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Ель Мейера () — вид хвойных растений из рода елей (Picea).

Произрастает в Северном Китае, в горных районах на высотах 1600—2700 метров над уровнем моря, встречается на территории Ганьсу, Хэбэй, Внутренняя Монголия, Шэньси, Шаньси.

Описание вида
Дерево с широкой колонновидной или конусообразной редкой кроной, вырастает до 33 м . Кора у молодых деревьев гладкая, у более поздних грубая, цвет коры серый или коричнево-серый. Молодые вегетативные побеги тонкие, светло-коричневые, немного опушенные по продольным бороздкам короткими рыжими волосками, в репродуктивный период толстые (до 6 мм толщиной), оранжево-коричневые. Почки 5—10 мм длиной, 4—8 мм шириной, конусовидные, иногда немного смолистые, цвет приближается к цвету побегов. Хвоинки 15—25 (-30) мм длиной, около 2 мм шириной, многогранные, расположены радиально, с туповатым верхом, слегка изогнуты, с 5—6 (-8) устьичными линиями на каждой из граней, голубовато-зелёные, блестящие. Шишки яйцеобразно-цилиндрические, 7—10 (-12) см длиной, 2,3—3,6 (-4) см толщиной, коричневые, с выпуклыми, широкими, закругленными по краю чешуями. Семена 4—5 мм длины, коричневые; крыло семени превышает его по длине в 2—5 раз длиннее его. Цвет крыла — желтовато- или красновато-коричневый.

Использование
Древесина используется для строительства, опор, строительства мостов, мебели и для получения древесной массы.
Этот вид также культивируется для посадок и в качестве декоративного растения.

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки

Ель
Флора Восточной Азии
Декоративные деревья


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R. Kelly's Best Friend Demands Money Back After Paying $100K For His Bond
by K.D. Anglin September 17, 2019
K.D. Anglin Author
The female friend of recently indicted R&B singer R. Kelly who paid his bond earlier this year in February is reportedly demanding her money back.
The 47-year-old woman named Valencia Love is from Romeoville, Illinois. She was previously reluctant to state whether the 10% she paid towards R. Kelly's $1 million bail was her money or Kelly's. Love said in a statement earlier this year that "He was going to get out regardless," she revaled, "I just went out there to help my friend." The woman continues, "I'm not going to say it was my money or his and he's not broke," she defended.
Love reportedly wants her money back now that R. Kelly has been indicted by the feds, after paying $100,000 to free the singer following his arrest on 10 counts of aggravated criminal sexual abuse.
Her demands are somewhat bewildering considering the transparency of this case – she was very much aware of the charges and knew exactly what she was doing. According to Sun Times reporters, "Judge now hearing from attorney representing Valencia Love, who met R Kelly on a Lake Michigan boat cruise and later posted 100k for his bond, buying his freedom until he was arrested on federal charges — she wants her money back."
The woman who was described in court documents as a "friend" of the accused, received a lot of backlash after paying four installments of $25,000 to have the singer released from Cook County State jail two nights after he turned himself in. Love reportedly owns several businesses as well as the Lord and Child Christian Day Care. Many found the irony of an accused child sexual abuser being parachuted to safety by a childcare worker to be rather peculiar.
The matter is not yet settled, so it's still unknown if she will actually be successful in getting her money back. As of now, R. Kelly is set to appear in court for another hearing set for Wednesday, September 18th.
Suburban woman who put up $100,000 for R. Kelly's bond on Cook County sexual abuse charges wants her money back now that Kelly's been indicted by feds, @mitchdudek reports https://t.co/wvVZlkz63Z
— Andy Grimm (@agrimm34) September 17, 2019
More R. Kelly News
R. Kelly Addresses Case In New Song "Shut Up" From Prison On His Birthday
R. Kelly Gets September 2021 Trial Date In Chicago For Federal Sex Crimes
K. Michelle Has No Regrets About Saying She Misses R. Kelly

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


There's a reason everyone loves stir-fry—it's easy to make and jam-packed with flavor.
For this spicy chicken version, follow the video above to see how to make it, or use the instructions below for easy reference.
1. In a large non-stick skillet, heat the oil on medium high. Add the ginger and mix it around until it smells good, about 30 seconds.
2. Then add the chicken and cook, stirring often, until the meat is no longer pink, about 3 minutes.
3. Add the snap peas, corn, bok choy, and chile, and stir-fry everything until the chicken is browned and the vegetables are just tender, about 2 minutes.
4. Finally, thin the hoison sauce with 2 teaspoons of water, stir it in, and serve.


iVascular possesses and develops its own technologies which have made possible the vertical integration of each and every one of the processes involved in the development of a medical device, from the earliest design stages, followed by R&D development, manufacturing, regulatory and quality assurance, and market implementation.
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At iVascular we are able to manufacture all the tubing needed for our products in our 100-sqm microextrusion facility (clean room ISO-8). It is a high-throughput multiproduct machine capable of producing polymeric tubing of different materials for medical use.
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Drug-eluting and hydrophilic coatings are an essential part of iVascular innovation success. We have developed new formulas together with new coating technologies specifically setup to fulfill the specific requirements of every device. Our drug eluting stents and drug coated ballons have been proven to be top performers in our pre-clinical and clinical trials.


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Updated:24 December 2020
Latest update:Travellers coming from or transiting through Australia, the UK and South Africa are banned from entering Tunisia until further notice. All visitors to Tunisia are required to undertake a mandatory 14 day quarantine upon arrival, regardless of where you travel from. Proof of a negative COVID-19 (PCR) test taken within 72 hours before departure and no later than 120 hours before you arrive, is still required. Follow the advice of local authorities.
Do not travel to Tunisia.
Africa (PDF 999.96 KB)
Call 190 or go to the hospital.
Call 197 or 193, or go to the local police.
Travellers coming from or transiting through Australia, the UK and South Africa are banned from entering Tunisia until further notice. All visitors to Tunisia are required to undertake a mandatory 14 day quarantine upon arrival, regardless of where you travel from. Proof of a negative COVID-19 (PCR) test taken within 72 hours before departure and no later than 120 hours before you arrive, is still required. Follow the advice of local authorities.
Do not travel to:
the militarised zone south of the towns of El Borma and Dhehiba
within 30km of the border with Algeria due to the ongoing threat of terrorist attack and kidnapping
Mount Chaambi National Park area, including the town of Kasserine due to ongoing security force operations and the high threat of terrorist attack and kidnapping
within 30km of the rest of the Libya border area north of Dhehiba, including the town of Ben Guerdane and immediate surrounding area due to the ongoing threat of terrorist attack and kidnapping
See Safety
Terrorist attacks are a high risk in Tunisia, including at tourist sites. Local authorities have increased security. Be alert to possible threats.
Instability in Libya and Algeria has made Tunisia less safe. Kidnapping is a high risk near the borders. If you plan to travel there, seek professional security advice.
Civil unrest is common and protests can turn violent. Avoid large public gatherings, especially on days of national significance and around Friday prayers.
There is a state of emergency currently in place.
Petty crime, including pickpocketing and bag-snatching, occurs. Don't leave valuables in parked cars or unsecured in your hotel room.
Women may be sexually harassed on the street. Take care when travelling alone or at night.
COVID−19 remains a risk in Tunisia.
Insect-borne diseases are common, including leishmaniasis and West Nile fever. Use insect repellent. Ensure your accommodation is insect-proof.
Other infectious diseases include typhoid, hepatitis and rabies. Boil drinking water or drink bottled water. Avoid ice cubes.
If a dog, monkey or other mammal bites or scratches you, get medical help at once.
Medical facilities in Tunisia's major centres are generally a good standard. French and Arabic are the main languages. Not many staff speak English. Medical care can be expensive. Get appropriate travel insurance.
It's illegal to live or stay as an unmarried couple, or to try to convert a Muslim to another religion. It's also illegal to import or export Tunisian currency.
Be careful when taking photos. It's illegal to take photos of government and military sites, infrastructure or places around them.
Same-sex sexual activity is illegal. Avoid public displays of affection. Victims of same-sex sexual assault may be charged and imprisoned.
Tunisian dress and behavioural standards are conservative. Dress appropriately. If you're visiting religious sites or remote areas, wear clothes that cover your arms and legs.
If you're a dual national, you may need to complete national service. Check with the Embassy or Consulate of Tunisia before you travel.
Travellers coming from or transiting through Australia, the UK and South Africa are banned from entering Tunisia until further notice. Direct flights to and from those countries have been suspended.
To enter Tunisia, you'll need to provide a negative COVID-19 (PCR) test taken in the 72 hours before you departed, and not more than 120 hours before your arrival in Tunisia. A 14 day quarantine period upon arrival is mandatory for all travellers arriving in Tunisia. This can be done in a hotel or in private accommodation.
You must wear a face mask in public and in workplaces. Localised lockdowns have been introduced in response to COVID-19 infection clusters. These can change at short notice. A night-time curfew from 8pm to 5am is currently in place in all areas. Follow the advice of local authorities.
Declare all foreign currency when you arrive in Tunisia. Keep the declaration receipt so you can change your Tunisian currency back before you depart.
Libya and Algeria are becoming more dangerous. Border crossings with these countries may close at short notice. Consult local authorities and read the travel advisories for Algeria and Libya before deciding whether to travel.
Get permission from Tunisian authorities before travelling to desert areas in the south, including the Sahara. You must have a licensed guide.
The Consular Services Charter tells you what the Australian Government can and can't do to help you overseas.
Australia doesn't have an embassy in Tunisia. The Embassy of Canada in Tunis provides consular assistance to Australians in Tunisia.
You can also get consular assistance from the Australian High Commission in Malta.
There's a high threat of terrorist attacks in Tunisia.
Terrorists have targeted:
government and security forces
Recent incidents include:
6 September 2020, two National Guard officers in Sousse were attacked by three assailants armed with knives, leaving one dead and one injured.
6 March 2020, a bomb attack near the US Embassy in Tunis injured several people.
27 June 2019, two separate bomb attacks took place in central Tunis. An attack on Rue Charles de Gaulle killed 1 police officer and wounded several people. A bombing in the nearby district of El Goriani followed.
29 October 2018, a bomb injured 15 security personnel and 5 civilians on Avenue Habib Bourguiba in Tunis.31 March 2018, 2 foreign tourists were injured in a knife attack in the town of El Kef, in northwest Tunisia.
1 November 2017, 2 police officers in Tunis were attacked with a knife.
March 2016, militants in Ben Guerdane killed 12 security officials and civilians.
26 June 2015, 38 tourists killed at a beach resort in Sousse.
18 March 2015, 22 killed in Bardo Museum, Tunis.
A current state of emergency gives the police and military extra powers to maintain civil order.
Tunisian authorities have increased security, including:
security on the streets
armed guards at tourist resorts
security screening at hotels
Authorities often arrest and disrupt militants planning attacks.
Targets for future terror attacks could include:
aviation and government facilities
commercial areas popular with travellers
Be alert when visiting:
Western diplomatic missions
oil facilities
residential areas
hotels, clubs, restaurants, bars
tourist areas, including beaches
schools, marketplaces, places of worship
Safety is getting worse in Libya and Algeria. This has led to unstable security in Tunisia, particularly near the borders.
The threat of terrorist attack and kidnapping is high in:
southern Tunisia
within 30km of the Algerian and Libyan borders
The military is operating against suspected terrorists in:
the Kef and Kasserine regions
Mount Chaambi National Park
the border with Algeria at El Kef and Ghardinaou
Government security forces engage with extremist groups in these areas.
To protect yourself from terrorist threats:
consider the level of security at known terrorist targets and have a clear exit plan
always be alert to possible threats around you
report suspicious activity or items to police
monitor local media and other sources
take official warnings seriously
If there's a terror attack or threat:
leave the affected area as soon as it's safe
avoid gathering in a group.
There's a high threat of kidnapping.
The Australian Government's longstanding policy is that it doesn't make payments or concessions to kidnappers.
If you travel to an area where there is a threat of kidnapping:
seek professional security advice
have effective personal security measures in place.
Civil unrest and political tension
Public protests and events that draw large groups of people can turn violent.
Demonstrations and civil unrest often occur due to economic, political and social issues.
In January 2018, economic tensions caused protests.
Strikes can happen at short notice and may affect essential services.
avoid all demonstrations, protests and large public gatherings
avoid activities on days of national or commemorative significance
be alert during the Friday prayer period
carry your passport at all times
Be prepared to change your travel plans in case of civil unrest.
If you're affected by transport disruptions you can contact your:
travel insurer
Petty crime in Tunisia includes:
bag snatching
Thieves sometimes steal high-value items from vehicles and hotel rooms.
Women may be harassed, including unwanted physical contact and comments.
Take care when travelling alone or at night.
Don't leave valuables in a parked vehicle or unsecured in a hotel room.
be alert to pickpockets and bag snatchers, particularly in tourist areas
be wary of friendly strangers
be alert to possible scams.
Advice for women
Tunisia experiences natural disasters and severe weather, including:
dust and sand storms
heavy rains and flooding
Flash flooding can block roads, particularly in the south.
During a natural disaster:
secure your passport in a safe, waterproof location
keep in contact with your friends and family
monitor the media and other local sources such as the Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System
Get comprehensive travel insurance before you leave. Your policy needs to cover all overseas medical costs, including medical evacuation. The Australian Government won't pay for these costs.
If you're not insured, you may have to pay many 1000s of dollars up-front for medical care.
what activities and care your policy covers
that your insurance covers you for the whole time you'll be away
International travel and health
If you plan to bring medication, check if it's legal in Tunisia. Take enough legal medication for your trip.
Follow the advice of local authorities.
Tunisian Ministry of Health
Insect-borne diseases
Insect-borne diseases including leishmaniasis and West Nile virus are common in Tunisia.
To protect yourself from disease:
make sure your accommodation is insect-proof
use insect repellent
wear long, loose, light-coloured clothing
Waterborne, foodborne and other infectious diseases are common. These include:
Serious outbreaks sometimes occur.
Swimming in fresh water may expose you to parasitic diseases, such as bilharzia (schistosomiasis).
To protect yourself from illness:
drink boiled water or bottled water with sealed lids
avoid ice cubes
avoid uncooked and undercooked food, such as salads
avoid contact with dogs and other mammals
If an animal bites or scratches you, get medical help straight away.
Standards of medical facilities in Tunisia's major centres are generally good. Medical services in smaller cities and rural and remote areas are limited.
Most staff in hospitals speak French, not English.
Hospitals or doctors need payment before they'll treat you, even in an emergency. Even with proof of insurance, you may be required to pay up front.
You may need initial treatment or assessment at a public hospital before you can go to a private clinic.
If you become seriously ill or injured, you may need to be evacuated to a place with suitable facilities. Medical evacuation can be very expensive.
There is a decompression chamber at the Naval Base in Bizerte in north-east Tunisia.
Penalties for drug offences include mandatory prison sentences.
Penalties for some offences, such as murder and rape, include the death penalty.
In Tunisia, it's illegal to:
live or stay as an unmarried couple
try to convert a Muslim to another religion
take photos of or near government buildings, military sites, other infrastructure
import or export Tunisian dinars
LGBTI travellers
Same-sex sexual activity is illegal.
Avoid public displays of affection.
If you're the victim of a same-sex sexual assault, you may be charged and imprisoned.
Advice for LGBTI travellers
Some Australian criminal laws still apply when you're overseas. If you break these laws, you may face prosecution in Australia.
Staying within the law and respecting local customs
There are conservative standards of dress and behaviour in Tunisia. Take care not to offend.
If you're visiting religious sites or remote areas of Tunisia, avoid wearing short-sleeved garments or shorts.
Women may be harassed, particularly if they're unaccompanied.
During the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, respect religious and cultural sensitivities, rules and customs.
Avoid eating, drinking and smoking in public and in the presence of people who are fasting.
If you're a dual national, this limits the consular services we can give if you're arrested or detained.
Always travel on your Australian passport.
If you're a dual national, you may need to complete national service in Tunisia.
Check with the Embassy or Consulate of Tunisia before you travel.
If you're visiting Tunisia for 90 days or less, you may be eligible for a visa exemption.
For other types of travel, obtain a visa before you arrive.
Entry and exit conditions can change at short notice. You can contact the Embassy of Tunisia for the latest details.
Entry to Tunisia
Travellers coming from or transiting through Australia, the UK and South Africa are banned from entering Tunisia until further notice. Direct flights to and from those destinations have been suspended.
All visitors to Tunisia, regardless of where you arrive from, will need to provide proof of a negative COVID-19 (PCR) test take in the 72 hours before your departure, and not more than 120 hours before you arrive in Tunisia.
All travellers will need to undertake a mandatory 14 day quarantine period on arrival. This can be done in a hotel or in private accommodation.
You can pay for a COVID-19 test seven days after your arrival, and if it's negative you can end your quarantine early.
You must complete a Tunisian government short online questionnaire before travelling.
You must download and use the Tunisian government's 'track and trace' application on your mobile phone.
Staying in Tunisia
The Tunisian government has introduced localised lockdowns in response to clusters of COVID-19 infections. A night-time curfew from 8pm to 5am is currently in place in all areas. Health measures are subject to change at short notice, and you should follow the guidance of local authorities.
Other measures include:
You must wear a face mask in public and in workplaces
Inter-regional travel is banned, with some exceptions for work and emergencies
Gatherings of more than 4 people are banned in public spaces
All prayers in mosques are currently suspended, and places of worship are operating with reduced capacity
Cafes and restaurants must close from 7pm, and have a limit on the number of customers allowed
If you're staying in Tunisia:
Take care to protect yourself from exposure to COVID-19.
Ensure you have arrangements in place for an extended stay.
Keep in contact with family and friends so they know you're safe and well.
COVID-19 (Tunisian Ministry for Health - in French and Arabic)
Some countries won't let you enter unless your passport is valid for six months after you plan to leave that country. It can apply even if you're just transiting or stopping over.
You can end up stranded if your passport is not valid for more than six months.
The Australian Government does not set these rules. Check your passport's expiry date before you travel. If you're not sure it'll be valid for long enough, consider getting a new passport.
If your passport is lost or stolen, tell the Australian Government as soon as possible.
The local currency is the Tunisian Dinar (TND). It's illegal to import or export Tunisian dinars.
Declare all foreign currency on arrival in Tunisia. Keep the declaration receipt for departure.
You can exchange most major foreign currencies for TND at authorised banks or dealers. Australian dollars are unlikely to be accepted. Make sure you keep receipts.
When you leave Tunisia, you can convert TND into foreign currency if you declared the amount on arrival. Keep receipts for your customs declaration.
Limits on foreign currency imports and exports can change at any time.
There's a heightened security presence at border crossings due to the deteriorating security environment in Libya and Algeria.
Crossings may close at short notice. Tunisian security forces control access.
Consult with local authorities and read the travel advisories for Algeria and Libya before deciding whether to travel.
Travel to desert areas
You need permission from Tunisian authorities to travel to certain desert areas in the south. You must have a licensed guide.
Before travelling into the Sahara, the National Guard's Tourism Brigade recommends you register your travel details at their offices in Douz, Tozeur or Tataouine.
An experienced guide may reduce the risks associated with travel in the Sahara.
To drive in Tunisia you need an International Driver's Permit (IDP).
You must obtain your IDP before leaving Australia.
For longer stays, contact the Ministry of Transport (French) about local licences.
You're nearly five times more likely to die in a motor vehicle accident in Tunisia than in Australia.
Driving in Tunisia can be hazardous due to:
poorly maintained vehicles
poor local driving practices
poor road lighting
bicycles, mopeds, and motorcycles without lights or reflectors
animals on the road in rural areas
Locals often ignore:
traffic signs and signals
pedestrian crossings and stoplights
If you plan to drive in Tunisia:
learn the local road rules
make sure your vehicle has all required safety equipment
avoid driving outside cities after dark
Military or police security checks on roads are common.
If you encounter a security check:
approach checkpoints slowly
don't cross boundaries without permission
be prepared to show photo ID if asked
Avoid using motorcycles due to poor road safety standards.
Your travel insurer may not cover you when riding a motorcycle.
Always wear a helmet. Make sure your passenger does too.
Taxis touting for business outside the airport, hotels and tourist attractions often try to charge high prices.
If you need to travel by taxi:
use licensed taxis or reputable limousine services
get your hotel to make a booking
make sure the driver uses the meter.
Buses can be crowded. Petty crime occurs on buses.
TRANSTU, the Tunis Transport Company, manages buses and the light railway in Tunis.
The national transport company SNTRI and Trans-Tour buses travel to remote areas of Tunisia.
Transport and getting around safely
The railway network connects:
major cities in the north, including Tunis, Bizerte and Beja
east coast towns of Sfax and Gabes
Petty crime occurs on city and inter-city trains. Always take care of your belongings.
Regular ferry services operate between :
Sfax and the Kerkennah islands
El-Jorf and Ajim on Djerba Island
International cruise ship services visit Tunis and other towns.
Going on a cruise
DFAT doesn't provide information on the safety of individual commercial airlines or flight paths.
Check the Aviation Safety Network website for details on aviation safety in Tunisia.
Security screening at Tunis-Carthage International Airport has increased.
Emergency service operators speak Arabic and French.
Consular contacts
Canadian Embassy, Tunis
Rue de la Feuille d'Erable, Berges Du Lac 2
Phone: (+216) 70 010 200
Fax : (+216) 70 010 392
Email: tunis.consular@international.gc.ca
Website: canadainternational.gc.ca/tunisia-tunisie
Australian High Commission, Malta
Ta'Xbiex Terrace
Ta'Xbiex, Malta
Email: consular.malta@dfat.gov.au
Website: malta.embassy.gov.au
Facebook: Australian High Commission, Malta
Twitter: @AusHCMalta
See the High Commission website for details about opening hours and any temporary closures.
Travelling to Tunisia?


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Home / Latest News / Vanarama hand out December's National League South awards
Vanarama hand out December's National League South awards
Posted on 10th January 2020 by admin in Latest News, National League North & South, National League South with 0 Comments
The winners of December's manager, player and volunteer awards in National League South have been handed out by National League sponsors Vanarama.
Dorking Wanderers boss Marc White collects the division's managerial accolade for his side's league and FA Trophy exploits while Aron Pollock at Concord Rangers was named as the division's top performer on the pitch.
Hampton & Richmond Borough's Melissa Gillings was unveiled as December's top volunteer in National League South when the winners were announced at 2pm on Friday.
Vanarama National League South Manager of the Month – Marc White, Dorking Wanderers
When you've won 11 promotions since 1999, was there really any chance Dorking Wanderers would be happy with a season of consolidation?
Marc White and the club he formed because he needed something to fill his Saturdays with just do not do standing still.
From parks football to the top end of the National League South within the blink of an eye, they are right up there again.
Their start to the season had been encouraging but was December the month when people started taking their threat seriously?
Five fantastic wins saw them end 2019 in second place – the club's highest ever standing in the Pyramid.
White helped his teams to wins over Weymouth, Chippenham Town, Eastbourne Borough and Maidstone United.
They were excellent in the FA Trophy too as they thrilled their fans with a fine 3-0 win over Bromley.
The last two decades haven't been bad for Dorking, it's fair to say. The next one already promises plenty as the club continue their surge through the system.
RANGERS ROCK: Aron Pollock
Vanarama National League South Player of the Month – Aron Pollock, Concord Rangers
In their manager's own words, 2019-20 is a "suck it and see" type of season.
They are a realistic bunch down at Concord Rangers, and boss Danny Scopes always accepted it was about stability in a year of transition – not bold promises.
Nobody seemed to have passed that message onto the club's players in December.
Six wins out of six in all competitions have Rangers airborne again – and back within sight of the play-offs.
Impressive defender Aron Pollock has been the pick of the bunch, the 21-year-old marshalled a defence which let in only one National League South goal last month.
Concord's dream December saw wins over fellow form side Dartford, Eastbourne Borough and Essex rivals Braintree Town and Billericay Town – he was outstanding in every minute he played.
They're in full flight again, and a season which had an objective of mid-table security may still have a welcome twist!
BUSY BEAVER: Melissa Gillings
Vanarama National League South Volunteer of the Month – Melissa Gillings, Hampton & Richmond Borough
Melissa Gillings of Hampton & Richmond Borough has won Volunteer of the Month in the National League South.
Melissa worked on the club's successful grant application to the FSIF (The Football Stadia Improvement Fund), resulting in Hampton receiving 70% support for stadium improvements.
On matchdays, Melissa regularly operates the main turnstiles and supervises the collection of donations for Hampton Food Bank.
Melissa is the Membership Secretary for the Club Supporters' Trust and, when the occasion demands, helps organise online ticket sales for big matches.
The club hope the award can go some way to thanking Melissa for her efforts.
Make sure you get your copy of The Non-League Paper on Sunday for the latest news and the big picture from across Non-League over the last seven days.
Tagged National League, National League South, Vanarama, Vanarama Awards
Southern League Spartan South Midlands League Chippenham Town Russell Slade National League South Wrexham Eynesbury Rovers Halesowen Town FC Halesowen Town Buildbase Maidenhead United FC AFC Fylde FC Maidenhead United Wrexham AFC Blyth Spartans AFC Blyth Spartans St Neots Town FA Trophy Hereford FC AFC Fylde Spartan South Midlands Notts County Chippenham Town FC St Neots Town FC Notts County FC Vanarama National League North Vanarama National League National League


There once was a time in the US, when actions had moral consequences. The book "The Gentle Infantryman" by William Boyd Young, is about an American soldier fighting in Germany during World War ll, and while the names are fictitious, the book states the events are real.
The soldier writes of an officer planning the moves of the troops using push pins on a bulletin board without fully realizing that the push pins represented real people. His bulletin board movements are difficult to accomplish on the battlefield and wreak much suffering upon the troops doing the actual fighting.
The commanding officer is later encouraged to tour the scene of battle, and after seeing all the carnage resulting from his bulletin board strategy, this officer resigned immediately.
Unlike the General who was willing to observe the consequences of his actions, there is a great disconnect between actions and consequences of global corporations. The leaders of these corporations push us around like we're pins on a bulletin board.
Just as the WWll officer was detached from his actions, so are the CEO's of banks and mega corporations. They have no clue what their actions inflict upon real people. Furthermore, unlike the officer, they don't care about the suffering the consequences of their actions bring to millions, as long as they make the most profit possible.
When the Supreme Court said corporations are people, they created a moral inequality based on money, considering the fact that the corporatists (the corporate people) have more money than many citizens will ever earn in a lifetime.
They used this wealth to build an industry of financial tactics to dismantle all New Deal banking regulations, bringing millions of Americans into economic hardship and financial insecurity.
After decades of this legal onslaught, it's now just a handful of men who control giant industries upon which we all depend. And they will have no argument to their decisions, much as the WWll officer heeded no warnings and men died needlessly.
This is why corporations are not people, unlike the officer of a different time, they have no conscience. They exist only to maximize profits at whatever the human cost. They are detached from real human beings and think only of mega profits and who's "earning" the most.


Now I suppose the next few things would support mah choice of title, hehehe.
I'm quite glad my week is over. Had da flu now for a week...i'm thinking i should see a doctor mebbe. Tonite a weight has been lifted off my shoulders. Oki a word of warning, da rest of this paragraph is based on my RL, do not attempt dis at home =^.^=. Last week I wuz told to make a croquembouche (traditional french wedding cake made of profiteroles and toffee) for a weeding dat wuz to be held at our restaurant tonite. It wuz for da owner's friend so it has to be over 1 meter tall, spectacular and over the top. Da last 2 nights i had been tossing up several ideas on how to construct such a huge croquembouche, I've eva only made ones about 40 cm tall before and wif difficulty too. I had thought of putting support sticks or a frame inside then building around dat but a true one has to be hollow inside. Dis would be amazing if I could pull it off...actually I must get it right cuz mah reputation and dat of my chef and restaurant rests on it. So for this masterpiece I started making a stand for it out of caramelized sugar and almonds, like a cake stand you see in cafes but much much larger. Then the actual assembly took nearly 2 hours and several burnt fingers. During all this time mah heart wuz beating so fast dat I felt like i had done a cardio workout at da gym. Also it had to be out on display at da bar by da front entrance by 6.30pm and I didn't put the final piece on till 7pm. The pic above is da actual one I made...not too bad in da end but I had wanted to decorate it a bit more with mini dried rosebuds and spun toffee webs. Afta dat da rest of da night was smooth sailing.
Now bak to SL. Myst club's grand opening is this Sunday 22nd at 7-10pm PST and it'll be mah first day at work dancing there. I'd appreciate it if you'd come by to show ur support, I'll reserve some special licks for ya :D Now gotta think wat I'm gonna wear....hmmm.
Bloody great effort Juz - would never had the patience myself . Would have to had used super glue to get them to stay there.


This Cincinnati Parks property contains remnants of an old growth forest on a terrace of glacial outwash deposited about 250,000 years ago. The forest overlooks a riparian woodland remnant along the Mill Creek. There are 3½ miles of wooded trails, a system designated as a National Recreation Trail. A level, paved trail makes the woods and a view over a deep ravine accessible to wheelchair users.
Caldwell Park began in 1915, when J. Nelson Caldwell donated 89 acres to Cincinnati Parks.
You can support the City of Cincinnati Parks by volunteering or becoming a Friend of Parks.
The preserve is located west of the North Bend Road bridge over Mill Creek. A parking lot is on the north side of the road.


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OGST - Revue d'IFP Energies nouvelles
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Geological sequestration of CO2 in a water-bearing reservoir in hydrate-forming conditions
Oil & Gas Science and Technology - Rev. IFP Energies nouvelles 75, 51 (2020)
Heat conduction and thermal convection on thermal front movement during natural gas hydrate thermal stimulation exploitation
Injection of CO2/N2 gaseous mixtures into gas hydrates to contemporary perform CH4 recovery and CO2 storage
E3S Web of Conferences 312, 08009 (2021)
Experimental analysis of the CO2/CH4 Replacement Efficiency due to Sodium Chloride Presence in Natural Gas Hydrates Reservoirs
Influence of Intrinsic Permeability on the Production Performance of Shenhu Hydrate Sediment through Depressurization
Oil Gas Sci. Technol. – Rev. IFP Energies nouvelles
https://doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2020097
3 Results and discussion
4 Summary and conclusion
Regular Article
Cyclic methane hydrate production stimulated with CO2 and N2
Zhizeng Xia1*, Jian Hou2, Xuewu Wang1, Xiaodong Dai1 and Mingtao Liu3
1 Shengli College, China University of Petroleum, Dongying City, Shandong Province 257061, PR China
2 School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao City 266580, PR China
3 Twelfth Oil Production Plant, Petro China Changqing Oilfield Branch, Qingyang City 744505, PR China
* Corresponding author: z.xia_cn@outlook.com
Accepted: 9 December 2020
The cyclic methane hydrate production method was proposed with CO2 and N2 mixture stimulation. The cyclic production model was established based on actual hydrate reservoir parameters, accordingly, the production characteristics were analyzed, and a sensitivity analysis was conducted. The results show the following: (1) The depressurization mechanism is dominant in the cyclic production. CH4 production and CH4 hydrate dissociation can be greatly enhanced because the cyclic process can effectively reduce the partial pressure of CH4 (gas phase). However, there is a limited effect for CO2 storage. (2) Heat supply is essential for continuous hydrate dissociation. The CH4 hydrate dissociation degree is the highest in the near-wellbore area; in addition, the fluid porosity and effective permeability are significantly improved, and the reservoir temperature is obviously decreased. (3) The initial CH4 hydrate saturation, absolute permeability, intrinsic CO2 hydrate formation kinetic constant, injection time and production time can significantly influence the production performance of the natural gas hydrate reservoir.
© Z. Xia et al., published by IFP Energies nouvelles, 2021
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Natural gas hydrates (mainly methane hydrates) are crystalline solids stabilized under low-temperature and high-pressure environments, which have been considered a potential energy supply since the mid-1960s due to their wide distribution and enormous reserves [1]. Therefore, the effective development of hydrate reservoirs (i.e., the methane recovery) is of great significance.
Currently, depressurization, heat stimulation, chemical inhibitor stimulation and gas exchange (CO2) are the most investigated methods for hydrate reservoir development [2]. Among these methods, the depressurization method is acknowledged as the most potential one due to its simplicity and efficiency. Many studies in the depressurization method have been conducted, such as sensitivity analysis of laboratory-scale parameters [3], heat transfer behavior [4], hydraulic fracturing enhanced depressurization [5], decreasing bottom-hole pressure [6], hydrate production trials in the Mallik area [7], Eastern Nankai Trough [8] and South China Sea [9], and relevant simulation studies [10–12].
The gas exchange method was initially proposed by Ohgaki et al. [13]. When the environment temperature was lower than 10 °C (283 K), the CO2 hydrate was more stable than the CH4 hydrate (Fig. 1). The CH4 hydrate will dissociate, and the CO2 hydrate will form if the reservoir condition falls into the shadow area in Figure 1. Therefore, CO2 injection into hydrate reservoirs can enhance CH4 recovery and sequester CO2 (the well-known greenhouse gas) under a suitable P-T range. This is the main reason why the gas exchange method has received special attention in recent years. Lee et al. [14] investigated the influence of the CO2 addition on CH4 + C3H8 hydrates from thermodynamic, microscopic and kinetic aspects, and found high replacement degree at the high CO2 pressure. Gharasoo et al. [15] developed a model of CO2 injection into a gas-hydrate-filled pressure vessel, and evaluated the effective gas hydrate dissociation rate into gas and water by fitting the experimental results. Shagapov et al. [16] developed the mathematical model of the warm CO2 injection into a CH4-saturated hydrate reservoir and concluded that the CO2 hydrate formation heat had a great impact on the CH4 hydrate dissociation rate. Khasanov et al. [17] also developed a similar mathematical model of liquid CO2 injection into the hydrate reservoir and analyzed four different regimes during the process. All these investigations showed the feasibility of the methane recovery from hydrate reservoirs through CO2 injection.
Pressure-temperature phase equilibrium curves of the CH4, CO2 and N2 hydrates (data from Sloan [1]).
However, the effect of pure CO2 injection into the hydrate reservoir may be quite limited, and experimental studies have shown that the existence of N2 in the CO2 stream can improve the sweeping region and recovery efficiency. Koh et al. [18] investigated the fluid flow characteristics and exchange mechanisms of continuous CO2/N2 injection into a one-dimensional high-pressure reactor containing the hydrate, and they found that the exchange efficiency was inversely proportional to the gas injection rate. Yang et al. [19] investigated the dissociation of the CH4 hydrate stimulated with flue gas flooding through a sand pack model, and they concluded that the flue gas injection was potential for hydrate production and CO2 sequestration. Li et al. [20] investigated the fracture-filled CH4 hydrate dissociation by CO2 and CO2/N2 injection, respectively, and they found that the presence of N2 could enhance the final accumulative methane recovery ratio and exchange rate. In addition to N2, Sun et al. [21] also studied the hydrate dissociation using the CO2/H2 mixture injection, and they observed good CH4 hydrate recovery ratio and CO2 storage capability.
Although the gas exchange method is promising, the low production rate or efficiency is the main disadvantage of this method. Merey et al. [22] reviewed the CH4–CO2 exchange studies and pointed out that the combination of depressurization and gas exchange was promising for hydrate reservoir development. Okwananke et al. [23] experimentally studied the enhanced-depressurization for CH4 hydrate dissociation by injection of compressed air and nitrogen, and they found that the CH4 hydrate was quickly dissociated and concluded that the gas injection was a potential approach to improve conventional depressurization method for the hydrate reservoir development. Based on extensive experimental and numerical investigations, the Iġnik Sikumi Field production trial was carried out to assess the CH4 production potential with CO2/N2 stimulation in 2012. In this production trial, a huff and puff method was used which was a combination of depressurization and gas exchange, and the "bulk exchange" may have occurred [24].
To investigate the possibility of simultaneous CH4 production and CO2 sequestration in a field scenario, this paper proposed a cyclic CH4 hydrate production method stimulated by CO2 and N2 mixture based on the production trial mentioned above. An actual-parameter based simulation model was established, the CH4 hydrate production characteristics were evaluated, and a sensitivity analysis was carried out.
2.1 Production method
The injected gas in this paper is a mixture of CO2 and N2, and the existence of a N2 hydrate is ignored because it is difficult to form under typical hydrate reservoir conditions (Fig. 1). The cyclic production scheme [25] is adopted to conduct this research, which is widely used in the heavy oil production by high-temperature steam stimulation in the petroleum industry. The whole production process is composed of several production cycles and each production cycle includes the injection stage, the soaking stage and the production stage. The well is opened in the injection and production stage, and during the soaking stage, the well is shut in in order that the injected gas and pressure disturbance can originate in the depth of the reservoir.
2.2 Simulator selection
The methane recovery from the hydrate reservoir is a complicated process involving phase transition, heat and mass transfer, multi-phase flow, etc. Numerical simulation is an effective way to investigate the possible hydrate production behaviors and several codes/simulators have been used to carry out relevant analyses. In this paper, the CMG-STARS [26] was selected to conduct the simulation study. This simulator was used to simulate hydrate reservoir production in the Mount Elbert area [27], and it obtained long-term production characteristics similar to other tested simulators. In addition, it has also been used for sensitivity studies of CH4 hydrate production [28], economic studies [29], gas production behavior [30], and CO2 hydrate formation in depleted gas reservoirs [31]. The base model was established using CMG-STARS by referring to the reservoir and operation parameters of the Iġnik Sikumi Field production trial.
2.3 Fundamentals
2.3.1 Mass and energy conservation
Assuming that the hydrates in the reservoir are pure CH4 hydrates, the system is composed of the immobile phase (hydrate phase) and the mobile phases (aqueous and gas phases), and the flows of the gas and aqueous phases follow Darcy's law. The relationships among the components and phases in this study are shown in Table 1. For each single cell, the spatially discretized conservation equations of each component and the energy are shown in equations (1), (2) and (3), respectively.
Relationships among the components and phases.
For the conservation of the flowing component i (i.e., CH4, CO2, N2 or H2O):
where Vf is the volume occupied by the mobile phases; Vb is the apparent volume of the cell; ρA and ρG are the density of the aqueous and gas phases, respectively; wi and yi are the mass percent of component i in the aqueous and gas phases, respectively; nf is the number of neighboring cell faces; is the ratio of the effective area and distance between interfaces; ke is the effective permeability at the interface; pA and pG are the pressure of the aqueous and gas phases, respectively; nt is the number of chemical reactions; s′ni and sni are the product and reactant stoichiometric coefficients of component i, respectively; rn is the volumetric reaction rate; and qi is the mass source/sink from the injection/production wells.
For the conservation of the solid component i (i.e., CH4·NH2O or CO2·NH2O):
where Vv is the volume occupied by the mobile and immobile phases and ci is the volumetric concentration of the solid component i.
For energy conservation:
where Vr is the rock volume (solid inert matrix, rock grains); cS is the total solid concentration; Ur is the internal energy per rock volume; UA, UG and US are the internal energy of the aqueous, gas and solid phases, respectively; HA, HG and Hrn are the enthalpy of the aqueous phase, gas phases and reaction n, respectively; λe is the effective thermal conductivity at the interface; T is the temperature; and qe is the heat source/sink from the injection/production wells.
2.3.2 Permeability model
When the hydrate exists, the fluid phase permeability in the porous medium will decrease [32]. Currently, there are two methods to treat the permeability variation in the presence of the hydrate [33], namely, the variable absolute permeability method and the constant absolute permeability method. For the first method, the reservoir absolute permeability is modeled as a function of the hydrate saturation; in addition, the mobile phase relative permeability changes with the effective phase saturation. In the second method, the reservoir absolute permeability is constant, while the mobile phase relative permeability changes with the actual phase saturation. We adopted the first method to conduct our research. The definitions of the fluid phase permeability, effective phase saturation and actual phase saturation are shown in equations (4), (5) and (6), respectively:
where kβ is the effective permeability of phase β; ka is the absolute permeability of the hydrate reservoir; and krβ is the relative permeability of phase β:
where Seβ is the effective saturation of phase β.
where Sβ is the actual saturation of phase β.
(1) Absolute permeability model (Carman-Kozeny-type formula)
where ka0 is the reservoir absolute permeability without the existence of the gas hydrate; φ and φf are the reservoir porosity and fluid porosity, respectively; and m is the model parameter, which is set to 4.3413 by transforming the Civan's permeability-porosity relationship from Anderson et al. [34].
(2) Relative permeability model
The flows of the mobile phases follow Darcy's law, and the relative permeability models are shown in equation (8):
where krA and krG are the relative permeability of the aqueous and gas phases, respectively; SirA and SirG are the irreducible aqueous and gas saturation, respectively; nA is the model parameter, which is set to 5.04 [35]; and nG is the model parameter, which is set to 3.16 [35].
2.3.3 Capillary pressure model
The capillary pressure between the gas phase and the aqueous phase is shown in equation (9):
where pc is the capillary pressure; pc0 is the model parameter, which is set to 104 Pa [35]; and λ is the model parameter, which is set to 0.77437 [35].
2.3.4 CH4/CO2 hydrate dissociation/formation model
Two chemical reactions shown in equations (10) and (11) are considered:
where ΔH1 and ΔH2 are the enthalpy of CH4 hydrate dissociation/formation and CO2 hydrate dissociation/formation, which are set to 56.84 kJ mol−1 [36] and 65.22 kJ mol−1 [36], respectively.
(1) Hydrate dissociation rate model
In 1987, Kim and Bishnoi proposed the widely used CH4 hydrate dissociation kinetic model based on experimental results [37, 38]. In their model, the dissociation rate was proportional to the hydrate particle surface area or dissociation area and to the difference in the methane fugacity at the equilibrium and dissociation pressures. The fugacity can be approximated with an equivalent pressure when setting the fugacity coefficient equal to 1.0 [39].
We assume that both the dissociation and formation of the CH4 hydrate and CO2 hydrate follow the Kim-Bishnoi model. The expression of the CH4/CO2 hydrate dissociation rate can be expressed as follows: [40]
where cHyd is the mole quantity of the CH4/CO2 hydrate per unit volume; is the intrinsic dissociation rate constant of CH4/CO2 hydrate (Tab. 2); AHS is the reaction specific area, which is 750,000 m2/m3 (i.e., hydrate particles are assumed to be regular spheres with a diameter of 8 μm [41]); ρw is the density of the aqueous phase, 1000 kg/m3; ρh is the density of the CH4 hydrate or CO2 hydrate, 919.7 kg/m3 or 1100 kg/m3 [40]; ΔEd is the activation energy of the dissociation reaction, which is 81 kJ/mol [41] and 102.88 kJ/mol [42] for the CH4 hydrate and CO2 hydrate, respectively; R is the gas universal constant; pe is the equilibrium pressure; y is the mole fraction of CH4/CO2 in gas phase; and K is the equilibrium ratio, as follows:
where pg is the gas phase pressure; a1, a2 and a3 are model parameters, and they are calculated based on the experimental results of Adisasmito et al. [43] (Tab. 3), where the average fitting error is 0.46% and 0.39% for the CH4 hydrate and CO2 hydrate, respectively.
Intrinsic dissociation/formation rate constants of the CH4/CO2 hydrate.
Model parameters of the equilibrium ratio.
(2) Hydrate formation rate model
Similar to equation (12), the expression of the CH4/CO2 hydrate formation rate (including nucleation and growth) can be expressed as equations (14) and (15).
For the hydrate nucleation process:
For the hydrate growth process:
where is the intrinsic formation rate constant of the CH4/CO2 hydrate (Tab. 2), and ΔEf is the activation energy of the formation reaction, which is assumed to be equal to that of the dissociation reaction for the CH4 hydrate or CO2 hydrate.
2.4 Base model
2.4.1 Reservoir parameters
As shown in Table 4, the model is established based on the reservoir parameters of "C–1 sand" [24, 44] (one of four separate hydrate-bearing units according to the Ignik Sikumi well-log data) and is composed of the overlying layer (impermeable), the Hydrate-Bearing Layer (HBL), and the bottom layer (impermeable) with thicknesses of 10 m, 9 m and 10 m, respectively. The model size is 102 m × 102 m × 29 m with a grid division of 51 × 51 × 28. At the initial CH4 hydrate saturation of 0.72 (corresponding to the concentration of 5539 mol/m3 in the base model), the effective permeability and fluid porosity of the HBL are 1.82 mD and 11.2%, respectively. The sketch of the base model are shown in Figure 2.
Sketch of the base model.
Reservoir parameters of the HBL.
2.4.2 Operation parameters
The hydrate reservoir is produced by cyclic gas injection with a composition of 22.5 mol% CO2 and 77.5 mol% N2. The maximum Bottom-Hole Pressure (BHP) was maintained lower than the formation breakdown pressure (10 MPa) for operation safety during the gas injection stage. A total of 5 production cycles (250 d) were conducted. The main operation parameters are shown in Table 5.
Operation parameters.
3.1 Production characteristics
Figures 3 and 4 show the production volume and the production rate of each gas component, respectively. The gas production rate changes periodically, where the highest production rate occurs at the beginning in each cycle, because the diving force (i.e. the production pressure difference) is the largest at this time. A total of 63 250 m3 (SCM) of gas is produced at the end of the simulation, where CH4 accounts for 48.78%. The peak gas production rate of each production cycle increases with the increase of the cycle number, where the highest value reaches 8090 m3/d. From Table 6, the total production volume of CH4 remains almost the same except the first cycle, and the percent of the CH4 in the total gas production accounts for about 50% in each cycle. At a constant BHP of 4.5 MPa, if no gas was injected into the hydrate reservoir, there would be no CH4 production (the curve labelled with "depressurization (4.5 MPa)" in Fig. 3) when the BHP maintains at 4.5 MPa. This is because it is higher than the corresponding equilibrium pressure of the CH4 hydrate (4.34 MPa) at the reservoir condition. Besides, the total CH4 produced by the cyclic production method is 50% more than that by the depressurization method at the BHP of 3 MPa (the curve labelled with "depressurization (3 MPa)" in Fig. 3). This shows the production potential of the cyclic production. Depressurization method obtains the CH4 production by lowering the reservoir pressure which is economical and simple. However, for low-pressure hydrate reservoirs, the minimum BHP usually cannot be smaller than 2.75 MPa to avoid potential ice formation, and thus the available pressure-reduction space is quite limited, which affects the production. Under this situation, using the cyclic production can enhance CH4 production.
Gas production volume of the base model.
Gas production rate of the base model.
CH4 production volume in each cycle.
The injected CO2 and N2 can cause the partial pressure to change in the gas component and thus affect the stability of the gas hydrate. For the CH4 hydrate, using the 1st cycle as an example, the partial pressure of CH4 in the gas phase and the area below/above the corresponding equilibrium pressure at the end of the injection stage are shown in Figures 5 and 6, respectively. From Figure 5, the average radius of pressure propagation into the hydrate reservoir is about 25 m. The partial pressure of CH4 in the gas phase changes greatly due to the introduction of substitute gas molecules, and the partial pressure of CH4 in the near-wellbore area is lower than the equilibrium pressure, leading to the dissociation of the CH4 hydrate. At the end of the simulation, the CH4 hydrate saturation in the near-wellbore area decreased significantly (Fig. 7), and the CH4 hydrate was highly dissociated in the upper part of the HBL, where the injected gas preferentially sweeps due to its smaller gravity compared with water. At the end of production, the dissociation percent [45] of the CH4 hydrate is approximately 0.759%. The maximum radius of the significantly hydrate-dissociated area is about 20 m in the plane with an average value of 5 m. Therefore, the cyclic gas stimulation method can enhance the dissociation of the CH4 hydrate, and the depressurization mechanism (partial pressure reduction) is dominant because the CO2 hydrate formation is quite limited as discussed below.
CH4 partial pressure in the gas phase at the end of the injection stage of the 1st cycle (kPa).
CH4 hydrate formation and dissociation area at the end of the injection stage of the 1st cycle.
CH4 hydrate concentration at the end of the simulation (mol/m3).
The partial pressure change in CO2 can also cause the dissociation and formation of the CO2 hydrate. At the end of the simulation, a total of 33 556 m3 (SCM) of gas mixture is injected, where 7550 m3 is CO2. Approximately 3.5% of CO2 is stored in the reservoir (Tab. 7), and only a relatively small quantity of CO2 hydrate is formed. The high-concentration CO2 is mainly in the near-wellbore area, but cyclic production can cause near-wellbore pressure to rise and drop periodically each cycle which can affect CO2 storage. On the other hand, the partial pressure of CO2 in the gas phase is mostly lower than the equilibrium value during the cyclic production, and this is not beneficial for CO2 hydrate formation. Therefore, the cyclic production method may not effectively store CO2, especially as a CO2 hydrate.
CO2 storage percent at the end of each cycle.
3.2 Change of temperature, permeability and fluid porosity
During cyclic production stimulation, the CH4 hydrate dissociation is dominant compared with the CO2 hydrate formation, which can be inferred from the temperature distribution (Fig. 8), because the hydrate dissociation is an endothermic process. At the end of the simulation, the reservoir temperature decreases significantly with the maximum radius of 32 m, especially in the near-wellbore area where the lowest temperature approaches 1.5 °C. The similarity between the temperature distribution (Fig. 8) and the CH4 hydrate concentration distribution (Fig. 7) shows that heat supply is quite essential for continuous hydrate dissociation. Besides the latent heat in the HBL, the latent heat contained in the overlying and bottom layers also plays an important part in the CH4 hydrate dissociation (Fig. 8).
Temperature distribution at the end of the simulation (°C).
The effective permeability is the key factor affecting the pressure propagation, thus controlling the gas or water flow in the reservoir. It is correlated with the fluid porosity through equation (7), which is determined by the solid phase saturation, i.e. hydrate saturation. From Figures 9 and 10, the effective permeability and the fluid porosity of the hydrate reservoir increase significantly due to the CH4 hydrate dissociation, with the highest permeability close to the reservoir absolute permeability (1D) and the highest fluid porosity close to the reservoir porosity (40%). This shows that the seepage condition improves as the production continues, and it is favorable for the water or gas flow in the hydrate reservoir during the injection or production stage.
Fluid porosity distribution at the end of the simulation.
Fig. 10
Effective permeability distribution at the end of the simulation (mD).
3.3 Sensitivity analysis
The values of reservoir or operation parameters can have significant influence on the production performance of the hydrate reservoir. Using the base model, the sensitivity analyses of several parameters were conducted, including the initial CH4 hydrate saturation, absolute permeability, intrinsic CO2 hydrate formation rate constant, injected gas composition and production time.
3.3.1 Initial CH4 hydrate saturation
The initial CH4 hydrate saturation value was set to 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8. From Figure 11, the CH4 production volume increases when the initial CH4 hydrate saturation increases from 0.2 to 0.6, but the CH4 hydrate dissociation percent and the CO2 storage percent decrease. The production is dominated by the reserve (CH4 hydrate saturation), but a high CH4 hydrate saturation is not helpful for CO2 storage due to low gas injectivity (Tab. 8). When the saturation value changes to 0.8, the influence of the poor seepage condition is more significant, and the CH4 production volume and the total amount of injected gas decrease.
Results of the sensitivity study of the initial CH4 hydrate saturation.
The effective permeability and injected/produced gas at the end of the simulation.
3.3.2 Absolute permeability
The absolute permeability was set to 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 D, and the results are shown in Figure 12. With the increase in the absolute permeability, the CH4 production volume and the CH4 hydrate dissociation percent increase due to the improvement of the seepage condition, while the CO2 storage percent decreases significantly.
Results of the sensitivity study of the absolute permeability.
However, when the permeability increases to 10 D, the CH4 production will decrease. This is because when the absolute permeability value is too high (10 D for example), the injected gas will mainly accumulate in the upper part of the hydrate reservoir because of its lower gravity, which limits its effect in enhancing the CH4 production. Taking the 1st cycle for an example (Fig. 13), the total sweeping volume of the injected gas is more uniform and larger at the end of gas injection when the absolute permeability is 1 D. Thus, the dissociation region of the CH4 hydrate is larger in the plane but smaller in the vertical area (Fig. 14) compared with the situation of 1 D (Fig. 7). The overall dissociation region of the CH4 hydrate is limited when the absolute permeability is 10 D, resulting in a decline in CH4 production.
Gas saturation distribution at the end of the gas injection period of the 1st cycle.
CH4 hydrate concentration at the end of the simulation when the absolute permeability is 10 D (mol/m3).
3.3.3 Heterogeneity of absolute permeability
To investigate the influence of the vertical heterogeneity of the absolute permeability. Three situations are considered, i.e. scheme 1 (negative rhythm), scheme 2 (homogeneous), and scheme 3 (positive rhythm), as shown in Table 9. For scheme 1, the value of the absolute permeability increases from the top layer to the bottom layer of the HBL, and scheme 3 is just the opposite. The results of the sensitivity studies are shown in Figure 15.
Results of the sensitivity study of the vertical heterogeneity of the absolute permeability.
The values of the heterogeneity.
From Figure 15, for the CH4 production, scheme 1 is the best, followed by scheme 2 and scheme 3 in sequence. This is because the injected gas prefers to accumulate in the upper layer of the hydrate reservoir, and high permeability can assist the injected gas to take effect to increase the CH4 production, as shown in Figure 16. From Figure 16, however, the CH4 hydrate dissociation area is more uniform in scheme 3 than in scheme 1. That is, the negative rhythm is the most preferred scheme for CH4 production, but the least preferred one for CO2 storage.
CH4 hydrate concentration at the end of the simulation from vertical view through the well (mol/m3).
3.3.4 Intrinsic CO2 hydrate formation kinetic constant
The parameter values of hydrate kinetics are taken from bulk phase systems in this paper because these values are less accessible in porous media [46–48]. Besides, the measurement of the hydrate formation kinetic constant is much more difficult, which also exhibits a weak correlation to the temperature [49, 50]; thus, there is great uncertainty. For the reasons presented above, we carried out the sensitivity study on the intrinsic CO2 hydrate formation kinetic constant.
The intrinsic CO2 hydrate formation kinetic constant was set to 5, 10, 100 and 1000 kf0, where kf0 is the value in the base model. The high CO2 hydrate formation kinetic constant is unfavorable for hydrate production but favorable for CO2 storage (Fig. 17), especially when it is higher than 10 kf0. This trend is observed because as the CO2 hydrate formation kinetic constant increases, the CO2 hydrate quick formation in the near-wellbore area weakens the CH4 hydrate dissociation. The CO2 hydrate formation degree is more significant than the CH4 hydrate dissociation, and this can be deduced from the temperature distribution of Figure 18.
Results of the sensitivity study of the intrinsic CO2 hydrate formation kinetic constant.
Temperature distribution at the end of the simulation (vertical view through the well, °C).
3.3.5 Injected gas composition
The CO2 mole fraction in the injected gas was set to 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7, and the results are shown in Figure 19. The injected gas composition has little effect on the CH4 hydrate dissociation percent and CO2 storage percent. This result is observed because in the established model, there is no essential difference in the role of the pressure reduction by CO2 and N2, as there is only a small amount of CO2 hydrate formed. The CH4 production volume slightly decreases with the increase of the CO2 mole fraction in the injected gas, because these small-amount formed CO2 hydrate may influence the seepage condition. From this aspect, smaller CO2 mole fraction in the mixture is more beneficial to the CH4 production, and pure N2 can have the best production performance.
Results of the sensitivity study of the injected gas composition.
3.3.6 Injected gas temperature
The injected gas temperature was set to 50, 100, 150 and 200 °C, and the results are shown in Figure 20. The CH4 hydrate dissociation percent and CO2 storage percent vary little with the injected gas temperature. The CH4 production volume slightly increases with the increase of the gas temperature. This is because the injected gas conveys a small amount of heat due to its low heat capacity, and the latent heat contained in the reservoir provides the most consumed heat for the CH4 hydrate dissociation.
3.3.7 Injection time
The injection time of each cycle was set to 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days. From Figure 21, a longer injection time can enhance the CH4 production volume and the CH4 hydrate dissociation percent. More gas will be injected into the reservoir as the injection time increases, and this can induce more hydrate to dissociate. The CH4 production volume increases about 164% as the injection time increases from 5 days to 25 days, but the increase of the CH4 production slows down when the injection time is beyond 15 days. However, longer injection time is unfavorable for CO2 storage and the CO2 storage percent decreases from 6.03% to 2.39% as the injection time increases from 5 days to 25 days.
Results of the sensitivity study of the injection time.
3.3.8 Production time
The production time was set to 1, 2, 3 and 4 years. From Figure 22, a longer production time can enhance the CH4 production volume and the CH4 hydrate dissociation percent. After a four-year production, about 2.27% of the CH4 hydrate has been dissociated compared to the dissociation percent of 1.03% after a one-year production. The CO2 storage percent will decrease to a stable low level as the production time increases.
Results of the sensitivity study of the production time.
This paper proposed the cyclic methane hydrate production method with CO2 and N2 mixture stimulation, and investigated the field-scale production using this method based on a numerical model according to actual hydrate reservoir parameters. The following conclusions were obtained:
The depressurization mechanism is dominant in cyclic stimulation with the CO2 and N2 mixture; in addition, the CH4 hydrate can be significantly produced due to the effective reduction of the partial pressure of CH4 in the gas phase, and the CH4 hydrate in the upper part of the HBL is highly dissociated. However, the effect of CO2 storage is limited, and a continuous CO2 injection (i.e., CO2 flooding) may be better for CO2 storage. The waste gas produced from the plant (mainly composed of CO2 and N2) may be directly injected into the hydrate reservoir for production.
In the near-wellbore area, the hydrate dissociation degree is relatively high, and the fluid porosity and effective permeability increase significantly during the cyclic stimulation process. Heat supply plays an important role in the cyclic production. The reservoir temperature decreases significantly, and the overlying and bottom layers can supply some heat for CH4 hydrate dissociation in addition to the HBL. External heat can be added to improve the hydrate reservoir production during the process.
Relatively high initial CH4 hydrate saturation, high reservoir absolute permeability, and long injection or production time are helpful in improving the CH4 hydrate production; however, they are adverse to CO2 storage. Too high of an initial CH4 hydrate saturation or reservoir absolute permeability will cause a decrease in the CH4 production due to poor seepage conditions. Relatively speaking, the injected gas temperature and injected gas composition have limited effect on the CH4 hydrate production or CO2 storage.
The findings in this paper are based on the model established from publicly available data; however, some parameter values may not be quite accurate, especially in the porous media environment, which may have a significant influence on the results. For example, the hydrate formation kinetics are not easy to determine, and do not follow an Arrhenius temperature dependence. Moreover, the dissolution of CO2 into the aqueous phase probably has some influence on the simulation results. However, this study can provide some insights into the cyclic CH4 hydrate production process.
This work was supported by the School-Level Scientific Research of Shengli College, China University of Petroleum (Grant No. KY2018018), the Important National Science and Technology Specific Projects of China (Grant No. 2017ZX05013-001), and the Youth Innovation Team Science and Technology Development Program of Shandong Province Higher Educational Institutions (Grant No. 2019KJA024).
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In the text


Go Natural, No chemicals or Pesticides that might be injurious to your health. Eat Raw Food.
EVERY decision in your life should be based on 3 things and in this order.. Health, Clean Water, Exorcize-Dancing.
Take time to think - It is the source of power.
Take time to play - It is the secret of perpetual youth.
Take time to read - It is the fountain of wisdom.
Take time to be friendly - It is the road to happiness.
Take time to laugh - It is the music of the heart.
Take time to love and be loved - It is the nourishment for the soul. Take time to share - It is too short a life to be selfish.
We are very much like vegetation.
An Interesting item about mothers of animals ( Humans ) and mothers of vegetation ( all seeds and beans ).
" When Babies are born to humans, a mother has an afterbirth. And all mothers of vegetation also have an afterbirth " Ask Sprout Growers. com and we will tell you how you can see the afterbirth.
And that is life. Isn't it.
Sprouts are rich sources of vitamins, minerals, trace minerals, enzymes, antioxidants, chlorophyll and protein. They are low calorie and contain little or no fat. The fat they do contain is the healthy fat that your body needs. As some of the most nutritious foods that exist, they make a great addition to any healthy eating plan. Use in salads, on sandwiches, added to soups or stir fried with vegetables. Enjoy these nutrient-packed delicacies as a snack all by themselves or added as a garnish to a main dish. Eat them raw or cooked. Of course, as with all food, the nutritional value is greater when they are eaten raw. But eating them cooked is better than not eating them at all.
Sprouting magnifies the nutritional value of the seed. It boosts the B-vitamin content, triples the amount of vitamin A and increases vitamin C by a factor of 5 to 6 times. Starches are converted to simple sugars, making sprouts very easily digestible. You can have them fresh all year round, even when fresh vegetables are hard to find. It's easier than planting a garden outside and they're ready much quicker. You can even grow them when the ground outside is frozen solid. And the best part is that you can grow the freshest, tastiest sprouts right in the comfort of your own kitchen. It takes less than 2 minutes a day and they are ready in 3 to 7 days, depending on the variety.
You can sprout seeds, beans, grains and nuts. Some of the most popular varieties are alfalfa, broccoli, red clover, radish, mung beans, lentils, garbanzo beans and peas.
There are 1000s more Articles written by many Doctors and Scientists on the web. All with different values and conclusions but all stating that Sprouts is where it ALL begins.
GLENDA SWANSONS REPLY TO TORONTO STAR ARTICLE ABOUT PASTEURIZATION..
I have read your article with great interest.
I would not fear drinking raw milk, if I had access to it. My body is very healthy and it will look after any "bugs" that may be in my food. Certain bugs may make a healthy person feel a little "off', but in my opinion it is only the unhealthy people who get terribly ill.
Look at the plane full of Sars. How many got sick? If that were such a bad bug then everyone should have died.
The government has now made the farmers pasteurize apple cider. This is getting ridiculous. I would love to see these farmers join with the milk man to fight the whole issue.
We need to have the freedom of choice to choose what we want to put into our bodies. Look very carefully at our country, we are slowly losing all of our freedom of choice. That is the big danger here and I plan to support the farmer if I am able.
2 big handfuls of fresh greens – today I used a mixture of parsley and green leaf lettuce.
I go to the store or farmers market and purchase every leafy vegetable I can. Put it into a large Tub. Cut them into small pieces. Mix them thorougly and put everything into small bags into my Freezer. And then take out a small bag to ad to the smoothie every time I make it. And to this I might add some left overs. How simple. Hope you enjoy all of this.
Add water as needed and blend to a desired consistency.
#4. 5 leaves Purple Kale, ½ Orange, ½ Fuji Apple, small piece of Ginger, ½ an Avocado, Orange slices to decorate.
#15. 1 young Coconut, carrot tops from young carrots, ½ an Avocado 1 banana, 2 cups water.
See the nutrients in only ONE mung bean.


text:
27 Interesting And Awesome Facts About Hayley Atwell
Hayley Elizabeth Atwell, born April 5, 1982, is a British and American actress. She's known for her work in stage productions such as A View from the Bridge, and onscreen, for period pieces as the 2008 drama The Duchess, the 2010 historical drama miniseries The Pillars of the Earth and for her portrayal of Peggy Carter in various movies and television series in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Take a look below for 27 more interesting and awesome facts about Hayley Atwell.
1. Atwell was born in London, England, an only child.
2. Her father, Grant, is part Native American from Kansas City, Missouri, photographer turned shaman, who also goes by his Native American name, Star Touches Earth.
3. Her mother Alison is British.
4. Atwell has a dual citizenship of the United Kingdom and the United States.
5. By the time Atwell was two years old, her parents separated. Her father returned to the United States, and Atwell and her mother lived in a bohemian enclave in the Ladbroke Grove area of west London, where Atwell was raised.
6. While Atwell visited her father in the United States every summer, she grew close to her mother, and has described their relationship as more akin to friends in the vein of "Ab Fab" than that of mother and daughter.
7. After attending Sion-Manning Roman Catholic Girl's School in London, she took A-levels at the London Oratory School.
8. Atwell was offered entry to Oxford University to read theology and philosophy, but she failed to acquire the requisite A-level grades. She would later reflect on this, saying, "I think I kind of sabotaged it to be honest. I remember after it all happened and it was clear I wasn't going to go to Oxford I felt liberated."
9. Atwell took two years off to travel with her father and work for a casting director.
10. After her travels, Atwell enrolled at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, where she trained for three years.
11. Her contemporaries at Guildhall included actress Jodie Whittaker, whom Atwell would later describe as a "great friend," and Michelle Dockery, with whom she would later work in Restless.
12. At Guildhall, Atwell met television writer Gabriel Bisset-Smith, with whom she would later enter into a long-term relationship. She graduated in 2005.
13. When she was 9 years old, she walked over hot coals at a Power Into Action workshop that she attended with her mother.
14. As a teenager, she went on anti-vivisection and Free the Dolphins marches.
15. When she was 8 years old, she became a committed vegetarian after seeing Loyd Grossman put a live lobster into boiling water.
16. She auditioned for the role of Dr. Carol Marcus in Star Trek: Into Darkness, which went to Alive Eve.
17. Although Atwell played Lily James' mother in Cinderella, she's only seven years her senior in real life.
18. Atwell can do ventriloquism with her mouth closed.
19. She has the same birthday as her Cinderella co-star, Lily James. Coincidentally, both actresses are alumnus from the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.
20. She admits that the toughest word to pronounce with an American accent is "murderer." Brits tend to soften the letter "R" as in "muh-d'ruh."
21. A year before she began her studies at Guildhall School, Atwell's first on-screen role was in a television commercial for Pringles potato crisps, the proceeds from which Atwell used to pay her first year tuition.
22. Within eight moths of graduation from Guildhall, Atwell won her first feature film role, in Woody Allen's 2007 movie Cassandra's Dream, playing stage actress Angela Stark.
23. In a 2015 interview, Atwell discussed how her role as Peggy Carter influenced a then-recent tweet she made to her 319,000 Twitter followers about having her image digitally altered on the cover of a German magazine.
24. Seven years after meeting television writer Gabriel Bisset-Smith at Guildhall School of Music and Drama, Atwell began a long-term relationship with him. By December 2012, the relationship ended.
25. As of 2010, Atwell lived in a flat in the Primrose Hill area of London. In 2015, she moved to Los Angeles to be close to the production of Agent Carter.
26. During the filming of Captain America: The First Avenger in 2010, Atwell took a three month course in art history and haiku at the Open University.
27. On August 2, 2017, it was announced that Atwell will star as Evelyn in Disney's live action Winnie the Pooh movie Christopher Robin directed by Marc Forster, co-starring Ewan McGregor.
a view from the bridgebritish and american actresshayley atwellmarvel moviespeggy carterthe duchessthe pillars of the earth
30 Interesting And Awesome Facts About Lee Pace
27 Interesting And Fun Facts About Michael B. Jordan
22 Interesting And Fun Facts About Booboo Stewart
30 Interesting And Fascinating Facts About Charles Dickens
30 Fun And Fascinating Facts About Bananas


text:
Santa Ana és la segona ciutat del Salvador. D'origen pocomà, va ser ocupada pels pipils al . Durant el període colonial es van anar assentant espanyols i hi van crear l'ajuntament el 1806.

Té uns 250.000 habitants. Des de 1855 és cap del departament amb el mateix nom a la regió occidental del país. És una zona amb una activitat volcànica important i amb grans latifundis dedicats a la producció de cafè per a l'exportació, on la insurrecció i posterior matança d'indígenes el 1932 va tenir un dels seus principals escenaris.

Ciutats d'El Salvador

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


1.The sealing ring and the bearing shells in horizontal multi-stage centrifugal pump seat respectively with the fastening screws.
2. The mouth ring installed in the middle and tighten screws fixed.
With the gradual popularization of well submersible pump and application of the field of expansion, submersible submersible pump must adapt to more different environmental requirements.
In this era of rapid development of technology, the pump should also have the goods it must carry out the path and direction.
Water pump industry is a typical investment driven industry, market demand by the national macro policy, especially by the water conservancy, construction, energy and other industries have a great impact on macroeconomic policy.


The pharmaceutical and healthcare markets are always advancing; these markets need reliable dispensing solutions that deliver a combination of product protection, quality, chemical compatibility and in some cases, durability to withstand radiation.
Canyon has a proven approach and decades of experience helping pharmaceutical companies succeed.
We supply bespoke triggers to be used in cleanroom environments across the world, ensuring our sprayers have excellent compatibility with a wide range of alcohols and chemicals used in the pharmaceutical industry.


text:
Curry Electric
533 Old State Rt 74 Cincinnati, OH 45244
Master Electrician Tim Curry and his wife, Traci, formed Curry Electric in 1986 with the belief they could deliver the highest level of service while keeping customers' costs to a minimum. They developed a set of core tenets to guide their business, including principles such as answering their own phones in the office, hiring only the most highly skilled and trustworthy technicians, and investing in continuing education.
More than 34 years later with those core tenets still guiding the business, Curry Electric has developed a strong reputation for quality service. Many of Curry's technicians (who are paid hourly, not on commission) are long-standing employees of the company.
As part of ensuring quality service, Curry Electric is committed to ongoing expertise, and stays up-to-date on the latest safety standards and practices. The company belongs to Independent Electrical Contractors (IEC), which provides apprenticeship training and continuing education for Journeymen. Curry also belongs to the National Fire Protection Association and the International Association of Electrical Inspectors, to participate in the code-making process itself. Tim Curry has personally authored more than seventeen changes in the National Electrical Code.
Map Address: 533 Old State Rt 74 Cincinnati, OH 45244


Chagnon - Canine Trapping - with John Chagnon | Schmitt Enterprises, Inc.
Trapper John Chagnon takes you through the wilds of upstate Michigan trapping illusive wild canines. Covering red fox, grey fox, and coyotes, this video explains every facet of trapping these wild canines in a down to earth manner, while taking you along on an actual working trapline. This will be a fun and educational ride!
Covers: Trapping Reds, Greys, and Coyotes. Trap Preparation. Sets. Locations. Lures and Baits. Trap Selection. Freeze Proofing Sets and Much More.
John Chagnon grew up in the wilds of the UP of Michigan and has been trapping for over 40 years. In this 100 minute video, he invites you to tag along on his canine trapline and experience a real working trapline for wild canines.


Clean up in Isle 4 please!
They want to know which targets to Liquidate!
You caught my interest- more info please?
Been searching for this post dunce reading it.
This thread was before the Christchurch shooting.
The shooter was a well known CIA Mossad MI6 wetworks operative.
Isnt this poster from the NZ government security services?
You just said the NS was doing work there...the farm and then are odds.
Goodbye cruel world I'm off to join the circus.
Fitting in isn't about what you know, it's what you don't know that makes you a team player.
This thread is doing some serious rounds within the intelligence community.


Get more sleep. Yes, this seems simple enough but can be difficult if you suffer from insomnia. A few tricks to beating insomnia include avoiding stimulating activities that will keep you up at night. You can also experiment with changing the time you go to bed at night to see if this improves your sleep patterns.
Proper nutrition. Drivers can improve stamina and overall health by following a diet including the four major food groups--meat, fish, vegetables, fruits, grains and dairy products. A healthier body will be better able to fight fatigue.
Eliminate caffeine and tobacco products. Both caffeine and tobacco are stimulants (although tobacco is a stimulant which is followed by a stage as a depressant). Both products can interfere with sleep which will decrease alertness and reaction time on the road.
Avoid drinking alcohol. Drivers should avoid drinking alcohol when they will be on the road soon. Alcohol is a depressant and can cause fatigue, sleep disturbances and reduce alertness.
Exercise. When you sit for hours at a time behind the wheel of a semi-truck, your muscles are not in peak condition and your stamina suffers allowing fatigue to take over your body. Exercise can increase stamina and alertness which will help you avoid an accident on the road.
Trucking is a tough job and drivers face day-to-day stresses that can cause fatigue and contribute to accidents. Take some time now to alter your daily activities that are leading to fatigue and avoid future accidents. For more information on truck safety issues, visit the Truck Safety Coalition. As always, be safe on the road!
Are you looking for a used semi-truck? If so, contact us for more information. We offer quality used trucks at very competitive prices!