Where Does Self-Respect Come From?
5 Signs You're Not Respecting Yourself by Vironika Tugaleva is a good article about the negative behaviors that can pull us down, indicating that our self-esteem is plummeting. If these behaviors become habitual patterns they can be very self-destructive and undermine our relationships with other people.
Usually these behaviors manifest because, for any number of reasons, we are not in touch with our true self, and so don't respect who we are. Dreamwork and accessing intuitive insight are great tools that can counteract any tendency to disrespect ourselves because the on-going practice of these exercises can lead to a healthy awareness of who we truly and uniquely are at the deepest emotional and spiritual levels. These exercises tap us into the root of our being and nourish us with information that gives the bigger picture, the grander vision and the substance of things. They can also give us specific answers to problems and concerns we may have. Instead of being buffeted around by the questionable and often enslaving pressures and opinions of those around us, we are fed by healing truths that are custom made for each of us in a way that meets the problem at hand while preserving our innate goodness and integrity. The end result is that we can behave in a manner that is worthy of respect, both from others and from ourselves!
Example: When I start to feel jealous of someone's life, thinking it is better than mine, I can ask for a dream will give me guidance on how I can get more out of my own life, being very specific in the questioning to indicate what makes me jealous of someone else and what I might need to fulfill my own life. Asking for a dream to help resolve an issue is called incubating a dream (Ask and You Shall Receive: Incubating a Dream), and it can become one way to work through an issue.
The same can be done by an intuitive meditation such as the Inspired Heart™ Meditation. Prior to doing the meditation I can ask for insight to come. During the meditation I observe the breath and quiet the mind. I then make a heart connection, and receive the insight that comes.
No matter if I work with a dream or in a meditation, the occasion may become a turning point in my life that encourages me to face my feelings, and work towards resolving my issues based on information I have received from a profound inner source and not someone's opinion or outside pressure. With regular practice I will find that such empowerment will lead to a healthy self-respect. I will come to experience that I am a Child of God, fed and cared for by divine sources, and placed on this earth for an important purpose that only I can serve. What better basis for self-respect can there be?


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The History of the Virginia Federal Convention of 1788
Revision as of 13:49, 20 September 2018 by Dnroot (talk | contribs) (→Page 307)
2.6 Page 134-5
The number and character of the delegates selected for the service demonstrated the importance of the movement; and Virginia, when she had confided her trust to George Washington, Patrick Henry, Edmund Randolph, John Blair, James Madison, George Mason, and George Wythe, calmly awaited the result of their labors.
The person of Wythe was more familiar to persons from abroad; for, since the removal of the seat of government from Williamsburg, he had taken up his abode in town,38 and might be seen in his court or in his study, and not unfrequently of a bright frosty morning, in loose array, taking an air-bath in the porch of his humble residence on Shockoe Hill.
Pendleton, the President of the Court of Appeals, and Wythe, a chancellor and a member of the same court, who had been pitted against each other in the Senate and in the forum throughout their political lives, and were now to act in unison, were not the only representatives of the judiciary.42
42These two venerable men, with George Mason and Patrick Henry, were those first sought by the spectator, as in a convention, forty years later, were Madison, Monroe, Marshall and Fayette. If the reader wishes to know the constitution of the courts in 1787, let him turn to Mr. Minor's edition of Wythe's Reports, page 20 of the memoir.
Some of the prominent members of Congress were present. Harrison, Henry and Pendleton stood up in the Carpenters' Hall, when the eloquent Duchè, then firm in his country's cause, had invoked the guidance of Heaven in the deliberations of the first Congress; while Grayson, Henry Lee of the Legion, Madison, Monroe, Edmund Randolph, and Wythe, had been or were then in the councils of the Union.
It was ultimately carried in a house of one hundred and seventy members by a majority of ten only, and five votes would have reversed the decision; and it is certain that at least ten members voted, either in disobedience of the positive instructions of their constituents, or in defiance of their well-known opinions.48
48See the proceedings of the Assembly which met three days before the adjournment of the present Convention. Judge Marshall, who was a member of the present Convention, and probably wrote from the result of his observation in Virginia, says, "that in some of the adopting States, a majority of the people were in opposition"; he also says, "that so small in many instances was the majority in its favor, as to afford short ground for the opinion that had the influence of character been removed, the intrinsic merits of the instrument would not have secured its adoption." Life of Washington, II, 127. Sympathizing as I do with the views of Henry, Mason, &c., who opposed the Constitution, it might appear invidious to give the names of those who
voted as charged in the text. As an illustration of "the influence of character," it may be said that no four men excited more influence in favor of the Constitution in Virginia, than George Washington, Edmund Pendleton, George Wythe, and James Madison, and four purer names were probably never recorded in profane history; yet to those who look into the secret motives that unconsciously impel the most candid minds on great occasions, which involve the destinies of posterity, it may be said that they were all men of wealth, or held office by a life tenure, and that, though married, neither of them ever had a child. In the same spirit it may be mentioned that Mason and Henry were men of large families, and that hundreds now living look back to "Gunston Hall" and "Red Hill." In the case of Henry, the cradle began to rock in his house in his eighteenth year, and was rocking at his death in his sixty-third.
From the passage of the resolutions of the House of Burgesses against the Stamp Act to the time when, eleven years later, an independent State Government was formed, there had been a palpable line drawn between the parties of the country. In that interval some prominent names might occasionally be found on either side of the line; but the line was at all times distinctly visible.54
54If the critical reader will run over the names of the members of the House of Burgesses of 1765, and the names of the members of the early Conventions, he will think, with me, that a majority of the men who opposed the resolutions of Henry against the Stamp Act, opposed the resolutions of the same gentleman of March, 1775, which proposed to put the Colony into military array, and the resolution, I am inclined to think, instructing the Virginia delegates in Congress to propose independence. The same members who opposed independence, we are expressly told by Henry, in his letter to R. H. Lee, of December 8, 1777, also opposed the adoption of the Articles of Confederation. And these members were, in the main, warm advocates for the adoption of the new Federal Constitution. On the other hand, Henry, R. H. Lee, George Mason, William Cabell, and others, who sustained the measures above enumerated, were the fiercest opponents of that instrument. Heretofore the party, of which Henry was usually regarded the head, had held almost undisputed sway in the Assembly; but, though it still included a large majority of the people, the skill and tact with which the friends of the new Constitution selected their candidates among the judges, and the military men, and the old tories, who, though they opposed all the great measures of the Revolution, including the Articles of Confederation, had become strangely enamored of the new scheme, had shaken the established majority. This was one of the
causes of the public alarm at the time. The Federalists well knew that when such men as Edmund Pendleton, George Wythe, John Blair, and Paul Carrington, all of whom were on the bench, appeared at the hustings, nobody would vote against them.
Paul Carrington now rose, and in a short address nominated Edmund Pendleton as President.75
75Neither the Journal of the Convention nor Robertson reports the name of the member who nominated Pendleton. I heard, from a gentleman who was present at the time, that Judge Carrington made the motion; but I am wholly at a loss for the name of the seconder, who, I suppose, was Wythe, from the fact that he was the only member likely to be brought out against Pendleton, and that Pendleton almost invariably called him to the chair in Committee of the Whole. I do not find that any of our early deliberative bodies have ever elected the chairman of the Committee of the Whole, which was formerly the usual practice in the House of Commons. The nomination of Pendleton was fixed upon beforehand, beyond doubt, and there can be as little doubt that Wythe was party to it. In the Convention of 1829-30 it was arranged with the privity of Madison, and doubtless at his suggestion, that Mr. Monroe should be made president of the body, and he was so nominated by Mr. Madison himself; but the ablest members of the Convention were not aware of the design; and when Mr. Madison made the nomination, those who sate near John Randolph and observed his countenance, say that he was on the eve of rising to oppose it, not so much from hostility to Mr. Monroe as from a belief that the honor of the presidency should first be conferred on Madison.
But George Wythe was now known to approve the Constitution, and so far from opposing Pendleton would sustain him by his vote. Had Wythe been of the opposite party, the opponents of the Constitution would doubtless have ventured a contest. Nor is it certain that the contest would not have been successful. Wythe was, as a man, more popular than Pendleton; many of the members had been his scholars, and loved him with an affection which neither time nor distrust could weaken; and he would certainly have carried with him the votes of the smaller counties on tide, which had ever regarded him with warm attachment, and had long counted his fame among their most precious possessions.
and had chosen a printer of its proceedings, it adjourned, on the motion of George Mason to the next day at eleven, then to meet in the New Academy on Shockoe Hill.
When the House had received and acted upon the reports of the Committee of Elections, the order of the day was read, and the Convention went into Committee of the Whole. Wythe was called to the chair. Next to Pendleton, his fame as a jurist and a statesman had been more widely diffused at home and abroad than that of any other member. He had been longest in the public service; had long been a member of the House of Burgesses, which he entered as early as 1758; had been the intimate and confidential
friend of Fauquier and Botetourt, and the associate of all the royal governors of Virginia who in his time had any pretensions as gentlemen and scholars; had spoken in the great debate on the Declaration of Independence in Congress; had voted for the Declaration of Rights and the Constitution of Virginia; had filled the chair of the House of Delegates, when Pendleton, suffering from his recent accident, was detained at home, and had acquired in the performance of his various duties that knowledge of the law of parliament and those habits of a presiding officer, which were now indispensable to an occupant of the chair. His position in one respect was unique. As a professor of William and Mary, he had trained some of the ablest members of the House, who regarded him with a veneration greater than that, great as it was, which was shared by the public at large.90 He had reached his sixty-second year; yet as he moved with a brisk and graceful step from the floor to the chair, his small and erect stature presented a pleasing image of a fresh and healthy old man. In a front view, as he sate in the chair, he appeared to be bald; but his gray hair grew thick behind, and instead of being wrapped with a ribbon, as was then and many years later the universal custom, descended to his neck, and rose in a broad curl. He had not yet given way to that disarrangement of his apparel which crept upon him in extreme age, and was arrayed in the neat and simple dress that has come down to us in the portrait engraved by Longacre.91 Though never robust, he was now more able to bear, in a physical sense, the formidable ordeal of the chair than Pendleton. He had been a member of the General Convention which framed the Constitution, and had assented to the Virginia platform presented to that body; but, as he was absent when that instrument was subscribed by the members, his name did not appear on its roll. He was, however, in favor of its ratification.
91A single-breasted coat, with a standing collar, a single-breasted vest, with a white cravat buckled behind.
His[1] address, which had been polished by long and intimate association in the most refined circles of the Colony, to which by birth he belonged, and of the Commonwealth; his minute acquaintance with every topic of local legislation; his ready command of that historical knowledge within the range of a well-educated lawyer of the old regime; perfect self-possession, which had been acquired in many a contest at the bar and in the House of Delegates with most of the able men now opposed to him, and which enabled him to wield at will a robust logic in debate which few cared to encounter, made him one of the most promising of that group of rising statesmen who had caught their inspiration from the lips of Wythe.
After a graceful allusion to the philosophy of the passions which were apt to rage most fiercely on those occasions which required the calmest deliberation, but excepting the members of the Convention from such an influence, he[2] continued : " Pardon me, sir, if I am particularly sanguine in my expectations from the chair; it well knows what is order, how to command obedience108 and that political opinions may be as honest on one side as the other. Before I pass into the body of the argument, I must take the liberty of mentioning the part I have already borne in this great question; but let me not here be misunderstood.
The morning of Thursday, the fifth day of June, witnessed a dense crowd in the New Academy. It was expected that Madison would reply to Henry and Mason; and that Henry and Mason, unrestrained by the order of discussion, would review the Constitution at large. Some business appertaining to contested elections was soon despatched; and Pendleton, having called Wythe to the chair, was helped to a seat in the body of the house. There was a pause, for the courtesies of parliament were strictly observed, and Madison was entitled to the floor. But he was nowhere to be seen. It was whispered that he had been taken suddenly ill, and was confined to his room. Every eye was then turned to Henry and Mason, when, to the amazement of all, Pendleton was seen to make an effort to rise, and, supported on crutches, addressed the chair. Those who forty years later, in the Convention of 1829 beheld Mr. Madison, in the midst of an excited discussion rise from his seat, and proceed to make a speech, and can recall the confusion produced by the members hastening from their seats to gather around him, or leaping on the benches in the hope of seeing, if they could not hear, what was passing before them, may form some conception of the interest so suddenly excited by the appearance of Pendleton on the floor with a view of making a regular speech. He had been for the third of a century eminent for skill in debate, and his fame had become a matter of history; and he had never before been in a body the discussions of which were better adapted to the display of his extraordinary talents; but he was so far advanced in life, so crippled by his hurt, and so long absent from public bodies and unused to debate, it was not expected that he would be able to do more than to speak to some point of order or to give his vote. He soon, however, gave a remarkable proof that fine powers kept in full employment do not sensibly decay with time, and that he only wanted physical strength to take the lead out of the hands of the promising statesmen who had been born and had grown up since he first entered a deliberative assembly. It is said that some of the oldest members,"111 as they looked at the feeble old man on his
111In the Convention of 1829, when Mr. Monroe was conducted to the chair by Mr. Madison and Chief Justice Marshall, several members
feet, and at his ancient compeer Wythe leaning forward in the chair to catch the tones of a voice which for the past thirty years he had heard with various emotions, were affected to tears.
were seen to weep. There are several points of resemblance in the incidents of the two bodies. Pendleton, speaking on his crutches, recalls William B. Giles, who had broken a leg by a similar accident, [his descendants say that he was disabled by rheumatism—Ed.] and was only a year or two younger than Pendleton. The change in the opinions of Edmund Randolph has its counterpart in the change attributed to Chapman Johnson; and the collision between Patrick Henry and Edmund Randolph was repeated in that between Chapman Johnson and John Randolph. The election of Pendleton instead of Wythe, who was the more popular of the two, is reflected in the election of Monroe instead of Madison, who was universally fixed upon both in and out of the Convention as its presiding officer, and who alone could have defeated his election, which he did by instantly rising when the body was called to order and nominating Mr. Monroe.
He[3] was one of that brilliant group of soldier-statesmen who had caught their inspiration and their love of country from the lips of Wythe.
Wythe instantly rose to address the chair. There was need of haste; for Henry had prepared a series of amendments which he desired the House to adopt, and thus postpone the final vote on the Constitution for an in definite period. He looked pale and fatigued; and so great was his agitation that he had uttered several sentences before he was distinctly heard by those who sat near him. When he was heard, he was recapitulating the history of the Colonies previous to the war, their resistance to the oppressions of Great Britain, and the glorious conclusion of that arduous conflict. To perpetuate the blessings of freedom, he contended that the union of the States should be indissoluble. He expatiated on the defects of the Confederation. He pointed out the impossibility of securing liberty without society, the impracticability of acting personally, and the inevitable necessity of delegating power to agents. He recurred to the system under consideration. He admitted its imperfection, and the propriety of some amendments. But, he said, it had virtues which could not be denied by its opponents. He thought that experience was the best guide, and that most of the improvements that had been made in the science of govern ment, were the result of experience. He appealed to the advo cates for amendments to say whether, if they were indulged with any alterations they pleased, there might not be still a necessity of alteration ? He then proceeded to the consideration of the question of previous or subsequent amendments. He argued that, from the dangers of the crisis; it would be safer to adopt the Constitution as it is, and that it would be easy to obtain all needful amendments afterwards. He then proposed a form of ratification, which was handed to the clerk and read to the committee."5 Well might Wythe evince unusual emotion in presenting his scheme.
He then discanted on the omission of general warrants, so fatal in a vast country where no judge within a thousand miles can be found to issue a writ of habeas corpus, and where an innocent man might rot in jail before he could be delivered by process of law; the dangers of standing armies in times of peace, and ten or eleven other things equally important, all of which are omitted in the scheme of Wythe.
When Randolph closed his eloquent and patriotic invocation to the members, he considered the scheme proposed by Wythe, and showed by a minute examination of its words that it secured all other rights as well as the liberty of speech, and of the press, and trial by jury.
He discussed the scheme of ratification proposed by Wythe, and urged that it was not only not liable to the objections offered by Henry, but was fully adequate to secure all the great rights supposed to be imperiled by the Constitution.
He declared his own wish for amendments; thought the amendments secured in the form proposed by Wythe were satisfactory, but was willing to agree to others which would not destroy the spirit of the Constitution.
We know that the most distinguished living Virginian, who had heard both speakers, has pronounced Innes the most classical, the most elegant, and the most eloquent orator to whom he ever listened.248
248Innes, sir, was no lawyer (that is, he was not as profound a lawyer as Wythe, or Pendleton, or Thom son Mason, who were eminent when Innes was born); but he was the most elegant belles-lettres scholar and the most eloquent orator I ever heard." It must be remembered that Innes, at the time of his death, in 1798, had not completed his forty-fourth year, and that Wythe and Pendleton attained to nearly double his years. pg. 326 footnote 248
"We, the sa1d Delegates, in the name and in behalf of the People of Virginia, do, by these presents, assent to, and ratify the Constitution, recommended on the seventeenth day of September, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, by the Federal Convention for the government of the United States, hereby announcing to all those whom it may concern, that the said Constitution is binding upon the said People, according to an authentic copy hereto annexed, in the words-following:" 267
267The form of ratification has been usually attributed to the pen of Madison; but I am compelled to give up this opinion, which was common thirty years ago.It is but an enlargement of the preamble offered by Wythe, and doubtless from internal evidence written by him. That preamble is not such as in my opinion Madison or Randolph would have drawn, and is very properly amended in a vital part in the form of ratification. As Randolph was chairman of the committee which reported the form, and was a critical writer, and as the form was mainly an enlargement of the preamble presented by Wythe, the safer conjecture is that its merit belongs jointly to Randolph and Wythe. pg. 348 footnote 267
These gentlemen met in Fredericksburg on the 13th of January, 1777, and divided the task among themselves. 126
126At this meeting all the revisors attended, when George Mason and Lee resigned, but not until some most important principles were set tled, and the parts were assigned to Jefferson, Pendleton, and Wythe.Professor Tucker says (Life of Jefferson, Vol. I, 104, note) that he learned from Mr. Madison that Lee and Pendleton were in favor of codification, Wythe and Jefferson against it, and that Mason gave the casting vote. I use the word reviser because it is the word of the bill. In modern times it is written with an e. It is from the mint of Jeffer son, and is nearer the original. I may add that the pay of the revisors, as proposed in the House of Delegates in 1785, was three hundred pounds apiece, or one thousand dollars of our present currency. What a theme for the artist, that gathering of the revisors in an attic in Fredericksburg !
It is due to Jefferson and Wythe to say that Mr. Pendleton, not having embraced exactly the views of his colleagues, " copied the British acts verbatim, merely omitting what was disapproved; and some family occurrence calling him home, he desired Mr. Wythe and myself (Jefferson) to make it what we thought it ought to be, and authorized us (Wythe and Jefferson) to report him as concurring in the work. We accordingly divided the work, and re-executed it entirely, so as to assimilate its plan and execution to the other parts." (Jefferson to Skelton Jones, July 28, 1809.)
Thus was accomplished the most laborious, the most responsible, and the most delicate undertaking which had then been assigned to three men, and which, if it stood apart from the great deeds of an extraordinary epoch, would make an epoch of its own.127
127 This explicit statement destroys the force of the compliment said by Henry Lee, the son of General Henry Lee, to have been paid by John Wickham to Pendleton on the superior precision of his (Pendleton's) part of the revision; and as we may sup pose that Jefferson, being the younger and more ready man, recast much more of Pendleton's part than Wythe, it may be that the very precision praised by Wickham was the merit of Jefferson. Still, eminent credit is due to each of the revisors, and it deserves to be noticed that although the admirable accomplishment of this great work was sufficient of itself to fill the measure of the fame of each, yet such were the numerous and valuable services rendered by each of the revisors to his country that the revision of the laws appears only as one act of the series. See RandaWs Jefferson, Vol. I, 217.
Prentis, one of the best of men, the substitute of Wythe in the Convention of 1775, an old member of the House, and afterwards a judge of the General Court; pg. 140 footnote 133 The revised bills, continued from the last session, were still under discussion; but, after many had been disposed of, it was determined to appoint a second committee of revisors to complete an entire revision of the laws; for in the interval of the first appointment of the revisors ten years had elapsed, and the legislation of that period required to be drafted into the Code; and Edmund Pendleton and George Wythe, two of the former revisors, and John Blair were appointed to perform the work.
And on the 4th of December George Washington, Patrick Henry, Edmund Randolph, John Blair, James Madison, George Mason, and George Wythe were elected, by joint ballot of both houses, deputies to the General Convention.
A few weeks after the adjournment of the Convention which formed that instrument, Wythe, in a letter to Jefferson, expressed himself in a way that would lead at first sight to the opinion that he believed an ordinary Legislature competent to amend that instrument at pleasure, and a design was seriously meditated during the war of undertaking the office of revisal.289
289In a review of the Life of Jefferson by Randall, in the Richmond Enquirer of 15th of January, 1858, the language of Wythe is examined, and shown to be the result of forgetfulness for the moment, and not conflicting with the doctrine afterwards laid down by him, that an act of Assembly in conflict with the Constitution is void. A letter of George Mason's, deprecating the attempt to revise the Constitution by the Assembly, may be seen in the Virginia Historical Register.
↑ George Nicholas
↑ Edmund Randolph

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Okay there was this person tried to kill a child broke into the rich persons house, hired us, we decided to act like teenagers and go back to school. This was no normal school it was one of witchcraft. We got there to register, it was divided by rich and poor. We went to the poor, but realized when told we should have gone to the rich. We went and started to register on the computer, but classes started. We went to the media center, the person there was a psychic and a powerful witch. She had white eyes. We were looking around and in this one book when she attacked. We were able to get another couple of teachers to help restrain her, she went lax. We got a lead from a vision she had and went to follow it. The room was 92B. We were almost their when we realized it was the forbidden area, and called the head master. He was trying to kill us. When we restrained him a black puff of cloud came out of his mouth and entered another. We restrained him by himself. And sat to figure out what to do. We realized that the entity was trying to corrupt the innocent, the children, when it couldn't find an available child it went to a good adult. So we brought in a corrupt person and put him in front of the one who we trapped, and opened a small door. Glad to escape the entity entered the evil person. But the evil person was happy to have it in him. The entity could not escape because it was trapped, or threatened. The evil person left, controlling the entity. And me and the headmistress went to sit down. Early she had given be a box of books, they were written by relatives, she told me she was related to the writers as well, meaning we were related somehow. We sat down and talked movies and books, stating I like the books better then the movies, but still read the book before I see the movie. Then I woke up.


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What Can You Do With a Communications Degree?
By Laura T
Updated July 14, 2021 Updated July 14, 2021
What Can You Do With a Communications Degree? main image
A communications degree is all about learning how to communicate information effectively. Good communication is essential in all industries, helping to sell products to the public, maintain strong relationships with investors, clients and customers, and to make sure everyone within and outside the business are operating on the same page.
Your communications degree will build awareness of how to convey information to diverse audiences effectively, with specific business goals in mind. Strong communication skills are invaluable in order to provide meaning and resonance to the companies' aims, and to present the company and its services or products in the best (and clearest) possible way to consumers, clients and colleagues.
For a closer look at some common and not-so-common jobs with a communications degree, read on!
Typical careers in communications
Here we look at a selection of more typical careers in communications; from HR departments to the world of advertising – these are the typical roles where your communication skills are most in need.
Careers in business
With communications playing such a key role in any business or organization, a communications degree is a great way to enter the business world. Regardless of product or industry, entry-level communications roles will require you to demonstrate strong written and oral communication and presentation skills, along with knowledge of how a business functions across departments. There is also the potential for career development into executive, managerial and training roles after gaining some experience.
A key department of any large business, human resources is vital for developing and maintaining worker ethics, performance and motivation. Your role as a communications graduate is likely to be in providing the right information at the right time to the right people within the company. You may be involved in recruiting new staff, raising awareness about training or professional development programs, or ensuring company guidelines and regulations are clearly communicated. Communications careers in this area will benefit from an aptitude for nurturing relationships and communicating well with many different types of people.
Careers in marketing, public relations and advertising
Marketing, public relations and advertising are three more great fields you can enter with a communications degree, delivering effective written and oral communication to consumers, colleagues or clients. This could be in the form of press releases, advertising scripts, company presentations and print campaigns, as well as attendance at media events and the ongoing development of professional relationships with clients and the media.
Careers in media
Media jobs with a communications degree are extensive – as you'd expect, since the main aims of the media sector are to communicate information and provide entertainment. Whether you're interested in becoming involved with TV and film production, magazine and newspaper journalism, or online and digital channels, media careers all require graduates with excellent communication skills, and the ability to curate and disseminate information in engaging and relevant ways.
Media is, however, a very competitive industry, and it's unlikely (though not impossible) that you will be hired by a big media corporation such as the BBC or the Huffington Post straight after graduation. Relevant work experience is essential, so those interested in entering the media world should consider undertaking internships or getting involved in student media productions while still studying, to increase their chances of getting a related role upon graduation. Those interested in journalism may also consider building a portfolio of their own journalistic work and/or gaining a relevant postgraduate degree.
Less typical careers in communications
What can you do with a communications degree if you don't want to go into the typical careers outlined above? Read on for a selection of less typical jobs with a communications degree, from film producer to legal secretary. Bear in mind that this is not an exhaustive list; communications graduates are sought-after in almost any industry you can think of!
Careers in digital media
The digital media industry is reshaping the way society consumes media and information. Online news sites, social networks and digital technologies are all areas of the industry continuing to expand, leading to significant increases in job opportunities for those with a combination of communication skills and digital proficiency.
If you're interested in a media career but concerned about the longevity of print media, digital media is the way to go! This expanding field incorporates careers in journalism, video production, web design, social media and online publishing, to name but a few – and more roles are appearing as technologies and audience behavior continue to evolve.
Careers in law
Although most people entering the legal industry do so with a postgraduate qualification or specialized law degree, communications graduates may be interested in pursuing administrative and organizational roles, working for local or national civil and criminal courts or even governmental and independent legal firms. For example, legal secretary roles and paralegal roles are often held by communications graduates. An undergraduate communications degree could also be a great starting point from which to apply to law school.
However, if you do not wish to gain further qualifications there is a limit to your advancement in this industry, due to the requirements for roles such as a solicitor or barrister. Depending on the hiring company, however, there may be the possibility of gaining some additional qualifications while you work.
Careers in education
Another option is education, where your communication skills will certainly be needed daily! To be hired within primary or secondary education, you'll need a teaching qualification. Depending on the country you want to work in, this will take at least a year to obtain. For tertiary education, at institutions such as colleges and universities, it is more likely that you'll need a postgraduate qualification in a related specialization in order to teach.
'What Can You Do with a Communications Degree?' is part of our 'What Can You Do With…' series. We have also covered art, biology, business, computer science, English, engineering, fashion, finance, history, geography, law, marketing, mathematics, performing arts, philosophy, politics, psychology, sociology, chemistry, economics and physics.
If you are not sure where to start your search for jobs, this site can help.
This article was first published in January 2015 and most recently updated in April 2020.
This article was originally published in January 2015 . It was last updated in July 2021
Explore the QS World University Rankings by Subject 2020: Communications & Media Studies
choosing a degree
Laura T
Laura is a former staff writer for TopUniversities.com, providing advice and guidance for students on a range of topics helping them to choose where to study, get admitted and find funding and scholarships. A graduate of Queen Mary University of London, Laura also blogs about student life.
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THE POOLS
TR EN AR FA DE RU PS
Is there a sanction unless I go to the Provincial Directorate of Migration Management on my appointment?
Your application will not be processed. If your legal period is in progress, you can make a new appointment and join your appointment. If your legal period has expired and you have applied for the first time, you are subject to a violation of the visa and if your legal period has expired and you have applied for an extension application you are subject to a violation of the residence permit.
If the food and accommodation expenses are met by public institutions during the application for residence permit what should I do?
You need to submit the documents of your residing in our country to the Provincial Directorate of Migration Management through the relevant public institution.
I went to abroad when it was valid. Can I apply for the residence permit in abroad?
Residence permit applications are not yet received from abroad. Foreigners, whose residence permit has been expired within the period of his/her residency abroad, will be able to apply for residence permit electronically after entering our country according to the visa regime between the two countries. It may also be made by a legal representative of a foreigner or by his/her attorny. However, in this case, according to Article 97 of Law No. 6458, the foreigner may be asked to be present on the appointment day.
Do I need to get a family residence permit for my child?
In case of meeting the conditions, the sponsor shall have the right to apply for the residence permit for himself or his spouse or for the dependent child of the spouse or his / her spouse, even if he /she is over the age of 18. If the conditions of family residence permit are not met, they can apply for a different residence permit. Evaluation is made by the Migration Management.
I made a visa/residence permit violation. If I pay a fine, how much will it cost?
In case of violation, the amount of the penalty is required. Since the tuition amount is determined within the framework of the agreements with the countries, it differs in terms of each country. There is also a difference in terms of the duration of the violation, nationality and age. Penalty can be informed at the border gates when you exit from our country.
How much money should I have in the bank to have a residence permit?
The foreigner's declaration is sufficient unless any document is requested for the short-term and student residence permits by the administration. For family residence permit applications, the total income of the supporter must not be less than the minimum wage and their income must be one-third of minimum wage per person. Long-term residence permit requires an adequate and regular income. In determining a sufficient and regular income, your income may be accepted if it is equal to the monthly minimum wage, or if you have an income-generating property, money in the bank to secure your livelihood in our country.
I have changed the address of my current residence permit, what should I do? If this address is a different province, will my residence permit be canceled?
The foreigners, who are willing to change their address within the duration of the residence permit in another city and applying for a new residence permit in that city where they have moved, need to notify the Provincial Directorate of Migration Management within 20 labor days. In this process, a new residence permit is issued if the type of residence permit does not change, but the period paid is not subject to the fee. If your have moved your address to another address within the boundaries of your province, it is enough to notify the new Provincal Migration Management within 20 labor days. In this case, a new residence permit card will not be issued and you can continue to stay in our country with your existing residence permit.
How long is a short term residence permit granted?
As a rule, short term residence permit can be issued for a maximum of two years. The determination of residence permit duration is at the discretion of the administration. Also,the short-term residence permit in Turkey can be issued to the foreigner and foreigner's spouse, their minor and dependet foreign children, who are not employed in Turkey but who will invest within the scope and amount to be determined by the Council of Ministers and to citizens of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus for five years.
Is there a separate type of residence permit for those who live in yacht ?
There is no such a type of residence permit. You can apply for a short term residence permit(people who will stay with tourism purpose).
Is it possible to go abroad during the 90-day evaluation process?
Residence permit application form is being issued for foreigners, who applied for the first time application on the appointment day, by the Provincial Directorate of Migration Management. The application document, for extension applications, is automatically arranged by the system. This document must be approved by the Provincial Directorate of Migration Management. This application form and approved samples of fee receipts provide multiple exit-entry right for each person on condition that you return within 15 days.
Can two foreigners, who are married, get a family residence permit?
In case two foreigners,who want to apply for the family residence permit(the foreigner who has at least one year residence permit or work permit in our country), since foreigners should be supportive of one another, these foreigners cannot be granted a residence permit at the same time. However, foreigner, who meets condition of being a sponsor, can be the sponsor.
While the insurance information is entered on the e-residency application form, it asks for insurance information although it is not obligatory to have insurance for under 18 and over 65 years. How should this field be filled?	'Under 18 and above 65'' option must be selected for the short-term and student residence permits on the e-residence system. Sponsor needs to have a valid health insurance covering all family members for th family residence permit. Foreigners, who are under the age of 18 and not have a property holding or an income from their parents, do not have any opportunity to to have a long-term residence permit. Foreigners, who are over age of 65, are required to provide proof that they cannot be insured for long term residence permits.
'Under 18 and above 65'' option must be selected for the short-term and student residence permits on the e-residence system. Sponsor needs to have a valid health insurance covering all family members for th family residence permit. Foreigners, who are under the age of 18 and not have a property holding or an income from their parents, do not have any opportunity to to have a long-term residence permit. Foreigners, who are over age of 65, are required to provide proof that they cannot be insured for long term residence permits.
I signed up for Turkish learning course. How are the residence permit procedures?
If you enroll in a Turkish course directly, you can get a short term residence permit only if you have arrived in our country with a Turkish language course visa. However, this residence permit can only be given twice. If you register to the university and are directed to TÖMER by your university, Student Residence Permit is issued until the beginning of the next education period if you proof your situation. Students, who come to our country to receive a visa for education but not register for the Turkish course and directed to the Turkish language course, are allowed to have a short term residence permit.
What is the procedure for having a residence permit for primary and secondary education?
Foreign children, who are staying with a family residence permit, can benefit from the right to education in our country. These foreigners also do not need to have any other residence permit. In all cases, a certificate of consent, birth certificate and contract of commitment are requested for the applications for residence permit for children who are under the age of 18 and will not be with their parents and will receive a student residence permit. However, foreigners, who are going to study at primary and secondary schools, are required to have a visa which meets their purpose of visit. On the other hand, the residence permit is organized with a one-year period to those under the scope of the school year from the beginning of the academic year until the beginning of the next academic year.
I studied at "X University" for 2 years. Then I was accepted and made undergraduate transfer to the "Y University". What is the procedure that I should follow?
In case of change of faculty or department in the same educational institution and the change of the educational institution in the same province, the existing residence permit shall remain valid provided that the student is not interrupted and notified in time. These foreigners should notify the Directorate of Migration Management about the change of department/faculty/school within 20 labor days. If the residence permit time is shorter than the duration of the study, it will be extended until the end of the study period. In the case of continuing education in a different province, the residence permit shall be issued again and would be given until the new education period.
When should I pay for the residence and card fee?
Resicence Permit fees and card fees must be paid before the date of appointment in the applications for the residence permit first time, transfer application and the extension applications which is directed to the appointment by the system. If the system does not direct to make an appointment for extention applications, the fees must be paid before being posted.
I applied for the residence permit, do I have to pay to make an appointment?
No, applications are made via the website and the appointment has to be made online. There is no charge for an appointment. You can make an appointment free of charge.
Can I apply for the residence permit through individuals or firms?
The Directorate General of Migration Management does not have any conncection with the third parties or institutions. Please do not rely the people who demand money with the promise of getting a residence permit. Sharing the personal information with third parties or institutions are at foreigners' own responsibility.
Can I get a residence permit with my family onreal estate?
In case of family members having common or joint ownership rights on the real estate, family members may also apply for the residence permit within the scope of this paragraph.
How long will the residence permit applications take to be resulted?
Can I apply for the residence permit with expired passport?
Foreigners, who will apply for residence permit, are required to have a passport or passport substitute document with the validity of sixty days longer than the period of residence permit. Therefore, an application for a residence permit cannot be made with the expired passport.
Is it necessary to notify in case of a passport change?
Foreigners, who change their passport must be notified to the governorship (Migration Management) within 20 working days if their name and last names are changed. Unless there is a change for name and last name, there is no need to notify.
Are e-government documents valid for applications for residence permit?
Documents which express "The official documents that can be used in official institutions" will be accepted by e-government.
What is the duration of the residence permit issued to the citizens of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus?
Law No. 6458 Pursuant to Article 31 of the Law on the Protection of International Protection and Foreigners, citizens of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus can obtain the residence permit for five years.
Is it possible for foreigners, who apply for the residence permit but not to have a residence permit card, to go out from the country?
"Foreigners, who will leave for a short-term from Turkey and return without waiting for the issuance of a residence permit after applying for it, provided that the residence permit is within the legal duration and the fee receipts(except in the document where they are exempt from fees) are submitted, can leave from border gates with the application form without any violation fee. If they return within fifteen (15) days, they will be able to enter the country without obtaining a visa, even if they are subjected to visa of the countries they have the citizenship of it. The application form provides multiple exit and entry right for more than per each 15 days.
Is it considered to have violated a visa or residence permit when the foreigner is in detention?
Those who remain in prison as a prisoner or convict after the procedure has not been deemed to have violated a visa or residence permit. If there is a violation of visa or residence permit before the procedure is established, the proceedings shall be made in accordance with the general provisions for the periods of violation and the residence permits shall be canceled.
For how long does it take for foreigners, who enter to Turkey with a conditional entry, to apply for residence permit?
If you enter with a conditional entry to the country, you must apply for the residence permit in the e-residency tab at www.goc.gov.tr within 10 days.
How to get a residence permit?
After making an online application via e-ikamet.goc.gov.tr, it is necessary to attend the appointment with the required documents. After the application is evaluated positively by the relevant Migration Management, the person's residence permit card would be delivered to the address which is indicated.
What should be done if the residence permit card is lost or stolen?
The residence permit certificate shall be rearranged if the residence permit card is lost, stolen, defective or frayed. If it is lost, stolen or frayed, the whole residence permit card fee shall be paid but half of the fee as residence permit fee would be paid. The report, which shows the residence permit card is lost, should be made through the police station. Then, with the report, which shows the residence permit card is lost, the biometric photo and the document, which is indicating that the address is registered to the address system, should be applied to the Provincial Directorate of Migration Management in the city of residence. As there may be differences in the implementation of all provinces, it may be requested in different documents except those documents.
How should we proceed in order to have a residence permit of foreigner babies who were born in Turkey?
Foreign children, who were born in Turkey, can stay in Turkey with birth certificates until their travel document is issued and made an application for residence permit depending on the validity of their parents residence permits. Birth certificate itself does not give the right to enter and exit from Turkey. For these children, it is compulsory to obtain a residence permit within one hundred and eighty days. The residence permit is issued to be valid from the date of birth of the child.
How long should my passport period be to apply for a residence permit?
You must have a passport at least 60 days longer than the requested time or a passport substitute document.
What can I do if I get the passport matching error?
"It is essential to choose the correct type of your passport (private, ordinary, diplomatic passport etc.) used for entry Turkey and put its other requested information on the Travel Document Page. Unless it is a passport acquired as a result of a special situation, ordinary passport must be checked. On the field for passport or travel document, you must enter your passport information which you entered Turkey. In cases where the travel document that has been used for the entry is lost, expired or renewed without exiting the country, it is essential to use your last travel document with which you entered the country. In addition you must use your new passport's validity date. If you have dual citizenship, the system will only recognize one of your passports, which is your last passport that you have used to enter Turkey. The ones among the newborns that have no entry/exit records on their passports, have to apply to the Migration Management. If no match warning message still shows up one-residency page and even if you have applied the previous instructions above, all variations should be tried with letters, without letters and leaving a space between numbers and letters. There is MRZ section on the personal info page of your passport. Please check your passport number on it and type the same passport number written on the MRZ section. If your passport is written in this number, you need to enter the datas in the same way. Foreigners, who have entered Turkey before 2007 and have no entry-exit after this date, should apply to the related Directorate of Provincial Directorate of Migration Management. The foreigners who have entered with their national ID card and who have their passports with themselves, have to apply to the Migration Management. The foreigners whose nationality is stateless on the entry records, or who have entered Turkey with Refugee Travel Document, have to apply to the Migration Management. The foreigners who receives no match warning message on the e-residency system because of the absence of the countries' name such as South Sudan, Democratic Congo and Taiwan or appearing with a different name, have to apply to the Migration Management. "
What can I do if I get the insurance matching error?
"In this case, first of all you need to contact with your insurance company to get information about your policy number/insurance company name/renewal of insurance number/starting and ending date of the insurance during the application. In addition, if there is no renewal number in your insurance policy and foreigner has got the insurance from the insurance company for the first time, the renewal number is ""0 (zero)"" , ""1"" for the second time, ""2"" for third time. And also, for the insurance information, data entries should be tried with numbers, not letters. You should contact your insurance company for detailed information.
What is apostille?
Apostille is a document approval system which enables the validity of a document and which is used legally in another country.
Where can I get apostille?
If you are a citizen of the country who is a party to the Apostille agreement, you are required request the authorities from the country where you received the document. You should consult with your consulate if you are in Turkey. (List of parties to the Apostil Agreement is on the website of the Ministry of Justice.)
Does a document, which is apostilled, also need to be approved?
In order to be used at Turkish institutions, the sworn Turkish translation must be approved by a notary public.
Can Syrian citizens within the scope of temporary protection acquire citizenship citizenship by marrying a Turkish citizen?
Duration within the scope of temporary protection is not taken into account for the citizenship.
Can Syrians, within the temporary protection, apply for the residence permit?
In order to obtain a residence permit, Syrians within the scope of temporary protection have to apply to the Provincial Directorate of Migration Management in order to obtain a residence permit.
Does an institution where Syrians within the scope of temporary protection have to obtain a permission from Turkey change according to the reason of their departure ?
No. Syrians, within the scope of temporary protection, have to apply to the Provincial Directorate of Migration Management with a visa/residence permit from a third country to travel to a third country with a travel documents.
Where and which documents should the Syrians, within the scope of temporary protection and who have a family member in the country that the person wants to go, apply with that they are required?
The required assesment for those who receive a visa/residence permit for their name from a third country, among Syrians within the scope of temporary protection, is done by the Provincial Governorate (Provincial Migration Management).
What kind of transactions are being taken regarding foreigners who voluntarily returned to their own country and came back to our country again ?
Person who voluntarily returned to his/her home country and after again pass through our borders in order to benefit from the temporary protection, should apply to the provincial directorate of migration management in province where he/she is located. An interview will be held there on why he/she is returned and the will be asked whether temporary protection can or can not be applied again by the relevant governorate.
What are the procedures regarding the Syrians within the scope of temporary protection who voluntarily returned to their own country ?
Person who want to return to his/her country voluntarly, firstly should go to the Provincial Directorate of Migration Managemen and fill in the Voluntary Repatriation Request Form. Person can leave from the border gate with the one copy of the Road Permit Document and the Voluntary Repatriation Request Form. Temporary Protection Card will be received back at the border gates.
How can the Temporary Protection be terminated, individually and collectively ?
The president of the republic is authorized to terminate the temporary protection.This means collectively termination of the temporary protection. Temporary protection will be terminated individually in case of leaving to the third country, voluntary repatriation, benefiting from the protection of another country, transfer to the residence permit or death.
What procedures should the Syrians, within the scope of temporary protection, follow if they want to change city of their residence ?
Syrians, within the scope of temporary protection, should obtain a permission from the Provincial Directorate of Migration Management where they are registered if they want to travel to another province. If they have a reasonable reason such as work, education, health, kinship relations, they can apply to the Provincial Directorate of Migration Management in the province where they go to with the Road Permit Document which is given.
In which cities can Syrians within the scope of temporary protection reside?
Syrians, within the scope of temporary protection, have a right to stay in cities which General Directorate deems suitable. According to our current regulations, Syrians, within the scope of temporary protection, are not allowed to stay in Antalya. They are allowed to stay in all other provinces.
Where do Syrians within the scope of temporary protection reside and how is it determined?
The Syrians, within the scope of temporary protection, are staying in the Temporary Accommodation Centers within the Directorate General of Migration Management according to the priority order made considering the family situation and whether there is a special need. However, due to the high number of temporary Syrian refugees and the limited capacity of the camps, they are allowed to stay in the provinces where they are registered. In this case, it is important that people remain in the provinces where they register.
When does temporary protection start and terminate?
The beginning and the end of the temporary protection application is made by the decision of the President on the proposal of the Ministry of Interior. The temporary protection procedure applied to the Syrians in our country started on 22/10/2014 with the entry into force of the temporary protection regulation and were taken into temporary protection scope to our country as of 28/04/2011.
Can Iraqi citizens be covered within the scope of temporary protection?
Due to the fact that Iraqi foreigners are not considered as mass migration, they do not meet the requirements for temporary protection applications. However, individual international protection applications can be made by the Iraqis.
How is it decided who will be covered under the scope of temporary protection?
In cases where there is mass migration to our country, the presidency of republic decides on the Ministry of Interior's proposal.
Who will be covered within the scope of temporary protection?
Only Syrians can have a temporary protection status in our country.
What is the temporary protection identity document and how can it be provided?
Pre-Registration Document which is valid for 30-days is given to Syrians who apply for the Temporary Protection to Provincial Directorate of Migration Management. Temporary Protection Identification Document is issued to Syrians who are eligible for temporary protection as a result of the investigation conducted within 30 days. This document provides the right to stay legally in Turkey for Syrians. No fee or payment is required. It is not equivalent to the documents of residence permit or residence permit issued in Law No. 6458. It doesn't give any right to apply for the Turkish citizenship.
How and where are the temporary protection registration transactions carried out?
Temporary Protection registration procedures are carried out in the registration centers determined in the provinces. "Registration Document" which is valid for 30-days is given to the Syrians who apply for the Temporary Protection. Temporary Protection Identification Document is issued to persons whose applications are evaluated positively within 30 days.
International Protection
Are individual international protection applications for Syrians taken within the temporary protection?
Due to the confusion in their countries, Syrian citizens who are within the temporary protection in our country, cannot apply individually to international protection as required by Law No. 6458 and its sub-regulations.
Is there any right to reside in the country if the application for international protection has been rejected?
The right to stay in the country will be evaluated within the framework of the general rules for foreigners, if application was rejected. In the case of foreigner acquires another right of stay in the country, she/he may remain in the country.
Can the attorney or legal representative apply for international protection on behalf of the applicant?
International protection applications cannot be lodged through a legal representative or attorney. International protection applications must be carried out personally. When international protection applications are requested to be made at the border gate or within the country to law enforcement units and other public institutions and organizations, these units shall inform the provincial directorate immediately.
Is there a right to appeal if international protection application has been rejected?
Administrative objections and judicial remedies are open to all kinds of decisions for foreigners scope of international protection, and if this right is not used, the foreigner needs to leave our country within the given period.
What is the time limit for applying an international protection application?
Foreigners who entered our country legally or illegally are required to apply to the provincial directorate of migration management as soon as possible .
Do I have a right to reside in any province of Turkey as an international protection status holder ?
Persons who are registered to international protection to have the obligation to stay on the province stated to them. However, it is possible to carry out the procedures of change province related with health and kinship relations by Provincial Directorate of Migration Management.
I am within the scope of International Protection. When can I be resettled to the third country?
Placement in a third country is carried out in cooperation between the Directorate General of Migration Management and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and Following the completion of the files, informing the foreigners is made by the Provincial Directorate of Migration Management.
Can application for international protection be lodged at the Turkish Embassies and Consulates abroad?
International protection applications have to be made to the Provincial Directorate of Migration Management in person. If international protection applications are made at the border gates or to police force within the country and other public institutions and organizations, these units should immediately notify this situation to the provincial directorate.
Where should I apply for international protection in Turkey?
Application for international protection should be made to the Provincial Directorate of Migration Management in your province.
Is it necessary to obtain a visa to enter to Turkey?
According to Article 13 of the Law on Foreigners and International Protection, in order to stay in Turkey up to 90 days, the foreigner needs to obtain a visa, which meets the purpose of visit, at the Consulate of the country where the foreigner has the citizenship or is legally located.
Within how many days will the visa application be finalized?
Visa applications are made to the consulate in the country where the foreigner has the citizenship or is legally located. Applications can also be made electronically. Visa applications are resulted within ninety days at the latest. This period starts from the completion of the requested documents by the foreigner.
Where can I find out the result of my visa application?
The result may be learned from the Turkish Foreign Representative Office where you applied or the applicant can learn the result by contacting YİMER157 line if he/she reaches in person and passes the security questions.
How long should I use the visa that I received from the consulate at the latest?
You need to use your visa, which is obtained from the consulate, within 6 months.
How long should my passport period be to enter Turkey?
You need to have a passport or passport subsitute document at least 60 days longer than you will stay.
I am banned to enter Turkey. What should I do to enter Turkey?
You need to apply to the Turkish Foreign Representatives in your country and apply for an annotated visa(visa with special conditions)application.
Can I use my visa after my residence permit is over without leaving ?
After the expiring of the residence permit, visa or visa exemption cannot be used without leaving.
I have a one-year visa. Can I stay in Turkey continuously in one-year ?
You can stay in Turkey maximum 90 days within 180 days with a visa.
For how many days the border visa is given?
It is given maximum for 15 days.
I want to apply for the residence permit but there is no Turkish Consulate in my residence country. How may I enter Turkey?
If you do not have the right for visa exemption, you can enter to Turkey with applying a visa from the Turkish Foreign Representative Office in any of third countries.
Can I have a residence permit with a border visa?
Residence permit applications are not accepted if the person is entered to Turkey with a border visa.
One of my friends was forced by her boyfriend / husband for prostitution, what can I do?
You may contact with the Foreigners Communication Center (YİMER 157) for emergency and denouncement calls for victims of human trafficking.
Who is the human trafficker?
Human trafficker; provides people for the aim of abducting, transporting from one place to another, transferring, hosting or delivering with the ways like working by force, serving by force, prostituting, subjecting to captivity and removing of body organs.
What is the difference between human trafficking and the human smuggling?
Article 79 of the Turkish Penal Code regulates the crime of migrant smuggling. Accordingly, directly or indirectly in order to obtain financial benefits; A person who allows a foreigner to enter the country with his or her consent, or who allows a Turkish citizen or foreigner to go abroad through illegal channels may be considered within the scope of the crime of migrant smuggling. Penalty: Three to eight years imprisonment and a judicial fine up to ten thousand days) The crime of human trafficking is also adjudged in Article 80 of the Turkish Penal Code. Accordingly, by disabling one's will (pressure, threat, deception, exploitation of helplessness, cheating, etc.); • Forcing a person to prostitution, to work, removal of organs, • To make the person beg, serve, subject to captivity, • Providing an illegal adoption or child labor, to bring people into the country to take them out of the country, to supply them, to take them from one place to another, to host them, with one of these aims, is the purpose of human trafficking. When the differences between the two crimes are evaluated; I. The most important difference between the crime of human trafficking and the crime of migrant smuggling (human smuggling) is the "consent "element. In the case of migrant smuggling, the person pays the smuggler a fee to be taken to another country with his or her consent, but there is either no consent for trafficking or a consent obtained by disabling one's will. II. Both crimes are transboundary. While the transboundary dimension of crime is essential for migrant smuggling, human trafficking does not necessarily have to be transboundary. III. Human trafficking is a crime against the rights and freedoms of people, while migrant smuggling is a crime against the state. IV. The economic relationship between the smuggler and the immigrant ends after the immigrant pays the smuggler, but the economic relationship in human trafficking is continuous. The merchant continues to earn income from the victim for a long time.
What is the difference between human trafficking and the migrant smuggling?
a) While trafficking, forcing and deceiving the victims is the subject, while the immigrant smuggling is primarily about the consent of immigrants. b) In migrant smuggling, the relationship between the illegal immigrant and the criminal organization often ends with the illegal crossing of the border, while the relationship between the victim and the criminal organization in trafficking continues against the victim's will. c) While there is abuse of persons in trafficking, there is no aim of abuse in migrant smuggling.
Is there a residence permit for victims of human trafficking?
A residence permit valid for thirty days shall be granted, by the governorates, to foreigners who are victims of human trafficking or where there is strong circumstantial evidence that they might be victims with a view to allow them to break from the impact of their [negative] experience and reflect on whether to cooperate with the competent authorities. The residence permit granted to allow for recovery and reflection may be renewed for six months periods for reasons of safety, health or special circumstances of the victim. However, the total duration shall not exceed three years under any circumstances whatsoever.
In which cases, the support program organized for victims of trafficking, is terminated?
The support program may be terminated based on the evaluation report by the Directorate Expert, in case the victim; unwilling to benefit from the support program, except the disability of will have re-connected with the perpetrators of the crime through their own volition, leave the shelter without notice, disobey to the measures taken in the support program, do not cooperate with the authorities, determined that the person is not a victim, determined that untrue information is declared.
Can I study with a residence permit for victims of human trafficking?
Foreigners who have a residence permit for victims of human trafficking, if the conditions arise to get a student residence permit, they can take advantage of the rights provided by the permit without moving to student residence permit.
What is the duration of residence permit for victims of human trafficking?
Initially given for a period of thirty days, the total duration shall not exceed three years, may be renewed for a maxiumum of six months each time.
Are there conditions such as passport and health certificate to get the victims of human trafficking?
Conditions attached to other types of residence; like valid passport, visa, livelihood, address registration, health insurance, removal decision or entry ban permits shall not be sought in granting residence permit for victims of human trafficking.
What kind of support is given to the foreigner on the residence permit for victims of trafficking? What does the Victim Support Program cover?
Article 28 of the Regulation on Sttrugling Human Trafficking and the Protection of Victims ensures the support services to be provided to the victims. According to this; Victim support program is provided on the basis of information and consent, considering the safety, health and special situation of the victim during and after the period of thought, investigation and prosecution. Within the scope of this program; • Voluntary and safe return to the home country or to a third country, • Shelter in shelters or safe place, • Ensuring access to health services, • Psycho-social support, • Access to social services and benefits, • Providing counseling and information on access to legal aid and legal rights of victims, • Guidance on access to education and training services, • Support for vocational training and access to the labor market, • Providing necessary guidance on financial support in accordance with the provisions of the Law On Social Assistance and Solidarity, dated 29/5/1986 and numbered 3294, in order to provide temporary financial support to meet the basic needs, • Access to consultancy services provided by relevant non-governmental organizations and international and intergovernmental organizations, • Providing interpreting services, • Informing the embassy or consulate of the country of nationality with his consent, • The opportunity to meet with the embassy or consular authorities of the country of nationality, • Providing assistance with identification and supply of travel documents.
Where are victims of human trafficking sheltered?
Possible or identified victims are placed in shelters belonging to the Directorate, if not possible in public institutions and organizations, local administrations, shelters belonging to non-governmental organizations or one of the similar service organizations. The place of shelters are kept confidential.
If the victims of human trafficking wants to go to the home country, what kind of transaction is done?
With the Voluntary and Safe Repatriation Program, the foreign victim can be returned to his / her country or to a safe third country upon request.
What is human trafficking?
Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of person, by the means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of paymnets or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over other person, for the purpose of exploitation.
What are the forms of human trafficking?
Sexual Exploitation: It is the most common form of human trafficking. Sexual trafficking involves sexual exploitation of persons. It is the sale and marketing of a person without his consent. Labour Exploatiation: It is the employment of the employer by using threat, pressure and algebra for the purpose of exploitation without charge or for a very low salary. Child Trafficking: It is the exploitation of children for the purposes of labor exploitation, domestic servant, sexual exploitation, military service, marriage, illegal adoption, begging, organ procurement. Organ and Tissue Trade: It is the purchase and sale of organs or tissues of persons by taking forcibly or helplessness.
I have doubts about human trafficking where can I report?
You may report your doubts about human trafficking to the Law Enforcement Units of the Republic of Turkey or by calling the Directorate General of Migration Management, YİMER 157. YİMER 157 is available 24/7 in Turkish, Arabic, English, Russian, Persian and German.
What are the regulations on struggling against human trafficking?
Both international and national legislation have substantial regulations on human trafficking. In addition to the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, also known as the Palermo Protocol in the context of international legislation, Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children and the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking are substantial regulations and Turkey is a party to both agreements. In terms of national legislation, the Turkish Penal Code, which defines the criminal offenses and defines criminal penalties, and the Law on Foreigners and International Protection, which sets the standards of victim support services, and the Regulation on Struggling Human Trafficking and the Protection of Victims are comprehensive regulations.
They confiscated my brother's passport and forced him to work, do not pay wages, he lives in very bad conditions in the warehouse, what can I do?
What are the important tips that a person is a victim of trafficking?
1. The person has been hired by infringing his will (pressure, algebra, deception, violence, etc.), 2. Passport, air ticket, etc. expenses were covered by the merchants when they were taken to the destination country, 3. Coming from a source country / being a citizen of one of the source countries, 4. Living below poverty or living standards, 5. Limited or non-existent relationships or communication with families and near abroad 6. Does not speak Turkish or masters only words related to a certain occupational group, 7. The documents such as passports, identity cards, travels are forged and they are threatened that these documents they will be surrender to the authorities. 8. Passport, identity or travel documents are / are kept by others 9. Violence has been or has been threatened / intimidated by his or her family, near abroad and / or loved ones 10. Is insecure to the authorities 11. Threatened with surrender to authorities 12. Usually not alone, accompanied by third parties and their actions being controlled directly or indirectly 13. Is afraid to tell others about the situation 14. Not allowed to express himself or to be present by third parties 15. Be unable to speak freely, 16. Does not know the home or work address 17. Be subject to security measures designed at the work place or live places (eg light-tight windows, wooden windows and doors, pin-wires, security cameras, etc.) 18. Borrowed in amounts that cannot be paid for various reasons, 19. Be subjected to insults, abuse, threats or violence
I have heard that my neighbour will marry her 14-year-old foreign child. Where can I file a complaint?
There are people in the neighborhood I live in who are forcing children to beg. Where can I report this?
Who can I communicate with on the subject of potential human trafficking?
For emergency and denouncement calls for victims of human trafficking, you may contact with the Foreigners Communication Center (YİMER 157), the Police Emergency Line 155, the Gendarmerie Hotline 156, the Coast Guard Notification and Request Line 158.
All Rights Reserved © 2015 Republic of Turkey General Directorate of Migration Management
Address: Çamlıca Mahallesi 122. Sokak No:4 Yenimahalle/ANKARA
Web: http://yimer.gov.tr
E-Mail: yimer@goc.gov.tr
Fax: 90 (312) 920-06-09
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National Co-existence Dialogue and Official Languages Minister Mano Ganesan has told Tamil consumers to boycott Anchor butter until the Tamila language is added to the product.
In a post on Facebook the Minister pointed out that the company was a private one, but said he would ask the government to intervene to have the Tamil language also added to the product packaging.
In the meanwhile, he also suggested Tamil consumers begin a 'share campaign' while boycotting the product.
Anchor has used English, Sinhalese and Chinese languages to describe its product, omitting the use of national language Tamil.
According to the statistics released by the Chinese Embassy, there are over 6000 Chinese workers in Colombo, working for various Chinese-funded projects.
According to the 2012 census there were 2,270,924 Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka, 11.21% of the population. Many expressed surprise that Anchor, a product owned by the Fonterra group, has omitted Tamil and decided to include Chinese.


Ớt sừng bỏ hạt, thái sợi, gừng thái lát mỏng, tỏi băm nhỏ.
Đun sôi nồi nước nhỏ có thêm chút xíu muối, sau đó cho mực vào luộc sơ, khi miếng mực nở bung, thịt mực săn lại thì vớt mực ra.
Trút mực vào đảo nhanh tay trong khoảng 1 phút cho giấm Tiều bao đều.
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As the technological wave rolls forward, with technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Robotic Process Automation (RPA) and the Internet of Things (IoT), many legacy companies stand a good chance to prevail over disruptive start-ups and chameleons. But a prerequisite is that they act now and scale fast.
At the core of digital transformation is data. It makes the difference between being a chameleon or a dinosaur. Emerging technologies like AI and RPA can help to overcome the information silos.
RPA enables software robots (bots) to mimic human actions by handling data. Opening emails and files, inputting and extracting data, and searching for keywords and key phrases are examples of actions that can be performed through automation.
Many processes are depending on the available data. Availability is not the issue in the digital transformation journey, it is the hurdle of accessing the vast amount of data many systems create and collect. RPA and Intelligent Process Automation (IPA) are connectors that help businesses to manage and employ data throughout their applications effectively. The different systems require connectivity for algorithms to perform their tasks. Software robots can independently search, collect and modify data across business applications in the IT infrastructure, making automation a great solution for data integration.
Simply explained, data integration is the process of combining data from more than one source. Without a doubt, in this digital age information is always available at our fingertips. The point is that it is often hidden in a huge pool of unstructured data, burdening both IT leaders and business leaders with overwhelming challenges. I can imagine, such vast volumes of data feel like drowning. The current scattered IT landscape many large companies have to deal with require smart solutions to combine the right data, for the sake of good insights and empower decision-making.
There are many data integration solutions, containing a certain degree of automation. Unfortunately they mostly lack connection with business processes that touch about every part of the organisation, which prevents these solutions from breaking down information silos. Also, many data integration systems rely on manual code, which could disrupt the performance of bots. These systems constantly require maintenance. This results in an accumulation of unperformed tasks, interfering with the progress and initial intent of robotic process automation.
Large companies have multiple data sources like CRMs, ERPs and mobile apps. Assembling all the information from the systems and using the loads of information most effectively is incredibly difficult for humans as well as for many technologies. The fragmented infrastructure forces employees to work with different systems, meaning they have to gather their information from different sources. This is truly time-consuming, time and effort that should be focused on higher-value activities, but also error-sensitive and it hinders validated decision-making. Software robots (RPA, IPA) are able to extract the necessary information and also consolidate unstructured data by pulling recorded information together and transform it into proper information provision. At the same time, process automation can result in the retrieval of valuable information, in particular about how processes are performed.
To stay competitive, companies need to be able to quickly and easily access data on demand. The ability to put data into action is one of the main reasons for digital transformation. Organisations need to have transparent operations. Watertight insights on the performance of their business is crucial to survive the digital age. Effortless access to better data enables companies to react faster to this information than competitors do. Data integration by means of automation allows quick access to large data sets, giving organisations the opportunity to make sense of financial and operational data. It enables executives to make better strategic and tactical decisions, turning them into key decision makers.


text:
Sun sets off solar storm that could affect power grid and satellites – and create swirling northern lights
There is no cause for alarm, despite reports that suggest solar storm could lead to danger
Saturday 27 November 2021 00:26
Massive solar storm hits Earth
Small geomagnetic storms could hit the Earth after the Sun spat out plasma, experts have said.
The minor storms could affect some equipment on Earth as well as making aurora visible in some northerly places, experts say.
The coronal mass ejection unleashed by the Sun is expected to sideswipe Earth's magnetic field, experts warned.
But there is no reason to worry, despite some reports that suggest there is cause for concern, and any effects are likely to be very limited.
The Met Office said that the CME will probably arrive late on Saturday or early on Sunday.
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There is thought to be a 30 per cent chance that it will lead to a minor or G1 class storm, which will probably peak on the Sunday, it said.
Geomagnetic storms are classed on a scale that begins with G1 and goes up from there, with G2 being twice as powerful as G1, and so on.
A G1 class storm can lead to small fluctuations in the power grid, some effects on satellites as well as the possibility of aurora.
There could be some more geomagnetic activity than expected if there is a second "coronal hole" that comes into effect at the same time, the Met Office warned. It was unclear how likely that was and when it might arrive, but it is clear that the effects would only be small, it said.
SunEarth
1/1Sun unleashes solar storm that could affect power grid and satellites
Sun unleashes solar storm that could affect power grid and satellites