The Archdiocese of Bologna is a metropolitan archbishopric of the Catholic Church in northern Italy. The cathedra is in the cathedral church of San Pietro in Bologna. The current Archbishop is Matteo Zuppi who was installed in 2015.
Aerial view of Bologna Cathedral.
Blessed Niccolò Albergati, bishop in 1417–1443.
Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere, then Pope Julius II, bishop in 1483–1499.
Cardinal Gabriele Paleotti, first archbishop, in 1582–1597.
Cardinal Scipione Borghese, archbishop in 1610–1612.
The archdiocese has the following suffragan dioceses: the Diocese of Imola, the Diocese of Faenza-Modigliana, and the Archdiocese of Ferrara-Comacchio.
A detailed list of the various governments that have ruled Bologna is provided by Giovanni Battista Guidicini. In 1527, the Holy See became the absolute ruler of Bologna, and was represented by a Legatus a latere and a Vice-Legate. On 22 February 1530, Pope Clement VII crowned the Emperor Charles V as Holy Roman Empire, the last such event in history.
The bishopric of Bologna was founded in the 3rd century.
Originally it was a suffragan (under the supervision) of the diocese of Milan, but at the end of the 5th century became a suffragan of Ravenna. Because of the schism of the Antipope Clement III, Pope Paschal II, at the Council of Guastalla in October 1106, released Bologna from obedience to the church of Ravenna, and made it directly dependent on the papal See; but on 7 August 1118 Pope Gelasius II restored the previous status. Bishop Victor, therefore, enjoyed the privilege of being consecrated a bishop by Pope Paschal II in 1108. But when he came to die in 1129, the Bolognese resisted the demands of Archbishop Gualterius of Ravenna that he should consecrate the newly elected Bishop Henricus. The papal Legate, Gerardus of S. Croce in Gerusalemme, heard the dispute in his court on 13 April 1130, and Archbishop Gualterius established his right to consecrate the bishops of Bologna.
In 973, Bishop Albertus participated in a provincial synod of the ecclesiastical province of Ravenna, presided over by Archbishop Honestus, and held in the village of Marzalia in the diocese of Parma. Bishop Albertus complained to the assembly that his diocese was so poor that he was not able to sustain his clergy or his churches, on top of which Bishop Ubertus of Parma had taken control of certain territories near Parma which were the property of the diocese of Bologna. Ubertus replied that he had received them from his predecessors. The Archbishop and bishops agreed with the Bishop of Parma, chastised Albertus for raising the subject in the synod, and ordering both parties not to raise the matter again.
A major earthquake struck Bologna on Christmas Day, 1222, causing the vaults of the cathedral ceiling to collapse. Another severe earthquake occurred on 21 April 1223, centered at Cremona; and a third centered in Bologna in 1229.
In the winter of 1410, Pope Alexander V and the Papal Court arrived in Bologna, on their way from Pistoria (where plague had been detected) toward Rome, which had fallen to papal forces on 1 January 1410. Alexander died, however, while he was still in Bologna, on 4 May, waiting for the pacification of Rome and its neighborhood. A Conclave therefore took place in Bologna, beginning on 14 May and concluding on 17 May with the election of Cardinal Baldassare Cossa, the Legate of Bologna, who took the name John XXIII.
Pope Leo X visited Bologna from 8 December 1515 through 18 February 1516, where he held negotiations with King Francis I of France. Their talks resulted in the abrogation of the French Pragmatic Sanction and the conclusion of a new Concordat between the Papacy and France.
In 1568, as one of his efforts to implement the decrees of the Council of Trent, Bishop Gabriele Paleotti established the diocesan seminary of Bologna.
In 1582 the diocese of Bologna was raised to the status of a metropolitan archbishopric by Pope Gregory XIII in the bull Universi orbis of 10 December 1582, which removed it from the ecclesiastical province of Ravenna. It was assigned as suffragans the diocese of Faenza and the diocese of Imola. In a decree of the Vatican Sacred Congregation of Bishops of 8 December 1976, a new arrangement of certain dioceses in ecclesiastical provinces was announced; the diocese of Ferrara was made a suffragan of the Archbishop of Bologna, though the Archbishop of Ferrara was allowed to keep the title of archbishop.
Nine of the early bishops have been recognized as saints in popular culture, and three other bishops and three archbishops have been elected to the Papacy as Pope Innocent VII (1404), Pope Nicholas V (1447), Pope Julius II (1503), Pope Gregory XV (1621), Pope Benedict XIV (1740) and Pope Benedict XV (1914).
Bishop Adalfredus (after 1031 – 1055) suffered many sleepless nights, worried about the number and behavior of his Canons and their hangers-on. Finally, exasperated, he acted. On 16 August 1045, citing decrees of the holy Fathers that in each Church clerics should be ordained in accordance with the ability of that church to support those clerics ministering at the altar, he issued a decree in which he limited the number of Canons in the Cathedral of Bologna to fifty. Specifically mentioned are the Archpriest, the Cantor, and the Archdeacon. To support them, he granted them three parts of the ten percent tithe which was the episcopal income.
The Canons of the Cathedral Chapter were, according to information laid before the pope, interfering with the jurisdiction of the Archdeacon of Bologna. On 28 March 1219, Pope Honorius III wrote to the clergy and people to support the Archdeacon against the rebellion of the Canons. So that the Church of Bologna might not be despoiled of its rights if there were no person in the Chapter to have oversight of it, on 22 April 1219 Honorius granted the Archdeacons of Bologna full and free administration, spiritual and temporal, to correct and reform and decide matters. In separate letters, the Pope warned the Chapter and the Bishop not to interfere with the legitimate and canonical rights and jurisdiction of the Archdeacon.
In 1687, the Chapter of the Cathedral of S. Peter was composed of four dignities and sixteen Canons. In 1842 there were eignteen Canons. The dignities were: the Archdeacon, the Archpriest, the Provost, and the Primicerius.
A diocesan synod was an irregularly held, but important, meeting of the bishop of a diocese and his clergy. Its purpose was (1) to proclaim generally the various decrees already issued by the bishop; (2) to discuss and ratify measures on which the bishop chose to consult with his clergy; (3) to publish statutes and decrees of the diocesan synod, of the provincial synod, and of the Holy See.
In 1535, a diocesan synod was held by Bishop Agostino Zanetti, the suffragan bishop of Bologna under Cardinal Alessandro Campeggio (1526–1553), and another in 1547. Cardinal Gabriele Paleotti (1566–1597) held a diocesan synod on 16 October 1566,, another in 1580,and another in 1594.
Cardinal Alessandro Ludovisi (1612–1621) held a diocesan synod on 11 June 1620. Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi (1621–1632) held a Congregationn of the diocese's archpriests on 9 March 1623, and then a diocesan synod on 8 June 1623. He held another on 30 May 1624. On 8 June 1634, Cardinal Girolamo Colonna (1632–1645) held a diocesan synod. Cardinal Girolamo Boncompagni (1651–1684) presided over a diocesan synod on 15 October 1654. Cardinal Giacomo Boncompagni (1690–1731) presided over a diocesan synod in Bologna on 17–19 June 1698. A diocesan synod was held in Bologna by Cardinal Andrea Giovanetti (1775–1800) on 2–4 September 1788.
Cardinal Giacomo Lercaro held a synod in 1962.
In 1586, Cardinal Paleotti held the first provincial synod of the ecclesiastical province of Bologna.
An old list of the bishops of Bologna, found along with the records of the synod of 1310, and perhaps compiled around that time, exists. The following is a list of the bishops and archbishops of Bologna from 313 to the present day.
^ G. B. Guidicini, Cose notabili della città di Bologna, II (Bologna 1869), pp. 415-422.
^ Kehr, pp. 244, 249. Tomba, pp. 39-40.
^ Kehr, p. 250, no. 20. Guidicini, pp. 18-19 (wrongly giving the month of March).
^ J. D. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XIX (Venice: A. Zatta 1774, p. 41. Savioli, Annali Bolognesi I.i, p. 115; I.ii, pp. 56-57. Guidicini, p. 8.
^ Mario Baratta (1901). I terremoti d'Italia: Saggio di storia, geografia e bibliografia sismica italiana (in Italian). Turin: Fratelli Bocca. pp. 30–31, 721. Guidicini, Cose notabili della città di Bologna, IV (Bologna 1872), p. 162, also gives the date of 1222. Cappelletti, p. 499, dates the Christmas earthquake to 1223.
^ Hermann Blumenthal, "Johann XXIII., seine Wahl und seine Persönlichkeit. Eine Quellenuntersuchung," Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte 21 (Gotha 1901), 488-516, at 491-492. Ferdinand Gregorovius, History of Rome in the Middle Ages, Volume VI. 2, second edition revised (London: George Bell, 1906) [Book XII, chapter 5], pp. 607-622.
^ Gaetano Moroni (1840). Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni ... (in Italian). Tipografia Emiliana. pp. 299–300. Jules Thomas, Le concordat de 1516, ses origines, son histoire au XVIe siècle (Paris: Picard 1910), pp. 307-343.
^ Gius. di Gio. Battista Guidicini (1870). Cose notabili della Città di Bologna ossia Storia cronologica de'suoi stabili pubblici e privati (in Italian). Volume I. Bologna: Tipogr. delle Scienze di Gius. Vitali. p. 200. P. Prodi, "The Application of the Tridentine Decrees: the Organization of the diocese of Bologna during the episcopate of Cardinal Gabriele Paleotti," in: E. Cochrane (ed.), The Late Italian Renaissance 1525–1630, (London: Palgrave Macmillan 1970), p. 232.
^ Bullarum diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum Romanorum pontificum Taurinensis editio (in Latin). Tomus octavus (8). Turin: Franco et Dalmazzo. 1863. pp. 401–404, § 4. Gabriele Paleotti (1583). Erectio archiepiscopatus Bononiensis facta a sanctissimo D.N. Gregorio XIII. anno 1582 (in Latin). Bologna: apud Ioannem Rossium. , containing the Cardinal's inaugural sermon and the text of Gregory XIII's bull.
^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis Vol. LXIX (Città del Vaticano: Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis 1977), pp. 157-158: Ferrariensem Ecclesiam, quin aliquid immutetur de archiepiscopali dignitate, Metropolitanae Ecclesiae Bononiensi adnectit.
^ Savioli, Annali Bolognesi I.ii, pp. 88-90. Cappelletti, pp. 479-483. Guidicini, p. 11.
^ Savioli, II.ii, p. 403, no. 465 (and cf. p. 402, no. 464). August Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum I (Berlin: Rudolf v. Decker 1874), p. 529, no. 6047, 6048, 6049.
^ Ritzler-Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 124, note 1.
^ Benedictus XIV (1842). "Lib. I. caput secundum. De Synodi Dioecesanae utilitate". Benedicti XIV ... De Synodo dioecesana libri tredecim (in Latin). Tomus primus. Mechlin: Hanicq. pp. 42–49. John Paul II, Constitutio Apostolica de Synodis Dioecesanis Agendis (March 19, 1997): Acta Apostolicae Sedis 89 (1997), pp. 706-727.
^ Constitutiones Synodales Bononien. m . d . xxxv (publicatae per Augustinum de Zanettis Episc. Sebasten. Vicarium et Suffraganeum Bonon.). (Bononiae, per Fine Bonardum etc., 1535).
^ Oratio habita ad Patres Synodi Bononiae congregatos in festo penthecostes, sacrifitium peragente R.mo Cardinale s. Crucis, apostolicae sedis Legato, per fratrem Franciscum Salazar, Ord. Min. Observ. (excudebat Magistcr Bartholomaeus de Bonardo, 1547). Ordinationi publicate nella Sinodo Diocesana di Bologna... il di 16 d'ottobre 1566 (In Bologna, per Giovanni Rossi).
^ Gabriele Paleotti (1580). Episcopale Bononiensis ciuitatis, et diocesis (in Italian and Latin). Bologna: Alessandro Benacci.
^ J.-D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XXXVIbis (Paris: Hubert Welter 1913), pp. 393, 799. Gabriele Paleotti (1594). Archiepiscopale Bononiense Sive De Bononiensis Ecclesiae Administratione (in Latin). Rome: Zanetti.
^ Rinovatione di alcuni ordini, altre volte pubblicati di commissione dell' illustrissimo et reverendissimo sig. Cardinale Ludovisio, arcivescovo di Bologna et principe, fatta nella sinodo dioecesana celebrata alli 11 di giugno MDCXX. In Bologna per Vittore Benacci 1620. Umberto Mazzone (2012). "Il Seicento nell'episcopato bolognese". Governare lo Stato e curare le anime (in Italian). libreriauniversitaria.it ed. pp. 148–149. ISBN 978-88-6292-315-6.
^ J.-D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XXXVIter (Arnhem and Leipzig: Hubert Welter 1924), pp. 96, 97.
^ Ordini nel Sinodo diocesano celebrato nel dì 30. di Maggio 1624.
^ Girolamo Colonna (1634). Prima synodus dioecesana Bononiensis... 1634 celebrata (in Latin). Bologna: Victor Benatio.
^ Girolamo Boncompagni (1676). Prima synodus dioecesana ab illustriss. & reuerendiss. Domino, D. Hieronymo Boncompagno archiepiscopo Bononiae, & Sacri Romani Imperij principe celebrata Idibus Octobris. Anno domini 1654 (in Latin). Bologna: typis haeredis Victorij Benatij. Mansi, Tomus XXXVIter], p. 331.
^ Arcidiocesi di Bologna (1699). Synodus dioecesana ab eminentiss. et reverendiss. d d. Jacobo tituli S. Mariae in Via S.R.E. presbytero cardinali Boncompagno Bononiae archiepiscopo, et Sacri Romani Imperii principe celebrata in Metropolitana Bononiensi diebus decimaseptima, decimaoctava, et decimanona Junii. Anno Domini 1698.... moderante (in Latin). Bologna: ex Archiepiscopali typographia Manolessiana. Mansi, Tomus XXXVIter], p. 699.
^ Andrea Giovannetti (1788). Synodus dioecesana Bononiensis ab eminentissimo et reverendissimo domino D. Andrea Joannetto ... celebrata diebus 2. 3. et 4. Septembris ann. 1788 (in Latin). Bologna: Longhi et Vulpe.
^ Archidiocesi di Bologna, Piccolo sinodo diocesano 1962 (Bologna: UTOA, 1963).
^ Antonio di Paolo Masini (1666). Bologna perlustrata (in Italian). Parte terza. Bologna: Vittorio Benacci. p. 225.
^ Giovanni Crisostomo Trombelli (1755). Cypriani, Hilarii, aliorumque veterum patrum latinorum opuscula nunc primum edita. Corciolani. Lanzoni, p. 783.
^ Chiesa di Bologna, Cronotassi dei Vescovi ed Arcivescovi diocesani; retrieved: 28 December 2018.
^ Lanzoni, pp. 784-785. The episcopal list and an inscription refer to Bishop Zama as the first bishop of Bologna. Carlo Sigonio (p. 9) dated him c. 270. Writers of the 17th and 18th centuries postulated nine or ten bishops before Bishop Zama, out of local patriotism and without evidence.
^ The date of Faustianus, as he is called in the episcopal list, depends on his identification with a Bishop Faustinus of an unnamed diocese who did not attend the Council of Sardica in 342. Lanzoni, p. 785, no. 2.
^ Eusebius was present at the Synod of Aquileia in 381. He was a friend of Archbishop Ambrose of Milan, and the recipient of several dedications. Lanzoni, p. 785, no. 5.
^ Felix was a deacon of the Church of Milan, attested in 394 and 397. His episcopacy therefore is later than that date, and before the accession of Petronius in 431. Lanzoni, p. 787, no. 7.
^ Parthenianus was a bishop of Fano. Lanzoni, p. 788, no. 10.
^ A letter of Pope Gelasius I is addressed to a bishop Iocundus. Lanzoni, p. 789, no. 16, doubts that the addressee is Iocundus of Bologna, but rather Iocundus of Ravenna.
^ Bishop Luminosus was present at the Roman synod of Pope Martin I in October 649, and subscribed its decrees. Lanzoni, p. 789, no. 25.
^ Adelbertus, Albertus: In 955 he participated in a provincial synod. In 967–968 he was present in Ravenna with Pope John XIII and the Emperor Otto I. In 973 he took part in the provincial synod of the ecclesiastical province of Ravenna, which met at Marzalis. On 16 July 983, he participated in an imperial assembly in Ravenna. Schwartz, p. 162.
^ Bishop Giovanni is first noted in a document of 997: Ludovico-Vittorio Savioli (1784). Annali Bolognesi (in Italian and Latin). Vol. I, Part. II. Bassano. p. 66. On 1 May 998 he attended the provincial synod of Archbishop Gerbert of Ravenna. Guidicini, p. 8, states that his name is found in the archives of the monastery of S. Stefano from 997 to 1012. Schwartz, p. 163.
^ In the dedication of an altar on 12 May 1045, he is called Hedelfridus. In a document of the same year he signs his name Adalfredus. Cappelletti, p. 479-480.
^ Bishop Sigifredus, a German, became bishop of Bologna through the (simoniacal) agency of the Emperor Henry IV, whose party he supported in opposition to Pope Gregory VII. He was excommunicated in the Roman synod of 11 February 1079. He was present at the schismatical council summoned on 25 June 1080 by the Emperor, at which Gregory VII was excommunicated and Archbishop Wibert of Ravenna named pope under the name of Clement III. He died of a plague in 1085. Amorini & Bosi, pp. 215-216. Kehr, p. 248, no. 13.
^ Gerardus was the Gregorian bishop. A certain Pietro was the schismatic imperial bishop. Schwartz, p. 165.
^ Writing from Pavia on 19 September 1096, as he was returning from France, Pope Urban II commended to the Catholics of Bologna Bishop Bernardus, whom he had consecrated with his own hands. He died on 15 April 1104, according to his tomb inscription in S. Stefano. Guidicini, p. 16 (with the wrong year). Kehr, p. 248, no. 14. Schwartz, p. 165.
^ Bishop Victor first appears in a document dated 7 May 1105. He was a supporter of Pope Gelasius II against the Ghibbelines. He died on 27 September 1129. Sigonio, p. 78 (who says that Victor resigned the diocese to Henricus in 1129). Guidicini, pp. 16-17. Schwartz, p. 165 (who states that he died in 1130).
^ Bishop Henricus was consecrated in mid-April 1130 by Archbishop Gualterius of Ravenna. He is found in a document of 13 January 1144. In May 1144 Bishop Enrico was in Rome and obtained the confirmation of the privileges of the church of Bologna from Pope Lucius II. Kehr, p. 250, no. 20, no. 22. Guidicini, pp. 18-19 (wrongly giving the month of March). According to Sigonio, p. 80, Enrico died in 1145; in July, according to Cappelletti, III, p. 491.
^ Gerardo was the son of Alberto Grassi, a lawyer. He was a Canon Regular of S. Giovanni in Monte, and a Canon of the Cathedral Chapter. In August 1148, Pope Eugene III wrote to Bishop Gerardo, thanking him for his help in getting the people of Bologna to support the people of Nonantola, who were being attacked by Modena (Kehr, p. 250, no. 24). He was present at the Diet of Roncaglia in 1158. In 1161 at the schismatic council of Lodi, the antipope Victor IV proclaimed his deposition, and appointed one Samuel in his place. The Necrology of S. Giovanni in Monte registered his death on 8 August 1165. Guidicini, pp. 21-23. Cappelletti, pp. 491-493. Gams, p. 676 column 1, places the beginning of his episcopate in 1145. Prodi & Paolini, p. 385, place it in 1148 (or perhaps that is the date of earliest attested reference).
^ On 7 August 1169, Bishop Ioannes, acting as a delegate of Pope Alexander III, pronounced judgment between the Abbot of Pomposa and the Prior of S. Maria de Portu. In 1169, perhaps in September, Pope Alexander III wrote to Bishop Joannes, confirming the possessions of the Church of Bologna. He died on 15 January 1187, according to the Necrologio Lateranese. Savioli, II.ii, pp. 13-16. Cappelletti, p. 494. Kehr, p. 252, no. 30.
^ Gerardo had been Canon (not Archdeacon) of the Cathedral Chapter. Bishop Gerardo was granted the territories of the papacy in Bologna on 2 July 1187 (Kehr, p. 253, no. 39). In 1192 he was elected Podestà of Bologna, but was deposed because of maladministration. He died on 26 October or 7 November 1198. Cappelletti, p. 495. Guidicini, pp. 25-30.
^ Gerardo, a native of Bologna, had previously been a Canon of the Cathedral Chapter, and Archdeacon of Bologna. At the end of 1201, Pope Innocent III suspended his right to confer holy orders. On 10 June 1213, Pope Innocent III ordered Archbishop Hubaldus of Ravenna and Bishop Sicard of Cremona to obtain the resignation of Bishop Gerardo Ariosti, suam insufficientiam recognoscens (J.-P. Migne, ed., Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus, Tomus CCXVI (Paris 1891), pp. 966-967). Bishop Gerardo was still functioning as bishop on 23 October 1213, when he granted tax income to the Archpriest. Savioli, II.ii, p. 232, 342. Cappelletti, pp. 495-496. Guidicini, pp. 30-31. Eubel, I, p. 140, with note 1.
^ A native of Florence, Ottaviano had studied law at the University of Bologna, and was a Canon of the Cathedral Chapter (from 1232) and Archdeacon (from 1236). He was appointed Auditor of the Sacred Palace (judge of appeals). He was elected (postulatio) by the Chapter, and because of his youthful age was approved by Pope Gregory IX only as Procurator (signing himself as Archdeacon and Administrator), not as Bishop. He established the Chapter of Canons of S. Maria Maggiore, an act which was approved by Pope Innocent IV in 1244. He was named a cardinal by Pope Innocent on 29 May 1244, and resigned the diocese to take up his duties in the Curia. Tomba, p. 49. Guidicini, pp. 36-37. Eubel, I, p. 140 with notes 2 and 3.
^ Jacobus was the son of Giovanni di Guido di Boncambio. His brother Guido, a Doctor in utroque iure was, from 1225, the Emperor Frederick II's judge of appeals in Bologna. There had been a contested election in the Chapter, and Boncambi was provided (appointed) by Pope Innocent IV on 31 May 1244, and again on 24 June. He had been serving in the Papal Curia as Vice-Chancellor. He died in October 1260 (Sigonio, p. 120, quotes a source saying that he died on 5 December 1260). Cappelletti, pp. 499-500 (who provides the month of death as October). Savioli, III.ii, pp. 204-206 (Pope Innocent's letters). Guidicini, pp. 37-39. Eubel, I, p. 140 with note 5.
^ Though appointed in 1260, Ottaviano was not consecrated until May 1263 (Savioli, III,ii, p. 386). He died on 14 September 1295. Eubel, I, p. 140.
^ Schiatta Ubaldini: Eubel, I, p. 140.
^ Savelli: Eubel, I, p. 140.
^ Avvocati: Eubel, I, p. 140.
^ translated to Riez on 1 October 1330. Eubel, I, p. 140.
^ Ugonet was Archdeacon of Parma and Chancellor of the Papal Legate, Cardinal Bertrand du Pouget, who was resident in Bologna (from 1327 to 1334). Stefano is already found as bishop on 20 January 1331. He died between 2 and 14 July 1332. Guidicini, pp. 46-47. Eubel, I, p. 140.
^ Bertrand was a nephew of Cardinal Bertrand du Pouget (Poggetto, Podietto), and Archdeacon of Bologna. All of Bertrand's acts are issued from the Castro Civitatis Bononiae, the Legate's residence, not from the episcopal palace. When Cardinal Bertrand was driven out of Bologna by a revolution in 1334, Bishop Bertrando apparently went with him, since a document of 17 August 1335 records: D. Joannes episcopus Cesenae et Administrator Episcopatus Bononiae. On 10 February 1339, Bertrando is still Bishop of Bologna, but on 3 June he is no longer such. Guidicini, pp. 47-50. Eubel, I, p. 140.
^ Parravicini: Eubel, I, p. 141.
^ Naso: Eubel, I, p. 141.
^ Cathy was translated to Limoges on 18 July 1371. Eubel, I, p. 141.
^ Bonnevalle: Eubel, I, p. 141.
^ Carafa: Eubel, I, p. 141.
^ Rolando: Eubel, I, p. 141.
^ Raimondi: Eubel, I, p. 141.
^ King, H. P. F. (1962). "Archdeacons of Lincoln". Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1300–1541: Volume 1: Lincoln Diocese. British History Online. pp. 6–8.
^ Scarampi, bishop of Florence, was assigned the diocese of Bologna in commendam. Cappelletti, p. 526. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica II, p. 108.
^ Zanolini had been Prior of the Canons of the Lateran Basilica in Rome. He was stricken by illness at Lucca, as he was making his way to Bologna, and died on 18 May 1444. Cappelletti, p. 526. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica II, p. 108.
^ Parentucelli was appointed Bishop of Bologna on 27 November 1444 by Pope Eugene IV. He was elected Pope Nicholas V on 6 March 1447. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica II, pp. 10, 108.
^ Poggio was a Canon of the cathedral Chapter of Bologna and a Doctor of Canon Law. He was appointed Bishop of Bologna by Pope Nicholas V on 22 March 1447, but he died on 15 December 1447. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica II, p. 108.
^ Calandrini was appointed bishop on 18 December 1447 by Pope Nicholas V. He died on 18 July 1476. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica II, p. 108.
^ Francesco Gonzaga was the son of Marquis Federico Gonzaga of Mantua. Cappelletti, p. 529-530. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica II, p. 108.
^ Della Rovere was transferred to the diocese of Vercelli on 24 January 1502. He was later elected Pope Julius II on 1 November 1503. Cappelletti, pp. 530-531. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica II, p. 108, 265; III, p. 9.
^ On 24 January 1502, Ferreri exchanged dioceses with della Rovere. He was named a cardinal by Pope Alexander VI on 27 February 1503. He died on 5 October 1510. Cappelletti, p. 531. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica II, pp. 24 no. 34; 108 with note 4.
^ Alidosi: Eubel, Hierarchia catholica III, pp. 10 no. 9; 136.
^ Campeggio was appointed bishop on 2 December 1523. He resigned the diocese on 20 December 1525, in favor of his son, Alessandro, who was below the canonical age for consecration as a bishop. An Apostolic Administrator was therefore appointed. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica III, pp. 136; 137 with note 12.
^ Eubel, Hierarchia catholica III, p. 136.
^ Alessandro Campeggio, son of Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggio was appointed in the Consistory of 19 March 1526 by Pope Clement VII. Since he was still below the canonical age, he served as Administrator until 1530. He did not take solemn possession of the diocese until 31 July 1541. He resigned on 6 March 1553, in favor of his cousin, Giovanni Campeggio. He died in Rome on 21 September 1554. Cappelletti, p. 532. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica III, p. 137 with note 12.
^ Giovanni Campeggio, the nephew of Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggio, had been Bishop of Parenzo in Istria (1537–1553). He was appointed bishop of Bologna on 28 May 1537 by Pope Julius III. He died on 17 September 1563. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica III, pp. 137 with note 14; 270 with notes 4 and 5.
^ Farnese was already Archbishop of Ravenna and Penitentarius Major. He died on 28 October 1565. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica III, p. 137 with notea 15 and 16.
^ Paleotti was appointed Bishop of Bologna on 10 February 1566 by the newly elected Pope Pius V. became the first archbishop on 10 December 1582. He died in Rome on 23 July 1597. Cappelletti, pp. 535-540. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica III, pp. 41 no. 46; 137 with note 17.
^ Alfonso Paleotti had been a Canon of the Cathedral Chapter, appointed on 5 March 1573. He then became Archdeacon. He was named titular Archbishop of Corinth and Coadjutor Archbishop of Bologna on 13 February 1591. He succeeded to the diocese on the death of Cardinal Paleotti on 23 July 1597. He died on 18 October 1610. Cappelletti, pp. 541-542. Guidicini, Cose notabili della città di Bologna, IV (Bologna 1872), p. 156. Eubel, III, p. 137 with note 18.
^ Borghese was named a cardinal on 18 July 1605, and assigned the titular church of San Crisogono. In 1609 he was named Librarian of the Holy Roman Church, and in 1610 Penitentiary Major. He was appointed Archbishop of Bologna in the Consistory of 25 October 1610 by his uncle, Pope Paul V. He resigned the archbishopric on 2 April 1612, never having visited the diocese. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, pp. 9 no. 1, with notes 1-3; 118.
^ A native of Bologna, Ludovisi held the degree of Doctor in utroque iure (Bologna 1575. He was named Auditor Sacri Palatii. On 12 March 1612 he was named Archbishop of Bologna by Pope Paul V, and consecrated in Rome by Cardinal Scipione Borghese, his predecessor as archbishop, on 1 May 1612. He was appointed a cardinal on 19 September 1616 He was elected Pope Gregory XV on 9 February 1621, succeeding Pope Paul. He died on 8 July 1623. Gauchat, pp. 13, no. 42; 15; 118 with note 4.
^ Ludovico Ludovisi: Giovanni Fantuzzi (1786). Notizie degli scrittori bolognesi (in Italian). Tomo quinto. Bologna: Stamperia di S. Tommaso d'Aquino. pp. 78–81. Gauchat, p. 118, with note 5.
^ A relative of Pope Gregory XV and cousin of Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi, Nicolaus Albergati-Ludovisi had been Archpriest of the Cathedral of Bologna since 1635, and Referendary of the Two Signatures. He was appointed Archbishop of Bologna by Pope Innocent X on 6 February 1645, and was named a cardinal on 6 March 1645. He was summoned to Rome to be Penitentiary Major on 21 February 1650, and in 1651 he resigned the archbishopric. Cappelletti, p. 543. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 118 with note 7.
^ Born in Bologna, Ranuzzi held the degree of Doctor in utroque iure. He had been civil governor of the cities of Rimini, Reate, Camerino, and Ancona; vice-Legate of Bologna, and Inquisitor of Malta. He had previously been Archbishop of Damietta (1668–1678) and papal Nuncio to the Duke of Savoy, and then Nuncio to Poland. He was then Bishop of Fano, retaining the title of Archbishop (1678–1688). He served as Nuncio to France from 1686 to 1689. He was named a cardinal by Pope Innocent XI on 2 September 1686, and Archbishop of Bologna on 17 May 1688. Ranuzzi was still in Paris when Pope Innocent died on 12 August 1689. He died in Fano on 27 September 1689, as he was returning to Rome for the Conclave. He never received his red hat, and he never was installed as Archbishop of Bologna. Gaetano Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica Vol. LVI (Venezia: Emiliana 1852), p. 166. Ritzler-Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, pp. 13, no. 19; 124; 181 with note 2; 198.
^ Born in Sora of the family of the dukes of Sora, Boncompagni was the nephew of Cardinal Girolamo Boncompagni. He held the degree of Doctor in utroque iure (Sapienza 1676). He served as civil governor of Orvieto and Fermo. He was named Archbishop of Bologna by Pope Alexander VIII on 15 April 1690, and a cardinal by Pope Innocent XII on 12 December 1695. He died in Rome in the house of the Theatines on 24 March 1731, at the age of seventy-eight. Cappelletti, p. 543. Ritzler-Sefrin, V, pp. 19, no. 2 with notes 4 and 5; 181 with note 3.
^ I. Cassoli, "L'episcopato bolognese di Papa Lambertini," in: Bollettino dell' Archidiocesi di Bologna 66 (Bologna 1975), no. 8.
^ Malvezzi: Ritzler-Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 126 with note 3.
^ Giovanetti (Gioanetti): Ritzler-Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 126 with note 4.
^ Maurizio Tagliaferri, ed. (2015). Il cardinale Carlo Oppizzoni tra Napoleone e l'Unità d'Italia: atti del convegno - Bologna, 18-20 novembre 2013 (in Italian). Roma: Edizioni di storia e letteratura. ISBN 978-88-6372-860-6.
^ Salvadore Viale (1861). Della vita del Cardinal Michele Viale Prelà, Arcivescoso di Bologna, commentario (in Italian). Bastia: Dalla Tip. Fabiani.
^ Morichini was born in Rome in 1805. He held the degree of Doctor of both laws|Doctor in utroque iure]] from the Sapienza (1828). He was papal Nuncio in Bavaria On 15 March 1852 he was created a cardinal by Pope Pius IX. In 1854 he was appointed Bishop of Jesi. He was appointed pro-Treasurer General of the Apostolic Chamber in 1847. He was appointed Archbishop of Bologna on 24 November 1871. On 22 December 1876 he was named Secretary of Memorials in the Roman Curia. Ritzler-Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VIII, pp. 43, 48, 79, 153. Bräuer, p. 49.
^ Parocchi: Ritzler-Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VIII, pp. 43, 44, 49, 53, 153. Bräuer, p. 111.
^ Battaglini: Ritzler-Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VIII, pp. 47, 122, 153. Bräuer, pp. 135-136.
^ Svampa was born in Montegranaro in 1851. He was given degrees in theology and Civil and Canon Law by the Athenaeum S. Apollinare in 1879. He had been Bishop of Forlì from 1887 to 1894. he was named a cardinal on 18 May 1894, and appointed Archbishop of Bologna on 21 May 1894. He died in Bologna on 10 August 1907. Bräuer, p. 170. Harris M. Lentz III (2015). Popes and Cardinals of the 20th Century: A Biographical Dictionary. McFarland. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-4766-2155-5.
^ Antonio Scottà (2002). "Parte seconda". Giacomo Della Chiesa arcivescovo di Bologna, 1908-1914: l'"ottimo noviziato" episcopale di papa Benedetto XV. Saggi e ricerche // Istituto per la Storia della Chiesa di Bologna, 14. Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino Editore. ISBN 978-88-498-0459-1.
^ Gusmini: Bräuer, pp. 88-89. Lentz, pp. 88-89.
^ Nasalli: Bräuer, pp. 257-258.
^ Lercaro: Bräuer, pp. 329-330.
^ Poma: Bräuer, p. 422.
^ Biffi: Bräuer, p. 518.
Gams, Pius Bonifatius (1873). Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo (in Latin). Ratisbon: Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz. pp. 675-677.
Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica. Tomus IV (1592-1667). Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana.
Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi. Tomus V (1667-1730). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio.
Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi. Tomus VI (1730-1799). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio.
Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1968). Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Volume VII (1800–1846). Monasterii: Libreria Regensburgiana.
Remigius Ritzler; Pirminus Sefrin (1978). Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Volume VIII (1846–1903). Il Messaggero di S. Antonio.
Pięta, Zenon (2002). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Volume IX (1903–1922). Padua: Messagero di San Antonio. ISBN 978-88-250-1000-8.
Amorini, Serafino; Bosi, Giuseppe (1857). Manuale storico-statistico-topografico della arcidiocesi Bolognese (in Italian). Bologna.
Cappelletti, Giuseppe (1845). Le chiese d'Italia: dalla loro origine sino ai nostri giorni : opera (in Italian). Venezia: G. Antonelli. pp. 443–582.
Guidicini, Giuseppe (1883). Notizie diverse relative ai vescovi di Bologna da san Zama ad Oppizzoni (in Italian). Bologna: Società tipografica Già.
Kehr, Paul Fridolin (1906). Italia Pontificia Vol. V: Aemilia, sive Provincia Ravennas. Berlin: Weidmann, pp. 242-297. (in Latin).
Lanzoni, Francesco (1907). San Petronio vescovo di Bologna nella storia e nella leggenda (in Italian). Roma: Pustet.
Tomba, Filippo Nerio (1787). Serie cronologica de'vescovi ed arcivescovi di Bologna purgata da molti errori (in Italian). Bologna: Stamperia Longhi.
Ughelli, Ferdinando; Coleti, Niccolo (1717). Italia sacra sive de Episcopis Italiae (in Latin). Tomus secundus (II) (secunda ed.). Venice: Apud Sebastianum Coleti. pp. 3–55.


Without communicating a concern can non work as it should, messages should be accurate and individuals directing the message should guarantee that it is clear and precise but adequately elaborate. Low communicating within a concern can do the concern to non run efficaciously. There are different types of communicating that can be done to pass on within a concern they are: unwritten communicating, ocular communicating, non- ocular communicating and written communicating. These signifiers of communicating are of import in all successful concern. Not merely that a concern may non be successful but besides it member will be frustrated this can do by the struggles that is in the concern because of the lock of communicating or because of ill-defined messages.
Oral communication- and he said this can be one- to-one conversation, interview, appraisal Sessionss, group meetings or squad briefings.
Written communication- this by letters, memos, notices on wide, studies, proceedingss, and diagrams for proficient affairs such a house programs.
Ocular communication- this can be used to attach to and back up unwritten, written, or electronic communicating. Diagrams, pictures, charts, and pages of computing machine images can be presented by utilizing overhead projection, synergistic white broads, informations projectors, pictures, and other agencies.
Forming: During this first phase persons get to cognize each other. They frequently are excessively polite and experience a spot awkward. As they search for similarities and effort to bond, they begin to develop trust in each other. Members will discourse cardinal subjects such as why the group is necessary, who " owns " the group, whether rank is compulsory, how big it should be, and what endowments members can lend.
Norming: tenseness subsides, functions clarify, and information begins to flux among members. The group sporadically checks its docket to remind itself of its advancement toward its gold. Formal leading is unneeded here every bit everyone as return on leading maps. Important information is shared with the full group, and common mutuality becomes typical. The group begins to travel swimmingly in one way. Members make certain that processs are in topographic point to decide future struggles.
To guarantee that clients get the clear apprehension on whether the resort will keep its enviable client service and merchandise quality or non.
To give employees understanding about the security of their occupations and organisational construction civilization.
In guaranting that the stockholders are certain about the security of their investing and the profitableness of the resort.
will go on to keep the community undertakings and portion good relationships.
Send a positive attitude to others- An attitude is a province of head influenced by feelings, ideas, and action inclinations. The attitude you send out is normally the attitude you get back.
One good manner in making so is by your visual aspect. ( There is a direct connexion between how you look to yourself and your attitude. The better you image when you encounter clients, clients or invitees, the more positive you will be ) .
Send a positive attitude by your organic structure linguistic communication ( body linguistic communication can account for more than half of the message you communicate, so make sure it is ever positive.
A positive attitude should reflect in your voice. ( The tone of your voice, or how you say something, is frequently more of import than the words you use ) .
In add-on, the employees must be able to show the right attitude. Attitudes are 1s mentality and perceptual experience of 1s lob, function and topographic point in a concern. Attitude is sometimes defined as a erudite behaviour that guides an person 's response to state of affairss. Attitude besides really much depends on an person 's frame of head and psychological science. An employee 's attitude will reflect in the quality and seasonableness of their work. A positive attitude is something that helps the employees to make a occupation good.
Team- spirit and cooperation- this is likely the most indispensable attitude an employee should expose. You should guarantee that what you do and how you behave tantrums into the overall strategy of things, by collaborating continuously with other co-workers in the group.
Tolerance- this relates to group spirit and cooperation. To work good within a group a individual will frequently necessitate to accept and be tolerant of other people 's attitude, wonts, point- of position and ways of working.
Honesty- it is of import ever to state the truth in your professional life merely every bit much as in your personal life, and to be trusty, e.g. with the company 's money or other material goods.
Willingness- this is the same as enthusiasm.
The attitude of being polite- evidently, this is merely as indispensable in the concern as in mundane life!
The most of import individual to pull off in any conversation is you. Fortunately, of all the things you manage, the thing you have the most control over is yourself. All you need to make is take to exert it. If you do n't pull off yourself- if you are cognizant of your ain voice, or if you are tired or excessively stressed to care- opportunities are slender that any call you handle will go forth a positive memory with your client or a positive ' occupation good done ' experiencing with you. Besides guarantee that at all times you are understanding. Sincere, hearing, smiling and be clear with the clients.
Question c. This will bespeak the group construction, hierarchy and describing relationships.
Competitions- characterized by a " power – over manner " , aggressive and uncooperative behavior- seting your ain concerns before those of another. Peoples with competitory manner attempt to derive through direct confrontation that tries to " win " the statement.
Accommodation- these are individuals who are characterized by deficiency of assertiveness of single demands and of concerted and hammerizing tone one lief yields to another.
Avoidance- avoiding struggle within our organisation does n't intend a member is traveling to maintain mulish, this mean you will be pass oning but merely concern wise. Members should alter the topic if they see that their action is doing struggle with other or use joking in avoiding these struggles.
Compromise- an intermediate manner chosen for different grounds that result in some addition and some losingss for each party. This is dependent on shared power and utilizations trade off and exchanges.
Collaboration- this is by a high concern by 1s owns ends, the other individual 's ends, the successful solution to the job and the sweetening of the relationship within the concern.
Poorly functional squads avoid struggles, preferring sulking, chitchat, or backstabbing. A better program is to admit struggle and turn to the root of the job openly. Although it may experience emotionally hazardous, direct confrontation saves clip and enhances group committedness in the long tally. To be constructive, nevertheless, confrontation must be undertaking oriented, non individual oriented. An unfastened dissemination of differences, in which all group members have a opportunity to talk their heads, should focus on on strengths and failing of the different places and thoughts – non on personalities. After hearing all sides, group members must negociate a just colony, no affair how long it takes. Good determinations are based on consensus: all members agree. ( S Finisterre, 2004 ) The best manner to avoid struggle is to utilize good communicating techniques the best groups exchange information and contribute thoughts freely in an informal environment. Member should talk clearly and briefly, avoiding generalizations. Hearers become actively involved, read organic structure linguistic communication, and inquire clear uping inquiries before reacting. ( Kaczmarek, 2007 ) .
Group two ( 2 ) – These members will be responsible for the employees, to give them understanding about the security of their occupations and organisational quality.
Group three ( 3 ) – member 's duty here is giving a clear apprehension of the security of stockholders investing and the profitableness of their resorts. They besides will be giving the community a clear apprehension of the new concern of the new organisation and how it will go on to keep the community undertakings and portion good relationships.
The following athleticss Jamaica concern meeting will be held in the conference room on December 20, 2012 at 3:00 autopsy.
Greetings! I am awareness of your concerns and what you are looking frontward for this organisation to make and In comparative to all four concern ( clients, employee, stockholders, and community member ) , we as an new organisation is dedicated in guaranting that all your demand and unsure are understood by you and non merely that but they are understood but you do n't necessitate to worry our organisation purposes in non neglecting you will. This organisation will be keeping the enviable client 's service as the old resort in making so we will be developing our worker before working and during that procedure of working. Jobs are secure for all employees as we will be want workers besides we will be altering the organisation non the construction civilization of the concern. Shareholder will ever have aberrance from after revenue enhancement net income our concern will make everything in its power to do certain of this. As it relates to the community we will be keeping all community undertakings and non merely that but we are besides dedicated I 'm guaranting that all members of the community is safe and is being taken attention of because we are non merely a concern we are your households. We will be looking out for you as you work with us in doing our concern grow.
I hereby urge that the proprietor of the new organisation non merely state words but besides take action in naming a meeting every bit shortly as possible with all who 's non certain of their place and or where the concern base. Find out ways and agencies in acquiring them to set their trust in you, see them, name them, demo them that you care non merely for the concern and where its aiming but besides their well being. At all times communication with these people be honest, be unfastened and be a household.
Conflict may be defined as serious dissension. There can besides be struggle within an organisation which can ensue in non- productiveness. Conflict does n't needfully decide as group members can walk off from the concern or acquire fired. There is merely one manner of cut downing struggle between employee / staff and that is good communicating. This is sharing and interchanging positive information. Act professionally at your topographic point of work be polite, be understanding, and ever be considerate. This will give a better concern environment with less struggle.


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HomeArts and RecreationMoving Here
Moving to Sechelt is an opportunity to join a small yet growing community of about 10,000 people. A cute downtown, great beaches, year-round outdoor activities for all ages, and a vibrant arts and culture scene make living in Sechelt easy and relaxing.
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Sechelt is part of School District #46, which operate five English schools in the area. For French-speaking francophone families, École du Pacifique is a great option. Both school districts are publicly funded.
Sechelt offers a range of healthcare services, including Sechelt Hospital (the only hospital on the lower Sunshine Coast), long-term care facilities, medical clinics, public health services and social services.
The District of Sechelt collects property taxes for all properties located within the municipality. Taxes fund public services delivered by the District, the Sunshine Coast Regional District and the local school boards.
If you're planning a construction project, a new build or renovation, find out more about building and renovating in Sechelt and learn how to apply for a building permit.
Visit the Sechelt Public Library and get a library card so that you can access thousands of books, media, events and programs for free.
There is a wide variety of employment and business opportunities in Sechelt. Looking for employment? Visit our careers page.
BC 211 is a free helpline and online database of British Columbia's community and social services to help with all of life's challenges. BC 211 is open 24 hours a day, confidential and can be reached by phone by dialing 2-1-1 or by visiting their website bc.211.ca.
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Antonio Fontanesi
Antonio Fontanesi FAQs: Facts, Rumors, Birthdate, Net Worth, Sexual Orientation and much more!
Who is Antonio Fontanesi? Biography, gossip, facts?
Antonio Fontanesi (23 February 1818 - 17 April 1882) was an Italian painter who lived in Meiji period Japan between 1876 and 1878. He introduced European oil painting techniques to Japan and exerted a significant role in the development of modern Japanese yga (Western style) painting. He is known for his works in the romantic style of the French Barbizon school.
When is Antonio Fontanesi's birthday?
Antonio Fontanesi was born on the 23rd of February 1818 , which was a Monday. Antonio Fontanesi's next birthday would be in 219 days (would be turning 202years old then).
How old would Antonio Fontanesi be today?
Today, Antonio Fontanesi would be 201 years old. To be more precise, Antonio Fontanesi would be 73390 days old or 1761360 hours.
Are there any books, DVDs or other memorabilia of Antonio Fontanesi? Is there a Antonio Fontanesi action figure?
We would think so. You can find a collection of items related to Antonio Fontanesi right here.
What was Antonio Fontanesi's zodiac sign?
Antonio Fontanesi's zodiac sign was Pisces.
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The ruling planets of Pisces are Jupiter and Neptune. Therefore, lucky days were Thursdays and Mondays and lucky numbers were: 3, 7, 12, 16, 21, 25, 30, 34, 43 and 52. Purple, Violet and Sea green were Antonio Fontanesi's lucky colors. Typical positive character traits of Pisces include: Emotion, Sensitivity and Compession. Negative character traits could be: Pessimism, Lack of initiative and Laziness.
Was Antonio Fontanesi gay or straight?
Many people enjoy sharing rumors about the sexuality and sexual orientation of celebrities. We don't know for a fact whether Antonio Fontanesi was gay, bisexual or straight. However, feel free to tell us what you think! Vote by clicking below.
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Is Antonio Fontanesi still alive? Are there any death rumors?
Unfortunately no, Antonio Fontanesi is not alive anymore. The death rumors are true.
How old was Antonio Fontanesi when he/she died?
Antonio Fontanesi was 64 years old when he/she died.
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When did Antonio Fontanesi die? How long ago was that?
Antonio Fontanesi died on the 17th of April 1882, which was a Monday. The tragic death occurred 137 years ago.
Where was Antonio Fontanesi born?
Antonio Fontanesi was born in Emilia-Romagna, Reggio Emilia.
Did Antonio Fontanesi do drugs? Did Antonio Fontanesi smoke cigarettes or weed?
It is no secret that many celebrities have been caught with illegal drugs in the past. Some even openly admit their drug usuage. Do you think that Antonio Fontanesi did smoke cigarettes, weed or marijuhana? Or did Antonio Fontanesi do steroids, coke or even stronger drugs such as heroin? Tell us your opinion below.
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Where did Antonio Fontanesi die?
Antonio Fontanesi died in Italy, Turin.
Who are similar persons to Antonio Fontanesi?
Elle Fanning, Jehan Adam, Jesse Edwards, John Leonard (poet) and Nicole Dulalia are persons that are similar to Antonio Fontanesi. Click on their names to check out their FAQs.
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1937 Norma 2020
Norma Hook
March 18, 1937 — October 19, 2020
Norma Jean Hook, 83, a resident of Arlington Place of Grundy Center, passed away on Monday, October 19, 2020, of natural causes. Visitation for Norma will be held on Saturday, October 24th from 11:30 until the time of the funeral service at 1:00 PM at Colfax Center Presbyterian Church in rural Holland, Iowa. Interment will follow services at the church cemetery. Memorials may be directed to the family, where they will donate to a charity of their choice at a later time. Memories of Norma and messages of condolence may be left for the family at www.abelsfuneralhomes.com
Norma was born March 18, 1937, in Grundy County, Iowa, daughter of Henry & Reka (Pothast) Itzen. She grew up in Grundy County, where she attended Palermo Rural No. 3 Country School and graduated from Grundy Senior High School in Grundy Center. On October 24, 1956, Norma was united in marriage to Dennis Hook at the American Lutheran Church in Grundy Center.
Dennis and Norma lived in Des Moines from October 1956 to May 1957, where Dennis went to TV school and Norma worked at the Blue Cross/Blue Shield office. They moved to Waterloo until 1961, where Norma was a check-in girl at Varsity Cleaners. The lived on a farm in Lincoln Township until 1971, when they moved to the farm place by Holland. Later, in 1994, Norma and Dennis moved to Grundy Center, where they lived at 1503 Cantebury Circle.
She became a member of Colfax Center Presbyterian Church on April 2, 1961. Norma taught Sunday School, helped with Bible School, was a part of the Pioneer Club, sang in the choir, was a youth sponsor, part of Christian Educations, and also part of the Mariners young couple's groups.
Norma enjoyed working outside and taking care of her flowers and her lawn. She enjoyed being with her family and she loved to go to activities that her grandchildren were involved in; their ball games-baseball, football, soccer, and basketball.
Norma is survived by her 3 children, Brenda (Terry) DeBoer of Hampton, IA, Bryon ( Lori) Hook of Holland, IA and Julaine (Brian) Bidleman of Fort Dodge, IA; 7 grandchildren Jared (Melissa) DeBoer, Kyle (Michelle) DeBoer, Brent Hook, Trevor Hook (Ashlen Damm), Brady (Madi) Hook, Rayni Bidleman and Cayci Bidleman; 9 great-grandchildren Sophia & Jack DeBoer, Blake DeBoer, Aiden, Addison, Alexander and Aysen Hook and Tucker & Beckett Hook; sister Minetta Tjepkes of Grundy Center; and sister-in-law Shirley Huesman. She rejoins in Heaven her parents; husband Dennis; granddaughter Megan Hook; and brothers-in-law Arnold Tjepkes and LeRoy Huesman.
To order memorial trees or send flowers to the family in memory of Norma Hook, please visit our flower store.
11:30am - 1:00pm (Central time)
Colfax Center Presbyterian Church (Holland, Iowa)


If people can be divided into two classes, coffee person and tea person, I will definitely say I am the latter. But that never stops me from hanging out at great coffee shops, as long as they serve tea or at least chocolate. I love the comfortable styles at common coffee shops rather than fancy atmosphere by tea houses.
Lately I have been regularly hanging out at Caribou Coffee after work… to do more work. Or just do some book readings. The interior gives so much inspiration to me that I feel more productive taking work here than home. Or just some book readings; I can finish books faster here than in my room (It becomes obvious that I am writing this in between my working break here, doesn't it?). In addition to that, the service is just awesome. The baristas are so friendly and have great sense of humor.
Couple days ago I was so fortunate to experience what is called as coffee cupping. This is pretty similar with wine tasting and tea tasting, both of which I had tried previously. I felt glad that I could get the first-hand knowledge about how rich coffee world is.
Even before the cupping session, I was actually a bit curious about coffee. I have my physical limitations of drinking coffee, but I am always eager to learning something new. Driven by the curiosity and a bit boredom, I jokingly ordered two cups of different coffee beans; they have seven. The friendly baristas was taken surprised, not only that I rarely ordered coffee but I ordered two.
I was then got surprised back when one of the baristas, the senior one, suddenly taking out small bowls from the back room. He then offered to show me coffee cupping activity.
After sniffing, slurping, and savoring, I had to summarize and share my thoughts about the coffee. And boy, I had not even a single clue about the flavors. I was shown a paper containing flavor wheel that classifies coffee flavors. That was not very helpful either. I guess I need way a lot of practice.
After that the bowls are shuffled and I was asked to try again all coffee and guess the name of all the coffee. I could only correctly guess two out of six. I was amused by how most of the well-trained baristas could guess correctly. They are really awesome!
Nevertheless it was a very enlightening experience for me. I feel so thankful to the baristas that kindly offered me such a great opportunity to learn. I am really eager to trying this out again some other time and learn about the richness flavors coffee can offer.
In case you are in Bandung and thinking about enjoying coffee or just hanging out at coffee shop like I do, I am glad to recommend you to check out the place. See the map below for the location. And please say hello to the kind baristas from me!


Also called Kodagu, Coorg is a beautiful hill station in South India. Coorg is famous for its coffee and coffee plantations. The coffee grown here is exported all over the world for its taste and quality.Apart from the coffee the place is known for greenery, beautiful hills, stunning waterfalls, wildlife, variety of activities and above all the weather which attracts thousands of visitors from all over India and World. Year around mild weather is just perfect for visitors to come here for weekend breaks and camping. Attactions with some popular religious sites are the main reason visitors coming to Coorg.


The erratic Kyrgios lost the opener 6-4 and was trailing 0-3 in the second set when Lahyani left his chair at the changeover and told the Australian: "I want to help you".
Spectators on Court 17 of the on-going US Open witnessed a rather unusual interaction with the umpire of the game Mohamed Lahyani and Nick Kyrgios who seemed to be struggling against Frenchman Pierre-Hugues Herbert. He asked about Kyrgios's health.
"Actually, the umpire doesn't have to talk to him at all".
A brief recording captured the conversation between Lahyani and Kyrgios, ESPN reported.
As he posted a farewell message to NY on Instagram, Murray added: "I'm off to get a health check as apparently I've started imagining things".
"I mean, like, I don't have a coach".
Kyrgios maintains there was no "coaching" involved, while the USTA has since cleared Lahyani of any major wrongdoing, saying the Swede went "beyond protocol" but will continue to umpire at the tournament.
Richard Ings, a former umpires chief on the ATP, said Lahyani's move was unprecedented. He added: "Nick, I know this is not you". "I don't think he's a coach, he's an umpire". I'm not sure if that was encouragement.
"I don't know what he said". He was there for too long.
However, Lahyani, a well-experienced umpire on men's ATP Tour and Grand Slam circuit, escaped any sanction and will be allowed to continue officiating at Flushing Meadows because of his "exemplary track record as an global tennis official", a United States Tennis Association spokesman said. "I had no real choice". "He behaves the way he behaves", said the 20-time major victor. Lahyani appeared to have thought Kyrgios wasn't giving 100 percent in his match, which the tennis player had admitted to in the past.
Lahyani told Kyrgios things like, "I want to help you, I want to help you". He said he didn't blame Kyrgios and instead cut loose at the umpire and the USTA for how it handled the matter. "Haha IRONIC coming from someone who gets on court coaching every week of the year and also out of the US Open", he responded. It was not just about, 'How are you feeling?' 'Oh, I'm not feeling so well.' Go back up to the chair. Many believe if he could put it all together and just commit to the game, he'd be one of the best players on the planet.
"The umpire should have given Nick Kyrgios a warning for unsportsmanlike behaviour because he's not trying and it's bad for the sport but in no chance can the chair umpire go down and have a sort of psychology session with one of the players".
"It's a conversation, and a conversation can change your mindset". But after last year's first-round dismissal, the German most definitely has her sights set on a two-week stay this year.


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RR VAT invoice issued by the buyer of agricultural produce
Pursuant to the Act on Value Added Tax, an entrepreneur registered as an active VAT payer who purchases agricultural produce from a flat-rate farmer issues an invoice in duplicate documenting the said transaction. This is called VAT RR invoice, which should meet the requirements specified in the regulations. Let's check when it is possible to issue a VAT RR invoice and whether it is possible to deduct VAT from it.
Who is a flat-rate farmer?
Pursuant to the VAT Act, a flat-rate farmer should be understood as a farmer supplying agricultural products from his own agricultural activity or providing agricultural services, benefiting from tax exemption pursuant to Art. 43 sec. 1 point 3. The only exception are farmers obliged to keep accounting books under separate regulations.
Art. 43 sec. 1 point 3 of the VAT Act:
The supply of agricultural products from own agricultural activity by a flat-rate farmer and provision of agricultural services by a flat-rate farmer are exempt from tax.
Moreover, as indicated in Art. 115 above of the legal act, a flat-rate farmer who accounts tax on goods and services is entitled to a tax refund for the acquisition of certain means of production for agriculture subject to VAT. The amount of this refund (7% due for the supply of agricultural products less the amount of the flat-rate tax refund) is paid to the farmer by the purchaser of the agricultural products. VAT can be deducted in the settlement period in which the payment was made (i.e., as a rule, using the cash method).
The tax paid to the flat-rate farmer is, in principle, deductible input tax for the buyer. For this to happen, the entrepreneur must meet the following conditions (in accordance with Article 116 of the VAT Act, paragraph 6):
the acquisition of agricultural products is associated with a taxable supply,
payment of amounts due for agricultural products, including the amount of the flat-rate tax refund, was made to the bank account of the flat-rate farmer or to his account in the cooperative savings and credit union of which he is a member,
the document confirming the payment of amounts due for agricultural products will include the number and date of issuing the invoice confirming the purchase of these products, or the invoice confirming the purchase of agricultural products provides the identification data of the document confirming the payment.
RR VAT invoice - what should it contain?
As already mentioned, in the purchase of agricultural produce from a flat-rate farmer, the buyer (registered as an active VAT payer) is obliged to issue an invoice. Moreover, his duties also include self-calculation of the tax on goods and services.
The invoice documenting the purchase of agricultural products from a flat-rate farmer should be marked as VAT invoice RR. Most importantly, the original should be provided by the entrepreneur to the supplier.
The RR VAT invoice should contain at least:
name and surname or name or short name of the supplier and buyer and their addresses,
tax identification number or PESEL number of the supplier and buyer,
the date of purchase as well as the date of issue and the sequence number of the invoice,
names of purchased agricultural products,
unit of measurement and quantity of agricultural products purchased and indication (description) of the class or quality of these products,
unit price of the purchased agricultural product without the flat-rate tax refund,
value of purchased agricultural products without the flat-rate tax refund,
flat rate tax refund,
the amount of the flat-rate tax refund on the value of purchased agricultural products,
value of purchased agricultural products with the amount of the flat-rate tax refund,
the total amount due together with the flat-rate tax refund, expressed digitally and in words,
legible signatures of persons authorized to issue and receive invoices or signatures as well as the names and surnames of these persons.
Moreover, the VAT RR invoice should also contain the declaration of the supplier of agricultural products as follows: I declare that I am a flat-rate farmer exempt from tax on goods and services pursuant to Art. 43 sec. 1 point 3 of the Act on tax on goods and services.
A free template of VAT RR invoice can be downloaded from the article: VAT RR invoice - template with overview.
A flat-rate farmer is obliged to keep the original VAT invoices RR and copies of the declarations referred to in paragraph 4 Art. 116 of the VAT Act, for a period of 5 years from the end of the year in which the invoice was issued. This obligation also covers VAT RR invoices and statements when they are issued in electronic form.
RR VAT invoice - changes from September 2019
From September 2019, as a result of the amendment to the VAT Act, VAT RR invoices may be submitted in addition to paper also electronically, which is regulated by the newly added paragraph. 3a to art. 116. Thus, a VAT RR invoice can be issued, signed and sent electronically with the consent of the supplier. However, in order for the document to comply with the newly added regulations, the VAT RR invoice should be provided by the supplier and the buyer with a qualified electronic signature, respectively.
The delivery of the original VAT invoice to the supplier is understood as sending it in electronic form.
In connection with the introduction of the possibility of preparing VAT RR invoices, a new structure of a uniform control file - FA_RR was created electronically. It will be submitted at the request of the tax authorities. The standard control file for VAT RR invoices includes, inter alia, the following information:
entity data,
the scope for which JPK is generated,
data on issued VAT RR invoices,
data on the issued corrections to VAT RR invoices
number of indicated statements,
information about the applied signatures qualified by the buyer or the person authorized to issue the invoice and the supplier or person
entitled to receive an invoice.
Importantly, JPK_FA_RR does not apply when invoices are issued on paper.
Taxation of cashback revenues?
2022 © https://mercymatters.net RR VAT invoice issued by the buyer of agricultural produce


An informative, gorgeously illustrated study of the majestic polar bear. Huge, magnificent, alone, a white bear moves through the frozen Arctic. Powerful hunter, tender mother and gentle playmate – she shares this land of ice and snow with the Inuit people, who watch and learn from her. Come on an unforgettable journey into the world of the polar bear... Containing accurate information suitable for classroom projects and activities, this emotive, atmospheric picture book brings the icy grandeur of the Arctic to life.


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Uplands Farm Sanctuary
Uplands Farm Preserve A gorgeous day at our Uplands Farm Preserve on Long Island. © A. Graziano Photography
Visit this dairy farm turned carbon-neutral Conservancy preserve and office.
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Clean Energy Upgrades
True to its name, Uplands Farm Sanctuary in Cold Spring Harbor, New York, retains the appearance of an old dairy farm, complete with a silo and open meadows that were once cattle pastures. Today, the old brick farm buildings serve as an office for The Nature Conservancy's Long Island Chapter.
Before you visit, download a trail map.
The preserve offers visitors the chance to enjoy a variety of natural habitats and native species. Nearly 2.5 miles of marked trail meanders from bird and butterfly meadows, through deciduous forests, and into a white pine-shaded ravine.
The gravelly, acidic soils of Uplands Farm are difficult to fertilize, so raising livestock was preferable to cultivation over the years. In colonial times, the land was most likely used for sheep ranching for wool. In 1920, the Nichols family began raising cattle and ultimately ran a dairy at Uplands Farm until 1962.
Mrs. Jane Nichols, a long-time resident and owner of Uplands Farm, donated three parcels of the preserve to the Conservancy during the late 1970s, including several buildings. Upon her death in 1981, additional parcels were acquired, bringing the total size of the preserve to 97 acres. The sanctuary is dedicated to the memory of Mrs. Nichols and her commitment to environmental conservation.
View Directions | Open in Maps
Dawn to dusk, seven days a week
Explore our work in this region
From the Long Island Expressway (I-495), take exit 48 (Round Swamp Road exit) and continue north on Round Swamp.
Go 2.6 miles and turn left onto Route 25.
Proceed 1.25 miles and turn right onto Woodbury Road.
Continue on Woodbury Road for 1.75 miles and make a left onto Harbor Road (Route 108).
Go 1.6 miles and turn right, uphill, onto Lawrence Hill Road.
Proceed 0.3 miles and turn right into the Uplands Farm entrance.
Proceed to the end of the split rail fence and turn left just before the barn toward the tall, white silo.
Please park in the parking area that is located in front of the white silo.
Uplands Farm Sanctuary is open to visitors from dawn to dusk, seven days a week. The office is open Monday-Friday, 9 am to 5 pm. The Nature Conservancy does not allow dogs or other pets on our preserves.
If you're interested in longer hikes, the West Loop Trail at Uplands Farm connects to the 20-mile Nassau-Suffolk Trail, part of the Long Island Greenbelt where one can hike from Cold Spring Harbor south to Massapequa.
The trail begins in the sanctuary's most popular attraction—the vast wildflower meadows which provide important habitat for a wide variety of plants and animals, including milkweed, goldenrod, and dozens of butterfly species. Bird species associated with this type of habitat are Eastern Bluebird, Tree Swallow, and Blue-winged Warbler. Groundhogs have also become common on the preserve, so be sure to look for them feeding along the edge of the meadow along the Daniel P. Davison trail. Historically, these fields were hayed once a year and used to feed the local cattle. Every winter, stewardship staff at the Conservancy mow the vegetation in the meadow to retain this special habitat and historic appearance.
A nest box program provides shelter and reproduction opportunity for cavity-nesting birds such as Tree Swallows, House Wrens, and occasionally Eastern Bluebirds. Look for the Tree Swallows, flashes of metallic blue above the meadow grasses and wildflowers, as they swiftly snatch flying insects out of the sky. The Conservancy maintains trails leading to the nest boxes to manage the program, so please stay out of these areas to minimize disturbance. They are marked with signage indicating they are closed to hiking.
Follow the Daniel P. Davison trail through the eastern woodland to see red maple, black cherry, and red cedar mixed with oak, ash, black walnut, and hickory trees. Traverse the hilly terrain of the West Loop trail through the western woodland to spot flowering dogwood and extensive thickets of mountain laurel bloom below a canopy of oaks, tulip trees, and black birch.
Uplands Farm Sanctuary is a great place to view a variety of resident and migratory songbird species throughout most of the year. May is a particularly fun time to visit— diversity is at its peak with neotropical migrants and return breeders bustling about the preserve. Twenty-two species of warbler have been documented here and stunners such as Scarlet Tanager, Baltimore Oriole, and Orchard Oriole breed in the surrounding woodlands and edges. The golden-rod filled meadows offer an excellent chance of spotting Orange-crowned Warbler during the month of October. Eastern Bluebird, the New York state bird, can also be found on the preserve throughout the year.
The main office once served as a cattle barn for the Nichols dairy operation and was renovated in 1995 to provide space for the Conservancy's growing staff and conservation programs. Outfitted with its original barn doors and windows, along with a large white silo, Uplands Farm still retains its historic appearance. In the near future, The Nature Conservancy, in partnership with Suffolk County, will be installing a new wastewater treatment system that is designed to reduce the amount of nitrogen that enters our groundwater and surrounding water bodies.
Parking is available for up to 10 vehicles in front of the Uplands Farm Sanctuary main office. Please inquire with the Uplands Farm staff before bringing large groups: 631-367-3225.
Tick Safety: Please be cautious when hiking at Uplands Farm Sanctuary throughout the year, but especially during peak tick activity (April through October). Deer and dog ticks are commonplace at this sanctuary and proper protection measures should ensure an enjoyable experience throughout the year.
Instagram user? Please use #uplandsfarmsanctuary and tag us, @nature.ny, with your nature shots!
In the eastern woodland, you'll see red maple, black cherry and red cedar mixed with oak, ash and hickory trees. In the hilly terrain of the western woodland, flowering dogwood and extensive thickets of mountain laurel bloom below a canopy of oaks, tulip trees and black birch. The sanctuary's meadows and hedgerows provide habitat for a wide variety of plants and animals, including butterfly weed and goldenrods, 40 butterfly species and grassland birds such as bobolinks and meadowlarks, which have become rare as their habitat has disappeared.
Bluebirds, the New York state bird, return in late winter and early spring. They build their nests in bird boxes or tree cavities along forest edges. Monarch butterflies return to the region in late summer. Both the caterpillars and adult butterflies rely on the butterfly weed and other milkweed species that bloom in the open fields.
This 97-acre preserve is located in Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
A Clean Energy Makeover at Uplands
At The Nature Conservancy's Uplands Farm Sanctuary in Cold Spring Harbor, Hilario Minaya and coworkers from Empower Solar attach glinting, blue solar panels to the roof of a former dairy barn that now serves as a TNC office. "You produce electricity with sunlight. It's great," says Minaya, who began working in solar six months after graduating from high school a few years back.
The addition of 45 kilowatts of solar power to an existing array here is part of the final push to make the preserve and its operations carbon neutral, meaning the facility will produce as much clean energy as it uses each year.
Power of the Sun Installed in the summer of 2020, the addition of 45 kilowatts of solar power to an existing array was the final push to make Uplands carbon neutral. © Dorothy Hong
To reverse global warming, the world must go carbon neutral in the next 10 years, scientists from the United Nation's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change tell us. Uplands Farm Sanctuary has already arrived at this goal. "We want to show people that this kind of transition to clean energy isn't just a dream for the future but something we can do now," says Jessica Price, The Nature Conservancy's New York renewable energy strategy lead, who spearheaded the project.
The preserve and its staff hope to inspire visitors, local leaders, business owners, community institutions and neighbors. "Seeing solar panels in your neighborhood is one of the biggest factors in motivating homeowners and businesses to install solar," Price says as she eyes the new electric-vehicle (EV) charger in the front corner of the parking lot. "By noticing this array and the other energy improvements we've made here, people, we hope, will get interested and excited about exploring their own options and will start thinking big when it comes to securing the clean energy future."
Going Carbon Neutral
The idea of going carbon neutral at Uplands was first set in motion four years ago, says Price. "We started this conversation about what we could do in our own business operations to showcase The Nature Conservancy's priorities." Addressing climate change, of course, was prime among them. TNC then reached out to the Green Mountain Energy Sun Club, a nonprofit that supports sustainability efforts. Sun Club donated 65 percent of the project's costs. "It was a great opportunity to do something we'd been dreaming about," Price says.
Clean Energy Future Uplands' new electric-vehicle (EV) charger is located in the front corner of the parking lot. © Niger Miles
We want to show people that this kind of transition to clean energy isn't just a dream for the future but something we can do now.
Jessica Price
New York Renewable Energy Strategy Lead
The funding helped make all kinds of clean energy upgrades at Uplands possible. First, the facility decreased the amount of energy it uses by insulating its buildings and adding weather sealing that helps stop cold air from leaking out in the summertime and prevents it from flowing in in winter. Uplands installed new, energy-efficient windows and a smart, programmable thermostat. Next, the facility replaced its oil-burning heating system with efficient, electric air-source heat pumps that absorb ambient heat from the air and use it, instead of fossil fuels, to warm buildings.
The most visible parts of the upgrade—the installation of the solar panels and an electric-vehicle (EV) charging station—were meant to begin in the spring of 2020 but were delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Now the panels are up and running and the upgrades, overall, will save TNC a substantial amount of money on Uplands' energy bills and reduce the preserve's carbon output over the course of the year to a giant goose egg: zero.
Catching the Eye "Seeing solar panels in your neighborhood is one of the biggest factors in motivating homeowners and businesses to install solar," says Price. © Dorothy Hong
Clean Energy Jobs
Investments in clean energy have clear long-term benefits to humanity as they help slow the pace of climate change, but these investments have immediate benefits to people as well. One of the most important ones is jobs. In 2010, 93,500 Americans were employed in the field full time, according to the Solar Foundation's annual solar jobs census. In 2019, that number increased to almost 250,000.
Here in New York, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the industry employed almost 11,000 full-time workers, including 7,800 installers. Those numbers were up by more than 10 percent over the previous year, thanks, in part, to the Empire State's clean energy policies. And even with the pandemic in full swing, the federal Bureau of Labor Statistics lists solar installer as the third-fastest-growing profession in the U.S. "I recommend it to my friends," says Minaya, whose employer is looking for workers even during these times of high unemployment. "The field teaches you different skills, and it's good for the earth. Plus, it's hiring a lot."
Flipping the Switch at Uplands (6:02) With the support of Green Mountain Energy Sun Club, our offices in Cold Spring Harbor are now carbon neutral. Tune in as we flip the switch to a clean energy future at Uplands.
Find More Places We Protect
The Nature Conservancy owns nearly 1,500 preserves covering more than 2.5 million acres across all 50 states. These lands protect wildlife and natural systems, serve as living laboratories for innovative science and connect people to the natural world.
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