text:
Wednesday 22 April Apr 22, 2020
Deaths up again, only around 30 more than the day before, but still rather depressing. "Government steps back in the wake of chaotic handling, and will now allow children out for walks", rants the headline. Only once a day, with one parent, and only for a certain distance. Obviously everyone has a different opinion. I don't think it's a great idea just yet, but then I don't have sprogs running around the house all day long, and then again I can understand the people I know who can't ... See more
Deaths up again, only around 30 more than the day before, but still rather depressing. "Government steps back in the wake of chaotic handling, and will now allow children out for walks", rants the headline. Only once a day, with one parent, and only for a certain distance. Obviously everyone has a different opinion. I don't think it's a great idea just yet, but then I don't have sprogs running around the house all day long, and then again I can understand the people I know who can't wait.
The sub-article goes on: "Tributes flood in as local translator has lockdown birthday. Speaking to an empty silent street shortly after the church bells struck twelve last night, from the balcony of his flat in central Bilbao where he is spending his confinement, Mr Henderson conveyed his gratitude for kind words and best wishes at this difficult time, and …"
I can't quote the rest because I don't want to overwhelm you with emotion. Suffice it to say I'll never see 39 again. Better go out and get some plonk. And a nice bit of hake, sssh. After I've done a bit of trudging through 3K of blaargh …
@Chris. Cockwomble, now there's one to note down. Long is the shadow of the Wombles of Wimbledon Common. ▲ Collapse
I believe it's too early Apr 22, 2020
Portugal is also preparing to gradually lift some lockdown restrictions on May like small neighbourhood shops, hairdressers and childcare centres likely to be the first services to re-open.
I wonder what "strategies" will childcare assistants use for a "new behaviour management" with young children and toddlers?
Michael Wetzel
Dear Mervyn, Apr 22, 2020
Long-time reader, first-time writer. Thank you and happy birthday!
Brian Joyce wrote:
In a mad world, only the mad are sane. I must admit grave doubts as to our respective governments in dealing with this crisis, and my firm belief that it has been either vastly overestimated, or underestimated.
No, no, even in a mad world, most of the mad are also mad, it's just that all of the sane are mad. Or, to put it more clearly and simply:
Given a mad world, in which m = mad and s = sane and the following premises apply:
P1: s OR m
P2: IF s THEN m
It is true that you have to be mad to be sane:
1. IF NOT m THEN s (P1)
2. IF NOT m THEN m (P1+P2)
Therefore: IF NOT m THEN NOT s
Alternatively, you obviously can't be sane and sane, because that directly violates P2.
However, there is nothing to prevent someone from being mad and mad.
It's roughly the same issue as when you got mixed up along the lines of "If I'm going to lack substance, I might as well at least make sure to lack polish."
PS: I apologize if I messed something up. It has been almost two-and-a-half decades since I took a symbolic logic course to fulfill my general education requirement in math without taking a real math course.
PPS: I apologize for not being able to work in an "s AND m".
PPPS: By the way, while we're on the topic, "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" is a wonderful book - I enjoyed the film, but the book is much better and much more to the point.
Brian Joyce
francuski na engleski
Madness = sanity + mortality Apr 22, 2020
Thank you for your contribution Micheal, the fragility of the claim of sanity has been exposed by numerous psychologist's over the years, note; Stanford prison experiment, Stanley Millgram's torture experiment. The conclusive proof is sanity or civility is but theater, designed to suit a set of circumstances wherein the individual hopes to acquire material gain, or what they define as material gain. However all vested interest in a demonstration of sanity becomes irrelevant the moment our life i... See more
Thank you for your contribution Micheal, the fragility of the claim of sanity has been exposed by numerous psychologist's over the years, note; Stanford prison experiment, Stanley Millgram's torture experiment. The conclusive proof is sanity or civility is but theater, designed to suit a set of circumstances wherein the individual hopes to acquire material gain, or what they define as material gain. However all vested interest in a demonstration of sanity becomes irrelevant the moment our life is threatened, Jean Paul Sartre called it mauvais foi, bad faith, therefore all sanity is based on deception, in the service of the self-preservation instinct. The belief that sanity is possible in a world filled with chaos, is madness by definition, since in chaos sanity has no role because if it did have a role, there would no longer be any chaos, by definition. In abandoning such an instinct (self-preservation) we can volunteer for a true madness, which is indeed closer to sanity then sanity in a world of either order or chaos, but to do this we would have to believe we have the free will to overcome such a basic instinct, which, of course, is madness.
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Doubts Apr 22, 2020
Stanley Millgram's torture experiment.
A classic, but it seems that he manipulated the data.
engleski na poljski
Instinct vs free will Apr 22, 2020
In abandoning such an instinct (self-preservation) we can volunteer for a true madness, which is indeed closer to sanity then sanity in a world of either order or chaos, but to do this we would have to believe we have the free will to overcome such a basic instinct, which, of course, is madness.
As a non-native speaker of English, I assume I may have missed some of your point. However, I do believe humans have the free will to overcome the self-preservation instinct, as shown by numerous examples of people who chose to give their lives to save others.
Defiance to authority Apr 22, 2020
Most of the subjects (56 percent) were defiant and at some point refused to continue administering the electric shocks.
The above quote of the unpublished data concerning Stanley Milgram's electric shock experiment only proves what I've been saying, their defiance is a demonstration of their madness, their insane desire to upset order. And the manipulation of the data is a demonstration of Milgram's madness, and determination to aggrandize himself in front of his peers to ... See more
The above quote of the unpublished data concerning Stanley Milgram's electric shock experiment only proves what I've been saying, their defiance is a demonstration of their madness, their insane desire to upset order. And the manipulation of the data is a demonstration of Milgram's madness, and determination to aggrandize himself in front of his peers to satisfy his insane egotistical pathology. An example of which we can see in the actions of Putin and Trump and the Chinese communist party hell bent on driving humanity to destruction in order to win a trade war. In this chaotic and apocalyptic setting only the insane can hope to survive, thereby proving the sanity of madness.
If you want to put your free will to good use, dig a huge hole in your back garden and fill it with barrels of oil. ▲ Collapse
Friday 24 April- Vicarious Friday Apr 24, 2020
One big cafuffle coming up in Spain with the kids being allowed out for walkies and/or shopping. Oh, that 'and/or'. It still slips in sometimes. But at least I'm only writing it, and when I say it I don't say 'and-stroke-or'.
As I was saying. Kids in supermarkets. It reminds me of Jenny Forbes' comment right near the beginning of this thread, way back, about the little girl licking all the products in Boot's. Well, you just imagine all those kids who've been holed ... See more
As I was saying. Kids in supermarkets. It reminds me of Jenny Forbes' comment right near the beginning of this thread, way back, about the little girl licking all the products in Boot's. Well, you just imagine all those kids who've been holed up for over a month, just dying to get down there and get their little mitts crawling with corona all over everything. After Sunday, when the ban's lifted, I for one will be avoiding the patter of tiny feet like the plague.
Oh yes, The Dentist - continued. In an unusual and implausible scenario which makes little sense, but really what do you expect here, this next bit was diverted by a fictitious moderator from Ermelie's Vicarious Trauma thread. Didn't want to hijack her quite so far:
... Oh, it might have been the pigtails. The pop-socks. The push-up bra straining against my forearm, I don't know. Or all the pouting and inappropriate innuendo: "Ooh, you're going to drill me again today, aren't you, Mr Thorpe? - "Oh, that big tool of yours in my mouth again, I'll have to rinse out for ages afterwards, you naughty man".
I'm only a dentist, I'm not made of stone. But I fell for it. Just the once, I thought. Just the once. With a bit of luck she might not even remember after the laughing gas. But she remembered all right. And what did she do? She only posted it all on Facebook, the silly cow. And I lost it all before you could say "Local schoolgirl to have dentist's baby." My practice. My wife. My kids. My everything. And here I am in a B&B in Margate, eating my last meal of battered sausages and mushy peas, with extra gravy. Time to throw that noose over the roof beam, I suppose. One more for the statistics. It's true what they say about dental pressure.
Actually, back on the Wet Rock in the 90s (this next bit's true), my dad's dentist got up to that kind of thing, only he was jailed for it. Well, not just for that. It was only later that they found out he'd done a bit of the dentist's chair malarkey. No, the main misdemeanour was teaming up with his lover to murder her husband. And his wife too, within hours of each other. And then putting both of them in a car with a tube connected to the exhaust pipe, surrounded by photos of the children, like THEY were the secret lovers and had made a suicide pact because THEY couldn't be together. But the most amazing thing of all was that he got away with it for 20 years, and was only arrested because his conscience got to him, and he walked into a police station to give himself up. Not the Northern Ireland police force's finest hour. A dreadful affair. Good job dad died before it all came to light, because he thought this bloke was a fine man. See the Colin Howell case. ▲ Collapse
Cookery Friday Apr 24, 2020
I clean forgot about this, but on the other hand I'm not on a contract here, so here it is:
Clams in green sauce
(@Christel - there must be somewhere you can get clams, surely. Please don't use bacon ☺☺☺)
24 medium-calibre clams
2 red pepper seeds
3/4 cloves of garlic
Quite a bit of parsley
Heaped tablespoon of flour
White wine (cheap cooking stuff, although a finger of extra dry Mar... See more
White wine (cheap cooking stuff, although a finger of extra dry Martini will do as well)
Fish stock (water and fish stock cube, ssssshhhhh)
Put the clams in tepid water for 15 minutes, drain, and keep them on standby. Best to start the whole cooking process about 45 minutes from serving, to let the clams wallow in all that green gunk for a while. This is really just a variation on the "fish soup" from a previous occasion, except this time the sauce is green, not orange.
In a fish casserole pan, heat chopped garlic with chopped parsley and the pepper seeds in olive oil for a few minutes. Have the stock hot and ready on standby. Pour in a finger or two of wine/Martini, stir, and wait a few minutes until the alcohol has evaporated. How do you know when it's evaporated? When you can't smell alcohol any more, of course. So best not to be drinking yourself as you do this.
Then you sprinkle in the flour and use a wooden spoon to blend it in. Don't panic as it starts to form unsightly floury lumps, it's all going to be OK, just as long as you immediately add the stock little by little and keep stirring as you shake the pan backwards and forwards. Might be a good time to take out the pepper seeds just before this, especially if you've been crushing them in the pan. You can keep adding the stock and keep stirring until it thickens and the lumps will eventually disappear and turn into the green sauce.
Then you throw in the clams, stirring and adding stock (continue to add the stock gradually – you don't want the sauce to be too thin because you've put in too much, and - in my experience anyway - it's a bad idea to try to rectify with more flour and stock later), and the clams open up meanwhile in the heat of the green sauce.
Not much need for cutlery to eat them, either. You can scoop the clams out with a fork if you like, but the sauce is simply slurped up from one of those empty clam shells.
I'm outta here. Been biffed with 6K for Tuesday, so bang goes the beach. ▲ Collapse
Monday 27 April Apr 27, 2020
They've gone back to putting yesterday's death toll on the front page now. Only 288 deaths in Spain in 24 hours. I say only, because it peaked at 950 on or around 20 March, and that was after a whole week of confinement, so we seem to be getting somewhere rather than nowhere.
But you never know, especially since the streets were alive with shrill little voices yesterday as the under-14s were finally allowed out to play, but no touching or talking with their little friends, mind.... See more
But you never know, especially since the streets were alive with shrill little voices yesterday as the under-14s were finally allowed out to play, but no touching or talking with their little friends, mind. And only for an hour. And strictly local, only a kilometre from home, and definitely no cars to be used either. Pressure from parental associations various won the day in the end. I can't be the only one thinking deaths are going to rise again shortly, can I? Just as I was thinking that, in the event of an emergency, hospitals should be less chaotic now. At least one of them has an intensive care unit with hardly anybody there now. ▲ Collapse
Tuesday 28 April Apr 28, 2020
Deaths up slightly to 331 yesterday, and the little experiment at the weekend of letting the kids out won't be helping in the short to medium term either. Both parents out with the kids (only one allowed at a time), children playing with their friends (no interfamily mingling allowed), families out for hours at a time (only one hour allowed), people miles away from their homes (only one kilometre).
Stricter measures have been announced for the long 1 May weekend coming up. Talk of ... See more
Stricter measures have been announced for the long 1 May weekend coming up. Talk of staggering outings by districts, and talk of staggering outings for the elderly and for children. Oh, and as of 2 May there's a general freebie for everyone, so they can all go out - adults, children, grannies and grandads, walking, running, dogs, sheep, the lot (I say sheep because someone was fined down in Marbella recently for taking one for a walk through the town).
Not too encouraging. Hopefully I'll have a shedload of work to do at the weekend, or else I'll paint the house or something, but it seems like a bad idea to go out.
We will wake up in the morning from this nightmare soon! Apr 28, 2020
Spain's schools are not expected to reopen until September is one of the measures I agree with (Portugal is doing the opposite: the country wants to reopen nursery schools and universities).
I hope this preparation of Spain, Italy, France, Portugal, UK, etc. to gradually ease the restrictions of their lockdown do not rise the number of infections and deaths.
The death toll curve is flattening over these last days, and it is true we need to get out of this economic hibernation.
But, if we continue to be cautious and comply with the new measures, we can stop or minimize the pandemic. (I don't like restrictions in my life, but I need to follow the rules if I want to protect myself and others).
On the other hand, we need to rely on science (to get a vaccine and/or a treatment) as the key to exit this pandemic/economic crisis.
With technological/scientific development, time, patience, "self-education", and hope we will get back to our normal lives.
Soon, we will wake up in the morning from this nightmare and see coronavirus was gone!! ▲ Collapse
The good news is that deaths are down to 301 from 331 the day before, but that's still more than the 288 two days ago. We're told that the effects of the start of a gradual de-lockdown which kicked off with kids and parents on Sunday won't be known for some 12 days. Which, I suppose, means until any contagions occurring during that period develop into The Symptoms, and we're back to square one and it's time to think again. But then, I'm not a lockdown expert like the people on the te... See more
The good news is that deaths are down to 301 from 331 the day before, but that's still more than the 288 two days ago. We're told that the effects of the start of a gradual de-lockdown which kicked off with kids and parents on Sunday won't be known for some 12 days. Which, I suppose, means until any contagions occurring during that period develop into The Symptoms, and we're back to square one and it's time to think again. But then, I'm not a lockdown expert like the people on the telly. Or psychologists explaining that people get bored and frustrated and sad and, depending on their circumstances, economically worse off when confined against their will. Do you know, I hadn't thought of it like that.
But don't fret, there's a plan. Quite a complicated plan, too, by provinces and in phases. They have it in the paper today, a huge table of whats and wheres and whos and do's and don'ts and mights on a full page. Phase 0 (it's always more exciting to start with 0 rather than 1) starts this weekend, and small businesses such as hairdressing salons and a few others will be allowed to open, but with one third of the usual capacity and by appointment only. All this will develop into Phases 1, 2 and 3, downscaling confinement more and more ("desescalada" is the word of the moment here), eventually even allowing people to travel between provinces, up to the end of June, by when it looks like you can do anything you want, as long as you have a mask and gloves and it doesn't involve a crowd of people.
And school's out, too, but only until September, not forever, as Alice seems to think:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcVEhtojXlc ▲ Collapse
I think we are on the right track Apr 29, 2020
WHO laid out six criteria in order to guide countries lifting restrictions:
1. Contagion is controlled;
2. Test, isolate, and treat every case and trace every contact by health authorities;
3. Outbreak risks are minimized in certain settings;
4. Preventive measures are in place in workplaces, schools, and other essential places;
5. Importation cases managed;
6. Communities are fully educated, engaged and empowered to adjust to the new norm.
https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19--13-april-2020
I think we are on the right track.
Time to be wiser, more cautious, and really careful in our daily interactions, even more than before. ▲ Collapse
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text:
Along the Paths of Armenian Identity
Standpoint of Diaspora
Antoine Agoudjian - Photographer
Antoine Agoudjian
French Photographer
Antoine Agoudjian was born in France in 1961, the grandson of Armenians who survived the Genocide. At the end of the 1980s, he spent time in Armenia to help the victims of the 1988 earthquake that occurred in the North of the country, with its epicentre in Spitak. Staying in Istanbul in 1996, he felt the compelling need to search for Armenians still living in that historic homeland. His travels took him to all sorts of Armenian communities scattered throughout the Middle East, as well as along the deportation roads and places of massacres in Eastern Turkey and to the Syrian desert of Deir ez-Zor, on the traces of a memory that has been suppressed, denied, but never completely stamped out. In March 2015, a book encapsulating 27 years of his photography was published, entitled Le cri du silence: traces d'une mémoire arménienne (Shouting Silence, Traces of Armenian Memory). This body of work is currently exhibited in several venues around France, as well as and above all in Diyarbakir, for the centenary of the Armenian genocide. It has been called "a historical, political and artistic event".
REPAIR: As a Diaspora Armenian living in France, how would you describe your identity?
Antoine Agoudjian: To my mind, the Armenian identity is diverse, because of our history. It is of course undeniable to say that I was born in France, but there are several specifics in my life story. The first one is that I am a third generation Armenian in exile. In my days, the Iron Curtain was still there and you didn't have access to Armenian land since it was also impossible to go to Turkey. The sole word "Armenian" was taboo over there. My generation thus developed a whole identity in imaginary form, inspired by Armenian culture, and by dancing – I have danced since the age of five in Armenian folk groups. All this happened in a "village", the town of Alfortville (note: in the Paris suburbs), which counted many Armenians, whose lives were organized around their football club, the UGA (Union Générale Arménienne), and their folk groups. It was a village life, also marked by an Armenian identity because we lived around survivors of the Genocide, who included my own grandparents.
How would you define the Armenian identity?
To me, the Armenian identity is essentially linked to the culture – to the fact that Armenians were not just a people who had undergone extermination, but a civilisation with its own literature, its opera… and a Turkish memory that deliberately tried to erase Armenians from its history. To me, the Armenian identity consists in deeply loving this legacy that was passed on to us. There is this common view that some Armenians are more Armenian, either because they speak the language better than us or because their activities put them in touch with their origins. However, I think that identity is a little bit like a friend. Despite the faults or the many things you can criticize in a friend, you remain emotionally attached to him. Likewise, although we don't belong to a perfect civilisation or nation, whatever happens, I love it unconditionally. I have always been attached to my origins, to my people's culture and their history.
The earthquake in Armenia deeply affected you.
Watching on television such a little country flattened to the ground was to me the continuation of the genocide: it was another instance of annihilation. I really experienced it that way. The only sanctuary where some Armenians remained in place was destroyed, and I thought: that's it, we're disappearing. And in the end, my whole work has stemmed from that.
You then left for Armenia – as an interpreter, in particular – and over there, you discovered familiar faces and various atmospheres that your grandparents had evoked in their recollections. What you describe hasn't happened to all who made the trip.
Some have excessively idealized Armenia, so they return disappointed. And I believe that they meant it to happen that way. I didn't. Although I'm an idealist, I have no desire to have people be other than who they are. We shouldn't ask them to be up to our own projections and fantasies. Let's not forget that, historically, Armenians from Armenia were the first during the Perestroika to peacefully voice claims in relation to Stalin's mistakes – and who suffered the wrath of Baku in the following Sumgait pogroms; that before the Baltic countries broke away from the USSR, Armenians demonstrated for Karabakh to join Armenia. Let's not forget also that in the 1950s-60s, they were the first to shout, hands raised, "Our lands, our lands, our lands!" And that Armenians from Armenia had obtained a special status under bolshevism recognizing their religion. They should not be viewed as naïve, or materialistic. They were very involved in the political reality of the region and, just for that reason, deserve respect.
Besides, when you are in a country where the robber is Armenian, and the policeman is Armenian, the lawyer is Armenian, the prostitute is Armenian, etc. you have to stop idealizing it. Like in any other, there is the best and the worst. Now, whoever holds a romantic or poetic view of his origins has also plenty to be inspired. No wonder that filmmaker Paradjanov should be Armenian because there is a lot of romanticism and symbolism in this culture. People going to Armenia should travel a little – to Zangezur and Dilijan in the North, to Javahketi (note: Armenian area in South Georgia), and Karabakh. They should meet simple Armenians, people like us, cultured people. In Armenia, even a peasant is well-read, and you can talk about anything with him. One should stop idealizing people who are like everyone else. I can recognize my grandparents in those people.
As a Frenchman of Armenian stock, how do you view Armenians from Turkey?
Just as Armenians from Armenia, they are attuned to a reality which is their own, and not ours. And they act according to parameters which they have to deal with on an everyday basis. For instance, they belong to a system which is not in favour of freedom of speech – and clearly, things have hardened in that respect. There is a lot of censorship and self-censorship, particularly in the media. So, Armenians from Turkey must do with the situation, directly facing the consequences of the positions they take. Everyone experiences a reality which puts him in front of his fears – of being sued overnight, of being ostracized…
I also see them as a people powerfully on the move. There is incredible emulation. All those islamized Armenians, in Diyarbakir for instance, are experiencing an Armenian reality beyond our understanding. You can't imagine it from the outside. I think that, just as the Armenian Diaspora was astounded by what happened in Armenia, it will also be astounded by what is happening in Turkey. Because Armenians, both in Turkey and Armenia, experience their Armenian-ness on a daily basis. They are fully connected to it, and it changes everything compared to the intellectual type of Armenian-ness in France or the United States. It doesn't take anything away from the more intellectual type of investment, but it isn't something that is lived on an everyday basis. What's more, Armenians in Diaspora countries are highly appreciated and not stigmatised as are the communities in those historical lands. When I go to Turkey, it is the only country in the world where I feel I'm wearing a yellow star. I have to be careful with whom I talk, with what I say and to whom I say it. Although I'm French, this is what I experience, and nowhere else.
Not so long ago, saying you were Armenian was risky in Turkey…
I started to work in Turkey in 1996. Now, it's different. Many Armenians express their identity. But I've known a time when it would hardly be suggested through glances. For instance, I had noticed that several people I met had looked at me in an unusual way. I couldn't tell for sure, but I thought to myself: this person looked at me with such warmth and kindness, I think she's Armenian. That's how it happened for a long time.
What role did Hrant Dink play in that change, do you think?
It's true that there was a before and an after Hrant Dink, that people were terribly shaken in their psyches. In fact, the project that he would have devoted his whole life to getting people to understand – including Armenians – was accelerated and exacerbated by his murder. Everything he set up went along the lines he had wished – i.e. of building a bridge. As I said, we'll quickly be bewildered by what is happening in Turkey. All those Muslim Armenians who reclaim their Armenian identity, these new Armenians "converts" – even if those are not so numerous – the political movement carried by Agos and Turkish intellectuals…
Regarding Turkish intellectuals, precisely, what do you think of those who side with Armenians?
They do what they can. They too have a right to be afraid. We're talking about a country where, unfortunately, problems have always been solved in the same way. Always. I think about Sevag Balikçi, Hrant Dink and many others. There are reasons to be afraid when your life is on the line… It's not about courage, it's about being driven by convictions until you complete your project. Some intellectuals initiated the process of turning Turkey into a democracy, and this implies that the Armenian problem is a big stumbling block because that Republic was founded upon the massacre and extermination of Armenians.
Ultimately, the Armenian and Turkish identities are de facto connected…
The tragedy of the genocide has parted peoples who are in fact very close. We have the same history – although one false, and one which is accurate. We eat similar foods and love our children the same way – like Kurds too. We're closely connected to Turks, in a way more than Germans were connected to Jews because we really originate from the same land. So of course our identity is closely tied to the Turkish identity and vice-versa. Their history is tightly woven to the history of Armenians, who were beneficial to them – and whom they betrayed in the name of a crazy and evil project.
You say that the Diaspora is or will be bewildered by what is happening in Turkey. Does it mean that it remained stuck somewhere, in some trauma that it cannot overcome?
I think that it's good to distance yourself in order to look at the situation more serenely and make unsparing claims. I don't mind that some political movements make very demanding claims, and only a certain distance enables you to do that. On the other hand, I think that those who remain solely within the legacy that was passed on by genocide survivors don't have a very accurate view of what has happened in Turkey. Over there, many people have saved Armenians… What I mean is that if you give all the Turks the same face, if you refuse to have relations with them unless you obtain recognition of the genocide, then I think it's a mistake because recognition can come from that country, but if it doesn't change, it simply won't happen. And in order for it to change, you have to accompany that transformation and therefore be there. It's happening, through historians like Kevorkian or intellectuals and historians such as Taner Akçam. There is a definite opening in Turkey. By giving a human face to that country, it's possible not to see the Turk as being solely responsible for the trauma, for that heavy legacy which naturally causes terrible psychological agony. What is happening in Syria, the beheading, the gutting, the raping of people, what the public now discovers with Daesh, I heard it as a small boy and I put pictures on it in my mind. It's actually why I tried to exorcise this legacy through pictures. It weighed heavily on me. Those who keep mulling over it will feed the trauma which inhabits them.
What about Armenians in France? They are said to be divided, disorganized. Some descendants of Armenians from Turkey seem to frown upon those communities coming from the Middle East or Armenia…
My generation has known a time when we really thought we were going to disappear, when the police cracked down on us at demonstrations, when we were treated like less than nothing. I think that today, the community is getting organized, with imperfections, but you can see through the 2001 law of recognition of the Genocide by France, and the debates that are held, that the French Armenian community exists and is taken into consideration. And this, with few means deployed. So I'm rather optimistic. The Armenian community has obtained effective victories. Now, regarding the various communities who arrive as a result of tragic events such as wars, the Islamic Revolution in Iran, the civil war in Lebanon or in Syria, the fall of the Wall… you can always turn differences into oppositions, but you can also turn them into real meetings. For instance, when Armenians from Lebanon arrived in France, they helped me improve my linguistic skills. Thanks to them, I had access to a sophisticated Armenian culture because, before the war, Lebanon was a beacon of Armenian culture. It's the same for Armenians from Syria. Some Armenians can be sources of enrichment and others sources of problems, just like in any other community.
In the last years, we can see an awakening of identities in Turkey. Kurds, Alevis, Armenians, etc. make claims to different identities.
Of course, Turks have 42 ethnic groups to handle. They want to have people believe that they were the first and that there is only one nation. It's ridiculous, and a bit like Pandora's box for them. All the more so that they have made these people suffer for decades, so that the advent of democracy will also bring up all the resentment – with logical claims for reparations, lawsuits, etc. It's only natural. And it comes from the fact that they have lived through repressive years in the 1980s. When I stroll through Diyarbakir with older people, they keep turning around as they walk. When I ask them why, they say that during those years, the sole fact of talking in Kurdish landed them in jail. Today, when those people who lived in fear realize that they can express themselves, of course they are resentful. They don't identify with a nation which is only a fiction and offers them a demagogic project in which they are not recognized. They don't feel Turkish themselves, and are included as second-class citizens. Everything is done in Turkey to stigmatize those people.
A small semantic battle sometimes takes place over whether one should use the phrase "islamized Armenians" or "Muslim Armenians". What do you think about it?
It's true that there were forced and arbitrary conversions during the genocide, but I have many friends who tell them that they feel good as Muslims. So it's out of the question for them to go back on that. They declare themselves Armenian but don't want to be bothered about their religion. Today, I think that it's a fact, that there are Muslim Armenians, and who are going to stay that way. I think that islamized or Muslim Armenians have a real problem, which is that of their true Armenian legacy. I feel that they have built something new in which they feel good, but that at some level they ignore this specific Armenian legacy. We do have to get used to that. This is why I say Muslim Armenian instead of "islamized".
Up to now, Armenians were told that they were exterminated because of who they were, and today that they want to exist again, they are told that there are new ones, different ones, who are Muslims…It's harsh, and in order to experience all this soundly, you need firm distancing and self-confidence. Armenians are so afraid to be dissolved, absorbed, changed… but let's face it: when you cannot avoid something, you'd better embrace it. However, this doesn't mean either that we should spare Muslim/islamized Armenians from the question: where is your culture and your cultural legacy?
A hundred years after the genocide, Armenians are still struggling for recognition of their identity and of the tragedy that they went through. Why such persistence?
Armenians are a fighting people. Even in Dersim, they say that those who fought were Armenians converted to Alevism. The same is said concerning the PKK. I think that Armenians have this seed of rebellion deeply rooted in them, something that was passed on along generations. And Armenians converted to Alevism in the 1930s knew very well what the Turkish government was up to. Armenians are a people who have always been stigmatized so they have this ingrained sense of revolt and struggle against injustice. To me, the Armenian resistance movement hasn't stopped after 1915, it kept on going and took another form. They have been disseminated as an ethnical group and no longer fought as Armenians, but those who entered Marxist-Leninist or Maoist movements in the 1970s in Turkey are the heirs to Antranik (note: Fedayeen and Armenian national hero, 1866-1927), and other Armenian guerrilla fighters.
So, according to you, the myth of the well integrated, even assimilated "good Armenian", who doesn't make waves, should be questioned?
I don't think that Armenians are part of the consensus because they have always been close to their struggles and to their cause, which is universal. And also, they are into building, and rebuilding. I think that Armenians have never stopped rebuilding what others have destroyed. It may be an intellectual legacy…
Finally, what is it that connects Armenians with one another? Since you've been around all the various communities, is there a feature that Armenians have in common?
I travelled extensively around the Middle East and elsewhere and sincerely think, without being demagogic or chauvinistic, that Armenians are a singular people. They are a rather Fellinian people. They have that slightly eccentric side to them which makes them charming, attractive. When you are in Armenia or Turkey, you can watch incredible scenes. Armenians are a funny, poetic people. That's the side I love about them. Also – and I don't want what I'm saying to be misinterpreted – I think that they have a distinctive face. Not all of them of course! But in the Dersim province, for instance, I found that most often they had truly recognizable features, and village people also shared that perception. Then, there is this legacy of the genocide… What is common to Armenian families is that they all have the same story. What binds a family is to belong in a genealogical tree, and what unites all the Armenians in the world is to be part of a frightful story. After that, what do you do with it? Should you cultivate resentment? No, on the contrary. As I said, Armenians have always rebuilt what was destroyed. I think that anyone should keep a certain distance with his struggles, and always be on the side of life. One should cultivate life.
THE CRY OF SILENCE. TRACES OF AN ARMENIAN MEMORY. ©Antoine Agoudjian/Le Cri du Silence/Flammarion
Book cover of The cry of silence. Traces of an Armenian memory. Flammarion. 2015
The Trophy, Gyumri (Leninakan), Armenia, 1993
Gdouts, region of Van, Turkey, 2002
Sevkiyat, Yerevan, Armenia, 1989
Anguish, Istanbul, Turkey, 2009
Babel, Gyumri (Leninakan), Armenia, 1989
Baron Street, Aleppo, Syria, 2001
Seyfo, region of Diyarbakir, Turkey, 2013
Embers Smolders in Unison, Istanbul, Turkey, 2008
Assadour, region of Tunceli (Dersim), Turkey, 2011
The Rupture, Tunceli (Desim), Turkey, 2012
The Prophet, region of Midyat, Turkey, 2013
The Ghost of Armenia, region of Tunceli (Dersim), Turkey, 2011
Locations where the photographs were taken. ©Eric Van Lauwe
Identity is not a stereotype
The search for identity in Dersim Part 1: Identities in Dersim
The search for identity in Dersim Part 2: the Alevized Armenians in Dersim.
The identity of the islamized Armenians Hemshin
Armenia-Diaspora: A Period of Deep Crisis in the Armenian World
Being unable to face the past causes damages in the identity
"The Kurdish identity is marked by oppression and resistance, silence and cry"
1915 destroyed the hope of Assyrian society for the future
From "Barbarian Turk" to "Muslim Turk"
Being an Armenian today in Turkey
Newroz, symbol of resistance against oppression
The Turkish identity imposed by the nation-state is being questioned
The custom of Kirve in the memory of Kurds and Armenians
In Turkey, the wall of denial of the Armenian Genocide is becoming cracked
Turkey : the end of a one century history
A civil war in Turkey is a possibility
The Identity Awakening of Islamized Armenians in Diyarbakir
Turkey's Hemshinli: a complex identity
Turkey-Azerbaijan: "One Nation, Two States"?
Crypto-Christian Greeks of Pontus- Between Islam and Christianity
"Being Turkish" or "being from Turkey"? Identity debate in Turkey
Turkish national identity according to Erdoğan and AKP-armenian
Armenia-Diaspora Relations: Who is Ari?
Perspectives of the political opposition in Turkey
Turkey, the Wear and Tear of Power. Part 1
The identity of Istanbul Armenians
Armenian Identity in the Diaspora : Between Modernity and Preservation
The Armenian Identity in France in the grip of memorialization
The legacy of Turkish in the Armenian diaspora
The Strength of the Armenian People Lies in its Decentralization
Armenia and Karabakh Are more Democratic than the Diaspora
Collectif Medz Bazar: a dynamic vision of Armenian identity
Turkey, what future for a split civil society?
Fragments of Armenian identity in Turkey
Web-exhibition : Turkey, identities in pictures
Armenians and Other Armenians in Turkey
The New Challenges of the Armenian Diaspora
The identity of the Greeks of Turkey today-armenian
Dersim Alevism, a cross-bred identity
The Political Challenge of Alevism in Turkey-armenian
War in Syria, Armenian Life Stories
Which future for the city of Diyarbakır?
From Silence to Silence? Armenian Identity and Islamized Armenians
Kurds of Istanbul:A Blurred Identity
Turkish Nationalism and the Invention of History – Part 1

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
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THE RIGHTS OF DAUGHTERS IN PROPERTY : AN ANALYSIS
26 November 2020 Khushboo Garg 0 Comments 1956, 2005, Coparcenary rights, Equality and non- discrimination, Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, Hindu Succession Act, Joint Hindu family, Mitakshara law, Rights of Daughter
It is said in various instances that "once a daughter is always a daughter, a son is a son until he gets married." But when it comes to rights, sons are given preference. It is also the case in terms of property.
Daughters were not given the right to be a coparcener in the Hindu Succession Act, 1956. With the amendment in the Act 2005, the daughters are also conferred with coparcenary rights in the ancestral property. The status of daughters born after the amendment in terms of property rights was not clear. On September 9, 2020, India's apex court passed a judgment in which it held that daughters like sons would have an equal birthright to inherit joint Hindu family property. The court also held that the amended Hindu Succession Act of 2005 would have a retrospective effect.
To understand the rights of being a coparcener, one needs to understand the meaning of the word 'coparcener' first. Coparcener is a person who has a birthright to parental property. Section 6 of the Hindu Succession (Amendment of Act), 2005, deals with the coparcenary rights. The bare act language of the act provides that:[1]
"In a Joint Hindu family governed by the Mitakshara law, the daughter of a Coparcener shall,—
(a) by birth become a coparcener in her own right in the same manner as the son;
(b) have the same rights in the coparcenary property as she would have had if she had been a son;
(c) be subject to the same liabilities in respect of the said coparcenary property as that of a son,
Any reference to a Hindu Mitakshara coparcener shall be deemed to include a reference to a daughter of a coparcener. Provided that nothing contained in this sub section shall affect or invalidate any disposition or alienation including any partition or testamentary disposition of property which had taken place before the 20th day of December 2004.
(2) Any property to which a female Hindu becomes entitled under sub-section (1) shall be held by her with the incidents of coparcenary ownership and shall be regarded, notwithstanding anything contained in this act or any other law for the time being in force in, as property capable of being disposed of by her by testamentary disposition.
(3) Where a Hindu dies after the commencement of the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005*, his interest in the property of a Joint Hindu family governed by the Mitakshara law, shall devolve by testamentary or intestate succession, as the case may be, under this act and not by survivorship, and the coparcenary property shall be deemed to have been divided as if a partition had taken place and,—
(a) the daughter is allotted the same share as is allotted to a son;
(b) the share of the pre-deceased son or a pre-deceased daughter, as they would have got had they been alive at the time of partition, shall be allotted to the surviving child of such pre-deceased son or of such pre-deceased daughter; and
(c) the share of the predeceased child of a predeceased son or a pre-deceased daughter, as such child would have got had he or she been alive at the time of the partition, shall be allotted to the child of such predeceased child of the pre-deceased son or a pre-deceased daughter, as the case may be."
ANALYSIS OF RIGHTS
Earlier, rights of inheritance were not available to the daughters. Denial of such rights was a strict violation of equality. The logic behind this denial was that the family's son would nurture the next generation and his parents and take the family's name further. But again, this logic is not reason enough to discriminate against daughters. Women have been suffering from discrimination for centuries, be it inheritance or equality in opportunities. The Hindu Succession Act, 1956, clearly denied the right of inheritance. After approximately 50 years of the Act, finally, the first amendment addressed this Act's gender discriminatory clause. It was a landmark amendment that gave daughters inheritance rights and was one of the leading steps towards gender equality. Two significant amendments were made in 2005, first was that it included daughters in the inheritance rights system. The second was that it omitted section 23 of the Act, which disentitled a female heir to ask for partition regarding a dwelling house, wholly occupied by a joint family until the male heirs chose to divide their respective shares therein. [2] The amendment brought significant changes in the matters of inheritance. Earlier, daughters did not have any right to the property by birth; sons would inherit all the deceased father's property. Daughters only had a nominal share in the partitioned property in a joint Hindu family. This amendment was a big step towards breaking profoundly entrenched patriarchy and empowered women. It placed both men and women at the same level in terms of inheritance. It also enhanced women's security by giving them birthright to inherit property. However, this amendment had a prospective effect, which means the daughters will have no right of inheritance in their father's property if the father died before the amendment date. The daughters will have coparcenary rights only if the father's death will be after the amendment's date.
https://legalreadings.com/fundamentals-of-companies-act/
After 15 years of this amendment, the Supreme Court of India, in a three-judge bench case of Vineeta Sharma vs. Rakesh Sharma[3], passed another judgment taking forward the same. The judgment gave a retrospective effect to such rights. It provides the right of inheritance to the father's daughters, who passed away even before the 2005 amendment. The daughters were given the inheritance rights in the same way as the son has. Retrospective effect will help to achieve the goal of the amendment of 2005 in its real sense. If the daughters were living on or before 2005, they would have full rights by birth on the parental property. Guaranteeing equality in every aspect is important for achieving an equitable society in its real sense. Denial of even one right is discriminatory. Guaranteed inheritance rights will give a sense of security to the daughters. It will make the daughters, whether married or not, empowered and independent. The notion which says that after marriage, a woman only belongs to her husband's family does not specify what will happen to her in case of separation or divorce. Giving women's rights in property is equally secure as a man's right because women can also nurture the family's name in the same way. Inheritance in the property will allow her to live more freely and independently without much reliance. Both son and daughter should be treated equally before and after marriage. Symbolically, women can also be Karta of a Hindu joint family. Limiting the rights of any individuals without any reasonable ground will make their constitutional rights go in vain. Women have been denied their requests for ages based on gender, and it's time that the long-denied rights be given to them in its full sense.
The Constitution of India enshrines equality in its preamble. Equality and non- discrimination is the essence of the Constitution. Denial of inheritance in the property is a strict violation of the fundamental rights guaranteed under the Constitution. Despite the quality guaranteed by the Constitution, women have been suffering significant setbacks due to the enrooted patriarchy in society. Before 2005, the woman had no rights in the property of the father. The discrimination was purely based on gender. The logic was purely unreasonable. But the amendment of 2005, although a bit late but stood up for the rights of daughters. It gave equal rights of inheritance and broke the shells of patriarchy. But this amendment did not do complete justice. The judgment of 2020 took this step forward and gave it a retrospective effect. The judgment did full justice to the rights. The right of inheritance seems to be a small issue, but it has a massive implication. The amendment of 2005 and the judgment of 2020 is a significant step towards equality in rights. We are moving towards a modern and development where everyone is free and equal. But still, the majority of societies are stuck in that old patriarchal way of thinking. Now things have changed, women are at par with men, we have come a long way from the old and narrow patterns, these things are a step towards an equitable society, but still, we have a long way to go.
The Hindu Succession Act, 1956, s.6.
P.K. Das, Hindu Succession Property Rights of Women and Daughters (Universal Law Publishers, New Delhi, 2005).
Vineeta Sharma v. Rakesh Sharma, (2019) 6 SCC 162.
BY TRIPTI KHIRWAL | G.D. GOENKA UNIVERSITY
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JUVENILE DELINQUENCY: A MAJOR CONCERN TO ADDRESS?
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\section{Introduction}

Observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) with high precisions are of great importance in modern cosmology, since it is the most powerful way to understand the origin and evolution of our Universe.
It is commonly believed that currently observed CMB anisotropies and large scale structure are originated from the quantum fluctuations at very early times preceding the hot expansion. Theoretical hypothesis about this very early universe includes inflation \citep{guth1981,as1982,linde1982}, ekpyrotic/cyclic universe \citep{khoury2001} and so on. According to these theories the Universe was smoothed and flattened at the early epoch, and at the same time the quantum fluctuations from vacuum extended outside the horizon and formed the primordial perturbations, i.e., the initial conditions of cosmic structure formation.

The primordial perturbations can be decomposed into three types: scalar, vector and tensor perturbations. The scalar perturbations cause the anisotropies of CMB and the structure formation of large scale structure, while the vector perturbations, correspond to vortices decline rapidly during the expanding universe and can be neglected at later time (see e.g. \citet{Mukhanov:2005book}). More interestingly, the tensor perturbations, i.e., the primordial gravitational waves \citep{Starobinsky:1979,Rubakov:1982,Fabbri:1983,Abbott:1984} leave the unique imprint on the large scales power spectrum of CMB B-modes polarization \citep{Kami1997}. Therefore, probes of CMB primordial B-modes polarization are always treated as crucial ways to test the early universe models. Searching for the primordial gravitational waves is one of the key scientific goals of the CMB polarization experiments, such as the BICEP3 \citep{bicep3}, the EBEx \citep{ebex}, the SPT polarization \citep{sptpol} and the ACT polarization \citep{actpol}.

In order to describe the primordial tensor perturbations, we usually use the amplitude parameter, the tensor-to-scalar ratio, $r\equiv{P_T}/{P_S}$, where $P_T$ and $P_S$ denote the power spectra of tensor and scalar perturbations. Due to the precision limitations of current CMB experiments, the constraints on $r$ are still weak and consistent with zero very well \citep{B03,WMAP9,QUIET,bicep2013,Plancktotal,Planckfit2013}. In 2014, the BICEP2 Collaboration published their final three-year CMB observational data and announced the detection of CMB B-modes polarization at scales $20<\ell<340$ \citep{bicep2014}, which corresponds to $r\sim0.2$, and the null detection ($r=0$) is disfavored at about $7\,\sigma$.

However, few months later, the Planck Collaboration measured the angular power spectra of the polarized thermal emission from diffuse Galactic dust, which is the main foreground present in measurements of the CMB polarization at frequencies above 100 GHz \citep{wmapdust2011}, and pointed out that the contribution of thermal dust on the CMB BB power spectrum has been significantly underestimated in the BICEP2 foreground analyses \citep{planckdust2014}. They found that the magnitude of the BB power spectrum, contributed by the polarized thermal dust emission, at 150 GHz in the sky field observed by the BICEP2 experiment is at the same level as the one predicted by the early universe model with the primordial gravitational waves $r\sim0.2$. When the polarized dust contribution is properly taken into account, the joint analysis of the BICEP2/Keck and Planck Collaborations preferred the null detection of the primordial gravitational waves and obtained the upper limit of the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r<0.11$ at 95\% confidence level \citep{BKP2015}.

Besides the polarized thermal dust emission, the cosmic birefringence can also generate the CMB B-modes polarization at large scales. This phenomenon can be introduced by the interaction between CMB photons and the external scalar field $p_{\mu}$ through the Chern-Simons (CS) term $\mathcal{L}_{\rm CS}\sim p_{\mu}A_{\nu}\tilde{F}^{\mu\nu}$. Here $\tilde{F}^{\mu\nu}=(1/2)\epsilon^{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}F_{\rho\sigma}$ is the dual of the electromagnetic tensor. This coupling is gauge invariant if $\partial_{\nu} p_{\mu}=\partial_{\mu} p_{\nu}$. This is possible if $p_{\mu}$ is a constant field over the spacetime or arises from the derivative of a cosmic scalar field $\phi$. The scalar field $\phi$ can be identified as the dark energy in the quintessential baryo-/leptogenesis \citep{Li:2002,Li:2003} and as the Ricci scalar $R$ in the gravitational baryo-/leptogenesis \citep{Li:2004,Davoudiasl:2004gf}.
The CS term violates the Lorentz and CPT symmetries spontaneously if $p_{\mu}$ has nonzero background values.
This induces rotations of polarization directions of the propagating photons \citep{Carroll1990,Carroll1998} and productions of  CMB TB and EB cross-correlations, even though they are absent before the recombination in the traditional CMB theory \citep{Lue:1999,Feng2005,Feng2006,Li2007,Xia2008a}. The crucial point for this paper is that this phenomenon provides a mechanism to produce the CMB B-modes,  alternative to the primordial gravitational waves and weak lensing. Because the rotation converts part of E-modes polarization to B-modes polarization, even the primordial B-modes polarization is absent, sizable CMB B-modes power spectrum can still be obtained from the E-modes power spectrum through the rotation. As shown in \citet{Xia2010}, the cosmological birefringence degenerates with primordial tensor mode perturbations at large scales and with the gravitational lensing at small scales, respectively. And due to this degeneracy, considering the anisotropic polarization rotation could slightly lower the best-fit value of $r$ and relax the tension on the constraints of $r$ between from BICEP2 and from Planck 2013 data \citep{Li2015}, even without the help of the isotropic part of the rotation angle,  which is removed by the ``self-calibration'' method in the BICEP2 data analysis \citep{bicep2014}.

Therefore, it is important and necessary to study the influences of the polarization rotation angle on the measurements of CMB primordial tensor perturbations using the current and future CMB experiments. Recently, \citet{XiaSys} found that constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio could be significantly biased, when the isotropic rotation angle can not be taken into account properly. In this paper, our main task is to focus on the influences of the anisotropic polarization rotation angle on the detection of primordial gravitational waves by performing the global fitting with the latest CMB datasets and simulated mock data of future CMB experiments included. This paper is organized as follows: in section \ref{theory} we briefly introduce the cosmic birefringence mechanism and the effects on CMB polarization power spectra from the isotropic and anisotropic polarization rotation angle. Section \ref{result} contains our main results from the current observations and future measurements, while section \ref{summary} is dedicated to the conclusions and discussions.

\section{CMB Polarization Rotation Angle}\label{theory}

In this section we briefly introduce the cosmic birefringence which has been widely studied in the literatures \citep{Carroll1990,Carroll1998,Lue:1999,Feng2005,Feng2006,Li2007,Xia2008a,Li:2008,Kamionkowski:2008,Yadav:2009eb,Caldwell:2011}. We consider the CS coupling between the cosmic scalar field $\phi$ and the electromagnetic field:
\begin{equation}\label{coupling}
\mathcal{L}_{\rm CS}= \partial_{\mu}f(\phi)A_{\nu}\tilde{F}^{\mu\nu}~,
\end{equation}
where $f$ is an arbitrary function of $\phi$. As mentioned before, the CS term violates Lorentz and CPT symmetries but not the gauge symmetry of the electromagnetic field, so will not change the number of dynamical components of photons. However, the states with opposite helicity propagates with different velocities, so that the polarization vectors of photons will not be parallel transported along the light rays. Consequently the observed polarization directions are changed by rotations when compared with the original directions at the source.

In terms of the Stokes parameters $Q$ and $U$, the rotated linear polarization state (denoted by a prime) is related to the unrotated one through
\begin{equation}\label{rotate}
(Q'\pm iU')={\rm exp}(\pm i2\alpha)(Q\pm iU)~.\label{rotation1}
\end{equation}
The rotation angle $\alpha$ corresponds to the CPT violation and is frequency independent. It can be calculated by the integration along the light rays \citep{Li:2008}
\begin{equation}\label{ro}
\alpha=\int^s_o\partial_{\mu}f(\phi) dx^{\mu}(\lambda)=f(\phi_s)-f(\phi_0)~,
\end{equation}
where $\lambda$ is the affine parameter of the light ray, the subscripts $s$ and $o$ represent the source and the observer, respectively. Naturally, we observe CMB photons at a single point, hence $\phi_o$ should be a constant. However the dynamical field $\phi$ is expected to fluctuate on the last scattering surface (LSS). The observer at the fixed position receives CMB photons from all directions and will find that the rotation angle varies across the sky, as pointed out in \citet{Li:2008}. The anisotropies are proportional to the distribution of $\phi$ on the LSS, which means we can separate the rotation angle $\alpha$ into the isotropic part and the small anisotropic one as follows
\begin{equation}
\alpha(\hat{\bf n}) = \bar{\alpha} + \Delta\alpha(\hat{\bf n})~,
\end{equation}
with
\begin{eqnarray}\label{dphi}
\bar{\alpha}&=&f[\bar{\phi}(\eta_{\rm LSS})]-f(\phi_0)~,\nonumber\\
\Delta\alpha(\hat{\bf n})&=&\frac{df}{d\phi}\delta\phi(\vec{x}_{\rm LSS}, \eta_{\rm LSS})~,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\eta_{\rm LSS}$ and $\vec{x}_{\rm LSS}$ denote the position and the conformal time on the last scattering surface. For the isotropic part $\bar{\alpha}$, the first evidence in terms of the full CMB datasets was done in \citet{Feng2006} and stimulated many interests in this field (see \citet{Li2007,Xia2008a,WMAP5,Xia2008b,Wu:2009,Brown:2009,WMAP7,Xia2010,Liu:2006,XiaPlanck,XiaSys,WMAP9,
Geng2007,Cabella2007,Kostelecky2007,Kahniashvili2008,Finelli2009,Li2009,gruppuso2013,zhao2013,zhao2015}, and references within).

Assuming the anisotropic rotation angle $\Delta\alpha(\hat{\bf n})$ is a zero mean field defined on two dimensional sphere, it can be decomposed in terms of spherical harmonics:
\begin{eqnarray}\label{sphericalharmonics}
\Delta\alpha(\hat{\bf n})&=&\sum b_{\ell m}Y_{\ell m}(\hat{\bf n})~.
\end{eqnarray}
Furthermore, if we assume the perturbation field $\Delta\alpha(\hat{\bf n})$ is a Gaussian random field and satisfies the statistical isotropy, so we can define the angular power spectrum of the anisotropic rotation angle:
\begin{equation}
\langle b_{\ell m}b^{*}_{\ell' m'}\rangle=C^{\alpha\alpha}_\ell \delta_{\ell\ell'}\delta_{mm'}~.
\end{equation}
In this paper we set $f(\phi)={c\phi}/{M}$  for simplicity, in which $M$ represents the cut-off mass in the effective field theory and $c$ stands for the dimensionless coupling coefficient. We find the relationship between the angular power spectrum of anisotropic rotation angle $C_\ell^{\alpha\alpha}$ and the power spectrum of the scalar field $P_{\phi}$ at the LSS
\begin{eqnarray}\label{connect1}
\langle \phi_{\vec{k}} \phi^{*}_{\vec{k'}}\rangle\bigg{|}_{\rm LSS} &=& \frac{2\pi^2}{k^3}P_{\phi}(k)\delta^3(\vec{k}-\vec{k'})~,\\
C^{\alpha\alpha}_{\ell} &=& \frac{4\pi c^2}{M^2}\int\frac{dk}{k}P_{\phi}(k)j^2_\ell(k\eta_0-k\eta_{s})
\end{eqnarray}
where $\phi_{\vec{k}}$ is the Fourier transform of $\delta\phi$ and $j_\ell(x)$ is the spherical Bessel function.

\citet{ZhaoLi2014} has considered several specific dark energy models, such as the massless scalar field and the quintessence field, and then calculated their power spectra explicitly. In this paper we study the constraint on the perturbations of this scalar field through the polarization rotation angle in a model-independent way. It is convenient to expand its power spectrum on the super hubble scale, just as what we usually do in the study of slow-roll inflation,
\begin{equation}\label{connect2}
{P}_{\phi} \equiv {P}_{\rm CPT}=A_{\rm CPT}\left(\frac{k}{k_0}\right)^{n_{\rm CPT}}~,
\end{equation}
where ${A}_{\rm CPT}$ , $n_{\rm CPT}$ and $k_0$ represent the amplitude and spectral index of the power spectrum and the pivot scale, respectively. Due to the precision limitation of current CMB experiments, we set $n_{\rm CPT}$ to be zero and neglect the higher order running parameters of the spectral index [$d\ln n_{\rm CPT}/d\ln k$] in the following calculations.

In order to investigate the influence on the CMB polarization power spectra due to the cosmic polarization rotation angle, we firstly define two-point correlation function using the following relation
\begin{equation}
C^{\alpha\alpha}(\beta)\equiv\langle\delta\alpha(\hat{\bf n})\delta\alpha(\hat{\bf n'})\rangle=\sum_{\ell}\frac{2\ell+1}{4\pi}C_\ell^{\alpha\alpha} P_\ell(\cos\beta)~,
\end{equation}
where $\beta$ corresponds to the angle between these two directions, $\cos(\beta)=\hat{\bf n}\cdot\hat{\bf n}'$. Combining Eqs. (\ref{rotate}) and (\ref{sphericalharmonics}), one can express the rotated CMB polarization power spectra $C'_{\ell}$ in terms of the unrotated ones $C_{\ell}$ (see \citet{Li:2013} for details):
\begin{widetext}
\begin{eqnarray}\label{newCMB}
&&{C'_{\ell}}^{EE}+{C'_{\ell}}^{BB}=\exp{[-4C^{\alpha\alpha}(0)]}\sum_{\ell'}\frac{2\ell'+1}{2}(C_{\ell'}^{EE}+C_{\ell'}^{BB})
\int^{1}_{-1}d^{\ell'}_{22}(\beta)d^{\ell}_{22}(\beta)e^{4C^{\alpha\alpha}(\beta)}d\cos(\beta)\nonumber\\
&&{C'_{\ell}}^{EE}-{C'_{\ell}}^{BB}=\cos(4\bar{\alpha})\exp{[-4C^{\alpha\alpha}(0)]}\sum_{\ell'}\frac{2\ell'+1}{2}(C_{\ell'}^{EE}
-C_{\ell'}^{BB})\int^{1}_{-1}d^{\ell'}_{-22}(\beta)d^{\ell}_{-22}(\beta)e^{-4C^{\alpha\alpha}(\beta)}d\cos(\beta)\nonumber\\
&&{C'_{\ell}}^{EB}=\sin(4\bar{\alpha})\exp{[-4C^{\alpha\alpha}(0)]}\sum_{\ell'}\frac{2\ell'+1}{4}(C_{\ell'}^{EE}-C_{\ell'}^{BB})
\int^{1}_{-1}d^{\ell'}_{-22}(\beta)d^{\ell}_{-22}(\beta)e^{-4C^{\alpha\alpha}(\beta)}d\cos(\beta)\nonumber\\
&&{C'_{\ell}}^{TE}=\cos(2\bar{\alpha})\exp{[-2C^{\alpha\alpha}(0)]}\sum_{\ell'}\frac{2\ell'+1}{2}C_{\ell'}^{TE}\int^{1}_{-1}
d^{\ell'}_{02}(\beta)d^{\ell}_{20}(\beta)d\cos(\beta)\nonumber=C_{\ell}^{TE}\cos(2\bar{\alpha})e^{-2C^{\alpha\alpha}(0)}\nonumber\\
&&{C'_{\ell}}^{TB}=\sin(2\bar{\alpha})\exp{[-2C^{\alpha\alpha}(0)]}\sum_{\ell'}\frac{2\ell'+1}{2}C_{\ell'}^{TE}\int^{1}_{-1}
d^{\ell'}_{02}(\beta)d^{\ell}_{20}(\beta)d\cos(\beta)=C_{\ell}^{TE}\sin(2\bar{\alpha})e^{-2C^{\alpha\alpha}(0)}~,
\end{eqnarray}
\end{widetext}
where $C^{\alpha\alpha}(0)\equiv\sum_\ell(2\ell+1)C_\ell^{\alpha\alpha}/4\pi$ is the auto-correlation of the anisotropic polarization rotation angle. Note that, in the calculations we have assumed the original CMB fields and anisotropic rotation angle field are statistically isotropic Gaussian random fields.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
  \includegraphics[scale=0.62]{plotbb1.eps}
  \caption{The theoretical CMB BB power spectra for different values of $\ln[10^4A_{\rm CPT}]$. We also show the theoretical CMB BB power spectrum with the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r=0.02$ (magenta thin line) for comparison.}\label{plotbb}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

In the Eqs. (\ref{newCMB}) we have separated the influences of isotropic and anisotropic polarization rotation angle. It is apparently that they both get involved in all scales of CMB polarization power spectra. The isotropic rotation angle copies the original CMB EE power spectrum, zooms it out and then prints it onto the rotated BB power spectrum. It will inevitably create additional CMB TB and EB power spectra which should be vanished in normal CMB theories. We can see the terms $\cos(\bar{\alpha})$ or $\sin(\bar{\alpha})$ appear as coefficients in almost all equations. This suggests us that the isotropic rotation angle should perform a global modulation on rotated CMB power spectra if it exists. However, the situation for the anisotropic one is somehow different. Non-zero TB and EB spectra are not longer necessary if the isotropic part [$\bar\alpha$] vanishes, which is consistent with some current CMB experiments. The BICEP2/Keck Array collaboration has used the ``self-calibration'' method for the detector polarization orientations, and as a result, any signal of the isotropic polarization rotation angle has been eliminated from data. Fortunately, the anisotropic part is not affected by this calibration method, and will still contaminate the observations of the primordial gravitational waves. In figure \ref{plotbb}, we plot the CMB BB power spectra for different values of $\ln[10^4A_{\rm CPT}]$ with $\bar{\alpha}=0$. For comparison, we also show the expected CMB BB power spectrum generated by the primordial tensor perturbations $r=0.02$. Interestingly, we find that, even the isotropic rotation angle is zero, the anisotropic polarization rotation angle with $\ln[10^4A_{\rm CPT}] \sim 2.5$ could still generate the CMB BB power spectrum to mimic CMB primordial B-modes signal with $r=0.02$ at large scales. At scales $\ell < 20$, the contribution on BB power spectrum from the anisotropic polarization rotational angle can be negligible. Therefore, probing the reionization bump of CMB BB power spectrum at very large scale may provide a smoking gun for distinguishing the polarization rotational angle and primordial gravitational waves.

\section{Numerical Results}\label{result}

In this paper we perform a global analysis to all the power spectra of the CMB data with the public available Markov Chain Monte Carlo package {\tt CosmoMC} \citep{Lewis:2002}, which has been modified to compute the rotated CMB polarization power spectra discussed above. We assume the purely adiabatic initial conditions and impose the flatness condition motivated by Inflation. Our basic parameter space is: ${\bf P} \equiv (\omega_{b}, \omega_{c}, \Omega_\Lambda, \tau, n_{s}, A_{s}, r)$, where $\omega_{b}\equiv\Omega_{b}h^{2}$ and $\omega_{c}\equiv\Omega_{c}h^{2}$ are the physical baryon and cold dark matter densities relative to the critical density, $\Omega_\Lambda$ is the dark energy density relative to the critical density, $\tau$ is the optical depth to re-ionization, $A_{s}$ and $n_{s}$ characterize the primordial scalar power spectrum, $r$ is the tensor to scalar ratio of the primordial spectrum. For the pivot of the primordial spectrum we set $k_{\rm s0}=0.05\,$Mpc$^{-1}$. For the polarization rotation angle, we set the isotropic rotation angle $\bar\alpha\equiv0$ and then have one free parameter, $A_{\rm{CPT}}$, which represent the amplitude of power spectrum of the anisotropic rotation angle. Furthermore, in our analysis we include the CMB lensing effect, which also produces B-modes from E-modes \citep{Z:lensing}, when we calculate the theoretical CMB power spectra.

\subsection{Current CMB Observations}

In our calculations we mainly use the polarization power spectra from BICEP2 experiments and the joint analysis data of BICEP2/Keck Array and Planck experiments:
\begin{itemize}

\item The {\it Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization} (BICEP2) \citep{bicep2014}, locating at the South Pole, specializes in searching polarized CMB signal at large scales with low angular resolution, concentrating 150 GHz on a roughly 1$\%$ patch of sky at high Galactic latitudes. Recently the BICEP2 collaboration released their three-year data accumulated from 2010 to 2012 and announced the detection of CMB B-modes polarization at scales $20<\ell<340$. It is noteworthy that they claimed that the CMB EB power spectrum is only used for the ``self-calibration'' of the detector polarization orientations \citep{keating}. Any polarization rotation has been removed from the results.

\item The products of the Joint Analysis of BICEP2/Keck Array and Planck Data (BKP2015) \citep{BKP2015}. Very recently, BICEP2/Keck Array and Planck Collaborations have re-analysed their data and published the CMB BB power spectrum at scales $20<\ell<340$, in order to investigate the influence on the CMB B-modes measurements from the polarized thermal dust emission. They convert the Planck maps into the format usable for BICEP2/Keck Array experiments, and make cross-spectra between the combined BICEP2/Keck maps and Planck maps of the all polarized bands. Similar with the BICEP2 data, the ``self-calibration'' method was also applied in the data analysis.

\end{itemize}

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
  \includegraphics[scale=0.56]{bicep_plot_tri.eps}
  \caption{One- and two-dimensional constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio and the anisotropic polarization rotation angle from the BICEP2 data (black solid lines). For comparison, we also show the constraint on $r$ from the BICEP2 data with $A_{\rm CPT}=0$ (red dashed line).}\label{r_Acpt_tri}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Due to the ``self-calibration'' method used in the BICEP2/Keck Array experiments, the constraints on the isotropic rotation angle [$\bar\alpha$] are quite consistent with zero \citep{Li2015}. Therefore, we only use these data to study the anisotropies of the polarization rotation angle. Furthermore, in order to take the contribution of polarized thermal dust emission on the CMB B-modes power spectrum into account properly, we add one more nuisance parameters $A_{\rm{dust}}$ in our calculations and consider the polarized dust BB power spectrum satisfies $C^{\rm{BB}}_{\ell,\rm{dust}}\propto A_{\rm{dust}}\ell^{-2.42}$ \citep{planckdust2014}.

In figure \ref{r_Acpt_tri} we show the constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio and the anisotropic polarization rotation angle, and their 2-dimensional contours from the BICEP2 data. Firstly, we neglect the contribution on the CMB B-modes power spectrum from the polarization rotation angle, which means $A_{\rm CPT}\equiv0$. Due to the strong degeneracy between $r$ and $A_{\rm dust}$, the huge uncertainty of the polarized dust B-modes power spectrum significantly reduces the constraining power of BICEP2 data on the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$. The obtained $2\sigma$ upper limit is $r < 0.12$ and there is a peak around $r\sim0.05$, shown as the red dashed line in figure \ref{r_Acpt_tri}. There is no signal for the primordial gravitational waves, which is consistent with the results from the BKP2015 data \citep{BKP2015}.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
  \includegraphics[scale=0.66]{BKP.eps}
  \caption{One-dimensional constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio from the BKP2015 data with (black solid line) and without (red dashed line) the effect of the anisotropic polarization rotation angle included.}\label{r_BKP2015}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

When we include the effect of anisotropic polarization rotation angle in the calculations, the constraint on the tensor-to-scalar ratio is slightly different. As we mentioned in \citet{Li2015}, the anisotropic polarization rotation angle would also contribute to the CMB BB power spectrum and partly explain the CMB B-modes data of BICEP2. In this case, the 1-dimensional distribution of $r$ slightly moves towards to the smaller value, due to this degeneracy, see the black solid line in figure \ref{r_Acpt_tri}. And the minimal value of $\chi^2$ becomes slightly lower, $\Delta\chi^2 \sim {-1}$. We also check this result using the latest BKP2015 data, which is shown in figure \ref{r_BKP2015}. When we include the contribution on CMB B-modes power spectrum from the anisotropic polarization rotation angle, the upper limit of tensor-to-scalar ratio is $r < 0.13$ (95\% C.L.) and the peak structure totally disappears. These results imply that even considering the effect of polarized thermal dust emission, the anisotropic polarization rotation angle can still affect the constraint on the tensor-to-scalar ratio slightly.

In figure \ref{r_Acpt_tri} we also show the one-dimensional constraint on the amplitude parameter $A_{\rm CPT}$. The current BICEP2 data still do not have enough constraining power to limit $A_{\rm CPT}$ accurately, so the obtained constraint on $A_{\rm CPT}$ is consistent with zero, namely the 95\% upper limit is $\ln[10^4A_{\rm CPT}] < 3.8$. However, we interestingly find that there is a peak around $\ln[10^4A_{\rm CPT}] \sim 2.5$. As we show in figure \ref{plotbb}, the model with $\ln[10^4A_{\rm CPT}] \sim 2.5$ could mimic the contribution of CMB B-modes power spectrum of primordial gravitational waves with $r=0.02$ at large scales. And this degeneracy moves the distribution peak of $r$ towards to the lower value, which is similar with the results in \citet{Li2015}.

Finally, we plot the two-dimensional contour on the panel ($r$,$\ln[10^4A_{\rm CPT}]$) in figure \ref{r_Acpt_tri}. Apparently, these two parameters are slightly correlated. The model with a larger value of $\ln[10^4A_{\rm CPT}]$ provides more power of CMB B-modes, and consequently the contribution from the primordial gravitational waves is suppressed, namely the model with $r=0$ is more favored by the BICEP2 data. Conversely, if we limit the parameter $\ln[10^4A_{\rm CPT}]$ to be a very small value, the large value of $r$ will be needed, in order to match the BICEP2 data.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
  \includegraphics[scale=0.66]{err.eps}
  \caption{One-dimensional constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio from the simulated mock CMB data with (black solid line) and without (red dashed line) the effect of the anisotropic polarization rotation angle included.}\label{simulate1}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Future CMB Measurements}

Since the current CMB data are not accurate enough, the degeneracy between $r$ and $\ln[10^4A_{\rm CPT}]$ is not very clearly. But this could be important in the future CMB B-modes experiments. Therefore, it is worthwhile discussing the effect of non-zero anistropic polarization rotation angle on the measurement of CMB primordial B-modes signal for the future experiments. Following \citet{XiaPlanck}, we simulate the future mock CMB power spectra with BICEP3-like sensitivity: $f_{\rm sky}=0.05$ sky converge, the isotropic noise with variance $\Delta_{\rm T} = \Delta_{\rm P} / 2 = 0.13 \mu K^2$, a symmetric Gaussian beam of $25$ arcminutes full-width half-maximum (FWHM) \citep{bicep3}, and the maximum multipoles $\ell_{\rm max} = 1000$. Here, we neglect the systematic errors of future CMB measurements and the contaminations from the CMB various foregrounds, such as the thermal dust emission and the synchrotron emission. The basic fiducial model we choose is the best-fit Planck model \citep{Planckfit2015}: $\Omega_{b}h^2=0.02225$, $\Omega_{c}h^2=0.1194$, $100\Theta_s=1.04094$, $\tau=0.079$, $n_{s}=0.9682$, $\log{[10^{10}A_{s}]}=3.08919$ at $k_{\rm s0}=0.002\,$Mpc$^{-1}$.

Firstly, we simulate the mock data using the basic fiducial model and the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r=0.03$. When using the basic seven cosmological parameters ($A_{\rm CPT}\equiv0$) to fit the mock data, we obtain a $3\sigma$ detection of non-zero value of tensor-to-scalar ratio: $r=0.03 \pm 0.01$ (68\% C.L.). However, when we set the parameter $\ln[10^4A_{\rm CPT}]$ to be free, the constraint on $r$ is obviously weakened, $r=0.03 \pm 0.03$ (68\% C.L.) and $r<0.1$ (95\% C.L.), as shown in figure \ref{simulate1}. Note that, the standard deviations of $r$ we obtain are apparently underestimated, since in the calculations we do not consider any contamination from the CMB foregrounds. This result implies that in the future CMB experiments, if we want to measure the signal of CMB primordial B-modes accurately, we need to know very well about the anisotropic polarization rotation angle. Otherwise, the degeneracy among them will contaminate the signal of primordial gravitational waves significantly.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
  \includegraphics[scale=0.66]{simlens_plot.eps}
  \caption{The one-dimensional posterior distributions of the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ derived from the simulated mock CMB data without including the anisotropic rotation angle. The anisotropic rotation angles considered in the fiducial model are: $\ln[10^4A_{\rm CPT}]=0$ (blue dash-dotted line), $\ln[10^4A_{\rm CPT}]=1$ (red dashed line), and $\ln[10^4A_{\rm CPT}]=2$ (black solid line).}\label{simulate2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

We also simulate another mock data using the basic fiducial model and the non-zero anisotropic polarization rotation angle. Here, we consider three fiducial values $\ln[10^4A_{\rm CPT}]=0,1,2$. When we include the parameter of anisotropic polarization rotation angle in the calculations, the fiducial values of input parameters are always recovered. However, if we neglect the effect of anisotropic rotation angle at all $A_{\rm CPT}\equiv0$, the contribution of non-zero anisotropic rotation angle on the CMB BB power spectrum will be wrongly considered as the signal of the primordial CMB tensor perturbations. Since the fiducial model $r=0$, the BB power spectrum due to the primordial tensor B-modes should vanish. But in the presence of non-zero fiducial rotation angle ($\ln[10^4A_{\rm CPT}]=0,1,2$), the BB power spectrum should be non-vanishing. If we force the anistropic rotation angle to be zero in the analysis, the value of $r$ will be enlarged to match the mock non-zero BB power spectrum. In figure \ref{simulate2}, we find that the larger the fiducial value of $\ln[10^4A_{\rm CPT}]$ is, the larger the obtained central value of $r$ becomes. For example, in the calculation with the fiducial model $\ln[10^4A_{\rm CPT}] = 2$, if we fix $A_{\rm CPT}=0$, the obtained constraint on the primordial tensor perturbations $r=0.017 \pm 0.006$ (68\% C.L.). The significance of this fake signal is about $3\sigma$ confidence level. Therefore, if we do not take the effect of polarization rotation angle into account properly, the constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ from the future CMB data with the high precision will be significantly biased.

\section{Conclusions and Discussions}\label{summary}

One of the most important scientific aims in the CMB cosmology is searching for the primordial gravitational waves on the CMB B-modes power spectrum. However, the signal is very small and could be contaminated by other sources easily, such as the CMB foregrounds, polarized thermal dust emission and synchrotron emission. In this paper, we discuss another mechanism, the cosmic birefringence, which can be introduced by the CPT-violating interaction between CMB photons and the external scalar field. This mechanism can also produce the CMB B-modes power spectrum and mimic the signal of primordial gravitational waves at large scales. Here we summarize our main conclusions in more detail:
\begin{itemize}
\item We use the BICEP2 data and the joint analysis data of BICEP2/Keck Array and Planck experiments to constrain the tensor-to-scalar ratio. When we include the contribution of polarized thermal dust emission on the CMB B-modes power spectrum, the constraints on $r$ are consistent with zero at $95\%$ confidence level. Furthermore, when we consider the effect of the anisotropic polarization rotation angle into the analyses, the degeneracy between $r$ and $A_{\rm CPT}$ slightly changes the constraint on $r$. The one-dimensional distribution of $r$ slightly moves towards to the smaller value, since the anisotropic polarization rotation angle would also contribute to the CMB BB power spectrum and partly explain the CMB B-modes data.

\item The current BICEP2 data still do not have enough constraining power to study the polarization anisotropic rotation angle accurately, so the obtained constraint on $A_{\rm CPT}$ is consistent with zero. However, there is a clear peak around $\ln[10^4A_{\rm CPT}]\sim2.5$, which could mimic the contribution of CMB B-modes power spectrum of primordial gravitational waves at large scales, as shown in figure \ref{plotbb}. We also find the slight correlation between $r$ and $\ln[10^4A_{\rm CPT}]$ in the two-dimensional contours.

\item We simulate the mock CMB data using the BICEP3-like sensitivity and study the degeneracy between the tensor-to-scalar ratio and the anisotropic rotation angle. When we neglect the effect of nonzero $A_{\rm CPT}$, the mock data can constrain $r$ tightly. However, when including this effect into analysis, the obtained standard deviation of $r$ is significantly enlarged by a factor of three. This degeneracy will contaminate the signal of primordial gravitational waves obviously.

\item Finally, we simulate the mock data with the different fiducial values. If we neglect the effect of anisotropic rotation angle in the calculations, the contribution of non-zero anisotropic rotation angle on the CMB BB power spectrum will be wrongly considered as the signal of the primordial tensor perturbations. Therefore, we need to take the effect of polarization rotation angle into account properly. Otherwise, the constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ could be biased from the future CMB experiments with high precisions.

\end{itemize}

\section*{Acknowledgements}

S. L. and X. Z. are supported in part by the National Science Foundation of China under Grants No. 11121092, No.11375202 and No. 11033005. J.-Q. X. is supported by the National Youth Thousand Talents Program and the NSFC under Grant No. 11422323. M. L. is supported in part by NSFC under Grant No. 11422543, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, and the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University. H. L. is supported in part by the NSFC under Grant No. 11033005 and the youth innovation promotion association project and the Outstanding young scientists project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The research is also supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program ``The Emergence of Cosmological Structures'' of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Grant No. XDB09000000.

\bibliographystyle{plainnat}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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The aquaponics method is the most contemporary farming engineering that is at present getting patronized by several individuals. It is seemingly the combination of two currently proven techniques we know of as aquaculture and hydroponics. With these two systems merged into 1, we arrive at a really robust and efficient farming technique which has aided 1000's of farmers worldwide.


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text:
Q: Phaser 3 audio distorted after playing a html5 video on IPAD I'm working in an interactive e-learning game and I have several scenes, most of them with audio, video or both. The issue happens when I'm on IPAD and I'm in a scene that contains HTML5 video and I click back to a previous scene that contains audio, the audio will be distorted.
import chime from '../../audios/chime.mp3'
this.callerObj.audio('chime', chime)
this.callerObj.chime.play()

The video is like this:

    <video id="lesson1p1" preload="auto">
      <source src="whiteboard_background.mp4" type="video/mp4">
     <source src="whiteboard_background.webm">
    </video>

What can be corrupting the audio?
Is there any way to avoid this?

A: Well after checking some comments I tested this and it worked.
The issue is related to the audio manager and how it gets handled by the Html5 video.
this.item = document.getElementById('videoItem')
    if(!!this.item){
      this.item.src = ''
      this.item.load()
    }

After this I was able to play the clean audio

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text:
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Students learn about the water cycle and how their actions have an impact on the environment. They participate in 2 activities to learn about protecting the environment: an awareness campaign and a cleanup activity. Then, they evaluate their commitment during the cleanup phase.


text:
100 Pigmies and Andy Panda (1940)
Date: 3-21-2021
Directed by Alex Lovy
Featuring the voices of Danny Webb, Margaret Hill-Talbot, Dick Nelson
What it is: Walter Lantz Cartune
Andy Panda gets a magic wand. He gets into a magic duel with a pigmy witch doctor.
You know, it strikes me that I would never attempt to make an animated character based on a panda, because I would labor under the knowledge that no matter how much I try, a real one would still be cuter. Still, it's highly unlikely you'll be bowled over by the cuteness of this cartoon; the caricatured stereotypes of the 100 pigmies (as well as the stereotype played by the turtle here) definitely place this one in the "not politically correct" bucket. The best thing about this one is that it occasionally makes clever use of combining animation and live-action in a couple of scenes. Outside of that, it's largely a forgettable entry in one of Walter Lantz's lesser series.
One Froggy Evening (1955)
Orochi, the Eight-Headed Dragon (1994)