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Genealogy Gifts
December 10, 2006 Dana Huff	1 Comment
At this time of year, thoughts turn toward giving (and receiving) gifts. I have received so many gifts related to genealogy. First of all, I have made friendships with distant relatives. Of the three Christmas cards I've received so far this year, two are from distant cousins Chris Stofel and Helen Lowry.
Helen sent me a wonderful gift once of a photograph of my great-great-great-grandparents and their family taken in about 1880. Chris has sent me some wonderful information about our family, including my great-great-great-grandfather Shelby McDaniel's Civil War records (he deserted!)
My grandfather's cousin Lee probably doesn't know this, but he is the one who got me started researching my ancestors. Some years ago — and my memory says 1990, but that may be off by a bit — he sent my grandparents a copy of "The Descendants of William Cunningham." At that point, he had researched the Cunningham family tree back about as far as any of us have been able to trace it — to William Cunningham born in 1792. At that time, Lee's chart was really more of a complete descendant chart for Amos Blakey Cunningham, William Cunningham's grandson, as any descendants of Amos's brothers and sisters, or aunts and uncles, were not included. Since then, Lee has added more of these descendants of William Cunningham and the tree is more complete. I had never thought before about where I came from or who my ancestors were, and I was intrigued. I used library time in the stacks at UGA's library to do more research, but back in those days I didn't know what I was looking for and scarcely knew how to take it down if I did find something. Still, it got me started.
My grandfather's cousin Mary, who is Lee's sister, has given me the amazing gift of a CD full of family photos. In addition, she gave me copies of several family photos of my great-grandparents and great-great-grandparents. She also gave me a photocopy of my great-great-grandmother Stella Bowling's diary, which I transcribed. It would be hard for me to put into words how much these gifts have meant to me.
The best gift I ever gave myself was a subscription to Ancestry.com. I have balked at paying for the subscription for years on the principle that the information they collect is available elsewhere. However, once they made the census records from 1790 to 1930 available, I had to check it out. I reasoned that I would spend much more than the cost of the subscription fee in traveling to view all the documents they have available online. Frankly, I wouldn't have been able to travel because of family constraints. I have small children at home and I work full time. My Ancestry.com enables me to learn about my family.
Several years back, I made my grandfather a genealogy-related gift with information about his family tree. If memory serves, there may be some errors in that information I've since corrected. There is also additional information that I've learned. It is my plan to give genealogy books to family members for Christmas this year.
If I could ask the genealogy fairy for anything, it might be to break through the brick wall I've hit with the aforementioned William Cunningham and to learn more about my paternal grandmother's mysterious antecedents. I would also like more time to do research.
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Ancestry is a great site for census records. It's my favorite feature. Happy New Year!
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Stoss will lead a team that includes ONE Architecture and Urbanism, Kleinfelder, Arcadis and the Woods Hole Group in the development of near-term and long-term coastal resilience strategies protecting Downtown and the North End from coastal flooding. The project will run through summer 2019, to get updates and learn more about the project visit the City of Boston website.
Join us for the Charlestown Lower Mystic open house event on June 14th. We will share designs ideas from Climate Ready Boston and want to hear what kind of waterfront access, open spaces and walking/biking improvements you want to see in your neighborhood. Join us for drinks, snacks and lively conversation dockside!
To RSVP or learn more, visit MyRWA.
5.4.2018 Eda U. Gerstacker Grove wins Merit Award in 2018 BSLA Awards!
Stoss proudly announces that our Eda U. Gerstacker Grove project has won a Merit Award in the 2018 BSLA Awards! Congratulations to the project team!
The Chouteau Greenway Design Competition partners and jury announced today that the team led by Stoss Landscape Urbanism has won the international competition to design a new greenway to connect St. Louis's Forest Park and Gateway Arch. The competition was conducted by Great Rivers Greenway and joined by partners in a unique public-private partnership that aims to transform St. Louis.
The Chouteau Greenway builds on all of what makes St. Louis great, and re-imagines it as a place connected by opportunity, access, and a diversity of shared experiences. The greenway opens new chances for discovery, enchantment, and appreciation through the lens of movement. Together with our team, we are excited to be a part of this defining moment and to contribute to the city's renaissance.
The Loop + The Stitch embodies our intention to promote connection, prosperity, inclusion, reconciliation, innovation, and joy. The Loop links the civic and spectacular icons and histories of the central city, connecting Washington University and Forest Park to downtown St. Louis and the Gateway Arch. The Stitch links neighbors to neighbors and the visitor to the everyday authenticity of St. Louis. Together, the greenway routes build on a set of "social common denominators" (food, water, public space, stories, currency, etc.) that are shared by all despite socio-cultural and socio-economic differences. In all these ways the Chouteau Greenway inscribes itself into the whole of the city, creating new opportunity through economic development and job creation and connecting assets, opportunities, neighborhoods, and people across its rich and diverse fabric.
The Stoss team is led by Boston- and Los Angeles-based Stoss Landscape Urbanism and includes Urban Planning for the American City, ALTA, Marlon Blackwell Architects, Damon Davis, De Nichols, Mallory Nezam, David Mason and Associates, HR&A, Amanda Williams, Lochmueller, and Diversity Awareness Partnership.
4.11.2018 Stoss 'Coastal Resilience Solutions for East Boston and Charlestown' wins WLA Award of Excellence!
We are pleased to announce that "Coastal Resilience Solutions for East Boston and Charlestown" has received the Award of Excellence in the 2018 WLA Awards. We would like to thank our long list of collaborators and stakeholders in the project. To learn more about this project, we invite you to read the full report from the City of Boston.
We are excited to announce our residency at the Autodesk BUILD Space in Boston! The Autodesk BUILD Space (BUilding, Innovation, Learning and Design) is a collaborative research & development workshop for the future of building. The Stoss team will be exploring and researching unique material applications and fabrication techniques — culminating in the creation of our newest installation "YOU ARE HERE" More updates and news to come! Follow @buildspc @autodesk and follow Stoss @stosslu for updates!
The Harvard Graduate School of Design African American Student Union will be hosting the second Black in Design conference. Events will begin this Friday, October 6th at 4:30pm at continue through Sunday. For more information and to purchase tickets, visit blackindesign.org.
In addition, Stoss is thrilled to have the opportunity to be a part of the workshops on Sunday, October 8th. Senior Landscape Designer and community engagement lead for the Pittsburgh Uptown EcoInnovation District, Alex Marchinski, will be a leading a group of attendees in a discussion of the project, presenting the project's goals and our process, and listening to feedback as we learn from others how the discipline can create more equitable and just for city's across the country.
Stoss is hosting the 2017 Boston Society of Landscape Architects Annual Open House on Thursday, October 5th. Please join us as professionals, students, members, and non-members add their voice to landscape architecture in the Commonwealth and help shape the BSLA agenda for 2018 and beyond. The informal, festive event is also a great opportunity to reconnect with old friends and meet new ones.
The Pittsburgh Uptown/West Oakland EcoInnovation District Draft Plan was released on earlier this month on July 10. The plan was led by Philadelphia-based planners and long-time collaborators Interface Studio. Stoss joined an interdisciplinary team of consultants, including Sam Schwartz Engineering, Sci-Tek Consultants, Mondre Energy, Duane Morris Government Strategies, Ninigret Partners, and Tactile Design Group. We're very proud to have been a part of such a wonderful team on this important project for the community of Uptown and the City of Pittsburgh.
You can learn more about the project and read the Draft Plan on the official website of the Pittsburgh EcoInnovation District.
Join Stoss Studio Director Katherine Harvey and NAC Senior Associate Janica Ley Baker as they lead a panel discussion exploring the potential of LA's Public Lands. Hosted by friends and collaborators, NAC Architecture in Los Angeles.
No RSVP required. Join us!
In May 2016, the Association for Women in Architecture Foundation awarded its first Professional Development Fellowship to Katherine Harvey and Janica Ley Baker. Since then, Kate and Janica have explored the potential of Los Angeles Unified School District play yards to address the effects of climate and urbanization while providing new learning environments and enhancing access to public green space.
This research looks into the regional potential of 1200 play yards owned by the Los Angeles Unified School District. As one of the largest land owners in the county, this work suggests the district-wide impact of addressing regional dynamics of cyclical drought, effects of urbanization: impermeability, heat island effects, and loss of native species diversity. The work attempts to unveil an alternative future, aggregated from the micro-scale of the singular public school campus and put into focus the collective impact of all these campus sites. It strategically considers their respective landscapes in terms of educational enrichment, ecological services, and public health benefits. Proposed solutions are at once strategic, measured, playful, and optimistic about our region and the role of public lands in its future.
The mappings identify the LAUSD boundary and the intertwined relationship that the school sites have with both systems of reserved and flowing water, open space, biodiversity banks, carbon sinks and energy infrastructure. A sub-watershed of the Tujunga Wash was selected as case study, dissecting the potential of the schools within the watershed in relation to a series of linear infrastructures: the Tujunga Central Branch, an LADWP Right of Way, a rail corridor, and a series of water wells.
The model represents an educational and outreach tool developed to facilitate discussion about how planning and design might break down the barriers to considering individual school sites in relation to regional infrastructures: wildlife corridors, greenways, waterways and the connective network between campuses.
Chris Reed will be at the Parrish Art Museum in conjunction with the museum's weekend symposium, Landscape Pleasures. Chris will join Alex Matthiessen president of eco-political consulting firm, Blue Marble Project, for a conversation on landscape architecture, aesthetics, and the environment. The conversation will address how architects, landscape designers, creatives, and community representatives can work together in a more holistic context to implement low-impact and regenerative projects.
Cal Poly Pomona Landscape Architecture will be hosting Chris Reed at the Los Angeles Cleantech Incubator in Downtown Los Angeles Wednesday, February 8th at 7pm.
Stoss is excited to announce that Chris Reed has been promoted to Professor in Practice of Landscape Architecture at the Harvard Graduate School of Design. Additionally, he was appointed Co-Director of the Master of Landscape Architecture in Urban Design Degree Program at the beginning of the academic year.
Chris has served as Associate Professor in Practice at the GSD since 2010. Prior to the GSD, he held academic teaching positions at the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Toronto, and has been Visiting Professor at many schools across the US. He has led Stoss since founding it in 2000 and continues to grow the firm with studios in Boston and Los Angeles.
Please join all of us at Stoss in congratulating Chris on his promotion.
Chris Reed has been named the Mercedes T. Bass Landscape Architect in Residence at the American Academy in Rome for Spring 2017.
The Mercedes T. Bass Landscape Architect in Residence is one of the American Academy in Rome's prestigious fellowships and residencies that gather select groups of artists, practitioners, and scholars to pursue their work in an atmosphere conducive to intellectual exchange and innovation. Chris will join the Academy from April 3 – May 1, 2017.
Chris Reed joins economist and collaborator Teresa Lynch of Mass Economics on Thursday, December 1 at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy in Cambridge, Massachusetts to discuss the practical challenges created by existing land utilization regimes, as well as project experiences with far-sighted urban stakeholders who are experimenting with ways to transform vacant and underutilized land into an asset that can support economic growth, social equity, and environmental health.
11.21.2016 First Look at "Nature and Cities"
Join Stoss as we celebrate the publication of Nature and Cities: The Ecological Imperative in Urban Design and Planning.
Co-edited by Fritz Steiner, George Thompson, and Armando Carbonell with essays by Chris Reed, and other Harvard faculty, including Charles Waldheim, and Susannah Drake, Nature and Cities features leading international landscape architects, architects, city planners, and urban designers exploring the economic, environmental, and public health benefits of integrating nature more fully into cities.
Chris Reed will be joining an expert panel of architects and landscape architects Friday, November 11th at 5:30pm at the Center for Architecture Sarasota to discuss a range of design strategies for Sarasota's Bayfront. For more information, visit the event page.
Stoss is joining the thousands of other landscape architecture professionals and students in New Orleans for the 2016 ASLA Annual Meeting and Expo. Chris Reed, Amy Whitesides, and Tim Wilson will all be on the ground over the course of the weekend. Join them for three educational sessions on contemporary practice.
The Landscape Architecture Foundation and PennDesign have released a new documentary exploring the future of landscape architecture. Watch now or visit the Landscape Architecture Foundation Summit on Landscape Architecture and the Future for more information.
On June 10-11, 2016, the Landscape Architecture Foundation (LAF) convened a diverse group of preeminent and emerging leaders for The New Landscape Declaration: A Summit on Landscape Architecture and the Future. Inspired by LAF's 1966 Declaration of Concern, the Summit featured 25 "Declarations" from key thought leaders and nine thematic panels, taking a hard look at whether the landscape architecture profession has fulfilled its promise and how effect change looking toward the future.
Through interview footage and clips from the Summit, this documentary highlights key themes from this critical, provocative, and inspirational examination of the role of landscape architecture in addressing the challenges our our time and the next 50 years.
The Landscape Architecture Foundation and PennDesign have released video of this summer's LAF Summit panel on aesthetics, featuring Chris Reed, Claude Cormier, Maria Goula, Mikyoung Kim, and Ken Smith.
The panel was part of a 50 year revisiting of Ian McHarg's Landscape Declaration, convening a diverse group of preeminent and emerging leaders for The New Landscape Declaration.
Chris Reed will be the speaking as part of this year's Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Landscape Lectures series, kicking-off this year's group of international designers.
Stoss is excited to announce the expansion of its internationally awarded practice with the formation of a new studio in Los Angeles, an exciting new endeavor in southern California led by Chris Reed and Studio Director, Katherine Harvey.
Kate joins Stoss after 15 years of practice, including nearly 10 years in southern California. She joins an expanded leadership team of Amy Whitesides, Tim Wilson, and Scott Mitchell in Boston who, together with Founding Director Chris Reed, have led Stoss throughout its history in various roles. Their combined experience includes work on multiple continents, and at multiple scales, for cities, public agencies, institutions, and private interests. Stoss continues to believe in the productive role of landscape in the making and re-making of cities and social spaces and will now carry this work forward from both sides of the North American continent.
Stoss was recently featured in the LA Times with an imaginative vision for the 2 Freeway spur, including a fantastical proposal for an elevated park and innovative ideas for renewing LA's heroic infrastructure. The Los Angeles office is already busy at work on mixed-use and residential developments in Culver City and West Hollywood, as well as a couple of institutional projects in Los Angeles.
Stoss has been awarded the landscape design services contract for two parks in eastern Cambridge near Kendall Square—Binney Street Park, located between Binney Street, Galileo Galilei Way, Broadway, and the grand Junction railway corridor, and Triangle Park, located between Binney Street, Land Boulevard, and First Street.
The first public engagement meeting for the concept design of both parks will be at the Kennedy Longfellow School on June 16, 2016 at 6:00pm.
For more information, please visit www.cambridgema.gov/kendallopenspace.
Stoss is pleased to announce our team has moved into a new office on Old Colony Avenue in South Boston. As we celebrate 15 years, we are excited by this new opportunity to grow.
15 years ago we began with a question and a research project. The question was how landscape might play a more formative role in reimagining cities. The research project looked at how we might step outside traditional roles of designers in the public works projects of yesterday, and tomorrow. Today we celebrate the work those investigations spawned, in more than 30 cities and 8 countries, with an array of talented collaborators. And we celebrate how lucky we have been, to be recognized for this work by the Cooper Hewitt National Design Awards, the American Society of Landscape Architects, Progressive Architecture, Topos, the Waterfront Center, AZURE Magazine, the Boston Society of Architects, and others.
Celebrate with us, as we share some of our favorite projects, from our earliest work to our newest ambitions. And thanks for being part of it!
The Van Alen Institute with the New Orleans Redevelopment Authority has announced the winners of the Future Ground competition, inviting multidisciplinary teams to generate flexible design and policy strategies to reuse vacant land in New Orleans. Team Stoss has been selected as one of three winners, contributing to the Six Key Strategies for Vacant Land in the Future City.
Led by Stoss, with Teresa Lynch of MassEconomics, Jonathan Tate of OJT, Liz Ogbu, Ann Yoachim, Jill Desimini, Mike Brady, Byron Stigge, and Kate Kennen, the team developed proposals for unlocking the economic value of vacant land through job-creating land use strategies on aggregated and assembled lots.
Learn more about Stoss's proposals here or download the full presentation.
Chris Reed will be presenting WORK-LIFE, a guest lecture at the USC School of Architecture. Join Chris for a presentation of our interests and research in projects from Lousiville, Michigan, Harvard, and elsewhere.
March 27, 2019 MOAKLEY PARK POISED TO BE GOLD STANDARD IN CLIMATE RESILIENT WATERFRONT PARKS.


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Regan Remy is a Los Angeles based musician and singer who plays a haunting and ultra-spacey brand of Gothic electronica. The promo material states that her background is in classical music but she became interested in electronic, industrial, and Goth music. There aren't any song titles on this 4 song promo release, but the first track sets the tone for Regan's sound. A spacey floating intro evolves into a Gothic, but highly ethereal, song with some Dub rhythms and fair dose of spaced out synth and majestic organ work. There's really quite a lot happening here as Regan layers on multiple keyboard bits, producing an accessible song that has just enough cosmic strangeness to keep things interesting. Regan's vocals are impressive and have a haunting and highly entrancing quality. The next two tracks are more on the dance floor pounding techno-ish side, but still include cool bubbling space synths and the music transitions through a seemingly non-stop parade of tripped out dancey keyboard patterns. The final track is another standout that gets into psychedelic Indian raga territory. It reminds me a lot of Portuguese spacers Saturnia, with it's blend of ethnic percussion, spacey techno, and Dub.
In summary, this is precisely the kind of music that is so often bland and sounding like a million other bands. But Regan gives substance and a welcome complexity to the music, crossing over equally between electronic space rock, Goth, and techno styles, with perhaps some dashes of prog rock as well. By the time you read this Regan's first full-length release, "Sellisternia" should be out.
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And for many of us, we'd appreciate that safety without getting to settle for a cumbersome, pocket-stuffing, appear-altering case or cover that turns our sleek device into something different entirely.
Gorgeous Design: I just love the black edition of this laptop computer design. It is very trim and has a brushed-steel end that gives it a extremely costly look. The chiclet keyboard looks truly great and was very comfy to use.
For most golfers, the fat or thin shot occurs when the middle of the swing is too much behind the ball at get in touch with. When this occurs, your club hits the ground first (resulting in a body fat shot) or hits the leading of the ball (causing a skinny shot).
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During a testing the laptop computer battery never lasted more than two hrs and thirty minutes, which is a bit disappointing with the SSD, LED display and reduced-voltage processor. After we "played" with the numerous internal administration tools we were in a position to lengthen the autonomy to four hours with light use this kind of as Phrase. In addition, the DVD can be changed by an additional three cell battery.
There are men out there who really and truly adore a woman who has complete and extremely generous curves. It appears strange to believe that so numerous women flip absent from this and insist on chasing the guy who merely isn't interested.
Expect the process to take about a half hour (probably less for some non-Droid gadgets which have fewer surfaces). That may appear like a long time to put on a case, but it's nothing in the grand scheme of issues, and well really worth it to avoid a bulky situation.


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Southern Cone Travel
The Best of Southernmost South America
Can Argentina (Make) Change? Are Thinner Wallets Better?
This week, many Argentines will find their wallets a big lighter – and that may be a good thing. It's because a new 500-peso banknote (pictured above), with a value of roughly US$33 has just gone into circulation, and it solves a whole bunch of problems – at least temporarily.
That's largely thanks to mismanagement by Argentina's previous government, which refused to issue any banknote larger than 100 pesos (less than US$7) even as the peso plunged in value against the US dollar and other foreign currencies. It was part of their effort to deny an inflation that reached upwards of 40 per cent per annum (though it never got to the level of the 1970s and 1980s when, if Argentine governments spoke hopefully of 50 percent inflation, they meant per month).
From my own perspective, traveling extensively every year in Argentina and Chile – crossing the border with some frequency – it's meant a wallet uncomfortably thick with Argentine currency. It was also bad for banks, though - ATM machines, obviously, do not have an infinite storage capacity and, if demand was high, they could empty quickly.
Not only that, the armored cars that refilled those ATMs had limited capacity as well, and restocking the machines required more frequent visits. This was especially troublesome in popular tourist destinations like El Chaltén, which received infrequent service from banks in the provincial capital of Río Gallegos (ironically enough, the political home base of former president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and her husband/predecessor, the late Néstor Kirchner).
However necessary the larger bills may be, they're no miracle cure for Argentina's economic malaise – larger bills might, in fact, fuel the fear of inflation that's always latent in Argentina. I still remember, more than 30 years ago, the fact of million-peso banknotes that became barely worth the paper they were printed on; more pragmatically, I wonder whether, in the none-too-distant future, today's shiny new banknotes might fill my wallet as uncomfortably as their lower-value predecessors.
For the time being, though, I welcome the new bills as a contribution to easing economic problems that still need longer-term solutions, but there could be glitches. It's quite possible that, as one sardonic Argentine journalist tweeted, "I come from the future. The taxi driver has no change for a 500-peso note."
Posted by Wayne Bernhardson at 9:38 AM No comments:
Labels: Argentina, Chile, El Chaltén, Exchange Rates, Inflation, Money, Patagonia, Politics, Río Gallegos
Buenos Aires Is Not A Zoo, Literally...
Whenever I'm in Buenos Aires, I always pass by the Jardín Zoológico Eduardo Ladislao Holmberg, the historic zoo that is almost within sight of our apartment and often on my walking routes to sights, restaurants and other attractions of our Palermo neighborhood. The zoo occupies a prime property, and has some memorable architecture – for example, the Hindu motifs of the elephant house (pictured above).
The zoo has always been popular for families with children, but things have been changing in recent years. Mainly, it's suffered considerable criticism for the conditions in which the animals were kept – not least for the death of a polar bear in the city's suffocating summer. Thus, there have been calls to close the zoo and, when I walked by last month, small groups of picketers left visible demands for its closure, as pictured above (in previous years, I had seen even larger groups).
Then, earlier this week, city mayor Horacio Rodríguez Larreta announced the facility's definitive closure, though it will reopen later this year as a vaguely defined "ecopark" that will rehabilitate animals rescued from illegal trafficking. Some native birds will be released into the riverfront wetlands of the Reserva Ecológica Costanera Sur (pictured above); the remaining zoo specimens will be distributed among "nature reserves" elsewhere in the country, except for those too old or infirm to be moved (they will remain on the zoo grounds, but kept from public view).
In the absence of greater detail, there remain some questions – how, for instance, can large non-native species such as elephants, hippos and rhinoceri be relocated to a suitable environment elsewhere? Also, I wonder, will they necessarily remove thriving native species such as the capybara and Patagonian mara (cavy, pictured above), the latter of which roams freely through the zoo grounds? Traditional zoos may be questionable, but I'm not sure it's completely wrong to acquaint city children with some of the wildlife of their vast countryside.
Posted by Wayne Bernhardson at 2:04 PM No comments:
Labels: Architecture, Argentine, Buenos Aires, Fauna, Palermo, Patagonia, Politics, Puerto Madero
Chaitén Reborn
Almost every year, when I head to South America for the summer, I look forward to revisiting the Chilean port of Chaitén – in reality, a modest ferry terminal that connects the major port of Puerto Montt with the Carretera Austral, the southern highway that winds through an area as wild as the Alaska Panhandle.
I first saw Chaitén in 1992, while updating a guidebook, and the view of the Andes rising steeply behind the shoreline was unforgettable. At that time, the town and its surroundings had only about 3,600 inhabitants, but it would soon become one of the access points to Parque Pumalín, the audacious forest conservation project of the late environmental philanthropist Douglas Tompkins. I revisited regularly, but there was a hiatus in 2008, when a surprise eruption of the town's namesake volcano forced its evacuation.
For a time, Chaitén was a Chilean Pompeii – the volcano did not set the town on fire, but waterlogged ash flowed down the Río Blanco to bury many of its wooden houses under two meters or more of cement-hard debris. The Chilean government tried to move the settlement north, to a more protected area but, while visiting Futaleufú a year later, I drove to Chaitén for the day and found, to my surprise, that a quite a few residents had decided to return. The mountain was still smoking, and many houses and vehicles barely showed beneath the ash, but several residents had cleaned up their properties – including a couple waterfront hotels – and forced the government to provide tanks of potable water.
I've had my doubts about Chaitén – and probably wouldn't invest in local real estate – but seven years later I'm impressed by the effort to rebuild. Last January, I saw a new regional airport, new ferry installations, a new park and playground along the river, and private initiatives including a sparkling new hostel, restaurants, and even an appealing food truck (not so long ago, its espresso would have been unthinkable here). There's a trail to the top of the volcano now and, while Chaitén is no luxury destination, it's a rewarding one. I look forward to returning again in November.
Labels: Carretera Austral, Chaitén, Chile, Ferries, Parque Pumalín, Patagonia, Puerto Montt, Trekking
Wayne Bernhardson
With over 30 years living and traveling in Latin America, I write guidebooks to the "Southern Cone" countries - so called because of their shape on the map - of Chile and Argentina. I'm especially interested in the remote, scenic Patagonian region overlapping the two countries. I'm sole author of Moon Handbooks to Chile & Easter Island and to Patagonia, including the Falkland Islands. I've also authored the National Geographic Traveler guide to Argentina, and DK Eyewitness Guides to Argentina and Chile. I have a PhD in Geography from the University of California, Berkeley, and have done research in Peru, Chile, Argentina and the Falklands, where I spent a year as a Fulbright-Hays scholar. My home base is Oakland, California, but I spend five months a year in South America. I often stay in Buenos Aires, where my Argentine wife and I have an apartment in the barrio of Palermo. I speak fluent Spanish, less fluent German, serviceable Portuguese and desperation French. Any questions, please contact me at southerncone (at) mac.com, or leave comments by clicking on the word "comment" at the bottom of each entry. Comments are moderated, but I get to them quickly.
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text:
Title: Every loser wins? : leveraging an Olympic bid
Author: Bason, Tom
Awarding Body: Manchester Metropolitan University
Current Institution: Manchester Metropolitan University
https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/622965/
This research investigates the ways in which cities leverage Olympic bids for positive outcomes. Recent Olympic bid cycles have seen a decline in interest in hosting the Games and so the IOC is seeking to encourage bidders to consider how a bid can benefit a city. This is not necessarily a new concept, with case studies including Lyon 1920 (Benneworth and Dauncey, 2010), Manchester 2000 (Cook and Ward, 2011), Berlin 2004 (Alberts, 2009), and Toronto 2008 (Oliver, 2011), yet research into this area is still emerging. This present research contributes to the existing literature, through considering the leveraging strategies employed as part of the bid, rather than post bid legacies. To answer the research question of how cities can leverage Olympic bids, two stages of data analysis were conducted. A content analysis was conducted of 16 bid cities' answers to the question 'what will be the benefits of bidding for the Olympic Games for your city/region, irrespective of the outcome of the bid?' (IOC, 2009: 66). Second, qualitative case studies were developed using Cape Town and Toronto's bids for the 2004 and 2008 Games respectively; 31 interviews were conducted with various stakeholders across both bids. The data collection identified three key leveraging objectives: urban development, sports development and raising the city's global profile. The key finding is that the Olympic bid provided cities with the opportunity to leverage national government funding. The leveraging strategies for sports development and the raising of the profile were less successful as these strategies were implemented solely by the city and did not appear to have the same level of planning as the urban development goals. This research has contributed to the burgeoning literature surrounding Olympic bidding, but perhaps the practical implications are more significant. This research provides bidders with information regarding how an Olympic bid can benefit a city, irrespective of the bid's success. In particular, cities should view a bid as an opportunity to catalyse or contribute to already existing plans. Without this level of strategic planning forethought, it is unlikely that the leveraging plans will be successful.


The findings indicate that all-trigger mortality can be highest among nulliparous ladies in this age group, and lowest among females with three kids or more. This finding will have underlying mechanisms which deserve further elucidation, adding to the standard of maternal health potentially, write Leon Simons, from the University of New South Wales in Sydney, and colleagues, in Ageing and Age. The trend can be pinpointed to a decrease in the chance for death from tumor and respiratory circumstances with increasing parity, although the team was struggling to identify precisely which specific circumstances were responsible.As the president prepares to handle a joint program of Congress on Wednesday night to press for health-treatment reform, conservative Christian leaders are rallying their troops to oppose him, with on the web town hall meetings, church gatherings, fundraising appeals, and e-mail and social networking campaigns. FRC Action, the lobbying arm of the Family Research Council, has scheduled a webcast Thursday night for thousands of supporters where House Minority Leader John A.


text:
Q: COMException when creating COM object for Excel Automation in C# I've got this error when I create a COM object in order to use Excel automation. Any one knows why I am getting this error?
System.Runtime.InteropServices.COMException(errorCode = -2146959355)
Message: Retrieving the COM class factory for component with CLSID {00024500-0000-0000-C000-000000000046} failed due to the following error: 80080005.
The call stack is following:
System.Runtime.Remoting.RemotingServices.AllocateUninitializedObject(RuntimeType objectType)
  at System.Runtime.Remoting.RemotingServices.AllocateUninitializedObject(Type objectType)
  at System.Runtime.Remoting.Activation.ActivationServices.CreateInstance(Type serverType)
  at System.Runtime.Remoting.Activation.ActivationServices.IsCurrentContextOK(Type serverType, Object[] props, Boolean bNewObj)
  at System.RuntimeTypeHandle.CreateInstance(RuntimeType type, Boolean publicOnly, Boolean noCheck, Boolean& canBeCached, RuntimeMethodHandle& ctor, Boolean& bNeedSecurityCheck)
  at System.RuntimeType.CreateInstanceSlow(Boolean publicOnly, Boolean fillCache)
  at System.RuntimeType.CreateInstanceImpl(Boolean publicOnly, Boolean skipVisibilityChecks, Boolean fillCache)
  at System.Activator.CreateInstance(Type type, Boolean nonPublic)
  at Geotab.ComObject..ctor(Type type)
This is my code:
Type excelAppType = Type.GetTypeFromProgID("Excel.Application");
comExcelObject = new ComObject(excelAppType);

A: You need a reference to the Excel library. Add Reference on your project and go to the COM tab, then Microsoft Excel with the version you have.

A: The error code (0x80080005) is CO_E_SERVER_EXEC_FAILURE, "Server execution failed".  In other words, something went wrong when COM tried to start Excel.exe.  Pretty basic problem that has way too many possible causes.  Check the Windows event log for a possible better diagnostic.  The usual next step is reinstalling Office.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Construction of Scientific Management Mode of "Adjuvant Drugs" Based on Evidence-Based Medicine
June 24, 2022 Published by ijps
Lei Zheng*, Zhihao Yang1, Yuyao Guan and Jing Yang
Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250031, 1Department of Medicine, Xintai People's Hospital, Xintai, Shandong 271200, China
Lei Zheng
Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250031, China
Date of Received
Date of Revision
Date of Acceptance
Indian J Pharm Sci 2022;84(3):543-551
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms
DOI: 10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.948
This study aimed to standardize the clinical application of adjuvant drugs and control the unreason-able increase in drug costs. Management measures were formulated for adjuvant drug utilization by promoting the rational use of adjuvant drugs. The efficacy and economics of the same types of drugs were compared to provide a scientific reference for clinical drug selection. In 2018, the total cost of the use of adjuvant drugs decreased by 7.4117 million renminbi compared with that in 2015. In the first half of 2019, the proportion of revenue from adjuvant drugs decreased by 10.77 % from that in the same period in 2015. From 2015 to 2018, the per capita drug cost of adjuvant drugs gradually decreased and in 2018, this resulted in savings of 568.41 renminbi. Through administrative intervention, prescription review, information management and pharmaco-economic evaluation, a scientific management system of adjuvant drugs was established to standardize the use of adjuvant drugs and to reduce their cost. The scientific management of adjuvant drugs can avoid unnecessary drug expenses for patients and provide effective reference values for the rational use of adjuvant drugs in hospitals.
Adjuvant drugs, drug cost, evidence-based medicine, information management, rational drug use
With the development of disease rejuvenation and modern medical treatment, medical expenses have increased annually. Drug expenses account for a large proportion of this increase. However, the use of adjuvant drugs is widespread and is growing rapidly because of their wide indications and commercial promotions. Prescription analysis revealed that severe unreasonable drug-use problems exist, resulting in an economic burden on the patients and considerable pressure on the medical reimbursement establishments[1]. Therefore, promoting the rational use of adjuvant drugs is the key to reduce drug costs. Furthermore, many drugs of the same type exist and the criteria to use scientific methods for the comprehensive evaluation of the drugs of the same type should be set so that doctors can scientifically select drugs[2]. Since 2015, we have promulgated the scientific management of the adjuvant drugs based on evidence-based medicine and achieved considerable progress in this field. This study aimed to assess the outcomes of the clinical pharmacist intervention in the irrational use of adjuvant drugs and construct a sustainable and improved model of adjuvant drug management.
Establishing management organisation for adjuvant drugs and formulating principles for their use:
The medical and pharmaceutical departments in our hospital jointly established a working group for the supervision and management of the use of the drugs and formulated measures for their rational management. The responsibilities of the joint team included the division of responsibilities for each department, determination of the scope of the adjuvant drugs for catalogue, regular analysis of the dosage, reasonable comments and formulation of specific reward and punishment measures. The key point was to determine the basic principles of the clinical application of the adjuvant drugs and define the use of key drugs according to evidence-based medical practice.
According to PubMed's Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) thesaurus of the National Medical Library of the United States, adjuvant drugs are defined as "the drugs that help to increase the effect of the main therapeutic drugs or increase their efficacy by influencing the absorption, mechanism of action and metabolism of the main therapeutic drugs or drugs that help to prevent and treat diseases or functional disorders"[3]. In accordance with this definition, we included the following drugs in our study: Drugs enhancing the tissue metabolism, vitamins, electrolytes, enteral and parenteral nutrition, neurotrophic drugs; free radical scavenging drugs; traditional Chinese medicine for promoting blood circulation and removing stasis; auxiliary treatment drugs for liver disease; auxiliary treatment drugs for tumours, and other auxiliary treatment drugs.
Determination of the criteria for the evidence-based evaluation of the adjuvant drugs:
For adjuvant drugs, the drug instructions provided by the manufacturer formed the main evaluation standard. For medication beyond the instructions, we referred to the treatment guide of each specialised disease and used a database to search the literature to determine any available evidence. The decision-making analysis was used to obtain opinions and decisions from clinical experts regarding usage with objections or clinical application effects but without the support of high-level evidence. Finally, according to the aforementioned evidence, we preliminarily defined the indication, dosage, solvent selection, course of treatment, contraindications and combination of drugs. We also focused on the evaluation and classification of the evidence-based quality and established an evaluation criteria based on the evidence level and did not refer to unqualified documentary evidence. Currently, clinical studies that can be retrieved through the database mainly include randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, series of case studies, case reports, traditional reviews and expert opinions or experiences. The widely accepted evidence classification standards are mainly the evidence classification standards of the evidence-based medicine centre at the Oxford University and the Grade standard formed by combining various classification standards (the standards for evidencebased assessment are detailed in Table 1)[4].
Type of evidence
Evaluation essentials
Whether the literature has been reviewed comprehensively in the past 12 mo, whether the supporting evidence for each recommendation has been marked with the level and the source. When determining the clinical application according to the level of recommendation, if a treatment is recommended as a class, it can be used without contraindications, it can be used as a Class B recommendation, but it is noted that the evidence is not sufficient and it can be used or not when the reason is sufficient, we should pay attention to the publication of new evidence at any time. If it is a recommendation of Class C or D, it indicates that the evidence is more lacking, with greater uncertainty and it is clear that the auxiliary treatment drugs are unavailable.
Meta-review
Whether it is a systematic evaluation of randomised controlled trials, whether it has collected and included all relevant studies, whether it has evaluated the quality of a single trial, whether it has homogeneity among trials, whether it is meaningful, that is, how large and accurate the effect is, and the reliability and application value of its conclusions can be judged according to the evaluation of the authenticity and significance of the results of systematic evaluation.
High-quality evidence, but if there are limitations, inconsistent results, not providing direct evidence, inaccurate results and biased reports, the level of evidence will be decreased. The quality level of evidence will be improved if the observational study is designed rigorously, implemented well, found to be of significant efficacy or there is a dose-response relationship.
Expert consensus
To determine whether expert opinions are reliable, this is mainly based on whether their opinions have sufficient evidence basis. If there is no evidence, it can be questioned. In the absence of research evidence, the consensus reached by multiple experts is relatively more reliable than that of individuals. For rare or complex conditions without research evidence, expert opinions have more important reference value.
Table 1: Evaluation Criteria
Using information technology to design an adjuvant drug management system:
We entered the drug use definition of each adjuvant drug into the information platform and preliminarily determined whether the adjuvant drugs in the medical order are reasonable according to this definition. Reminding the doctors immediately when they give orders, such as 'contraindications reminder', 'overdose reminder' and 'over-treatment reminder' is critical. By contrast, clinical pharmacists review them immediately. Special drug evaluation and rationality analysis should be conducted monthly, and the analysis and evaluation results should be publicised and linked with the performance evaluation.
Comprehensive evaluation of adjuvant drugs of the same type:
Clinical pharmacists select auxiliary drugs with similar indications or functions for comparison and evaluation and provide suggestions for clinical evaluation. In this study, a group of similar drugs (edaravone injection and monosialotetrahexosylganglioside sodium injection (GM1)) were used as examples for evaluation.
A systematic literature review adopts the general principles of Population Intervention Comparison Outcomes and Study (PICOS) to establish the inclusion criteria of effective literature search, including patient Population (P), Intervention measures (I), Control measures (C), Outcome indicators (O) and Study design (S)[5]. This study mainly includes drug specification, enterprise information, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), other literature retrieval databases, drug-related disease information network (www.cdidin.com), the International Network for Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD) clinical safety drug monitoring network (http://inrud.cdidin.com/), official notification information (such as information published on Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA) websites), and other network information. The determination of the criteria for the evidence-based evaluation of the adjuvant drugs was used to evaluate the quality of the literature.
Drug efficacy evaluation:
By using literature analysis methods and target drugs as the keywords, we searched for relevant evidence-based diagnosis and treatment guidelines and system evaluation/meta-analysis, extracted the recommendation of target drugs and related research conclusions, tabulated the data and conducted descriptive evaluation and analyses.
Drug safety evaluation:
Based on the keywords 'target drug', 'adverse reaction', 'adverse event' and 'safety', the following information and data were retrieved: Safety information including toxicology, carcinogenesis, teratogenicity and reproductive toxicity, adverse reaction, contraindications, precautions, special population (pregnant and lactating women, children, the elderly and patients with liver or kidney function damage), drug interaction, drug overdose and safety differences among ethnic groups, was put in the market before the drug; adverse events and adverse reactions after listing; measures by the government, such as withdrawal, warning and modification of instructions.
Drug economic evaluation:
According to the commonly used amount of each drug, we calculated the daily average cost and the cost of each treatment course for each auxiliary drug by referring to the catalogues of the national basic drugs, national basic medical insurance, industrial injury insurance and maternity insurance drugs and the supplementary catalogue for the provincial/municipal medical insurance, and compared the situations for which the drugs are listed in the aforementioned catalogues before conducting the factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).
Evaluation of the management effect:
The cost of adjuvant drugs (total cost, per capita drug cost, proportion of auxiliary treatment drug cost in total drug cost) was statistically analysed and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 21.0 software was used for single-factor analysis.
Formulation of clinical application principles of adjuvant drugs was explained here. The management group should integrate all expert opinions and discuss with the pharmaceutical management professional committee to determine the principles of clinical application of adjuvant drugs. The general principle is as follows: When adjuvant drugs are used, the ratio of the drug cost and curative effect should be completely considered, the least and the most economical drugs should be used to achieve the expected treatment purpose, and special attention should be paid to the use of Chinese patent medicine injections (Table 2 show the specific clinical application principles).
Specific requirement
It is not allowed to approve the indications for drug use beyond the drug specification. The indication medication shall be approved in strict accordance with the drug instructions. The indications for approval of over-specification must be evaluated by evidence-based medicine and recorded in accordance with the relevant provisions of over-specification drug use. The compound preparation of the two components should be carried out when suffering from two main diseases at the same time, otherwise it should not be used as the first drug.
Usage and dosage
Do not overdose. The single dose and daily dose shall not be higher than the recommended dose in the manual. Strictly follow the recommended administration frequency, solvent and infusion concentration in the instructions.
Do not exceed the course of treatment. Do not exceed the minimum number of days of treatment specified in the instructions. If a course of treatment is not prescribed in the instructions or evidence-base, it shall not exceed 7 d.
Combined medication
Adjuvant drugs of the same type cannot be used in combination. Under non-special circumstances, each patient can only use one type of adjuvant drug (classified by pharmacological action and indication, no matter whether oral or injection). Special cases only include those where there are professional guidelines or authoritative evidence to recommend joint application.
Contraindication
Do not use contraindications and do not use adjuvant drugs with drug risks.
Rational use of traditional Chinese medicine injection
Oral administration is not suitable for injection administration. It should be used in strict accordance with the functional indications specified in the drug manual. Traditional Chinese medicine used for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis has a wide range of pharmacological effects, but to avoid adverse drug reactions, it is stipulated that those with bleeding tendency shall not use this kind of medicine; this kind of medicine shall not be used in combination with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or platelet inhibition drugs. This kind of medicine belongs to the category of traditional Chinese medicine. While mastering its modern pharmacological action, it should be used according to the syndrome differentiation of patients tongue and pulse signs to play its best role and effect, so as to combine traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine in an appropriate manner.
Table 2: Clinical Application Principles of Adjuvant Drugs
We have defined the drugs included in the list of adjuvant drugs and provided supporting data and classification for the drugs beyond the instructions. Table 3 presents an example of drug definition for the adjuvant drugs [6,7].
Indications and limitations
Single maximum dose
Maximum daily dose
Maximum administration frequency
Course of treatment
Compatibility of solvents
Interactions and attention
Tanshinone II: A sodium sulphonate injection
The use for the auxiliary treatment of coronary heart disease, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.
Patients with a history of allergy to these drugs
1 time only
5 % glucose injection or 0.9 % sodium chloride injection 250-500 ml
Alprostadil can enhance the efficacy and the cardiac function should be closely monitored when the two drugs are combined.
Troxerutin cerebroprotein hydrolysate injection
The compound preparation of the two components should be selected when suffering from two main diseases at the same time, otherwise it should not be used as the first drug.
Severe renal insufficiency is forbidden.
It is forbidden for patients with epileptic persistent state or grand mal.
250-500 ml 0.9 % sodium chloride injection or 5 % glucose injection
It should not be used with balanced amino acid injection. Adverse interactions with antidepressants can lead to inappropriate stress. At this time, it is suggested to reduce the dosage of antidepressants[6].
Vinpocetine injection
To improve the symptoms induced by cerebral infarction, cerebral haemorrhage and cerebral arteriosclerosis.
In the acute stage of intracranial haemorrhage, those who have not completely stopped bleeding after intracranial haemorrhage are forbidden.
Those who have serious ischemic heart disease and serious arrhythmia are forbidden.
5 % glucose or 0.9 % sodium chloride injection
Use no more than 14 d
When vinpocetine and methyldopa are used together, there is a slight synergistic effect on the latter, so it is suggested to monitor blood pressure when they are used together.
Although there is no interaction between vinpocetine and drugs acting on nervous system, or antiarrhythmic and anticoagulant drugs at the same time in clinical research, it is still recommended to pay attention to the observation when using vinpocetine in combination[7].
Table 3: Definition of Adjuvant Drugs
Clinical pharmacists use information technology to establish the use of adjuvant drugs, such as limiting the drug prescription of departments and diseases. When setting the course of treatment beyond the norm, realtime reminders can be provided at the doctor's office, critical information reminders can be provided regarding patient's specific medication and irrational medication requirements frequently in special circumstances and irrational medication can be controlled in real-time when prescribing.
By referring to the aforementioned definitions and evidence base, clinical pharmacists take the top ten adjuvant drugs based on consumption over each month for special prescription review, and the review results will be fed back into the system. Severe unreasonable drug use is assessed according to the management methods prescribed by the committee. The main problems are over-indication, overdose, over-course of treatment and contraindications.
To standardize the use of drugs with respect to severe irrational and large amounts of use, such as proton pump inhibitors and human albumin, we formulated the hospital-use specification according to the literature and embedded a clinical pathway to assist doctors in drug selection decisions.
Efficacy evaluation and pharmacoeconomic analysis of adjuvant drugs of the same type is described below. We finally included three guides[8-10], two meta-reviews[11,12], two expert consensus reports[13,14] and three other highquality reports[15-17]. Furthermore, the cost and medical insurance status of the two drugs were compared. The comprehensive evaluation results of edaravone injection and GM1 are presented in Table 4.
Evaluation items
Edaravone is preferred in the treatment of brain injury and stroke;
GM1 is preferred in the treatment of central nervous system tumor like demyelinating lesions for nerve repair and cervical spondylosis.
Edaravone: The incidence of adverse reactions was 4.57 %. The main manifestations are abnormal liver function, increased liver enzyme (incidence>5 %), rash, red tide, red blood cell reduction, leukocytosis, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, proteinuria, hematuria, etc. Japan's Ministry of health, labour and welfare reported that the incidence of edaravone aggravating acute renal insufficiency or renal failure was about 0.02 %. Can cause liver and kidney function damage aggravation, liver and kidney function damage patients use with caution. Heart disease, elderly patients (over 80 y old) should be used with caution. Pregnant and lactating women are prohibited.
GM1: The common adverse reactions were shivering, fever, rash, dyspnea, palpitation, vomiting, etc. It is found that acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (also known as Guillain Barre syndrome) may be caused by post marketing monitoring of drugs at home and abroad. The patients with hereditary glycolipid metabolism abnormality and Guillain Barre syndrome are forbidden.
Both of them are not national essential drugs, edaravone belongs to class B of the national medical insurance catalogue and GM1 does not belong to the national medical insurance catalogue. Edaravone is the first choice for the patients with medical insurance;
Edaravone (20 ml/30 mg) has lower cost per day and per course of treatment than GM1 (20 mg/2 ml). Edaravone is preferred under the same conditions.
Table 4: Comprehensive Evaluation of Edaravone Injection and GM1
To evaluate the overall effect, the consumption of adjuvant drugs was assessed from multiple perspectives, including the total amount used, the proportion of income of adjuvant drugs and the cost of adjuvant drugs per capita. In 2018, the total cost of the use of adjuvant drugs decreased by 7.4117 million Renminbi (RMB) compared with that in 2015 (fig. 1).
Fig. 1: Changes in the total cost of adjuvant drugs (RMB 10 000)
In the first half of 2019, compared with the same period in 2015, the proportion of revenue from adjuvant drugs (revenue from adjuvant drugs/total drug use) decreased by 10.77 % (fig. 2).
Fig. 2: Changes in the proportion of adjuvant drug costs (%)
From 2015 to 2018, the per capita drug cost of adjuvant drugs gradually decreased and in 2018, this decrease resulted in savings of 568.41 RMB compared with that in 2015 (fig. 3).
Fig. 3: Changes in per capita cost of adjuvant drugs (RMB)
SPSS 21.0 software was used for one-way ANOVA to assess the per capita adjuvant drug cost of inpatients. The data include the per capita adjuvant drug cost of inpatients in 4 y (2015-2018) and 48 mo, which is expressed in the form of mean±standard deviation (x±s). From the results in fig. 3, the per capita cost of adjuvant drugs for inpatients exhibited a downward trend in 2015-2018. Based on the results of one-way ANOVA, the p-value is less than the significance level of 0.01, which is statistically significant, indicating that the per capita cost of adjuvant drugs for inpatients decreased significantly in these 4 y (Table 5).
Inpatients (RMB)
Outpatients (RMB)
Minimum value (RMB)
Maximum value (RMB)
F value
p value
Table 5: Single Factor Anova Results of Per Capita Adjuvant Drugs Cost of Inpatients
Evidence-based medicine should be used to scientifically manage all the drugs that satisfy the definition of adjuvant drugs to improve the safety of drug use and end the use of contraindications and reduce unreasonable drug use, including over-indications. The exploration and formation of an adjuvant drug information management platform to improve the work efficiency and coverage, and the formation of a new management mode have been realised. We compared the pharmacotherapeutics and pharmacoeconomics of the same adjuvant drugs with large dosage to provide scientific references for clinical drug selection.
This study focused on evaluating the drug use scientifically and reasonably in the management of adjuvant drugs. The use of evidence-based medicine to evaluate the rationality of drug use can provide cuttingedge safe and rational drug use services for clinical use and resolve the issues facing the multiple drug delivery schemes at present, which cannot be evaluated in terms of efficacy and economics. This result can strengthen the medical practice regarding the use of adjuvant drugs and improve the comprehensive level and affect their management[18,19]. Next, we used information technology to adapt to the actual workings of the existing design to expand the coverage of drug evaluation for saving time and effort. Advocating the use of information technology to manage rational drug use is also one of the highlights of drug use management in our hospital. Finally, through the collection of drug efficacy cases for the purposes of economic comparison, if a scientific and orderly evaluation standard for the same types of drugs is established, the selection of clinical drugs can provide suitable suggestions for clinical needs and gradually achieve the ultimate goal of individualised drug use and refined drug treatment.
In April 2019, China's Health Commission issued a notice on drug use monitoring and clinical comprehensive evaluation, which requires detailed evaluation of drug use and applies the evaluation results to the improvement of local medical support system, clinical diagnosis and treatment service quality. We have used a decision-tree, namely Markov model, to simulate and analyse the drug use. Considering the long-term cost-effectiveness during the realworld study observation period, the cost-effectiveness analysis based on the prospective or retrospective cohort studies, the establishment of intervention groups and control groups, and collection of cost and clinically effective data for analysis, studies have focused on improving the scientific comprehensive evaluation of drugs according to the general principles of PICOS at home and abroad.
Adjuvant drugs are the agents that aid or increase the action of the principal drug (drug synergism) or drugs that affect the absorption, mechanism of action, metabolism or excretion of the primary drug (pharmacokinetics) to enhance its effects. It is commonly used in the prevention or treatment of cancer, liver, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Appropriate use of adjuvant drugs is beneficial for the recovery of patients from the disease and it can not only shorten the time of hospitalisation but also reduce the cost of hospitalisation so that the country's medical resources can be more effectively allocated. Conversely, it can increase the risk of adverse drug reactions because of the increased use of combination of drugs or unnecessary use of drugs. It can increase the risk of new adverse effects, prevent the rehabilitation of the original diseases, prolong the length of stay and increase the economic burden on patients and the healthcare system.
Strengthening the management of rational drug use and reducing the economic burden of patients has become a public concern. The management of adjuvant drugs has become a critical part of the management of rational drug use. The current excessive use of adjuvant drugs can not only easily lead to an increased incidence of adverse drug reactions and bodily damage but also increase the economic burden on patients, resulting in wastage of medical resources. In 2017, the office of the Chinese state council issued a number of opinions on reforming and improving the policy on drug production and circulation. The document requires monitoring the use of antibiotics, adjuvant drugs and nutritional drugs, publicising the limits on irrational prescriptions, and establishing an interview system.
The clinical use of adjuvant drugs has been standardized by the scientific management system of adjuvant drugs based on the prescription review, administrative intervention, information management and pharmacoeconomic evaluation. The use of adjuvant drugs in our hospital has become increasingly standardized, the level of drug treatment has improved, the proportion of adjuvant drugs has decreased and the unnecessary drug expenses for patients have been saved. This study has practical and effective reference value for the scientific management of adjuvant drugs in other hospitals.
Author's contributions:
Lei Zheng and Zhihao Yang contributed equally to this work.
This study was supported by the Key projects of China Pharmaceutical Association for promoting the dissemination of precision medicine science and technology (Grant No. CMEI2019KPYJ(JZYY)00204); the special fund project for clinical research for therapeutic drug monitoring of the Shandong Medical Association (YXH2020ZX047), Project of Shandong ADR monitoring center (2021SDADRKY03), the special fund project for clinical pharmacy scientific research of the Shandong Medical Association (YXH2019ZX016) and Shandong traditional Chinese medicine science and technology project (2019-0329, 2021-M199).
We acknowledge the editors and the anonymous reviewers for insightful suggestions on this work. This study was funded and supported by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association. We would also like to acknowledge our outstanding colleagues working on the front lines of our hospital.
Conflict of interests:
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
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Published by Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Profile Managed by Pharma Enthusiast for Community Benefit
Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (0250-474X), is the official scientific publication of the Indian Pharmaceutical Association. It started in 1939 as the Indian Journal of Pharmacy. The journal is published Bimonthly. https://www.ijpsonline.com/
Tags: Adjuvant drugs, drug cost, evidence-based medicine, information management, rational drug use


A lot of talkers and a lot of gamedev-centric news on this week's Minus World! What is "indie" these days? Is indie just an aesthetic now? This and more questions pondered inside.
11:50 - News: Sonic movie in 2018?
19:00 - Street Fighter V coming soon!
41:20 - What have we been playing? Firewatch, League of Legends, Wonder Project J?
59:00 - Yo-kai Watch Minute!


text:
Jeopardy! PowerPoint Presentation
Jeopardy!. Begin. Final Jeopardy. Slavery. More Slavery. Slave Owners. Mormon and Reformers. Random Thingies. Destiny's Child. $100. $100. $100. $100. $100. $100. $200. $200. $200. $200. $200. $200. $300. $300. $300. $300. $300. $300. $400. $400. $400. $400.
slavery 300
white southerners
slave owners 300
slavery 300 slaves fought
- Statistical Analysis 2 - - Topic 9 - statistical analysis 2 - t-test & z-test	deal with only one metric
Why Test? - . comparative to standards (criteria based) to others (norm referenced) diagnostic. what do we want to learn
Test Administrators - . last updated: 08/20/09. test administrators. purpose: to ensure consistent statewide test
The Test is Yet to Come! - . presented by student academic success center. "navigation to graduation". test taking
COLOR TEST COLOR TEST COLOR TEST COLOR TEST - . dueling algorithms. nicole immorlica , northwestern university with
How to Write a Test Plan? - . a case study. goal scope. introduction. test spec. test plan. unit test integration test
Mardi le 5 mars - . march 4 th -8 th plans. majors: f 1-test 3b, 2 nd oral scrapbook,test 4 (quiz x2-moi powerpoint ) f
USB 2.0 Production Testing - . michael pasumansky catc. usb production testing. what is in the presentation. production
Test Data Generation - Syst. tdat. test data generation. approaches to software testing sources of test data test data
System Test Evaluation - Stv. tval. system test evaluation. stv. location of test evaluation overview of ansi/ieee test
Progression of Test Categories - . unit test. functional test. unit test. component test. system test. unit test.
ITRS Test & Test Equipment - . roger barth – test twg chair. 2008 test updates. mixed signal mid & max
Test Anxiety - . test anxiety. you're not alone if your nerves go haywire over a test. test anxiety comes in different
We need t o test XYZ - Test development flow. we need t o test xyz. run test. is there an xyz tp? (look on npti). assign
Chi-square test or c 2 test - . what if we are interested in seeing if my " crazy " dice are considered "fair"?
Training Course Outlines - Digital - . digital test fundamentals basic ic cmos inverter semiconductor environment how to
Braze Test - . braze test. braze test. braze test. braze test. braze test. braze test. braze test. braze test. braze
Jeopardy! Begin
Final Jeopardy Slavery More Slavery Slave Owners Mormon and Reformers Random Thingies Destiny's Child $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500
Slavery$100The majority of southern whites owned no slaves because C1-$100 they could not afford the purchase price.
Slavery$200The great increase of the slave population in the first half of the nineteenth century was largely due to C1-$200 natural reproduction.
Slavery$300Perhaps the slave's greatest psychological horror, and the theme of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, was C1-$300 the enforced separation of slave families.
Slavery$400By 1860, slaves were concentrated in the "black belt" located in the(Name 2 States) C1-$400 Deep South states of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.
Slavery$500As a substitute for the wage-incentive system, slaveowners most often used the C1-$500 whip as a motivator.
More Slavery - $100Forced separation of spouses, parents, and children was most commonA) in the Deep South.B) on the large plantations.C) on small plantations and in the upper South.D) in the decade before the Civil War.E) as a punishment for running away. C2-$100 C) on small plantations and in the upper South.
More Slavery - $200As a result of white southerners' brutal treatment of their slaves and their fear of potential slave rebellions, the SouthA) formed alliances with white imperialists in Africa.B) adopted British attitudes toward the "peculiar institution."C) emancipated many slaves.D) shed its image as a reactionary backwater.E) developed a theory of biological racial superiority. C2-$200 E) developed a theory of biological racial superiority.
More Slavery - $300Slaves fought the system of slavery in all of the following ways except by:A-slowing down the work pace.B-running away when possible.C-pilfering goods that their labor had produced. D-sabotaging expensive equipment.E-refusing to get an education. C2-$300 E-refusing to get an education.
More Slavery - $400He was an abolitionist that was also known as the golden trumpetA. Wendell Phillips B. Frederick Douglass C. Elijah P. Lovejoy D. William Lloyd Garrison	C2-$400 A. Wendell Phillips
More Slavery - $500In arguing for the continuation of slavery after 1830, southernersA) placed themselves in opposition to much of the rest of the Western world.B) were in opposition to the North but on the side of the Western world.C) failed to compare slaves with the northern factory worker.D) allowed considerable dissent in the South.E) aligned themselves with leading European intellectuals. C2-$500 A) placed themselves in opposition to much of the rest of the Western world.
Slave owners - $100Members of the planter aristocracy:A) produced fewer front-rank statesmen than the North.B) dominated society and politics in the South.C) provided democratic rule in the South.D) promoted tax-supported public education.E) kept up with developments in modern thought. C3-$100 B) dominated society and politics in the South.
Slave owners - $200Plantation agricultureA) led to a slow return on investments.B) remained diverse until the Civil War.C) was economically unstable and wasteful.D) discouraged immigration to the West.E) encouraged southern democracy. C3-$200 C) was economically unstable and wasteful.
Slave owners - $300Most white southerners wereA) planter aristocrats.B) small slaveowners.C) merchants and artisans.D) "poor white trash."E) subsistence farmers. C3-$300 E) subsistence farmers.
Slave owners - $400Some southern slaves gained their freedom as a result ofA) the prohibition of the Atlantic slave trade after 1807.B) purchase by northern abolitionists.C) fleeing to mountain hideaways.D) purchasing their way out of slavery.E) the objection to slaveholding by some white women. C3-$400 D) purchasing their way out of slavery.
Slave owners - $500 For free blacks living in the North,A) living conditions were nearly equal to those for whites.B) voting rights were widespread.C) good jobs were plentiful.D) education opened the door to economic opportunity.E) discrimination was common. C3-$500 E) discrimination was common.
Mormons, Reformers $100The Mormon religion originated inwhich state C4-$100 the Burned-Over District of New York.
Mormons, Reformers $200The original prophet of the Mormon religion was C3-200 Joseph Smith.
Mormons, Reformers $300Noah Webster's dictionaryA) had little impact until the twentieth century.B) helped to standardize the American language.C) was used to educate nineteenth-century slaves.D) came to the United States from Britain in the 1800s.E) gave legitimacy to American slang. C3-$300 B) helped to standardize the American language.
Mormons, Reformers - $400New England reformer Dorothea Dix is most notable for her efforts on behalf ofA) prison and asylum reform.B) the peace movement.C) the temperance movement.D) abolitionism.E) women's education. C3-$400 A) prison and asylum reform.
Daily Double place a wager He was known as the "Mormon Moses," he only had 11 days of formal schooling, and he led the Mormons to Utah. C3-$500 Brigham Young (BYU is named after him)
Random Thingies- $100Neal Dow sponsored the Maine Law of 1851, which called forA) the abolition of capital punishment.B) a ban on war.C) a ban on polygamy.D) woman suffrage.E) a ban on the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor. C4-$100 E) a ban on the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor.
Random Thingies - $200The British-American dispute over the border of Maine was solvedA) by the Third War for American Independence.B) by a compromise that gave each side some territory.C) when America was given all of the territory in question.D) by the Caroline incident.E) by admitting Maine into the Union and New Brunswick into Canada. C4-$200 B) by a compromise that gave each side some territory.
Random Thingies - $300The Aroostook War was the result ofA) a short-lived insurrection in British Canada.B) the Caroline incident.C) the offer of asylum to the crew of the Creole.D) a dispute over the northern boundary of Maine.E) a fishing dispute between Britain and the U. S. C4-$300 D) a dispute over the northern boundary of Maine.
Random Thingies - $400Some people in Britain hoped for a British alliance with Texas becauseA) the alliance would help to support the Monroe Doctrine.B) this area would provide an excellent base from which to attack the United States.C) Mexican efforts to attack the United States would be stopped.D) Texas could become a location for the settlement of undesirable British emigrants.E) the alliance would give abolitionists the opportunity to free slaves in Texas. C4-$400 E) the alliance would give abolitionists the opportunity to free slaves in Texas.
Random Thingies - $500One argument against annexing Texas to the United States was that the annexationA) could involve the country in a series of ruinous wars in America and Europe.B) might give more power to the supporters of slavery.C) was not supported by the people of Texas.D) offered little of political or economic value to America.E) would lead to tensions and possible war with the British. C4-$500 B) might give more power to the supporters of slavery.
Destiny's Child -$100 Arrange in chronological order the United States' acquisition of (A) Oregon, (B) Texas, (C) California. C4-$100 B, A, C
Destiny's Child - $200 The primary group that was instrumental in strengthening and saving American claims to Oregon were A) the Lewis and Clark expedition. B) the Hudson's Bay Company. C) American missionaries to the Indians. D) U.S. naval forces in Puget Sound. E) Mormon settlers from Utah. C4-$200 C) American missionaries to the Indians.
Destiny's Child - $300 . In the 1840s, the view that God had ordained the growth of an American nation stretching across North America was called A) continentalism. B) isolationism. C) anglophobia. D) Divine Mandate. E) Manifest Destiny. C4-$300 E) Manifest Destiny.
Destiny's Child - $400 One reason that the British government decided to compromise on the Oregon Country border was A) the support of the Hudson's Bay Company. B) their belief that the territory was not worth fighting over. C) John Tyler's election to the presidency. D) America's acceptance of 54º 40'. E) their better ability to defend British Columbia. C4-$400 B) their belief that the territory was not worth fighting over.
Destiny's Child - $500 The Wilmot Proviso, introduced into Congress during the Mexican War, declared that A) Mexican territory would not be annexed to the United States. B) slavery would be banned from all territories that Mexico ceded to the United States. C) the United States should annex all of Mexico. D) the United States should have to pay Mexico a financial indemnity for having provoked the war. E) slavery in the territories would be determined by popular sovereignty. C4-$500 B) slavery would be banned from all territories that Mexico ceded to the United States.
Final Jeopardy • Match each abolitionist below with his role in the movement.A. Wendell Phillips 1. abolitionist martyrB. Frederick Douglass 2. black abolitionistC. Elijah P. Lovejoy 3. abolitionist golden trumpetD. William Lloyd Garrison	4. abolitionist newspaper publisher A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4


At the first day of iPhone 5s sale, Apple Store has sold out its all iPhone 5s units within 30 minutes.
It seems that the new iPhones are not available at the online store of Apple and retail store, BestBuy. Due to the increasing demand, the gold version of iPhone is in shortage.
Meanwhile in UK, online ordering kicked-off, but Apple is talking about 10 days to delivery the iPhone.


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Costarossa ima više značenja:
 Costarossa, Asti
 Costarossa, Genoa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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NFL Draft Prospects
2017 NFL Draft Prospects: Top Defensive BacksThis year's draft features a number of defensive backs that can be difference-makers at the NFL level almost immediately.
2017 NFL Draft Prospects: Top Defensive Ends/Edge RushersTeams looking for an edge rusher this year are in luck as the defensive end/edge rusher class is most definitely, elite.
2017 NFL Draft Prospects: Top Wide Receivers And Tight EndsTeams in need of a pass catcher would do well to look at this group of guys.
Top 2016 NFL Draft Prospects: Three-Man Race For First Quarterback DraftedSure, they may not start in their rookie year, but great talent at quarterback is hard to come by and even harder to pass up.
Top 2016 NFL Draft Prospects: Ezekiel Elliott Leads A Deep Pack Of Running BacksThere's a deep crop of running backs in this year's draft, and there could be some NFL squads looking to trade up to snag Ezekiel Elliott or Derrick Henry.
Top 2016 NFL Draft Prospects: Four Linebackers Could Go In First Round, Led By Myles JackThis year, the college prospects for linebackers and special teams players are at an all-time high on talent, and the first round could be busy.
Top 2016 NFL Draft Prospects: Wide Receiver Pool Is Deep; Treadwell Likely To Go FirstThere are a number of big time wide receivers available in the 2016 NFL Draft, but this year's class of prospects has a lot of other talent.
New York AG says Trump's company lied to tax officials and banksLetitia James' office says it has evidence the Trump Organization "used fraudulent or misleading asset valuations to obtain a host of economic benefits" — and wants him and Trump Jr. and Ivanka to testify about it.
Bill would bar groups from making anyone "feel discomfort" about raceA proposal would prohibit public schools and private businesses from making White people feel "discomfort" when they teach students or train employees about discrimination in the nation's past.
Less than half of Americans can cover $1,000 bill, survey findsNew poll underscores how many people are living close to the financial edge, with inflation adding to the strain.
CBS News poll analysis: Who wants to end or keep the filibuster?Senate Democrats are trying to drop the filibuster in order to pass voting rights legislation with a simple majority. Many Americans haven't been following this issue.
White House launches website for free at-home COVID-19 testsAmericans are now able to order free, at-home COVID-19 test kits. The website went live on Tuesday, one day before its official launch. Ed O'Keefe reports.