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Q: How to remove DropdownMenu's default vertical padding when clicking the first item? I am trying to implement a simple DropdownMenu.
Everything works correct but when I click the first item , ripple effect does not cover DropDownMenu on the top completely and the same is happening for the last item.
Here is an image of what is happening :

Here is my code :

  MaterialTheme(shapes=MaterialTheme.shapes.copy(medium = RoundedCornerShape(16.dp))) {

                DropdownMenu(
                    expanded = expanded,
                    onDismissRequest = { expanded = false },

                ) {
                    DropdownMenuItem(onClick = {
                        Toast.makeText(
                            context,
                            "Refresh Clicked",
                            Toast.LENGTH_SHORT
                        ).show()
                    }
                    ,

                    ) {
                        Text("Refresh")
                    }
                    DropdownMenuItem(onClick = {
                        Toast.makeText(
                            context,
                            "Setting Clicked",
                            Toast.LENGTH_SHORT
                        ).show()
                    }) {
                        Text("Settings")
                    }
                    Divider()
                    DropdownMenuItem(onClick = {
                        Toast.makeText(
                            context,
                            "Details Clicked",
                            Toast.LENGTH_SHORT
                        ).show()
                    }) {
                        Text("Details")
                    }

                }

A: copy file to project and call DropdownMenuNoPaddingVeitical
// Menu open/close animation.
const val InTransitionDuration = 120
const val OutTransitionDuration = 75
private val MenuElevation = 8.dp
private val MenuVerticalMargin = 48.dp

        @Composable
    fun DropdownMenuNoPaddingVeitical(
        expanded: Boolean,
        onDismissRequest: () -> Unit,
        modifier: Modifier = Modifier,
        offset: DpOffset = DpOffset(0.dp, 0.dp),
        properties: PopupProperties = PopupProperties(focusable = true),
        content: @Composable ColumnScope.() -> Unit
    ) {
        val expandedStates = remember { MutableTransitionState(false) }
        expandedStates.targetState = expanded

        if (expandedStates.currentState || expandedStates.targetState) {
            val transformOriginState = remember { mutableStateOf(TransformOrigin.Center) }
            val density = LocalDensity.current
            val popupPositionProvider = DropdownMenuPositionProvider(
                offset,
                density
            ) { parentBounds, menuBounds ->
                transformOriginState.value = calculateTransformOrigin(parentBounds, menuBounds)
            }

            Popup(
                onDismissRequest = onDismissRequest,
                popupPositionProvider = popupPositionProvider,
                properties = properties
            ) {
                DropdownMenuContent(
                    expandedStates = expandedStates,
                    transformOriginState = transformOriginState,
                    modifier = modifier,
                    content = content
                )
            }
        }
    }

    @Composable
    fun DropdownMenuContent(
        expandedStates: MutableTransitionState<Boolean>,
        transformOriginState: MutableState<TransformOrigin>,
        modifier: Modifier = Modifier,
        content: @Composable ColumnScope.() -> Unit
    ) {
        // Menu open/close animation.
        val transition = updateTransition(expandedStates, "DropDownMenu")

        val scale by transition.animateFloat(
            transitionSpec = {
                if (false isTransitioningTo true) {
                    // Dismissed to expanded
                    tween(
                        durationMillis = InTransitionDuration,
                        easing = LinearOutSlowInEasing
                    )
                } else {
                    // Expanded to dismissed.
                    tween(
                        durationMillis = 1,
                        delayMillis = OutTransitionDuration - 1
                    )
                }
            }, label = ""
        ) {
            if (it) {
                // Menu is expanded.
                1f
            } else {
                // Menu is dismissed.
                0.8f
            }
        }

        val alpha by transition.animateFloat(
            transitionSpec = {
                if (false isTransitioningTo true) {
                    // Dismissed to expanded
                    tween(durationMillis = 30)
                } else {
                    // Expanded to dismissed.
                    tween(durationMillis = OutTransitionDuration)
                }
            }, label = ""
        ) {
            if (it) {
                // Menu is expanded.
                1f
            } else {
                // Menu is dismissed.
                0f
            }
        }
        Card(
            modifier = Modifier.graphicsLayer {
                scaleX = scale
                scaleY = scale
                this.alpha = alpha
                transformOrigin = transformOriginState.value
            },
            elevation = MenuElevation
        ) {
            Column(
                modifier = modifier
                    .width(IntrinsicSize.Max)
                    .verticalScroll(rememberScrollState()),
                content = content
            )
        }
    }

    private val MenuVerticalMargin = 48.dp

    data class DropdownMenuPositionProvider(
        val contentOffset: DpOffset,
        val density: Density,
        val onPositionCalculated: (IntRect, IntRect) -> Unit = { _, _ -> }
    ) : PopupPositionProvider {
        override fun calculatePosition(
            anchorBounds: IntRect,
            windowSize: IntSize,
            layoutDirection: LayoutDirection,
            popupContentSize: IntSize
        ): IntOffset {
            // The min margin above and below the menu, relative to the screen.
            val verticalMargin = with(density) { MenuVerticalMargin.roundToPx() }
            // The content offset specified using the dropdown offset parameter.
            val contentOffsetX = with(density) { contentOffset.x.roundToPx() }
            val contentOffsetY = with(density) { contentOffset.y.roundToPx() }

            // Compute horizontal position.
            val toRight = anchorBounds.left + contentOffsetX
            val toLeft = anchorBounds.right - contentOffsetX - popupContentSize.width
            val toDisplayRight = windowSize.width - popupContentSize.width
            val toDisplayLeft = 0
            val x = if (layoutDirection == LayoutDirection.Ltr) {
                sequenceOf(
                    toRight,
                    toLeft,
                    // If the anchor gets outside of the window on the left, we want to position
                    // toDisplayLeft for proximity to the anchor. Otherwise, toDisplayRight.
                    if (anchorBounds.left >= 0) toDisplayRight else toDisplayLeft
                )
            } else {
                sequenceOf(
                    toLeft,
                    toRight,
                    // If the anchor gets outside of the window on the right, we want to position
                    // toDisplayRight for proximity to the anchor. Otherwise, toDisplayLeft.
                    if (anchorBounds.right <= windowSize.width) toDisplayLeft else toDisplayRight
                )
            }.firstOrNull {
                it >= 0 && it + popupContentSize.width <= windowSize.width
            } ?: toLeft

            // Compute vertical position.
            val toBottom = maxOf(anchorBounds.bottom + contentOffsetY, verticalMargin)
            val toTop = anchorBounds.top - contentOffsetY - popupContentSize.height
            val toCenter = anchorBounds.top - popupContentSize.height / 2
            val toDisplayBottom = windowSize.height - popupContentSize.height - verticalMargin
            val y = sequenceOf(toBottom, toTop, toCenter, toDisplayBottom).firstOrNull {
                it >= verticalMargin &&
                        it + popupContentSize.height <= windowSize.height - verticalMargin
            } ?: toTop

            onPositionCalculated(
                anchorBounds,
                IntRect(x, y, x + popupContentSize.width, y + popupContentSize.height)
            )
            return IntOffset(x, y)
        }
    }

    fun calculateTransformOrigin(
        parentBounds: IntRect,
        menuBounds: IntRect
    ): TransformOrigin {
        val pivotX = when {
            menuBounds.left >= parentBounds.right -> 0f
            menuBounds.right <= parentBounds.left -> 1f
            menuBounds.width == 0 -> 0f
            else -> {
                val intersectionCenter =
                    (
                            kotlin.math.max(parentBounds.left, menuBounds.left) +
                                    kotlin.math.min(parentBounds.right, menuBounds.right)
                            ) / 2
                (intersectionCenter - menuBounds.left).toFloat() / menuBounds.width
            }
        }
        val pivotY = when {
            menuBounds.top >= parentBounds.bottom -> 0f
            menuBounds.bottom <= parentBounds.top -> 1f
            menuBounds.height == 0 -> 0f
            else -> {
                val intersectionCenter =
                    (
                            kotlin.math.max(parentBounds.top, menuBounds.top) +
                                    kotlin.math.min(parentBounds.bottom, menuBounds.bottom)
                            ) / 2
                (intersectionCenter - menuBounds.top).toFloat() / menuBounds.height
            }
        }
        return TransformOrigin(pivotX, pivotY)
    }

A: Unfortunately, it is not possible at the moment of this message.
It is hidden deep inside the code and hardcoded:
Column(
        modifier = modifier
            .padding(vertical = DropdownMenuVerticalPadding)
            .width(IntrinsicSize.Max)
            .verticalScroll(rememberScrollState()),
        content = content
    )

Also, have a look:
https://github.com/JetBrains/compose-jb/issues/1831


The School of Architecture and Planning is convening leading scholars and practitioners across the planning, architecture and real estate development professions to explore current conditions and future trends in housing policy, design and finance, and to consider new models for high-quality, affordable housing. The symposium kicks off a new program at the school to design and build affordable housing prototypes for Buffalo and cities like it across the U.S.
Mr. Cisneros has also been author or editor of several books including: Interwoven Destinies: Cities and the Nation. His book project with former HUD Secretary Jack Kemp, Opportunity and Progress: A Bipartisan Platform for National Housing Policy, was awarded the Benjamin Franklin Silver Medal in the category of best business book of 2006. In 2017 he co-authored "Building Equitable Cities" and co-authored "Kerner Commission Report: 50th Anniversary".
Mr. Cisneros holds a Bachelor of Arts and a Master's degree in Urban and Regional Planning from Texas A&M University. He earned a Master's degree in Public Administration from Harvard University, studied urban economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, holds a Doctorate in Public Administration from George Washington University, and has been awarded more than 20 honorary doctorates from leading universities. He served as an infantry officer in the United States Army.
Donald Capoccia is an urban developer in the fullest sense, combining his career of building in New York City with civic activities devoted to public arts and architecture initiatives. As the managing principal of BFC Partners, Capoccia spearheads the firm's focus on constructing affordable housing in emerging neighborhoods. Under his guidance, BFC Partners was the first developer in New York City to mix low and middle-income restricted apartments with market-rate rentals. To further encourage this building trend, Capoccia was a founding member in 1998 of the New York State Affordable Housing Association. Today, his association works to increase affordable housing programs and subsidies.
The UB Affordable Housing Initiative: Imagining. Innovating. Building.
Although the City of Buffalo has experienced a resurgence, it has inadequate high-quality housing that is affordable to a significant portion of its population. Like many cities, affordable housing in Buffalo has been heavily dependent on the availability of investments through low-income housing tax credits, the future availability of which is uncertain.
Through coursework, research and participation in studios, architecture, real estate development and urban planning students and faculty will plan, design and ultimately build single-family or multi-family housing prototypes for underserved neighborhoods on Buffalo's East or West Side. Prototypes will be replicable both for Buffalo and cities like it across the U.S. The design-build project will also consider innovative design and construction materials and techniques.
AICP members can earn Certification Maintenance (CM) credits for this activity [or many activities at this event]. When CM credits are available, they are noted at the end of an activity description. More information about AICP's CM program can be found at www.planning.org/cm.


2015 chiffon dress models. A lot of clothes are made with chiffons. Chiffon fabric is used especially for evening dresses and fashionable summer dresses. It is the fabric of drape dresses. Chiffon dresses are one of the elegant and dreamy looks preffered by women especially for the poolside weddings in the summertime. Famous designers often give place to chiffon dresses in their collection. This style of dresses require height and physique. Flared cuts are mostly used in chiffon dresses. 2015 Chiffon dresses are transformed into stylish and smart designs with fabrics cut in layers and drape details.
By means of the industrial development, different chiffon fabrics has emerged with fabric weaving techniques. There are various chiffon fabrics, most favourites being silk chiffon, crepe chiffon, shot chiffon. Shot chiffons with flip-flop colours compose the major part of the chiffon dresses. Chiffon dresses mask body flaws when applied with right patterns in the hands of master tailors. In chiffon dresses, correct pattern and fabric is crucial.


You may be riding in a car, train or airplane right now — or you may be sitting still. But did you know that even sitting still you are traveling thousands of miles per hour? Because of the earth's rotation and its movement around the sun, we are all hurling through space at unimaginable speeds.
Just as we can be moving at such a high rate of speed and not be the least bit aware of it, there are many today who are speeding through their life unaware of (or at least unaffected by how quickly they are approaching eternity. Though we are all traveling through space together, there are different destinies in eternity. Where are you going?
Where will you be in eternity? The joy of the saved and the woe of the lost are eternal. An everlasting heaven! A never-ending hell! You will be in one of these forever. Just think of being in a heaven of perfect happiness, or in a hell of pure woe.
To the redeemed in heaven, in the presence of God and His Son, Jesus Christ, there shall come no night, no ending of their holy bliss and pleasure. To the damned in the pit of woe, there will never rise a star of hope on the dark vista of their eternal night. Their destiny is fixed; they have enetered the blackness of darkness forever (Luke 16:19-31).
In which of these destinies will be forever? You must be in one of them; you cannot remain on earth forever. No matter what happens to your body, your never-dying soul will remain forever in heaven or hell (1 Thessalonians 4:16,17 ; Revelation 20:15).
The God who brought you into being, in whom you live and move, has decreed that you must exist forever. Yes, "forever" is the word. You yourself must decide … Where are you going?
The open door of an eternal heaven, the open door of an endless hell are both before you. God has left you to choose which you will enter at the end of life's journey. Remember, the choice must be made now, not then. To be prepared for that eternal heaven, you must acknowledge that you are a lost, hell-deserving sinner before God, and trust His Son, Jesus Christ who died as a sacrifice for sinners and rose again.(Romans 5:8), as your Savior.
To reject, despise, or neglect the Son of God and His offer of salvation, or to try to save yourself, is to doom yourself to hell. You do not have to be an atheist in order to perish. You don not have to be one of the "worst" sinners to be lost forever. You only have to continue as you are, neglecting God's great salvation (Hebrews 2:3), and God has declared that you will perish eternally. Stop and think! Where are you going?


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text:
Biden Fail: Half of Voters Say Border Is Top Concern Going Into 2022
Since the start of his administration, Biden has left our Southern border open. To date, 4.9 million illegal aliens have flooded the country. Most of them have not been deported, as Biden is releasing them into the interior of the country.
The problem is only getting worse. And it will affect every corner of the country, as drug cartels, human traffickers, and smugglers overrun your community. But, if you were to ask Democrats in the media, it's not a big deal! Don't even bother talking about it, Republicans, because voters don't care.
Well, this new poll crushes that nonsense.
Voters do not have a high opinion of President Joe Biden's handling of illegal immigration, as half alone say he has done a "poor" job, a Rasmussen Reports survey released Tuesday found…
A majority, 67 percent, rate Biden's handling as either "fair" or "poor," and of those, 50 percent say "poor." Just 18 percent say Biden has done a "good" job, and even fewer, 11 percent, say "excellent." […]
Further, most, 54 percent, say illegal immigration is getting "worse" in the U.S. — a sentiment held by 83 percent of Republicans, 54 percent of independents, and 26 percent of Democrats…
This could spell trouble for Democrats as the midterm elections approach, as 73 percent identified immigration as an important issue in the midterm elections. Of those, 45 percent said it is "very" important. [Source: Breitbart]
The media might claim otherwise, but 73% of voters say immigration is an important issue this election. And 50% of voters are giving Biden a failing grade on the issue. Only 18% of those asked think he is doing a "good" job.
Nearly five million illegal aliens have entered the country since Biden took office, smashing all known records. Don't think that's a big deal? Those numbers are beyond unsustainable. They are poised to devastate our country, as these aliens invade our states, cities, and communities.
Border towns are already overrun. But it won't stop there. These aliens will go wherever they think they can get an upper hand. They will overwhelm our school systems and medical services, while leeching off of welfare. And that's not even talking about the surge in crime that's soon to come, and the destructive impact this will have on the jobs market.
But still, Biden turns a blind eye. His party is deliberately welcoming illegals into the country. They need them. Democrats have been using illegal aliens for years, promising them welfare and support in exchange for votes.
That is why Democrats oppose voter ID laws (and other protections) and why they do nothing about the border. For them, the only thing that matters is winning.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
I prefer my nephew to represent Ghana over Italy at senior level – Tony Yeboah
Legendary Ghanaian striker Anthony Yeboah says he would prefer his nephew Kelvin Yeboah to represent Ghana over Italy at the senior level.
The Sturm Graz forward had received an invite to play for the national team, the Black Stars prior to the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Ethiopia and South Africa last year.
Yeboah who had been in top form at club level was also invited by the Italy U-21 team for the European U-21 Championship qualifiers.
However, the Ghanaian descent snubbed the invite to play for the Black Stars indicating it was an honor for him to represent the European country.
The former Black Stars striker was subsequently blamed by some fans after his nephew snubbed Ghana to play for Italy.
Speaking on Onua TV, the former Leeds United goal monger said he would prefer his nephew represent Ghana at senior level instead of Italy.
"Kelvin Yeboah was natured in Italy; his father is there so I can only advise him. At the time he was invited to represent Ghana I told him, he has not committed himself and was still eligible to play for Ghana. So, when he reach a certain stage of his career, he can decide on the country he wants to represent
"At the time Kelvin wasn't at his peak, I recommended him for the juvenile national team but no one picked him. I talk to him, definitely, I would prefer him playing for Ghana instead of Italy at the senior level" he said.
Source: footballghana.com
Related Topics:atGhanaIITALYLEVELMYNEPHEWOVERPREFERrepresentSeniorTOTONYyeboah
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text:
The struggle for freedom
The Struggle for Freedom in Europe
Belorussia had the largest concentration of partisans in Eastern Europe. Partisans began to operate in Belorussia in the summer of 1941. Most of them were Red Army soldiers who had been surrounded by the Germans, and had wandered through villages and forests. Some of them were members of the Communist Party who had fled their homes when the Germans entered Belorussia. Belorussia, with its abundant forests and swamps, was well suited to partisan activity on a large scale. Already in June 1941, only a few weeks after the German invasion of the USSR, operatives were sent to cross the front lines at Sluzk and Kopyl and reached the area of Storabin, south of Minsk, and began to organize small partisan units. Among the first of these operatives were Kozlov and Varvashenya. According to Soviet sources, by the end of August 1941, there were about 230 partisan units. At the head of the first units were Bumazkkov, Pavlovsky, Shiniryev, Zaslonov and Korazh. Partisan units were formed in the areas of Vilekya and Kurenets. In the spring of 1942, thousands of automatic rifles and cannon were sent from inside the USSR to the partisans in Belorussia. In the summer of 1942, the partisan units were organized into brigades, and airfields were built in Klicev, Luban, and Mogilev. On September 9 1942, a partisan headquarters was established in Belorussia. The partisan units were a safe haven for those Belorussians who were in danger of expulsion or murder by the Germans, for their help to the partisans and their connection with them. Partisan activity increased, and in 1943 60% of Belorussia was under their influence. The Germans established auxiliary units of Belorussians and Lithuanians in their war against the partisans, and carried out large operations against them. The partisans fought for the soul of the civilian population, and waged a wide-ranging information operation by word of mouth and in the underground newspapers. Already in the early stages of their operations, they were coordinated with the Red Army, and in the summer of 1944, with the German retreat from Belorussia, there was especially close cooperation between them. At the same time, the partisans undertook a large combined demolition operation of the railroad tracks in the German rear and attacks on retreating enemy units. At the end of 1941, according to Soviet statistics, there were approximately 5,000 partisans in Belorussia. By 1942 there were 73,000, in 1943 – 243,000 and by 1944 there were 374,000 partisans, of whom 91,000 were in family camps in the forests. The Belorussian partisans were organized into units, most of them in the framework of 199 brigades. In the Belorussian partisan movement were Belorussians, Russians, Jews, Poles, Georgians, Slovaks and others. The Jewish partisans of Belorussia came from the ghettos and the camps, some in groups from the underground movements which had arisen in many ghettos in Belorussia, and some as individual refugees.
The Jewish partisans operated in the forests as part of the Belorussian partisan movement, but as separate Jewish units, although there were some mixed units. They operated in large Jewish units in the framework of Belorussian units, but there were those who operated as individuals in non-Jewish units.
The Jews had to tread a long and dangerous path before they could reach the partisan units. The partisan movement developed in three stages and the situation of the Jews in the partisan units depended, to some extent, on which stage had been arrived at when they joined
At the beginning of spring 1942, a group of 17 men left for the Novogrodek Forests, under the leadership of the Bielski brothers (Tuvia, Asahael and Zosia). This group was the nucleus from which the large Bielski Jewish partisan family camp grew in the Naliboki Forests. The Puszcza bloc of forests spreads over 3000 kms. in the Novogrodek District, on the right (northern) bank of the Neiman in western Belorussia, north-east of the city of Novogrodek. North of this bloc of forests lie the forests of Volozhin and Visnevo; in the east, Ivenets and Rubeghevichi;in the south, Vernichi; and in the west, Deliatchi and Ivie. The northern border of this bloc of forests was the Lida-Molodechno railway line. The town of Naliboki lies near the southeastern part of the virgin forest. The forest is crossed by a network of tributaries of the Neiman, such as the Berezina and the Svislock. Between the streams there are many swamps, in which there are islands – natural places to hide. The bloc of forests is set among a tight network of Jewish towns, and their Jewish inhabitants, especially the experts and lumber merchants among them, knew their way around the maze of forests.
From the spring of 1942 until the summer of 1944, the partisan units Stalin, Alex Nevsky, Sokolovelorussia, Czecholovelorussia, Bolshevik, 1st. of May, Iskera, Ponomarenko, Voroshilovelorussia, Strelkovelorussia, Sevoboda, and others operated in the Naliboki Forests. The inter-regional headquarters of the partisans under the command of generals Mayor Platon, Dubor and Sokolov were also situated there. Polish partisan units such as Koshtsushko also operated in the area. After the arrival of the Bielski Unit, in whose camp were about 1200 Jews who had fled from the area of Novogrodek, refugees from the Minsk ghetto reached the Naliboki Forests, led by Shalom Zorin, as well as Jews from other ghettos. There were approximately 800 Jews in Zorin's family camp. Dr. Yehezkel Atlas' Unit was in the Deredin region, the Schtorrs 51 Unit was in the Slonim region, refugees from the Nesvizh, Stolpec and Sverzhan ghettos were in the Kopyl area, south of Minsk, where they formed the Zhukovelorussia Unit, while Jews from the Zhitel area formed a company under the leadership of Zvi Kaplinski. In July-August 1943, the Germans laid siege to Naliboki, set fire to the town and surrounding villages, and transported hundreds of the villagers to labor camps in Germany.
An estimated 20,000 partisans operated in the Naliboki Forests, of them about 3,000 were Jews. In Pushtshe of Lipichany, groups of Jewish partisans operated in the Borba Battalion and in the Lenin Unit. A company of Jewish partisans from Mir joined the "For Soviet Belorussia" Unit of the Czechkalovelorussia Brigade and the Yuzhak Group. Jews from Gorodok and Velozhin also joined Czeckhalovelorussia brigades. In Kurenets, while still in the ghetto, members of the Zionist youth movements had already made contact with the anti-Nazi Russian underground, and when they left for the forests they operated in partisan units in western Belorussia, as well as in the Pleshchenisty and Vitebsk areas in eastern Belorussia. In the Vilekya area the Jews operated in the Prunzhe, Zhukovelorussia, Buryoni, 4th Belorussian Brigade, Gastelo and other brigades.
Fighters of Bialystok and underground members from the neighboring towns (Suprasl, Slonim and others) formed the Jewish Vapyerod Unit and other small partisan groups such as, Kinki, People of Baumatz, and Briansk. A group of Jewish girls served as liaisons between the anti-Fascist committee in Bialystok and the partisan units in the forest. Jews who had fled from ghettos in north Vohlyn and from the southern district of Novogrodek (Baravovich, Stolpec, Nesvizh) were concentrated in the Polesie region, where they formed Jewish partisan units, such as Baranovitz. Jews from Lenin, Pogost-Zagorodski and Lahkva reached the fighting units, such as the Komaroveylorussia Brigade of former Pinsk residents, the Kaganovich Jewish Unit, and the Bomazhkobelorussia, Bolotnikobelorussia, Pavloviski, Shveyiko, Gulayebelorussia units. In Soviet Brigade 123 there were Jews from eastern Belorussia as well as from Glusk, Staborin, Luban, in addition to Jews who had fled from Lakhva and Lenin in western Belorussia.
The Minsk ghetto underground worked to bring Jews out of the ghetto to partisan units. It is reckoned that thousands of Jews fled from the Minsk ghetto to the forests. Jews from Minsk were among the organizing founders of seven partisan units: Unit 406, Kutuzov (2nd Minsk brigade), Bodiyuni, Dverzhinski, Sergei Lazo, Parchomenko and Unit 106 (Zorin). Later the Jews became a minority in these units. There were Jews in partisan units in other areas of eastern Belorussia, in Vitebsk, Homel and Mohedev.
The Jewish partisan units performed daring operations, and there were many among them who received decorations for excellence. In addition to their military activities, the Jewish partisans also performed rescue operations bringing many Jews from the ghettos to the forests. Many of the escapees from the ghettos were not accepted into Soviet partisan units because they were without weapons. Some of them organized into separate Jewish groups, obtained weapons and undertook military operations. Other Jewish refugees, the older ones and those with families, organized family camps, some of which were under the aegis of Jewish partisans in Soviet units, who supplied them with food and protection. The number of Jews in the family camps grew to many thousands. The Jewish partisans operated in a hostile civilian environment, and in many cases within the partisan units also. With the advance of the Soviet Army, there was a reduction in the number of hostile acts against the Jewish partisans. There were approximately 40,000 Jews who fled from the ghettos of western and eastern Belorussia to the forests. The number of Jewish partisans in that area was between 12,000 and 15,000, the largest group in the entire Jewish partisan organization.
The partisan movement in Lithuania developed much later than in Belorussia, and its activities were connected geographically and dependent organizationally, to some extent, on the partisan movement in Belorussia. The relative delay in the development of the partisan movement in Lithuania stemmed from the hostility that most Lithuanians felt towards the USSR, and from the relative distance of Lithuania from the front in the early years of the war in the east. The western region of Belorussia was a suitable area for temporary bases for Soviet armed groups, which had infiltrated from the front in order to strengthen the activities of the Lithuanian partisans. Until the middle of 1943, the forests of Belorussia were the only refuge for Jews from eastern Lithuania who had fled from the ghettos and labor camps. Hundreds of Jews reached the Nacha Forests (about 80 km. south of Vilna) and to the lakes and swamps for the Kazhan and Naroch area (about 150 km. east of Vilna). A call to the Jews to rise up against the Nazis in the ghettos came from Lithuania, in a manifesto of revolt written by Abba Kovner in the Vilna ghetto during the night between December 31, 1941 and January 1, 1942. Within 3 weeks the United Partisan Organization (P.P.O.) was established.
Already at the end of 1941, the first Jews from Lithuanian towns reached the Nacha Forests, singly and in small groups, and they were joined by refugees from the Vilna ghetto. Some were organized into family groups; others joined the Leniniski Comsomolita Partisan Battalion. Jewish youth who fled to the Naroch Forests were concentrated in the Voroshilobelorussia Battalion of the Brigade, under the command of Fyodor Markov. In the spring of 1943, ten youths who had fled from the Svencionys ghetto arrived at the Chapayebelorussia Battalion of this Brigade. Several of them were sent back to the ghetto to bring out more Jews. In August 1943, a group of P.P.O. fighters from the Vilna underground reached the Naroch Forest under the command of Joseph Glazman, and the Jewish Battalion Nekama was formed with 200 fighters. The paratrooper Butenas (formerly called Zerach Ragovsky) was appointed commander and Glazman became battalion Chief of Staff. About two months after its formation, it was split up, on orders from the Soviet command, and some of the fighters were transferred to the Konsomolksi Battalion. Many of this battalion's fighters were killed during the German siege of the area in November 1943. When the siege ended, many of the Jewish fighters of the Voroshilov Brigade were abandoned by the command, apparently with the knowledge of the commander Markov. A turn for the better occurred at the beginning of 1944. A large number of the Jewish survivors, including those without weapons, were accepted into the partisan battalions. Many of these Jews were Lithuanians. Altogether there were approximately 450 Jewish Lithuanian fighters in the ranks of the partisans in Belorussia.
The Soviet partisan headquarters parachuted a group of political and military leaders into German-occupied territory in order to intensify partisan activity. On March 7, 1942, a group of about 20 people was parachuted into northern Lithuania. Among them were Jews, led by the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Lithuanian Communist Party, Itzik Meskup, nicknamed Adomas. After a short while the group was discovered and all the members were killed. A similar fate befell many of the other parachuted groups.
In the summer of 1943, a group of 40 people landed at an improvised landing-strip in Belorussia, bringing about a turning point in the history of the Lithuanian partisan movement. Leading the group were two senior members of the Communist Party, Shummuskas (Kazimir), and Genrik Ziman (Yurgis), a Jewish teacher from Kovno. Shumuskas set himself up, with some of the men, in the Naroch Forest, near the Lithuanian Zhalgiris Brigade, and from there he commanded the partisan and political activity in northern Lithuania. Ziman, with some of the men, arrived in October 1943 on Lithuanian territory and set up a base in the Rudniki Forest. His area of command included southern Lithuania, including Vilna and Kovno, where there were still approximately 20,000 Jews. At that time there were tens of Jewish partisans already operating in the Rudniki Forests in the "For the Homeland" Battalion of the Troky Brigade. Later, when the battalions "Free Lithuania" and "The Liberator" were established in the same brigade, the Jews who fled from the Kushiador and Palemon labor camps in the Kovno area, were accepted into these battalions. The total number of Jews in the Troky Brigade was 100 out of the 600 fighters.
The largest concentration of Jewish fighters in Lithuania formed the Vilna Brigade in the Rudniki Forests. The Pushtzia of Rudniki spread over about 40 km. south of Vilna, over an area of around 2,500 km. The main highway from Vilna to Grodzny and Bialystok lay across the forests. The local inhabitants were Lithuanians and Poles. Partisan activities in the Rudniki Forests began in the summer of 1943, when a group of Soviet paratroopers, under the command of Captain Alko, set up a base there, and at the beginning of September the first Lithuanian-Soviet partisans arrived there from the Naroch Forests. That same month, the first Jewish partisans, 70 men and women members of the "Struggle Organization of Yehielita", who left the Vilna ghetto a few days after the Aktion of September 1, 1943, arrived in the Rudniki Forests. Not all of them were armed. Their leaders were Elhanan Magid, Shlomo Brand and Natan Ring. They tried to join Alko's partisans as a group, but the partisans were prepared to accept only 20 armed men. At the end of September and beginning of October, two groups of the P.P.O. arrived at Rudniki, comprising 70-80 members, under the auspices of Abba Kovner and Chiyena Borovske. They joined the men of the "Struggle Organization of Yehielita" and together they numbered 150 people.
The Jewish partisans accepted the authority of the Soviet-Lithuanian partisan movement. Liaisons were sent to labor camps in Vilna to bring back more Jews, and by the end of October there were 250 men at the base. They sabotaged roads, bridges, electric and telephone poles. Jewish partisans infiltrated into Vilna and sabotaged the electrical and water systems of the city. Some of their operations were for the procurement of arms and food. The Jews of Vilna set up four battalions comprised of 400 fighters:
HaNokem Battalion, commanded by Abba Kovner and his commissar Issar Schmidt;
For Victory Battalion, commanded by Shmuel Kaplinski and his commissar Chiyena Borovske;
Death to Fascism Battalion, commanded by Yankel Prener and his commissar Berl Shershnevsky;
Struggle Battalion, commanded by Aharon Aharonovitz and his commissar Berl Shershnevsky.
In the Death to Fascism Battalion and the Struggle Battalion, Jews from towns near Vilna were also included. At the beginning of 1944, non-Jewish fighters joined these battalions. The Jewish character of the battalions was undermined and most of the officers were changed. The official reason given was that the Soviet partisan movement was built according to republics, and since there was no Jewish republic, there was no justification for Jewish battalions. However, the Jews continued to be an absolute majority of all fighters in these battalions.
In November 1943, groups of fighters from the Organization of the General Jewish Fighter began to reach the Rudniki Forest from the Kovno ghetto. Until May 1944, there were about 200 men, mostly in three battalions of the Kovno Brigade: Death to the Occupier, Kadima and Vlodas Baronas. About 50 of them fell in battle. Most of their leaders were Soviet officers who had escaped from German captivity. About ten Jews were appointed as deputy commanders, mainly as section commanders. In the spring of 1944, Polish partisans appeared in the Rudniki Forests, men of the Krajova Army. They tried to drive out the Soviet partisans, and in the battles which ensued between the Polish and Soviet partisans, Jewish partisans were also killed. Anti-Semitic elements, seeing the Jews as pro-Soviet, murdered tens of Jews who had been hidden by local villagers. Tens of Jewish fighters were in Lithuanian partisan units in central Lithuania, in the Kazlu-Ruda Forests and in Kadyan. Jewish individuals fought in other partisan units, such as the Kastotis Battalion in western Lithuania. There were approximately 250 more Jews in groups, including in armed family groups in family camps in the forests. In spring 1944, when shipments of parachuted weapons arrived, partisan activity increased, and at the beginning of July, the Red Army reached the Rudniki area, and the partisans participated in the liberation of Vilna on July 13, 1944.
In the Lithuanian partisan movement there were approximately 850 Jews – about 10% of all the fighters, with 450 Jewish fighters from Lithuania within the framework of the Belorussian partisans, and 350 fighters in other territorial frameworks. The number of Lithuanian fighting Jews was 1,650. More than half fought in the framework of 22 battalions (out of the 92 battalions in the Lithuanian partisan movement) whose achievements in battle were the greatest. To their credit, they derailed 461 out of a total of 577 trains derailed (79%); 288 out of a total of 400 locomotives destroyed (72%); 3,663 out of a total of 16,000 enemy Nazis wounded (23%), and more. HaNokem Battalion alone is credited with derailing 5 enemy trains, the demolition of 3 km. of railway line ramps, the blowing-up of railway track in 350 places, the destruction of 5 bridges and 3 electric power stations, and the disruption of 3 km. of telephone and telegraph lines. 250 Jewish fighters fell in battle, and many fighters were cited for distinction in battle. In spite of this, there still remained manifestations of discrimination against Jewish fighters in several of the mixed partisan units. The partisan movement was, in fact, the only fighting framework against the Nazi regime open to Jews; but joining was limited for political and military reasons as well as by prejudice
The Ukraine
In northern Ukraine, where there are large areas of forests and swamps, a large Soviet partisan movement developed. These forested areas were, from the beginning of the occupation, a refuge for Jews who had fled the destruction, for Jewish escaped prisoners of war, both regular soldiers and officers who were also doomed to be murdered. They all joined the partisan units which had begun to organize in July 1941. There is scant information about the part Jews played, and since many of the Jewish partisans hid their identities, the picture is only a partial one. We know of Dr. Dina Maiyevska of the Kovpak Partisan Corps, the translator Misha Tartakovsky, the section leader Gregory Lubyensky, the reconnaissance scouts Kulka the Wise and Moshe Rubyenov and there were others whose names remain unknown. In the Sumi district, Dr. Yaakov Bulak, the wireless operator Joseph Mali, and the patrol and demolitions officer Yevgeny Volyanski all served in the Melnik Corps. In the cavalry of Naumov there were approximately 50 Jews who served with him in the battles towards central Ukraine and westward. Many Jews were in the divisions of Saburov and Alexei Fyodorov, such as the commander of the Lenin Company, section commander Alexander Margalit, and the sapper Shmuel Gottesban. In the Chernigov district, company commanders Shiklovsky and Alexander Kaminsky fought in Selai's Brigade, and Nachumy was in command of the sappers. Jews fought in the Schtorrs Company in the Kiev area (section commander was Boris Pinchasovitz).
In the units in the Vinizia area we know of Yaakov Talit, deputy commander of the Lenin Corps, and in the Dnypropetrovesk we know of Benyamin Shachnovitz, who was a company commander and fell in battle. Later, a regiment under the command of Leonid Bernstein fought in the same area, and at the beginning of 1944 was transferred to the Lvov area. Afterwards, they were parachuted into Slovakia. Jews also fought in the Odessa catacombs, among them the commanders Forman and Yaakov Wasin.
The Jewish fighters in western Ukraine were a unique case. At the time of the destruction and slaughter in the summer of 1942, many groups of young, armed Jews organized and fled to the forests and mountains. Approximately 1,000 fighters in about 35-40 groups in Zohlyn fought on their own until they were able to join the Soviet partisan movement, which only arrived in the area at the end of 1942. Some of them fell in fierce battles; some joined the Soviet units, such as the group led by Moshe Nildenman, who created a Jewish Company within the Saburov Corps; the groups Zofyevka and Kolecky who joined the Kovpak Corps; the Medombrovitz and Sernik groups who formed the Maxim Misyara Unit and the Manyevitz, Lishniyovka and Pavorsk groups who formed the Nickola Konishtsok and Joseph Soviasyak Units, all of whom later joined the Rovnait Division under the command of Vassily Begma.
Jewish partisans fought in the Polish brigades of the Soviet partisan movement (Poland Is Not Lost), Vanda Vasilovska, Trangut and others, in the Polish village self-defense framework, and even in the 27th Corps of the Armia Kriova. Approximately 1,900 Jews fought as partisans in Vohlyn.
Because of the difficult terrain, and due the activities of the O.P.A. (the Ukrainian Rebellion Army) in eastern Galicia, it was very difficult for the Jewish fighters, and most of the fighting groups were wiped out and their names lost. It is known that Jewish groups operated in the areas of Tarnopol, Borshchev, Chortkov, Stanislavuv, Bolekhov, Skalat, Pshemichel, Themach, Olnik and Bukachovtsy. Jews from the Skalat camp and Stanislavuv joined the Kovpak Corps, during the military drive to the Carpathians at the end of the summer of 1943, and set up a Jewish section with Jewish commanders from the Zopeyevka and Kolecki groups. Jewish fighters served in all capacities. Many were in command positions and many were brigade commanders, such as Stephen Kaplun and Robert Satanovsky. Alex Abugov commanded a reconnaissance battalion in the Rovnayot Division, Moshe Geidenman was a company commander, and Joseph Karpus was supply commander of the Pinsk Brigade. There were many Jewish doctors in the medical corps, such as Dr. Erlich Medombrovitz, who was medical officer of the Rovnayot Division and Dr. Benjamin Chesarsky, doctor of the Medvyedyev Division.
Federal Republic of Russia
There were also Jewish partisan fighters in the areas of the Federal Republic of Russia which were occupied by the Germans. In the northern-most area reached by the Germans, the Leningrad region, many Jews fought in the Boyevoy Unit. The only commander, Eng. Dmitry Novakovsky, was Jewish. Jews who had fled the ghettos fought in the partisan ranks in the Schrorrs Battalion, which operated in the Briansk forests, southwest of Moscow (not to be confused with Briansk in Belorussia). Lazar Belyachman was the commander of the Furmanov Company. The surgeon Arkady Idalin and the doctors Tiomkin and Unkovska all served in the medical corps of the partisans. Hungarian Jews who fled from the Hungarian work force served with the Dzhrzinsky Company.
In the communities and ghettos of the General Government in Poland, wide ranging partisan organization operated with initiative and daring in many areas, but were not greatly successful in guerilla warfare or in the partisan struggle outside the cities and towns. The lack of Jewish partisans fighting on a large scale in Poland was due to several reasons. Central Poland does not have abundant forests like the large forests in the east. At first, the large and strong partisan organization, Armia Krayova, which took its authority from the Polish government in exile, refrained from guerilla tactics, and displayed its main military force in operations in the last stages of the war. In 1942, there was very little partisan activity of the Armia Krayova in the forests, the organization did not encourage the Jews to flee to the forests and, for the most part, the unit commanders were unwilling to accept Jews into their ranks.
The Nationalist Fascist Armed Forces, who operated mostly outside the framework of the Armia Krayova, were extreme anti-Semites and even murdered Jews who had escaped to the forests. There were some men of the Armia Krayova who were genuinely concerned about the fate of the Jews, and tried to protect them in the forests, but they were few in number and their power was limited.
The Polish communists were friendlier to the Jews, for two reasons. Firstly, unlike the Armia Krayova, the communists wanted to start the struggle against the Nazis immediately and in this the Jews were natural allies. Secondly, at that time, the Communists and the Left were more sympathetic to the plight of the Jews. Between the two World Wars there were many Jews in the Polish Communist Party, but communist partisan activity did not start until the middle of 1942, and it was only organized properly in 1943. The majority of the Polish people rejected them, and so the communists devoted much effort to gain the support of their countrymen. Therefore, the communists took care that there not be too many Jews within their ranks, to avoid being labeled a Jewish organization. The Armia Ludova (Gvardia Ludova) was a communist partisan organization which only became significant at the end of 1943. By this time, however, all the ghettos had been destroyed and all their inhabitants had been sent to their deaths. Only those Jews who had escaped to the forests beforehand, and had managed to survive there, benefited from the strengthening of the Armia Ludova.
This indicates the importance of the third factor, that of time. When the systematic slaughter of the Jews was at its height, from spring of 1942 until the spring of 1943, the partisan movement in the General Government was weak. When the partisan movement grew and strengthened, and there was a friendly attitude towards the Jews, there were few Jews left. These were not in either forced labor camps or concentration camps. According to statistics published by the Poles, approximately 25,000 men participated in the partisan movement in the General Government, in the framework of the main underground and the Armia Krayova and Armia Ludova. It appears that the number of Jews who managed to escape and sought shelter in the villages, forests and hills was in the thousands, but only about 2,000 succeeded in finally becoming armed fighters in the forests. About 3,000 wandered in the forests and villages. All the rest were captured and murdered.
Jews played a very important role in the consolidation of the strength of the partisans organized by the communists. There were many Jews among the Communist Party commanders, although most of them hid their Jewish identity. Many of the parachutists sent from the USSR to organize guerilla warfare in Poland were Jews. From 1942-1944, 27 Jewish partisan units were organized in Poland. The most important of them was the one commanded by Yehiel Greenspan. It arose from the thousands of Jews from the forests of north-eastern region of Lublin, who had escaped from the deportations to Sobibor, in the summer of 1942. In January 1943, Greenspan's unit numbering 50 men operated in the forests neighboring Parchev, and served to protect the family camp set up by refugee Jews. On Christmas 1942, Easter 1943 and May 1944, the Germans conducted massive manhunts in the Parchev Forests during which most of the refugees were murdered, more than 4,000 souls; but the family camp was not destroyed and Greenspan's unit held firm. From the spring of 1943, the company received help from the Gvardia Ludova and then officially joined them. Help from the Polish underground and supplies of weapons, and Soviet partisans who were parachuted in, enabled Greenspan's Company to attack German police stations and transportation routes of the German Army. When the area was liberated on July 23, 1944, approximately 200 souls survived in the family camp and 120 fighters in Greenspan's Company.
Among the Polish Jewish partisan units, mention should be made of: the unit commanded by Shmuel Yegyer, comprised of Jewish prisoners of war of the Polish Army who escaped from a camp in Lublin; the unit commanded by Avraham Amsterdam, made up of 47 men, which operated in the Dolcha Forests east of Krakov, and when they were surrounded by the Germans, succeeded, while suffering many casualties, to break through the front lines and join up with the Red Army; the unit commanded by Shmuel Gruber, with 30 men; the unit of Mordechai Anilevitz which fought in the area of Wyszkov, near Warsaw, and in part was made up of fighters from the Warsaw ghetto who had survived the suppression of the rebellion.
Nine Jewish partisan units joined the Armia Ludova in the course of time. Most of the fighters of these units fell in operations, but the few who survived joined Polish partisan units. We can assume that hundreds of Jews fought in units of the Armia Kryova. Among both those who hid their Jewish identity, and those who did not, some reached high rank within their units. Many Jews fought in the ranks of the Armia Ludova, in the Polish units, and in the organization's international units. Most of the Jewish units operated in the areas of Lublin, Kielce and Radom. Approximately 1,000 Jews, among them surviving fighters of the Warsaw Ghetto Revolt, participated in the Polish Warsaw revolt in the summer of 1944.
In Slovakia, the Jewish youth groups played an important role in consolidating cells of resistance in case the transports to the death camps were to be resumed. Such cells existed in every one of the forced labor camps, Novaki, Sered and Wyheneh. At the beginning of 1944, contact was made between these cells and the National Slovakian Council. With the outbreak of the Nationalist Slovakian Revolt at the end of August 1944, the members of these cells joined them, as well as did Jews who had not been organized into the resistance cells until then. 2,500 Jews participated in the rebellion, of them 1,566 partisans, representing 10% of the total partisans in Slovakia. 500 Jews fell in the rebellion, 269 of them partisans, that is, one sixth of all the partisans killed in the revolt. The Novaki cell, comprising 200 men, fought as a separate unit, first within the framework of the regular army. Later, with the suppression of the revolt at the end of October 1944, most of the men of the unit joined the partisan units. During the revolt, five paratroopers from Eretz Yisrael arrived in Slovakia, and four of them, Chaviva Reik, Zvi Ben-Yaakov, Rafi Reis and Abba Berdichev, were killed. Only one, Chaim Chermesh, survived and continued to fight in the ranks of the Slovakian partisans until the end of the war.
Yugoslavia,Bulgaria Greece
In Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Greece the Jews were accepted into the partisan ranks as equals, but there were no special Jewish units, or any with a Jewish character. There were proportionally a large number of them. This fact was especially apparent in Yugoslavia, where the most important partisan movement of all the Nazi-occupied countries existed. The large number of Jews in the ranks of the partisans led by Josep Broz Tito is especially impressive, considering the great difficulty the Jews had in reaching the distant areas of battle, and also considering the fact that when the partisan struggle began in the autumn of 1941, strengthening in the second half of 1942, most of the Jews of Yugoslavia had already been murdered. In the list of names of the Jews who served in the ranks of the resistance movement, there are 4,572 names, of whom about 3,000 served in fighting units. 1,318 fell in battle, 150 were awarded the decoration "First among the Fighters" and 10 received the highest honor bestowed in Yugoslavia, "National Hero". Jews reached high positions of command, among them General Woje Todorovitz, who, after the war, became commander of the land forces, and Dr. Rosa Pappo, the first woman with the rank of General. Jews played an important role in the establishment of the medical corps, which was headed by Dr. Herbert Kraus.
Countries of the West
In the West there was no significant partisan activity. Jews were very prominent in the partisan movements in Italy, in the French Resistance, as well as in the Jewish Army in France, which participated in military operations.
Guerillas & Partisans
Purpose & Formation of the FPO
The Jewish Underground - France
The Heroic Fall of A. Bielski
Organization of the Lida Ghetto Struggle
The Underground Zionist Youth Movements in Hungary
National Partisans Conference
Lithuanian Jewish Partisan
Organization of Partisans Underground Fighters and Ghetto Rebels in Israel
Arlozorov Street 102, P.O. Box 16146, Tel Aviv, Israel Telefax: 972-3-5273564


Danny Cipriani is eager to make a big impression as he returns to his childhood club Wasps after six years away.
Cipriani left Wasps in 2010 and played for the Sale Sharks for four years where he rekindled his love for rugby. The 28-year-old still has ambitions to play Test rugby for England but for now he is focused on helping Wasps win some trophies.
"I felt very fortunate to start my career here and, off the back of that, win a couple of trophies straight away," Cipriani told the Daily Telegraph. "I felt like it was always going to be like that, it felt easy but it didn't pan out that way.
"Everything is different, whether it's the training ground or the Ricoh. But for me it's exciting to put the Wasps shirt on again and play for the club who I supported and started with as a kid.
Cipriani faces strong competition for Wasps' number 20 shirt from New Zealand Jimmy Gopperth, who led the club to their highest finish in the Premiership, third, since they won the title (with Cipriani in the ranks) in 2008.
That competition should bring out the best in both players and Cipriani knows it will be hard work to establish himself as the first-choice.
"Jimmy Gopperth was outstanding for us last season and it is not my job to keep players happy, it is my job to win things," said Dai Young, Wasps' director of rugby.
Cipriani, despite encouraging notices for his part in England Saxons' series victory over South Africa in June, has not made the cut for Eddie Jones's 45-man Elite Player Squad. The head coach has had conversations with Cipriani, who has pledged to get his head down and work his way back into contention.
"Any English player wants to play for England, but if we win trophies with this club then the just deserts will come from that," said Cipriani.
"Everyone is going to be pushing to reach the bar set by Eddie Jones and his squad. For them to go to Australia and do what they did shows that it's working. Everyone is having to push their standards up.


text:
class EricWeixin::Cms::Weixin::UrlEncodesController < EricWeixin::Cms::BaseController
  def index
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  def create
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    p params[:details]
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        @details_url = EricWeixin::Snsapi.get_snsapi_userinfo_url params
        temp_params = params
        temp_params[:url] = @details_url
        @short_details_url = EricWeixin::TwoDimensionCode.short_url temp_params
      end
      if params[:only_id] == '1'
        @only_id_url = EricWeixin::Snsapi.get_snsapi_base_url params
        temp_params = params
        temp_params[:url] = @only_id_url
        @short_only_id_url = EricWeixin::TwoDimensionCode.short_url temp_params
      end
      if params[:details] == '0' && params[:only_id] == '0'
        @details_url = EricWeixin::Snsapi.get_snsapi_userinfo_url params
        temp_params = params
        temp_params[:url] = @details_url
        @short_details_url = EricWeixin::TwoDimensionCode.short_url temp_params
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      params[:url] = params[:only_short_url]
      @short_url = EricWeixin::TwoDimensionCode.short_url params
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    respond_to do |format|
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  private
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end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The New Orleans-born Larroquette doesn't just collect Emmys: He's a passionate collector of rare books, 20th-century fiction in particular. Here's what's in his library.
The way he captured New Orleans — it was the same as it was when I was a boy. I used to wait for my mother under the same clock that's in the book. It's a hilarious novel, and for years people have tried to adapt it for the screen, but it's always failed. John Belushi, John Candy — Ignatius is just so unredeemingly bad, it's hard to play him. I heard Philip Seymour Hoffman might try.
I moved to Los Angeles in the mid-'70s, and Chandler's books are just so evocative of that place — the hills and bungalows, those strange, serpentine streets where nefarious creatures lay, still existed. Chandler's a great wordsmith. The fact he can be so gritty and yet so poetic is phenomenal to me.
I'd just arrived in Los Angeles and had a paperback copy of "The Fountainhead" in my backpack. I remember sitting in whatever piece-of-crap car I could afford in those days, finishing a chapter. Two hours later, I was still there, covered in sweat. I was so lost in Ms. Rand, I'd totally lost track of the world.
I was doing a film in Toronto and there was a young [assistant director] who saw I was always reading something; I think it was the poet Robinson Jeffers. "Have you ever read Ondaatje?" she asked. I went to a bookstore and bought this thin volume about a white cop searching for a jazz musician in New Orleans. It's prose, but almost poetry. I fell in love.


text:
Is it possible to describe Christian lifestyle? [closed]
I just finished reading the book "Living a Jewish Life," which explains the lifestyle practices that Jewish people generally follow, regardless of their faith or beliefs. It discusses the holidays and the milestones in ones life without any reference to liturgy.
For example, it explains that, in the lead-up to Rosh Hashana (Jewish New Year), people send cards, resolve conflicts, and reflect on the past year. Then, during the holiday, people eat apples and honey to symbolize the hope for a sweet new year.
I have searched for a similar look at Christianity, without reference to liturgy, but haven't found anything.
Is it possible to describe Christian lifestyle, values, and practices without emphasis on faith? If not, why not?
christian-living tradition reference-request lifestyle
closed as too broad by curiousdannii, Lee Woofenden, brasshat, Nathaniel♦ Oct 9 '17 at 11:21
Welcome to Christianity.SE. For a quick overview, please take the Site Tour. For more on what this site is all about, see: How we are different than other sites. Your question may be a tough one to answer here, since there are so many different Christians, who believe many different things about what sort of lifestyle Christians are supposed to live. That's probably also why it's not easy to find this sort of material about Christianity. – Lee Woofenden Oct 8 '17 at 15:44
Globally, no. There's simply far too many Christians across too many cultures to say there's a single Christian lifestyle outside of the major faith based doctrines and holidays.
On smaller scales, yes, there's interesting commonalities in lifestyle decisions. In parts of the USA, for example, a large swath of Christians also share many interests that a large portion of the rest of the population does not. Things like politics, sports, entertainment, pastimes, and secular music conflate heavily as "Christian" things. It should be noted, however, that it is unlikely that the religion affects the culture, or at least, it affects the culture less than the culture affects the religion. In other words, most of these secular values would likely exist without the religion present.
In other parts of the world, a similar phenomenon exists. A good example is the syncretism in Mexican/Latin Catholicism. I've never researched it, but I suspect the phenomenon can be found in Islam as well, and perhaps in Hinduism and Buddhism. The typical sociological understanding is that religion is a part of culture, and reflects that culture. If religion is present, it cannot be divorced from the culture where it resides.
I attribute this difference between Judaism and Christianity to two things: numbers and xenophobia. There are 1.5 billion Christians and only 20 million Jews. You simply can't compare them. Judaism is also marked unique because of its intense and inherent resistance to syncretism, which some describe as xenophobic. Conversely, Christianity has many instances of syncretism throughout the ages. The interesting question is if Judaism could maintain its strict cultural mores if it also had a billion adherents.
I normally provide sources and support for my answers, but it's difficult on mobile and I think my points are well enough understood to quickly find any through Google. If anyone requests, give me time, and I'll add some in a day or two. – fredsbend Oct 8 '17 at 16:01
Judaism is plenty syncretistic in some ways, such as adopting the enlightenment's atheism while maintaining Jewish culture. That doesn't seem to happen as much in Christendom - there are very few "Christian atheists". – curiousdannii Oct 8 '17 at 22:34
@curiousdannii Certainly, they have their factions that do different things, but relatively, they are hardly syncretistic. Historically, that's been the cause of most of their problems. They mostly refuse to assimilate into the cultures that surround them, which seems to bother a lot of people. – fredsbend Oct 9 '17 at 0:10
Given that there are over 2 billion Christians and only 14 million Jews, there is considerably more diversity in Christian lifestyle and practice compared to Jewish lifestyle. That said, the Wikipedia article on Christianity summarizes the commonalities that most Christians practice in their life, which identify them as Christian.
Belief in the statements of faith described in one or more creeds. The Apostle's Creed is the most commonly accepted, which includes statements about:
The Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit)
Jesus Christ, who died and was resurrected
Reverence for the Bible as the inspired word of God
Participation in communal worship, most commonly every week on Sundays (the day of the week that Jesus was resurrected)
Participation in sacraments, the two most commonly recognized being baptism and holy communion
Celebration of holidays in relation to faith, such as Christmas, Easter, and Pentecost (some have these as part of a liturgical calendar)
Reverence for symbols, such as the cross (Christian aniconism is rare)
Prayer, with the Lord's Prayer being archetypical since Jesus gave it as an example of how to pray
There are certain exceptions to these traits (e.g. New England Puritans considered themselves Christian, but did not celebrate Christmas). However, I would say that the vast majority of active Christians would follow these aspects in their lifestyle, thus it can broadly be considered a "Christian" lifestyle.
ThunderforgeThunderforge
This is a good answer, but I think you missed the point of the question. The question asks: "Is it possible to describe Christian lifestyle, values, and practices without emphasis on faith?" The question lists examples of things many Jews, if not most, do that has little to do with the faith, like resolve conflicts and eat apples. – fredsbend Oct 9 '17 at 0:18
No, because our Lord Jesus Christ said (John 15, 5-6):
I am the vine, you are the branches. He who abides in Me, and I in him, bears much fruit; for without Me you can do nothing. If anyone does not abide in Me, he is cast out as a branch and is withered; and they gather them and throw them into the fire, and they are burned."
and saint Paul the Apostle explained (Romans 4, 1-8; 5, 1-2)
What then shall we say that Abraham our father has found according to the flesh? For if Abraham was justified by works, he has something to boast about, but not before God. For what does the Scripture say? «Abraham believed God, and it was accounted to him for righteousness.» Now to him who works, the wages are not counted as grace but as debt. But to him who does not work but believes on Him who justifies the ungodly, his faith is accounted for righteousness, just as David also describes the blessedness of the man to whom God imputes righteousness apart from works: «Blessed are those whose lawless deeds are forgiven, and whose sins are covered; blessed is the man to whom the LORD shall not impute sin.»
... Therefore, having been justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ, through whom also we have access by faith into this grace in which we stand, and rejoice in hope of the glory of God.
DenisMathDenisMath
I think you've missed the point of the question. – fredsbend Oct 8 '17 at 18:12
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged christian-living tradition reference-request lifestyle or ask your own question.


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text:
Tribe Vaccinieae
Genus Vaccinium
Blueberry genus
1- Introduction to the Genus Vaccinium L. Blueberry genus
Subfamily: Vaccinioideae
Tribe: Vaccinieae Rchb.
Genus: Vaccinium L
1.2- The Genus Vaccinium L. - Blueberry genus
Vaccinium L. is a common and widespread genus of shrubs or dwarf shrubs in the heath family. The fruit of many species are eaten by humans and some are of commercial importance, including the cranberry, blueberry, bilberry or whortleberry, lingonberry or cowberry, and huckleberry. Like many other ericaceous plants, they are generally restricted to acidic soils.
1- Oxycoccus Hill
2- Polycodium Raf.
3- Batodendron Nutt.
+ Distribution and habitat
The genus contains about 450 species, which are found mostly in the cooler areas of the Northern Hemisphere, although there are tropical species from areas as widely separated as Madagascar and Hawaii.
Plants of this group typically require acidic soils, and as wild plants they live in habitats such as heath, bog and acidic woodland (for example, blueberries under oaks or pines). Blueberry plants are commonly found in oak-heath forests in eastern North America.
+ Subgenera:
A classification predating molecular phylogeny divides Vaccinium into subgenera, and several sections:
1- Subgenus Oxycoccus
The cranberries, with slender, trailing, wiry non-woody shoots and strongly reflexed flower petals. Some botanists treat Oxycoccus as a distinct genus.
1- Section Oxycoccus [3 species]
2- Section Oxycoccoides [1 species]
2- Subgenus Vaccinium
All the other species, with thicker, upright woody shoots and bell-shaped flowers.
1- Section Batodendron [2 species]
2- Section Brachyceratium [1 species]
3- Section Bracteata [15 species]
4- Section Ciliata [2 species]
5- Section Cinctosandra [1 species]
6- Section Conchophyllum [9 species]
7- Section Cyanococcus - typical North American blueberries [16 species]
8- Section Eococcus [1 species]
9- Section Epigynium [1 species]
10- Section Galeopetalum [1 species]
11- Section Hemimyrtillus [5 species]
12- Section Koreanum [1 species]
13- Section Myrtillus (including sect. Macropelma) - bilberries and relatives [12 species]
14- Section Neurodesia [1 species]
15- Section Oarianthe [2 species]
16- Section Oreades [1 species]
17- Section Pachyanthum [1 species]
18- Section Polycodium [1 species]
19- Section Pyxothamnus [3 species]
20- Section Vaccinium [1 species]
21- Section Vitis-idaea [1 species]
Source: Vaccinium L. - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
2- Taxonomy of the Genus Vaccinium L. - Blueberry genus
2.1- Introduction
The genus was first described scientifically by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. The name vaccinium was used in classical Latin for a plant, possibly the bilberry or a hyacinth, and may be derived from the Latin bacca, berry, although its ultimate derivation is obscure. It is not the same word as vaccinum "of or pertaining to cows".
The taxonomy of the genus is complex, and still under investigation. Genetic analysis indicates that the genus Vaccinium is not monophyletic. A number of the Asian species are more closely related to Agapetes than to other Vaccinium species. A second group includes most of Orthaea and Notopora, at least some of Gaylussacia (huckleberry), and a number of species from Vaccinium, such as Vaccinium crassifolium. Other parts of Vaccinium form other groups, sometimes together with species of other genera.Vaccinium's taxonomy can either be resolved by enlarging the genus to include the entirety of the Vaccinieae tribe, or by breaking the genus up into several different genera.
2.2- Taxonomy of the Genus Vaccinium L. - Blueberry genus
I- Subgenus Oxycoccus
1- Vaccinium macrocarpon - American Cranberry
2- Vaccinium oxycoccos - Common Cranberry
3- Vaccinium microcarpum - Small Bog Cranberry
1- Vaccinium erythrocarpum - Southern Mountain Cranberry
II- Subgenus Vaccinium
1- Vaccinium arboreum - Sparkleberry
2- Vaccinium crassifolium - Creeping Blueberry
1- Vaccinium dependens
1- Vaccinium acrobracteatum
2- Vaccinium barandanum
3- Vaccinium bracteatum
4- Vaccinium coriaceum
5- Vaccinium cornigerum
6- Vaccinium cruentum
7- Vaccinium hooglandii
8- Vaccinium horizontale
9- Vaccinium laurifolium
10- Vaccinium lucidum
11- Vaccinium myrtoides
12- Vaccinium phillyreoides
13- Vaccinium reticulatovenosum
14- Vaccinium sparsum
15- Vaccinium varingifolium
1- Vaccinium ciliatum
2- Vaccinium oldhamii
1- Vaccinium exu
1- Vaccinium corymbodendron
2- Vaccinium delavayi
3- Vaccinium emarginatum
4- Vaccinium griffithianum
5- Vaccinium meridionale
6- Vaccinium moupinense - Himalayan Blueberry
7- Vaccinium neilgherrense
8- Vaccinium nummularia
9- Vaccinium retusum
7- Section Cyanococcus [16 species] - typical North American blueberries
1- Vaccinium angustifolium - Lowbush Blueberry - also knowns as Vaccinium stenophyllum
2- Vaccinium boreale - Northern Blueberry
3- Vaccinium caesariense - New Jersey Blueberry
4- Vaccinium caespitosum - Dwarf Blueberry (Dwarf Bilberry)
5- Vaccinium corymbosum - Highbush Blueberry
6- Vaccinium darrowii - Evergreen Blueberry
7- Vaccinium elliottii - Elliott's Blueberry
8- Vaccinium formosum
9- Vaccinium fuscatum - Black Highbush Blueberry; syn. V. atrococcum
10- Vaccinium hirsutum
11- Vaccinium myrsinites - Evergreen Blueberry
12- Vaccinium myrtilloides - Canadian Blueberry
13- Vaccinium pallidum Ait. - Dryland Blueberry (images); syn. V. vacillans Torr.
14- Vaccinium simulatum
15- Vaccinium tenellum
16- Vaccinium virgatum - Rabbiteye Blueberry; syn. V. ashei
1- Vaccinium fragile
1- Vaccinium vacciniaceum
1- Vaccinium chunii
2- Vaccinium dunalianum
3- Vaccinium glaucoalbum
4- Vaccinium urceolatu
1- Vaccinium arctostaphylos
2- Vaccinium cylindraceum
3- Vaccinium hirtum
4- Vaccinium padifolium
5- Vaccinium smallii
1- Vaccinium koreanum - Korean Blueberry
13- Section Myrtillus [12 species] (including section Macropelma) - bilberries and relatives
1- Vaccinium calycinum Sm. - Ōhelo kau laau (Hawaii)
2- Vaccinium cereum (L.f.) Forst.f. - East Polynesian Blueberry, Pacific Blueberry
3- Vaccinium cespitosum - Dwarf Bilberry
4- Vaccinium deliciosum - Cascade Bilberry, Cascade Blueberry, Blueleaf Huckleberry
5- Vaccinium dentatum Sm. - Ōhelo (Hawaii)
6- Vaccinium membranaceum - Square-twig Blueberry, Thinleaf Huckleberry, Tall Huckleberry, Big Huckleberry, Mountain Huckleberry, "black huckleberry"
7- Vaccinium myrtillus - Common Bilberry, Blue Whortleberry, Blaeberry, Fraughan, Hurtleberry
8- Vaccinium ovalifolium - Alaska Blueberry, Early Blueberry, Oval-leaf Blueberry
9- Vaccinium parvifolium - Red Huckleberry
10- Vaccinium praestans - Krasnika (Russian: Красника)
11- Vaccinium reticulatum - Ōheloai (Hawaii)
12- Vaccinium scoparium - Grouse Whortleberry, Grouseberry, Littleleaf Huckleberry
1- Vaccinium crenatum
1- Vaccinium ambyandrum
2- Vaccinium cyclopense
1- Vaccinium poasanum
1- Vaccinium fissiflorum
1- Vaccinium stamineum L. - Deerberry; syn. V. caesium (Eastern North America) (images)
1- Vaccinium consanguineum
2- Vaccinium floribundum
3- Vaccinium ovatum Pursh - California Huckleberry (or Evergreen Huckleberry) (Coastal Western North America)
1- Vaccinium uliginosum L. - Northern (or Bog) Bilberry (or Blueberry); syn. V. occidentale (Northern North America and Eurasia)
1- Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. - Partridgeberry, Cowberry, Redberry, Red Whortleberry, or Lingonberry (northern North America and Eurasia)
Source: Vaccinium - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
2.3- The Important Species of the Genus Vaccinicum L. that have edible fruits
1- Section Oxycoccus
2- Section Oxycoccoides
1- Section Batodendron
2- Section Cyanococcus
7- Vaccinium myrsinites - Evergreen Blueberry
8- Vaccinium myrtilloides - Canadian Blueberry = common blueberry
3- Section Hemimyrtillus
4- Section Myrtillus
5- Vaccinium reticulatum - Ōheloai (Hawaii)
6- Vaccinium scoparium - Grouse Whortleberry, Grouseberry, Littleleaf Huckleberry
5- Section Pyxothamnus
6- Section Vaccinium
7- Section Vitis-idaea
3- Types of Berries in the Genus Vaccinium L.
3.1- Cranberries
Cranberries are a group of evergreen dwarf shrubs or trailing vines in the subgenus Oxycoccus of the genus Vaccinium. In Britain, cranberry may refer to the native species Vaccinium oxycoccos, while in North America, cranberry may refer to Vaccinium macrocarpon. Vaccinium oxycoccos is cultivated in central and northern Europe, while Vaccinium macrocarpon is cultivated throughout the northern United States, Canada and Chile. In some methods of classification, Oxycoccus is regarded as a genus in its own right. They can be found in acidic bogs throughout the cooler regions of the northern hemisphere.
Cranberries are low, creeping shrubs or vines up to 2 metres (7 ft) long and 5 to 20 centimetres (2 to 8 in) in height; they have slender, wiry stems that are not thickly woody and have small evergreen leaves. The flowers are dark pink, with very distinct reflexed petals, leaving the style and stamens fully exposed and pointing forward. They are pollinated by bees. The fruit is a berry that is larger than the leaves of the plant; it is initially light green, turning red when ripe. It is edible, with an acidic taste that can overwhelm its sweetness.
Cranberries are a major commercial crop in certain American states and Canadian provinces (see cultivation and usesbelow). Most cranberries are processed into products such as juice, sauce, jam, and sweetened dried cranberries, with the remainder sold fresh to consumers. Cranberry sauce is a traditional accompaniment to turkey at Christmas dinner in the United Kingdom, and at Christmas and Thanksgiving dinners in the United States and Canada.
+ Species
There are four species of cranberries, classified in two sections:
1- Subgenus Oxycoccus, section Oxycoccus
1- Species Vaccinium oxycoccos or Oxycoccus palustris (common cranberry, northern cranberry or cranberry) is widespread throughout the cool temperate northern hemisphere, including northern Europe, northern Asia and northern North America. It has small 5-10 mm leaves. The flowers are dark pink, with a purple central spike, produced on finely hairy stems. The fruit is a small pale pink berry, with a refreshing sharp acidic flavour.
2- Species Vaccinium microcarpum or Oxycoccus microcarpus (small cranberry) occurs in northern North America, northern Europe and northern Asia, and differs from V. oxycoccos in the leaves being more triangular, and the flower stems hairless. Some botanists include it within V. oxycoccos.
3- Species Vaccinium macrocarpon or Oxycoccus macrocarpus (large cranberry, American cranberry, bearberry) native to northern North America across Canada, and eastern United States, south to North Carolina at high altitudes). It differs from V. oxycoccos in the leaves being larger, 10-20 mm long, and in its slightly apple-like taste.
2- Subgenus Oxycoccus, section Oxycoccoides
1- Species Vaccinium erythrocarpum or Oxycoccus erythrocarpus (southern mountain cranberry) native to southeastern North America at high altitudes in the southernAppalachian Mountains, and also in eastern Asia.
Cranberries are related to bilberries, blueberries, and huckleberries, all in Vaccinium subgenus Vaccinium. These differ in having bell-shaped flowers, the petals not being reflexed, and woodier stems, forming taller shrubs. Some plants of the completely unrelated genus Viburnum are sometimes called "highbush cranberries" (e.g. Viburnum trilobum).
Cranberries are susceptible to false blossom, a harmful but controllable phytoplasma disease common in the eastern production areas of Massachusetts and New Jersey.
Source: Cranberry - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
3.2- Blueberries
Blueberries are perennial flowering plants with indigo-colored berries from the section Cyanococcus within the genus Vaccinium (a genus that also includes cranberries, bilberries and grouseberries). Species in the section Cyanococcus are the most common fruits sold as "blueberries" and are native to North America (commercially cultivated highbush blueberries were not introduced into Europe until the 1930s).
Blueberries are usually erect, prostrate shrubs that can vary in size from 10 centimeters (3.9 in) to 4 meters (13 ft) in height. In the commercial production of blueberries, the smaller species are known as "lowbush blueberries" (synonymous with "wild"), while the larger species are known as "highbush blueberries".
+ Description
The leaves can be either deciduous or evergreen, ovate to lanceolate, and 1-8 cm (0.39-3.15 in) long and 0.5-3.5 cm (0.20-1.38 in) broad.
The flowers are bell-shaped, white, pale pink or red, sometimes tinged greenish. The fruit is a berry 5-16 millimeters (0.20-0.63 in) in diameter with a flared crown at the end; they are pale greenish at first, then reddish-purple, and finally dark purple when ripe. They are covered in a protective coating of powdery epicuticular wax, colloquially known as the "bloom". They have a sweet taste when mature, with variable acidity. Blueberry bushes typically bear fruit in the middle of the growing season: fruiting times are affected by local conditions such as altitude and latitude, so the peak of the crop can vary from May to August (in the northern hemisphere) depending upon these conditions.
1- Vaccinium alaskaense (Alaskan blueberry): one of the dominant shrubs in Alaskan and British Columbian coastal forests.
2- Vaccinium angustifolium (lowbush blueberry): acidic barrens, bogs and clearings, Manitoba to Labrador, south to Nova Scotia and in the US, to Iowa and Virginia.
3- Vaccinium boreale (northern blueberry): peaty barrens, Quebec and Labrador (rare in New Brunswick), south to New York and Massachusetts.
4- Vaccinium caesariense (New Jersey blueberry).
5- Vaccinium corymbosum (northern highbush blueberry).
6- Vaccinium constablaei (hillside blueberry).
7- Vaccinium consanguineum (Costa Rican blueberry).
8- Vaccinium darrowii (evergreen blueberry).
9- Vaccinium elliottii (Elliott blueberry).
10- Vaccinium formosum (southern blueberry).
11- Vaccinium fuscatum (black highbush blueberry; syn. Vaccinium atrococcum).
12- Vaccinium hirsutum (hairy-fruited blueberry).
13- Vaccinium myrsinites (shiny blueberry).
14- Vaccinium myrtilloides (sour top, velvet leaf, or Canadian blueberry).
15- Vaccinium operium (cyan-fruited blueberry).
16- Vaccinium pallidum (dryland blueberry).
17- Vaccinium simulatum (upland highbush blueberry).
18- Vaccinium tenellum (southern blueberry)
19- Vaccinium virgatum (rabbiteye blueberry; syn. Vaccinium ashei)
Some other blue-fruited species of Vaccinium:
20- Vaccinium koreanum
21- Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry or European blueberry)
22- Vaccinium uliginosum
Note! Habitat and range summaries are from the Flora of New Brunswick, published in 1986 by Harold R. Hinds and Plants of the Pacific Northwest coast, published in 1994 by Pojar and MacKinnon
Source: Blueberry - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
3.3- Bilberries or whortleberries
Bilberries are any of several primarily Eurasian species of low-growing shrubs in the genus Vaccinium (family Ericaceae), bearing edible, nearly black berries. The species most often referred to is Vaccinium myrtillus L., but there are several other closely related species.
+ Etymology and common names
The name bilberry appears to have a Scandinavian origin, possibly from as early as 1577, being similar to the Danish word "bølle" for whortleberry with the addition of "berry". The bilberry (especially Vaccinium myrtillus) is also known by a number of other English names including blaeberry in Scotland, whortleberry in southern England, and w(h)imberry or w(h)inberry in south Wales and along the Anglo-Welsh border amongst other places.
+ Food Uses
Bilberries are popular in Poland, either eaten fresh (mixed with sugar), put into sweet buns as a filling (such a bun is called a jagodzianka and is one of the most popular bakery products during summer in Poland), or used to make jams (known for their health benefits in the treatment of diarrhoea). They are sometimes served with sweet smetana.
The fruits are eaten fresh or made into jams, fools, juices or pies. In France and Italy they are used as a base for liqueurs and are a popular flavouring for sorbetsand other desserts. In Brittany they are often used as a flavoring for crêpes, and in the Vosges and the Massif Central bilberry tart (tarte aux myrtilles) is a traditional dessert. In Romania they are used as a base for a liqueur called afinată – the name of the fruit in Romanian is afină.
Often associated with improvement of night vision, bilberries are mentioned in a popular story of World War II RAF pilots consuming bilberry jam to sharpen vision for night missions. One review found no such effect and origins of the RAF story cannot be found. Bilberries have been used in a variety of folklore and traditional medicine, but there are no proven health benefits or anti-disease effects from consuming them.
Bilberries contain diverse anthocyanins, including delphinidin and cyanidin glycosides.
+ Species:
Bilberries include several closely related species of the Vaccinium genus, including:
1- Vaccinium myrtillus L. (bilberry)
2- Vaccinium uliginosum L. (bog bilberry, bog blueberry, bog whortleberry, bog huckleberry, northern bilberry, ground hurts)
3- Vaccinium caespitosum Michx. (dwarf bilberry)
4- Vaccinium deliciosum Piper (cascade bilberry)
5- Vaccinium membranaceum (mountain bilberry, black mountain huckleberry, black huckleberry, twin-leaved huckleberry)
6- Vaccinium ovalifolium (oval-leafed blueberry, oval-leaved bilberry, mountain blueberry, high-bush blueberry).
Source: Bilberry - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
3.4- Lingonberries or Cowberries
Vaccinium vitis-idaea (Lingonberry, partridgeberry, or cowberry) is a short evergreen shrub in the heath family that bears edible fruit, native to boreal forest and Arctic tundra throughout the Northern Hemisphere from Eurasia to North America. Lingonberries are picked in the wild and used to accompany a variety of dishes in Northern Baltoscandia. Commercial cultivation is undertaken in the U.S. Pacific Northwest.
Vaccinium vitis-idaea spreads by underground stems to form dense clonal colonies. Slender and brittle roots grow from the underground stems. The stems are rounded in cross-section and grow from 10 to 40 cm (4 to 16 in) in height. Leaves growalternately and are oval, 5-30 mm (0.2-1.2 in) long, with a slightly wavy margin, and sometimes with a notched tip.
The flowers are bell-shaped, white to pale pink, 3-8 mm (0.1-0.3 in) long, and produced in the early summer.
The fruit is a red berry 6-10 mm (0.2-0.4 in) across, with an acidic taste, ripening in late summer to autumn.
+ Culinary uses
The berries collected in the wild are a popular fruit in northern, central and eastern Europe, notably in Nordic countries, the Baltic states, central and northern Europe. In some areas, they can legally be picked on both public and private lands in accordance with the freedom to roam.
The berries are quite tart, so they are often cooked and sweetened before eating in the form of lingonberry jam, compote, juice, smoothie or syrup. The raw fruits are also frequently simply mashed with sugar, which preserves most of their nutrients and taste. This mix can be stored at room temperature in closed but not necessarily sealed containers, but in this condition, they are best preserved frozen. Fruit served this way or as compote often accompany game and liver dishes. In Sweden and Norway, reindeer and elk steak is traditionally served with gravy and lingonberry sauce. Preserved fruit is commonly eaten with meatballs, potato pancakes.
+ Varieties
There are two regional varieties or subspecies of Vaccinium vitis-idaea, one in Eurasia and one in North America, differing in leaf size:
1- Vaccinium vitis-idaea var. vitis-idaea L. - syn. Vaccinium vitis-idaea subsp. vitis-idaea. - Cowberry. Eurasia. Leaves 10-30 mm (0.4-1.2 in) long.
2- Vaccinium vitis-idaea var. minus Lodd. - syn. Vaccinium vitis-idaea subsp. minus (Lodd.) Hultén. - Lingonberry. North America. Leaves 5-18 mm (0.2-0.7 in) long.
Hybrids between Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Vaccinium myrtillus, named Vaccinium × intermedium Ruthe, are occasionally found in Europe.
Source: Lingonberry - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Edited by Ho Dinh Hai Long An - Vietnam
3- http://www.worldwidefruits.com/order-ericales.html
4- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericales
5- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericaceae
6- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ericaceae_genera
7- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinieae
8- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium
9- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry
10- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberry
11- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilberry
12- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huckleberry
13- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea
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