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Packers trade down, then back up, take CB Jaire Alexander at No. 18
The Packers traded down, then back up, before addressing their need at cornerback.
Packers trade down, then back up, take CB Jaire Alexander at No. 18 The Packers traded down, then back up, before addressing their need at cornerback. Check out this story on jsonline.com: https://pck.rs/2vSzDp3
Ryan Wood, USA TODAY NETWORK-Wisconsin Published 8:42 p.m. CT April 26, 2018 | Updated 9:12 a.m. CT April 27, 2018
2018 NFL draft: First-round picks
1. Cleveland Browns - Baker Mayfield, QB, Oklahoma Michael Conroy, AP
2. New York Giants - Saquon Barkley, RB, Penn State Tim Heitman, USA TODAY Sports
3. New York Jets - Sam Darnold, QB, USC Tim Heitman, USA TODAY Sports
4. Cleveland Browns - Denzel Ward, DB, Ohio State Matthew Emmons, USA TODAY Sports
5. Denver Broncos - Bradley Chubb, DE, NC State David J. Phillip, AP
6. Indianapolis Colts - Quenton Nelson, OG, Notre Dame Carlos Osorio, AP
7. Buffalo Bills - Josh Allen, QB, Wyoming Matthew Emmons, USA TODAY Sports
8. Chicago Bears - Roquan Smith, LB, Georgia David J. Phillip, AP
9. San Francisco 49ers - Mike McGlinchey, OT, Notre Dame Brian Spurlock, USA TODAY Sports
10. Arizona Cardinals - Josh Rosen, QB, UCLA Matthew Emmons, USA TODAY Sports
11. Miami Dolphins - Minkah Fitzpatrick, DB, Alabama Tim Heitman, SA TODAY Sports
12. Tampa Bay Buccaneers - Vita Vea, DT, Washington Matthew Emmons, USA TODAY Sports
13. Washington Redskins - Da'Ron Payne, DT, Alabama John David Mercer, USA TODAY Spor
14. New Orleans Saints - Marcus Davenport, DE, Texas-San Antonio Matthew Emmons, USA TODAY Sports
15. Oakland Raiders - Kolton Miller, OT, UCLA Tim Heitman, USA TODAY Sports
16. Buffalo Bills - Tremaine Edmunds, LB, Virginia Tech Tim Heitman, USA TODAY Sports
17. Los Angeles Chargers - Derwin James, DB, Florida State David J. Phillip, AP
18. Green Bay Packers - Jaire Alexander, DB, Louisville David J. Phillip, AP
19. Dallas Cowboys - Leighton Vander Esch, LB, Boise State Matthew Emmons, USA TODAY Sports
20. Detroit Lions - Frank Ragnow, C, Arkansas Joe Robbins, Getty Images
21. Cincinnati Bengals - Billy Price, C, Ohio State Joseph Maiorana, USA TODAY Sports
22. Tennessee Titans - Rashaan Evans, LB, Alabama David J. Phillip, AP
23. New England Patriots - Isaiah Wynn, OT, Georgia Joe Robbins, Getty Images
24. Carolina Panthers - DJ Moore, WR, Maryland Mitch Stringer, USA TODAY Sports
25. Baltimore Ravens - Hayden Hurst, TE, South Carolina Brian Spurlock, USA TODAY Sports
26. Atlanta Falcons - Calvin Ridley, WR, Alabama Jason Getz, USA TODAY Sports
27. Seattle Seahawks - Rashaad Penny, RB, San Diego State Stephen R. Sylvanie, USA TODAY Sp
28. Pittsburgh Steelers - Terrell Edmunds, DB, Virginia Tech Matthew Emmons, USA TODAY Sports
29. Jacksonville Jaguars - Taven Bryan, DT, Florida Trevor Ruszkowski, USA TODAY Spor
30. Minnesota Vikings - Mike Hughes, DB, Central Florida Reinhold Matay, USA TODAY Sports
31. New England Patriots - Sony Michel, RB, Georgia Doug Benc, AP
32. Philadelphia Eagles - Lamar Jackson, QB, Louisville Tim Heitman, USA TODAY Sports
NFL commissioner Roger Goodell with Jaire Alexander as he is selected as the number eighteen overall pick to the Green Bay Packers in the first round of the 2018 NFL Draft at AT&T Stadium.(Photo: Matthew Emmons, Matthew Emmons-USA TODAY Sports)
GREEN BAY – Brian Gutekunst did not wait his whole career to make a trade. Armed with a draft pick, a talent evaluator doesn't yearn to pass it away.
No, a talent evaluator dreams of picking his player.
The Green Bay Packers' new general manager was no different: Gutekunst wanted to pick his player. Then opportunity called in Thursday night's first round of the NFL draft. With the Packers on the clock at No. 14 overall, the New Orleans Saints had an offer. They dangled a 2019 first-round pick (and also a fifth-round pick this year), enticing the Packers to move back to No. 27 in this year's first round.
"The ability to get a first-round pick in the next year's draft," Gutekunst said, "wasn't something that we started out thinking about trying to acquire. But it was just too good to pass up, quite frankly. Those first-round picks don't come around very often. We just thought it was in our best interest to do that."
RELATED: Who will be on the Packers' radar for Day 2 of the NFL draft?
DOUGHERTY: Packers' trades prioritize future ahead of present
2018 NFL DRAFT: Green Bay Packers picks
2018 NFL DRAFT: Pick-by-pick analysis of Round 1
The Packers relied on connections within their personnel department to trade with the Saints. Russ Ball, the Packers' executive vice president, worked with Saints general manager Mickey Loomis for six years in New Orleans. Likewise, internal connections likely gave Gutekunst confidence he could trade back up in the first round, should he covet a player who might not be available at No. 27.
A quick look at the Packers first round selection in the 2018 NFL draft USA TODAY NETWORK-Wisconsin
In the Seattle Seahawks, Gutekunst had an ally in fellow general manager John Schneider. When Gutekunst was first starting out as a scout two decades ago, it was Schneider who helped him get a full-time job with the Kansas City Chiefs. Entering this week's draft, the Seahawks had no picks in the second or third round. Gutekunst knew his former colleague wanted to trade back and acquire more picks, opening the door for the Packers to move up nine spots and select Louisville cornerback Jaire Alexander.
Finally, after trades in both directions, Gutekunst picked his player.
"Jaire is a guy that we targeted all along," Packers director of college scouting Jon-Eric Sullivan said. "We liked him from the outset. He's a good football player."
That may be, but only time will tell whether Gutekunst's roller-coaster draft debut was successful. In two to three years, the Packers' maneuvers in Thursday's first round will look really wise, or really not. Gutekunst, no doubt an aggressive general manager, hardly left any room for middle ground.
Before their initial trade, it appeared fortune was aligning for the Packers to get an unexpected shot at a top-tier defensive prospect. Still available at No. 14 were Virginia Tech linebacker Tremaine Edmunds and Florida State defensive back Derwin James.
The Packers evaluated Edmunds and James extensively through the pre-draft process. They invited both for pre-draft visits in Green Bay and had formal interviews at the NFL scouting combine. Edmunds, especially, seemed like an ideal fit for the Packers, an all-purpose defender at 6-4 1/2, 253 pounds.
"Edmunds can rush," one NFL scout said, "but might be (Brian) Urlacher."
Gutekunst said he liked Edmunds and James, but thought an abundance of good players still available gave him leverage to grab a premium asset. No doubt his familiarity with Schneider served as a security blanket, knowing he could trade up if the group of players he coveted started to dwindle.
The Buffalo Bills traded up in the first round to select Edmunds with the 16th overall pick. James was drafted one pick later, No. 17 overall to the Los Angeles Chargers. That might've nudged Gutekunst to move up to No. 18 and draft Alexander.
Gutekunst said Alexander was "in consideration" when the Packers were on the clock with their initial 14th overall pick.
"All those guys were good players," Gutekunst said, "and we liked them a lot. I think for us that was the choice we made and what we thought was best for the Green Bay Packers at that time. We would have been happy with either one of those players as well, but we just thought this was something we couldn't pass up."
In Alexander,who stands 5-10 1/4, the Packers deviated from a long-held Ron Wolf scouting principle. Since the Packers drafted Terrell Buckley fifth overall in 1992, they have long held a minimum height requirement of 5-10 1/2 for cornerbacks. Sullivan said the team decided Alexander's lack of height wouldn't be a detriment.
"I'm a big believer in heart over height," Alexander said. "If you look back at the film, I only gave up five passes, and I played against bigger receivers who were 6-5. It doesn't really matter. My mentality is I'm going to beat the man in front of me, and that's just part of being a student of the game. I don't pay attention to size or anything like that."
What Alexander might lack in height, he compensates with blazing speed. Alexander ran a 4.38-second 40 at the NFL scouting combine, seventh fastest among defensive backs. By the stopwatch, Alexander is the fastest player on the Packers roster.
Sullivan said Alexander's speed reminded him of former Packers corner Sam Shields, the last true No. 1 cover man they've employed.
"Very few corners," Sullivan said, "when they play the game when the ball's in the air, can you feel them close space. He's one. When you watch him play, you can feel him close space when the ball's in the air, both playing forward and backward. The kid can run. On top of that, he's quick and he can change directions and do those things.
"We're just excited about the skillset as a whole. We think he has the make up to be a high-caliber player."
Gutekunst stopped short of saying the Packers finalized their cornerback depth chart Thursday night, but they clearly feel better about the position than when the draft began. After signing free-agent Tramon Williams and re-signing Davon House this offseason, the Packers already had options to pair on the perimeter opposite second-year cornerback Kevin King. What they needed was a slot corner with Alexander's athleticism.
Jaire Alexander at the NFL draft
Louisville's Jaire Alexander poses for photos on the red carpet before the first round of the NFL football draft, Thursday, April 26, 2018, in Arlington, Texas. (AP Photo/Eric Gay) Eric Gay/The Associated Press
Louisville's Jaire Alexander poses for photos on the red carpet before the first round of the NFL football draft, Thursday, April 26, 2018, in Arlington, Texas. (AP Photo/Eric Gay) Eric Gay, AP
Gutekunst was hesitant to say Alexander will play the bulk of his snaps in the slot this fall, but it may be a mere formality. He said his new cornerback can line up all over, but the short and quick Alexander projects as someone who can patrol the middle of the field.
A converted wide receiver, Alexander had five interceptions as a sophomore in 2016. A hyperextended knee and broken hand cost him all but six games last season, but Alexander still left school with one year of eligibility remaining. The Packers expect Alexander to retain the ball skills he honed as a receiver.
"Being able to catch the ball," Alexander said, "is one of my strong suits. And being able to understand receiver splits and the routes, and what they like to do at the top of their routes, that's one of my strong suits. I think just playing receiver helps out a lot.
"I don't give up many passes, so that's part of my game as well."
The Packers still have plenty of work left to do in the final six rounds. They're scheduled to make the 13th pick in Friday's second round (No. 45 overall), but they gave their third-round pick (No. 76 overall) and a sixth-round pick (No. 186) to the Seahawks when they traded up Thursday night, recouping a seventh-round pick in return (No. 248). With one pick on Day 2 but 10 on Day 3, Gutekunst said it's possible the Packers have enough assets to trade back into the third round.
Ultimately, that's not what he'll be judged on most when it comes to his first draft as the Packers general manager. Gutekunst showed Thursday night he can work connections even as a rookie GM to execute a grand plan, and that he has no hesitation to make bold decisions.
That he was able to secure an extra first-round pick and draft a player in consideration four slots earlier will be remembered either as resourceful, or an example of where a general manager outsmarted himself.
"I think you go into it kind of having a lot of different ideas about what could happen," Gutekunst said. "Whether you're going to move up, whether you're going to move back, stay and pick, how it's going to fell. How it fell kind of determined that option. As it fell, and you had a certain amount of players that you thought were equal value, but you could move back and still get a similar type of player. That's kind of how that happened.
"Just thought when we had that opportunity to move back and gain that first round pick for next year, I thought that was the best interests for us. And then I felt pretty confident of getting back up."
THE JAIRE ALEXANDER FILE
Position: Cornerback. School: Louisville. Pick: Round 1, 18 overall. Height: 5-10. Weight: 192. Age: 21. Hometown: Charlotte, N.C. Lowdown: An instinctive corner with the ability to anticipate routes and the quickness to close on throws and make plays on the ball. His 2017 tape was uneven due to issues with a sprained knee, which could raise concerns over his durability because of his slender build. He played in only six games, starting five. Finished with 19 tackles and one interception. Had seven career interceptions in three seasons along with 15 pass breakups. Had 58 solo tackles and 19 assists. When healthy, he has the potential to become a second cornerback, but teams may view him as a full-time nickel corner who's able to avoid the rigors of excessive run support. "I probably played 70 percent snaps at corner and 30 percent at nickel," Alexander said. "I feel like I can play anywhere on the field. I look forward to doing both." Ran the 40-yard dash in 4.38 seconds at the combine. Had a 35-inch vertical and got 14 reps on the bench press. Also could add value returning punts. "He is going to be a guy who is really going to help us on the field," said Jon-Eric Sullivan, the Packers' director of college scouting. "We think he's versatile. He can run. He's a 4.3 guy. He's got really good twitch and lateral agility. We think he can play inside. He is competitive and can tackle you. He can play both inside and outside. He is going to have to come in here and compete like they all do and get in there with the group we have now." (Draft data via NFL.com)
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Golf News – July 17, 2019 July 17, 2019
2019 The Open Championship Scripting July 16, 2019
2018 Marks Winningest Year In Bridgestone Golf Tour Team History
COVINGTON, GA – Bridgestone Golf, the #1 Ball-Fitter in Golf, announced today that in 2018 its TOUR Team achieved the most victories in one calendar year in company history. In addition, Bridgestone Golf had more wins per Tour Team member than any other golf ball company.
Bridgestone's hallmark Tour year totaled an incredible 8 PGA TOUR wins with just 4 staff players. Of the 8 victories, 7 were won with Bridgestone's acclaimed TOUR B X Golf ball. The exceptional win for the TOUR B XS came in perhaps the most exciting and anticipated win of the season, marking Tiger Woods return to the winner's circle at the season-ending TOUR Championship. The final win of the year gave Bridgestone its 2nd season-ending championship, when Lexi Thompson relied on the TOUR B X in her triumph at the 2018 CME Group Tour Championship.
Bridgestone's TOUR B X and TOUR B XS are designed for players with greater than 105 mph driver swing speeds. Both the X and XS were softened over their predecessors and provide more spin and greenside control due to their softer urethane cover formulation, while increased distance comes from enhanced aerodynamics and an improved 330 Dual Dimple design. The X is for those players looking for more power and ball speed off the tee, while the XS provides extra spin control and slightly softer feel greenside, while still maintaining low driver spin off the tee.
Below is a rundown of the Bridgestone Tour Team's wins and noteworthy achievements in 2018:
Winner of Waste Management Phoenix Open uses TOUR B X (Feb. 1-4, 2018)
Bryson DeChambeau wins The Memorial Tournament using TOUR B X (May 31- June 3, 2018)
Brandt Snedeker wins Wyndham Championship using TOUR B X while also shooting first career 59 in the opening round (Aug. 16-19, 2018)
Bryson DeChambeau wins THE NORTHERN TRUST using TOUR B X (Aug. 23-26, 2018)
Bryson DeChambeau goes back-to-back winning the Dell Technologies Championship with TOUR B X (Aug. 31-Sep. 3, 2018)
Tiger Woods Completes One of the Greatest Comebacks in Golf History winning the TOUR Championship with TOUR B XS (Sep. 20-23, 2018)
Bridgestone balls win 3 out of 4 FedEx Cup Playoff Events
Bryson DeChambeau wins Shriners for Hospitals for Children Open using TOUR B X (Nov. 1-4, 2018)
Matt Kuchar wins Mayakoba Golf Classic using TOUR B X (Nov. 8-11, 2018)
Lexi Thompson wins CME Group Tour Championship using TOUR B X (Nov. 15-18, 2018)
The TOUR B series balls that were used to achieve 9 total professional wins in 2018 are a result of Bridgestone's continued commitment to providing premium tee-to-green performance to players of varying swing types. Bridgestone owns over 800 golf ball patents and fully leverages the company's heritage of excellence in polymer science worldwide to design the industry's most cutting-edge golf balls.
Visit Bridgestone Golf here:
40th Ranked Gary Woodland Inks Deal With Wilson Golf
CHICAGO, IL – Wilson Golf announced today that Gary Woodland has signed a multi-year deal to join its Advisory Staff. The addition of Woodland, who is currently ranked in the top 40 worldwide, brings his considerable experience and genuine passion for the game to the Wilson Advisory Staff.
Woodland scored his third PGA Tour title last February during the Waste Management Phoenix Open and continued to lead the field throughout the season with three top 10 finishes to close out 2018. Woodland will debut the new prototype Staff Model blades in addition to the V4 utility iron at The Sentry Tournament of Champions. In addition to the clubs, he is also in the process of testing the new Wilson Staff Cortex, winner of Driver vs. Driver 2.
With the start of the 2019 season, Woodland will debut the new prototype Staff Model Blades in addition to the V4 utility iron at this week's Sentry Tournament of Champions.
Visit Wilson Golf here:
Branson Convention and Visitors Bureau Retains Dan Shepherd Public Relations to Promote Burgeoning Golf Destination
Missouri Ozarks Oasis is Fastest-Growing Golf Venue in U.S., Home to Many New and Acclaimed Courses
BRANSON, MO – Branson Convention and Visitors Bureau ("Explore Branson") today announces that it has retained Dan Shepherd Public Relations, LLC ("DSPR"); to devise and implement a strategic golf-and-resort marketing communications program for the popular southwest Missouri destination.
New Branson-area courses include Payne's Valley, a 19-hole championship course paying homage to Payne Stewart, the legendary former PGA TOUR player who grew up in nearby Springfield, Mo. Designed by Tiger Woods and his golf architecture company, TGR Design, the mint condition layout will debut in 2019 and includes a one-of-a-kind 19th hole – the Big Rock at Payne's Valley™.
Ozarks National and Jack Nicklaus' Top of the Rock – a spell-binding 9-hole, par-3 marvel perched glowingly above Table Rock Lake – are co-host courses of the PGA TOUR Champions Legends of Golf at Big Cedar Lodge, April 24-28, 2019.
Branson-area golf is nothing if not unique and supremely interesting. This is spectacularly demonstrated at Mountain Top Course, a 13-hole design collaboration between Bass Pro Shops and Big Cedar Lodge founder Johnny Morris and World Golf Hall of Fame member Gary Player. Barely 16 months old and inaugurated on August 31, 2017, it's blessed with millions-year-old exposed limestone outcroppings, swirling winds buffeting the elevated, often panoramic topography, and holes as different from one another as they are complementary.
Established Branson courses consistently rank among the best in the state, with layouts designed by Tom Fazio, Bob Cupp, and Chuck Smith with Bobby Clampett. Branson Hills has been rated the No. 1 public course in Missouri for seven consecutive years, while Golf Digest bestows that distinction on Buffalo Ridge Springs, the Tom Fazio-Johnny Morris collaboration and Big Cedar Lodge amenity.
Thousand Hills, LedgeStone, and Pointe Royale are equally popular. Thousand Hills is an imaginative and charming par-64 layout. Cupp's ingenious holes showcase shot values, rolling terrain, and championship-style golf. Pointe Royale is where many of Branson's live entertainment performers dwell and play, with immaculate greens and tight fairway corridors. LedgeStone is one the area's favorite venues, a thrilling ride thanks to its winding holes that route up, down and around hills, trees, water and cliffsides.
Branson-area golf provides a scintillating class of courses, with a variety of design and terrain styles, all sharing lush Ozark Mountain majesty. Meshed with the vast array of after-golf activities, it's a tailor-made place for intrepid travelers who love exploring best-in-kind places where there is an abundance of leisure, lodging, meeting, event, family, and dining options.
Visit Branson Convention and Visitors Bureau here:
Michael Feland
Born in Houston, TX, raised in New Orleans, LA, Mike and his family currently live in Orlando, FL. Mike is a First Tee Level 1 Certified instructor and enjoys sharing his love for the game with the Orlando area youth that participate in The First Tee of Central Florida program.
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Home » Articles » Retrieving Digital Evidence: Methods, Techniques and Issues
Retrieving Digital Evidence: Methods, Techniques and Issues
12th May 2020 11th July 2012 by Forensic Focus
by Yuri Gubanov [email protected]
Belkasoft Ltd. http://belkasoft.com
This article describes the various types of digital forensic evidence available on users' PC and laptop computers, and discusses methods of retrieving such evidence.
Download article in PDF format
A recent research conducted by Berkeley scientists concluded that up to 93% of all information never leaves the digital domain. This means that the majority of information is being created, modified and consumed entirely in digital form. Most spreadsheets and databases never make it on paper, and most digital snapshots never get printed. There are many activities such as chats and social networking that are specific to digital and are even unimaginable outside of the virtual realm.
Figure 1: up to 93% of all information never leaves the digital domain
Most such activities leave definite traces, allowing investigators to obtain essential evidence, solve criminal cases and prevent crimes. This article discusses the many types of digital evidence produced by a typical computer user, criminal or not, and demonstrates methods and techniques available to extract that evidence out of the original PC and into the hands of a forensic investigator.
It is hard to underestimate the importance of digital forensics. With many types of evidence being only available in a form of digital files stored on the computer's hard disk, getting access to this information is essential for today's investigations.
Instant Messengers
Instant Messengers became an important means of communication. Millions of people, regardless of their age, nationality, gender and computer skills, spend a lot of time using them every day. That's why more and more evidence can now be found in IM chat histories. To name a few, Live Messenger, ICQ, Yahoo! Messenger, AOL, Trillian, Skype, and Miranda IM are among the most commonly used. In China, QQ Messenger is very popular with almost a billion registered accounts.
Social networks are quickly becoming what 'traditional' instant messengers were just a few years ago. More and more communication is migrating from public chat rooms and private messengers into online social networks. Communications extracted from social networks can be extremely valuable to forensic investigators.
Web browsing is a popular activity. Analyzing web browsing history, bookmarks, cached Web pages and images, stored form values and passwords gives keys to important evidence not available otherwise. Web browser cache may contain images with illicit content, as well as JavaScript-based malware that may be responsible for some suspicious-looking activities. Internet activities such as Google searches can be discovered and analyzed, often helping solve less than obvious crimes. Dozens of different Web browsers exist beside the popular choice of Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and Chrome.
Despite the raise of instant chats and social networks, email is still a major carrier of important information, which is especially true for corporate environments. With many online and offline email clients, it is too easy to overlook essential evidence without approaching it properly. Microsoft Outlook, Outlook Express, Windows Mail, Live Mail, Thunderbird, TheBat! and many other email applications are available on the market.
Peer-to-Peer and File Exchange Software
P2P and file exchange clients such as the popular Torrent exchange software may contain essential evidence including illegal images or videos, stolen copyrighted and intellectual property. Information about files being downloaded, shared and uploaded can be a substantial addition to collected evidence base.
Multi-Player Online Games
Conversations occur between and during gaming sessions in many popular multi-player games such as World of Warcraft. Why not extending the evidence base by analyzing chat logs extracted from these games? A confession has already been made in a WoW chat about a murder.
Still images and video files should be analyzed for their content. Tools such as Belkasoft Evidence Center 2012 can help investigators automate the analysis by detecting things such as pornography, human faces, or scanned images of text documents saved as picture files.
Types of Digital Evidence
In this article, we'll talk strictly about digital evidence available on the PC or, more precisely, on the computer's hard drive and live memory dumps. This leaves the entire domain of mobile forensics aside, for a good reason: mobile forensics has its own techniques, approaches, methods and issues.
Types of digital evidence include all of the following, and more:
Address books and contact lists
Audio files and voice recordings
Backups to various programs, including backups to mobile devices
Bookmarks and favorites
Compressed archives (ZIP, RAR, etc.) including encrypted archives
Configuration and .ini files (may contain account information, last access dates etc.)
Email messages, attachments and email databases
Hidden and system files
Organizer items
Page files, hibernation files and printer spooler files
Pictures, images, digital photos
System files
Figure 2: a typical set of communication products
Retrieving Logs and History Files
Logs and history files contain a great deal of essential evidence. Chat communications are often accompanied with timestamps and nicknames of the other parties, allowing figuring out exactly who the respondent was. Determining the exact location and name of these files is an essential first step required to perform further analysis.
Recent versions of Windows typically keep user-created and application-generated data in AppData, Program Files, and Documents and Settings folders. In Windows Vista and Windows 7, the AppData folder does not have a fixed location on the disk, which further complicates the search. In addition, these systems maintain a virtualized storage for applications launched with lower than administrative permissions (AppData\Local\VirtualStore). These locations are commonly overlooked by investigators. Even the well-known Documents and Settings can bear different names depending on the default locale of a particular version of Windows. For example, it can be names "Мои документы" or "Dokumente und Einstellungen" instead. Computer users can complicate the analysis even further by moving or renaming common files.
After you've found files of interest by analyzing Windows Registry and applications' configuration files or performing a manual/automated search, you want to extract data out of them. To do so, you have to know the exact format of each of the source files. Today, thousands of different formats exist, calling for technical knowledge of format specifics – or simply for a tool to automate the task. Fortunately, many modern applications utilize well-documented formats that easy to analyze. For example, SQLite databases are used by Skype and ICQ, the popular XML format is utilized by MSN messenger, Mirc chat uses simple text files, and so on.
SQLite databases can be investigated with free SQLite Database Viewer program, while XML files can be easily opened with Internet Explorer.
However, there are many more formats in existence that are way less forensic-friendly. The cryptic, mind-blowing "mork" format utilized by Firefox, or the proprietary PST format by Outlook, or even Blowfish-encrypted OLE-containers used by QQ Messenger are just a few examples. This is exactly the reason why forensic investigators prefer using automated forensic tools instead of manual search and extraction.
Common Obstacles
Computer users have an easy way to make investigations slower and more difficult. The following are just a few techniques used by the criminals to slow down the discovery:
changing default location of the history files;
moving or renaming history file or folder;
hiding and/or protecting history files with file system attributes and permissions;
deleting history files;
formatting the entire hard drive in an attempt to destroy evidence;
encrypt the entire volume;
not keeping history by disabling all logging (if supported by application).
The majority of computer users are not IT security specialists, so most of these obstacles are no more than simple annoyances that can be overcome easily by spending little effort. Even whole drive encryption, when implemented by an ordinary user, can usually be dealt with.
The following chapters will discuss these techniques in detail, recommending ways to overcome each of the obstacles, whenever possible.
Obscuring Information and Why It Works
The most obvious way to hide information on a disk is giving a file of interest an obscure name or saving it into an unusual location. This trick is so obvious and provides so little protection that no reasonable security policy would ever let it pass; but why is it still being used by the criminals, and, most importantly, why does it still work?
Figure 3: renamed Skype history file
The answer is painfully simple: investigators are time-constrained up to the point they're clogged with mobile phones, laptops and seized hard drives to be analyzed. They often have twenty minutes to a few hours, max, in order to extract all possible evidence. To make things even more complicated, investigators are bound by strict rules. By breaking any one of the rules, investigators may invalidate all extracted evidence.
Retrieving Obscured Files: When File Location Is Changed
One should not expect finding all user information sitting in the default folder, or being located in whatever the default location is for a given type of file (e.g. Application Data or similar folder). Searching the entire hard disk is required in order to locate all unencrypted log and history files. This may produce a certain number of false positives (e.g. not every XML file is an MSN history file), so additional checks are often required (e.g. checking the existence of MessageLog.xsl next to an XML file).
In reality, locating any one of the files is an obvious exercise. As applications such as instant messengers or email clients have to have access to their working files, they store files' locations somewhere in Windows registry or in their own configuration files. One sure must know a lot of things about each and every application being analyzed, which includes literally hundreds of messengers, email clients, peer-to-peer applications and browsers.
In time-constrained conditions of a busy working environment an automated solution is the only way to go. With Belkasoft Evidence Center 2012, investigators can simply launch the scan and rely upon it to discover the files even if they're moved to an obscure location.
Figure 4: selecting locations to search
Hidden and Inaccessible Files and Folders
Computer users often protect information by assigning file attributes and permissions preventing unauthorized access. Hidden and system files and folders are a common place these days; these will be displayed and even highlighted by every forensic analysis tool in existence. Most forensic analysis tools can bypass security attributes and permission control management (but not encryption) set by the file system such as NTFS access control rights. Special attention should be paid to inaccessible files and folders; otherwise one can miss evidence in folders having access restrictions.
Destroyed Evidence
Attempts to destroy digital evidence are very common. Such attempts can be more or less successful depending on the action taken, time available to destroy evidence, as well as the type of storage device (magnetic hard drive, flash memory card or SSD drive).
The following chapters will discuss common practices and methods used to recover destroyed evidence.
Deleted Files
Important evidence often ends up in the recycle bin. This is especially true for Windows PCs. Literally, deleted files can often be successfully retrieved by analyzing the content of the Recycle Bin, a temporary storage they're placed before being erased.
If deleted files do not show up in the Recycle Bin, there are still good chances to recover them by using one of the many commercial data recovery tools. The principle of deleted file recovery is based on the fact that Windows does not wipe the contents of the file when it's being deleted. Instead, a file system record storing the exact location of that file on the disk is being marked as "deleted". The disk space previously occupied by the file is then advertised as available – but not overwritten with zeroes or other data just yet (however, see the following chapter, "The Issue of SSD Drives"). A good example of such data recovery tools are products developed by DiskInternals ( www.diskinternals.com ) e.g. DiskInternals Partition Recovery.
By analyzing the file system and/or scanning the entire hard drive looking for characteristic signatures of known file types, one can successfully recover not only files that were deleted by the user, but also discover evidence such as temporary copies of Office documents (including old versions and revisions of such documents), temporary files saved by many applications, renamed files and so on (see "Data Carving").
Information stored in deleted files can be supplemented with data collected from other sources. For example, Skype stores its chat logs in the history database, and keeps internal data that may contain chunks and bits of user conversations in the "chatsync" folder. The format is not officially disclosed, but there are tools available that can analyze such files (e.g. Belkasoft Evidence Center 2012). Thus, if chatsync folder exists, there are definite chances to recover Skype chats even if one have failed to recover a deleted Skype database.
Formatted Hard Drives
Information from hard drives that were formatted by the user may be recoverable with data carving or by using a commercial data recovery tool. However, "may" is the key word here, as the recovery of formatted hard drives is iffy and depends on a wide set of parameters.
Full Format
There are two possible ways to format storage media in Windows: full and quick format. While quick format simply initializes the disk by creating new (empty) file system on the partition being formatted, full format also checks the disk for bad sectors.
From the name of it, one would assume that full format is always destructive – which is not the case. Prior to Windows Vista (that is, in Windows 95/98/ME, NT4/2000 and XP) a full format operation did not zero the disk being initialized. Instead, Windows would simply scan disk surface by reading it sector after sector. Unreliable sectors would be market as "bad".
This behavior changed with the release of Windows Vista. In Vista and Windows 7, a full format operation will actually wipe the disk clean, writing zeroes onto the disk and reading the sectors back to ensure reliability.
Note that SSD drives present a separate issue covered in the following chapter, "The Issue of SSD Drives".
Quick Format
With the exception of SSD drives, quick format is never destructive. Information from disks cleared with a quick format can be usually recovered by using one of the data recovery tools that support carving.
The Issue of SSD Drives
Above information applies to traditional (magnetic, spinning discs) hard drives and common flash memory such as USB sticks and memory cards. Solid-state drives (SSD) present an entirely new issue.
Solid-state drives represent a new storage technology. They operate much faster compared to traditional hard drives. SSD drives employ a completely different way of storing information internally, which makes it much easier to destroy information and much more difficult to recover it.
The culprit here is the TRIM command. Used to release space advertised as available by the operating system, the TRIM command effectively zeroes information as soon as it's marked as deleted by the operating system. Write-blocking devices do not help preventing the effect of the TRIM command. An experiment conducted by American researches demonstrated that a TRIM-enabled SSD completely wiped all deleted information in less than 3 minutes.
Traditional forensic methods fail when attempting recovering information deleted from SSD drives, or trying to recover anything from an SSD drive formatted with either Quick or Full format. However, there are exceptions (and exceptions from exceptions).
Information may still be available if the TRIM command was not issued. This can happen if at least one of the many components does not support TRIM. The components include: version of operating system (Windows Vista and Windows 7 support TRIM, while Windows XP and earlier versions typically don't); communication interface (SATA and eSATA support TRIM, while external enclosures connected via USB, LAN or FireWire don't); the file system (Windows supports TRIM on NTFS volumes but not on FAT-formatted disks; Linux, on the other hand, supports TRIM on all types of volumes including those formatted with FAT).
Data Carving
Carving stands for bit-precise, sequential examination of the entire content of the hard drive. Carving allows locating various artifacts that would not be available otherwise. The concept of carving is different from the concept of file recovery, even if such recovery is based on signature-search algorithms. With carving, investigators do not rely on files as they may be partially overwritten, fragmented and scattered around the disk. Instead, carving looks for particular signatures or patterns that may give a clue that some interesting data can be stored in a particular spot on the disk.
Carving is truly indispensable when looking for destroyed evidence. Traditional hard drives may store bits of deleted data (or even entire files) for a long time after the file's been deleted. Sometimes even formatting the disk several times still leaves information that was originally stored on the disk.
Carving Text Data
That said, some binary and most text-only formats can still be carved. Text information is probably the easiest to recover. Blocks containing text data are filled exclusively with numeric values belonging to a shallow range that represents letters, numbers and symbols. When carving for text data, investigators have to take various languages and text encodings into account; Turkish character set differs from Latin, and neither has anything in common with Arabic, Chinese or Korean writing.
There are also multiple ways to represent non-Latin languages. These are called encodings. Different encodings must be taken into account when looking for texts in each supported language. By analyzing information read from the disk in context of a certain language and encoding, one can typically detect text information. In contrast, binary data is pretty much random. It is hence reasonably easy to detect the beginning and end of each text block by counting the number of characters that do not belong to a given language/encoding combination. Once a set threshold is met, the assumption is that the algorithm reached the end of a given text block.
Example of Data Carving
A good example of an application giving excellent results with carving is Skype v.3. Each message stored in its history files is preceded with four bytes ("three double el three"). This signature represents the beginning of each message. Note the important difference between a signature specific to a history file as a whole and a signature specific to an individual message. Once a file signature is lost (such as Miranda history files having a single signature "MIRANDA ICQ DB" at the beginning of the file), it will be very hard to realize that a particular bit stream belongs to a certain history file. However, even if a major part of a Skype history file is overwritten, one can still extract survived messages as each and every individual message has a known permanent pattern.
Figure 5: characteristic signature l33l precedes an actual Skype 3 call as shown by HexViewer window of Belkasoft Evidence Center 2012
Limitations of Data Carving
Not all data can be carved. Carving is based on characteristic signatures or patterns. For example, JPEG files typically have the "JFIF" signature in the beginning, followed by the file header. PDF files begin with "%PDF", and ZIP archives start with "PK". Some other files can be true binary (without a permanent signature in their header, for instance, QQ messenger or ICQ 98 history files). Text-based files can be an issue because of overwhelming amounts of plain text files that can be stored on the PC.
When Data Carving is Not Available
There are things computer users can do to make data carving impossible. There are numerous applications that can securely wipe information from hard drives. Special algorithms are developed that fill disk space previously occupied by sensitive information with cryptographically strong random data. In "paranoid" mode, sensitive information is overwritten several times to make even clean room type extraction impossible. If one of such applications has been used, data carving is impossible. However, it is possible to detect that a tool like that was used on a disk by performing a statistical analysis of disk data. The white noise contained in the overwritten location is not something that is normally stored on a hard drive, and there are tools that can detect this exact fact. By itself, this can hardly be considered evidence, but the fact can give a warning of unusual activities.
Another way of making carving useless is simply not storing evidence on a hard drive. Although inconvenient through the course of normal activities, this still is a common way to hide browsing or communication histories. If this is the case, only Live RAM analysis may help to recover some recent activities (see "Live RAM Analysis").
Finally, SSD drives can often render data carving useless (see "The Issue of SSD Drives").
Encrypted Volumes
Disk encryption tools such as BitLocker, PGP and TrueCrypt set industry standard in the area of whole disk encryption. Any of these tools can provide strong, reliable protection, offering a perfect implementation of strong crypto. Normally, an investigator will need to know the original plain-text password protecting the encrypted volume. With many users selecting long, complex passwords, brute-forcing access to one of these volumes is a dead proposition.
However, the very fact that a long, complex password is used presents a way to break into these crypto containers. It's human nature to keep things easy. Typing a long, complicated passphrase every time the user requires access to a file stored on an encrypted volume is not easy. Most users will opt to typing the password just once after the PC loads. The encrypted container will remain "open" and readily accessible during the entire session. Quite obviously, what's kept open can be unlocked with an appropriate tool such as the recently released Elcomsoft Forensic Disk Decryptor.
The tool works by extracting actual encryption keys (as opposed to user-selected passphrase) from the computer's memory (Live RAM analysis), Windows page file or hibernation file. A FireWire attack on a running PC can be performed in order to obtain a Live RAM image (see "Live RAM Analysis").
Disabled Local and Remote Logging
While most applications create local history files, some applications (e.g. latest versions of Yahoo Messenger) use cloud storage to keep their log files. Disabling all logging can be an effective technique employed by the criminals to prevent forensic access to digital evidence. When logging is disabled, log files and history files are not being written on the hard disk or stored in the cloud. However, certain logs are still kept in the computer's memory. Therefore, Live RAM analysis can reveal some or all recent evidence. If the computer is on, a snapshot of its operating memory (RAM) can be taken for Live RAM analysis. If the computer is off, investigators can still analyze swap (paging) and hibernation files.
Live RAM Analysis
Additional digital evidence can be extracted by analyzing the content of computer's RAM, the PC's volatile operating memory. Generally speaking, the PC should be powered on in order to perform Live RAM analysis. This is exactly the reason investigators are instructed to leave suspects' computers on if they are running, and leave them off if they're shut down.
There are multiple forensic tools available that can save a snapshot of computer's memory into a file, e.g. FTK Imager (http://accessdata.com/support/adownloads). That snapshot can be then investigated on another PC with various forensic tools including Belkasoft Evidence Center 2012.
Locked Computers
If suspect's PC is locked, investigators should not attempt rebooting the PC. Windows PCs with a FireWire port, used or not, are susceptible to a FireWire attack, unless FireWire drivers are deliberately disabled by the user. Even if a FireWire port is not available, a hot-pluggable FireWire adapter may be used. The FireWire attack method is based on a known security issue that impacts FireWire / i.LINK / IEEE 1394 links. An investigator can take direct control of the computer's operating memory (RAM) by connecting to a PC with a FireWire cable and launching a small application on investigator's PC. After that, capturing the complete memory snapshot only takes a few minutes. The attack exploits the fact that FireWire uses direct memory access (DMA) to control memory. As this is DMA, the exploit is going to work regardless of whether the target PC is locked or not. Explicitly disabling FireWire drivers in Windows Device Manager is the only way to protect the PC against this attack. The vulnerability exists for as long as the system is running.
If nothing else helps and one is preparing to shut down the PC anyway, attempting rebooting the PC, entering BIOS Setup and configuring the PC to load from an external media (USB flash drive or CD/DVD) will leave most of the memory untouched. Having booted from an external media, the investigator can use a RAM dumping tool. This approach will fail if BIOS Setup is password-protected, does not allow booting from external media and the password is not known.
Note that it is essential to performed a so-called "soft" reset by using the "Restart computer" button that may be available on the Windows logon screen (unless blocked by the user). A hard reset with the computer's "reset" switch will reset the content of that computer's RAM, making it useless for Live RAM analysis.
Performing Live RAM Analysis
Data carving is used to carry on Live RAM analysis. Carving can help extracting recent messenger conversations, text messages sent and received, and any other temporary information used by applications, such as Facebook, Gmail and World of Warcraft. Of course, as we're speaking of volatile memory, only the most recent information will be accessible. The information obtained this way may be damaged or partially overwritten, but this is still better than nothing.
Figure 6: Gmail remnants extracted by Belkasoft Evidence Center 2012 from a RAM memory dump. The messages are already corrupted, and not all fields are available. For example, the first message misses Message and Recipient fields.
Disabling Live RAM Analysis
Disabling Live RAM analysis is possible to a certain degree, but very hard to achieve in practice. Computer users can disable booting from external devices in their BIOS setup; select a strong BIOS password to avoid changing the boot sequence back (can be re-set by investigators quite easily); disable hibernation and virtual memory; block FireWire ports in order to prevent a FireWire attack; lock computer or switch off the computer; set up their system to lock automatically after a certain period of inactivity. While these measures can make Live RAM analysis difficult or impossible, they will lead to significantly reduced performance and are unlikely to be performed altogether as a complex.
Page File and Hibernation File Analysis
There is one important exception when live memory contents may survive shutting down the PC. Windows maintains two types of files to keep snapshots of the computer's memory: page file and hibernation file. These two files may contain live memory artifacts written to a disk as a part of operation system's working routine. The hibernation file is most commonly used on laptops to allow for seamless on/off without losing any opened applications. Page files (there can be more than one) are used on most computers, keeping bits of information from the memory to extent the amount of RAM available to other applications.
These two files can be analyzed using the same carving approach. Windows hibernation files (hiberfil.sys) must be decompressed beforehand as Windows uses compression to reduce file size and improve startup time with less information to be read from the (slow) disk. Belkasoft Evidence Center 2012 can perform this kind of analysis.
Note that the page file and hibernation file get changed or deleted during the system boot sequence. This is one of the reasons investigators are instructed to leave suspects' computers on of they're running, and leave them off if they're not.
Real-Time Analysis and Other Considerations
Sometimes, post-factum analysis is not enough. In many cases, IT security and intelligence specialists watch suspected criminals by intercepting their network traffic or logging keypresses and general PC activities with one of the many commercially available keyloggers. These techniques are worth mentioning although, generally speaking, computer surveillance is out of scope of this article.
Finally, what if the user does everything right to protect their information? If they store everything on an encrypted volume that's configured to dismount when the PC is locked; configure Windows to automatically lock after a period of inactivity; block FireWire drivers to prevent FireWire attacks; set BIOS password and lock boot sequence; disable logs and history files where possible, or wipe them off securely if not; disable paging and hibernation files… if they do all that in a complex, investigators won't be able to extract much, if anything, out of that PC. Investigators can still research victims' computers, analyze Internet provider logs, and collect evidence from the suspect's mobile phones and tablets.
However, most criminals are ordinary people and rather average computer users. More often than not, they believe in security-through-obscurity. They tend to sacrifice security for convenience. They are not normally trained IT security specialists, so they're more than likely to miss out one or more things, opening a way for investigators to break in and collect the required evidence by using methods described in this article.
About Belkasoft
Belkasoft manufactures forensic tools making it easy for an investigator to search, analyze and store digital evidence found in instant messenger logs, internet browser histories, mailboxes of popular email clients, social network remnants, peer-to-peer data, multi-player game chats, pictures and videos.
The company's flagship product, Belkasoft Evidence Center 2012, automatically performs comprehensive analysis of the entire hard drive or its image file looking for many types of supported evidence including live RAM dumps, intercepted network traffic PCAP files, hibernation and page files. More than 210 instant messengers, major Web browsers, all popular email clients, major peer-to-peer (P2P) software, social networks, popular online multi-player games, Office documents, picture and video types are supported out of the box. In addition, Belkasoft Evidence Center 2012 analyzes still images and video files for pornography, faces and embedded text (locating images of scanned documents).
Yuri Gubanov is a renowned computer forensics expert. He is a frequent speaker at industry-known conferences such as EuroForensics, CEIC, China Forensic Conference, FT-Day, ICDDF, TechnoForensics and others. Yuri is the Founder and CEO of Belkasoft. Besides, Yuri is an author of http://f-interviews.com, a blog where he takes interviews with key persons in digital forensics and security domain.
You can reach Yuri Gubanov at yug @ belkasoft.com or add him to your LinkedIn network at http://linkedin.com/in/yurigubanov.
[1] Digital Evidence & Computer Forensics, David Nardoni CISSP, EnCE http://www-scf.usc.edu/~uscsec/images/DigitalEvidence&ComputerForensicsversion1.2USC.pdf
[2] How to clear an unknown BIOS or CMOS password:http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000235.htm
[3] Understanding hard reset http://h10010.www1.hp.com/ewfrf/wc/document?lc=en&dlc=en&cc=us&docname=c01684768&product=1132551
[4] Google Searches Used in Murder Trial http://ask.slashdot.org/story/05/11/12/167241/google-searches-used-in-murder-trial
[5] Solving a Teen Murder by Following a Trail of Digital Evidencehttp://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2011/11/03/solving-a-teen-murder-by-following-a-trail-of-digital-evidence/
[6] Physical memory attacks via Firewire/DMA – Part 1: Overview and Mitigation (Update)http://www.hermann-uwe.de/blog/physical-memory-attacks-via-firewire-dma-part-1-overview-and-mitigation
[7] TRIM and the Perceived Demise of Digital Forensics: http://www.crowehorwath.com/folio-pdf/BIS12901_ExpertPositioningArticle_lo.pdf
[8] Solid State Drives: The Beginning of the End for Current Practice in Digital Forensic Recovery? Graeme B. Bell Richard Boddington: http://www.jdfsl.org/subscriptions/JDFSL-V5N3-Bell.pdf
[9] SSD firmware destroys digital evidence, researchers find:http://news.techworld.com/security/3263093/ssd-fimware-destroys-digital-evidence-researchers-find
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At the provincial level, the B.C. population was an estimated 4,751,612 as of July 1, 2016. The B.C. population grew by 1.2% between July 1st 2015 and June 30th 2016 – an increase of almost 59,000 persons.
The Squamish-Lillooet (+2.3%) and Nanaimo (+2.2%) regional districts experienced the highest relative growth between 2015 and 2016 followed by Greater Vancouver (+1.6%) and Central Okanagan (+1.6%) regional districts.
In absolute terms, the Greater Vancouver regional district (GVRD) saw the largest increase in population in the twelve months ending June 30th, 2016 (+41,469), followed by the Capital regional district (+4,815). In contrast, Kitimat-Stikine (-2.4%) and Mount Waddington (-2.0%) continued to slide, losing a combined 1,138 persons to other areas during the same reference period. The GVRD has seen growth of 7.8% in the five years since 2011.
Amongst larger municipalities – those with at least 5,000 persons – the City of Langford (+6.7%) and the District Municipality of Mission (+3.9%) saw the largest relative increases in population since July 1st, 2015. In absolute terms, Surrey continued to attract the most newcomers between July 1st, 2015 and June 30th, 2016 (+16,641 persons or +3.2%).
Other large (5,000+ persons) municipalities that experienced high relative growth during the past year include Maple Ridge (+3.5%), the District Municipality of Langley (+3.3%) and the City of Courtenay (+3.1%).
Among municipalities with populations fewer than 5,000 people, Chetwynd (+4.7%), Tofino (+3.9%) and Anmore (+3.7%) reported the highest growth rates from 2015 to 2016.
one of the largest (100,000+ persons) municipalities in the province showed population declines from 2015 to 2016. Amid municipalities with more than 5,000 people, the City of Terrace and the Kitimat District Municipality reported the greatest relative declines (-4.5% and -3.5%, respectively).
Compared to all municipalities, Port Edward saw the largest relative decline in population between 2015 and 2016 (-5.8% or -29 persons). In absolute terms, Prince George experienced the largest decline (-1,011 persons or -1.4%).


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GoT: For the love of Dragons, Wolves and reunions the wait is over and winter is here!
by Maleeha Mengal
GoT- For the love of Dragons, Wolves and reunions the wait is over and winter is here!
The wait is finally over! Lannisters, Mother of Dragons, Arya, our beloved king in the North Jon Snow, the Imp, the Eunuch and everyone else are back in our lives one last time.
The thrill of downloading pirated version for most of us is the only option to watch Game of Thrones episodes, as I impatiently waited for the torrent to upload, I turned off the lights and started the last journey along with millions and millions of fans across the globe; connected to all these characters and favouring either the Starks or the Targerans or the Army of the Dead.
I'd like to start with the beginning of the episode with the credits, I'd recommend not to miss it, perfectly apt and will reflect on from where we have left.
The most enthralling part of this first episode is, it takes you back to the first season's first episode and there are so many scenes where you could feel that it's the beginning of the end. With the arrival of a new ruler and her army alongside her most trusted companions as once King Robert travelled to Westeros along with everyone else.
Game of Thrones season 8's first episode is packed with so many details that it gives you less time to reflect on the fast forwardness of all the reunions and the missing elements of how these characters were unable to spend more time reflecting on what they have gone through.
At least I'd like for most part to see these characters to converse more but there is no time, the dead are marching….
One of the most important element of this episode is of course Jon's status after he has given up his status as the king after Jon bended his knee and swore loyalty to the mother of dragons Queen Daenerys.
With no place to begin with and no royal status Jon is still pleading his kin folks, and Winterfell's main council to focus on the army of the dead marching instead of what title he needs to be given. You shall see how many people are still questioning his status as to why he'd bend the knee to Queen Daenerys. Then there are cold stares shared between Lady of Winterfell aka Sansa Stark and Queen Daenerys..
We see more of the other Queen in the South who has been anticipating the sell swords army sailing to fight her cause. Queen Cersei with no shred of worry about the dead marching is plotting her ways to retain her power across the seven kingdoms with the help of self-proclaimed King Euron Greyjoy.
Their chemistry in this episode shows that there is still no trust between them yet they both have one thing in common the thirst for keeping absolute power in their hands. In one part of the scene it seems Euron is making his way towards his goals than Cersei ever will be, since she's now in a very vulnerable state and is alone in this cause as we saw how she and her twin Jamie parted ways in the last season. And yes, she is plotting to kill/assassinate both her brothers.
As I said earlier, there were too many reunions packed in this one episode, the most shocking was the Sam Tarley's meeting with Queen Daenerys, I'll leave that part for the viewers to watch and reflect on it themselves. Some might say Danny's past mistakes are coming back and might sprung misunderstandings in between her and Jon, but for that we'd have to wait and see
There were more characters which we saw but they were kept in the background and were not included much in this episode. Having said that I'd say my favourite reunion was when Arya unites with some of the characters from her past in this episode her brother/cousin Jon, the Hound and Gendry.
Now let's talk about the missing parts of this episode, it was too crammed up for those GoT fans who have watched over and over again the past seasons. In previous episodes, you could see the chemistry between the characters and can make a subtle guesses about their experiences together even their body language was enough to understand how well they trust each other.
However, in this season's first episode it seemed as if the characters were only meeting up or stumbling up each other because they have to not because they were supposed to.
Second, too many enforced dialogues, there were none of the witty conversation or a smart comment from Tyrion there was one or maybe two but it was not enough. You could easily guess most of the parts of the episode unlike the past season's shocking death of little finger which swept most of us away; I couldn't find myself clenching on to the nearest pillow but I am excited and waiting for the next week's episode.
For now, I'd say I will watch the episode again, because I missed my favourite characters. And one more thing, I might be favouring the army of the dead marching, since they seem to have less of a concern for the ensnaring politics and plotting of assassinations; and are only moving ahead to destroy human kind…
We shall wait and see what the other episodes unfold…
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Бруно Хинце-Райнхольд (; ,  — , ) — немецкий пианист и музыкальный педагог.

Учился в Лейпцигской консерватории у Роберта Тайхмюллера, Альфреда Райзенауэра и Бруно Цвинчера. С 1901 г. преподавал в Берлинской высшей школе музыки. Как пианист был известен исполнением произведений Ференца Листа. Подготовил ряд изданий музыки Листа, Иоганна Себастьяна Баха и Вольфганга Амадея Моцарта, переложения четырёхручных пьес Франца Шуберта для двух фортепиано, в первое десятилетие XX века опубликовал ряд собственных песен. С 1913 г. преподавал в Веймарской школе музыки (среди его учеников, в частности, Вольфганг Розе). В 1916 году возглавил её, преследуя цель повысить её ранг до университетского. В 1930 г. планы Хинце-Райнхольда стали реальностью, но уже в 1934 г. власти сменили его во главе школы на более активного приверженца нацизма Феликса Оберборбека. Хинце-Райнхольд некоторое время работал в Берлине, а по окончании Второй мировой войны вернулся в Веймар, где продолжал преподавать до конца жизни. Делом жизни Хинце-Райнхольда было сохранение наследия Листа в Веймаре, он даже имел обыкновение появляться в гриме Листа.

Примечания

Пианисты Германии
Академические музыканты Германии
Музыкальные педагоги Германии

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Dave, the images you included are indeed very nice. But the broad availability of "processing software" you refer to has – in my mind – degraded the real beauty and value of photography. With Apple Photoshop, or Corel Paintshop, or any of the many other "editing" programs, you can fundamentally transform the photo you originally took, and make it into a better photo, or even a physically impossible image.
To some degree I agree with you. It is much easier now to do all sorts of crazy effects and change hues and other properties of the original image. However, it's really not too much different than film developing. Going back to when I shot on 35mm or medium format, the developing could (and often would) make or break a photograph. Using different specialized techniques, a developer could do many of the same things (alter hue, saturation, contrast, cropping, etc.) with the development of a film negative.
So, while there is still some skill needed in the digital developing process I do agree that it is easier. The art is still in the composition. The use of space, creating balance, light and shadows, etc.


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Phoenician Splendor & Turkish Delights
South of the bustling Lebanese capital–the alluring Beirut–is the ancient Phoenician city of Tyre. In its heyday it was a major center of international trade and commerce. From Tyre, Phoenician merchants and sailors sailed to present day Spain, Greece, and Tunisia. The ruins of the old city are remarkably intact and bear witness to centuries of invasions and cultural exchange. For more information please read Mohammed El Hebeishy's "Phoenicia Revived" You can also view several pictures of these imposing ancient ruins when accessing the provided link.
If Turkey is more to relevant to your interests, you should take a look at Susanne Güsten's recent article in the New York Times by clicking here. Turkey has undertaken steps to protect ancient Christian churches and monasteries, in particular those found in Anatolia. Restoration and preservation work has been conducted and tourists are flocking to these sites as a result.
By James Wiener
James Blake Wiener is the Communications Director at Ancient History Encyclopedia. Trained as a historian and researcher, and previously a professor, James is chiefly interested in cross-cultural exchange, world history, and international relations. Aside from his work at AHE, James is an avid Arabist, devotee of romance languages (French, Portuguese, and Spanish), reggaetoñero, and fan of ice hockey.
View all of James Wiener's posts.
Funerary Treasures from Ancient Egypt
Great Resource for [Ancient] Documentaries


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The bustling and modern Kuala Lumpur, which is home to the twin Petronas Towers (the world's tallest building) is Malaysia's capital. Top destination stops include Penang, Langkawi, Melaka and Tioman. Take a trip to Malaysia now.
Book your hotel room with asia-hotels-malaysia.com. .


BackMap, which came out of TechCrunch Disrupt NY's 2017 hackathon, is a backpack that vibrates to let you know when to turn right and when to turn left.
While walking outside, you could input your location via the app and have your backpack navigate you to the specified place, without needing to take out your phone. BackMap does this using Esri's PubNub block. Indoors, BackMap could utilize beacons to help people navigate to places like bathrooms and certain stores inside a mall.
"I think that's a pretty cool feature for people who are visually impaired, because if you walk into a store, you might not know how to navigate to certain places," Shashank Sharma told me after his team's presentation.
The BackMap which is currently in prototype mode, is equipped with Raspberry Pi-controlled motors in each strap. It only cost the team about $40 to create this haptic feedback system.
The BackMap team says they envision bringing the functionality to a smart watch or other wearable device down the road.


Using An LLC To Own An Aircraft: A Potential Trap For The Unwary.
Do you own your aircraft with a limited liability company ("LLC")? If the LLCs members and/or guests are flying on the aircraft, are you confident that you have structured your ownership and operation in a way that complies with the regulations? If not, you may want to reevaluate how you are doing things and seek some help to address your situation, and to bring your ownership/operation into compliance. With the FAA's increased focus on "illegal charter", "Part 134 1/2 operations", and "flight department companyies", improper structuring of aircraft ownership and operation can leave you in a position with lots of explaining to do to the FAA, and that could result in some unpleasant consequences.
Using an LLC to own an aircraft is perfectly legitimate. And the LLCs' members and guests can use/fly on the aircraft, provided that things are structured the right way. If you would like to learn more on this issue, please read my latest article on the topic: Are You Using A Limited Liability Company To Own An Aircraft And Fly The Company's Members/Guests? Be Careful.
Can A Private Pilot Share Expenses With A Passenger?
Yes, in certain circumstances. FAR 61.113(a) tells us that "no person who holds a private pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft that is carrying passengers or property for compensation or hire; nor may that person, for compensation or hire, act as pilot in command of an aircraft." Fortunately, that isn't the end of the story. In addition to other exceptions, Section 61.113(c) says "[a] private pilot may not pay less than the pro rata share of the operating expenses of a flight with passengers, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or rental fees."
Operating expenses fuel and oil consumed on a flight and ramp or tie-down fees at the destination airport, or if the aircraft is rented from an FBO or other third-party, the hourly rental fee plus the cost of fuel, if that is not included in the rental fee. These expenses may be shared. However indirect expenses such as insurance, maintenance, depreciation or other capital costs (e.g. costs of ownership) can not be shared.
Although the amount the pilot and passenger(s) must each pay doesn't need to be calculated penny for penny, according to the FAA if the private pilot pays less than an equal share of the total operating costs or flight, the FAA will assume the private pilot was not actually sharing expenses. So, if you divide the total allowed costs for the flight by the number of people in the aircraft during the flight that should get you close enough to satisfy the FAA.
Also, don't forget that the private pilot and passengers must have a common purpose for the flight as well: they must be flying to the same destination for a common reason. If the private pilot doesn't have any business at the destination, that wouldn't be a common purpose flight. Similarly, building flight time or getting flight instruction isn't a common purpose unless that is the purpose of the passenger(s) as well.
So, as a private pilot you have the opportunity to share expenses in certain limited situations. But if you don't meet the requirements of those exceptions and the FAA finds out, you could be looking at a certificate action.
Flight School Security Awareness Training: Are You In Compliance?
After 9/11, the TSA determined that flight schools and flight instructors were in a position to help provide security in the aviation environment. As a result, the TSA enacted regulations requiring both flight schools and independent CFIs to receive security awareness training so they could assist in the security functions at general aviation airports.
Unfortunately, security awareness training isn't usually a high priority for flight schools or CFIs. In fact, most haven't even reviewed the regulations to understand exactly what the TSA expects from them. And that could be a problem when a TSA inspector comes to perform an audit of the flight school's or CFI's security awareness training program and records.
So, to help flight schools and CFIs understand their obligations, how to satisfy those requirements, and the potential risks if they are not in compliance, I have written an article to help. You can learn more about this topic by reading my latest article: Flight School Security Awareness Training – Make Sure You Are Both Current And Compliant To Avoid TSA Sanctions.


Are you offering Free or Paid resources to you visitors on your WordPress site? In this write up you will find a great way that will help you to setup a system, with a tweet button which requires your users and readers to tweet about your website before downloading the content. This is something very useful and productive especially when you own a site, from which people can download and upload files.
This is a proper and legal way to get free publicity across one of the biggest social networks. Another advantage is that most people have connected their Twitter account with their Facebook account so automatically when they tweet about your site, their Facebook status also gets updated and in short, you get double publicity. Isn't it awesome?
If you are a newbie to Twitter, following is the complete and excellent explanation about Twitter "Complete Guide to Twitter", Free download just simply signing up to our newsletter.
How to get the Twitter button?
You can get the pay with a tweet button up and running by just downloading and installing a WordPress Plugin on your site from the WordPress dashboard. Half of the work is done here.
This plugin does not need services of others, unless of course Twitter. Create buttons so that your visitors can download files after posting on his twitter the message you choose. You can display different buttons using shortcodes or the widget included.
Lots of plugins and scripts allow you to implement Pay with a Like, or Pay with a Tweet, but some of them are not flexible and they do not allow for total customization. Small code modifications enable the user to edit everything inside.
For a WordPress site, though, you need dynamic content and you need to be able to display the social payment module just by adding a simple shortcode.
The Social Payments plugin for WordPress allows customization of Facebook page, Google+ page, Twitter text, link and hashtags details. It also uses HTML5 version of all social scripts and very clean source code for theme compatibility.
If you have a blog that provides downloads, this plugin is the perfect twitter marketing tool for you. Tweet2Download allows you to require a tweet and a follow in exchange for a download or a content snippet on your blog. It effectively asks your users to "pay" with a tweet for free content on your blog, making it a very powerful viral marketing tool.
The plugin is well suited for blogs that offer music, videos, tips & tricks, ezines, software, code, design creatives, tutorials, torrent files, download links or any kind of downloads/content for that matter.
The configuration of one the above WordPress plugin has to be done manually. It is not a very hard task, but you'll need to read this article to get done with this carefully, and also hard work always pays in the end, am I right?
You have to create a twitter app and then you will get a secret key and consumer key both of which will be entered in the plugin configuration page from your WordPress dashboard.
How to create a Twitter app?
First, go to Twitter Developer site and if you already have a twitter account then login in using your Twitter login otherwise you will have to make a new one. After you have logged in to your account, on the bar on top click on your name and a drop down menu will appear having a "my applications" tab. Click on the tab and then click on create a new application.
Now you would see a new application form, fill in the details which are asked. Give a name to your application; it can be any and a description too. Then enter you website URL on which you have to put the pay with a tweet button. In the callback URL, add the URL which is provided by the pay with a tweet button. Finally, you have to agree with the terms and conditions and press the "Create your Twitter application".
The application is now created and you will be redirected to the dashboard area. Change the access of your app to read and write. Save your app, and click on OAuth to see your secret key and consumer key, copy these keys and paste it into your plugin.
Go to upload files tab and upload the file which users will be able to download after tweeting. The uploaded file can be managed by going to the manage files tab.
Go to the new payment tab and enter the title following by the tweet you wish users should send, when the button is clicked.
Now add an image to use for the button and select the file which would be downloaded by the user, then click on create payment button to make it work.
All the hard work is done, you just have to copy the shortcode generated by the pay with a tweet plugin for your button which is beside your button in the manage buttons tab. Just paste this code on and page or post and after publishing it, you will see your pay with a tweet button up and running. It wasn't too difficult to add this amazing feature to your site, eh?
If you have face any problem for setting up a Twitter application specially required for developing help it to work within a WordPress, do mention it in the comments or ask on WPArena's Twitter page, and I must get back to you as soon as I can.


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Man Fakes Own Death To Break Engagement
August 18th should have been the day of Alex Lanchester's dreams.
It was the date she and fiance Tucker Blandford had set to tie the knot. That was, till he faked his own death.
The pair first met while Lanchester was studying abroad in the US.
The 23-year-old said they instantly hit it off, with Blandford an absolute gentleman who showered her with gifts and celebrated their anniversary each month.
A year after they first met, and as Lanchester prepared to return home to the UK, Blandford proposed, promising to visit her the next month.
While Blandford never fulfilled that promise, he encouraged his fiance to start making plans for August 15 and told her to start shopping for a dress.
According to The Mirror, she had preparations underway, spending £600 on invitations a photographer and other essentials.
"I went all out even though I had hardly any money," she said.
Then, just a week before Blandford was scheduled to once again visit Lanchester, she received a call that would shatter her dreams.
"I picked up my phone and there was a man saying he was Tucker's dad. He told me Tucker had been deeply depressed and wanted to die, so had thrown himself in front of a car," she told The Daily Mail.
However when a devastated Lanchester decided to call back and talk to his mother, she found out he was alive and well.
To add to the heartbreak, his mother revealed she thought the pair had broken up when Lanchester returned to the UK.
That was when she realised it was Blandford who, pretending to be his dad, had broken the news of his own death.
According to The Daily Mail, Blandford says he was scared that things were moving so fast.
"I'm a terrible, awful person. I know I shouldn't have told her I was dead, but I didn't know what else to do," he said.
We're thinking Lanchester's probably better off without him!
Want more? Here's one of our fave moments from Jase & PJ – they're always up to something! Weekdays from 6AM on KIIS 101.1!
Parents Warned Over Product That Could Make Kids Go Blind


In April, the Michigan Legislature passed a law that allows a homeowner to claim an additional Homestead Exemption (for up to three years). Here's how.
If you buy a home and move into it (making your "new" home your principal residence) and place your old home on the market for sale, you get an extra Homestead Exemption for your old home as long as it remains for sale and is not rented or occupied.
What are the savings? Let's assume you have an Ann Arbor home with a taxable value of $125,000. Your real estate taxes with the Homestead Exemption would be $5,774 and without the exemption are $7,398. The extra exemption saves you $1,624 per year.
PLANNING NOTE: A special form called the "Conditional Rescission of Principal Residence Exemption", Form 4640 claiming the extra exemption must be filed with the local real estate taxing authority (in our example, the City of Ann Arbor) by May 1st. This form must be filed each year for a maximum of 3 years.


Participated in the 28th Annual ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest (ACM 2003) which was held in Kuwait.
Participated in the 29th Annual ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest (ACM 2004) which was held in Kuwait and awarded the solid programmers title.
Earned the 5th place in the 8th International competition of Science, Mathematics, Astronomy and Computer Science (Quanta 2002) which was held in India .
Earned the 2nd place in the 7th International competition of Science, Mathematics, Astronomy and Computer Science (Quanta 2001) which was held in India .
In 2004, the center supervised the AAST teams during the Egyptian competition in ROBOTICS (Robocon-Egypt 2004) and earned the 1st and 4th places among 40 teams and awarded the best scientific creativity.
In 2003, the center supervised the AAST teams during the Egyptian competition in ROBOTICS (Robocon-Egypt 2003) and earned the 1st, 2nd and 3rd places among 24 teams.
In 2002, the center supervised the AAST teams during the Egyptian competition in ROBOTICS (Robocon-Egypt 2002) and earned the 2nd place.
In 2006, the center supervised the AAST teams during the Egyptian competition in ROBOTICS (Robocon-Egypt 2006) and earned the 1st and 2nd places beside the best design award.
The AAST Robocon team won a special award from MABUCHI MOTOR-Japan, robocon 2006 - Malysia.
Earned The 3rd place in the 30th Annual ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest (ACM 2005) which was held in Kuwait .
Earned The 5th place in the 29th Annual ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest (ACM 2004) which was held in Kuwait and awarded the solid programmers title .
Earned The 4th place in the 28th Annual ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest (ACM 2003) which was held in Kuwait .
Earned 1st place in the 31st Annual ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest (ACM 2006) which was held in Morocco and awarded the solid programmers title.
Earning the first international medal for Egypt in the international Olympiad IOI 2005 in Poland .
Earning the second international medal (Bronze medal) for Egypt in the international Olympiad IOI 2006 in Mexico.


Look through the profiles of Member members that have joined Tattoo Dating Site that are tagged with Yoga. Talking to other singles who have similar interests is a pefect way to come up with ideas to do on a first date. Register for a 100% Free Profile to Find your perfect match!


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BMI Salutes its Top Songwriters for the 2021 BMI Country Awards
From News, posted 11.15.21 BMI proudly paid tribute to the best in songwriting for its 69th Annual BMI Country Awards. The top songwriters, publishers and administrators of the previous year's most-performed Country songs were celebrated across all BMI digital and social channels. Songwriter/producer Jesse Frasure was named Songwriter of the Year, "One of Them… Read more...
What's Hot—and What's Not In Songwriting
From MusicWorld, posted 7.23.21 I was recently asked how the tools and techniques I teach today differ from those I have taught in the past. Have I noticed any recent changes in successful songs and in the processes of writing them? I looked back over the thirty years that I have been teaching songwriting,… Read more...
BMI Celebrates the 2021 Pop Awards
From News, posted 5.10.21 BMI proudly celebrates the 69th Annual BMI Pop Awards, recognizing the songwriters, publishers and administrators of the previous year's most-performed pop songs in the United States across radio and digital streaming platforms. All winners were announced in a special online celebration and on BMI's social channels, including the recipients of… Read more...
From News, posted 11.09.20 BMI paid tribute to the best in songwriting for its 68th Annual BMI Country Awards. The top songwriters, publishers and administrators of the previous year's most-performed Country songs were celebrated across BMI's digital and social channels. Major award winners for Song of the Year, Songwriter of the Year and Publisher… Read more...
BMI Celebrates its 2020 London Awards Winners
From News, posted 10.05.20 BMI today paid tribute to the top UK and European songwriters, composers and music publishers of the most-performed songs of the previous year with the 2020 BMI London Awards. Honourees for Song of the Year, Million-Air Awards, Top 30 Pop Songs and Film, TV & Visual Media were celebrated across… Read more...
BMI Congratulates its 2020 ACM Nominees
From News, posted 2.28.20 The nods are out for the 55th annual ACM Awards with BMI songwriters poised to win big again this year. Leading the pack are Maren Morris and Thomas Rhett, who each received a resounding five nominations. Blake Shelton and Luke Combs were also awarded four and three nods, respectively, with… Read more...
Indie Spotlight: Liza Owen
From News, posted 11.18.19 Practicing a sultry blend of soulful pop, British-Cambodian siren Liza Owen is being feted as the U.K.'s next big breakout pop star. While singles like "Better With Me," "Somebody New," "Fallin" and "Don't Call Me Baby" have been turning heads, Owen signed a worldwide publishing deal with Reservoir, and has… Read more...
Noel Gallagher and World's Top Songwriters Honored at 2019 BMI London Awards
From News, posted 10.21.19 Tonight, BMI honored Noel Gallagher with the BMI President's Award at the 2019 BMI London Awards. Guests included Raye, who also performed her brand new track, "Love Me Again," and who was recognized with the BMI Impact Award (a brand new award for 2019). Anne-Marie and Niall Horan also attended… Read more...
SXSW Indie Spotlight: Liza Owen
From News, posted 2.27.19 Practicing a sultry blend of soulful pop, British-Cambodian siren Liza Owen is being feted as possibly the UK's next big breakout pop star. While singles like "Better With Me," "Somebody New," "Fallin" and "Don't Call Me Baby" have been turning heads, Owen signed a worldwide publishing deal with Reservoir, and… Read more...
Steve Cropper Receives BMI Icon Award at 2018 BMI Country Awards
From News, posted 11.13.18 BMI proudly presented its 2018 BMI Country Awards this evening, honoring the prolific musical career of BMI Icon Award recipient Steve Cropper, as well as the Country Songwriter, Song and Publisher of the Year. The 66th annual event, which is the genre's oldest awards ceremony, also celebrated the songwriters and… Read more...
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I've been mowing since I was 15 on and off with my families industrial mowing company, I'm now in my late 30's. I'm a qualified Horticulturalist and Arborist. I've been running a tree care business since 2006. In 2015 I decided to get back into mowing and do the trees as a side gig when mowing is quiet. I've got some good government and big company contracts. I've also been trying to get an acreage mowing run going and was wondering what other acreage contractors do to get this sort of work ie. advertising, how to set up a run, how big an area to cover.


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Long Beach Legal Malpractice Lawyer
It is almost unimaginable. First, you are the victim of a personal injury accident, then your lawyer negligently handles the case, and once again you are a victim. If you received inadequate representation, Michael D. Waks is a legal malpractice lawyer in Long Beach who can review your case for free and help you plot the way forward.
Personal injury attorneys are generally dedicated to protecting their clients' legal rights and fighting for the maximum compensation. Sometimes, however, lawyers make mistakes, often as a result of incompetence or inexperience. You should not have to pay for those mistakes.
If you think a personal injury lawyer mishandled your case in a way that changed the outcome, contact Michael D. Waks for a free case review. Michael is uniquely qualified to represent victims of legal malpractice. Because Michael Waks also specializes in personal injury cases, he can easily identify where mistakes were made. Call (888) 394-1174 to learn more.
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Bad lawyering is not necessarily legal malpractice. Legal malpractice exists when a lawyer is negligent in handling a case.
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The Law Office of Michael D. Waks has significant experience handling legal malpractice claims in Long Beach and throughout Southern California. Michael Waks believes lawyers who negligently represent their clients need to be held accountable for the harm they caused.
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Legal malpractice lawyer Michael D. Waks has more than 38 years of experience overseeing personal injury claims and has earned an AV Preeminent rating from the Martindale-Hubbell attorney ratings information service—the highest peer rating standard awarded. Michael provides free consultations to victims of legal malpractice, and he will not charge any fees unless your case is successful.
Michael D. Waks has a track record of success both in and out of court, helping his clients secure multiple six- and seven-figure financial awards. If you would like to schedule a free initial consultation, reach out to us at (888) 394-1174.


PTA-FLA, Inc. dba Clear Talk, has asked the FCC to clarify the tribal consultation process, concerning the obligations of companies constructing or modifying tower structures under the provisions of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act and the National Programmatic Agreement.
Under Section 106, the FCC began the Tower Construction Notification System in 2004 alert preservationists and tribal communities of a tower that was proposed in an area in which they have stated an interest. PTA-FLA asserts that tribes have recently expanded the number areas where they have an interest, which multiplies the number reviews required of the tower construction company.
"The way the system is set up is extremely, extremely inefficient because it requires such a broad outreach to tribes, which are obligated to oversee the construction. Way, way too many people looking at too many things that end up having very little relevance to anything," said Donald J. Evans, member, Fletcher, Heald & Hildreth, which filed the Petition of Declaratory Ruling.
At the same time, tribes are increasing charging higher fees to review proposed towers and monitor construction in their areas of interest.
Evans said PTA-FLA would like to see the FCC make the tribal consultation process more efficient by narrowing the scope entities that would be consulted.
"Given the miniscule number of sites that are actually found to affect Indian burial grounds as a percentage of sites reviewed, the process seems to not only be addressing a problem that does not exist, but is actually creating a new problem by delaying the construction of the tower infrastructure needed to deliver broadband to unserved or underserved areas," PTA-FLA's filing said.