Ultraviolet radiation (UV), long a staple disinfectant in wastewater treatment, is gaining recognition as a beneficial technique in disinfection systems for municipal drinking water. Focusing on the North American market, this article reviews basics of this technology and provides up-to-date selection and application guidelines for its use in municipal drinking water treatment plants.
To ensure the highest measure of safety to the nation's water supply, regulations governing water disinfection are always being reviewed and improved. Disinfection methods for water treatment evolve, and it is essential that municipal plant managers keep abreast of trends in treatment alternatives. Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approval for ultraviolet (UV) light for disinfection of potable water is only now emerging, the current domestic industry trend is positioning UV as a viable primary disinfectant.
Because of its simplicity, easy installation and retrofit, coupled with low operating and capital costs, UV disinfection is attractive. In Europe, UV has been used for years in producing potable water. Learning the basics of UV technology is the first step for a plant manager when recognizing this trend. Today, only about one percent of the 40 billion gallons of drinking water produced daily by public utilities in the United States employs UV disinfection.1 However, over the next ten years, this figure is expected to explode.
The highly effective germicidal effect of ultraviolet light has been known for over 100 years. 2 The first full-scale use of UV for disinfection was in 1910, for a wastewater treatment system in Marseilles, France. The invention of neon tubes in the 1940s provided a more practical source of UV light: the low-pressure mercury vapor lamp. A significant number of installations utilizing UV disinfection systems for the municipal wastewater market began taking place in the United States during the early 1950s.
Due to the overall effectiveness and popularity of UV disinfection within the wastewater market, there has been a shift toward applying the same technology for the disinfection of drinking water treatment systems.
Basically, UV disinfection works by exposing waterborne microorganisms to UV light at a specified intensity for a specified period of time. This process of producing germicidal UV light renders the microorganism, in effect, "microbiologically dead." It does so by penetrating the cell wall and affecting the DNA in such a way that the cell cannot reproduce. The UV effect is generally referred to as "inactivating" the microorganism.
The light wavelength most efficient for absorption by the cell is about 260 nanometers (nm). Common lamp technologies used today -- e.g., low-pressure, standard intensity (LP) and low- pressure, high output (LPHO) -- generate UV light at 253.7 nm; 90 percent efficient in producing germicidal UV light.
The intensity of UV light generated by a specific lamp is a function of the power applied to the lamp and the arc length of the lamp. UV dose is a function of UV intensity over a certain length of time, given a specific flow rate for the water being treated and a known reactor size. Its unit of measurement is microwatt seconds per centimeter squared (m ws/cm2). Most UV systems used for disinfection today were sized to provide a minimum dose of 30,000 m ws/cm2 .
In 1969, the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Division of Environmental Engineering and Food Protection issued a guideline that UV systems should provide a minimum dose of 16,000 m ws/cm2 when used to treat drinking water.
However, the current regulatory trend appears to be establishing a minimum acceptable dose of 40 milliJoules per squared centimeter (mJ/cm²) for UV use in potable water supplies. (See the below chart to reference UV dose translations for different units of measurement. The industry trend denotes UV dose as mj/cm²). Municipal water treatment typically requires a two to four log reduction by any specific UV dose.
There are a number of physical configurations in which UV can be used for disinfection of water5. A quartz sleeve surrounds the UV lamp, acting as a barrier to protect the UV lamp from exposure to moisture. In the type illustrated, the jacketed lamp is contained in a closed vessel (chamber) and the whole assembly, with power source (ballast/transformer) and other accessories, is called a " UV system."
For wastewater designs, the jacketed lamps are immersed vertically or horizontally in an open vessel or channel, with the water flow perpendicular or parallel to the lamp axis.
As a key requirement of all possible system configurations, a certain amount of turbulence is necessary to enable the full amount of water to come sufficiently close to the lamp for treatment and inactivation. Such considerations are referred to as the "hydraulics" of a UV treatment unit.
Over time, the lamp sleeve will quite likely become fouled with a coating from biological or chemical materials. As a result, the effectiveness of the UV light to penetrate microorganisms will be impacted. To ensure efficient use, the sleeve must be periodically cleaned manually or automatically by a suitable cleaning mechanism.
Low-Pressure, standard intensity (LP) and Low-Pressure, high output (LPHO): Both types of low pressure lamps produce monochromatic light with a wavelength of 254 nm for germicidal purposes; they can be adjusted, however, to produce light with a wave length of 185 nm for total organic carbon (TOC)-reduction. Pressure refers to the internal vacuum pressure applied to a lamp during the manufacturing process.
A higher amount of power is required to operate an LPHO lamp (800 mA) as compared to an LP lamp (400 mA). As a result, the LPHO lamp can release higher outputs of UVC light, in turn reducing the number of lamps needed to achieve a required dose. Typically, LP lamps are used for lower flow rates, while LPHOs are used for medium flow rates.
Medium-Pressure, high output (MP): This type of lamp produces a polychromatic light with a broad spectral band output ranging from 200 nm to long wavelength visible light. MP lamps are produced with a deeper internal vacuum pressure and require higher amounts of energy to operate. The polychromatic light produced is enhanced in the germicidal region. Research on the microbial effects of polychromatic wavelengths indicates that other wavelengths can be as effective against bacteria as the UV 254 emitted from LP lamps (4). Polychromatic lamps also reduce the ability of bacterium to repair themselves (photo-reactivation) after exposure to UV light. MP lamps are typically used for higher flow rates.
Malley4 cites key factors that effect UV system design and application. He includes: number and type of lamps; reactor hydraulics; target organisms and level of inactivation required; location of the UV unit in the treatment process; and water quality characteristics.
Direct effects on water quality can come from suspended solids that have not been removed by filtration. As total suspended solids (TSS) increase, the UV disinfection of the water may be less efficient due to the possible shadowing effect of the suspended solids. The microorganisms may not receive the proper dose. In general, maximum TSS is recommended to be 30 milligrams per liter (mg/l).
Typically, indirect effects due to the water condition are those that can affect lamp performance or foul the quartz sleeve. Dissolved iron, water hardness or minerals can influence fouling of the quartz sleeve. Lamps that operate at higher temperatures, such as MP, amplify the fouling effect.
LP lamps operate most efficiently at 100 degrees Fahrenheit. As water temperature decreases, LP lamps tend to reduce their output unless compensated by the installation of additional lamps. If water temperature rises above 80 degrees Fahrenheit, the lamps should be cooled. One cooling method is to use a fan to blow air through the sleeve. MP lamps are not sensitive to temperature fluctuations and are found effective from zero to 80 degrees Celsius. Any UV system can have a temperature-sensing component to alert operators that a UV reactor is overheating.
spectrophotometer capable of reading a 254-nm wavelength of light. On certain UV reactor models, an online monitor measures transmittance of the water being treated; this is valuable because surface water can usually have a very wide fluctuation in transmittance.
A recommended transmittance value for water being treated is 85 percent or better. This value guides the selection of flow rate or number of lamps and/or distance between the lamps within the reactor chamber. For example, a lower transmittance value could be compensated by: decreasing flow rate, increasing the number of lamps and/or decreasing the distance between the lamps.
All types of UV lamps require monitoring and control. UV monitors measure the fluence being emitted by each lamp. They are essential to maintain the integrity of the system.
UV fluence is the calculation of UV dose with transmittance taken into account. Flow meters provide information on the plant flows. Transmittance meters provide the calculations on the transmittance value of the water. UV monitors either measure the intensity of lamp output in absolute units of mw/cm2 or the relative intensity in a percentage value. Data logging systems can be added to demonstrate the adequacy of treatment, and to provide a permanent record of the disinfection.
1. With continued research currently being conducted to further quantify its effects, UV has been proven at a specified wavelength to inactivate Giardia Lambia cysts and Cryptosporidium Parvum oocysts -- harmful parasites that are difficult to render harmless by other disinfectants. And UV does this using a low, cost-effective dose. Recent findings, moreover, have confirmed similar effectiveness of UV for many other human pathogens, including resistant viruses4. UV is capable of effectively treating certain bacteria found to be unaffected by chlorine disinfection.
2. As a result of these recent findings, EPA has proposed that UV can be used as a best available technology (BAT) for treating drinking water supplies, thus removing it from the current category of an "emerging technology."
3. UV treatment itself leaves no residual and may need an additional terminal disinfectant, such as chlorine, to achieve a residual. The amount of chlorine required for residual is reduced post UV, reducing costs. Moreover, UV does not pose any of the safety concerns for management and handling when compared to traditional disinfectants such as chlorine, which can be extremely dangerous to workers who are exposed to accidental releases.
4. The contact times for UV disinfection systems are generally quite short - within seconds. The resulting compact UV units having a small footprint, allowing them to be easily added as part of an existing multiple-barrier system. A multiple-barrier system refers to a treatment process that consists of various stages of filtration and disinfection that water must travel through prior to reaching the point of distribution.
How does a municipality decide whether or not to adopt this technology and, if so, where in the train of treatment processes would the UV system be placed?
Malley4sums up the approach taken by many drinking water organizations today who see the potential benefits of UV disinfection: they are employing bench, pilot and full-scale research on applying UV to help meet drinking water disinfection requirements.
Westford's experience with UV started on a small scale with one installation at its Cote Well site. The Water Department hired a local engineering firm, Fay, Spofford & Thorndike, Inc. (FST) of Burlington, Mass., to help address a key disinfection concern: coliform bacteria detected in the distribution system near the well. FST conducted a technical feasibility evaluation of disinfectant alternatives, including UV. On the basis of the study, Westford's water department decided on moving forward with UV disinfection.
FST then developed a pilot plan and submitted it to the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MA DEP), which approved it. Note that such local regulatory bodies are a vital step in adopting a new technology and their standards vary widely throughout the United States.
FST then coordinated the installation of a 10 gallons per minute (gpm), low-pressure pilot UV system. Water Department personnel gathered samples of untreated and treated water on a daily basis for two weeks. The results indicated that UV was doing the job of inactivating the bacteria and MA DEP approved full-scale use of UV disinfection - a first for this type of installation in New England.
FST then proceeded with the installation of a 24-lamp, low-pressure UV system with a design dose of 60 mJ/cm2 . The system was installed in March 1999 and operated successfully until presence of other microorganisms from surface water required that the UV treated drinking water undergo additional post-treatment with chlorine. The original UV system will be replaced when the centralized water treatment plants described below come into operation.
In 1998, at a special town meeting, the water department appropriated $250,000 for feasibility studies and pilot testing to determine the optimum treatment method to use at the two new plants. Because of the success of the UV system at the Cote well, the department planned to apply for a waiver from the MA DEP to use UV technology for primary treatment in place of chlorine.
Westford's multiple-barrier treatment systems are expected to be in operation at two new water treatment plants summer 2003. These plants, designed and engineered by Dufresne-Henry Inc., will treat five million gallons of well water per day. They will be the culmination a decade of extensive investigation, field-testing, evaluation, planning and engineering. All the while, as an excellent public relations tool, the Water Department maintained and updated a Web site (www.westford.com) that kept townspeople well informed. Much of the following information came from that Web site.
The multiple barrier approach, to be used at both new treatment plants, was designed to cover all contingencies. Its series of treatment steps are expected to handle viruses, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and other contaminants that could be introduced into the well water by surface water infiltration. While none of these contaminants has been detected in Westford's water supply, they intend to be prepared if contaminants ever do infiltrate the wells.
Uniquely, Westford arrived at the final multiple barrier design of as the result of a special value engineering workshop. The objective was to develop the optimum treatment method, given the groundwater under the influence of surface water (GUI) conditions present or future and have it meet DEP approval. In attendance were representatives of the Westford water department, the Westford Board of Health, Massachusetts Water Resources Authority and the department's consulting engineers, Dufresne-Henry Inc., as well as Dr. James Malley from the University of New Hampshire, an expert in water treatment and UV technology.
The 2000 McIlvaine study reports that the UV disinfection industry will grow to over a $1 billion per year industry. UV is an attractive disinfection alternative because it's safer than the popular chlorination method, it requires low start up and capital costs, it deals effectively with microbial contamination; it's simple to install and retrofit. In a move to actualize this growth, major UV manufacturers will continue product development, improving the efficiency and viability, of this soon to be commonly used disinfection method of treatment for potable water.
1. "Service International Expects New Regulations for the Disinfection of Drinking Water," Business Wire, July 2001.
3. Cosman, J, and H. Wright, "UV Disinfection for Drinking Water," IUVA NEWS" 2.3 2000. Covers benefits of using UV in some detail.
4. Malley, J, P. Jr, Ph.D., "Engineering of UV Disinfection Systems for Drinking Water," IUVA NEWS 2.3 20003.
7. LaFrens, R., "High Intensity Pulsed UV for drinking Water Treatment," Proceedings AWWA Water Quality Conference, Denver, CO, November 1997.
International Ultraviolet Association: www.iuva.org. The public area has an excellent two-page exposition on "What Is Ultraviolet?" and a color slide presentation "The Emerging Role of Ultraviolet (UV) Disinfection in Drinking Water Treatment in North American" by James P. Malley, Jr., PhD Members can go to another site area which provides access to articles published in the association's publication, IUVA News. Reference 2 is one such article.
This article originally appeared in the March 2002 issue of Environmental Protection, Vol. 13, No. 3, p. 46.


Situated on the edge of the Howe of Fife, Auchtermuchty is approximately 30 miles north of the Forth Road Bridge and within easy reach of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dundee, Perth and St. Andrews. Aberdeen is only an hour and a half away by car and Inverness takes just over two hours. Local amenities include primary education, health centre, police and fire station and library. There are recreational facilities including bowling club, parks, taverns and tea-rooms. Secondary schooling is available at the renowned Bell Baxter High School in Cupar.
Whether you are looking for a house, flat, bungalow, apartment, new build or any other kind of property for sale or for rent, ESPC may have the one in Auchtermuchty that you are looking for.


text:
{-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeOperators #-}
{-# LANGUAGE RankNTypes #-}
{-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses #-}
{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts #-}
{-# LANGUAGE UndecidableInstances #-}
module Data.Typewriter.Data.List where

import Data.Typewriter.Core

type family Head xs :: *
type instance Head (h :*: t) = h

type family Tail xs :: *
type instance Tail (h :*: t) = t

type family Length xs :: *
type instance Length Unit = Z
type instance Length (h :*: t) = S (Length t)

type family Concat xs ys :: *
type instance Concat Unit ys = ys
type instance Concat (x :*: xs) ys = x :*: Concat xs ys

type family Map (f :: * -> *) xs :: *
type instance Map f Unit = Unit
type instance Map f (x :*: xs) = f x :*: Map f xs

type family FoldR (f :: * -> * -> *) z xs :: *
type instance FoldR f z Unit = z
type instance FoldR f z (x :*: xs) = f x (FoldR f z xs)

class List l where
    tConcat :: (List a) => l -> a -> Concat l a
    tLength :: l -> Length l
    tMap    :: (forall x. x -> f x) -> l -> Map f l
    tFoldR  :: (forall x y. x -> y -> f x y) -> z -> l -> FoldR f z l

instance List Unit where
    tConcat Unit ys = ys
    tLength Unit = Zero
    tMap _ Unit = Unit
    tFoldR _ z Unit = z

instance (List t) => List (h :*: t) where
    tConcat (x :*: xs) ys = x :*: tConcat xs ys
    tLength (_ :*: xs) = Succ (tLength xs)
    tMap f (x :*: xs) = f x :*: tMap f xs
    tFoldR f z (x :*: xs) = f x (tFoldR f z xs)

type family Reverse xs :: *
type instance Reverse Unit = Unit
type instance Reverse (x :*: xs) = Concat (Reverse xs) (x :*: Unit)

instance ListReverse Unit where
    tReverse Unit = Unit

class (List l, List (Reverse l)) => ListReverse l where
    tReverse :: l -> Reverse l

type family ZipWith (f :: * -> * -> *) xs ys :: *
type instance ZipWith f xs Unit = Unit
type instance ZipWith f Unit ys = Unit
type instance ZipWith f (x :*: xs) (y :*: ys) = f x y :*: ZipWith f xs ys

class (List xs, List ys) => Zip xs ys where
    tZipWith :: (forall x y. x -> y -> f x y) -> xs -> ys -> ZipWith f xs ys

instance (Zip xs ys) => Zip (x :*: xs) (y :*: ys) where
    tZipWith f (x :*: xs) (y :*: ys) = f x y :*: tZipWith f xs ys

instance (List xs) => Zip (x :*: xs) Unit where
    tZipWith _ _ Unit = Unit

instance (List ys) => Zip Unit (y :*: ys) where
    tZipWith _ Unit _ = Unit

instance Zip Unit Unit where
    tZipWith _ Unit Unit = Unit

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Remove lower left and right nylon flaps on the screen to remove the screws located underneath them.
The nylon strips on the side may be difficult to remove, as they are held on with adhesive. A spudger can be used to help remove these strips before removing with fingers.
Remove the two 2mm screws holding the bezel to the laptop case.


text:
ATK motorcycles é uma companhia motociclística estadunidense, sediada em Centerville, Utah.

História
A companhia foi fundada nos anos 80 pelo austríaco naturalizado estadunidense Horst Leitner.

Ligações externas
Sitio oficial

Fabricantes de motocicletas dos Estados Unidos

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Industry, Materials & Utilities
Exclusive: China Development Bank may finance Fosun's Polyus deal - sources
By Polina Devitt, Julie Zhu
MOSCOW/HONG KONG (Reuters) - China Development Bank is considering providing financing for a Chinese consortium seeking to buy a stake in Russia's largest gold producer Polyus PLZL.MM, two sources familiar with discussions about the potential deal told Reuters.
The consortium, led by Fosun International Ltd 0656.HK, one of China's most acquisitive conglomerates, has since last year been in talks to buy a stake in Polyus, controlled by the family of Russian tycoon Suleiman Kerimov.
According to one of the sources, the Chinese buyer is also discussing the financing with a few other banks, but the source did not identify them.
The plan under discussion is to sell "well below" a 25 percent stake in Polyus to the Fosun-led consortium, with a potential option to increase the stake later, said one of the sources, who spoke on condition of anonymity. Polyus has a market value of about $10 billion.
Russia has been actively looking for investments in Asia, mainly in China, since the West imposed sanctions on Moscow due to its role in the Ukraine crisis and the annexation of Ukraine's Crimea peninsula in 2014.
China is the world's top consumer, producer and importer of gold and Chinese companies have been targeting gold mine acquisitions.
Discussions on the deal are still underway and there is no firm deadline, according to one of the sources familiar with the discussions, and a third source also familiar with the discussions.
Two of Fosun's Chinese affiliates - Zhaojin Mining 1818.HK and Hainan Mining 601969.SS - may join the consortium, the same two sources said.
Fosun and Polyus declined to comment. Reuters's telephone calls to China Development Bank's office in Beijing went unanswered. Zhaojin and Hainan did not answer Reuters's emailed requests for comment.
Polyus is a potentially attractive target because global gold prices XAU= have risen 11 percent so far in 2017, and Polyus this year acquired the giant Sukhoi Log gold deposit in Russia.
Russian First Deputy Prime Minister Igor Shuvalov said on April 12 that Fosun planned to sign an agreement to buy a stake in Polyus.
Russian officials are keen to have the deal ready for when Russian President Vladimir Putin visits China in May, one of the sources familiar with the situation said.
SPO IN LONDON AND MOSCOW
Polyus is also considering launching a secondary share offering (SPO) in London and Moscow in May or June, several sources familiar with planning for the listing said.
The deal will take about one month, including pre-marketing and road-show, but the size of the offer is still under discussion, two of the sources said.
The Polyus SPO does not directly depend on the Fosun deal and Polyus is not in a hurry to do it, but the listing will go ahead anyway, one of the sources familiar with the planning for the offering said.
The aim is to carry out a successful listing with major investors, the source said. "The timing is not crucial to them. The situation is far better than it was three years ago, and everyone is satisfied with the price of gold."
Western investors, which steered clear of Russian assets after the 2014 annexation of Ukraine's Crimea, are now making a cautious return to Russia.
The planned share offering is a big strategy switch for Kerimov's family, who delisted the shares of Polyus's Jersey-registered parent company from the London Stock Exchange in late 2015 amid Western sanctions imposed on Moscow. Polyus's return to London may coincide with a potential initial public offering by En+ Group, which manages Russian tycoon Oleg Deripaska's aluminum and hydro power businesses. Polyus has said that it would place its shares in Moscow as it needs to raise its free float to at least 10 percent to meet a requirement of the Moscow Stock Exchange, and would consider placing global depositary receipts in London.
Polyus's free float is currently 6.76 percent after the cancellation of some of treasury shares in April, in a move which would technically pave the way for the SPO.
Reporting by Polina Devitt, Julie Zhu, Olga Popova, Yan Jiang, Dasha Afanasieva, Katya Golubkova, Oksana Kobzeva and Darya Korsunskaya; editing by Jane Merriman

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Being in a pleasant place is just like being in heaven!! That is what I exactly experienced during my Mount Abu visit. My two best buddies-Richard and Gracey accompanied me on this tour. Holding an important place in Rajasthan tourism, Mount Abu is a pleasing hill town. Renowned for its rich cultural heritage, magnificent monuments and colourful fairs & festivals, Rajasthan attracts tourists with its fascinating aspects of tourism. Visitors flocking to the most popular Rajasthan Travel Destinations, love to being in the soothing ambiance of this jewel in the desert land.
We were in Delhi and our planning to visit Mount Abu just happened on weekend. All three of us packed our bags with camera, caps, sport shoes and other necessary articles that we could need during our visit. Satisfied with our packing, we left for Mount Abu by train.
While on train, we were sharing our reading based knowledge about Mount Abu, which is popularly referred as 'An Oasis in Rajasthan'. It lies on the southern tip of the Aravali range. The idea of visiting a hill station in the barren desert excited us so much that we found it difficult to wait for being there.We reached Mount Abu station in the early morning. The moment we came outside, all we could see was the crowd of auto-rikshaws. We hired one and head towards our hotel. It was a three-star hotel with excellent facilities and modern comforts.
After unpacking our bags, we let our tired body rest amidst the luxury of the hotel room. By evening, we felt ourselves ready to explore the town. Satiated with the delectable lunch, we left happily for exploring the beautiful hill station in Rajasthan. The cool climate and tranquility of the place was just fondling us. It also helped us to shed our tiredness in a perfect way. Covering the entire hillside, the rich vegetation of Mount Abu takes the credit of its cool atmosphere.
Nakki Lake was the first spot; we visited on our Mount Abu Trip. This mythological lake has a very interesting story behind its creation. According to legends, the lake was dug by Gods using their 'Nakh' or nails and thus, it got the name-the Nakki Lake. The local tribes also worship it. Situated at an elevation of 1200 m above sea level, Nakki Lake takes the crown of being the heart of Mount Abu. We were very delighted to visit the lake in the evening because we could enjoy boating there. Surrounded with mountains and rock formations, the lake possesses a picture-perfect site that makes it a must visit on your travel to Mount Abu.
Richard is very fond of photography and he clicked some beautiful pictures of the Nakki Lake. The sun set view is also a must watch at the lake. Holding our excitement for the next day, we came back to the hotel.
Next morning, after having our breakfast we reached 'Dilwara Jain Temples', a fine example of Jain architecture. These temples are the popular tourist attractions of Mount Abu Tourism. Exquisitely carved, these temples date back to the 11th and 13th century A. D. Dedicated to the Jain Tirthankaras, these temples reflect the sheer elegance in marble. Spreading over carved ceilings, pillars and doorways, the ornamental detail is simply amazing to see. It is hard to believe that these temples were built in an era when there was no technology.
Gracey had done a lot of research on these temples. Based on her knowledge, she told that the five legendary marble temples of Dilwara are a holy pilgrimage spot of the Jains. Lying amidst a range of forested hills, these five temples are named as-The Vimal Vasahi Temple, The Luna Vasahi, The Pithalhar Temple, Parshavanath Temple and Mahaveer Swami Temple. There is no photography allowed inside the temple, so we could not click any picture of that architecture marvel. The Dilwara Jain Temples remain open from 12 p.m. to 3 p.m. for tourists and the entry is free.
This only hill station-Mount Abu, Rajasthan is also known for Brahmakumaris. After this beautiful experience, we visited Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary. It is one of the oldest parts of mountain ranges of the hill town. Being a home to various sightseeing points, it offers the fabulous views to tourists. Based on our experience, I would suggest a long walk to see the birds and animals along with the floral beauty of the place.
Well, we got free after that. To make the most of the free time, we left for other places to visit. Gurushikar and the Sunset Point became a part of our exploration on our Mount Abu tour.
Without a doubt, that rendezvous with the royalty of Rajasthan was delightful. It will always remain a memory to cherish forever.


Click on the image below to see our great range of bikes.
Ron Boulton Cycles has been keeping Orange and surrounding areas pedalling for 40 years running. We keep the fun in cycling by offering great quality bikes, bike parts and service at an affordable price.
If you need a new bike be sure to call into our store in Anson Street Orange. We can advise on the best bike (or bikes) to suite your riding style and terrain. From dual suspension mountain bikes to serious aero road bikes, kids bikes, ladies bikes, commuter bikes, cyclocross bikes and everything in between, we have a bike to suite your needs. Buying the right bike can be a tough decision, we totally get it. That's why our easy-going staff and relaxed showroom are setup to give you a no pressure, fun buying experience. All backed up by our 7 day trial money back guarantee. Our bikes come fully assembled and with a free service so you'll be ready to ride straight out of the show room. Visit us at our showroom and workshop 202 Lords place Orange and remember. "Bike it you'll like it".
The bikes we stock are picked to offer our customers the best value for money across a range of applications, catering for the whole family and every budget. Remember if we don't have what you need in stock we can get it for you fast. Our brands generally have products with heaps of specification variance to cover every budget so if you like a bike but not the spec ,or not the price just ask and we can find a bike to fit the bill.
We stock a huge range of parts and accessories at reasonable prices to keep you riding smoothly. In fact we keep so many parts in stock that if you have a breakdown, there's a very good chance we can have you back up and running the same day.
If we find any problems with your bike that require new parts or more work we'll call you and let you know before we carry out the work.
Our workshop is fully equipped with the best tools and spares to repair all types of bikes. And with over 20 years experience in the industry we can repair most problems with minimum fuss.
Ron Boulton Cycles began as Ron Boulton Electrical and Marine store in 1970, as the demand for bicycles in the area became apparent Mr Boulton took on the supply service and repair of bicycles in Orange. Since 1970 Ron Boulton Cycles has been a feature of the Orange business district and a favourite destination for keen cycling enthusiast's and families looking to have some fun on bikes. Our commitment is still to provide the Best Bikes, Parts and Service in Orange at a Reasonable price an obligation we feel we uphold every day. Being family owned & operated for 40yrs We offer down to earth advice, good value for money and no high pressure selling. As an active member of the community we are proud sponsors of the Orange Runners club, and Orange Tenpin Bowl Junior Tournament.


text:
Scottish independence: the defeatists' choice
A 'Yes' to independence would mean a missed opportunity to reform the UK as a whole.
Alasdair Riggs
Topics Politics UK
Recently, I attended a debate on the Scottish referendum at the City of London festival. It was held to answer the question 'What is the cost of breaking up Britain?'. For the most part, the panellists sidelined the title question and stormed through the arguments for and against Scottish independence as a whole. Perhaps that was to be expected, and it was a stimulating discussion nonetheless. But it left the precise terms of the question largely unanswered.
There's a possible answer to this question which, while rather simple, is not, in the current independence debate, being articulated. What the breakup of Britain would cost us is the opportunity to see if Britain itself can be made to work – if the British state can be reformed to the liking of the people who live here, before we go ahead and tear it apart. For Scotland to leave now would be tragically premature.
For tactical reasons, both the 'Yes' and 'No' campaigns have asserted relentlessly that this is the only chance Scotland will have to make this decision. 'One opportunity' is now the 'Yes' campaign's main slogan; while pro-Union group Better Together urges anyone who will still listen to remember that 'there is no going back'. The message from both sides is one meant to instil the fear of finality in all who hear it: 'This question will never be put to you again, so make sure you side with us, for the following reasons…'
This is plainly false. In fact, it verges on hysterical. Scotland will not be subsumed if it votes 'No', losing its nationhood and becoming forever 'North Britain'. Nor will it detach from its closest neighbours in the event of a 'Yes', floating off irretrievably into the North Sea. Scotland is going nowhere. It's perfectly possible that, in the event of a 'Yes' win, some new kind of Union could emerge between the British nations somewhere down the line. It's far from clear how that would come to be, however, and it would likely be a more distant prospect than the reverse. It is much easier to envisage a situation in which Scotland – were it to vote 'No' on this occasion and find the aftermath truly unsatisfactory – could simply choose to leave later.
The ingredients which brought us to this point will all remain in the event of a 'No' vote. In fact, they will be enhanced. However Scotland votes on the eighteenth, there's been a clear transformation in public perception of the independence question. Initially a side issue, written off by many as the archaic preoccupation of an aggrieved minority, desire for independence is now thoroughly mainstream. To the extent that we can take polling figures seriously, Scots are on average around 15 per cent more likely to advocate independence than at the start of the campaign, with support now hitting the mid-40s.
Interestingly, this has come with a corresponding rise in Scots reporting a sense of 'Britishness', according to the Scottish Social Attitudes survey. An effect of the campaign, therefore, appears to have been an opening up of the constitutional question. If Scotland votes 'No', this will not cease to be the case. Why would it? What we'll have is many more supporters of independence than before, with the issue at the forefront of public discussion in a way it hasn't been for three centuries.
This is all happening now simply because a Scottish National Party (SNP) government was elected in the last Scottish election, on a manifesto featuring an independence referendum. UK prime minister David Cameron said himself that he had 'no choice' but to cooperate – that it would be politically impossible to refute the mandate granted by the electorate. This suggests that all Scotland requires to stage another referendum in the future is another SNP majority at Holyrood, which with the increased support for independence will be rather easier to achieve than before.
Both sides, again for political reasons, are keen to downplay comparisons with Quebec. But the example of Quebec is staring us in the face. Quebec held two referenda proposing a split with the rest of Canada within 15 years – a mere three Canadian parliaments. Where Scotland is a constituent member country of a multi-national state, Quebec actually is a province, making independence a rather more dramatic proposition. If Quebec can ask itself this question more than once, why can't Scotland?
So, were Scotland to stay, the UK would have to be meaningfully reformed if it is to remain in existence – the Westminster system is, beyond doubt, vastly over-centralised. The sense of political distance felt in Scotland would have to be taken seriously. This would mean significant decentralisation of power, not only to Scotland, but to all the British nations, and possibly to the regions as well. Recent polling has demonstrated a surge in support for such reforms. Even major cities are beginning to push for more local control.
The 'Yes' campaign's strongest argument – that the current system affords a lack of responsiveness to Scottish votes – could then, at least provisionally, be answered. If such reform came, and if it was done well, this could be a truly exciting time to be British. The endemic cynicism and apathy of political life here could be rolled back, and people might start to feel a greater sense of control over their lives. Compare, for example, the relatively muted response to mass surveillance in Britain, as opposed to elsewhere – the 'of course they're spying on us, what can we do?' shrug. If the system could be regenerated into something approaching federalism, we may all have cause to feel we play a greater role in our society, and hold a greater stake in its operation.
Ken Stott, one of the public faces of the 'Yes' campaign, blurted out on a BBC debate this month that – whatever the result on 18 September – he thought the independence question would 'always be on the table'. That must have enraged his campaign colleagues, being so very off-message, but he's quite right. If Scotland stays, it doesn't throw the option of separation away. The only option thrown away is, if it leaves now, any foreseeable prospect of the British nations sharing a single home on this island.
If they stay, the Scots can then contemplate the major issues in a less overtly politicised atmosphere. With the campaign pressure gone, a more reflective and less bitterly partisan discourse could emerge, once it has the oxygen it needs to thrive. Independence could be embraced later, on a more considered footing. Do Scots really want this independence? To end on this rancorous note? The platitudinous hypocrisies of the current nationalist campaign can be truly galling. One of the worst canards is the comparison of Scotland to a colony – the slogan being that 'countless countries have declared independence from Britain and never looked back'. This bizarre inversion of Scotland's colonial history is perverse. Scots have been perhaps the most enthusiastic colonisers the world has ever seen, and those countries declared independence from Scotland just as much as they did from any other part of Britain. Scottish discourse can do better.
A 'No,' then, would only really be a 'no for now'. If reform doesn't come, and independence seems on sober reflection to be the settled will of the Scottish people, they need only elect another SNP government on a referendum ticket. The current prospect seems rather like discovering that your house is drafty, and, rather than trying to fix it, dashing out into the rain, flinging a lit match behind you as you go.
Alasdair Riggs is a graduate of the University of Sussex and a former spiked intern.
Tags Scotland


The refunds are only being offered to ticket holders who used a Vancity or Citizenbank Visa to purchase the tickets.
Vancity Credit Union is offering refunds to its members who used their Vancity or Citizenbank Visa accounts to purchase tickets for the now-cancelled Pemberton Music Festival.
It was confirmed last week that the music festival, which was heading into its fourth year, had declared bankruptcy and Ernst & Young was appointed as trustee. A statement issued on the festival's website said there would be no automatic refunds, although it did suggest ticket holders check with their bank for possible purchase protection policies.
Late Tuesday, Vancity shared information on how refunds would be issued. The refunds are only being offered to ticket holders who used a Vancity or Citizenbank Visa to purchase the tickets.
2. Once the charge appears, call Vancity's 24-hour cardholder care department to dispute the charge. The toll-free number within Canada or the U.S. is 604-877-4999 or 1-800-611-VISA (8472).
"While it's too bad the festival has filed for bankruptcy (we were as excited as you about this year's lineup), we hope that refunding ticket costs will help ease some disappointment," the credit union said in its statement.
Refunds are offered for cancelled Pemberton Music Festival tickets only. Charges for travel or accommodation cannot be disputed and must be cancelled according to the merchants' cancellation policies.
According to documents obtained by Postmedia, the festival debtors' liabilities total $16.74 million, including more than $8.2 million owed to 2017 ticket holders. The document says the festival "incurred significant losses in each of the previous three years" and the 2017 festival had earned $8.225 million in revenue by May 18, while budgeted expenses had hit $22 million.
Last year, the festival drew a record 180,000 fans over four days to Pemberton Village, north of Whistler.


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Cook Islands national football team
This article is about the men's team. For the women's team, see Cook Islands women's national football team.
This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (September 2018) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:Équipe des Îles Cook de football]]; see its history for attribution.
You should also add the template {{Translated|fr|Équipe des Îles Cook de football}} to the talk page.
The Cook Islands national football team is the men's football team that represents the Cook Islands in international competition since 1971. It is governed by the Cook Islands Football Association which is part of the Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) and FIFA.
Football Association
Kevin Fallon
Jake Stuart
Most caps
Tony Jamieson (20)
Taylor Saghabi (6)
Home stadium
FIFA code
First colours
Second colours
FIFA ranking
NR (19 December 2019)[1]
166 (October 2015)
207 (April–July 2015)
Elo ranking
222 1 (25 November 2019)[2]
First international
Tahiti 30–0 Cook Islands
(Papeete, Tahiti; 2 September 1971)
Cook Islands 3–0 American Samoa
(Papeete, Tahiti; 12 June 2000)
Cook Islands 4–1 Tuvalu
(Apia, Samoa; 1 September 2007)
Cook Islands 3–0 Kiribati
(Boulari, New Caledonia; 1 September 2011)
Tonga 0–3 Cook Islands
(Nukuʻalofa, Tonga; 31 August 2015)
OFC Nations Cup
2 (first in 1998)
Group stage, 1998 and 2000
The nation has participated in six FIFA World Cup qualification attempts since their first attempt back in 1994. They have qualified for the OFC Nations Cup twice in 1998 and 2000 OFC Nations Cup with both appearances seeing no wins from their four games that they have played.
1 Competition record
1.1 World Cup record
1.2 Oceania Nations Cup record
1.2.1 1998 Oceania Nations Cup
1.3 South Pacific Games record
2 Results and Fixtures
2.1 Recent results
3 Current squad
4 Recent call ups
Competition recordEdit
World Cup recordEdit
FIFA World Cup record
FIFA World Cup qualification record
1994 Did not enter Did not enter
1998 Did not qualify 2 0 0 2 1 4
2022 To be determined To be determined
Oceania Nations Cup recordEdit
OFC Nations Cup record
1973 to 1996 Did not enter
1998 Group Stage 6th 2 0 0 2 0 19
2002 Withdrew
2004 to 2016 Did not qualify
Total Group Stage 2/9 4 0 0 4 1 41
1998 Oceania Nations CupEdit
The Cook Islands qualified for their first Oceania Nations Cup after finishing second in the 1998 Polynesia Cup, which they hosted. They faced Australia and Fiji in Group B, in what proved to be a tough draw. Australia crushed the Cook Islands 16–0 in their first match, scoring eight goals either side of the interval. In their next match against Fiji, however, the Cook Islands acquitted themselves much better, losing only 3–0, but with two defeats from two matches they failed to make the semi-finals.
In finishing 2nd at the Polynesia Cup for the second tournament running, the Cook Islands also qualified for their second successive OFC Nations Cup. They were drawn in Group A along with the Solomon Islands, and again, Australia. After their heavy defeat at the hands of Australia in the 1998 tournament, the Cook Islands hoped to avoid a repeat performance. However, they were powerless to prevent their opponents from running rampant, this time to the tune of 17–0. The Solomon Islands were up next, and in this game the Cook Islands had the consolation of scoring their first goal at the Oceania Nations Cup–the only bright spot in an otherwise bleak 5–1 defeat. After two defeats, then, the Cooks Islands again went out at the group stage.
South Pacific Games recordEdit
Pacific Games record
2003 Did not enter
2007 Group Stage 8th 4 1 0 3 4 9
2015 N/A – tournament was U23
Total 0/13 15 3 0 12 12 122
Results and FixturesEdit
Main article: Cook Islands national football team results
Recent resultsEdit
31 August 2015 2018 World Cup Q Tonga
Cook Islands Nukuʻalofa, Tonga
13:00 UTC+13 Saghabi
38', 53', 60' Stadium: Loto-Tonga Soka Centre
Referee: Ravitesh Behari (Fiji)
2 September 2015 2018 World Cup Q Cook Islands
Samoa Nukuʻalofa, Tonga
39' Stadium: Loto-Tonga Soka Centre
Referee: Robinson Banga (Vanuatu)
4 September 2015 2018 World Cup Q American Samoa
15:00 UTC+13
J. Manao
Stadium: Loto-Tonga Soka Centre
Current squadEdit
Players selected to compete in the First Round of the 2018 World Cup qualifiers against Samoa, Tonga and American Samoa.
Caps and goals updated as of 5 September 2015.
Date of birth (age)
1 1GK
Iona Lupena
(1984-05-03) 3 May 1984 (age 35) 2 0
20 1GK
Tahiri Elikana
(1988-09-14) 14 September 1988 (age 31) 9 0
Tupapa Maraerenga
3 2DF
Joseph Miitamariki
(1988-08-14) 14 August 1988 (age 31) 11 0
Tyrell Baringer-Tahiri
(1994-04-20) 20 April 1994 (age 25) 3 0
Paavo Mustonen
(1986-01-13) 13 January 1986 (age 34) 10 0
13 2DF
Nathan Tisam
(1988-07-06) 6 July 1988 (age 31) 8 0
Nikao Sokattack
Sunai Joseph
(1998-02-20) 20 February 1998 (age 21) 0 0
2 3MF
Grover Harmon
(1989-08-09) 9 August 1989 (age 30) 10 1
Arus Sem
(1993-03-08) 8 March 1993 (age 26) 1 0
Western Springs
Gichin Fuhiniu
(1988-08-20) 20 August 1988 (age 31) 5 0
Legend Pareta
(1996-09-08) 8 September 1996 (age 23) 3 0
11 3MF
Taylor Saghabi
(1990-12-25) 25 December 1990 (age 29) 10 6
West Ryde Rovers
Josh Karika
Jake Stuart (C)
(1991-11-20) 20 November 1991 (age 28) 3 0
Clarence United
9 4FW
Campbell Best
(1986-03-12) 12 March 1986 (age 33) 10 3
Puaikura
10 4FW
Harlem Simiona
Emiel Burrows
(1992-05-17) 17 May 1992 (age 27) 3 0
Oratia United
Ishak Mohammed
Recent call upsEdit
1GK
Keegan Inia
(1997-03-20) 20 March 1997 (age 22) 0 0
Central United
2DF
Paul van Eijk
Teriiahoroa Framhein
3MF
Roger Manuel
Takuina Tararo
(1996-06-17) 17 June 1996 (age 23) 0 0 Free agent
Tuka Tisam
(1986-07-08) 8 July 1986 (age 33) 10 0
John Michael Quijano
Joseph Ngauora
(1989-06-30) 30 June 1989 (age 30) 5 1
Picton Rangers
(1986-01-13) 13 January 1986 (age 34) 7 0
Twin Tiro
Maro Bonsu-Maro
CoachesEdit
Alex Napa (1996–1998)
Alan Taylor (2000–2001)
Luigi McKeown (2001–2004)
Tim Jerks (2004–2010)
Shane Rufer (2011)
Paul Farrell-Turepu (2011–2014)
Drew Sherman (2015–2017)
Kevin Fallon (2018-)
Cook Islands national under-20 football team
Cook Islands women's national football team
Cook Islands women's national under-17 football team
^ "The FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking". FIFA. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
^ Elo rankings change compared to one year ago. "World Football Elo Ratings". eloratings.net. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
Cook Islands Football Association
Oceania Football Federation
Cook Islands at FIFA.com
Pictorial History of Cook Island Football Kits
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cook_Islands_national_football_team&oldid=935095920"


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Kristina Mladenovic Stuns World No. 1 Naomi Osaka in Dubai
To say that Kristina Mladenovic has been struggling with her singles game is an understatement. Since achieving a career high ranking of No. 10 in the world back in October of 2017, the 25 year old Frenchwoman has been having a tough time obtaining many victories. It was quite the surprise to many therefore that the World No. 67 took out recent Aussie Open champ and current No. 1 Naomi Osaka on Tuesday 6-3, 6-3 at the Dubai Duty Free Tennis Championships.
After the match, Mladenovic told the press that a new service motion is partially responsible for her victory and optimistic view moving forward.
"It's like more natural. I still think there's still lots of room for improvement, but I see positive signs. Talking with my team and the people with whom I practice, they say it's better with my toss, and maybe before you could more easily read my serve. Now the toss is a bit more the same for any kind of target. So I'm happy about it."
Things were looking bright back in 2017 at the French Open for Mladenovic when she made the second Grand Slam quarterfinal of her career. Later that summer however things took a drastic turn for the worse that saw her go on to lose an incredible 15 consecutive matches starting with a loss to then 17 year old Bianca Andreescu at the Citi Open in Washington, DC.
Photo: Mike McIntyre
At the time Mladenovic cited not being physically ready after playing through some knee issues that she likely should have taken some time to properly heal from. The inconsistencies in her singles game have persisted since then and she had gone 0-4 to start 2019 until her first round win in Dubai against wildcard Fatma Al-Nabhani who is 407th in the WTA rankings.
Photo: Jimmie48 Tennis Photography
In doubles of course, credit must be given as Mladenovic has established herself as an elite level player. She closed out 2018 by winning the WTA Tour Championships with partner Timea Babos and has made the finals of all four Grand Slams in doubles winning both the French Open in 2016 and the Australian Open in 2018. She also captured two majors in mixed doubles at Wimbledon in 2013 and the Australian Open in 2014.
In terms of her victory against Osaka, maybe Mladenovic was due for a big win, or perhaps Osaka has been distracted by the reaction to her recent split from WTA coach of the year Sascha Bajin. Either way it has got to be a huge confidence boost for a player who used to exude that sentiment in abundance. She'll next face Carla Suarez Navarro who holds a 3-1 career head-to-head advantage over Mladenovic. Their last meeting was at the 2018 US Open and was a close one with the Spaniard prevailing 6-1, 4-6, 6-4.
Posted at 08:22 PM in Kristina Mladenovic, Naomi Osaka | Permalink | Comments (0)
Tags: Dubai, Kristina Mladenovic, Naomi Osaka, WTA
Women's Wimbledon Preview 2017
Waking up to the release of the Wimbledon draws feels a lot like waking up Christmas morning. Some of the players on Friday probably felt like they were either receiving presents or a lump of coal depending on who they drew as their first round opponent. Here is a closer look at the (once again) wildly unpredictable Grand Slam women's draw that tennis fans will be enjoying over the next two weeks.
What are the chances that the (for now) World No. one Angelique Kerber will do better than her first round exit at Roland Garros? Kerber does not have a nice draw and will face qualifier Irina Falconi in the opening round. Beyond that she faces either of the talented Kristen Flipkens or Misaki Doi in round two, the tricky Lucie Safarova potentially in round three and then likely the 14th seeded Garbine Muguruza in round four. With Kerber's confidence at a seemingly all-time low I can't see her making it out of there in one piece.
Former Wimbledon finalist Aga Radwanska is in this quarter of the draw but her game has been in steady decline over the past year it seems so I wouldn't get my hopes up for her to go deep in the tournament either. Radwanska faces a player whose career is even more in decline in Jelena Jankovic in the opening round.
So who should we keep an eye on in the top quarter of the draw then? Dangerous players include 7th seeded vet Svetlana Kuznetsova along with Olympic gold-medalist Monica Puig, the always dangerous Ekaterina Makarova and French Open semi-finalist Timea Bacsinszky.
I'm going to go with a Muguruza vs Bacsinszky quarter-final.
Karolina Pliskova is the 3rd seed and has a nice path in her section of the draw. Of the top seeds hers is the quadrant with the least amount of known obstacles towards the quarter-finals. Sloane Stephens makes her return to the Tour after a foot injury that kept here away from the game for nine months and opens against Alison Riske and has a potential second round match against 12th seed Kristina Mladenovic. Coco Vandeweghe would be the likely third round opponent in that section. ESPN Body Issue cover-girl and former World No. 1 Caroline Wozniacki is a good pick as a potential fourth round match-up.
This quarter seems like the most stable to me and I expect a Pliskova vs Wozniacki quarter-final to emerge.
There are just so many incredible first round matches happening at the All-England Club this year. Dominika Cibulkova gets Andrea Petkovic in this quarter, Sabine Lisicki makes her return as well to competitive tennis and faces Ana Konjuh the 27th seed and Elina Svitolina the 5th seed will face recent Birmingham finalist Ashleigh Barty.
On top of that we have Venus Williams, French Open champ Jelena Ostapenko and Madison Keys in this quadrant. Ostapenko and Keys could provide a terrific third round match here.
I'm going with Williams vs Svitolina for the quarter-finals. Gosh I wish I could be more bold with my picks!
Finally we have 2nd seed Simona Halep opening against Marina Erakovic and on-course for a tough third round match against one of: Carla Suarez Navarro, 2014 finalist Genie Bouchard or up-and-coming Marketa Vondrousova. Victoria Azarenka is yet another player making her return to the court at Wimbledon and gets a very difficult opening match against CiCi Bellis. In the upper portion of this quarter Petra Kvitova - who won in Birmingham last week - is going to be on a collision course with home crowd favorite Johanna Konta. There is simply no shortage of capable players who could be hoisting the Venus Rosewater dish in 2017 and many of them are in this quarter of the draw.
My picks for the quarter-finals are Kvitova and Azarenka for an enticing battle of the recent comeback players.
Posted at 10:46 PM in Agnieszka Radwanska, Angelique Kerber, Caroline Wozniacki, Cici Bellis, Dominika Cibulkova, Elina Svitolina, Eugenie Bouchard, Jelena Ostapenko, Johanna Konta, Kristina Mladenovic, Madison Keys, Marketa Vondrousova, Monica Puig, Petra Kvitova, Simona Halep, Sloane Stephens, Venus Williams, Victoria Azarenka, Wimbledon | Permalink | Comments (0)
Tags: All-England Club, Angelique Kerber, Caroline Wozniacki, Elina Svitolina, Grand Slam, Grass court, Karolina Pliskova, Mike McIntyre, Preview, Simona Halep, SW19, Wimbledon
Thursday at the Rogers Cup in Pictures
Eight women made their way into the quarter-finals of the Rogers Cup in Toronto today. Here's a look at some of the highlights as we head into the final three days of action.
3rd seed Agnieszka Radwanska was up against 14th seed Sloane Stephens in the opening match of the day
Check out the intensity in those eyes!
Radwanska was more consistent however and would prevail 6-1, 7-6.
Kristina Mladenovic was on the practice courts with Jamie Hampton despite being knocked out of the event in the first round. Mladenovic won the mixed doubles at Wimbledon this year with Canadian Daniel Nestor.
Cooling off was key for players today as it was the hottest day of the event so far.
The Williams sisters practicing side-by-side. Venus was ousted by Kirsten Flipkens while Serena was set to play the Belgian later today to try and exact some family revenge.
Venus checking her text messages (?) on a break.
Serena working on her serve.
Serena's long time hitting partner Aleksandar "Sascha" Bajin
Stretching is key, especially when you've been off the tour for over two months with a back injury.
Venus' hitting partner wasn't quite as jacked as Serena's, but he got the job done.
Poor Daniel Nestor. Two hours before the end of the auction and still no bids to hit with one of the greatest doubles players of all time.
Looks like Milos Raonic's big win over Juan Martin Del Potro went straight to his head!
5th seed Sara Errani of Italy does whatever she can to win her match against Alize Cornet, which she does 7-5, 7-6.
I hate when this happens!
Errani freaked out on Cornet at 5-5 in the 2nd set asking, "You always say 'allez', but now you say 'vamos'. Why you say 'vamos'?" Cornet replied, "I always say 'vamos'!"
Dominika Cibulkova stretching after her morning hit.
After Vasek Pospisil, the 2nd best smile of the day.
Daniela Hantuchova practicing ahead of her doubles match
Martina Hingis working on her overhead smash
Potentially the professional tennis player with the most amount of fans. Li Na is absolutely huge in China. She took on Ana Ivanovic on Thursday.
Ivanovic would let a 5-2 third set lead slip and fall to her opponent 3-6, 6-1, 7-6(5).
Wimbledon champ Marion Bartoli did not bring enough racquets to her match. Had to actually ask her opponent Magdalena Rybarikova if she could borrow hers for a game! Rybarikova was all class and allowed it. She also won the match when Bartoli withdrew due to an ab injury.
Mladenovic is good friends with Bartoli and this was her reaction courtside after she encouraged Bartoli to challenge one of her opponent's shots that was called in. The replay showed that it was in fact out. Nice to have friends, eh?
Serena Williams destroyed Kirsten Flipkens 6-0, 6-3 avenging her sister Venus' loss to the Belgian from earlier in the week. Williams hit the practice court after the match as she said she was not happy with her own return game.
Jelena Jankovic sarcastically reacts to a fan's comments (in Serbian) after losing a point to Sorana Cirstea of Romania.
Cirstea, who beat Caroline Wozniacki in 2hrs 56 minutes the night before, gets another huge win. This time 6-3, 6-4 over Jankovic.
Serena Williams in press. The black purse at her feet is actually carrying her dog Chip. No joke.
Dominika Cibulkova celebrates defeating higher ranked Roberta Vinci for a spot in the quarter-finals.
Hingis and Hantuchova would lose their second round doubles match for the second tournament in a row of Hingis' comeback. The pair is gearing up for the U.S. Open.
In the final match of the night, vet Samantha Stosur (one of the fittest players on tour) fell to Petra Kvitova 6-3, 6-3.
Keep checking back over the final three days of the Rogers Cup for more images and reports. If you're not already, follow us on Twitter as well for regular updates here in Toronto.
Posted at 11:32 PM in Agnieszka Radwanska, Ana Ivanovic, Daniela Hantuchova, Dominika Cibulkova, Kristina Mladenovic, Martina Hingis, Rogers Cup, Serena Williams, Sloane Stephens, Venus Williams | Permalink | Comments (0)
Tags: #rogerscupto, Agnieszka Radwanska, Aleksandar Bajin, Dominika Cibulkova, Mike McIntyre, Rogers Cup, Rogers Cup Toronto, Sascha Bajin, Serena Williams, Sloane Stephens, Toronto, Venus Williams


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Home / Islamic Thought / History / Who are the 'Salaf'?
Who are the 'Salaf'?
Posted by: Shaykh Ali Hammuda in History, Islamic Thought, Latest Islamic, Propagation, Research 29/09/2015 14 Comments
With terms such as 'salaf' and 'salafism' having become highly politicised and sensationalised in the public domain, Shaikh Ali Hammuda separates fact from fiction in this series demystifying the status and authority of the constitutive and interpretive "Understanding of the Companions" of the Messenger of God (sallAllāhu 'alayhi wasallam).
Authority of the Understanding of the Companions
The Prophet (sallAllāhu 'alayhi wasallam) once said,
إِنَّ اللَّهَ نَظَرَ إِلَى أَهْلِ الأَرْضِ فَمَقَتَهُمْ عَرَبَهُمْ وَعَجَمَهُمْ إِلا بَقَايَا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ
"Allāh looked at the people of the earth and was angry with them all, Arabs and non-Arabs, except for a remainder of the People of the Book."[1]
Allāh would then rescue humanity from this worldwide plight of darkness by sending them the final messenger who would, as Allāh said,
يَتْلُو عَلَيْهِمْ آيَاتِهِ وَيُزَكِّيهِمْ وَيُعَلِّمُهُمُ الْكِتَابَ وَالْحِكْمَةَ وَإِنْ كَانُوا مِنْ قَبْلُ لَفِي ضَلَالٍ مُبِينٍ
"…recite to them His verses and purify them and teach them the Book and wisdom – although they were before in clear error."[2]
Just as the final messenger was chosen as the greatest individual to have ever lived, his supporters and assistants would similarly be chosen from the greatest that have ever lived. These were men and women who saw his movements first hand, heard his speech without middlemen and comprehended his guidance just as he had intended. This would continue until 23 years of prophethood had elapsed and Allāh finally revealed,
"This day, I have perfected your religion for you, completed My Favour upon you, and have chosen for you Islām as your religion." [3]
After this blessed generation came another known as the Tābi'īn who followed the exact footsteps of the companions and delivered their responsibility towards Islām with the same excellence as that of the companions, warding off innovations, correcting misinterpretations and exposing fabrications from the Dīn of Islām. Then came after them a third generation who did the exact same and thus our messenger would praise these three generations in ways which he would not praise others.
Then, however, in generations that followed, we saw the appearance of many splinter groups and sects, who began to move away from the Jamā'a (collective mass) with an unprecedented degree of success. Different ideologies emerged and crystallised, such as the Khawārij (renegades), the Rāfida (extreme Shi'ites) and the Mu'tazila (speculative theologians), each group filtering the Qur'ān and Sunnah through their own paradigms in ways which were at odds with the understandings of the earlier generations. This was due to either Jahl (ignorance) or Hawā (desire) or a combination of the two. As the gap between us and the era of Prophethood widened, so did the number of worldviews and so did differences.
With the passage of time, the Ummah found itself losing much of its dignity and self-respect as it gradually strayed from the old and pure understandings. As the inferiority complex started to eat away at us, we began to look towards others in search for this lost dignity, and in many instances, the first victim of our desperate pursuit for 'enlightenment' was our core principles. With time, the Harām (forbidden) was deemed Halāl (permitted) and what was previously a despised innovation became, to some, an advisable Sunnah, or something recommended. As a result, those who held onto the oldest of understandings, namely that of the companions, were now labelled 'backward', 'archaic' or 'hard-headed'.
In the 21st century, this has become the baseline of all arguments levelled at this orthodoxy, and the motivation behind the setting up of 'modernist', and allegedly more 'compatible' versions of Islām; disputing the relevance or authority of old understandings of Islām. This short series of articles is thus an attempt to demystify the concept of the orthodox understanding of Islām and that, contrary to it being backward, it is in fact that only way forward.
What does 'understanding' mean?
First of all, one of the greatest of all favours which one could receive from Allāh is the favour of 'Fahm' or understanding. Allāh says, telling us about the difference of opinion which occurred between the Prophet Sulaimān ('alayhi al-Salām) and his father Prophet Dāwūd ('alayhi al-Salām), "We gave Sulaiman the understanding of it."[4] In that instance, Sulaimān was the recipient of this blessing.
Similarly, Imām al-Bukhāri titled a chapter in his 'Sahīh' compilation as: "The chapter of understanding knowledge" and quoted the famous Hadīth of Ibn 'Umar:
إِنَّ مِنَ الشَّجَرِ شَجَرَةً، مَثَلُهَا كَمَثَلِ المُسْلِمِ، فَأَرَدْتُ أَنْ أَقُولَ: هِيَ النَّخْلَةُ، فَإِذَا أَنَا أَصْغَرُ القَوْمِ، فَسَكَتُّ، قَالَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: «هِيَ النَّخْلَةُ»
"Amongst the trees, there is a tree which resembles a Muslim." Ibn 'Umar said, "I wanted to say that it was the date palm tree but since I was the youngest of all of them I kept quiet." And then the Prophet (sallAllāhu 'alayhi wasallam) said, "It is the date-palm tree."[5][6]
In that instance, Ibn 'Umar was the recipient of this blessing. Furthermore, the Prophet (sallAllāhu 'alayhi wasallam) would say,
مَنْ يُرِدِ اللَّهُ بِهِ خَيْرًا يُفَقِّهْهُ فِي الدِّينِ
"When Allāh wishes good for anyone, He bestows upon him the Fiqh (understanding) of the religion." [7]
Thus the opposite of this is true. When Allāh does not want good for a person, He keeps this person ignorant with regards to Islām.
Who are the 'Salaf' and what are the usages of this term?
"Salaf" is a term which we hear being thrown about abundantly nowadays and so let us ask, what does this term mean and who or what is it in reference to?
When the three Arabic letters of 'Sīn', 'Lām' and 'Fā' come together then the linguistic reference is to something that has preceded. The Qur'ān has used this term in eight places in reference to this very meaning. For example, Allāh says,
عَفَا اللَّهُ عَمَّا سَلَفَ — فَجَعَلْنَاهُمْ سَلَفًا وَمَثَلًا لِلْآخِرِينَ — قُلْ لِلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا إِنْ يَنْتَهُوا يُغْفَرْ لَهُمْ مَا قَدْ سَلَفَ
"Allāh has forgiven what is past."[8] (The term which was used for "past" is "Salaf").
"And We made them a precedent and an example to later generations."[9] (The term which was used for "precedent" is Salaf).
"Say to those who have disbelieved, if they desist (from disbelief), their past will be forgiven."[10] (The term which was used for "past" is "Salaf").
Similarly, the Prophet (sallAllāhu 'alayhi wasallam) would say to Hakīm b. Hizām after he had embraced Islām,
أسلمت على ما سلف من خير
"You have embraced Islām and your good deeds which preceded are still with you."[11]
Now what is the technical definition of this term? In other words, when the scholars use it in the Islamic context, what are they specifically referring to? Its usage is in reference to one of two elements:
1 – It is used in reference to a specific period of history that has passed.
This is taken from the famous Hadīth of 'Imrān b. Husayn,
خَيْرُ النَّاسِ قَرْنِي، ثُمَّ الَّذِينَ يَلُونَهُمْ، ثُمَّ الَّذِينَ يَلُونَهُمْ
"The best of people are my generation then those who come after them and then those who come after them."[12]
So the first usage of this term is in reference to a specific era that has preceded.
Some other scholars narrowly defined which generation it is which the term 'Salaf' refers to. Some said it specifically refers to the generation of the companions. Others said it specifically refers to the generation of both the companions and the Tābi'īn[13]. Others have said it specifically refers to the generations from the time of the companions until the time of Imām Ahmad b. Hanbal[14] and in fact others have even said it refers to all of the generations up until year 500 after the Hijra (prophetic migration).[15]
However, the vast majority of the scholars both past and present were of the view that the term 'Salaf' is in fact in reference to the generation of the companions, the Tābi'īn and the generation which came after them, due to the Hadīth of 'Imrān stated above. This is with regards to its first usage.
2 – It is used in reference to a specific methodology which is not specific to an era.
Why is this second understanding also important? Because there were people during the time of the first three greatest generations who were innovators and followers of desires. Examples of this include Dhul-Khuwaysira during the time of the Prophet (sallAllāhu 'alayhi wasallam), Sabīgh b. 'Isl during the time of 'Umar (radiy Allāhu 'anhu), the large appearance of the Khawārij during the time of 'Alī (radiy Allāhu 'anhu) and the appearance of the Qadariyya sect (those who denied pre-destiny) at the hands of Ma'bad al-Juhani during the end of the companions' generation. The likes of al-Ja'd b. Dirham (Jahmiyyah sect) and Wāsil b. 'Atā (from the Mu'tazila) all appeared during these first three great generations.
However, these were individual and isolated cases which did not reflect that blessed era and their innovations were dealt with and deconstructed appropriately. Thus when speaking about the understanding of the 'Salaf', some tend to refer to the 'Jumhūr' (majority) of the opinions of the Salaf or they say, 'al-Salaf al-Sālih', 'our righteous predecessors' to exclude those aforementioned individual cases. Therefore whoever was a person of innovation or desire is not classified as being part of the 'imitated Salaf' (al-Muqtadā bihim) even if such a person happened to live in their era. Thus the second usage of the term 'Salaf' is in reference to a methodology—being upon what the first three generations were upon in terms of beliefs, acts of worship and how the texts were approached and applied.
What is meant by the term 'Fahm al-Salaf' or 'the understanding of the Salaf'? How can we classify a particular opinion on an Islamic matter as being an opinion or even the 'opinion of the Salaf'? Furthermore, what is the nature of this 'orthodox understanding' which the scholars (like Imām Ahmad rahimahullāh) promoted?
This will be the subject, by the permission of Allāh, of the forthcoming article. And all praise and thanks are due to Allāh.
[1] Sahīh Muslim on the authority of 'Iyād ibn Himār
[2] Al-Qur'ān 62:2
[3] Al-Qur'ān 5:3
[4] Al-Qur'ān 21:79
[5] Sahīh al-Bukhāri on the authority of Abdullāh ibn 'Umar
[6] This is because every aspect of the date-palm tree is beneficial, its leaves, fruits, date stone, branches, shade. Similarly is the believer; always being of benefit regardless of his circumstance or whereabouts.
[7] Bukhāri and Muslim on the authority of Mu'awiyyah RA
[8] Al-Qur'ān 5:95
[10] Al-Qur'ān 8:38
[11] Bukhāri and Muslim
[13] As is the opinion adopted by Imam Al-Ghazāli in his work 'Iljāmul 'Awām'
[14] As is the opinion adopted by Imam Al-Ājurri in his work Ash-Sharī'a
[15] As is the opinion adopted by Al-Bayjūri in Tuhfatul Murīd
DEDUCTION HISTORY INFERENCE INTERPRETATION ISLAM ISTIDLAL MANHAJ METHODOLOGY MODERNIST ORTHODOX ORTHODOXY PHILOSOPHY PREDECESSOR PREDECESSORS REFORM REFORMATION RESEARCH SALAF UNDERSTANDING 2015-09-29
Shaykh Ali Hammuda
Tagged with: DEDUCTION HISTORY INFERENCE INTERPRETATION ISLAM ISTIDLAL MANHAJ METHODOLOGY MODERNIST ORTHODOX ORTHODOXY PHILOSOPHY PREDECESSOR PREDECESSORS REFORM REFORMATION RESEARCH SALAF UNDERSTANDING
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About Shaykh Ali Hammuda
Shaykh Ali Ihsan Hammuda is a UK national of Palestinian origin. He gained bachelors and masters' degrees in Architecture & Planning from the University of the West of England, before achieving a BA in Shari'ah from al-Azhar University in Egypt. He is currently based in Wales and is a visiting Imām at Al-Manar Centre in Cardiff, and also a senior researcher and lecturer for the Muslim Research & Development Foundation in London. Ustādh Ali is the author of several books including 'The Daily Revivals' and 'The Ten Lanterns", and continues to deliver sermons, lectures and regular classes across the country.
Mu'az Ibnu Abd al-Hamid
Syaitan makes the Great Muslims who want to follow al-Quran & as-Sunnah & by the understanding of the Best and Greatest Muslims (Salaf As-Saalih) look like they are 'arrogant' and 'superiority complex'.
But, THE REALITY is the one who rejects/opposes/disregards the truth of following al-Quran & as-Sunnah & by the understanding of the Best and Greatest Muslims (Salaf As-Saalih) is the true arrogant and superiority complex.
Allah Ta'ala Says:
فَزَيَّنَ لَهُمُ الشَّيطانُ أَعمالَهُم
"but Satan made their deeds attractive to them."
Our Beloved Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) says:
الْكِبْرُ بَطَرُ الْحَقِّ وَغَمْطُ النَّاسِ
"Arrogance is (what??) to disregard the truth and to look down upon people." (Sahih Imam Muslim)
Therefore, the TRUE ARROGANT is the one who:
1. "disregards the truth" of following the Quran & Sunnah by the understanding of the Best and Greatest Muslims (Salaf As-Saalih).
2. "to look down upon" those who follow it.
Abdiaziz Somali
Alhamdulillah I am Muslim,, overwhelmed proof we must not have any sect or huzb in Islam…
No any Nabii or any sahaba said in order to be better Muslim we must call ourselves SALAFIS
Except Akhir Zama ulamaa in the like of Albany and other
They know how to play with world. End of the day the best name and the best label we have given is Islam
Find for me one ayat or ahadith even dhaif which said to be a better Muslim you have to call your self salafy
They talk against innovation while they Innovated Islam into salafism
Trust me these people who keep changing their names from ikhwani as ibn abdulwahab attamiim anajdia stated then they were known as ansar sunna they they were ahlul Hadith.. These are really people of fitna as it was mentioned in hadith of NAJD
UmmUthman
JazakAllahKhair for a most beneficial read and I look forward to the next parts.
The only salafi I've encountered are the ones with a superiority complex. Instead of becoming a salafi, become a simple Muslim person and free yourself from a life of arrogance. Allah does not like people who consider themselves superior and look down up on others. In the interests of unity, drop the salafi label and become a plain-vanilla Muslim. Remember in the early days of Arabic Islam, there were only Muslims, no other flavours.
Abu Ibrahim
I might agree with you. However, do you see the conundrum? In offering such advice you are essentially doing that which you are apparently calling against. Everyone naturally thinks their own method, advice or opinion is the best – such as your advice to 'become plain-vanilla Muslim' as you put it. One reason why this article series seems very pertinent is it will offer something objective and agreeable as a nucleus to build a unity upon, as has happened throughout the ages.
When we have an Islamic state, we will have a coordinated way to know which "group/method" to follow. There is a famous hadith where angel Gabriel visits and places his hands on prophet Mohamed as asks him to define Islam. This definition of Islam defines the core of Muslim beliefs. Using this definition, you will find that vast majority of todays Muslims become one group from both Sunni and Shia groups too.
Anything above this, if you see someone doing something deemed wrong, you can discuss your understand and if you have proofs try to correct the actions of your fellow Muslims in a friendly manner. We should avoid at all costs, differentiate into sub-groups. Even what many would consider fundamental differences, such as Sunni and Shia should be dropped for now for unity of all Muslims – obviously, each to practice his own method. Because ultimately we will not be judged by other men but by Allah.
Right now, there are bigger problems to solve. This bickering and in-fighting is ammunition for a media tool for those who are enemies of Islam to use against us. Not to mention the additional complexity of engineered scams like ISIS, created by the Arab kings and Israel, to divert attention away from any talk of the Arab spring.
Adilson
As salamu alaykum brother Hans,
You have mentioned a great claim which requires a great evidence. Just like brother Abu Ibrahim said, "this article series seems very pertinent is it will offer something objective and agreeable as a nucleus to build a unity upon" "Quran and Sunnah" "with EVIDENCES for the despise of man desires".
Your statements against the salafis seems to be full of mysticism (shaytan whispers) and it is beyond your own comprehension because you seem to be intrigued by the actions of the salafis while you forget about your own actions in regards to the message of the salafis (deny the message/TRUTH)… Are we in this world to please the creation or to please Allah? Are we in this world to live for this life or to live for the next life?
If you are to give dawa to the kuffar and then a kuffar reply back saying I don't accept Islam because Muslims have bad behavior. Will you not ask him to look at the book (message/TRUTH) and don't look at Muslims actions??? The same I applies to everyone who reject being a salafi don't look to the salafis behavior rather look at their message.
The Kuffar criticise the message of Islam by the way of the actions of Muslims while deeply they hate, they are arrogant and they are jealous towards the message of Islam and Muslims just like Muslims deviants criticise the message of the Quran and Sunnah by the way of the actions of salafis while deeply they hate, they are arrogant and they are jealous towards the message of the Quran and Sunnah and its followers in truth.
At the end of the days arrogance only stop us from worshiping Allah And the best among of the slaves of Allah are those who repent the most and rectify their actions according to the Quran and Sunnah established by the way of the salaf-us-salih, ultimately Allah knows best who His best (saved) worshipers are.
I agree with Abu Ibrahim & Adilson. Syaitan makes the Great Muslims who want to follow al-Quran & as-Sunnah & by the understanding of the Best and Greatest Muslims (Salaf As-Saalih) look like they are 'arrogant' and 'superiority complex'.
Dalil
With the of Allaah most gracious mos merciful.
There is no such thing as Arabic Islam, may Allaah bless you. Islam, the Qur'an from it beginning was and is a message to all mankind. Perhaps you do not understand those people that identify themselves as "Salafi." Perhaps you don't know where the term comes from and what is meant by it. Perhaps you do not realize that it is not you that Ahli Sunnah wal Jumma'ah look down on, or you they they dislike, but it is the biddah (innovations), Tamyee, (watering down) the Sunnah that is hated.
We Muslims should be proud of following the way of the Sunnah, the way or the most beloved generations which include the Sahaabah. There are countless proofs for us that we shouldbe upon their methodology. I will not list them here but if you are inclined to ave knowledge of these proofs so that you might examine them for yourself, you may Email me at [email protected]. After this you you may know before speaking as we are ordered to have knowledge before action.
هَٰذَا بَلَاغٌ لِّلنَّاسِ وَلِيُنذَرُوا بِهِ وَلِيَعْلَمُوا أَنَّمَا هُوَ إِلَٰهٌ وَاحِدٌ وَلِيَذَّكَّرَ أُولُو الْأَلْبَابِ
This (Quran) is a Message for mankind (and a clear proof against them), in order that they may be warned thereby, and that they may know that He is the only One Ilah (God – Allah) – (none has the right to be worshiped but Allah), and that men of understanding may take heed.
May Allaah guide you and me, we don't become like those mentioned in the ayah beleow.
كَذَٰلِكَ يَطْبَعُ اللَّهُ عَلَىٰ قُلُوبِ الَّذِينَ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ
Thus does Allah seal up the hearts of those who know not [the proofs and evidence of the Oneness of Allah i.e. those who try not to understand true facts that which you (Muhammad SAW) have brought to them].
I can see how you many think of Islam as starting with prophet Mohamed, but this is not the case. Islam started, for humans, a very long time ago, with our root father, Adam. There have been many Islamic languages since, each language based on the mother tongue of the prophet in question.
The known books of God are the psalms of David, the old testament, the new testament and the final revelation (Quran). The language of Islam in this past era's was Hebrew and Aramaic for the respective prophets. So the known languages of Islam are Hebrew, Aramaic and Arabic.
We are now in the final phase of Islam. It is no new religion but the Arabic phase of Islam. Vast majority of our prophets are from pre-history, the Hebrew phase and one from the Aramaic phase and finally one Arabic.
Yes, I am aware of what Salafi means and I too abhor innovations. But becoming a "open" salafi turns ones mind towards the dark side and instils a superiority complex and is a cause of divisions. I think we are saying the same things. I am saying be a salafi but not openly, so as not to cause rift along the fault lines, Any fault line should be patched up and not opened up.
With the name off Allaah most gracious most merciful
"How can we classify a particular opinion on an Islamic matter as being an opinion or even the opinion of the Salaf"?
Is this question rhetorical, or one that means to lead to enlightenment? Opinions can come from anywhere, desires, influence, or experiences. The Salaf's understanding is based on their knowledge of the matters of Islam and the sunnah. Them being not far removed from the times of the Prophet, peace be upon Him, as we are.
It is reported in the saheeh Hadith that He, peace be upon Him said,"hearing a thing is not like seeing it, and seeing something is not like doing it." We Muslims of today are far removed from living Islam, I see at best some of us practice it. Those Allaah has blessed actually live Islam and much of the Sunnah.
M Amin ur Rahman
JAzak Allahu Khairan shiekh Ali Hammuda. You never fail to enlighten us with your precise and crystal clear way of speaking and writing – MASHALLAH! May Allah always keep on increasing your knowledge and wisdom and May He make it easy for you to spread this to everyone else, inshallah.
Can't wait to read the next articles in the series.
It states Br. Ali Hammuda is a 'Shaikh' and in this profile as 'Ustadh'- which is he?
What is his credentials as a 'Sheikh' as his profile doesn't state any scholars he learnt with, who agree to him being a scholar, no Islamic knowledge obtained/ graduated or qualifications to back him being a scholar?
I agree, we must stop elevating people to a status they do not deserve. This kind of practice weakens the title of scholar as well as misleads people that might think they are asking a person of sound knowledge a question. The practice of using this title loosely also could lead the person given the title to be tried.


text:
Q: Alfresco: CMIS web services binding: Why alfresco gives cmis:item by protocol cmis 1.0? I'm trying to get a document from Alfresco 5.2 using CMIS web services binding (http://server:8080/alfresco/cmisws/cmis?wsdl) and get an error.
Using the wireshark I found that the problem is that the alfresco in the response returns cmis:item element. But according to cmis 1.0 protocol it should not be returned. Why is this happening?
Request:
<soapenv:Envelope xmlns:soapenv="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/">
<soapenv:Header>
<wsse:Security
xmlns:wsse="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-wssecurity-secext-1.0.xsd" soapenv:mustUnderstand="0">
<wsu:Timestamp
xmlns:wsu="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-wssecurity-utility-1.0.xsd">
<wsu:Created>2017-10-06T15:33:27.634Z</wsu:Created>
</wsu:Timestamp>
<wsse:UsernameToken>
<wsse:Username>admin</wsse:Username>
<wsse:Password wsse:Type="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/2004/01/oasis-200401-wss-username-token-profile-1.0#PasswordText">0000</wsse:Password>
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<ns2:repositoryId>53131d3f-d80b-4964-87d9-08b614fe7861</ns2:repositoryId>
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<ns2:includePropertyDefinitions>false</ns2:includePropertyDefinitions>
</ns2:getTypeDescendants>
</soapenv:Body>
</soapenv:Envelope>

Response(part):
<soap:Envelope xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/">
<soap:Body>
<getTypeDescendantsResponse xmlns="http://docs.oasis-open.org/ns/cmis/messaging/200908/" xmlns:ns2="http://docs.oasis-open.org/ns/cmis/core/200908/">
<types>
<type xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:type="ns2:cmisTypeItemDefinitionType">
<ns2:id>cmis:item</ns2:id>
<ns2:localName>item</ns2:localName><ns2:localNamespace>http://www.alfresco.org/model/cmis/1.0/cs01</ns2:localNamespace>
<ns2:displayName>Item Type</ns2:displayName>
<ns2:queryName>cmis:item</ns2:queryName>
<ns2:description>CMIS Item</ns2:description>
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<ns2:creatable>false</ns2:creatable>
<ns2:fileable>false</ns2:fileable>
<ns2:queryable>false</ns2:queryable>
<ns2:fulltextIndexed>true</ns2:fulltextIndexed>
<ns2:includedInSupertypeQuery>true</ns2:includedInSupertypeQuery>
<ns2:controllablePolicy>true</ns2:controllablePolicy>
<ns2:controllableACL>true</ns2:controllableACL>
</type>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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The global automotive sunroof market was valued at $4,924.5 million in 2015, and it is expected to grow at a CAGR of 10.9% during 2016 - 2022. The factors driving the growth of the global market includes growing need to control light inside vehicle, growing demand for premium cars, and greater glass surface area in automobiles, including larger sunroofs. Additionally, the development of technology for reducing cost and expanding functionality of sunroof glasses and increasing consumer preference towards automotive sunroof vehicles in developing nations are expected to further propel the global demand of automotive sunroof.
Automotive sunroof refers to any roof opening in vehicle, such as one with a retractable metal panel. Modern sunroof consists of around 200 parts, and vehicle maker now use them and other roof system to help differentiate product offering to customers. Consumers now expect an increasingly high level of comfort in their cars, particularly where air conditioning and sun roof are concerned. Such equipment is no longer the exclusive domain of luxury cars. As the market is becoming increasingly competitive, vehicle makers are using sunroofs and other roof systems to help differentiate the product offering to customers. The demand for sunroof as an after sales market has also contributed to the growth of the global automotive sunroof market. The growing alternative fuel vehicle segments have forced the automotive innovators to develop sunroofs with built-in solar cells, which provide power to vehicles. The preference of car involving a sunroof is a major trend witnessed in the automotive sunroof market during the last few years.
In 2015, Europe held the largest share in the global automotive sunroof market. The automotive sunroof market in the region is anticipated to grow significantly during the forecast period. The major reasons behind the growth of the automotive sunroof market are strict environment regulations, increasing demand for electric vehicles, and growing need to control light inside vehicle. Asia-Pacific held the second largest share in the global market and it is also expected to witness the fastest growth during the forecast period. The demand for automotive sunroof in Asia-Pacific is expected to increase rapidly, owing to growing base of automotive industry, and increasing demand for luxurious and premium cars. Moreover, the governments of emerging economies of China, India, South Korea, and Thailand are providing incentives and industry friendly environment, which is attracting huge investment from automotive manufacturer for setting up new manufacturing plants in the region.
Among the various vehicle types, the premium cars held the major market share in the global automotive sunroof market. The high-income group prefers premium cars owing to their aesthetic looks, convenient travel experience, and it also resembles the statues symbol in the society. Now-a-days sedan cars are extensively using sunroof systems, as the manufacturer are targeting middle income group people and also the convertible sunroofs are gaining popularity among the individuals. Thus, the sedan car segment is expected to witness the fastest growth in the global automotive sunroof market during the forecast period.
The information and data in the publication "Global Automotive Sunroof Market Size, Share, Development, Growth and Demand Forecast to 2022", represents the research and analysis of data from various primary and secondary sources. An amalgamation of bottom-up and top-down approach has been used to calculate the market size. P&S Intelligence analysts and consultants interacted with leading companies of the concerned domain to substantiate every value of data presented in the report. The company bases its primary research on discussions with prominent professionals and analysts in the industry, which is followed by informed and detailed, online and offline research.


AJ Woodland, captain of cricket in 2016, played for Buckinghamshire 1st XI over the summer and scored 61 and took 3 wickets in the drawn match against Suffolk. AJ was also recently selected for the MCC schools XI to play England schools XI at Lords — a fabulous achievement and the most recent Teddies player to take part in this fixture since Miles Hammond in 2014. Good news continues for AJ as he has just been named as Wisden's top schoolboy run scorer in the country for 2016 with 1207 runs. His 204* v Abingdon School in June also placed him at the top of Wisden's highest score chart.
Jamie Curtis made his 2nd XI debut for Gloucestershire taking 4/95 versus Hampshire and also, following in his father's footsteps, made his Oxfordshire 1st XI debut against Wales. Jamie was another 1st XI player to feature prominently in the Wisden averages being the 2nd highest wicket taker in the country in 2016 with 46 victims.
Ben Charlesworth also made headlines, playing for Gloucestershire 2nd XI, Oxfordshire 1st XI and was also selected for the south and west of England U15 side at the Bunbury festival. His successful performances at Bunbury earnt him a call up to the annual 3 day North vs South of England fixture. Ben scored 62 and 27 for the South against the North at Loughborough University last weekend.
Harrison Ward was another of the Teddies 1st XI to play for Oxfordshire over the summer. He also made his Sussex 2nd XI debut and was selected for the South of England region in the Super 4s tournament. Brandon Allen kept wicket for Gloucestershire 2nd XI all summer and top scored with 68 in his match versus Scotland.
Captain of cricket in 2015, Calvin Dickinson, had an outstanding season playing for Oxford University MCCU, the Combined MCC Universities side and for Essex 2nd XI. He scored a scintillating 185 against Warwickshire 2nd XI and is currently the top run scorer in the country in 2nd XI cricket. As a consequence, Essex have offered him a deal to represent them in 2017. Finally, another OSE who continues to flourish in the cricketing arena is Joe Barrett who scored 2 centuries for Nottinghamshire over the summer.


Globally, the Land Mobile Radio (LMR) Market is expected to have significant growth over the forecast period. Emergence of push-to-talk over cellular systems and increasing demand for public security equipment are expected to be driving factors for the development of Land Mobile Radio Market over the next few years.
The Land Mobile Radio market is differentiated by type, technology, frequency, and end-users.
Depending on the frequencies, the market is sub-segmented into very high frequency (VHF), Ultra high frequency (UHF), and others. VHF is further categorized into low band, which ranges the from 30MHz to 50 MHz, and high band frequencies which range from 152 MHz to 174 MHz. Moreover, the UHF ranges from 450 MHz to 512 MHz. Other frequencies consist of 700 MHz, 800 MHz, and 900 MHz.
Lastly, on the basis of end-users, the market is categorized as defense & military, real estate & construction, transportation, retail, and others.
Motorola Solutions, Inc., JVCKenwood Corporation, Harris Corporation, Thales Group, and Hytera Communications Corporation Limited are the major five players operating in the global land mobile radio system market. Motorola Solutions, Inc. held the largest share among top five players with a share of 38.73%, in 2017, followed by JVCKenwood Corporation and Harris Corporation with respective shares of 12.17% and 10.65%. These companies continue to retain their strong global presence through expansions, mergers & acquisitions, partnerships & collaborations, and extensive product portfolio.
Motorola Solutions, Inc. is focusing on developing integrated end-to-end solutions that will deliver a clear return on investment. It is working with its global channel partner community to reach an extensive customer base, from small businesses to Fortune 500 companies.
Telecommunication equipment providers profiled in the land mobile radio system market report are Harris Corporation (U.S.), Hytera Communications Corporation Ltd. (China), ICOM Inc. (Japan), JVCKenwood Corporation (Japan), Leonardo S.p.A. (Italy), Motorola Solutions, Inc. (U.S.), RELM Wireless Corporation (U.S.), Simoco Wireless Solutions Limited (U.K.), Tait Ltd. (New Zealand), and Thales Group (France).
By type, the market is segmented into portable and vehicle-mounted. Portable and vehicle-mounted radio systems are used in enabling a clear medium for communication during emergencies or man-made disasters. Applications of land mobile radio systems include public safety and commercial. The former comprises first response agencies, while the latter includes their use in industrial sectors. Technologies used in the land mobile radio system market are analog and digital. Digital radio systems have come to the fore owing to advances in communication networking technologies owing to their low cost and rugged nature. On the other hand, analog radios can be used for communication while attuning to several specified bandwidths.
Region-wise, the land mobile radio system market covers trends and opportunities across Asia Pacific (APAC), Europe, North America, and Rest-of-the-World (RoW). North America is touted to dominate the global market till the end of the forecast period. This can be attributed to presence of various telecommunication equipment providers and establishment of various standards. But the APAC region is predicted to register a robust CAGR over the forecast period.
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