Sea Urchins' Genetics Add To Knowledge Of Cancer, Alzheimer's And Infertility is a Science Daily article addressing the potential medical benefits that might acrue from the study of the sea urchin. Sea urchins have been mentioned in connection with front loading at Telic Thoughts and elsewhere. Mike Gene did much to advance the case for front loading there and elsewhere. Frankly I did not give the idea much thought prior to frequenting Telic Thoughts.
Mike's influence on me and others is certainly traceable in part to his knowledge and persuasive arguments. But there is another less discussed factor. Mike's temperment and mannerisms make him ideally suited to impact others. He's not insulting or combative as all too many of those involved in discussions of Intelligent Design are. Most of the hostility is traced to ID critics although you would never know it based on alarm bells continually sounded about the ID movement.
The remainder of this blog entry is an apologetic so if you're an atheist you might as well find another use for your time. God sometimes has multiple purposes in mind which, in this case, could center around the genome of the sea urchin. The unexpected number of similar genes to those found in humans might have evidentiary value for Intelligent Design and, as the linked article indicates, for medical uses as well. Humanity is given charge over the earth's resources. We are to use them responsibly. We are also to take advantage of that which is given to us and use it for good. Sea urchin genes look to have been designed with more than the sea urchin in mind. That's consistent with the character of a loving creator.
Keeping Cells Youthful: How Telomere-building Proteins Get Drawn Into The Fold is a Science Daily article providing information about findings made by researchers from the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. A protein aids in the elongation of chromosome ends (telomeres) and in so doing prolongs cellular function as reported in the journal Nature Structure and Molecular Biology. The integrity of telomeres is maintained by a complex of proteins, which from an origins vantage point, makes irreducible complexity a natural perspective.
What is it about telomeres that is associated with problematic cell function? As the article explains cell division tends to result in telomeres becoming progressively shorter. If the progression continues unchecked, affected cells eventually lose their capacity to divide. The solution to this dilemna is an enzyme known as telomerase whose function is to restore the needed length to telomeres following cell division. Telomerase is not a solo performer however. Another protein known as Est1 has been found to help to bring telomerase to telomeres in yeast cells.
Researchers discovered that a protein known as Est3 is similar to a protein found in mammals which is labeled TPP1. TPP1 binds to telomeres and protects them from cellular repair enzymes which might interpret the chromosome ends as damaged DNA. A protein fold common to Est3 and TPP1 facilitates their function.
Genome shrinkage is a common feature of most intracellular pathogens and symbionts. Reduction of genome sizes is among the best-characterized evolutionary ways of intracellular organisms to save and avoid maintaining expensive redundant biological processes. Endosymbiotic bacteria of insects are examples of biological economy taken to completion because their genomes are dramatically reduced. These bacteria are nonmotile, and their biochemical processes are intimately related to those of their host. Because of this relationship, many of the processes in these bacteria have been either lost or have suffered massive remodeling to adapt to the intracellular symbiotic lifestyle. An example of such changes is the flagellum structure that is essential for bacterial motility and infectivity. Our analysis indicates that genes responsible for flagellar assembly have been partially or totally lost in most intracellular symbionts of gamma-Proteobacteria. Comparative genomic analyses show that flagellar genes have been differentially lost in endosymbiotic bacteria of insects. Only proteins involved in protein export within the flagella assembly pathway (type III secretion system and the basal body) have been kept in most of the endosymbionts, whereas those involved in building the filament and hook of flagella have only in few instances been kept, indicating a change in the functional purpose of this pathway. In some endosymbionts, genes controlling protein-export switch and hook length have undergone functional divergence as shown through an analysis of their evolutionary dynamics. Based on our results, we suggest that genes of flagellum have diverged functionally as to specialize in the export of proteins from the bacterium to the host.
Metazoan genomes are being sequenced at an increasingly rapid rate. For each new genome, the number of protein-coding genes it encodes and the amount of functional DNA it contains are known only inaccurately. Nevertheless, there have been considerable recent advances in identifying protein-coding and non-coding sequences that have remained constrained in diverse species. However, these approaches struggle to pinpoint genomic sequences that are functional in some species but that are absent or not functional in others. Yet it is here, encoded in lineage-specific and functional sequence, that we expect physiological differences between species to be most concentrated.
Those who take their inspiration from Ronald Reagan enthusiastically embrace moral absolutes; those who admire Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton or Barack Obama feel uncomfortable with terms like good and evil when applied to politics and world affairs. Republicans relish crisp black-and-white when drawing distinctions; "progressives" feel an incurable fondness for shades of gray. On foreign policy, social issues, even the economy, the right wants to take sides and to make sure the good guys win. The left, on the other hand, seeks to split the difference among warring interests in behalf of a "can't-we-all-get-along" vision of moral equivalency.
The occasion was televised and I watched it. Lott, like everyone else present, was eager to say something nice about Thurmond, a former segregationist. He was not making a policy statement about racial politics. It was not on the radar screen. But you would not have known this based on the ensuing political storm which eventually resulted in severe political punishment for Lott.
Instead, he seemed to suggest that the United States should feel guilty about its own evil deeds, committed on behalf of good intentions, saying it's "very important for us to have some humility in how we approach the issue of confronting evil, because of a lot of evil's been perpetrated based on the claim that we were trying to confront evil." In other words, Obama takes us back to the tired old moral equivalency arguments of thirty years ago, recycling a familiar plot from any number of acclaimed gangster movies – with the crusading cop becoming just as compromised and vicious as the criminal he's determined to bust.
It is false humility to refrain from taking on evil because of one's own shortcomings. Much evil also has been perpetrated in the name of restraint. In the wake of WWII it was observed that for evil to succeed what is necessary is that good people do nothing. That continues to be true. Ignoring powerful perpetrators of wrongdoing, while swatting the relatively weak Serbians or an individual like Trent Lott, is not heroic. It's not even moral.
Yesterday's post on supercoiling identified a constraint inherent to the topological structure of DNA which supports a front loading perspective. It also makes a gradual evolutionary approach to DNA dubious based on properties of DNA. Imagination is a wonderful thing but unconstrained imagination, applied to the solution of scientific dilemnas, is not.
A selection perspective of pathways to DNA should be guided by considerations that go beyond supercoiling. Enzymes enabling deoxyribose metabolism have obvious selection value. But that does not explain their origin. Enzymes are needed prior to the biosynthesis of deoxyribose. Yet what selection value would they confer prior to the point in time when DNA was a repository for genomic information?
Which brings me to a more substantial point. DNA enables cellular functions because it comes loaded with genetic information, mechanisms that enable gene expression and a genetic code already in place. These would have to be accounted for by any viable origins theory. Fitting theory within a selection framework is confounded by the very nature of genes and mechanisms needed to allow for their expression. Step by step approaches are not suggested by the biological systems discussed.
A designer faced with the task of incorporating DNA within a cellular environment would front load genetic information and the means of accessing and expressing it. It would be good design. Yet we are to expect unidentified forces on nature to have accomplished the same. But of what biological use is a gradual encoding process when minimally functional genomes number in the dozens of genes? How do transcription and translation functions gradually evolve? If the structures discussed were anything but biological, a front loaded origin would seem obvious based on the nature of the structures themselves.
Fear of designer implications ought not guide rational considerations of origin matters. That includes irreducibly complex DNA.
What's notty about DNA? discusses an important property of DNA i.e. supercoiling. The twisting of the DNA helix around what could be envisioned as a central line can be described by the mathematical formula: Lk = Tw+Wr where the sum of the twist about the central line and the writhe (the amount of resistance to straightening the curve) equals the number of times one of the strands winds around the other one.
The linked article contains these quotes identifying supercoiling properties which enable the described functions.
Supercoiling is a very smart form of compact storage that allows for easy manipulation.
Supercoiling allows for easy manipulation and so easy access to the information coded in the DNA. When a cell is copying a DNA strand it will uncoil a strand, copy it and then recoil it.
Vinograd first understood in 1965 (Vinograd et al., 1965) that the double-helical nature of DNA allows it to be overwound and underwound from its natural state. Today we know that DNA is topologically polymorphic. The overwound or underwound double helix can assume exotic forms known as plectonemes (like the braided structures of a tangled telephone cord) or solenoids (similar to the winding of a magnetic coil) (Marko and Siggia, 1995). These tertiary structures have an important effect on the molecule's secondary structure and eventually its function. For example, supercoiling-induced destabilization of certain DNA sequences can allow the extrusion of cruciforms (Palacek, 1991) or even the transciptional activation of eukaryotic promoters (Dunaway and Ostrander, 1993).
DNA replication poses a similar but topologically enhanced problem. Once replication is completed, the newly synthesized molecule must be disentangled from its parent. The replication of circular DNA molecules gives rise to two linked circular molecules, but the replication of whole chromosomes leaves the cell with highly entangled chromatids. If the cell does not disentangle the freshly replicated pairs of sister chromatids, they will fragment under the pull of the mitotic spindle. Disentanglement is achieved thanks to topoisomerases (Jannink et al., 1996). Topoisomerases are the cell's tools for managing the topologies of their genomes (Wang, 1996). Type I topoisomerases act by transiently breaking one of the strands of duplex DNA, allowing the intact strand to pass through and thereby changing the number of times the two strands wrap. Type II topoisomerases transiently break both strands of duplex DNA, allowing another segment of duplex DNA to pass through. Type II topoisomerases thus have an unknotting activity, which is required to disentangle linked circles or replicated chromosomes.
The DNA replication process brings about molecular entaglements. Disentanglement is needed to retain DNA function. Enzymes known as topoisomerases enable the disentangling. The entanglement problem is inherent to DNA topology. A design enhancement is also a design flaw whether the designer is viewed as a force of nature, culled by selection, or a more directing cause. This type of flaw calls for a remedy built into the design itself. That's what we witness. The remedy (topoisomerases) are coded for by genes found in DNA. This is a logical indicator of a front loaded option. If not front loaded how would the entanglement dilemna be resolved. Gradual evolution is not helpful when an affliction is immediate and universal. Neither is extinction.
It seem to me that if a (mouse) trap is functioning within a biological system not — as a "trap" — but as "a blunt instrument" then NS will be selecting for the optimum "blunt instrument" and RM will just be scrambling in no specific direction (randomly). The result is that the function of this "(Mouse) trap" has no causal anticedent and its appearance by RM&NS or any other such material agents must be taken on faith. It seems to me that NS optimizes for existing function not future function and that these are two divergent directions.
Attempts to refute intelligent design inferences, drawn from Behe's irreducible complexity, are based to a great extent on homology arguments and the cooption concept. Brookfield correctly points out that functional discontinuity is associated with a selection perspective. Although he does not explicitly state it, the discontinuity is linked to cooption and homology based explanations. The explanations lack the detail needed to establish a functional trail. Precusor function is evident when the coopted entity is identified and the function of the relevant IC system is also clear. However, intermediate functions are unclear. If precursor and IC functions are disparate then the lack of clarity becomes problematic for theoretical applications. How predictive are theoretical models lacking identifiable functional intermediates?
Hypocrisy at University of Minnesota; Self-Exposed, a Discovery Blog entry, illustrates what has gone wrong with academic freedom. When appropriately applied academic freedom can secure the right to pursue a line of academic inquiry without concern that popular passions might short circuit the effort. One would not want to see a professor of biology or physics dissuaded from looking into a scientific matter because of political pressure for example.
The Chancellor of the University of Minnesota, Morris (UMN) released a statement today regarding the intentional desecration of the Eucharist by Professor Paul Z. Myers. "I believe that behaviors that discriminate against or harass individuals or groups on the basis of their religious beliefs are reprehensible," said Jacqueline Johnson. Importantly, she added that the school's Code of Conduct prohibits such behavior. However, she also stressed that academic freedom allows faculty members "to speak or write as a public citizen without institutional discipline or restraint…." Nowhere did she say Myers would be disciplined.
PZ Myers' action was not about academic freedom. What he did with the Eucharist had nothing to do with freedom to pursue an academic issue within biology- his field.. His action was meant to portray his hostility towards Catholicism. Catholic League president Bill Donohue's analysis nails it.


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Super Heroes Slot Review
Released: October, 2016
Software: Yggdrasil Gaming
Coin Values: 0.20 and 100
Jackpot: 1,000 Coins
Getting ready to launch its new offering at the end of October, Yggdrasil will be presenting the Super Heroes game to players. Of course, with a title such as this, it seems quite obvious as to how the game plays out. Super Heroes are a big part of modern popular culture. There are a multitude of films, comic books, television shows and more having this as their underlying theme. And, of course, there are already plenty of slot machine games that offer the same to you. However, what makes this one so special is that it's from Yggdrasil Gaming. This developer is so on point with everything, that we're always on the edge of our seats for a new release. Of course, you should expect to see a plentiful selection of bonus features within this one. And everything comes together to provide a welcoming slot game.
Who Is Your Favourite Super Hero?
The game doesn't stray too far away from the norm of a slot layout, offering up five reels to its players. Joining these are three rows, which ensure that a familiar interface is on display. There, you will be able to view the variety of different game icons. These exist primarily in the form of symbols of the available super heroes. There's the hard-hitting Knox, mischievous Raven and super-charged Tesla. Plus, Mirage is full of mystery, Hopper goes hectic on the reels and the mesmerizing Trance makes up the final hero. Each super hero has his or her own power, which provide bonus features to your game play. More on these a little bit later.
Playtable
As well as its reels, rows and icons, Super Heroes also provides a total of 20 separate pay lines as well. These pay from left to right and they aren't customisable. However, one thing that players can change is the amount of the wager that is in play per spin. The coins offer up a bet range of between £0.20 and £100 per round. And not only that, but the game is also accessible via mobile devices. This features the same high quality graphics and design.
Unlock Your Super Hero Potential!
As we said, a game featuring superheroes as its theme should also have some wonderful specialities too. Well, this one doesn't disappoint in this area. The first of its special features exists in the form of the free spins icon. In the base game, if three or more of these come into view in any location, you'll trigger the freespins round. Three of them in view will provide four free spins, four will give you a total of five and five icons offer up seven free spins. After each single free spin, the Hero Mode also becomes active. This sees two of the six heroes help you out to win bigger prizes! The additional prizes on offer are the same as those on hand in the base game whenever a super hero bonus feature becomes active.
And speaking of the superhero bonus features, there are, of course, six of these. The first of them is the Random Wilds addition. This sees one of the superheroes bring a massive meteor shower onto the reels, transforming random icons into wilds in the process. The second is the Random Symbols feature. This sees one of the heroes swap between two and five of the icons, turning them into alternative icons for a better winning combination. There's also the Mystery Win superhero, who turns every high paying icon on the reels into a die. Each of these spins until it reveals a cash prize, up to 1,000 coins!
There's also the inclusion of the Wild Reel superhero, which turns all the symbols on the first four reels into wilds. Further to this is the Multiplier bonus feature, which sees one of the heroes fire a powerball into your winning amount, multiplying it dramatically. And finally, there's the possibility of claiming additional frees pins with the Extra Free Spins perk. This sees a hero create a special portal to give you four more free spins.
We think that Super Heroes is one of Yggdrasil's most amazing slot games. And that's saying a lot considering that most of the options in our online slots reviews from this developer are visually stunning. We can see this one providing players with endless hours of entertainment!
Empire Fortune Slot Review
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Sermon Text Our Obligation To The Lost Why Christianity? Why the churches? etc The supreme mission of the Gospel is the Salvation of the Lost. Who are the Lost? Eph. 2:3, 5, 12 2 Cor. 4:3-2. John 5:24,8 - I We commit sin in failing to pray for the lost 1 Sam. 12: 23 II We commit sin in failing to speak to the lost Ezh. 3:18 III The curse of God is upon the man who fails to stand in his place in organized conquest for truth Judges 5:23.


Generally speaking, in order to get Free Dining (or any Dining Package) you have to be on a package reservation, meaning a reservation for a room and park tickets. You can do a split stay by having two separate reservations. But to get a Disney Dining Plan for your second reservation, you would also have to purchase park tickets. Since the first couple of days of a park ticket are more expensive than the last couple of days, depending on the length of the park ticket, this can be an expensive way to go. Another option would be to get a park ticket as part of your first reservation that covers your entire stay. So, for example, if you stay 4 nights at Port Orleans Riverside and then spend 4 nights at the Beach Club, you should get park tickets as part of your first reservation that cover all 8 nights. However, that would mean only have the Disney Dining Plan during the first part of your vacation.


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Indian Ocean: translation
an ocean S of Asia, E of Africa, and W of Australia. 28,357,000 sq. mi. (73,444,630 sq. km).
Introduction Indian Ocean -
Background: The Indian Ocean is the third- largest of the world's five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger than the Southern Ocean and Arctic Ocean). Four critically important access waterways are the Suez Canal (Egypt), Bab el Mandeb (Djibouti- Yemen), Strait of Hormuz (Iran- Oman), and Strait of Malacca (Indonesia-Malaysia). Geography Indian Ocean
Location: body of water between Africa, the Southern Ocean, Asia, and Australia
Geographic coordinates: 20 00 S, 80 00 E
Map references: Political Map of the World
Area: total: 68.556 million sq km note: includes Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Great Australian Bight, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Mozambique Channel, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Strait of Malacca, and other tributary water bodies
Area - comparative: about 5.5 times the size of the US
Coastline: 66,526 km
Climate: northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February in the southern Indian Ocean
Terrain: surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad, circular system of currents) in the southern Indian Ocean; unique reversal of surface currents in the northern Indian Ocean; low atmospheric pressure over southwest Asia from hot, rising, summer air results in the southwest monsoon and southwest-to-northeast winds and currents, while high pressure over northern Asia from cold, falling, winter air results in the northeast monsoon and northeast-to-southwest winds and currents; ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge and subdivided by the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge, Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge, and Ninetyeast Ridge
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Java Trench -7,258 m highest point: sea level 0 m
Natural resources: oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules
Natural hazards: occasional icebergs pose navigational hazard in southern reaches Environment - current issues: endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, and whales; oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea
Geography - note: major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, Strait of Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait Economy Indian Ocean
Economy - overview: The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the Middle East, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. It carries a particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products from the oilfields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. Its fish are of great and growing importance to the bordering countries for domestic consumption and export. Fishing fleets from Russia, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly for shrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped in the offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and western Australia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production comes from the Indian Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals and offshore placer deposits are actively exploited by bordering countries, particularly India, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Transportation Indian Ocean -
Ports and harbors: Chennai (Madras; India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), Durban (South Africa), Jakarta (Indonesia), Kolkata (Calcutta; India) Melbourne (Australia), Mumbai (Bombay; India), Richards Bay (South Africa) Transnational Issues Indian Ocean - Disputes - international: some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Body of salt water stretching between Africa in the west, Australia in the east, Asia in the north, and Antarctica in the south.
With an area of 28,360,000 sq mi (73,440,000 sq km), it covers approximately one-seventh of the Earth's surface, and it is the smallest of the world's three major oceans (see Atlantic Ocean; Pacific Ocean). Its greatest depth (24,442 ft [7,450 m]) is in the Java Trench. Its chief marginal seas include the Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, Andaman Sea, Bay of Bengal, and the Great Australian Bight. Its major islands and island groups include Madagascar, Sri Lanka, and the Mascarenes.
body of salt water, covering approximately one-fifth of the total ocean area of the world. It is the smallest, youngest, and physically most complex of the world's three major oceans. It stretches for more than 6,200 miles (10,000 km) between the southern tips of Africa and Australia and, without its marginal seas, has an area of about 28,360,000 square miles (73,440,000 square km). The Indian Ocean's average depth is 12,760 feet (3,890 metres), and its deepest point, in the Sunda Deep of the Java Trench off the southern coast of Java, is 24,442 feet (7,450 metres).
The Indian Ocean is bounded by Iran, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh to the north; the Malay Peninsula, the Sunda Islands of Indonesia, and Australia to the east; Antarctica to the south; and Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to the west. In the southwest it joins the Atlantic Ocean south of the southern tip of Africa, and to the east and southeast its waters mingle with those of the Pacific (Pacific Ocean).
The question of defining the oceanic limits of the Indian Ocean is complicated and remains unsettled. The clearest border and the one most generally agreed upon is that with the Atlantic Ocean, which runs from Cape Agulhas (Agulhas, Cape), at the southern tip of Africa, due south along the 20° E meridian to the shores of Antarctica. The border with the Pacific Ocean to the southeast is usually drawn from South East Cape on the island of Tasmania south along the 147° E meridian to Antarctica. Bass Strait, between Tasmania and Australia, is considered by some to be part of the Indian Ocean and by others to be part of the Pacific. The northeastern border is the most difficult to define. The one most generally agreed upon runs northwest from Cape Londonderry in Australia across the Timor Sea, along the southern shores of the Lesser Sunda Islands and the island of Java, and then across the Sunda Strait to the shores of Sumatra. Between the island of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula the boundary is usually drawn across the Singapore Strait.
There is no universal agreement on the southern limit of the Indian Ocean. In general (and for the purposes of this article), it is defined as extending southward to the coast of Antarctica. However, many—notably in Australia—consider the portion closest to Antarctica (along with the corresponding southern extensions of the Atlantic and Pacific) to be part of the Southern (Southern Ocean) (or Antarctic) Ocean. Australians often call the entire expanse south of that continent's south coast the Southern Ocean.
The Indian Ocean has the fewest marginal seas of the major oceans. To the north are the inland Red Sea and Persian Gulf. The Arabian Sea is to the northwest, and the Andaman Sea to the northeast. The large gulfs of Aden (Aden, Gulf of) and Oman (Oman, Gulf of) are to the northwest, the Bay of Bengal (Bengal, Bay of) is to the northeast, and the Great Australian Bight is off the southern coast of Australia.
The Indian Ocean differs from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in several other respects. In the Northern Hemisphere it is landlocked and does not extend to Arctic waters or have a temperate-to-cold zone. It has fewer islands and narrower continental shelves. It is the only ocean with an asymmetric and, in the north, semiannually reversing surface circulation. It has no separate source of bottom water (i.e., the Indian Ocean's bottom water originates outside its boundaries) and has two sources of highly saline water (the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea). Below the surface layers, especially in the north, the ocean's water is extremely low in oxygen.
Physiography and geology
The origin and evolution of the Indian Ocean is the most complicated of the three major oceans. Its formation is a consequence of the breakup, about 150 million years ago, of the southern supercontinent Gondwana (or Gondwanaland); by the movement to the northeast of the Indian subcontinent (beginning about 125 million years ago), which began colliding with Eurasia about 50 million years ago; and by the western movement of Africa and separation of Australia from Antarctica some 53 million years ago. By 36 million years ago, the Indian Ocean had taken on its present configuration. Although it first opened some 125 million years ago, almost all the Indian Ocean basin is less than 80 million years old.
Submarine features
Oceanic ridges (oceanic ridge) and fracture zones
The oceanic ridges consist of a rugged, seismically active mountain chain that is part of the worldwide oceanic ridge system and still contains centres of seafloor spreading (seafloor spreading hypothesis) in several places. The ridges form an inverted Y on the ocean floor, starting in the upper northwest with the Carlsberg Ridge in the Arabian Sea, turning due south past the Chagos-Laccadive Plateau, and becoming the Mid-Indian (Mid-Indian Ridge) (or Central Indian) Ridge. Southeast of Madagascar the ridge branches: the Southwest Indian Ridge continues to the southwest until it merges into the Atlantic-Indian Ridge south of Africa, and the Southeast Indian Ridge trends to the east until it joins the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge south of Tasmania. Most striking is the aseismic (virtually earthquake-free) Ninetyeast Ridge, which is the longest and straightest in the world ocean. First discovered in 1962, it runs northward along the 90° E meridian (hence its name) for 2,800 miles (4,500 km) from the zonal Broken Ridge at latitudes 31° S to 9° N and can be traced farther under the sediments of the Bay of Bengal. Other important meridional aseismic ridges include the Chagos-Laccadive, Madagascar, and Mozambique plateaus, which are not part of the global oceanic ridge system (see ocean: Aseismic ridges (ocean)).
The fracture zones of the Indian Ocean offset the axis of the oceanic ridges mostly in a north-south direction. Prominent are the Owen, Prince Edward, Vema, and Amsterdam fracture zones along the ridges, with the immense Diamantina Fracture Zone found to the southwest of Australia.
Seamounts (seamount)
These are extinct submarine volcanoes that are conically shaped and often flat-topped. They rise abruptly from the abyssal plain to heights at least 3,300 feet (1,000 metres) above the ocean floor. In the Indian Ocean, seamounts are particularly abundant between Réunion and Seychelles in the Central Indian Basin and the Vening Meinesz group near Wharton Basin. Bardin, Kohler, Nikitin, and Williams seamounts are examples.
Ocean basins
Ocean basins are characterized by smooth, flat plains of thick sediment with abyssal hills (i.e., less than 3,300 feet high) at the bottom flanks of the oceanic ridges. The Indian Ocean's complex ridge topography led to the formation of many basins that range in width from 200 to 5,600 miles (320 to 9,000 km). From roughly north to south they include the Arabian, Somali, Mascarene, Madagascar, Mozambique, Agulhas, and Crozet basins in the west and the Central Indian (the largest), Wharton, and South Australia basins in the east.
Continental rise, slope, and shelf
The continental shelf extends to an average width of about 75 miles (120 km) in the Indian Ocean, with its widest points (190 miles [300 km]) off Mumbai (Bombay) and northwestern Australia. The island shelves are only about 1,000 feet (300 metres) wide. The shelf break is at a depth of about 460 feet (140 metres). Submarine canyons indent the steep slope below the break. The Ganges (Ganges River) (Ganga), Indus (Indus River), and Zambezi (Zambezi River) rivers have all carved particularly large canyons. Their sediment loads extend far beyond the shelf, form the rises at the foot of the slope, and contribute to the abyssal plains of their respective basins. The Ganges sediment cone is the world's widest and thickest.
Trenches (deep-sea trench)
The Indian Ocean has the fewest trenches of any of the world's oceans. The narrow (50 miles [80 km]), volcanic, and seismically active Java Trench is the world's second longest, stretching more than 2,800 miles (4,500 km) from southwest of Java and continuing northward as the Sunda Trench past Sumatra, with an extension along the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The portion of this system adjacent to Sumatra was the centre of a massive undersea earthquake in 2004 (magnitude 9.0) that affected some 600 miles (1,000 km) of the associated fault zone. A series of devastating tsunamis generated by the quake swamped coastal towns, particularly in Indonesia, and reached to the northern end of the Bay of Bengal and as far as the Indian Ocean's western shores.
Bottom deposits
The immense load of suspended sediments (sedimentation) from the rivers emptying into the Indian Ocean is the highest of the three oceans, and nearly half of it comes from the Indian subcontinent alone. These terrigenous sediments occur mostly on the continental shelves, slopes, and rises, and they merge into abyssal plains. Cones of thicknesses of at least one mile are found in the Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea, and the Somali and Mozambique basins. Wharton Basin off northern Australia has the oldest sediments. In the Ganges-Brahmaputra cone, sediments exceed seven miles in thickness and extend to latitude 10° S. Little sediment has accumulated along the southern Sunda Islands, probably because the Java Trench acts as a sediment trap; instead, silicic volcanic ash is found there. Brown and red clay sediments dominate in the deep sea between 10° N and 40° S away from islands and continents and are 1,000 feet thick. In the equatorial zone, an area of high oceanic productivity, calcareous and siliceous oozes are abundant. South of and beneath the Antarctic Convergence (roughly 50° S), another highly productive area, are diatomaceous algal oozes. Sediments are absent over a width of about 45 miles (70 km) on the oceanic ridge crests, and the flanks are only sparsely covered. The ocean floor is composed of basalt in various stages of alteration. The principal authigenic (ocean-formed) mineral deposits are phosphorites at depths of 130 to 1,300 feet (40 to 400 metres), ferromanganese crusts at depths of 3,300 to 8,200 feet (1,000 to 2,500 metres), ferromanganese nodules at depths greater than 10,000 feet (3,000 metres), and hydrothermal metalliferous sediments at the crests of the Carlsberg and Central Indian ridges.
Surface features
Several well-defined coastal configurations are found in the Indian Ocean: estuaries, deltas, salt marshes, mangrove swamps, cliffs, coral reefs, and complexes of barrier islands, lagoons, beaches, and dunes. A particularly important estuarine system is the Hugli (Hooghly) complex, formed by three branches of the Hugli River on the Bay of Bengal near Kolkata (Calcutta) (Calcutta). Pakistan combines one of the most tectonically active coasts in the world with the 120-mile- (190- km- ) wide Indus River delta, the mud flats and salty wastes of which often are flooded. The Indian subcontinent has the most extensive beach area (more than half of its coastline). Mangroves (mangrove) are found in most estuaries and deltas. The Sundarbans, the lower part of the Ganges River delta, contain the largest mangrove forests in the world. Coral reefs—in either fringing, barrier, or atoll form—are abundant around all the islands in the tropics and also are found along the southern coasts of Bangladesh, Myanmar (Burma), and India and along the eastern coast of Africa.
The Indian Ocean has few islands. Madagascar—the fourth largest island in the world—the Maldives, Seychelles, Socotra, and Sri Lanka are continental fragments. The other islands—including Christmas, Cocos, Farquhar, Prince Edward, Saint-Paul, and Amsterdam; the Amirante, Andaman and Nicobar, Chagos, Crozet, Kerguelen, and Sunda groups; and Comoros, Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amīndīvi islands), Mauritius, and Réunion—are of volcanic origin. The Andamans and Sundas are island arc–trench subduction systems, with the trench on the oceanic side of the arc.
The Indian Ocean can be subdivided into four general latitudinal climatic zones based on atmospheric circulation.
monsoon zone
The first zone, extending north from latitude 10° S, has a monsoon climate (characterized by semiannual reversing winds). In the Northern Hemisphere "summer" (May–October), low atmospheric pressure over Asia and high pressure over Australia result in the southwest monsoon, with wind speeds up to 28 miles (45 km) per hour and a wet season in South Asia. During the northern "winter" (November–April), high pressure over Asia and low pressure from 10° S to northern Australia bring the northeast monsoon winds and a wet season for southern Indonesia and northern Australia. Although the southwest monsoon recurs regularly, it is characterized by great annual variability in the date of its onset and its intensity, neither of which can be accurately predicted. Monsoon dynamics are linked with the El Niño current anomaly and with the Southern Oscillation atmospheric pattern of the South Pacific Ocean. The region is subject to destructive cyclones that form over the open ocean and head for shore in a generally westward direction. These storms typically occur just before and after the southwest monsoon rains, with west-facing coasts generally being the most severely affected. The northwestern part of the region has the driest climate, with some areas receiving less than 10 inches (250 mm) of rainfall per year; conversely, the equatorial regions are the wettest, with an average of more than 80 inches (2,000 mm). Air temperature over the ocean in the summer is 77 to 82 °F (25 to 28 °C), but along the northeastern coast of Africa it drops to 73 °F (23 °C) as a result of upwellings of cold, deep water. The winter air temperature drops to 72 °F (22 °C) in the northern ocean, remaining almost unchanged along and south of the Equator. Cloudiness is 60 to 70 percent in summer and 10 to 30 percent in winter in the monsoon region.
Trade-winds zone
The second zone, that of the trade winds (trade wind), lies between 10° and 30° S. There, steady southeasterly trade winds prevail throughout the year and are strongest between June and September. Cyclones also occur east of Madagascar between December and March. In the northern part of the zone the air temperature averages 77 °F (25 °C) during the southern "winter" (May–October) and slightly higher the rest of the time; along the 30th parallel it is 61 to 63 °F (16 to 17 °C) in winter and 68 to 72 °F (20 to 22 °C) in the tropical "summer" (November–April). Warm ocean currents increase the air temperature by 4 to 6 °F (2 to 3 °C) in the western trade-wind zone over that in its eastern portion. Precipitation decreases from north to south.
Subtropical and temperate zone
The third zone lies in the subtropical and temperate latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, between 30° and 45° S. In the northern part of the zone the prevailing winds are light and variable, while in the southern area moderate to strong westerly winds prevail. The average air temperature decreases with increasing southern latitude: from 68 to 72 °F (20 to 22 °C) down to 50 °F (10 °C) in the Austral summer (December– February) and from 61 to 63 °F (16 to 17 °C) to 43 to 45 °F (6 to 7 °C) in winter (June–August). Rainfall is moderate and uniformly distributed.
Subantarctic and Antarctic zone
The fourth, or subantarctic and Antarctic, zone occupies the wide belt between 45° S and the continent of Antarctica. Steady westerly winds prevail, reaching gale force at times with their passage through deep Antarctic low-pressure zones. The average winter air temperature varies from 43 to 45 °F (6 to 7 °C) in the north to 3 °F (-16 °C) near the continent. The corresponding summer temperatures vary within the limits of 50 to 25 °F (10 to -4 °C). Precipitation is frequent and decreases in quantity southward, with snow common in the far south.
The hydrological characteristics of the Indian Ocean are derived from the interaction of atmospheric conditions (rain, wind, and solar energy) with the surface, the sources of its water, and the deep (thermohaline) circulation, all of which combine to form generally horizontal layers of water. Each layer has different temperature and salinity combinations that form discrete water masses of different densities, with lighter water overlying denser water. Surface-water temperature varies with season, latitude, and surface circulation; surface salinity is the balance between precipitation, evaporation, and river runoff.
Surface currents
Ocean surface circulation is wind-driven. In the monsoon zone, surface circulation reverses every half year and features two opposing gyres (i.e., semi-closed current systems exhibiting spiral motion) that are separated by the Indian subcontinent. During the northeast monsoon, a weak counterclockwise gyre develops in the Arabian Sea, and a strong clockwise gyre forms in the Bay of Bengal. During the southwest monsoon, the current reverses direction in both seas, with warm- and cold-core eddies forming in the Arabian Sea. South of Sri Lanka, during the northeast monsoon, the North Equatorial Current flows westward, turns south at the coast of Somalia, and returns east as the equatorial countercurrent between 2° and 10° S. An equatorial undercurrent flows eastward at a depth of 500 feet (150 metres) at this time. During the southwest monsoon, the North Equatorial Current reverses its flow and becomes the strong east-flowing Monsoon Current. Part of the South Equatorial Current turns north along the coast of Somalia to become the strong Somali Current. A pronounced front, unique to the Indian Ocean, at 10° S, marks the limit of the monsoon influence.
South of the monsoon region, a steady subtropical anticyclonic gyre exists, consisting of the westward-flowing South Equatorial Current between 10° and 20° S, which divides as it reaches Madagascar. One branch passes to the north of Madagascar, turns south as the Mozambique Current between Africa and Madagascar, and then becomes the strong, narrow (60 miles [95 km]) Agulhas Current along South Africa before turning east and joining the Antarctic Circumpolar Current south of 45° S; the other branch turns south to the east of Madagascar and then curves back to the east as the South Indian Current at about 40° to 45° S. The current system at the eastern boundary of the ocean is undeveloped, but the West Australian Current flowing north from the South Indian Current closes the gyre to a certain extent. Only the Antarctic Circumpolar Current reaches the ocean floor. The Agulhas Current extends down to about 4,000 feet (1,200 metres) and the Somali Current to about 2,600 feet (800 metres); the other currents do not penetrate farther than 1,000 feet (300 metres).
Deep (thermohaline) circulation
Below the influence of the surface currents, water movement is sluggish and irregular. Two sources of highly saline water enter the Indian Ocean via the Arabian Sea, one from the Persian Gulf and the other from the Red Sea, and sink below the fresher surface water to form the North Indian High Salinity Intermediate Water between 2,000 and 3,300 feet (600 and 1,000 metres). This layer spreads east into the Bay of Bengal and as far south as Madagascar and Sumatra. Below this layer is the Antarctic Intermediate Water to about 5,000 feet. Between 5,000 and 10,000 feet (1,500 and 3,000 metres) is the North Atlantic Deep Water (named for the source of this current), and below 10,000 feet is Antarctic Bottom Water from the Weddell Sea. These cold, dense layers creep slowly northward from their source in the Antarctic Circumpolar Region, becoming nearly anoxic (oxygen-deficient) en route. Unlike the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, the Indian Ocean has no separate source of bottom water.
Upwelling is a seasonal phenomenon in the Indian Ocean because of the monsoon regime. During the southwest monsoon, upwelling occurs off the Somali and Arabian coasts and south of Java. It is most intense between 5° and 11° N, with replacement of warmer surface water by water of about 57 °F (14 °C). During the northeast monsoon, strong upwelling occurs along the western coast of India. Midocean upwelling takes place at that time at 5° S, where the North Equatorial Current and the Equatorial Countercurrent run alongside each other in opposite directions.
Surface temperatures (temperature)
A zonal asymmetry is noted in the surface-water temperature distribution in summer north of 20° S. Summer surface temperatures are higher in the eastern part of this region than in the west. In the Bay of Bengal the maximum temperature is around 82 °F (28 °C). The minimum temperature is about 72 °F (22 °C) in the area of Cape Gwardafuy (Guardafui), on the Horn of Africa, and is associated with the upwelling off the African coast. South of 20° S the temperature of the surface waters decreases at a uniform rate with increase in latitude, from 72 to 75 °F (22° to 24 °C) to 30 °F (-1 °C) near Antarctica. Near the Equator, northern winter surface-water temperatures in excess of 82 °F (28 °C) are encountered in the eastern part of the ocean. Winter surface temperatures are about 72 to 73 °F (22 to 23 °C) in the northern portion of the Arabian Sea, and 77 °F (25 °C) in the Bay of Bengal. At 20 °S the temperature is about 72 to 75 °F (22 to 24 °C); at the 40th parallel, 57 to 61 °F (14 to 16 °C); and at the coast of Antarctica, 30 to 32 °F (-1 to 0 °C).
Surface salinity
Overall, the salinity of Indian Ocean surface waters varies between 32 and 37 parts per thousand, with large local differences. The Arabian Sea has a dense, high-salinity layer (37 parts per thousand) to a depth of about 400 feet (120 metres) because of high evaporation rates at subtropical temperatures with moderate seasonal variations. Salinity in the surface layer of the Bay of Bengal (Bengal, Bay of) is considerably lower, often less than 32 parts per thousand, because of the huge drainage of fresh water from rivers. High surface salinity (greater than 35 parts per thousand) is also found in the Southern Hemisphere subtropical zone between 25° and 35° S; while a low-salinity zone stretches along the hydrological boundary of 10° S from Indonesia to Madagascar. Antarctic surface-water salinity generally is below 34 parts per thousand.
Ice is formed in the extreme south during the Antarctic winter. Between January and February the melting ice along the Antarctic coast is broken up by severe storms and, in the form of large blocks and broad floes, is carried away by wind and currents to the open ocean. In some coastal areas the tongues of ice-shelf glaciers break off to form icebergs (iceberg). West of the 90° E meridian the northern limit for floating ice lies close to 65° S. To the east of that meridian, however, floating ice is commonly encountered to 60° S; icebergs are sometimes found as far north as 40° S.
Tides (tide)
Examples of all three tidal types—diurnal, semidiurnal, and mixed—can be found in the Indian Ocean, although semidiurnal (i.e., twice daily) are the most widespread. Semidiurnal tides prevail on the coast of eastern Africa as far north as the Equator and in the Bay of Bengal. The tides are mixed in the Arabian Sea and the inner part of the Persian Gulf. The southwestern coast of Australia has a small area of diurnal (daily) tides, as do the coast of Thailand in the Andaman Sea and the south shore of the central Persian Gulf.
Tidal ranges vary considerably from place to place in the Indian Ocean and its adjacent seas. Port Louis, Mauritius, for instance, has a spring tidal range of only 1.6 feet (0.5 metres), characteristic of islands in the open ocean. Other areas with low tidal ranges are Chennai (Madras), India (4.3 feet [1.3 metres]) and Colombo, Sri Lanka (2.3 feet [0.7 metres]). The greatest tidal ranges are found in the Arabian Sea, notably at Bhavanagar, India, in the Gulf of Khambat (38 feet [11.6 metres]), and in the Gulf of Kachchh (Kachchh, Gulf of) at Navlakhi (25.5 feet [7.8 metres]). High tidal ranges are also found in the eastern ocean; Sagar Island in India, at the head of the Bay of Bengal, has a range of 17.4 feet (5.3 metres), and for Yangon (Rangoon), Myan., at the north end of the Andaman Sea, the range is 18.4 feet (5.6 metres). Moderate ranges are found at Durban, S.Af., and Karachi (Karāchi), Pak. (both about 7.5 feet [2.3 metres]), and the Shatt Al-'Arab (Arab, Shaṭṭ Al-ʿ), Iraq (11.3 feet [3.4 metres]).
By far the most valuable mineral resource is oil (petroleum), and the Persian Gulf is the largest oil-producing region in the world. Exploration for offshore petroleum and natural gas also has been under way in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, both of which are believed to have large reserves. Other sites of exploration activity are off the northwestern coast of Australia, in the Andaman Sea, off the coast of Africa south of the Equator, and off the southwestern coast of Madagascar. Other than the countries of the Persian Gulf, only India produces commercial quantities of oil from offshore areas, with a large proportion of its total production coming from fields off the coast of Mumbai. Some natural gas also is produced from fields off the northwestern coast of Australia.
Another potentially valuable mineral resource is contained in manganese nodules, which abound in the Indian Ocean. Sampling sites throughout the central part of the ocean, as far south as South Africa, and east in the South Australian Basin have yielded nodules; the manganese content has been highest in the east and lowest toward the northwest. The difficulty in mining and processing these minerals, despite advances in technology, has precluded their commercial extraction. Other minerals of potential commercial value are ilmenite (a mixture of iron and titanium oxide), tin, monazite (a rare earth), zircon, and chromite, all of which are found in nearshore sand bodies.
Biological resources
The greater part of the water area of the Indian Ocean lies within the tropical and temperate zones. The shallow waters of the tropical zone are characterized by numerous corals and other organisms capable of building, together with calcareous red algae, reefs and coral islands. These coralline structures shelter a thriving marine fauna consisting of sponges, worms, crabs, mollusks, sea urchins, brittle stars, starfish, and small but exceedingly brightly coloured reef fish.
The major portion of the tropical coasts is covered with mangrove thickets with an animal life specific to that environment. Mangroves act to stabilize the land along the coastal margin and are important breeding and nursery grounds for offshore species.
Small crustaceans, including more than 100 species of minute copepods, form the bulk of the animal life, followed by small mollusks, jellyfish, and polyps, and other invertebrate animals ranging from single-celled radiolaria to large Portuguese man-of-war, the tentacles of which may reach a length of some 165 feet (50 metres). The squid form large schools. Of the fishes, the most abundant are several species of flying fish, luminous anchovies, lantern fish, large and small tunnies, sailfish, and various types of sharks. Here and there are found sea turtles and large marine mammals, such as dugongs (or sea cows), toothed and baleen whales, dolphins, and seals. Among the birds, the most common are the albatross and frigate birds, and several species of penguins populate the islands lying in the ocean's temperate zone and the Antarctic coast.
The upwellings that occur in several coastal regions of the Indian Ocean—particularly in the northern Arabian Sea and along the South African coast—cause nutrients to concentrate in surface waters. This, in turn, produces immense quantities of phytoplankton that are the basis for large populations of commercially valuable marine animals. Despite great fishery potentials, however, most commercial fishing is done by small-scale fishermen at lower depths, while deep-sea resources (with the exception of tuna) remain poorly fished.
The principal coastal species—shrimp, croakers, snappers, skates, and grunts—are caught by littoral countries, while pelagic fish of higher value—including species of tuna and tunalike species such as billfish that are found in tropical and subtropical waters—are taken mostly by the world's major fishing nations (e.g., Japan, South Korea, and Russia). Shrimp is the most important commercial species for coastal countries, with India accounting for the largest catch. Lesser quantities of sardines, mackerel, and anchovies also are exploited by littoral states. Since coastal nations now can claim sovereignty over resources within an exclusive economic zone that extends 200 nautical miles (230 statute miles, or 370 km) from their coasts, it has become possible for small countries such as the Maldives to increase national income by selling fishing rights in their zones to the major fishing nations that have the capital and technology to exploit pelagic resources.
Trade and transportation
The economic development of the littoral countries since the mid-20th century has been uneven, following attainment of independence by most states. The formation of regional trade blocs led to an increase in sea trade and the development of new products. Most Indian Ocean states have continued to export raw materials and import manufactured goods produced elsewhere, with a few exceptions like Australia, India, and South Africa. Petroleum dominates commerce, as the Indian Ocean has come to be an important throughway for transport of crude oil to Europe, North America, and East Asia. Other major commodities include iron, coal, rubber, and tea. Iron ore from Western Australia and from India and South Africa is shipped to Japan, while coal is exported to the United Kingdom from Australia via the Indian Ocean. Processed seafood has emerged as a major export item from the littoral states. In addition, tourism has grown in importance on many of the islands.
Shipping in the Indian Ocean can be divided into three components: dhows (dhow), dry-cargo carriers, and tankers (tanker). For more than two millennia the small, lateen-rigged sailing vessels called dhows were predominant. The dhow trade was particularly important in the western Indian Ocean, where these vessels could take advantage of the monsoon winds; a great variety of products were transported between ports on the coast of East Africa and ports on the Arabian Peninsula and on the west coast of India (notably Mumbai, Mangalore, and Surat). Most dhow traffic has been supplanted by larger, powered ships and by land transport, and the remaining dhows have been equipped with auxiliary engines.
Much of the Indian Ocean's dry-cargo shipping is now containerized. Most container ships enter and exit the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope (Good Hope, Cape of), the Suez Canal and Red Sea, and the Strait of Malacca (Malacca, Strait of). South Africa and India have their own merchant fleets, but most of the other littoral states have only a few merchant vessels and depend on the ships of other countries to carry their cargoes. Most other dry cargo is transported by bulk carriers, mainly those used to carry iron ore from India, southern Africa, and western Australia to Japan and Europe. An important route from western Australia is via the Sunda Strait and the South China Sea to Japan. Major ports of the Indian Ocean include Durban (S.Af.), Maputo (Mozam.), and Djibouti (Djib.) along the African coast; Aden (Yemen) on the Arabian Peninsula; Karachi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata on the Indian subcontinent and Colombo in Sri Lanka; and Melbourne, Port Adelaide Enfield, and Port Hedland in Australia.
Tanker traffic moves primarily from ports in the Persian Gulf across the northern Indian Ocean to the Strait of Malacca and from the Persian Gulf south along the coast of Africa and around the Cape of Good Hope. The route via the Suez Canal has become far less important as the size of tankers has surpassed the canal's capacity; the size of these tankers, however, compensates for the longer distances now required to move oil from the Persian Gulf to Europe. The largest tankers must now use the Lombok Strait through the Lesser Sunda Islands to carry oil to Japan, since their drafts are too great for the route through the Malacca and Singapore straits.
Environmental impact of human activity
European colonial exploitation of Indian Ocean resources resulted in the first clear evidence of the degradation of both the terrestrial and oceanic environments. Deforestation, cultivation, and guano mining have had undesirable effects on terrestrial ecosystems. Guano mining, which removed vegetation and scraped the land surface, has caused the destruction of much native flora and fauna, and hunting and the introduction of exotic species have altered the ecological balance that previously existed. Man-made threats to the oceanic environment are of more recent origin. One is the quantity of domestic and industrial waste that has accumulated in nearshore waters as a result of increased urbanization and industrialization along the coast. This has been most evident in India, which is the most populous country of the region. Another is the concern caused by the transport of large quantities of crude oil across the ocean and its adjacent semienclosed seas. Oil spills from normal tanker operations and occasional large-scale tanker catastrophes have had deleterious effects on phytoplankton and zooplankton, both necessary parts of the food chain of commercial fisheries. The East African coast, the Arabian Sea, and the approaches to the Strait of Malacca are areas in which the threat of oil pollution and major phytoplankton productivity coincide.
Study and exploration
Early exploration
There is evidence that the Egyptians (Egypt, ancient) explored the Indian Ocean as early as about 2300 BC, when they sent maritime expeditions to the "land of Punt," which was somewhere on the Somali coast. The expeditions, which may have begun even earlier—perhaps about 2900 BC, were numerous until about 2200 BC. Egyptian annals make no mention of journeys to Punt during the period 2200–2100 BC, but they began again in the 11th dynasty (2081–1938 BC), and records mention them continuously until the 20th dynasty (1190–1075 BC).
Early trade in the northwestern Indian Ocean was aided by an irrigation canal (navigable in high water) through the Isthmus of Suez that was built by the Egyptians during the 12th dynasty (1938–c. 1756 BC) and operated almost continuously until it was filled in AD 775. Early seafarers made good use of their knowledge of the monsoons and their associated currents; Arab sailors in their lateen-rigged dhows traded along the East African coast as far south as Sofala (present-day Nova Sofala, Mozam.) and north into the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. The writings of medieval Arab and Persian pilots from the 9th to the 15th century include detailed sailing instructions and information on navigation, winds, currents, coasts, islands, and ports from Sofala to China. It was on an Indian trading vessel that the Russian voyager Afanasy Nikitin reached India in 1469. Vasco da Gama (Gama, Vasco da), sailing around Africa in 1497, signed on an Arabian pilot at Malindi before he crossed the Indian Ocean to reach the western shores of India.
The Dutch, English, and French followed the Portuguese to the Indian Ocean. In 1521 the Spanish navigator Juan Sebastián de Elcano (Cano, Juan Sebastián del) crossed the central part of the ocean, continuing the first voyage of circumnavigation of the globe after the death of the original commander, Ferdinand Magellan (Magellan, Ferdinand), in the Philippine Islands. The Dutch navigator Abel Tasman (Tasman, Abel Janszoon), pursuing voyages of discovery in the eastern Indian Ocean from 1642 to 1644, explored the northern coast of Australia and discovered the island of Tasmania. The southern waters of the Indian Ocean were explored by James Cook (Cook, James) in 1772. Beginning in 1806 the Indian Ocean was crossed repeatedly by Russian ships commanded by Adam Johann Krusenstern (Krusenstern, Adam Johann), Otto von Kotzebue (Kotzebue, Otto von), and others.
Between 1819 and 1821 the expedition of the Russian explorer Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen (Bellingshausen, Fabian Gottlieb von) that circumnavigated Antarctica penetrated the Indian Ocean south of the 60th parallel. A number of important voyages to Antarctica followed in the 19th and early 20th centuries, led by the explorers Charles Wilkes (Wilkes, Charles) (American), Jules-Sébastien-César Dumont d'Urville (Dumont d'Urville, Jules-Sébastien-César) and Jean-Baptiste-Étienne-Auguste Charcot (Charcot, Jean-Baptiste-Étienne-Auguste) (French), James Clark Ross (Ross, Sir James Clark) (Scottish), and others.
Systematic investigations
The famous round-the-world expedition of the British naval vessel Challenger (Challenger Expedition), which began in 1872, marked the beginning of systematic investigation of the oceans, including the Indian Ocean. Thereafter, numerous expeditions were mounted.
Other circumnavigational voyages were made following World War II by the Danish Galathea, the Swedish Albatross, and the British Challenger II, which explored the northern portion of the Indian Ocean. During the preparation and execution of the International Geophysical Year (1957–58) and in subsequent years, scientific explorations of the southern Indian Ocean were carried out by Australian, New Zealand, Soviet, French, Japanese, and other expeditions. The International Indian Ocean Expedition (1960–65) was a cooperative effort by some three dozen research ships of many countries.
Research activity since then has built on the work of that expedition, with studies on the nature of monsoons. Several ships have crossed the Indian Ocean to collect information on mineral resources of the continental shelves and the deep ocean floor. Several legs of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (1968–83) were in the Indian Ocean. These more recent and technologically advanced scientific explorations have provided insights into the marine geology, geophysics, and resource potentials of the Indian Ocean.
Viktor Filipovich Kanayev Joseph R. Morgan Philomene A. Verlaan Ed.
Oceanographic texts and atlases that include information on the Indian Ocean and its seas include Rhodes W. Fairbridge (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Oceanography (1966, reissued 1979); James P. Kennett, Marine Geology (1982); George L. Pickard and William J. Emery, Descriptive Physical Oceanography: An Introduction, 5th enlarged ed. (1990, reprinted 2003); M. Grant Gross, Oceanography, 6th ed. (1990); Alastair Couper (ed.), The Times Atlas and Encyclopedia of the Sea, 2nd ed. (1990); and Martyn Bramwell (ed.), The Rand McNally Atlas of the Oceans (also published as Mitchell Beazley Atlas of the Oceans and The Macmillan Atlas of the Oceans, 1977, reissued 1987). Julia J. Gotthold and Donald W. Gotthold (comps.), Indian Ocean (1988), is an annotated bibliography of works on the area's history, sea power, and ocean science, on the island groups in the region, and on the Indian Ocean's strategic military importance.
Indian Ocean geology and oceanography are explored in Alan E.M. Nairn and Francis G. Stehli (eds.), The Ocean Basins and Margins, vol. 6, The Indian Ocean (1982), which includes treatment of the marginal seas; United States Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic Center, Sailing Directions (Planning Guide) for the Indian Ocean, 3rd ed. (1988); and D.J. Rochford, "Salinity Maxima in the Upper 1000 m of the Indian Ocean," Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 15:1-24 (1964). There are many useful essays in Bernt Zeitzschel and Sebastian A. Gerlach (eds.), The Biology of the Indian Ocean (1973), including a summary introduction to the area by Klaus Wyrtki, "Physical Oceanography of the Indian Ocean," pp. 18–36. Ocean physics, chemistry, biology, and geology are examined by B.N. Desai (ed.), Oceanography of the Indian Ocean (1992). Graphic presentations of information include United States Central Intelligence Agency, Indian Ocean Atlas (1976); Klaus Wyrtki, Edward B. Bennett, and David J. Rochford, Oceanographic Atlas of the International Indian Ocean Expedition (1971); and Stefan Hastenrath and Peter J. Lamb, Climatic Atlas of the Indian Ocean, 3 vol. (1979–89).
The history of commerce in the area is examined by K.N. Chaudhuri, Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750 (1985). Present-day economic development is the focus of Ganpat Singh Roonwal, The Indian Ocean: Exploitable Mineral and Petroleum Resources (1986); Kenneth Sherman et al. (eds.), Large Marine Ecosystems of the Indian Ocean: Assessment, Sustainability, and Management (1998); and Mukhtar Alam, Economic Development and Contemporary Politics: The Indian Ocean Rim (2004).
A.L. Rice (ed.), Deep-sea Challenge: The John Murray/Mabahiss Expedition to the Indian Ocean, 1933–34 (1986), presents the history of the voyage and its influence on oceanographic research in the area. Other works on the area's history include Satish Chandra (ed.), The Indian Ocean: Explorations in History, Commerce, and Politics (1987); G.A. Ballard, Rulers of the Indian Ocean (1927, reprinted 1984); Auguste Toussaint, History of the Indian Ocean (1961; originally published in French, 1961); and Himanshu Prabha Ray (ed.), Archaeology of Seafaring: The Indian Ocean in the Ancient Period (1999).Joseph R. Morgan Philomene A. Verlaan Ed.
Indian Mutiny.
Indian Ocean — выступление в Индийском институте технологии в Канпуре … Википедия
Indian Ocean — Indian O|cean the Indian Ocean the third largest ocean in the world, which lies between Africa and Australia … Dictionary of contemporary English
Indian Ocean — first attested 1515 in Modern Latin (Oceanus Orientalis Indicus), named for INDIA (Cf. India), which projects into it; earlier it was the Eastern Ocean, as opposed to the Western Ocean (Atlantic) before the Pacific was surmised … Etymology dictionary
Indian Ocean — ocean south of Asia, between Africa & Australia: 28,350,500 sq mi (73,427,511 sq km) … English World dictionary
Indian Ocean — This article is about the water body. For the Indian fusion music band, see Indian Ocean (band). The Indian Ocean, not including the Antarctic region. Earth s oceans (World Ocean) … Wikipedia
Indian Ocean — <p></p> <p></p> Introduction ::Indian Ocean <p></p> Background: <p></p> The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world s five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger than… … The World Factbook
Indian Ocean — noun the 3rd largest ocean; bounded by Africa on the west, Asia on the north, Australia on the east and merging with the Antarctic Ocean to the south • Instance Hypernyms: ↑ocean • Part Meronyms: ↑Ceylon, ↑Comoro Islands, ↑Iles Comores,… … Useful english dictionary
Indian Ocean — ocean betw. Africa, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica … Webster's Gazetteer
Indian Ocean — ocean located south of India and east of Africa (extending between Asia, Africa, and Australia) … English contemporary dictionary
Indian Ocean — geographical name ocean E of Africa, S of Asia, W of Australia & Tasmania, & N of Antarctica area about 28,350,500 square miles (73,427,795 square kilometers) … New Collegiate Dictionary


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NESCAFE CLASICO delivers a rich, bold flavor. This has made it the most loved and popular coffee brand in Latin America for generations. It all starts with a NESCAFE.
Instructions: To avoid clumping, insert dry utensil.
I have been drinking Maxwel House coffee for years...you know....good to last drop.. No more. I wasn't satisfied any more. I tried Nescafe Clasico and !wella!!!!. Great stuff. All i had to do was open the jar and the smell of brewed coffee filled my kitchen....ahhhh!. Thanks Nescafe for bring this out. I'm in heaven. It simply makes my day..yeh!!!!
This is the best instant coffee you can buy for yourself . The flavor is amazing. I like folgers too but this is better.
I am not a great fan on instant coffee generally. I purchased this for baking. I was surprised by nice aroma and delightful taste of this instant coffee. Well done Nescafe!


text:
Last modified date 20th December 2016
Music for the Internet Generation
Charlotte Aitchison, better known as Charli XCX is 22 years old and has been in the music industry since 2008, already her career is longer and more interesting than some other artists. She has already achieved significant success in the Singles Chart as a featured artist and is due to release her third studio album, Sucker in mid-January.
The wonders of the internet have allowed me access to the version our American cousins are currently enjoying and provide you with a glimpse into the near-distant future of British music. Sucker has entered the US Billboard 200 at a respectable #28 and garnered 28,000 first week sales, no mean feat for someone with little recognisable solo material. I predict less success in the Britain because Charli appears uninterested in spending time in UK and people seem oblivious to the fact she's British.
Is Charli part of the future we want?
It feels appropriate to trace Charli XCX's origin story, from her not-so-humble beginnings in Cambridgeshire, to the middle of the American album charts. It all began back in 2008 when the 14 year old singer borrowed money from her parents to follow her musical ambitions. She promptly formed a record label called Orgy Music and released an album entitled 14.
This is an album which sounds exactly like what you would expect a 14 year-old girl to record if they were let loose in a recording studio. It was vaguely unsettling for me, a 24 year old adult male, to listen to the inner thoughts of child; but I did it, in the interests of journalism and all that shit.
Fun fact – Her stage name comes from her MSN screename
14 is full of the melancholy and melodrama of Charli's personal life; I now know that she didn't like a girl called Lucy because she used to slag Charli off to anyone who would listen. The track, "Yet Again", is about a girl Charli hated and features scathing lyrics like 'She tries to straighten her naturally curly hair / But it don't work, oh no, it don't / It just looks like a pile of shite on top of her head'.
We also have "Live Life", where XCX sort of raps about, 'hanging out with the wrong group of lads / Who smoke dodgy slips and pick fights with the chavs'. I don't know what sort of world Charli XCX was living in when she was 14, but it was far different to one I inhabited. I remember being of a similar age, when a girl at school told me that she once drank an entire glass of wine and smoked a cigarette, and in that instant became the single edgiest person I had ever met.
In the words of Charli XCX, 14 is an album of 'fucking terrible MySpace music', 3 out of 10. Let's move on.
I wouldn't recommend
14 shows potential and proved important to the young singer's career; it attracted the attention of local music heavyweight, Chaz. He ran the local illegal raves and introduced XCX to the scene, where she spent the rest of her teenage years performing and taking drugs.
During the 'research' phase of this review, I stumbled upon a torrent with almost 1 gigabyte of music from Charli XCX, the majority of which likely came from her drugged up teenage years. The thought of listening to anything but the bare minimum of Charli's early work makes me feel nauseated. I am horrified by the thought of some loser out there compiling the discography of a fucked up teenager.
It really is a sickening amount of Charli XCX
In 2013, XCX released her second album, True Romance. Gone were the days of Orgy Music and bedroom production, this project was released on Atlantic Records and can be considered the singer's true debut album.
It is reassuring to note that this album is a marked improvement from 14, instead of self-centred songs about Charli and her friends, the album tackles mature themes like heartbreak and…. heartbreak.
True Romance is primarily indie pop with an electro and synthpop influence; it puts its strongest foot forward with the opening track "Nuclear Seasons". A song which draws heavily from 1980s synth-pop, there are big kick drums and a few tinkling notes from a synthesiser. Charli sings about 'the night with your twisted tongue / when you drop the bomb I'm blown away', the not-so-subtle metaphor compares the end of a relationship to nuclear fallout.
Aside from the opener True Romance is spotty and boasts few highlights. Again, Charli's potential is clear and teases where her career could go, but it remains a mediocre project. 6 out of 10.
Sucker is XCX's first coherent body of work and was written after Icona Pop's "I Love It", brought her into the popular consciousness. The song sounded like nothing Charli had previously written, it was catchy and full of rebellion, as opposed to morose emotions.
She secured her foothold in popular music by writing and performing the hook on Iggy Azalea's "Fancy" in early 2014. Charli is largely responsible for the song's commercial success as she again showed her flair for writing pop hooks. It becomes clear during Sucker that Charli writes her choruses with an aim to fit as many words and syllables into each bar.
The complicated nature of these hooks makes them enjoyable to recite and her delivery only adds to their stickiness. She has created a persona of rebellion and attitude for herself, which means Charli can rely less on her singing ability and more on snarling her lyrics. Her delivery is reminiscent of Ke$ha but with less rapping; XCX has learned the limitations of her voice and generally strays away from singing on Sucker.
Who would have thought Ke$ha would prove influential?
Sucker opens in abrasive fashion with the song "Sucker", the very first lyrics on the album are Charli XCX shouting, 'said you wanna bang? / Fuck You! / Sucker!' Let that set the tone for the album. The album is brash, loud and feels over the top in its desire to be edgy and offensive.
"Sucker" is the first of many songs which feel like a rallying call for teenage girls to embrace their inner rebel and break the rules. This message is hammered home on the second track…"Break the Rules", with a chorus that repeats 'I don't wanna go to school / I just wanna break the rules'.
Sucker is aimed directly at this demographic of teenage girls, who Charli is presumably enticing to join her rebel army of smokers and drug takers. Taylor Swift's 1989 is also directed towards this demographic, but proves less accessible for a male general audience. 1989 is a safe and clean record, which seems to purposely stray away from being different, whereas Sucker addresses similar subjects in an interesting manner.
We can add 1989 to the list of effeminate albums I have recently listened to
Unlike Charli's earlier material, Sucker features less taboo subject matter, namely sex and drugs. XCX's image is far from sexual, which is a refreshing approach. Especially compared to female artists like Nicki Minaj and Iggy Azalea, who make a big point of being bisexual as a marketing tactic to attract the coveted Horny Male demographic.
"Doing It", is the closest Sucker comes to addressing sex, and only does so through euphemisms, 'I think we better do it / like we're doing it now / oh come on, let's keep doing it like we're doing it'.
Further, those like myself who enjoy songs about how many drugs Charli can take, will be disappointed. Sucker plays it safe and avoids addressing such topics, lest it offends the broad audience it aims to serve. It is a sensible approach for a major label debut. Stick to the family-friendly rebellion. 'Don't go to school! Don't follow the rules! Buy my next album!'
The album is unashamedly pop. Whereas Charli's previous material was largely electro-influenced with pop style choruses, Sucker enlists mainstream producers such as Stargate and Benny Blanco. There are songwriting credits from Rivers Cuomo and Vampire Weekend's very own Rostam Batmanglij, which help explain the noticeable improvement in songwriting and production from True Romance.
Connecting Weezer and Vampire Weekend
Sucker features a strong retro influence, very much in the mould of 1989 and Unorthodox Jukebox. "Hanging Around" borrows elements from the overproduced pop rock of the 1980s, with its pounding drum beat and overdrive-heavy guitar riff; there are even handclaps. And it wouldn't be 1980s rock without nonsensical lyrics, 'drums bass / turn 'em up loud / 3, 4 / spinnin' around / sky high head in the clouds / never gonna come down'. It's pretty fucking catchy and could easily be a force in the singles chart.
"Need Ur Luv", closes the album and is inspired by the most popular of female soul from the 1960s, the instrumental is reminiscent of "Baby Love", but with heavier drums. This is the only song where Charli sings, her voice is altered into a higher pitch which gives it a haunting quality, it also improves her singing.
I am Jack's sense of disappointment
"Boom Clap" is the track which sounds closest to Charli's traditional style and was recorded during the sessions for True Romance. Hilary Duff turned down an opportunity to re-record it and revive her career; instead Charli released it herself and it has become her most successful solo single to date, peaking at #6 in the UK Singles Chart.
As with Charli's most successful songs, "Boom Clap" relies on electro-pop production, big drums and a catchy chorus. The song contains two verses and bridge which don't sound like they required much effort to write and take up little of the song. Sucker is full of songs like this, great instrumental, catchy chorus, lazy verses and incomplete concepts, from a technical standpoint many of these tracks are poor. However, XCX's delivery and the overall vibe of the track makes them enjoyable and sometimes great.
Sucker's experimentation with the various incarnations of popular music comes off far better than Taylor Swift and Bruno Mars's attempts. Those projects were mostly unfocused and spotty, they felt like attempts to create deep music, backed by retro production. Sucker makes no attempts at the depth which was present on those other projects, which is beneficial.
Charli XCX has created the best pop album of 2014 by keeping her focus broad, playing it safe and focusing on making her songs catchy. She is head and shoulders above the rest in the in the competitive genre-bending-experimental-pop category and her album deserves 7 out of 10, which probably makes it the best album I have reviewed in 2014. A scary thought.
Tags:Charli XCXIggy AzaleaNicki Minaj
Dance / Electro / Music / Pop / Videos
Charli XCX – Focus / No Angel EP Video Review
Electro / Music / Pop / Videos
Billie Eilish – When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? | Video Review
Ben Howard – I Forget Where We Were | Review


When inflammation in the lung is deregulated, respiratory disorders will occur, leading to significant losses in quality of life. If the inflammatory response is loss, there is increased susceptibility to respiratory infections. On the other hand, in the presence of excess or chronic inflammation, lung tissue will be damage, which can lead to respiratory failure and death. My research program aims at understanding the intracellular signals regulating inflammation in response to bacterial infections, in order to devise novel strategy to re-establish a balanced inflammatory response when it goes awry. For the next four years I plan to study: (A) the mechanisms regulating inflammation in the healthy airway epithelium upon bacterial infection; (B) the mechanisms responsible for chronic inflammation in Cystic Fibrosis; (C) and the mechanisms responsible for the increased sensitivity to infections in the lungs of children suffering from Niemann-Pick disease. Objectives B and C are centered upon very serious diseases that have a major impact on respiratory health. At the core of these three projects is the central role played by intracellular signalling pathways regulating inflammation. This research program starts by investigating clinical samples, before studying the mechanisms regulating inflammation in human cell culture model to finally validate our discoveries in vivo, using a murine lung infection model. I believe that these approaches combined are essential to have effective knowledge transfer from the clinic to the bench, and then back to the clinic, in order improve the quality of life of Quebecers suffering from pulmonary infections.


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Q: Swift xcode dynamically adding text inputs in view I am relatively new to swift and have been used to a JavaScript environment so correct me if it is not possible, but is there a way to dynamically add rows of text inputs and thus data in the form of a nested dictionary, from the view via a button?
I am looking to create an object with no set constraints on the limitations of data.
Essentially the object would be structured as:
"Object1": ["row1":[desc: "desc1", option: "option1"]]

and when a user adds a row through a UIButton:
"Object1": ["row1":[desc: "desc1", option: "option1"], "row2": [desc: "desc2", option: "option2"]]

and so on....
Image example of what I am looking to achieve
Thank you for any input provided.

A: With the feedback of Will M I did overthink this again and came up with another solution:
class ViewController: UIViewController {

    let xPos : CGFloat = 0
    var yPos : CGFloat = 0

    override func viewDidLoad() {
        super.viewDidLoad()
        // Do any additional setup after loading the view, typically from a nib.
    }

    override func didReceiveMemoryWarning() {
        super.didReceiveMemoryWarning()
        // Dispose of any resources that can be recreated.
    }

    @IBAction func press(sender: AnyObject) {

        yPos += 22
        let tf = UITextField()
        tf.frame = CGRectMake(xPos, yPos, 100, 20)
        tf.backgroundColor = UIColor.blackColor()
        self.view.addSubview(tf)

    }

}

Here is a screenshot of what the result looks like I hope this helps you!
http://imgur.com/m59xDfN
The black things are textfields

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Gramm (GNIS FID: 1600012) is a populated place located in Albany County at latitude 41.038 and longitude -106.129.
The elevation of Gramm is 8,934 feet. Gramm appears on the Foxpark U.S. Geological Survey Map. Albany County is in the Mountain Time Zone (UTC -7 hours).


Cataract is where the clear natural lens inside the eye becomes cloudy so that light is scattered and blocked. Vision is then impaired. It may be like looking through frosted glass or there may be glare in bright lights or with night driving.
Cataract is more common with increasing age, though it can occur at any time in life. For those aged 45 to 74 the percentage of people with vision reduced by cataract is %. By age 60 years, more than 60% of eyes have cataracts. By 75 years of age, about 95% of eyes have cataract.
Over the age of 50 years, the crystalline lens becomes cloudy (cataract forms), and vision becomes less clear, especially in dim conditions.
If you suspect you may have cataract, you should see a cataract surgeon like Dr Natasha Lim who will perform a sight test and examination of the eyes to look for the presence of cataract and any other eye problems which may affect the vision.
Cataract cannot be treated with medication so surgery is the only treatment option. Cataract surgery Singapore is one of the most successful and fifteen minutesWith over a million patients choosing to have cataract surgery each year, it is one of the most common of all elective surgical procedures . Millions of cataract procedures have been performed worldwide and the safety and predictability is well known to be excellent. The lens implant is expected to last a lifetime.
When should I undergo cataract surgery and intra-ocular lens implantation surgery?
The time to consider surgery is when the effects of cataract start to affect your daily activity. When your quality of life starts to be affected, you should undergo cataract surgery to restore your vision. At the same time, it is also a golden opportunity for you to correct any pre-existing myopia (short-sightedness), long-sightedness, presbyopia ("lao hua") and astigmatism. In the hands of a skillful refractive surgeon, these refractive errors can be completely treated or reduced to enable spectacle freedom post-operatively.
How can cataract surgery change my life?
Many people who undergo cataract surgery by Dr Natasha Lim praise the life-changing effect of the procedure. Vision is restored and colours come back to life with the world being brighter and more vivid. The micro-incisional technique cataract surgery used by Dr Natasha Lim aims to provide high quality of vision after surgery. In cases where the patient has pre-existing refractive error such as short-sightedness, long-sightedness, astigmatism or presbyopia ("lao hua"), cataract surgery has the potential to provide better vision than was previously experienced (without glasses) before cataract developed.
Dr Natasha Lim is a fellowship-trained, specialist cataract, refractive and corneal surgeon who has performed cataract surgery for over 15 years. Her ophthalmic training was mainly undertaken at Moorfields Eye Hospital in London, the leading specialist eye facility in the UK, and one of the world's principal eye centres. Since becoming a consultant at Singapore National Eye Centre in 2008, Dr Lim has built her practice and surgery around clinical excellence, reputation and trust. She aims to deliver the highest possible quality of care.


text:
The Exchange boards AFM sales on 'Gringa' from '22 Jump Street' creator (exclusive)
Source: The Exchange
Brian O'Shea
Brian O'Shea's The Exchange has come on board to handle worldwide sales at AFM 2020 Online on the coming-of-age dramedy Gringa.
22 Jump Street creator-writer Patrick Hasburgh wrote the original screenplay about an American teenager who travels to a rural beach town in Mexico to find her estranged father, a faded soccer star turned fútbol coach.
EJ Foerster, a second unit director on the Twilight franchise and The Greatest Showman, directs feature and also produces with Eric Hedayat and Marny Eng. Hedayat has production credits on Netflix smash Extraction, and Skyscraper, among others.
Gringa stars Jess Gabor (Shameless), Judy Greer (Halloween, Ant-Man And The Wasp), Steve Zahn (Dallas Bueyrs Club), Jorge A. Jimenez (Narcos, Machete Kills) and Roselyn Sanchez (Act Of Valor, Rush Hour 2). The project is in post.
The Exchange's market line-up includes Liev Schreiber's Across The River And Into The Trees, Noomi Rapace's The Thicket, Kumail Nanjiani's The Independent, Zoe Saldana's Keyhole Garden, Drew Barrymore's The Stand-In, and Sundance and Berlin documentary Welcome To Chechnya.
Altitude to launch Zac Efron survival thriller 'Gold' at AFM
'Avatar: The Way Of Water' climbs to number five in global box office pantheon
Box office behemoth stands at $232.8m in China, $132.2m in France, $82.8m in UK.
Be For Films takes on sales for Berlinale Panorama title 'The Teacher's Lounge' (exclusive)
İlker Çatak's fourth feature stars Leonie Benesch.


Foreign investors remain committed to real estate opportunities in the US, according to a survey conducted by the Association of Foreign Investors in Real Estate (AFIRE). But as commercial real estate continues to show record deterioration, investor actions, in reality, still show a preference to high-yield bonds. AFIRE conducted the survey in Q409 among its nearly 200 members. Respondents own more than $842bn of global real estate, including $304bn in the US. In the survey, 51% of respondents said the US provides the best opportunity for capital appreciation, an increase from 37% in 2008, 26% in 2007 and 23% in 2006. It's the highest positive perception for US real estate since the same number in 2003. "Although foreign investors expressed every intent to resume investing in 2009, like everyone else, their plans were sidelined by a paralyzed marketplace with no precedent and limited investment opportunities," said Werner Sohier, AFIRE chairman. "However, new money is becoming available and the AFIRE survey points to an increased focus and interest in a few select markets for 2010, especially London and in the US, where prospects appear to be brightening." The UK emerged as the second-best country for capital appreciation among 30% of respondent's votes, and China came in third with 10%. Record-high delinquencies in commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) are souring the sector's potential. The mortgage data-provider Trepp reported a 6% delinquency rate among CMBS loans, and the rating agency Fitch forecasts the delinquencies would double by the end of 2012. But in the UK, which came in second in the AFIRE survey, commercial real estate showed a 3.6% return on investments after the first month – if the capital growth is maintained at 3%, according to the monthly IPD UK monthly property index report for December 2009, which measures total returns to directly held standing property investments. Despite the sentiment in real estate investment, investors have a stronger appetite for high-yield debt. According to an article in the Wall Street Journal, the owners of private equity-backed businesses are paid through new bond issues, and last week, companies raised a record $11.7bn in the high-yield bond market. Another survey of fund managers conducted by Bank of AmericaMerrill Lynch (BAC) showed that investors are taking above average risk for the first time since January 2006, a sign that cash is finding its way back into the market. "This survey is one of the more bullish we have seen and suggests that investors buy into the idea that this recovery has legs," said Gary Baker, head of European Equities strategy at BofA Merrill Lynch Global Research. Write to Jon Prior.
Can Social Media Help Revive Real Estate?


text:
Parava este satul de reședință al comunei cu același nume din județul Bacău, Moldova, România.

Note

Parava, Parava

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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