on fungi, he became intrigued by lichens he saw on field trips. His professor was more interested in mushrooms, but LaGreca wanted to learn more, so he specialized in lichens during grad school at Duke, and now lichens are central to his job. He researches them, offers help with identification to other scientists, and is the collections manager for the lichens in the W.L. and C.F. Culberson Lichen Herbarium—all 160,000 of them.
The Duke Herbarium was founded in 1921 by Dr. Hugo Blomquist. It contains more than 825,000 specimens of vascular and nonvascular plants, algae, fungi, and, of course, lichens. Some of those specimens are "type" specimens, meaning they represent species new to science. A type specimen essentially becomes the prototype for its species and "the ultimate arbiter of whether something is species X or not." But how are lichens identified, anyway?
Lichenologists can consider morphology, habitat, and other traits, but thanks to Dr. Chicita Culberson, who was a chemist and adjunct professor at Duke before her retirement, they have another crucial tool available as well. Culbertson created a game-changing technique to identify lichens using their chemicals, or metabolites, which are often species-specific and thus diagnostic for identification purposes. That technique, still used over fifty years later, is a form of thin-layer chromatography. The process, as LaGreca explains, involves putting extracts from lichen specimens—both the specimens you're trying to identify and "controls," or known samples of probable species matches—on silica-backed glass plates. The plates are then immersed in solvents, and the chemicals in the lichens travel up the paper. After the plates have dried, you can look at them under UV light to see if any spots are fluorescing. Then you spray the plates with acid and "bake it for a couple hours." By the end of the process, the spots of lichen chemicals should be visible even without UV light. If a lichen sample has traveled the same distance up the paper as the control specimen, and if it has a similar color, it's a match. If not, you can repeat the process with other possible matches until you establish your specimen's chemistry and, from there, its identity. Culberson's method helped standardize lichen identification. Her husband also worked with lichens and was a director of the Duke Gardens.
Thin-layer chromatography plates in Dr. LaGreca's office. The technique, created by Dr. Chicita Culberson, helps scientists identify lichens by comparing their chemical composition to samples of known identity. Each plate was spotted with extracts from different lichen specimens, and then each was immersed in a different solvent, after which the chemicals in the extracts travel up the plate . Each lichen chemical travels a characteristic distance (called the "Rf value") in each solvent. Here, the sample in column 1 on the rightmost panel matches the control sample in column 2 in terms of distance traveled up the page, indicating that they're the same species. The sample in column 4, on the other hand, didn't travel as far as the one in column 5 and has a different color. Therefore, those chemicals (and species) do not match.
LaGreca shows me a workroom devoted to organisms that are cryptogamic, a word meaning "hidden gametes, or hidden sex." It's a catch-all term for non-flowering organisms that "zoologists didn't want to study," like non-flowering plants, algae, and fungi. It's here that new lichen samples are processed. The walls of the workroom are adorned with brightly colored lichen posters, plus an ominous sign warning that "Unattended children will be given an espresso and a free puppy." Tucked away on a shelf, hiding between binders of official-looking documents, is a thin science fiction novel called "Trouble with Lichen" by John Wyndham.
The Culberson Lichen Herbarium itself is a large room lined with rows of cabinets filled with stacks upon stacks of folders and boxes of meticulously organized lichen samples. A few shelves are devoted to lichen-themed books with titles like Lichens De France and Natural History of the Danish Lichens.
Each lichen specimen is stored in an archival (acid-free) paper packet, with a label that says who collected it, where, and on what date. ("They're very forgiving," says LaGreca. "You can put them in a paper bag in the field, and then prepare the specimen and its label years later.") Each voucher is "a record of a particular species growing in a particular place at a particular time." Information about each specimen is also uploaded to an online database, which makes Duke's collection widely accessible. Sometimes, scientists from other institutions find themselves in need of physical specimens. They're in luck, because Duke's lichen collection is "like a library." The herbarium fields loan requests and trades samples with herbaria at museums and universities across the globe. ("It's kind of like exchanging Christmas presents," says LaGreca. "The herbarium community is a very generous community.")
Duke's lichen collection functions like a library in some ways, loaning specimens to other scientists and trading specimens with institutions around the world.
Meticulous records of species, whether in databases of lichens or birds or "pickled fish," are invaluable. They're useful for investigating trends over time, like tracking the spread of invasive species or changes in species' geographic distributions due to climate change. For example, some lichen species that were historically recorded on high peaks in North Carolina and elsewhere are "no longer there" thanks to global warming—mountain summits aren't as cold as they used to be. Similarly, Henry David Thoreau collected flowering plants at Walden Pond more than 150 years ago, and his samples are still providing valuable information. By comparing them to present-day plants in the same location, scientists can see that flowering times have shifted earlier due to global warming. So why does Duke have tens of thousands of dried lichen samples? "It comes down to the reproducibility of science," LaGreca says. "A big part of the scientific method is being able to reproduce another researcher's results by following their methodology. By depositing voucher specimens generated from research projects in herbaria like ours, future workers can verify the results" of such research projects. For example, scientists at other institutions will sometimes borrow Duke's herbarium specimens to verify that "the species identification is what the label says it is." Online databases and physical species collections like the herbarium at Duke aren't just useful for scientists today. They're preserving data that will still be valuable hundreds of years from now.
Meet New Blogger Jakaiyah, an infectious disease enthusiast
Meet New Blogger Alex: Pipetting Writer from Coastal SC


text:
Q: When should git orphaned branches be used? Git can host multiple DAGs in the same repo with git checkout --orphan command. A frequently cited use case this feature of git is to keep separate a branch for docs or the GitHub gh-pages orphaned branch for creating a static website.
Are there other reasons to use orphaned branches in git?

A: Another use case by the git online documentation:

This can be useful when you want to publish the tree from a commit
  without exposing its full history. You might want to do this to
  publish an open source branch of a project whose current tree is
  "clean", but whose full history contains proprietary or otherwise encumbered bits of code.

A: Another possible use of this is for combining multiple repositories into one. A few examples:

*

*http://www.gelato.unsw.edu.au/archives/git/0506/5511.html

*http://jasonkarns.com/blog/merge-two-git-repositories-into-one/

*Combining multiple git repositories
In these cases you will have two separate DAGs in the same repository before they are merged into a single unified tree. Thus this is not as much a long-term use, but an action that will temporarily pass through the state of having separate DAGs in the same repository.

A: The Git project repository mirror on GitHub has a todo branch where the maintainer has some notes and apparently scripts which helps him make announcements like the status updates for the project ("What's Cooking").[1]
> ls
add-by      CB                    cook                   dodoc.sh            git-topic.perl  KO          people           RB              Release    round    taboo.perl  WCBCC
amlook      Checklist.txt         Count                  Doit                Gitweb          Linus       post-applypatch  README.cooking  RelSave    RP       TODO        whats-cooking.txt
Announce    CheckPush             count-contributors.sh  DoKernelOrg         GRADUATED       MaintNotes  pre-applypatch   Reintegrate     RelSign    SE       UWC         WI
AT          check-topic-merges    cycle-run              Dothem              info            Make        ProjectContact   RelBuild        RelStat    SR       V           worklog
candidates  compare-cooking.perl  docbuild-8.sh          genMaintNotes.perl  jc.png          ML          pushall          RelClean        RelUpload  Summary  WC

The last message that was sent out can be viewed in whats-cooking.txt.
So this isn't a "separate a branch for docs" (that stuff is on the main branch) but rather a separate branch for managing announcements. And perhaps other stuff.
Here is the first commit on this branch, which of course is a root commit (no parents):
commit 1bd90415deccc4562e0fb4d0f8e58140aa687ac1
Author: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Date:   Fri Aug 26 00:32:15 2005 -0700

    Keep track of to-do document.

    This is written in a form of to-do list for me, so if I say
    "accept patch", it means I do not currently plan to do that
    myself.  People interested in seeing it materialize please take
    a hint.

    Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>

† 1: As of commit acb9ef215eb2 (What's cooking (2023/03 #01), 2023-03-01)


text:
Articles and Manuscripts
Old Grey Muzzle Tour
Founded in 1993, the Gerald P. Murphy Cancer Foundation's legacy is rooted in the pioneering work of our founder and (posthumously) namesake, Gerald Murphy, who led the scientific team that discovered the Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) test that remains the gold standard for early detection of prostate cancer. At his untimely death, Dr. Murphy was chasing new models for the prevention of age-related cancers. These models applied the study of a relatively new field of medicine called comparative oncology — the science of comparing biological similarities and differences between different species — toward enhancing the healthy lifespans of both. In our case, humans and pet dogs .
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Read Part 2 of this mini-series to learn why the various meanings of "agile" can become loaded, and how to defuse the agile discussion.
Working at a digital agency means frequently hearing the question "Are you agile?" We hear it from clients and recruits, from colleagues and peers.
"Are you agile?" is fraught and often unanswerable because it's usually jammed with subtext; the question is really asking something else. I want to unpack the question's hidden meanings to make it easier to talk about those things rather than invoking the "A" word.
The first thing people often mean by "Are you agile?" is: Do we believe in the same principles of software development?
On the surface, this question is about subscribing to the Agile Manifesto's principles of simplicity, harnessing change, trusting motivated individuals, continuous delivery of valuable software, etc.
Will you bloat invoices or make makers' lives miserable by doing unnecessary work and being inefficient?
Will you be transparent or opaque about what you're working on?
Will you produce working code or just hand-wavy mockups?
Will you build high-quality software or Healthcare.gov-like garbage?
Will you design and build something that people will be able or want to use?
In other words: Are your values self-centered or user-, customer-, client-, maker-centered?
The second thing people often mean by "Are you agile?" is: Do we believe in the same approach to product development?
The first step is figuring out the problem that needs to be solved and then developing a minimum viable product (MVP) to begin the process of learning as quickly as possible. Once the MVP is established, a startup can work on tuning the engine. This will involve measurement and learning and must include actionable metrics that can demonstrate cause and effect question.
The third thing people often mean by "Are you agile?" is: Can you make software development less scary? This meaning is often conveyed by the more general question, "What's your process?"
Software design and development is a black box to most people. Non-developers want development to be predictable, ordered, and describable — more like an automated assembly line.
But software design and dev is a creative, exploratory, unpredictable, and extraordinarily human endeavor. It's scary to entrust thousands or millions of dollars to the unpredictability of human creativity and problem-solving.
So people often ask "Are you agile?" or "What's your process?" as a plea to be shielded from the scariness.
My colleague Kevin likens this to surfing. People who have learned to surf monster waves don't try to control the waves or make them stop. The goal — the glory! — is to ride the wave despite the unpredictability. But some people can't handle that. They'd only surf a predictable wave that's under their control — in other words, if surfing meant something other than what it actually is.
The final thing people mean by "Are you agile?" is: What are your typical process components?
In theory, this is a prosaic question about the rituals, tools, roles, and artifacts you use to facilitate software design and development.
In a follow-up post, I'll explain why each of these meanings can be loaded, and how to defuse the discussion. But the first step is to stop asking "Are you agile?" and "What's your process?" when you really mean something else. Instead, understand the subtext of your question and ask that directly.


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A Estação Ferroviária de Gaia (nome anteriormente grafado como ""), também conhecida como de Vila Nova de Gaia ou das Devesas ou de Gaia-Devesas ou de Vila Nova de Gaia - Devesas, é uma interface da Linha do Norte que serve a localidade de Vila Nova de Gaia, no Distrito do Porto, em Portugal. A estação foi inaugurada em 8 de Junho de 1863, mas a ligação a Lisboa só foi estabelecida em 7 de Julho de 1864, e a Porto-Campanhã em 4 de Novembro de 1877. Conheceu importantes obras de expansão nas décadas de 1930 e 1940, e foi electrificada em 1965.

Descrição

Localização e acessos
Esta interface situa-se na cidade de Vila Nova de Gaia, junto ao Largo 5 de Outubro,  na zona das Devesas — motivo pelo qual a estação também é conhecida por este nome.

Caracterização física
Esta interface apresenta três vias de ciculação, identificadas como I, II, e III, duas com 362 m de extensão e a terceira com 348 m, todas uma acessível por plataforma: I e III com 220 m de comprimento e 90 cm de altura e II com 270 m e alturas de 90 e 60 cm; existem ainda 23 vias secundárias (o segundo maior número no país, inferior apenas ao do Entroncamento) de comprimentos entre 235 e 52 m, maioritariamente eletrificadas. O edifício de passageiros situa-se do lado nascente da via (lado direito do sentido ascendente, a Campanhã).

História

Século XIX

Antecedentes e planeamento
Desde os primórdios do planeamento dos caminhos de ferro em Portugal, na década de 1840, que se reconheceu a importância de ligar as cidades de Lisboa e do Porto por aquele meio de transporte. Com efeito, antes da introdução do comboio, este percurso era feito de barco a vapor entre Lisboa e o Carregado, e desde esse ponto até ao Porto em mala-posta; no entanto, este meio de transporte era lento e desconfortável, viajando em estradas em más condições, e sujeito a interrupções quando as cheias submergiam as pontes e os caminhos.

Entre 1854 e 1856, o engenheiro Sousa Brandão, nos seus estudos da Linha do Norte, defendeu que se devia furar a serra e fazer a via férrea passar pelo meio de Vila Nova de Gaia, a uma altitude de 40 m. Em 1856, o governo nomeou o engenheiro Wattier para delinear o traçado das Linhas do Norte e Leste, tendo defendido, no caso da Linha do Norte, um percurso quase totalmente interior até Estarreja e Ovar, seguindo depois pela beira-mar até à vertente Norte da Serra do Pilar. Podia-se contornar a serra, ou fazer um túnel, de forma a chegar à parte baixa da cidade, nas margens do Rio Douro, onde ficaria a estação. Wattier referiu que, «este local satisfaz a todas as exigências presentes e futuras; está em relação imediata, por um lado, com os armazéns, do outro com o rio; está na proximidade da cidade».

Wattier não considerou a opção de atravessar o rio, uma vez que considerava a obra demasiado difícil, além que já existia a Ponte Pênsil para ligar as duas margens. Em vez disso, quando a linha fosse prolongada até ao Alto Douro, poderia fazê-lo sem grandes dificuldades ao longo da margem esquerda. Wattier criticou a solução de Sousa Brandão, porque considerava muito difícil a escavação do túnel devido à composição do terreno, em granito duro, e porque obrigaria a grandes demolições no centro da povoação para construir a gare ferroviária. De forma a melhor servir o interior do país, Wattier desenhou igualmente um traçado alternativo, que saía do anterior em Avelãs de Caminho e seguiria a estrada real, acompanhando depois o vale de Avintes até ao lugar de Quebrantões, na margem esquerda do Rio Douro, onde acreditava que seria o melhor lugar para fazer uma grande estação ferroviária e a ponte sobre o rio. No entanto, esta segunda opção seria mais longa em 8 km, e ficava consideravelmente mais dispendiosa.

Em 28 de Agosto de 1857, foi assinado um contrato entre o governo e o empresário Morton Petto para concluir a linha até Gaia, tendo o contrato estabelecido que a via férrea deveria terminar «defronte da cidade do Porto, na margem esquerda do Douro, no lugar que o governo julgar mais conveniente sob proposta da empresa.» O contrato referia igualmente que «a empresa obriga-se a estabelecer à sua custa, pelo modo que o governo aprovar, a comunicação do caminho de ferro com a cidade do Porto, para as mercadorias e passageiros que transitem pelo mesmo caminho, por via de uma ponte volante movida a vapor ou por outros meios convenientes.». Depois de várias dificuldades, o contrato de 1857 foi anulado e substituído por um novo provisório, assinado com D. José de Salamanca em 30 de Julho de 1859.

O contrato provisório foi assinado em 14 de Setembro e aprovado por uma carta de lei de 5 de Maio de 1860, com algumas alterações, como os prazos de construção, que passaram a ser de três anos até à margem esquerda do Douro, e de quatro anos até à cidade do Porto. Já em 11 de Fevereiro daquele ano, o director da empresa constructora, Eusébio Page, tinha apresentado o primeiro projecto para aquela parte da linha, conhecido como Traçado do Areinho ou de Campanhã, que fazia a linha descer a partir das Devesas pela margem esquerda do rio. A via férrea saía da estação de Gaia, passava um viaduto sobre o vale de Gaia, atravessava a Serra do Pilar num túnel, e seguia até ao Areinho, onde cruzava o Rio Douro por uma ponte. Este traçado sofria de vários problemas, como as grandes pendentes necessárias para fazer a linha descer desde a estação de Gaia até ao ponto ideal para a construção da ponte, e a altura da ponte obrigar à construção da estação de Campanhã num ponto mais baixo, onde as estradas de acesso ficariam ameaçadas pelas cheias do Douro, além que a Linha do Minho teria também de ser obrigada a descer bastante para se encontrar com a estação. Em 28 de Fevereiro de 1861, um parecer do Conselho de Obras Públicas aprovou um novo traçado apresentado pela Companhia Real dos Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses, que estabelecia a estação de Gaia num local muito mais apropriado para fazer a ponte sobre o rio, reduzindo desta forma as rampas a serem feitas em ambas as margens. Porém, estas alterações foram contestadas por Eusébio Page em 22 de Março de 1861, porque punham em questão a estabilidade da ponte, que ficaria com dimensões colossais para a época. Ainda assim, iniciaram-se as obras, tendo sido construído o viaduto em Gaia e perfurado o túnel, trabalhos que seriam depois abandonados quando o traçado foi modificado.

Entretanto, em 23 de Julho de 1860 o Conselho de Obras Públicas também emitiu um parecer onde alterou o projecto do traçado costeiro, de forma a fazê-lo passar por Grijó e descer pelo vale de Avintes para encontrar um local melhor onde atravessar o Rio Douro, de forma muito semelhante à proposta de Wattier; nessa altura, ainda não se punha a hipótese de fazer a passagem sobre o rio a uma cota muito alta, ideia que só mais tarde iria surgir.

Inauguração
Em 8 de Novembro de 1862, uma portaria formou uma comissão para examinar o troço entre Vila Nova de Gaia e Estarreja, cujo auto de 18 de Dezembro aprovou a abertura provisória ao serviço; uma portaria do dia seguinte autorizou a abertura provisória, nas condições impostas pela comissão. A linha foi oficialmente inaugurada pela Companhia Real dos Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses no dia 8 de Junho de 1863.

Após a inauguração do troço entre Estarreja e Taveiro, em 10 de Abril de 1864, a Companhia Real iniciou vários serviços mistos, entre Vila Nova de Gaia e Coimbra, com paragem em várias estações pelo caminho. No entanto, a ligação de Vila Nova Gaia a Lisboa só ficou totalmente concluída com a entrada ao serviço do troço entre Soure e Taveiro, em 7 de Julho de 1864. Nesse mesmo dia, foi realizado o primeiro comboio directo de Santa Apolónia a Gaia, que fez a viagem em cerca de doze horas, sem atraso.

Entretanto, em 17 de Setembro de 1865 chegou uma comitiva real a esta estação, para a cerimónia de inauguração da Exposição Internacional do Porto.

Em Abril de 1867, o expresso diário Lisboa-Gaia ligava estas duas localidades em cerca de 8 horas e meia, saindo de Lisboa às 9 horas e 30 minutos e chegando a Gaia às 17 horas e 54 minutos.

Prolongamento até Campanhã
Em 1852 foi formada uma comissão para planear o traçado da Linha do Norte, sendo uma das suas principais atribuições encontrar um meio de atravessar o rio, de forma a possibilitar a construção de uma gare mais próxima do Porto. No entanto, devido aos grandes problemas em ultrapassar o rio, todos os planos, incluindo um elaborado por Wattier, preconizavam a estação de Gaia como a principal a ser utilizada pelos habitantes e pelo comércio do Porto, situação que só mudou quando foi assinado o contrato com José de Salamanca. Com efeito, quando foi concluída a Linha do Norte até Gaia, em 7 de Julho de 1864, considerava-se que esta seria a estação a utilizar pela população e comércio da cidade do Porto. Esta situação, criada pelas grandes dificuldades em ultrapassar um curso de rio, não era inédita em Portugal, tendo o primeiro exemplo surgido apenas alguns anos antes, em 1861, quando a Linha do Alentejo não pôde ser prolongada até Lisboa devido ao estuário do Rio Tejo, tendo sido criada uma solução fluvial entre a capital e o Barreiro, na margem Sul. Situações semelhantes às de Gaia surgiriam posteriormente noutros pontos da rede ferroviária portuguesa, como em Portimão, cuja primeira estação foi em Ferragudo, ou em Alcácer do Sal, onde foi construída uma estação provisória na margem Sul do Rio Sado até ser construída a ponte e inaugurada a estação principal na outra margem.

No entanto, desde os princípios do planeamento da linha entre Lisboa e Porto que se reconheceu que a estação de Gaia não podia servir a cidade de forma eficaz, além que não permitiria a continuidade com a rede do Minho e Douro. Assim, quando foi assinado o contrato com José de Salamanca, já estava prevista a continuação da Linha até à margem direita do rio, tendo conseguido que os prazos para a construção da ponte fossem aumentados quando o contrato foi oficializado pela lei de 5 de Maio de 1860. Enquanto decorriam os estudos, nas décadas de 1860 e 1870, começaram as obras de continuação da via férrea além de Vila Nova de Gaia, que foram parcialmente abandonadas quando foi escolhido um novo traçado. As obras da Ponte D. Maria Pia, sobre o Rio Douro, foram concluídas em 25 de Setembro de 1877, tendo o troço entre Gaia e Campanhã sido inaugurado em 4 de Novembro desse ano, concluindo a Linha do Norte.

Em Outubro de 1895, já tinha sido autorizada a instalação de um tranvia entre a estação de Gaia e a avenida esquerda superior da Ponte D. Luís.

Século XX

Década de 1900 e 1910
Em Agosto de 1901, estavam em pleno desenvolvimento as obras de construção da segunda via, e de renovação da já existente, no troço entre Gaia e Espinho, prevendo-se a sua conclusão em Outubro daquele ano. No entanto, a circulação em via dupla só se iniciou, no troço entre Granja e Gaia, em 19 de Maio de 1902.

Em Dezembro de 1902, previa-se que fossem feitas obras de expansão nesta interface, devido ao aumento exponencial no movimento ferroviário, tendo a Companhia Real destacado fundos para esta obra no seu orçamento para 1903, apresentado em 24 de Dezembro de 1902. O projecto, datado de 9 de Maio de 1903, foi apresentado pela Companhia Real ao Governo, que o aprovou em 27 de Junho, com base no relatório do Conselho Superior de Obras Públicas, de 18 de Maio.

Em 1909, foi adicionado um projecto ao Plano da Rede Complementar ao Norte do Mondego, para uma linha ao longo do Rio Douro desde a estação de Vila Nova de Gaia até Sobrado de Paiva, passando por Crestuma. Porém, este empreendimento, apresentando pela Companhia dos Caminhos de Ferro do Vale do Vouga, foi alvo de um processo em tribunal, na sequência de uma queixa da parte da Companhia dos Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses, em 1913.

Em finais de 1911, foi requerida uma licença para a construção de um caminho de ferro de via estreita, desde a estação de Gaia até Vila Franca das Naves, com passagem por Arouca e Vila Nova de Paiva.

Década de 1930
O bairro da estação foi ampliado pela Companhia dos Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses em 1933 e 1934. Neste último ano, também foi instalado um posto médico. Em Setembro de 1937, o Ministério das Obras Públicas e Comunicações aprovou o projecto para um novo dormitório, destinado ao pessoal de material e tracção.

Em Abril de 1939, a Companhia dos Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses realizou um comboio especial de Lisboa até Gaia, para regular as futuras marchas dos serviços rápidos. Este comboio, rebocado pela locomotiva a vapor n.º 501, partiu às 8:20 e chegou a Gaia às 12:03, estabelecendo um novo recorde de 3 horas e 43 minutos; no regresso, saiu às 15:28, tendo chegado a Campolide às 18:52. Em 1948, foi feita uma nova viagem experimental de Campolide a Gaia, desta vez para experimentar a locomotiva a gasóleo n.º 101, rebocando oito carruagens; o comboio demorou 3 horas e 56 minutos no percurso.

Décadas de 1940 e 1950

Em 1949, foi instalada uma oficina destinada a material circulante a gasóleo. Com a introdução das locomotivas a gasóleo nos comboios de longo curso na Linha do Norte, a paragem na estação de Gaia passou a ser reduzida para apenas alguns segundos. No dia 8 de Junho desse ano, os participantes da reunião anual da Comissão Permanente da Associação Internacional dos Caminhos de Ferro, que nesse ano teve lugar em Lisboa, fizeram uma excursão ao Porto; o comboio especial seguiu até à estação de Gaia, onde foi recebido pelo subchefe de divisão Vasconcelos Porto e outros funcionários superiores da Companhia dos Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses, tendo os congressistas depois continuado de autocarro.

Em 1953, esta estação era servida pelo comboio Foguete, que circulava entre as Estações do Rossio, em Lisboa, e São Bento, no Porto. Em 1955, as estações de Gaia e Braço de Prata eram as que tinham mais ramais particulares, contando cada uma com oito ramais. Também era uma das estações com mais movimento nos ramais, embora com valores em peso e vagões muito inferiores aos do Barreiro e Praias-Sado, que eram as estações com os ramais mais movimentados do país.

Décadas de 1960 a 1990
O lanço entre Esmoriz e Vila Nova de Gaia foi electrificado em Julho de 1965, pela Companhia dos Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses. A electrificação da Linha do Norte foi concluída no ano seguinte.

Em 1976, a estação de Gaia recebia hortaliças e frutas de Olhão, Fuseta, Luz de Tavira, Conceição, e Cacela; durante a Primavera e o Outono, a maior parte do volume das frutas era constituído por citrinos.

Em 24 de Junho de 1991, foi inaugurada a Ponte de São João, que substituiu a Ponte Maria Pia. Uma das propostas de aproveitamento da antiga estrutura previa a sua utilização em comboios turísticos até Gaia, como parte do Museu dos Transportes. Na década de 1990, a operadora Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses transferiu para a estação de Gaia um conjunto de seis locomotivas a vapor, que foram abatidas ao serviço em meados dos anos 70, com os números 072, 282 294, 0184 e 0190, e 701.

Século XXI
Em 2003, entrou ao serviço o sistema Convel nos troços entre Campanhã, São Bento e Vila Nova de Gaia. Em 2007 a autarquia exprimiu publicamente o seu desagrado com o estado da infraestrutura e com a falta de diálogo com a tutela.

Em Janeiro de 2011, apresentava três vias de circulação, com 530, 623 e 480 m de comprimento; as plataformas tinham entre 217 e 37 m de extensão, e 70 a 40 cm de altura; já em Dezembro de 2012, duas vias tinham 379 m de comprimento, enquanto que a terceira possuía 372 m; as plataformas tinham uma extensão de 312 e 277 m, e uma altura de 60 e 50 cm — valores mais tarde ampliados para os atuais.

Em Outubro de 2014, as locomotivas a vapor que foram parqueadas na estação na década de 1990 foram transferidas para outra via, uma vez que os terrenos no local anterior tinham problemas de instabilidade. Em finais de 2022, agência Lusa questionou a Câmara Municipal de Vila Nova de Gaia e a empresa Comboios de Portugal sobre estas locomotivas, tendo a autarquia respondido que «Não fazemos disto uma questão gaiense, porque não temos museu do comboio e acreditamos que este é um património nacional e não local», tendo-as considerado como «valor museológico nacional, devendo ser atentamente assumidos como foco da intervenção da CP». Por seu turno, a operadora Comboios de Portugal respondeu, «o restauro não é viável para a recolocação em condições de circulação, uma vez que implicaria custos idênticos ou superiores a uma locomotiva nova», mas «poderão ser restauradas para fins estáticos e expositivos, mesmo replicando algumas peças em falta». Com efeito, foi organizada a transferência da locomotiva 294 e do seu tender por via rodoviária até à cidade da Guarda, onde iria ser exposta numa rotunda, como parte de um protocolo entre a Fundação Museu Nacional Ferroviário e a autarquia.

Ver também
Comboios de Portugal
Infraestruturas de Portugal
Transporte ferroviário em Portugal
História do transporte ferroviário em Portugal

Bibliografia

Leitura recomendada

Ligações externas
Diagrama desta estação em 1972

Gaia
Gaia
Vila Nova de Gaia


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Q: What exactly is pi? According to Wikipedia(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi), pi is defined as being the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter but also it is mentioned as an irrational number.
Also from Wikipedia (and high-school math), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrational_number, an irrational number cannot be expressed as a ratio.
Therefore, how can pi be irrational and also a ratio? Don't they contrast? OR is the definition if pi wrong? If its a ratio shouldn't it be rational?


text:
Simons, Caroline
Caroline Simons
Caroline practices at the intersection of cybersecurity, data, government enforcement, and intellectual property. Her interdisciplinary expertise enables her to guide her clients through crises, respond to cybersecurity incidents, and manage enterprise risk strategically, effectively, and efficiently.
Caroline helps companies across diverse industries and verticals develop effective responses to cyberattacks and privacy incidents that deftly manage reputational, litigation, and financial risk. She is regularly engaged by clients to develop proactive security response programs, and when needed, design and conduct internal investigations to help determine root cause(s) and formulate strategies for organizations to enhance their cybersecurity program. Her extensive litigation and trial experience—including in the areas of criminal defense, Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA), trade secret misappropriation, and IP—allows her to see around corners to identify and manage key legal and litigation risks, and proactively prepare her clients' defense strategies against high-stakes litigation and government and regulatory enforcement investigations and actions.
Caroline was named an Up & Coming Lawyer by Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly in 2017, and has been named a Rising Star by Super Lawyers in 2016 - 2020. She currently leads the Boston office and serves as co-chair of Orrick's firmwide DEI initiative and is an ambassador in the Move the Needle initiative, a trailblazing collaboration between Orrick, Diversity Lab, leading GCs, and three other law firms to advance diversity and inclusion in the legal profession through ambitious goals and bold experimentation. Caroline also maintains an active pro bono practice, currently representing children and refugees in asylum proceedings in conjunction with the Political Asylum / Immigration Representation (PAIR) Project. She has drafted amicus briefs in cases pending before the U.S. Supreme Court and U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeals in the areas of federal sentencing guidelines, reproductive rights, and political law.
Represented financial services company in successive security breaches implicating vendor controls.
Represented travel and transportation company in network intrusion.
Represented leading education technology company and conducted incident post-mortem investigation to assess and develop operational resiliency.
Represented leading higher educational and research institution in successive security breaches.
Representing leading online grocer in copyright and CFAA litigation against competitor regarding allegations of data-scraping images from consumer-facing website.
Defended education technology company and former employees against allegations of trade secrets misappropriation. Settled favorably before preliminary injunction hearing after conducting swift forensic investigation.
Represented leading materials company Teknor Apex in defending against allegations of trade secrets misappropriation following failed joint venture. Settled favorably following the first, key 30(b)(6) deposition of adversary.
Obtained favorable International Trade Commission determination in modification proceeding on behalf of Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. and Mahindra Automotive North America in trademark and trade dress litigation; continuing to represent clients in parallel federal district court proceedings.
Obtained acquittal for client charged with attempted Hobbs Act extortion after a 7-day trial.
Represented emerging life sciences company in ultra-rare disease space in suit alleging trade secret misappropriation.
Successfully represented attorneys under federal investigation for conspiracy to defraud the United States; USAO declined to prosecute.
Represented drone technology company in investigation and dispute with departing engineer with respect to trade secret misappropriation.
Counseled sports technology company with respect to suspected trade secret misappropriation and copyright violations stemming from failed joint venture.
Counseled and conducted investigation for search engine companies with respect to suspected trade secret misappropriation and Computer Fraud and Abuse Act violations by former partner.
Counseled start-up client focusing on battery technology with respect to policies protecting proprietary information and trade secrets.
Represented a manufacturer of solar panels in an offensive trade secret misappropriation case brought under Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A, obtaining judgment awarding treble damages under a lost profits theory and attorney's fees, permanent injunction, and a 5-year production injunction. Judgment upheld in full by the Massachusetts Appeals Court.
Conducted an internal investigation on behalf of a state university regarding misuse of public funds by its President, leading to his resignation. Attorney General's Office subsequently filed suit against the individual to recover state funds.
Supreme Court Narrows Scope of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
Leadership Council on Legal Diversity Names 2021 Fellows and Pathfinders
April.15.2021
Orrick Builds in Boston, Adding Top-Tier Trademark, Copyright & Media Litigation Team
222 Berkeley Street
Cyber, Privacy & Data Innovation
White Collar, Investigations, Securities Litigation & Compliance
United States Courts of Appeals
Sixth Circuit
District of Massachusetts
Eastern District of New York
Eastern District of Michigan
Columbia Law School, J.D., 2008, Journal of Transnational Law, Head Notes Editor
Harvard College, A.B., 2004, cum laude
Boston Bar Association


The 360-degree video allows the user to customize their view from the surrounding area. There's no doubt that 360° camera and VR is getting mainstream since 2016. The internet company such as Youtube and Facebook has launched their support for this kind of content, but the adoption of PC's software is far slower. Only small numbers of media player that has been deployed capability to run 360-degree video, and it's free.
Firstly, prepare your 360-degree video. You can get it from Youtube by downloading UHD resolution to reduce the pixelated effect. Once you got the video, please follow these instructions below.
Right-click on the video, select Open With and choose Movies & TV. You can just Open the video if the Movies & TV is already the default media player.
On the Movies & TV window, click the three horizontal dots and select Play as 360° Video.
Now, drag the mouse to look around the point of view.
However, the 360-degree video support only available if you already upgrade the system to Windows 10 Creator Update. Therefore, for Windows 10 or older OS requires additional software.
The VLC Media Player surprisingly added new ability to play 360-degree video seamlessly. This non-profit organization already released VLC 3.0 early this year to enable major modern video features. It also free and available for Windows, Mac OS, Linux, Android, and iOS.
First, download the VLC 3.0 on your device. Install the program as usual. If the device has an older version of VLC, the program will ask you to replace with a newer version. Once the installation is done, open the 360-degree video with it and you can drag the mouse to select preferred view.
The Kolor Eyes has been around supporting 360-degree video since the video comes up to the public. The company is acquired by GoPro and change its name to GoPro VR Player. But, don't worry, the software still available with no costs for everyone, though non-GoPro user.
In order to view 360-degree photo & video, download GoPro VR Player on your Windows or Mac. Install and open that app, after that drag & drop the video to GoPro VR Player window. The app should immediately understand the media type and run in the 360-degree mode.
The app also works well with VR device but the quality is disappointing. The color tone is less vibrant, compared to Windows 10 Movies & TV. Perhaps they will fix the color problem with a new update.