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Charlie Brooks
Author of the Greystone Valley series and more
Greystone Valley
Conquest of Greystone Valley
July 7, 2015 by Charlie Brooks
Kings and Queens of Greystone Valley
"Why don't they raise the army anyway?" Sarah stepped carefully through the streets, avoiding sharp rocks that could cut into her bare feet. "These people can't enjoy having an entire army tromping through their village at the drop of a hat."
"What land do you come from?"
"Me? Um…America."
"And does everyone get along in this America of yours?"
"Of course!" Sarah immediately felt foolish for blurting out the poorly thought-out answer. "Well…not really. It's complicated."
"It's complicated here, too. The valley hasn't had a king in over fifty years. It's mostly just tiny villages like this one. Each town has its own way of doing things, and none of them likes having someone else telling them what to do. When people can't even agree on what side of bread to butter in the morning, how are they supposed to cooperate on something more important?"
Greystone Valley is currently a land without a ruler. The valley is made up mostly of villages and other small settlements, each which has their own way of doing things. That means that going from one town to the next has some peril involved, since the laws might change dramatically without notice. Very few towns post their laws openly. Most people assume that their way of doing things is just common sense, even if it doesn't seem like common sense to a foreigner. It has been this way for over fifty years now, ever since the corrupt reign of King Borgus Rothgar, often referred to nowadays as Rothgar the Fat, Stupid, and Ugly.
The valley used to have a royal family that had supposedly been given the right to rule from the Wizard himself. At first, they were a well-liked group of people, but a series of corrupt and petty members of the royal family led to a revolution where the royal family was displaced. For some years, Greystone Valley went without a king or queen, but then came Erelan Anuvier.
Erelan had been a king in his home realm of Blackwood, which was a world of magic and myth similar to Greystone Valley. During a cataclysmic war in his home world, a burst of magic sent Erelan hurtling through the dimensions until he wound up in Greystone Valley. He quickly ran afoul of the warlord Draygus, who had used a magical orb to control many powerful dragons in an attempt to conquer the valley. Erelan faced Draygus in single combat and defeated him by shattering the magical orb. The dragons, freed of the item's control, turned on Draygus and carried him off screaming to the mountaintops, never to be seen again. In gratitude, the people of the valley named Erelan their king.
King Anuvier ruled for a period of ten years, until he was found by a powerful wizard from his home world. This wizard, known as Garyl Shadowslayer, was apparently a match for the Wizard of the Valley himself, as his magic was powerful enough to override the enchantments that prevented people from leaving. He took Erelan back to Blackwood, which needed its king. As Erelan left the valley, he assigned his steward, Velannie Rothgar, to serve as his replacement. Thus, Greystone Valley gained a new queen.
Velannie and her heirs ruled well, but once again corruption reared its ugly head. Velannie's grandchild Borgus was a petty and vindictive young man who took out all of his frustrations over his lack of physical health and beauty on his subjects. He considered any slight against him to be an act of revolution. For example, one day somebody accidentally slipped some ingredients for a magical potion into his soup. The result was silly but harmless, resulting in the king's skin being tinted blue for a little over a week. However, Borgus insisted that wizards had tried to poison him, which led to him ordering the execution of all wizards, seers, and magical creatures in the land. This resulted in what is known as the Magical Purge, where many of the magic users in Greystone Valley went into hiding lest they face the king's wrath.
Shortly after the Magical Purge, the people of Greystone Valley revolted for real, overthrowing Borgus and ending his reign. The king had been unmarried and had no children, so there were no heirs to take his place. Rather than seek out a new ruler, the people of the valley chose to live without one. The valley was, after all, small and usually relatively peaceful, and few people wanted to risk appointing a ruler as corrupt and vengeful as Borgus again.
Since then, Greystone Valley has seen a few heroes now and again, such as the legendary Emerald Enchantress who performed many great deeds. These heroes tend to rise up during a time of need as though they were called by the valley itself. However, they tend to fade away just as quickly, either disappearing as Erelan did or living out the rest of their days in peace and quiet once the adventure is over.
Image: Beautiful Royal Crown by Piotr Siedlecki
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Q: Using jQuery Functions in MVC3 with model I'm trying out jQuery in an MVC3 ASP.NET app but I'm struggling with the model aspects.
This is not working:
I've declared a TextBox Watermark library:
<script src="../../Scripts/jquery.tinywatermark-3.1.0.js" type="text/javascript"></script>

I then add my jQuery:
<script type="text/javascript">
    $(function () {
        $('.watermarked').watermark('watermark', 'Please Enter...');
    });
</script>

Then add the watermarked class to my div model field:
<div class="editor-field">
     @Html.EditorFor(model => model.SchemeName, new { @class = "watermarked" })
    @*<input class="watermarked"  @Html.EditorFor(model => model.SchemeName) />*@
    @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.SchemeName)

If I uncomment the  section it sort of works but I want to maintain the Razor model, any ideas, anyone?

A: The following line:
@Html.EditorFor(model => model.SchemeName, new { @class = "watermarked" })

doesn't do what you think it does. The second argument that you are passing to the EditorFor helper doesn't do what you think it does. It sends additional view data to the custom editor template. It doesn't apply any html attributes as you might be thinking. If you want this syntax to work you have the possibility to write a custom metadata provider and a custom editor template as illustrated in the following article.

A: I'm not sure what the preference for EditorFor() is that you need it but this should work just fine
@Html.TextBoxFor(model => model.SchemeName, new { @class = "watermarked" })

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Hi guys! How was everyone's weekend? Last week my Dad surprised me and Sofia by walking in through the front door with Kiril. My jaw dropped! We had a great couple of days hanging with him- we even tasted out the new vegan burger that tastes like a regular meat burger… "Beyond Meat Burger." It has beet juice to resemble the "juiciness" of a meaty burger– It was a little too realistic for me but I did enjoy it! Highly recommend!!
I love, love, love EASY DIY stuff that adds value to the everyday life. Who doesn't? I am not one to try something that has tons of steps or requires a bunch of materials, etc. I have been wanting to start making my own cleaning products despite using mostly "green" products simply because it's healthy and affordable for my family. Also, when I run out of glass and granite cleaner, I like to have a back up option other than run to the store.
Mix all together in a glass mixing bowl or jar, pour into container. Spray and use just like you would a normal glass cleaner.
***TIP: For cleaning windows, you can use just 1/2 cup of filtered water and 1/2 cup of vinegar with NEWSPAPER instead of your traditional cloth. It makes the windows SHINE BRIGHT LIKE DIAMONDS.
What my guru taught me…goals for 2017!
Happy new year!!! You may have noticed I have spent a few weeks away from the blogging world. The idea of new years resolutions has never really excited me. This year I decided I wanted to set GOALS. My main goal for 2017 is something my daughter taught me…BE PRESENT. Scroll down for my list of goals for the year!
In a world where there is constant hustle and bustle, social media, instant gratification–it is SO easy to get caught up in it. We are addicted to our phones, and constantly staying connected to whatever is happening in the world. Studies suggest that technology dependency along with social media sets off dopamine signals in the brain, similar to drugs. Growing up in the social media frenzy, you can actually get addicted to getting likes on your photos and posts. Seems unreal, right?
There's a number of articles circulating about the negative affects of the selfie world, Keeping up with the Kardashians or having as many followers as possible. Check out, "How real is a social media addiction," By CBS News here. Although, a simple google search of social media dependency will find several articles worth reading.
Sofia, my little guru, has taught me so much in just the 28 months she has been here. Our children are constantly living in the present, and joyfully so. They barely think about what they are going to be doing in the next 30 minutes. They allow themselves to be 100% immersed and consumed by whatever task they are doing. I used to find myself getting frustrated if I couldn't breastfeed, type emails, blog, talk on the phone and plan what I would be making for dinner that night all at the same time. Sofia loves to say, "look at me mama…" and she would put her hand on my face and make me look in her direction and then everything around me would just stop. I was living in the beautiful moment, gazing into her eyes, feeling that deep, deep love that comes from lifetimes of knowing another soul.
And so I began meditating more often, thanks in part to a daily group I participate in. I found myself joyfully living in the moment and finding the child within. We never completely lose the child within us, but we allow our "adulting" to take over and transform our life.
I made several goals for 2017 that I know will be helpful to me, so hopefully they will help you too. Let's have a great year together!
Be Present, meditate more often. Have you checked out the app: Insight Timer? It's free and awesome.
Love yourself. We all need to be less hard on ourselves, stop comparing and start loving. Wear less makeup. Buy the bikini!
Stop trying to buy happiness-consume less. Check out the Minimalism Documentary on Netflix!
Speak your TRUTH!!! Stop holding it in and just say it. Release it. It will be okay.
Read more. Watch less TV, get a library membership!
No new friends! Ha just kidding, but seriously- spend more time with the people that mean the most in your life. It's not about quantity, it's about quality.
Educate yourself…don't just listen to the media. Pay attention, ask questions.
Stop caring what others think. Seriously, f em'.
Eat less processed foods and less meat. YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT!
MOVE! Dance, run, shake it when you brush your teeth, blast the radio in the car and jam in your seat at the red light and smile when you see people staring, and BELT out that song in the shower. Do what makes your body feel good!! Moving and exercise releases those beautiful things called endorphins.


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Registration of the Approved in 2019: March 25-29, 2019.
Special Student enrollment 1st semester 2019: March 25-29, 2019.
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Enrollment of special students 2nd semester 2019: July 10-11, 2019.
Beginning of Classes 2nd semester / 2019: August 1, 2019.
For more information, please contact the Graduate Secretariat.


Scripture: 2 Timothy 1:  For God did not give us a spirit of timidity, but a spirit of power, of love and of self-discipline.
Observation: Why am I afraid so much when God offers me power? Most likely because I don't accept the gift He gives me. When someone gives you something all you need to do is receive it, but you can also decide not to receive it, and that is what I do at times, refuse the gifts the Lord gives me.
Application: I need to receive what God gives me with Thanksgiving and praise, then use it each day. I have a gift of power, love and self discipline I need to use in my living and for God to fulfill the plan He has for me.
Prayer: Dear Lord I receive what You give me. Thank you for your love and all You do for me, may I use it in glory and honor to You.
Observation: Why am I afraid so much when God offers me power? Most likely because I don't accept the gift He gives me. When someone gives you something all you need to do is receive it, but you can also decide not to receive it, and that is what I do at times, refuse the gifts the Lord gives me on a daily basis.
Application: I need to receive what God gives me with Thanksgiving and praise, then use it each day. I have a gift of power, love and self discipline I need to use it in my life and for God to fulfill the plan He has for me.
Scripture: 1 Timothy 6:  Fight the good fight of the faith. Take hold of the eternal life to which you were called when you made your good confession in the presence of many witnesses.
Observation: To have faith for me sometimes is a battle. I'm still so much in the flesh I get wrapped up in this life and I lose site of God. I get so focused on my problems I loose site of my problem solver and the reason I'm here. Even now with the problems at my work I'm trying to force things and looking at the worst scenario instead of having faith that God has something more for me.
Application: Trust in God with all my heart lean not on my own understanding. Do what I feel God is calling me to do, make sure my decision line up with His word and live each day by faith.
Prayer: My God increase my faith. Help me focus on you and your desires for my life. May I wait on you and be at peace as I wait.
Scripture: 1 Timothy 5: 17 The elders who direct the affairs of the church well are worthy of double honor, especially those whose work is preaching and teaching.
Observation: I criticize more then compliment the pastors at my church. It is so easy to find fault because I compare what is done to what I would do. God has ordained the pastors and elders to fulfill a purpose and my responsibility is to honor and assist in any way I can.
Application: Instead of judging, I need to support. If I get into a conversation with someone and negative thoughts are expressed I need to either stop the conversation or support my church leaders. God has put my pastor and elders above me so I may learn and they deserve my allegiance and respect.
Prayer: Dear Lord soften my heart and my tongue. Guide me before I would say anything negative, may I be an encourager and not a discourager.
Scripture: 1 Timothy 4:  Do not neglect your gift, which was given you through a prophetic message when the body of elders laid their hands on you.
Observation: God has given me gifts to use for His glory, but most of my day I use them for me. I use the talents at work to earn money and yes I do use my gifts at times in service to others in His name. I don't use them enough however in His service. Too much of my time is used doing nothing, as I let my gifts sit and waste away opportunities of service in His name are ignored.
Application: God has opened the door for me to use my gifts in the small group ministry. He has divinely guided me. Already I'm trying to make excuses why not to do it, that it will take too much time, but I need to persevere and bless God this time.
Prayer: Dear Lord only by your strength will I be able to succeed in accomplishing using my gifts for your glory. Help me please, fulfill the purpose you created me for.
Scripture: 1 Timothy 3:  They must keep hold of the deep truths of the faith with a clear conscience.
Observation: I'm asking my Pastor to become a leader in the church, overseeing small group Ministry. I'm expected to keep hold of the deep truths of faith. Yet almost every day I lose faith and begin to worry. I can't even write this journal without my mind wondering about job and finances. My faith is so weak and I lose hope so easy, I'm not sure if I can be a good leader.
Application: I need to increase my faith by trusting in God that He will guide me. I know I have trials and tribulations, but instead of losing hope I need to depend on God even more. I need His love, direction, guidance, mercy, wisdom and to know my purpose in this life.
Prayer: Dear Lord increase my faith and open my eyes to what You desire of me. Direct me today in what to do and say. Draw me nearer to accomplishing my purpose in this world.
Scripture: 1 Timothy 2:  who wants all men to be saved and to come to a knowledge of the truth.
Observation: God wants all men to be saved, yet we like to pick and choose who we think should be saved. I know not everyone will be saved, but I have a duty to reach as many people as I can for Christ. I need to make the same effort for those I like and those I dislike. If I was living as God calls me to live I would love everyone.
Application: I need to take the focus off me and start to become concerned for others as God expects me to be. Look for opportunities to tell others about Christ or at least show Christ's love to others by the way I treat them.
Prayer: My Lord guide this servant today and each day to be your messenger. Have me go out of my way to witness to others, telling them of your gift of eternal life and the special purpose you have for them.


We have already learned that viscosity (also called absolute or dynamic viscosity) is the property of a liquid which offers resistance to the movement of one layer of liquid over another adjacent layer of liquid. In other words, viscosity is the property of a liquid which controls its rate of flow. The viscosity of a liquid is due to cohesion and interaction between particles.


The Brooklyn Pine LHD flooring decor catches the eye thanks to its rustic appearance, which is accentuated by large cathedrals, pronounced wood structures, and knots. Together this creates a very realistic look. This is underlined by continuous planks that clearly stand out from one another, reflecting the wood's natural growth and original individual structures. The impression is further intensified by a color stain that varies in strength and intensity.


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T.L. Winslow's 1380s Historyscope 1380-1389 C.E.
© Copyright by T.L. Winslow. All Rights Reserved.
1380-1389 C.E.
The Milan Decade in Italy, the Rob Peter to Pay Paul Wycliffe Decade in England, the I Got Over Being Timider Tamerlane Decade in the Middle East, and the Field of Blackbirds Decade in the Balkans? Stewart Scotland seems to be swarming with pesky Douglases?
Country Leader From To
England Richard II (1367-1400) June 21, 1377 Aug. 19, 1399
Scotland Robert II (1316-90) Feb. 22, 1371 Apr. 19, 1390
France Charles V the Wise (1338-80) 1364 Sept. 16, 1380
Germany Wenceslaus IV the Drunkard/Lazy (1361-1419) June 10, 1376 Aug. 16, 1419
Papacy Pope Urban VI (1318-89) 1378 Oct. 15, 1389
1380 - The Rob Peter to Pay Paul Philip II the Bold Year?
1380 By this decade the Byzantine Empire has been reduced by the Ottomans to Constantinople, Thessalonica, Trebizond, and some parts of the Peloponnesus. On Jan. 1 the Venetian fleet returns from the Mediterranean and blockades the Genoese fleet, which surrenders at Chioggia in June; having lost its fleet, Genoa begins losing its overseas possessions, finally losing its last one, Corsica, in 1768. In the spring Hesychast Neilos (Nilus) Kerameus (-1388) becomes patriarch of Constantinople (until 1388), convening a synod to decide the metropolitanate of Moscow after the death of St. Alexius (1295-1378); Moscow grand prince (since 1359) (St.) Dmitri II Donskoi (1359-89) chooses priest Mikhail (Mityaya), who wants Metropolitans to be enthroned in Russia than Constantinople, causing him to be accused of heresy, but dies last year on his way to Constantinople, and after baksheesh from Donskoi (cash from the Genoese and Turks), he decides to give it to Bulgarian-born Hesychast Cyprian (1330-1406), who is sacked for fleeing from Moscow as the Blue Horde approached in 1379, causing Pimen the Greek (-1389) to become metropolitan of Kiev and Great Russia in 1382-4, until it is discovered that he used forged letters from Grand Prince Dmitri II Donski, pissing-off Donskoi, who refuses to accept him, after which St. Dionysius I (1300-85), bishop of Suzdal (since 1374), who went to Constantinople to beg for Pimen's deposition is appointed in his place in 1384, but is arrested in Kiev at the orders of Prince Vladimir Olgerdovich at the insistence of Cyprian, dying on Oct. 15, 1385 without taking possession of his see; in 1390 Vasili II allows Cyprian to return to Moscow, and he is appointed metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia (until Sept. 16, 1406), going on to unite the Russian church with the grand duchy of Lithuania. On Sept. 8 after they decide not to pay the annual tribute, drawing an invasion, the Russians under Moscow grand prince (since 1359) (St.) Dmitri II Donskoi (1359-89) win a V against the Tartar Golden Horde under Khan Mamai at the Battle of Kulikovo (Kulikov) on the Upper Don River 200 mi. S of Moscow, becoming the first Russian V since the Mongol Conquest, although the Mongols return two years later to capture Moscow and put it under the Tartar Yoke, and continue to have the upper hand for the next cent.; the Lithuanian army under Jagiello agrees to aid Mamai, but reneges at the last minute, becoming the decisive factor; Dmitri II gets the name Donskoi ("of the Don) for the big V; after rival gen. Tokhtamysh (-1406) dethrones and kills Mamai, the Russian Orthodox Church begins celebrating a memorial for the battle on the Sat. before the Feast of St. Demetrius (d. 306); after learning that he rushed N to talk Jagiello into betraying Mamai, Dmitri II flops on Cyprian, inviting him to become metropolitan of Moscow, and imprisoning Pimen. On Sept. 16 French king (since 1364) Charles V the Wise (b. 1338) unwisely dies of mushroom poisoning, and his 12-y.-o. son (by wife Jeanne of Bourbon) Charles VI (the Well-Beloved) (the Mad) (1368-1422) is crowned Valois king #4 of France (until 1399); his uncle Duke Philip II the Bold of Burgundy (1342-1404) becomes regent, and virtual ruler of France, although nominally sharing power with his other uncles, art-loving John the Magnificent of Valois, Duke of Berry (1340-1416) and Louis I of Naples, Duke of Anjou (1339-84) ("the Princes of the Lilies"); meanwhile the men of Ghent siege, capture, and pillage Grammont; the Hundred Years' War stalemates, with weak govts. on both sides languishing under internal disorders, and much of France in ruins; the English hold only Bordeaux, Bayonne, Brest, Calais, Cherbourg, and Valais; initially Charles is known as the Well-Beloved, until he suffers the first of his bouts of madness in 1392. Haakon VI of Norway (b. 1340) dies, and his son (by wife Margaret of Denmark) Olaf II of Denmark also becomes Olaf IV of Norway (until 1387), with Margaret as regent and real ruler, giving her control of Denmark and Norway; now all she has to do is get her hands on Sweden?; the capital of Norway is moved from Trondheim to Oslo. The English Parliament institutes a third, graded poll tax in an attempt to tax the rich more than the poor, but somehow it comes out the opposite of that in many communities, causing peasants to chafe, and tax evasion to become rampant, along with sporadic violence and unrest among the agricultural and urban classes. Pope Urban VI deposes Queen Joanna I of Naples for supporting his enemy Pope Clement VII; dwarf (under 3.5'-tall) Charles III the Short of Naples (1345-86) succeeds as king of Naples. Oxford U. theologian John Wycliffe (1324-84) gives a sermon in which he utters the soundbyte: "How should God approve that you rob Peter, and give this robbery to Paul in the name of Christ?" Leipzig obtains the privilege (Stapelrecht) of forcing all passing merchants to offer their goods for sale. In this decade the Bornu Empire (ends 1893) is founded in modern-day NE Nigeria on the ruins of the Kanem Empire, growing to incl. parts of Chad, Cameroon, and Niger. Architecture: About this time William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas (1327-84) builds tantalizingly cool Tantallon Castle on a cliff face opposite the Bass looking onto the Firth of Forth 3 mi. SE of North Berwick. Poetry: Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400), The House of Fame; a dream vision of a glass temple adorned with images of the famous, where he meditates on the nature of fame with an eagle as his guide; first use in English of the words "galaxy" and "Milky Way"; used by Alexander Pope for "The Temple of Fame". Births: Spanish regent of Castile (1406-16) and king of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia, Corsica and Sicily, and count of Barcelona, Roussillon and Cerdanya (1412-16) Ferdinand I of Antequera (the Just) (the Honest) (d. 1416) on Nov. 27 in Medina del Campo; 2nd son of Juan I of Castile (1358-90) and Eleanor of Aragon; brother of Henry III (1379-1406); uncle of Juan II (1405-54). Czech Hussite (Ultraquist) gen. Andreas Prokop the Great (Holy) (Bald) (Shaven) (d. 1434). Italian Humanist historian Giovanni (Gian) Francesco Poggio Bracciolini (di Guccio) (d. 1459) in Terranuova (near Arezzo). German monk-scholar-mystic Thomas a (à) Kempis (Hamerken) (Hammerlein) (Ger. "small hammer") (d. 1471) in Kempen (near Krefeld), Prussia. Deaths: French constable Bertrand du Guesclin (b. 1320) in Chateauneuf-de-Randon (KIA). Welsh poet Dafydd ap Gwilym (b. 1325). French king (1364-80) Charles V (b. 1338) on Sept. 16 in Beaute-sur-Marne (mushroom poisoning). Norwegian king (1343-80) Haakon VI Magnusson (b. 1340) in Oslo. Italian nun St. Catherine of Siena (b. 1347); canonized in 1461.
1381 - The Damn Foot Turkey in the Straw Follow the Bouncing Ball Wat Tyler Tamerlane Year?
1381 In the spring Cyprian returns to Moscow to cheers, becoming its metropolitan, taking care to minister to Little Russia incl. Kiev, and writing The Life of Peter (the first metropolitan of Moscow), building up Moscow as the divinely-ordained center of Russian Orthodoxy, and Dmitri II Donskoi's line as the legitimate heirs of Kievan rule and rightful rulers of all Orthodox Russians. In late May after the landords attempt to revert to the old servile tenures, the poll tax commissioner for Essex is rioted against, and Wat Tyler's Peasant Rebellion begins, spreading to Kent then throughout SE England (S and E of the Exe-Tees line), reaching York and Somerset by June, destroying manor houses and game parks along with court rolls containing records of serfdom (tenures), and assassinating landlords and lawyers (while humming "When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then a gentleman?"); on June 12 100K pitchfork-shaking peasant rebels led by Wat Tyler (1325-81) and Jack Straw (Rakestraw) release John Ball (1338-81) from prison and reach the Thames River across from London, while more rioters from Essex approach from the N and E; on June 13 the gates are thrown open to the rebels by city sympathizers, and on June 14 14-y.-o. Richard II grants their leaders an interview and accedes to their demands for free tenancy and a reduction in rents, but balks at disendowment of the church and abolition of game laws, causing mob violence and destruction, incl. the murder of lawyers and officials, incl. Simon Theobald of Sudbury, archbishop of Canterbury (since 1375) (chancellor and poll tax polecat), the sacking of houses, the burning of the Savoy Palace of John of Gaunt, and the seizing of the Tower of London, causing the king to meet with the leaders again at Mile End outside the city bearing royal charters of manumission, which causes most of them to begin returning home; unfortunately Wat Tyler draws his dagger in the king's presence and is struck down by the king's followers, causing the 30K remaining rebels to converge on him, but the clever king saves his life by pretending to become their new leader, and then lets them disperse even when an army arrives from London to aid him; once he is safe, the rebellion is cruelly put down by autumn, and is a complete failure, the royal charters revoked and an attempt made to restore villeinage. Parliament refuses to grant taxes for the war against France, and a 6-year English-French Truce is arranged. The men of Ghent capture the Abbey of Eenaeme. The English Parliament passes the first Navigation Act, showing England's growing nat. monopoly of naval commerce. Edmund of Langley makes a fruitless expedition to help Ferdinand I of Portugal against Juan I of Castile, who attacks Portugal to defeat the schemes of John of Gaunt to take his crown. The War of Chioggia (begun 1378) between Venice and Genoa allied with Hungary ends with the Peace of 1381 (Turin), which acknowledges Venetian supremacy in its long struggle with Milan-Genoa after it cedes Dalmatia and pays tribute; Genoese political influence in the Mediterranean and the East is kaput. Peter IV of Aragon becomes duke of Athens and Neopatria (until 1387). John de Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby (1337-88) is appointed English warden of the Scottish border. A statute is enacted in England mandating the use of bills of exchange, and prohibits the future export of gold and silver specie to settle foreign commercial transactions; the system is later adopted in the U.S. Saarbrucken in W Germany comes under control of the counts of Nassau-Saarbrucken (until 1793). Sunni Muslim C Asian military adventurer Tamerlane (Timur-i-Lang) (Temur the Lame) (1336-1405) ("timur = iron) (not really lame?) begins 35 successful campaigns to Persia, Russia, Georgia, Syria, Egypt, and other parts, first conquering Persia and its capital Herat; the Shiite Sarbadar regime based in Sabzavar comes under his suzerainty; Tamerlane goes on to establish an empire in Persia, Iraq, and Syria, with capital in Samarkand in modern-day Uzbekistan. Kadi Burhan al-Din Ahmed (Burhaneddin) (-1398), vizier of the principality of Eretna in NE Anatolia usurps the sultanate (until 1398), becoming a popular poet. Nonfiction: 130 years before Martin Luther of Germany, an anti-Roman Catholic Reformation is brewing in England? John Wycliffe (1324-84), English Trans. of the Latin Bible; first new trans. in a millennium, based on the Latin Vulgate Bible; actually Wycliffe doesn't merely translate but creates the New Testament, writing it originally in English and Latin, and it is actually a code history of 14th cent. Europe, incl. the Avignon papacy?; Confession Concerning the Eucharist; denies that the "substance" of bread and wine are miraculously annihilated during the Eucharist - the secrets that made it taste so good? Births: Italian patriarch #1 of Venice (1451-6) (St.) Lawwrence Giustiniani (d. 1456) on July 1 in Venice; feast day: Jan. 8. Deaths: English rebel Wat Tyler (b. 1325) on June 15 (KIA). English nobleman Edmund Mortimer, 3rd earl of March (b. 1352) on Dec. 27 in Cork, Ireland (KIA).
1382 - The foot-long shoe year?
1382 On Jan. 24 Richard II's 7-y.-o. heir presumptive Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March (b. 1374) is made lord lt. of Ireland, with his uncle Sir Thomas Mortimer acting as his deputy; he is reappointed on July 23, 1392, and in Sept. 1394; on Apr. 25, 1396 he is appointed lt. in Ulster, Connact, and Meath; in Apr. 1397 he is reappointed lord lt. of Ireland for three more years; too bad, on Sept. 4, 1397 he is ordered to arrest his uncle Sir Thomas Mortimer for treason over the 1387 Battle of Radcot Bridge, which he neglects to do, and in Jan. 1398 he is summoned to a parliament in Shrewbury om Shropshire, where a vast crowd wearing his colors "rapturously receives" him, pissing-off Richard II, after which his nephew and enemy Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey, 3rd Earl of Kent, 4th Baron Holland (1374-1400) is ordered to arrest him, but before he can do that on July 20, 1398 Mortimer is KIA in Ireland, while on Juy 27 unaware of his death Richard II dismisses him as lord lt. of Ireland, appointing Holland in his place and ordering him on Jan. 22, 1399 to accept all the homages due to himself during the remainder of his term; too bad, after Richard II is deposed on Sept. 29, 1399, Holland loses his appointments. On May 24 emperor (since 1371) Go-En'yu (b. 1359) abdicates, and his eldest son Go-Komatsu (1377-1433) (personal name Motohito) becomes Japanese Ashikaga (northern) pretender emperor #6 (until 1412); meanwhile S emperor Go-Kameyama refuses to turn over the three sacred treasures (until 1392). On Sept. 10 Louis I the Great (b. 1326) dies, leaving his 10-y.-o. daughter Mary of Anjou as queen Mary of Hungary (1371-95), with her mother Elizabeth (Elisabeth) of Bosnia (1340-87) (daughter of Stephen II) as regent; Mary's position is challenged by Charles III of Naples, who gains a following in S Hungary and Croatia. In Nov. Philip the Bold leads France on an expedition in support of his father-in-law the count of Flanders against the pro-Roman Catholic Flemish rebels under Philip van Artevelde (1340-82), and defeats them at the Battle of Roosebeke, massacring them "without pity, as though they had been but dogs"; van Artevelde is KIA; Duke Wenceslas of Brabant punishes the pop. of Louvain, Belgium so severely for an attempted insurrection that thousands of weavers emigrate to Holland and England, and it begins declining as an industrial town and turning into a univ. town. The Genoese regain control of Constantinople. The Turks capture Sredetz (ancient Sardica) and rename it Sofia from the 12th cent. Church of St. Sofia, which they turn into a mosque. The Mongols under Tokhtamysh capture Moscow in a surprise attack, sack and burn it, and get Dmitri II Donskoi to flop and pledge allegiance and restore the tribute payment; too bad, after finding that he snuck out to Tver during the attack, pissing off patriarch Neilos Karameus, Dmitri II flops on Cyprian again, booting him out of Moscow and reinstalling Pimen as metropolitan, only to withdraw support for him, but never allow Cyprian back in. Leopold III of Austria acquires Trieste. Witowt and his father are imprisoned by his cousin Ladislaus Jagiello (future Ladislaus II) in a dispute over the title of grand duke; the father dies in prison, but the son escapes and takes refuge with the Teutonic Knights, plotting to get his territory back. Dawit I (-1413), younger son of Newaya Krestos becomes Solomonic emperor of Ethiopia (until 1413), going on to invade Egypt as far as Aswan. Having the peasants kicked down nicely, the English teen king goes Bohunk to relax and enjoy every drop of life from the time his first short and curly sprouts? 16-y.-o. Richard II of England (b. 1366) marries Anne of Bohemia (1366-94), eldest daughter of Charles of Luxemburg, king of Bohemia (later HRE); her noblemen sport shoes with foot-long tips, causing the fashion of wearing Crackowes (Poulaines) to catch on in England - wouldn't it be great if your insides could be this happy? Juan I of Castile forces Ferdinand I of Portugal (d. 1383) to give him his daughter Beatrice (Beatriz), Heiress of Portugal in marriage to end the fight between the two kings. Sir John Lyon, Robert II's son-in-law and chamberlain is murdered, and his 2nd son Robert, Earl of Fife becomes chamberlain, taking control of Scottish finances. John of Gaunt balks at John Wycliffe's desire to overthrow the Church, only wanting to limit its authority in temporal matters, and repudiates his connection with him; a convocation of the province of Canterbury, led by William Courtenay, archbishop of Canterbury condemns several of his writings as heretical, esp. the one against holy cannibalism (transubstantiation), causing him to be banished from Oxford to his rectory at Lutterworth (until 1384), where he continues organizing his Lollards; the efforts of the convocation to get the king's council to enact an ordinance ordering the arrest of the heretics is stymied by Parliament at its next session, letting them have a free hand for 20 years (until 1401), although Courtenay purges Oxford of Lollards, making it a movement of the non-degreed classes; meanwhile the pope summons Wycliffe to undergo trial before the papal court, but he gets out of it somehow by claiming age and illness and stalling - out of the mouth of babbling babes? Barkuk Barkuk (Al-Malik az-Zahir Sayf ad-Din Barquq (Arab. "plum") (-1399) becomes sultan #1 of the Mamluk Burji Empire (ends 1517) (until 1389, then 1390-9), the first Circassian (and Burji) ruler, ending the Bahriyya sultanate (begun 1250); from now on the empire's revenues decline. Winchester College boarding school for boys is founded in Winchester, Hampshire, England by bishop William of Wykeham (1320-1404); the first 70 poor scholars enter the school in 1394; it is founded in conjunction with New College, Oxford U. as a feeder, becoming a model later followed by Eton School and King's College, Cambridge U., and Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford U. and Trinity College, Cambridge U. Architecture: Jasna Gora Monastery is founded in Czestochowa, Poland, housing the Black Madonna of Czestochowa, which attracts large numbers of pilgrims. The Khan al-Khalili Market (Souk) in Cairo is founded, becoming a major tourist attraction. Births: Austrian Hapsburg duke (1402-39) and count of Tirol (1406-39) Frederick IV (of the Empty Pockets) (d. 1439); younger son of Leopold III (1351-86); brother of William the Ambitious (1370-1406), Leopold IV (1371-1411), and Ernest the Iron (1377-1424); husband of Anna of Brunswick; father of Sigismund of Austria (1427-96). French grand chamberlain (to Charles VII) Georges de la Tremoille (Trémoille) (d. 1446). Danish-Swedish-Norwegian king (1389-1442), Danish king (1396-1439), and Swedish king (1396-1439) Erik (Eric) III/VII/VIII/XIII of Pomerania (d. 1459); son of Duke Vratislav VII of Pomerania and Maria of Mecklenburg; grandnephew and adoptive son of of Queen Margreta (Margaret) I of Denmark; first king of the Nordic Kalmar Union. Deaths: Lithuanian grand duke Kestutis (b. 1297) on Aug. 3 in Kreva (assassinated). French philosopher Nicole Oresme (b. 1320); leaves Tractatus de Configurationibus Qualitatum et Motuum, which distinguishes between intensity and quantity of heat, anticipates rectangular coordinates and the treatment of time as a variable, and proves the divergence of the harmonic series; Treatise on the Origin, Nature, Law, and Alterations of Money. Hungarian king (1342-82) and Polish king (1370-82) Louis I the Great (b. 1326) on Sept. 10 in Nagyszombat/Trnava.
1383 - The Joao I the Bastard Year?
1383 The Hundred Years' War is renewed; the Battle of Dunkirk sees the Flemish fight the English under Bishop Henry Despenser of Norwich. In May Binnya U, Buddhist king #8 since 1348 of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom in Burma, known as the Lord of the White Elephant dies in Pegu (modern-day Bago). On Oct. 22 Ferdinand I the Inconstant (b. 1345) dies, and his half-brother (illegitimate son of Pedro I by his lover Ines de Castro) Joao (John) I (the Great) (the Bastard) (1357-1433) becomes king #10 of Portugal (until Aug. 14, 1433). Amadeus VI dies, and his son Amadeus VII (-1391) becomes count of Savoy, going on to secure Nice in 1388 to give Savoy an outlet to the sea - which is nice? Scotland and France renew their Auld Alliance, with France promising support for a joint campaign against Richard II of England. Lowenbrau (Löwenbräu) (Ger. "Lion's Brew") Brewery is founded in Munich, Bavaria, Germany; in the 17th cent. it adopts the lion logo; in 1863 it becomes the largest brewery in Munich (25%); in 1928 production reaches 26M gal./year; in the 1930s it is owned by Joseph Schulein (Schülein), a Jew, causing the Nazis to diss it as "Jew beer"; in 1945 the brewery is destroyed in an air raid, and in 1948 after being rebuilt it begins exporting beer to Switzerland, going on to be featured at the 1967 Montreal Expo as the archetype of Munich beer; in 1975 Miller acquires North Am. rights, followed in 1999 by Labatt; in 1997 Lowenbrau merges with Spaten-Franziskaner-Brau, which is acquired in 2003 by Interbrew, which merges in 2004 with AmBev to form InBev, which in 2005 acquires Anheuser-Busch to create Anheuser-Busch Inbev; in 2002-14 Lowenbrau resumes exports to North Am., after which Labatt begins brewing a clone in London, Ont., Canada, causing critics to pan it as inferior. Architecture: Philip the Hardy gives a gong clock to the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Dijon in France, built by Jacques Marc, which keeps on ticking to modern times, striking once an hour. Births: Florentine painter Masolino ("Little Tom") da Panicale (Tommaso di Cristoforo Fini) (d. 1447) in Panicale di Valdelsa (near Florence). Deaths: Byzantine emperor John VI (V) Cantacuzene (Cantacuzenos) (b. 1292). Portuguese king (1367-83) Ferdinand I the Inconstant (b. 1345) on Oct. 22 in Lisbon.
1384 - The Time for a Woman King Jadwiga Burgundy v. Orange Parlement of Foules Year?
1384 On Jan. 2 king (since 1348) Binnya U (b. 1323) is KIA in Pegu while quelling a rebellion by 16-y.-o. Binnya Nwe, who becomes Burmese Hanthawaddy king #9 Razadarit (Burmese "King of Kings" (1368-1421) (until 1421), going on to conquer the rebellious regions of Martaban (Mottama) and Irrawaddy Delta and win the Forty Years' Ava-Pegu (Mon-Burmese) War with the N kingdom of Ava (Inwa) (ends 1424). On Oct. 16 after the magnates of Lesser Poland balk at union with Hungary, and choose 9-y.-o. Jadwiga (Jadviga) (1374-99) of the Capetian House of Anjou, daughter of Louis I of Hungary and Elizabeth of Bosnia, she is crowned king instead of queen of Poland to rule in her own right (until July 17, 1399); her Hapsburg fiancee William the Ambitious (1370-1406) of Styria is rejected as not good enough, causing him to become known as William the Courteous, but he soon gets engaged to her Angevin relative Joan of Naples, making for the saying "Bella gerant alli: tu felix Austria nube" (Let others make war: thou happy Austria, marry) - somewhere somebody must have kicked you around some? In Nov. after seeking Scotland's inclusion in Anglo-French peace talks, "infirm" Robert II is unoficially deposed in a bloodless palace coup by his eldest son John, earl of Carrick, who becomes lt. of Scotland, leading a coalition of nobles headed by James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas (1358-88) and the Lindsay clan, and the war with England is on; meanwhile John's younger brother Alexander builds his own territorial empire in the highlands using caterans (Gaelic mercenary cos.), taking Ross, causing parliament to fume. The Castilians siege Lisbon. Cousins Ladislaus Jagiello and Witowt become reconciled, but Jagiello keeps Lithuania and gives him some Russian territory, which doesn't satisfy him. Tamerlane captures Herat, Sistan, Rayy, and Il-Khanid (capital of Sultaniyeh). Louis de Male, last count of Flanders dies, and through his daughter Margaret of Flanders, Duke Philip II the Bold of Burgundy (1342-1404) inherits Flanders, Franche-Comte (the county of Burgundy), Artois, Nevers and Rethel, pissing off the Plantagenets with a bold new danger on the N and E; the town of Douai (Douay) on the Scarpe River in N France is among his new toys; meanwhile the duke of Anjou dies, leaving Philip II in the driver's seat that way, pissing off Charles VI, who declares himself of age and begins his personal rule by replacing him with his own brother Duke Louis of Orleans, and the rivalry between the bold houses of Burgundy and Orange is on. Pope Urban VI excommunicates Charles III of Naples. The Fishmongers' Co. is founded in London. The first beer brewery in Austria is founded in Vienna on the Weidenstrasse. Poetry: Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400), The Parlement of Foules. Deaths: Burmese king (1348-83) Binnya U (b. 1323) on Jan. 2 in Pegu (KIA). English morning star religious reformer John Wycliffe (b. 1324) on Dec. 31 in Lutterworth; dies of paralysis while ministering to his parish church, a rare peaceful death for a heretical celeb in those days; in 1428 the Council of Constance makes up for lost time and has his body dug up and burned, along with 200 of his books, and his ashes cast into the Swift River near Lutterworth (which flows into the Avon River, then into the Severn River, then into the ocean, spreading worldwide, like his doctrines?); his example launches a stream of reformers incl. Jan Huss (1369-1415), Girolamo Savonarola (1452-98), Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531), Martin Luther (1483-1546), and John Calvin (1509-64). Scottish nobleman William Douglas, 1st earl of Douglas (b. 1327) in Douglas, South Lanarkshire. French king of Naples (1382-4) Louis I of Anjou (b. 1339) on Sept. 20 in Bari.
1385 - The White Peppermint Patty of York is born in the shadow of a fireworks shadow between a Joao and a Juan?
1385 In Apr. John (Joao) I (1357-1433) is chosen king of Portugal in violation of the rights of the Infanta Beatrice, wife of Juan (John) I of Castile; at his accession an uprising occurs, and Queen Leonora calls on Juan I of Castile to help her daughter Beatrice take the throne; Joao I, master of the Order of Avis is supported by John of Gaunt, who wants the crown of Castile; a 300-man Castilian force under seven capts. raids Portugal, and the 200-man Trancoso garrison under Joao Fernandes Pacheco intercepts them, driving them off with heavy losses, only one Castilian capt. surviving; on Aug. 14 Joao I of Portugal, aided by the English defeats an invasion by Juan I of Castile (aided by the French) at the Battle of Aljubarrota, killing 4K-5K French and Castilians vs. less than 1K of his own, and securing his throne; Dom Nuno (Nuño) Alvares (Álvares) Pereira (1360-1431) becomes Portugal's hero, and a shoe-in for saint; Juan I supporter Don Pero Lopez de Ayala (1332-1407) is captured, and ransomed in 1398 for 30K doubloons, using his prison time to become a writer and churn out some cool works. In June 1.2K French troops led by John de Vienne land in Scotland, hook up with Scottish leaders Robert Stewart et al. and invade N England; out-of-the-way king Robert II has "red-bleared eyes, of the colour of sandalwood, which clearly showed that he was no valiant man, but one who would rather remain at home than march to the field", and stays out of the military action; meanwhile Edward III's son Edmund of Langley is made Duke of York in N England, founding the future ruling white rose House of York, which develops bad blood with the blood red rose House of Lancaster. The Ottomans conquer Sofia. A 50K-man Mongol army under Kahan Tokhtamysh invades Persia and takes Tabriz, then returns with 200K slaves from the Caucasus, incl. tens of thousands of Armenians, allowing Tamerlane to annex Persia and Azerbaijan, pissing Tokhtamysh off and causing him to declare war, then finally giving up and withdrawing to the steppes by next year. Duke Philip II the Bold of Burgundy completes the pacification of Flanders. Sigismund of Luxembourg tries to to horn his way into the throne of Hungary by marrying queen (since 1382) Mary of Hungary, but Charles III of Naples is too fast for him and deposes her, becoming Charles II of Hungary, but not fast enough, as Mary's mother queen Elizabeth have him assassinated next year. Olav, son of Queen Margreta of Denmark and Norway is acknowledged as future king of those countries. Duke Gian Galeazzo Visconti (1351-1402) has his uncle Bernabo murdered, becoming sole ruler of Milan (until 1402), going on to create a kingdom in N Italy, adding Verona (1387), Vicenza (1387), Padua (1388), Pisa (1399), Siena (1399), Assisi (1400), Perugia (1400), and almost but not quite Florence; he marries Isabelle of Valois (1348-72), daughter of King John II of France, then marries his daughter Valentina Visconti (-1408) to Louis of Orleans, giving Louis XII a later claim on Milan. Sir Henry Percy (Hotspur) (1364-1403) becomes gov. of Berwick. The original gay eye for the straight guy? 18-y.-o. Richard II refuses to change his ministers at the request of Parliament, signaling his intention to throw off their superintendence as he reaches the age of majority; he institutes the title "your majesty" for himself; his favorite Robert de Vere, 9th Earl of Oxford (1362-92) is created marquess of Dublin, becoming the first hereditary English marquess; it now goes prince/princess, duke/duchess, marquess/marchioness, earl/countess, baron/baroness, until 1440 when viscount/viscountess (first used in 1387) is officially added for a discount entry into the peerage between earl and baron - PDMEVB - princes don't marry every vain body? English troops of the Duke of Lancaster take the town of Ribadavia in Galicia and sack the Jewish quarter. German king Wenceslaus IV the Drunkard arrests Jews in the Swabian League free cities in S Germany after a quarrel with the archbishop of Salzburg, causing them to declare war (ends 1389). The first-ever French court ball is held at the wedding of Charles VI and Isabella of Bavaria - let's have a what? Plays: Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400), Troilus and Criseyde; in Apr. Saturn and Jupiter meet in Gemini and move into Cancer for the first time in over 600 years; the Moon joins them in mid-May, the time of the dinner party thrown by Criseyde's uncle Pandarus while Troilus hides in a closet? Births: Spanish princess Yolande of Aragon (Violant d'Arago) (d. 1442) on Aug. 11 in Saragosa; daughter of John I of Aragon (1350-96) and Yolande of Bar (1365-1431); sister of Countess Joanna of Foix; niece of Martin the Elder of Aragon (1356-1410); wife of Louis II of Anjou (1377-1417); mother of Louis III of Anjou (1403-34), Marie of Anjou (1404-63), and Rene I of Naples (1409-80). Welsh soldier-courtier (founder of the Tudor Dynasty) Sir Owen Tudor (Owain ap Maredudd ap Tydir) (d. 1461); son of a brewer descended from Welsh prince Rhys ap Gruffudd ("Lord Rhys") (1132-97); anglicizes his name Owain ap Maredudd (Meredith) Tudor (Theodore) by taking his grandfather's name Owain then anglicizing it to Owen, but keeping the Welsh name Tudor; secret hubby (1428-) of Henry V's widow Catherine of Valois (1401-37); father of Owen Tudor (1429-1501) (a Westminster monk), Edmund Tudor, 1st earl of Richmond (1430-56) (father of Henry VII), Jasper Tudor, 1st duke of Bedford (1431-95) (husband of Katherine Woodville), Tacina Tudor (1433-69), Daughter Tudor (1435-) (nun); also has bastard son Sir David Owen (1459-1528). Greek humanist metropolitan of Kiev cardinal Isidore of Kiev (Thessalonica) (d. 1463 in Peloponnesus. Births: English bishop of Lincoln (1419-31) (founder of Lincoln College, Oxford U.) Richard Fleming (d. 1431) in Crofton, Wakefield, Yorkshire. Italian Franciscan "athlete of Christ" St. John Capistran (d. 1456). Tibetan Buddist saint Thangtong Gyalpo (Chakzampa") (the Iron Chain Maker) (Tsondru Zangpo) (Excellent Persistence) (King of the Empty Plain) (Madman of the Empty Valley) (d. 1485); inventor of the iron chain suspension bridge; most traveled Tibetan person in history. Deaths: Russian Orthodox metropolitan (1384-5) St. Dionysius I (b. 1300) in Kiev; dies in prison.
1386 - The Tummy Fish Vodka Year?
1386 In Jan. Charles II of Hungary (Charles III of Naples) is assassinated by Queen Mary of Hungary's mother Elizabeth, and Mary is restored, causing a new revolt in Croatia; too bad, Elizabeth and Mary are captured by the Horvat brothers Paul and Ladislaus on the orders of Mary's mean hubby Sigismund of Luxembourg. On May 9 the Treaty of Windsor, sealed by the promised marriage of John I of Portugal and Philippa of Lancaster (duke of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster) establishes a mutual support pact and recognizes John I as the undisputed king of Portugal; it is not rescinded until ?. On July 9 Hapsburg Duke Leopold III of Austria (b. 1351) is defeated and killed by the Swiss confederation supported by the Swabian League at the Battle of Sempach 10 mi. N of Lucerne (he has 3K-4K men, vs 6K-8K for them); the Swiss prove they're a force despite the bloody Black Death. In July John of Gaunt departs England with his wife to invade Castile and make good the claims of his son-in-law Joao I of Portugal against Juan I of Castile, and captures Santiago de Compostela; meanwhile Richard II's power is weakened when the nobles force themselves on him as a governing council, and John of Gaunt loses control of the govt. and supports the king to prop him up. The Scots and French quarrel, and the English invade Scotland, burning most of Lothian incl. Edinburgh, forcing the Scots to accept a truce (until 1388). Under my thumb, the girl who once had me down? 11-y.-o. Roman Catholic Queen Jadwiga, heiress of the Polish throne marries grand duke Jagiello (Jogaila) of still-pagan Lithuania after he converts to Roman Catholicism, and he becomes Polish king Wladyslaw II Jagiello (1362-1434) AKA Jogaila, founding the Jagiellon Dynasty in Poland, and ramping up Poland's Golden Age; the grand duchy of Lithuania is annexed by the Polish kingdom, causing the Teutonic Knights to declare war on Poland to attempt to help Ladislaus' pagan cousin Witowt get it back (in 1392). Mircea I (the Elder) (the Old) (the Great) (-1418), son of Radu I becomes ruler of Wallachia (until 1418), going on to increase the principality's borders from the Olt River in the N to the Danube River in the S, and the Iron Gates of the Danube River in the W to the Black Sea in the E. At the Royal Council of Nyborg, Queen Margreta enfeoffs the dukes of Holstein with Schleswig. Tamerlane begins seizing Greater Armenia and massacring its Christian pop. (ends 1394), allowing Tokhtamysh to invade Transoxiania, until heavy snow forces him back to the steppes. The Ottomans conquer Nish in S Serbia. The Genovese Embassy introduces aqua vitae (water of life) to the Moscow Grand Duchy, acquainting them with the "pernicious drink" (good antifreeze for the blood?) Vodka - so the Italians did to the Russkies what the Euros did to the American Indians? Richard II's favorite Robert de Vere is created duke of Ireland. Chinese emperor Ming Taizu orders his officials to buy back children sold into slavery in Hainan Province by their parents during a famine. German king Wenceslaus IV expels the Jews of Strassburg and confiscates their property. The town council of Frankfurt, Germany forbids the employment of Christians by Jews, and restricts the number of Jewish servants in a household; in 1412 there are only 27 Jewish households in the city, which drops to four in 1416. The town of Stryi in W Ukraine is first mentioned as part of the kingdom of Poland; in 1387 Polish king Jogaila gives it to his pro-Russian brother Svitrigaila. A judge in Falaise, France orders a pig mutilated and hanged for killing a little girl, dressed up in the child's jacket; the executioner wears gloves so that he can kill with clean hands, and charges 6 sous. Heidelberg U. (Ruprecht-Karl U. of Heidelberg) is founded in Heidelberg, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany by Palatinate elector Rupert I, becoming Germany's first univ., and the 3rd univ. in the Holy Roman Empire after the U. of Prague (1348) and U. of Vienna (1365); the first rector is religious scholar Marsilius von Inghen (1330-96). Architecture: Bad Doberan Minster in Munich, Germany (begun 1294) is completed. The Gothic Milan Duomo (Cathedral) in Milan, Italy NE of the Basilica di Sant'Ambrogio (built in 386) is begun (finished in 1887/1965), becoming the largest cathedral in Italy and the #2 in Europe after St. Peter's in Rome. Births: Italian Franciscan preacher-Crusader ("the Soldier Saint") St. John (San Juan) of Capistrano (Capistran) (d. 1456) on June 24 in Capistrano, Abruzzi, Naples. Italian condottiero Niccolo Piccinino (d. 1444) in Perugia; son of a butcher. Italian early Renaissance sculptor Donatello (Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi) (d. 1466) in Florence. Deaths: Austrian duke Leopold III (b. 1351) on July 9 (KIA in the Battle of Stembach).
1387 - The Chaucer's Canterbury Tales Year?
1387 On Jan. 5 Peter IV the Ceremonious of Aragon (b. 1319) dies, and on Jan. 6 his eldest son (by 3rd wife Eleanor, daughter of Peter II of Sicily) John I (the Hunter) (the Lover of Elegance) (the Abandoned) (1350-96) becomes king of Aragon (until May 19, 1396), abandoning his father's pro-English policy for an alliance with France and continuing support for the Avignon popes; his wife is Violante (Yolande) (Yolanda) of Bar (1365-1431), who next year is accused of trying to murder her son via witchcraft but ends up with a lot of power because of his frequent illnesses, bringing French Provencal troubadours to the court; after conquering most of Sicily, a revolt centered in the independent principality of Arborea led by judge (since 1383) Eleanor de Bas-Serra (Arborea) (Arbaree) (1347-1404) drives them out by the end of his reign. In Jan. Sigismund of Luxembourg celebrates the anniv. of Charles II's assassination by having his assassin Elizabeth strangled before her daughter Mary's eyes; after she is rescued from captivity in July by troops sent by Trvtko I of Bosnia (cousin of Elizabeth) and the croatian Frangipani family, she abandons her hubby and reconciles with the Horvats, granting them estates in Slavonia and N Bosnia, and lets Sigismund rule Hungary alone until her 1395 death. On Feb. 11 after defeating an invasion, a reluctant Juan I of Castile (b. 1357) makes peace with John of Gaunt and marries Philippa Plantagenet of Lancaster (1360-1415) in return for Gaunt giving up his claim to Castile, becoming the final step in the Anglo-Portuguese alliance against the French-Castile axis; after an icy initial period she bears him 9 sons and 3 daughters, becoming known as the Illustrious or Marvelous Generation they came out so well, incl. Edward (Duarte) I "the Philosopher" "the Eloquent" (1391-1438) Duke Peter (Pedro) of Coimbra (1392-1449), Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460), Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy (1397-1471), John the Constable Prince (1400-42), and Ferdinand the Holy Prince (1402-43), becoming virtual ruler of Portugal (until July 19, 1415). In Mar. the Earl of Arundel captures a Flemish wine fleet and sells the wine in England, making him very popular. On Dec. 19 after a coterie of five Lords Appellant, English noblemen led by Richard II's uncle Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester (1355-97) (youngest of Edward III's seven sons), incl. Henry Bolingbroke, earl of Derby (future Henry IV) get in a power struggle with Richard II, accusing his favorite Richard de Vere, Duke of Ireland, Marquess of Dublin, 9th Earl of Oxford (136292) et al. of treason, and de Vere gathers an army and marches on London, he is defeated by the Lords Appellant at the Battle of Radcot Bridge over the Thames River in Oxfordshire at its boundary with Berkshire, but escapes to the Continent. The Ottomans capture the Byzantine port of Salonika (Thessalonica). Pope Urban VI starts an abortive war against his hometown of Naples for supporting the Avignon popes. HRE Charles IV's son Sigismund of Luxembourg (Brandenburg) (1368-1437) becomes King Sigismund I of Hungary after marrying Queen Mary of Anjou, or rather he becomes guardian of her kingdom; since he has ambitions to become HRE and thinks big thoughts, he ends up practically abandoning Hungary and letting the little kings keep on keeping on, ending up granting greater rights to the lesser nobles to counter them? The Empire of Scandinavia forms under an Ice Queen? Olaf II/IV of Denmark/Norway dies, ending the Norwegian line, and his mother Queen Margreta (Margaret) is elected regent of the realm (until 1412), introducing the Denmark-Sweden system of election into Norway; by winter she is acknowledged as regent of Denmark, and Sweden too, after the magnates depose and defeat Albert of Mecklenburg; Norway becomes united with Denmark, taking Iceland along with it. Milan conquers Verona and Vicenza. Emperor Ming Taizu completes the liberation of China from the Mongols. Richard II's tutor Sir Simon de Burley (-1388), constable of Dover Castle (1384-88) is recorded to have borrowed money from six Londoners this year and the next, leaving his clothes and bed as security, since clothing was quite expensive in those days. Nonfiction: The Forme of Cury (Forms of Cooking) is written in Sept. by "the chief master cooks of King Richard II [1367-1400]", containing Medieval recipes incl. yummy goose stuffed with sage, parsley, quinces, pears, grapes, and garlic; the grocery list for his 300 cooks incl. "Fourteen salted oxen, two fresh oxen, one hundred and twenty sheep, twelve boars, fourteen calves, one hundred forty pigs, three hundred kegs of lard and grease, three tons of salted venison, fifty swans, two hundred forty geese, fifty high-fat capons, eight dozen capons, sixty dozen hens, four hundred large rabbits, four pheasants, five herons, six young goats, five dozen pullets for jelly, twelve dozen pullets for roasting, one hundred dozen pigeons, twelve dozen partridges, eight dozen rabbits, twelve dozen curlews, twelve cranes, wild fowl, one hundred twenty gallons of milk, twelve gallons of cream, twelve gallons of curds, twelve bushels of apples, and eleven thousand eggs." Poetry: English brain man Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400) begins writing The Canterbury Tales, about a band of pilgrims traveling on horseback 65 mi. SE from the Tabard Inn in Southwark across the Thames River from London, down to Canterbury and back, telling stories; it contains the phrase, "busy as a bee"; it is unfinished at his untimely death in 1400, but it finally makes English an accepted lit. language. Novels: Jean d'Arras, L'Histoire de Lusignan (prose romance). Births: Spanish queen of Navarre (1425-41) Blanche I of Navarre (d. 1441)on July 6; daughter of Charles II of Navarre (1361-1425) and Eleanor of Castile (-1416). English Lancastrian king (1413-22) Henry V (d. 1422) on Sept. 16 in Monmouth, Wales; son of Henry IV (1367-1413); father of Henry VI (1421-71). Italian painter Fra Angelico (Guido di Pietro) (d. 1455) in Tuscany. Hungarian Turkish-butt-kicking nat. hero ("the White Knight") John (Janos) (János) Hunyadi (Hunyady) (Huniades) (d. 1456) (pr. JAH-nosh HOO-nyah-dee); son of Wallachian boyar Vojk and Erzsebet Morzsinay of Hungary; in 1409 HRE Sigismund I gives them Hunyad Castle, causing Vojk to become count of Hunyad; husband of Erzsebet Szilagyi (1410-83); father of Laszlo Hunyadi (1433-57) and Matthias Corvinus (1443-90). Deaths: Scottish queen Euphemia Ross (b. 1325). English poet William Langland (b. 1330). Spanish (Navarre) king Charles II the Bad (b. 1332).
1388 - The Damn Five Lords Appellant Harry Hotspur Chevy Chase Year?
1388 In Feb. the five Lords Appellant secure the conviction of five of the king's counselors for treason for supporting his personal rule in the Merciless Parliament; Robert de Vere is one of the accused, but luckily he's abroad; Queen Anne goes down on her knees to Thomas Woodstock, duke of Gloucester to beg for the life of Richard II's tutor Sir Simon de Burley (b. 1336), warden of the Cinque Ports (since 1384) but is refused, and he is executed - who kept his clothes and bed? On July 1 Lithuanian grand duke (since 1392) Vaytautas the Great grants a charter of privileges to the Jews of Brest, followed by Trakai, Grodno (1389), Lutsk, Vladimir et al. On Aug. 5 (19?) after the Scottish-French army invades Berwick, it defeats the English at the Battle of Otterbourne (Chevy Chase); too bad, Berwick gov. Sir Henry Percy leads a counterattack, killing Scottish leader James, 2nd earl of Douglas (b. 1328), who is succeeded by his dark-complected son Sir Archibald of Galloway, who becomes "Black" Archibald "the Grim", 3rd Earl of Douglas (1328-1400) with the help of Robert Stewart, earl of Fife, who then combine to cause lame John Stewart, earl of Carrick (who was kicked last year by a horse ridden by Sir James Douglas of Dalkeith) to be forced on Dec. 1 to resign as lt. in favor of his younger bro' Robert, who then decides to forget the English and go after his haughty younger brother Alexander Stewart, lt. and justiciar N of Forth in the highlands to satisfy the lowlanders by stripping him of Moray and Ross, bringing peace to the Scottish-English frontier; even though he is captured and ransomed back, and the English side lost, Percy earns the nickname Hotspur. On Aug. 24 the Battle of Doffingen sees the Swabian League defeated by an imperial army under Count (since 1344) Eberhard II of Wurttemberg (1316-92), after which each of its free cities are taken and devastated. On Aug. 27 the Battle of Bileca sees a 7K-man Bosnian force under Grand Duke Vlatko Vukovic Kosaca (-1392) defeat an 18K-man Ottoman raiding party under Lala Shahin Pasha (1330-89) (ruler of Sofia) that invaded Hum, using heavy cavalry to break the Ottoman ranks and pursue them as they retreat, with Shahin barely managing to save himself with a small band of soldiers, and dying soon after. Charles VI assumes active rule in France, and regent Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy retires to his duchy. King Albrecht is driven from Sweden. Galeazzoland, er, Milan conquers Padua with the help of Venice. A Florentine army defeats the Catalan Duchy of Athens at the Battle of Kaledes (Peritheorion) (Anastasioupolis), and the duchy is dissolved, along with the Catalan Co. The Aragon-Navarre Treaty fixes their mutual borders. Delhi Sultan (since 1351) Firoz Shah of Delhi dies, his kingdom in near anarchy, just in time for Tamerlane (1398); Mahmud Tughlak (Tughluq) (d. 1398) becomes sultan of Delhi (until 1398). John de Neville, 3rd baron Neville dies, and his son Ralph Neville, 4th Baron Neville de Raby, 1st Earl of Westmorland (1364-1425) becomes English warden of the Scottish border. The U. of Cologne in Cologne, Germany is founded with a charter signed by Pope (1378-89) Urban VI (1318-89); classes open on Jan. 6, 1389; it is closed by the French in 1789 and reopened in 1919. Architecture: The new Gothic Oviedo Cathedral (founded in 781) in Spain is begun by Toledo bishop Gutierre, with the original 802 chapel kept as the Camara Santa; it is filled with royal Asturian tombs, relics, and mss. Births: English soldier Thomas Montacute (Montagu), 4th Earl of Salisbury (d. 1428) on June 13; eldest son of John Montacute, 3rd earl of Salisbury (1350-1400); father of Alice Neville (1407-), wife (1425-) of Richard Neville, 5th earl of Salisbury (1400-60). Italian duke of Milan #2 (1402-12) Giovanni (Gian) Maria Visconti (d. 1412) on Sept. 7; son of Gian Galeazzo Visconti (1351-1402) and Caterina Viconti. Italian poet Leonardo Giustiniani (d. 1446). Deaths: Italian poet Antonio Pucci (b. 1301). Scottish military leader James, 2nd earl of Douglas (b. 1358) on Aug. 15 in Berwick (KIA). English warden of the Scottish border John de Neville, 3rd baron Neville (b. ?).
1389 - The Field of the Blackbirds Year?
1389 On Feb. 24 king Albrecht's forces are defeated by Queen Margreta's in the Battle of Falkoping in Asle, and the king and his son Erik are taken captive; Mecklenburg rule in Sweden ends. He finally came? On May 2 23-y.-o. Richard II declares himself of age, takes control of his kingdom from his royal council, and on July 18 signs a 3-year Scottish-French Truce in Leulingham; England is now enjoying prosperous and peaceful times, and Richard is on good terms with Parliament, so he accepts constitutional rule for eight years before his despotic tendencies get the better of him and he spoils it all. On May 19 grand duke (since 1363) Dmitri II Donskoi (b. 1350) dies after becoming the first Russian grand duke to bequeath his titles without consulting the Mongol khan, and his son Vasilii (Basil) I (1371-1425) becomes grand duke of vodka-chugging Moskva (Moscow) (until 1425); Dmitri II's death allows exile metropolitan Cyprian to return next year after a near-fatal storm on the Black Sea. Ser-bi-a, and so are we, bye bye blackbird? On June 15 (June 28 New Style) (St. Vitus' Day) the Battle of Kosovo Field (Field of the Blackbirds) (First Battle of Kosovo) sees 27K-40K Muslim Turks under sultan (since 1359) Murad I (b. 1326) defeat 12K-30K Orthodox Christian Serbs under Prince Lazar allied with a Bosnian force of 5K-10 under Vuk Brankovic (1345-97), and another 5K-10K under his son Vlatko Vukovic Kosaca, Grand Duke of Hum (-1392) , both sent by Bosnian king Tvrtko I, along with a continent of Knights Hospitallers led by Croatian knight John of Palisna (-1389) from Vrana, incl. several thousand cavalry, becoming the first Ottoman V against a major European allied army, establishing Turkish rule S of the Danube until 1913; Lazar is captured in battle and killed; on June 16 Murad I is killed in his tent, allegedly by a Serb posing as a deserter, although it's more probable that he dies in battle, becoming the only Ottoman sultan to die in battle; Murad I is succeeded by his partly-Greek son Beyazid (Beyezid) (Bajazet) I (Yildirim) (the Thunderbolt) (1360-1403) as Ottoman sultan #4 (until 1403), beginning the conquest of W and C Anatolia (Saruhan, Aydin, Menteshe, Hamideli, Germiyan, E Karaman) (1389-90); Prince Lazar's son Stefan Lazarevic (1374-1427) becomes ruler of Ottoman vassal Serbia, with his mother princess Milica ("gracious") Hrebeljanovic (-1405) as regent; his sister PrincessOlivera Despina (1372-1444) marries sultan Bayezid I; Stefan goes on to modernize Serbia, introducing modern battle tactics, knight tournaments, and firearms; some Serbs hold out in the mountainous Montenegro (It. "black mountain") (Serb. "Crna Gora") region of the province of Zeta between Yugoslavia and Albania, named after 5,771-ft. Mt. Lovcen ("black mountain"), which becomes an independent principality (until 1910); the Germiyan Turkoman principality in W Anatolia (founded 1283) is annexed by the Ottomans (1389-90), along with the Aydin principality in W Anatolia (founded 1308) and the Saruhan principality in W Anatolia (founded 1313); Murad I begins the large-scale practice of Devshirme (Devsirme), the levying of Christian children for conversion to Islam and work in the Janissaries, palace, and admin.; from henceforth all Turkish sultans are sons of concubines - if not bitches? On Oct. 15 after changing the period between Holy Years to 33 to coincide with the length of Christ's life, and executing five cardinals for conspiring against him, headstrong quarrel-prone Pope (since 1378) Urban VI (b. 1318) dies (poisoned by the Romans for being older than 33?), and on Nov. 2 Naples-born Piero Tomacelli is elected Pope (#202) Boniface IX (-1404), ruling the city of Rome like an autocrat, bringing his hometown of Naples (which had supported the Avignon popes) back into his jurisdiction, and strengthening the papal states; he forbids Christians to harm Jews, destroy their cemeteries, or forcibly baptize them. In Oct. Margreta becomes official ruler of Sweden; Eric (Erik) of Pomerania (1381-1450) is acknowledged as king of Norway (until 1442); he is not coronated until 1392 (June 17, 1397?). Richard III of Scotland is injured by a horse, and hands control over to Richard Stuart, 1st Duke of Albany and Earl of Fife and Monteith (1341-1420). John of Gaunt returns to England, is made duke of Aquitaine, and helps Richard II of England regain power and assert his authority over the hostile barons led by Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester; William of Wykeham becomes Lord Chancellor of England. French king Charles VI restores his father's old advisers the Marmousets; meanwhile spendthrift Duke Louis of Orleans becomes unpopular in Paris, allowing his rival Duke Philip the Bold of Burgundy, supported by Queen Isabelle to pose as a reformer and lead the opposition. Wenceslaus IV eagerly proclaims an arrangement in Eger in N Hungary prohibiting all leagues between cities in the empire while confirming their political autonomy, dissolving the Swabian League. Count John III of Armagnac invades Aragon-controlled Majorca (until 1390). An ancient granite obelisk is retrieved from the Rhone River near Arles, France (45 mi. NW of Marseille), and housed there. French bishop of Troyes Pierre d'Arcis writes a letter expressing doubts about the authenticity of the Shroud of Turin and claiming he has exposed an unnamed artist as the forger. Inventions: The first Standard Paper Sizes, starting with imperial (22 in. x 30 in.), down to chancery are established in Bologna, Italy. Nonfiction: Giovanni da Prato, Paradiso degli Alberti; sings the praises of blind Florentine organist-singer-composer Francesco Landini (Landino) (1325-97), the Mozart of his day. Births: English soldier John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford (d. 1435) on June 20; 3rd surviving son of Henry IV (1366-1413) by 1st wife Mary de Bohun (1368-94); brother of Henry V (1386-1422); uncle of Henry VI (1421-71). Italian Godfather #1 Cosimo I de' Medici (the Elder) (Vecchio) (d. 1464) on Sept. 27 in Florence; son of Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (1360-1429). Ottoman sultan #5 (1413-21) Mehmed (Mehmet) (Muhammad) I (the Restorer) (Celebi) (d. 1421); son of Beyazid I (1347-1403); father of Murad II (1403-51). Deaths: Uzbekistani Naqshbandi Order foundre Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari (b. 1318) in Bukhara. Persian poet Shams-ud-din Muhammed Hafiz (b. 1320). Russian prince St. Dmitri II Donskoi (b. 1350) on May 19 in Moscow. Ottoman sultan #3 (1362-89) Murad I (b. 1326) on June 15 in Prishtina District, Kosovo (KIA in the Battle of Kosovo). Ottoman bey Lala Shahin Pasha (b. 1330) in Plovdiv.
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While conducting an inquiry into holistic health with our Grade 5/6 students Debbie Rossi worked with our students about how the brain functions.
Debbie came into the class each week and conducted informative sessions, where the children were engaged in learning about the importance of completing brain exercises regularly, to optimise learning performance. The children participated in brain exercises to Mozart's music to stimulate various parts of the brain.
The children enjoyed Debbie's sessions and reflected at the end of the inquiry that they had learnt so much from Debbie about the importance of being aware of brain function. I highly recommend Debbie's sessions to help children understand holistic health and a balanced education.


text:
South Minibus Operators Told: 'Get Serious'
VP Digital April 28, 2015 11:18 am April 28, 2015 0
Erick Joseph
A call has been made for minibus operators in the south of the island with shares in Combined Investment Inc. to show more interest in their business.
The call is coming from some of the more business minded shareholders who are determined to deal with the vexing issue relating to the tardiness in receiving a financial report of the company which is long overdue.
Last year, several minibus associations in the south wrote to the directors of the company who are all from the north, requesting that a meeting be convened to be presented with a financial report, but to no avail.
Recently, shareholders of the company held two meetings in Vieux-Fort which were poorly attended. At the first meeting less than 20 members attended. At the second, the turn-out was a bit better, but several minibus associations did not send any representatives. However, those attended vented their disgust with the situation and called for the directors of the company to be kicked out of their present positions.
Recently, in a brief telephone interview, with this reporter, Godfrey Ferdinand, president of the National Council on Public Transportation (NCOPT) had promised a meeting with the shareholders this month (April), where they would have been presented with the financial report of the company and given an opportunity to elect new directors. However, this did not materialize. The meeting is now slated for May 3.
Erick Joseph, a very concerned minibus operator of the Laborie Minibus Association, lamented: "Some minibus operators in the south of the island are not showing interest in their business which is sad. Some of them don't even attend meetings."
He added that from all indications, it appears that the company is not doing well, so shareholders need to show more interest in their business to ensure its viability.
He added: "We are very concerned about the future of our business…something must be done to see the business improve."
Joseph said from the time the business was formed in May, 2013, the directors of the company have not held a meeting with them, describing it as bad business practice.
Peter Richards of the Mon Repos Minibus Association said: "We want to see the shareholders in the south show more interest. Some of them refuse to attend meetings."


This year an unprecedented 125 people successfully finished the Coffeeneuring Challenge while another 13 earned the "I Was Going to Complete the Coffeeneuring Challenge, but…" Honorable Mention award.
To provide readers with a visual representation of the coffeeneuring community I created the Magic Coffeeneuring Map, a paper map where all illustration is done in colored pencils (not crayons, as some have suggested).
Here is the 2013 edition of the Magic Coffeeneuring Map, which includes all geographic areas where someone completed the challenge.
As a point of comparison (geography-wise, not in terms of the decline or improvement in my skills at coloring inside the lines), below you can see the 2012 edition of the Magic Coffeeneuring Map.
We did not stop with the Magic Coffeeneuring Map. For those who wanting a more precise depiction of where coffeeneurs reside and ride, the Regional Office of Coffeeneuring (i.e., Daniel) and I developed two additional maps. Okay, Daniel developed them, and I helped fill them in.
Daniel used Google Fusion Tables to create the two digital maps you will find on his site and which I have included as images in this post. Both of these maps include Coffeeneuring Challenge finishers and those achieving Honorable Mentions.
The first map I'm going to show you is the World Coffeeneuring Map for 2013.
If you go to Daniel's page, you can click on the dot representing each coffeeneuring city and see if anyone in that location blogged their adventures. If you coffeeneured and blogged about it, but it does not appear on his map please let me know and we will make sure add it onto the World Coffeeneuring Map.
Some of you may recall seeing Google Fusion Tables in 2012. Andy, of the Regional Office of Coffeeneuring in North Carolina, created a similar World Coffeeneuring Map to the one you see in 2013.
In addition to the World Coffeeneuring Map, we created another digital map specific to the United States. This map has 51 states because, when it comes to all things coffeeneuring, the District of Columbia is also a state. Woo hoo! Dreams coming true!
It gives you a general idea of the numbers of participants by state. Those with the highest numbers of participants are highlighted in a gold-orange-ish hue.
Great job to all who took on the Coffeeneuring Challenge, and I hope you enjoyed looking at these maps as much as we've enjoyed working on them! There's more to come regarding the coffeeneuring results and participation so be sure to stay tuned to this channel.
My little red dot in Australia sits all on it's lonesome! What wonderful participation, well done everyone!
It was a lot of fun working on the maps with you.
The geographic breadth of your readers who were interested in riding for coffee was impressive, even if there was those lonesome red dots in Australia and Massachusetts. I'll work on upping Massachusetts's total for next year.
I truly enjoyed it! And all by email, too… we are an example of a successful virtual team!


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VA presumes some soft tissue sarcomas in Veterans are related to their exposure to Agent Orange or other herbicides during military service.
The soft tissue sarcomas not presumed by VA to be caused by Agent Orange exposure are osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma or mesothelioma.
Soft tissue sarcomas are a group of cancers in body tissues such as muscle, fat, blood and lymph vessels and connective tissues (that is, distinct from hard tissue such as bone or cartilage). These tumors are relatively rare.
There are often no symptoms in early stages. The first noticeable symptom is usually a painless lump or swelling. As the tumor grows, it may cause other symptoms, such as pain or soreness.
Veterans with soft tissue sarcoma (other than osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma or mesothelioma) who were exposed to herbicides during service may be eligible for disability compensation and health care.
Surviving spouses, dependent children and dependent parents of Veterans who were exposed to herbicides during military service and died as the result of soft tissue sarcoma (other than osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma or mesothelioma) may be eligible for survivors' benefits.
The Health and Medicine Division (formally known as the Institute of Medicine) of the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine concluded in its 1994 report "Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam" and other updates that there is evidence of a positive association between exposure to herbicides used in Vietnam and soft tissue sarcomas.


text:
The Coronavirus Act 2020 was emergency legislation passed by Parliament on 25 March, to provide the Government with the powers it wanted to tackle the Covid-19 pandemic in the UK.
PACAC has launched this inquiry to scrutinise the constitutional and public administration aspects of the Act, with the goal of supporting and informing that debate.
View all reports and government responses
Fourth Report - Parliamentary Scrutiny of the Government's handling of Covid-19
Inquiry Responding to Covid-19 and the Coronavirus Act 2020
Committees Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Committee
Fifth Special Report - Parliamentary Scrutiny of the Government's handling of Covid-19: Government Response to the Committee's Fourth Report of Session 2019–21
HC 377
Witnesses Dame Una O'Brien DCB (Former Permanent Secretary for Health and Panel Member of Renewable Heat Incentive Inquiry), Sir Robert Francis (Chair, Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry), Lord Butler of Brockwell (Chair, Review of Intelligence on Weapons of Mass Destruction), Baroness Prashar (Committee member, Iran Inquiry), Emma Norris (Director of Research at Institute for Government), Dr Alastair Stark (Senior Lecturer, School of Politics and International Studies at University of Queensland), and Jason Beer QC
Witnesses Cabinet Office, Department of Health and Social Care, Cabinet Office, and Department of Health and Social Care
Witnesses Michael Russell MSP, Jeremy Miles MS, and Gordon Lyons MLA
View all written evidence
RCC0026 - Responding to Covid-19 and the Coronavirus Act 2020
Witnesses A1
WrittenEvidence
Witnesses The Institute for Government
Witnesses British Medical Association (BMA)
Special Reports are agreed formally by a committee and published by order of the House. They often include a Government Response to an earlier Report by the Committee.
1 published


text:
The Greensboro Housing Authority, Greensboro, NC, Generally Administered Its Rental Assistance Demonstration Conversion in Accordance With HUD Requirements
We audited the Greensboro Housing Authority's Rental Assistance Demonstration Program (RAD) conversion. Our objective was to determine whether the Authority administered its RAD conversion in accordance with U.S.
The Lexington Housing Authority, Lexington, NC, Did Not Administer Its RAD Conversion in Accordance With HUD Requirements
We audited the Lexington Housing Authority's Rental Assistance Demonstration Program (RAD) conversion. We selected the Authority based on concerns from the U.S.
The Sanford Housing Authority, Sanford, NC, Did Not Comply With HUD's and Its Own Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher Program Requirements
We audited the Sanford Housing Authority's Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher Programs as a result of problems identified during a technical assistance review performed by the U.S.
The Sanford Housing Authority, Sanford, NC, Did Not Comply With Procurement and Financial Requirements
We audited the Sanford Housing Authority's procurement and financial operations. We selected the Authority based on concerns from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD) North Carolina State Office of Public Housing, following a technical assistance review performed.
The Housing Authority of the City of Durham, NC, Did Not Adequately Enforce HUD's and Its Own Housing Quality Control Standards
We audited the Housing Authority of the City of Durham's Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher program's housing quality standards based on our recent audit of the Authority's program, during which potential issues with the Authority's inspections were noted, and as part of our annual audit plan. Our audit objective was to determine whether the Authority ensured that program units met the U.S.
The Housing Authority of the City of Durham, NC, Did Not Always Comply With HUD's and Its Own Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher Program Requirements
We audited the Housing Authority of the City of Durham's Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher program based on a hotline citizen complaint and as part of the activities in our fiscal year 2015 annual audit plan. Our objective was to determine whether the Authority administered its program in accordance with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD) and its own requirements and whether the complaint was valid.
The City of High Point Did Not Properly Administer Its Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grants in Compliance With Federal Requirements
We audited the City of High Point's lead-based paint procurement and eligibility operations. We selected the Authority based on concerns from the U.S.
A Former Employee of the Helena Housing Authority, Helena, MT, Improperly Released Personally Identifiable Information
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development – Office of Inspector General audited the Helena, MT Housing Authority in response to a hotline complaint alleging a former employee of the housing authority improperly released housing choice voucher holders' personally identifiable information. The objective of our review was to determine whether the allegation had merit.
#2014-DE-1002
Improvements Are Needed Over Environmental Reviews of Public Housing and Recovery Act Funds in the Greensboro Office
We audited the U.S.
The Housing Authority of the City of Lumberton, NC, Did Not Administer Its Public Housing Program in Accordance With Requirements
We initiated a review of the Housing Authority of the City of Lumberton, NC, at the request of the U.S.
Housing Health and Safety (1)
Rental Assistance (11)
Community Planning and Development (5)
(-) Public and Indian Housing (23)
(-) Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control (1)
(-) de (2)
(-) mt (3)
(-) nc (19)
tx (40)


What Is Up With All These Length of Recording Memes?
What's going on with that weird length of recording meme?
And so it is with the Length of Recording meme that is spreading across Twitter like a virus. The basic premise of the meme indicates how much time you spend talking about something you don't care about versus something you do care about. The tweets look like they contain clickable audio recordings, but they are actually just composed of emoji symbols and long dashes.
They often start with the phrase "me talking about myself:" and lot of them expressing how much someone loves their boyfriend/girlfriend.
But the entire thing appears to have stemmed from another of the most popular memes on Twitter, that men are trash.
People rapidly realized how widely applicable it is both on an individual and meta level.
A lot of people seem to be using it to talk about their personality quirks.
Or how much they enjoy some bit of pop culture.
The meme also has tremendous legs surrounding the drama of various K-Pop bands, specifically Day6 and EXO.
There seem to be countless variations going on and, obviously, people have already started to hate/mock it.
The original ones seem to have grown out of an older meme that consisted of people posting the fake audio recording as a prank. The idea being that people would click on it repeatedly trying to get it to play, and become increasingly frustrated.
I keep clicking but nothing's happening.
But once enough people were in on the gag, some of them started using it with the assumption that people would know there was, in fact, no audio to play.
Friend: What do you love about Eunseo?
Where the idea goes from here is anyone's guess, but if it follows the normal course of memes, it's a safe bet that things are only going to get weirder.