Inky Fairy Designs: CardMaker Tim Holtz Distress Crayon Blog Hop!
You should have hopped over here from Pamela's Blog but if not be sure to stop by the CardMaker Blog for a complete list of everyone participating today. Ranger Ink generously provided all of us with a set of Tim Holtz's brand new Distress Crayons to use in our post today. I was SO excited to get this new product in my hands and can't wait to show you how I used them on my card today.
This first card I started with hot pressed watercolor paper, some stamping and a thin layer of heavy gesso. Once that was dry, I wet it with the Tim Holtz Distress Sprayer and started adding color with the Distress Crayons. I blended with a water brush and dried it. Then I did some layer with Distress Inks through a stencil and removed some of the Distress Crayon pigment with a baby wipe through a stencil. I love the fun layering this gave my background!
With the background completed, I add some simple stamping and a sentiment. I love these mixed media cards. So fun and fast to put together.
For my second card, I started the same way as the first with some hot pressed watercolor, stamping and heavy gesso. I wet it and added the Distress Crayons blending with a water brush. I spritzed more water and let the colors move and blend even further. Once that was dry, I took a blending tool and added some Distress Ink over the Distress Crayons. Then, using one of my favorite techniques I sprinkled some water drops and lifted them with a paper towel. The coolest thing is that the Distress Crayons didn't lift as easily so that color reappeared! I'm so excited to use this medium in more mixed media and art journals.
I tried two different inks for my stamping (a pigment and a dye ink) but neither one seemed to want to dry. I'm not sure why, I'll have to do some more experimenting but for this card, to stop any unwanted smudges, I sprinkled my card with clear embossing powder and heat set so it was good to go. I added some clear Wink of Stella to the bold sentiment and outlined it with a white gel pen. I hope you enjoyed these two cards and the techniques I shared. I know so many of us have been intrigued by this new medium to the awesome Distress line of products and I encourage you to give them a try yourself. To see more on these techniques, I filmed this video for you.
Be sure to hop on over to Dawn's blog now for even more inspiration using this awesome new product!
I love the white gel pen around the black !! So good. Great cards, excellent techniques, thanks !
Fun cards. Love all the wonderful layers, great tutorial video too! Definitely a thumbs up.
Very cool. Love all the different layers and depth you created. And love the white around the black sentiments too. Great ideas!
Wow, awesome cards and super video tutorial.
Awesome backgrounds with the Distress Crayons! Can't wait to try them!
Amazing cards! Can't wait to try with my face stamps!
The layers you were able to achieve for your backgrounds are lovely!!
Lots of fun details with those wonderful crayons.
What cool backgrounds you created!! And your colors... another set I need!
These are wonderful. I love your artsy style. Well done!
Such a cool technique using these crayons! I love your artsy cards :) I have a question though seems like the crayons still capes off easily when it react with water even after you heat set it, is there a way to make it permanent on the paper?


A highland grass field 333m above the ground.
Islands on Japan sea below, vast sky and ocean panorama view and fresh sea breeze brings you the aggressive waves.
This is a "Japan sea view great hall".
Also popular as a golfing field.
Country style cafe, of course also with a beautiful ocean view of Japan sea and Omijima island can be seen.


text:
Roberta "Seeley" Weier
June 6, 1949 - April 23, 2021
Roberta "Seeley" Weier passed away peacefully surrounded by her family on Friday, April 23, 2021 at the age of 71. She was a native of New Orleans, LA and a resident of Lucedale, MS. She was a vibrant woman and was always the life of the party. She also loved to travel and spent many years living in Chicago, IL. Beloved wife of Walter Weier and the late Stanley Brum. Loving mother of Shannon LeBaron (Kevin) and Shawn Pichoff (Amanda). Grandmother of Darian, Dillon, Sage, Stella, Addison, Matthew, Tyler and Dylan. Daughter of the late Lottie Cleary Couch and Robert Couch. Sister of Holly Couch Hefner and the late Richard Couch (Pat). Relatives and friends are invited to attend the Visitation and Memorial Service at L. A. Muhleisen & Son Funeral Home, 2607 Williams Blvd., Kenner on Friday, April 30, 2021. Visitation from 1:00 p.m. to 3:00 p.m. followed by a Memorial Service at 3:00 p.m. To share memories or condolences, please visit www.muhleisen.com
Roberta "Seeley" Weier passed away peacefully surrounded by her family on Friday, April 23, 2021 at the age of 71. She was a native of New Orleans, LA and a resident of Lucedale, MS. She was a vibrant woman and was always the life... View Obituary & Service Information
The family of Roberta "Seeley" Weier created this Life Tributes page to make it easy to share your memories.
Roberta "Seeley" Weier passed away peacefully surrounded by her...
Share and view memories of Roberta...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
December 07, 2000 Music » CD Reviews
In the Flesh (Columbia)
Marshall Crenshaw The Beachland, 15711 Waterloo Road 9 p.m., Friday, December 1
$18 advance, $20 day of show
While he was no Syd Barrett, singer-bassist Roger Waters made a better frontman for Pink Floyd than singer-guitarist David Gilmour, who took control of the band after Waters left in 1983. On his subsequent solo records, Waters explored the same heavy-handed themes of abandonment, paranoia, and disillusion that ran through Pink Floyd's albums, while Gilmour has steered Floyd into new-age territory, littering its last studio effort, 1994's The Division Bell, with dull orchestral movements. With In the Flesh, a two-disc set recorded last year on his first tour in 12 years, Waters tries to stake his claim to the Floyd legacy by playing a selection of songs from the albums that he was primarily responsible for writing (particularly Wish You Were Here, Dark Side of the Moon, The Wall, and The Final Cut). That there's a paucity of Waters's solo material (only one song from The Pros and Cons of Hitchhiking) suggests the extent to which Waters has made In the Flesh into a pissing contest with his ex-bandmates, whom he once took to court over the rights to the Floyd name.
Opening with a sequence of four songs from The Wall -- "In the Flesh," "The Happiest Days of Our Lives," "Another Brick in the Wall, Part 2," and "Mother," Waters plays the old tracks as the grossly overblown anthems that they initially were. While this stuff might have had a place in the concept-album-obsessed late '70s and early '80s, it doesn't hold up, and Waters doesn't seem to notice the difference. Trudging out "Welcome to Machine," "Shine on You Crazy Diamond," "Time," and "Money" with all the trappings (choir-like backing vocals, ticking clocks, and ringing cash registers) only shows how dated the material really is. "Each Small Candle," the one new song included here, is a theatrical elegy to a political prisoner that's likely indicative of Waters's next solo project, an opera he's calling Ça Ira. And with a DVD version of In the Flesh in the works, it's not likely that this is the last reminiscing we'll hear from Waters, who would do well to follow Barrett into seclusion and stop trying to revisit his past.
Tags: Discourse Reviews, Reviews
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text:
Probing Evolutionary Patterns in Neotropical Birds through DNA Barcodes
Kevin C. R. Kerr ,
* E-mail: kkerr@uoguelph.ca
Affiliation Department of Integrative Biology, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Darío A. Lijtmaer,
Affiliation División Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Buenos Aires, Argentina
Ana S. Barreira,
Paul D. N. Hebert,
Pablo L. Tubaro
Kevin C. R. Kerr,
Kevin C. R. Kerr Darío A. Lijtmaer ... Pablo L. Tubaro
The Neotropical avifauna is more diverse than that of any other biogeographic region, but our understanding of patterns of regional divergence is limited. Critical examination of this issue is currently constrained by the limited genetic information available. This study begins to address this gap by assembling a library of mitochondrial COI sequences, or DNA barcodes, for Argentinian birds and comparing their patterns of genetic diversity to those of North American birds.
Methodology and Principal Findings
Five hundred Argentinian species were examined, making this the first major examination of DNA barcodes for South American birds. Our results indicate that most southern Neotropical bird species show deep sequence divergence from their nearest-neighbour, corroborating that the high diversity of this fauna is not based on an elevated incidence of young species radiations. Although species ages appear similar in temperate North and South American avifaunas, patterns of regional divergence are more complex in the Neotropics, suggesting that the high diversity of the Neotropical avifauna has been fueled by greater opportunities for regional divergence. Deep genetic splits were observed in at least 21 species, though distribution patterns of these lineages were variable. The lack of shared polymorphisms in species, even in species with less than 0.5M years of reproductive isolation, further suggests that selective sweeps could regularly excise ancestral mitochondrial polymorphisms.
These findings confirm the efficacy of species delimitation in birds via DNA barcodes, even when tested on a global scale. Further, they demonstrate how large libraries of a standardized gene region provide insight into evolutionary processes.
Citation: Kerr KCR, Lijtmaer DA, Barreira AS, Hebert PDN, Tubaro PL (2009) Probing Evolutionary Patterns in Neotropical Birds through DNA Barcodes. PLoS ONE 4(2): e4379. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004379
Editor: Robert DeSalle, American Museum of Natural History, United States of America
Received: November 13, 2008; Accepted: December 29, 2008; Published: February 5, 2009
Copyright: © 2009 Kerr et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This research program was funded by grants from CONICET and from the Lounsbery Foundation to PLT and by grants from NSERC and from Genome Canada through the Ontario Genomics Institute to PDNH. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
DNA barcoding, the survey of sequence diversity in a standard gene region (5′ segment of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I, or COI, for animals), has a strong track record for identifying species in varied taxonomic groups [1]–[3]. One particularly comprehensive study of DNA barcodes revealed that 94% of 643 North American bird species possess diagnostic barcode sequences [4], [5]. Moreover, the few cases where barcode sharing limited taxonomic resolution in this fauna involved closely allied species that often hybridize. Similar results have been obtained from the Palearctic; Yoo et al. [6] reported that barcodes reliably identify Korean birds (92 of 450 species were examined).
There remains a need for similar investigations in the Neotropics, the hotspot for avian diversity with a fauna of 3,370 breeding species including 3,121 endemics [7]. Aside from this high taxon diversity, tropical species often possess greater genetic structure than their temperate zone counterparts [8]–[11]. For both these reasons, it has been argued that the Neotropical avifauna will challenge DNA barcoding [12]. Yet, the only previous test of barcoding in Neotropical birds disagreed with this conclusion as it found that 16 species of the endemic family Thamnophilidae could be discriminated [13]. Clearly, a larger-scale investigation is needed. Moreover, a broad survey of sequence diversity at COI in Neotropical birds permits the analysis of patterns of genetic divergence and geographic distributions of distinct lineages, as well as comparisons with other geographic areas (particularly the Nearctic, where most avian species have already been barcoded; [4], [5]). This contribution would be highly valuable to study diverse aspects of evolution in birds and to detect species, or groups of species, requiring more detailed investigations of taxonomic status.
The Argentinian avifauna includes 980 species, approximately 25% of Neotropical bird species [14], [15]. The present study examines patterns of barcode divergence in over half of the bird species native to Argentina. In addition to testing the effectiveness of DNA barcodes for species identification, we explore cases where different species share COI sequences and those where single species include two or more divergent lineages. Finally, and more critically, we analyze patterns of sequence divergence in the birds of Argentina and compare them with those in North America with a view towards understanding the origins of the diversity in South American avifauna and obtaining a broader perspective on mitochondrial genetic variation in New World birds.
In total, 1,594 sequences were obtained from 500 species representing 51% of the bird species known from Argentina, including 22 of 23 orders and 68 of 81 families (Table S1 provides a species list). On average, 3.2 individuals (range 1–19) were analyzed per species, with 389 taxa represented by multiple specimens. Only sequences longer than 550 bp with less than 1% ambiguous base calls were included (average sequence length was 692 bp), except four sequences possessing 1–3% ambiguous calls that represented the sole records for their species.
The mean sequence distance among congeneric taxa was 7.6%, while the distance to the nearest congener averaged 6.2%, based on 282 comparisons. In genera represented by multiple species, 92% of species were more than 1.0% divergent from their nearest congener and 83% were more than 2.5% divergent (Figure 1). COI delivered a species identification for 98.8% of species, using either a distance-based criterion or, in cases of very low divergence (less than 0.5%), using diagnostic nucleotide substitutions. Mean intraspecific distance was 0.24% based on the 389 species represented by multiple specimens (weighted equally regardless of the number of individuals). There was a weak association between intraspecific variation and sample size (linear regression, p<0.01, R2 = 0.12).
Figure 1. Frequency histogram of COI sequence variation for birds of Argentina.
Distance to nearest congeneric neighbour for 282 species from genera represented by multiple taxa (black) and mean intraspecific distance for the 389 species of birds with two or more sequence records (white).
A few cases of low (<1%) divergence between congeners were detected. In most cases, discrimination by COI was possible because each species formed a distinct cluster in a neighbour-joining tree or showed diagnostic sequence differences. For example, sequences of the mockingbird species Mimus dorsalis and M. triurus showed three diagnostic substitutions, and the woodpeckers Veniliornis frontalis and V. passerinus differed by two nucleotides. Two goldfinch species (Carduelis atrata and C. crassirostris) and three ground-tyrants (Muscisaxicola capistratus, M. frontalis and M. maclovianus) also showed low divergences but were separable. Two ducks, Anas puna and A. versicolor, possessed five diagnostic substitutions, although the latter species showed considerable within species variation at other nucleotide positions. However, in all these cases, barcodes delivered reliable identifications because sequences for each species formed a single cluster (bootstrap support exceeded 70% in all cases, with the exception of A. versicolor, which had 57% support). Three other ground-tyrants (Muscisaxicola flavinucha, M. cinereus, M. rufivertex) with even lower genetic divergences were paraphyletic, impeding straightforward identification. Additionally, there was one species complex where barcode resolution was clearly compromised- six species of Sporophila (S. cinnamomea, S. hypochroma, S. hypoxantha, S. palustris, S. ruficollis, S. zelichi) all shared barcodes.
Hebert et al. [4] suggested that a sequence threshold of ten times the average intraspecific variation could be used to identify those cases where a current species might represent more than one taxon. For the birds of Argentina, this threshold lies at 2.4% and its application flags 13 species as possessing unusually high sequence variation (Table 1). Another way of identifying species in need of taxonomic scrutiny involves the search for taxa whose specimens form two or more distinct clusters with high bootstrap support (i.e. >98%) in a neighbour-joining tree. If applied to Argentinian birds, eight more species are flagged, all showing maximum intraspecific distances higher than 1.5% (Table 1).
Table 1. Bird species from Argentina with two or three deeply divergent groups at COI.
More than 10% of the Argentine avifauna (111 of 980 species) also occurs in North America, but 45 of these species are migrants that do not breed in Argentina, five are pelagic visitors to both regions, and six are introduced to one or both areas. However, barcode data are available for 42 of the remaining 55 species, which possess natural breeding ranges extending from Argentina to North America (see Table S2). Seven of these widely distributed species displayed substantial genetic divergence (>2.4%) between North American and Argentinian populations, three displayed smaller divergences (1.5–2.4%), while the remaining 32 showed limited or no divergence.
Barcodes in Argentinian Birds
Just nine of the 500 bird species included in our study cannot be distinguished using COI sequences. Three of these are Muscisaxicola ground-tyrants, which have low interspecific divergence and appear to be paraphyletic. The remaining six species, which all share barcodes, are members of the southern capuchinos, a sub-group within the genus Sporophila that includes nine species (seven of them present in Argentina) and shows little mitochondrial sequence variation [16]. Members of this group are believed to have diverged within the past 0.5M years, fueled by sexual selection and a fragmented landscape, and they are known to hybridize [16]. Although shared mitochondrial sequences have also been reported in white-headed gulls [5], in Darwin's finches [17], and possibly in crossbills [18], the present study reinforces earlier evidence that such cases are exceptional in both Nearctic and Neotropical locales despite the known existence of hybridization in birds, which involves around 10% of the world's species [19].
Five additional genera with very low interspecific divergences included a pair or triad of species; none of these cases was a surprise. Mimus dorsalis and M. triurus are regarded as sister taxa [20], while Veniliornis frontalis and V. passerinus are so similar morphologically that Nores [21] designated them as allospecies, and Moore et al. [22] suggested that they diverged only 0.35 Mya. Anas puna and A. versicolor [23] have sometimes been considered conspecific [24], but the present results support the conclusion that they are young species. Arnaiz-Villena et al. [25] suggested a very recent expansion of Carduelis in South America to explain the low genetic divergence between C. atrata and C. crassirostris. Finally, Chesser [26] proposed a middle-late Pleistocene diversification for Muscisaxicola because of the shallow divergences between its member species. Further instances of low divergence between species will undoubtedly be revealed as taxonomic coverage builds for Argentina, but there is no evidence that young species radiations are any more common in this region than in North America. Further studies in northern, more tropical areas of South America are needed to establish if this similarity is a consequence of the comparison of two mainly temperate regions in opposite hemispheres or if the same trend is present throughout the Neotropics.
Two evolutionary inferences derive from the present results. First, the relative paucity of very closely related species implies that high species diversity in southern Neotropical birds does not owe its origin to an elevated incidence of young species radiations, a finding that is consistent with recent proposals [27], [28]. Second, and more generally, the low variation within species and the fixation of diagnostic COI sequences even in young species groups conflicts with expectations based on stochastic models of mitochondrial variation, which argue that ancestral polymorphisms will persist for millions of generations [29]. Instead, the rapid emergence of fixed differences is compatible with the growing evidence that selective sweeps recurrently strip variation from mitochondrial gene pools [30], although demographic factors have not been ruled out as a possible explanation.
Tropical taxa are generally thought to show more genetic structure than their temperate zone counterparts, even in the absence of geographical barriers [31]. Work on North American birds revealed deep barcode divergences in 2.7% of species (15/546), all involving allopatric lineages, usually east-west splits. The incidence of deep splits was slightly higher in Argentina with 3.3% of species with multiple records (13/389) showing divergences greater than the 2.4% threshold. Another eight species possessed distinct barcode clusters with 1.5–2.4% divergence, producing a total of 21 species with marked population structure (5.4% of the species examined). Interestingly, these cases of divergence included situations of allopatric, parapatric and sympatric divergence.
Fourteen of the 21 species showed allopatric divergences although there was no simple pattern of geographic structuring. Some cases involved north-south divergence. For example, Patagonian populations of Cistothorus platensis and Cinclodes fuscus possessed almost 5% divergence from those in northwestern Argentina (Figure 2B), which is consistent with previous findings [32]. Other barcode splits coincided with environmental gradients or known barriers to gene flow. For example, specimens of Upucerthia dumetaria from different elevations in the Andes diverged by as much as 5.4%, while 4% divergence between lineages of Thamnophilus ruficapillus (see Figure 2A) coincided with isolation caused by the Chaco woodland [21]. Some cases of allopatric divergence seem to represent overlooked species; specimens of Serpophaga subcristata from northeastern Argentina and those from Patagonia and Buenos Aires province not only exhibit 2% COI divergence, but differences in morphology and vocalizations [33]. Likewise Troglodytes aedon possessed three COI lineages with divergences as high as 5% and its Neotropical populations are thought to include several species (J. Klicka, unpublished data). In other cases, the situation is unclear. For example, two subspecies of Vanellus chilensis (northern V. c. chilensis, southern V. c. fretensis) show just 1.5% divergence, but this matches the divergence between other closely allied species in the same family (e.g. Charadrius alticola and C. falklandicus).
Figure 2. Maps detailing the different distributional patterns of divergent barcode lineages.
Species ranges are highlighted in green and circles indicate collection sites. Hollow and filled in circles correspond to lineages represented on superimposed neighbour-joining trees (shaded circles represent sites with overlap). (A) Barcode lineages are allopatric and coincide with disjunctions in the distribution of populations (e.g. Thamnophilus ruficapillus). (B) Barcode lineages are allopatric, but species distribution appears continuous (e.g. Cinclodes fuscus). (C) Barcode lineages are parapatric (e.g. Vireo olivaceus). (D) Barcode lineages are sympatric (e.g. Manacus manacus).
Five of the 21 species with deep divergences involved cases of parapatry. For example, populations of Vireo olivaceus in northeastern and northwestern Argentina possess up to 3.1% sequence divergence, but both COI lineages occurred at one northeastern site (Figure 2C). Does this area represent a region of sympatry between reproductively isolated species or a contact zone between phylogeographic groups? More specimens from this location need to be examined for variation at nuclear loci to resolve this uncertainty [34].
Interestingly, two of the 21 species possessed divergent mitochondrial lineages in sympatry. One of these species, Manacus manacus, includes four colour forms that are sometimes regarded as different species [35]. Specimens from Parque Nacional Iguazú included two COI groups with 3.5% divergence and males of both lineages were collected from a single lek (Figure 2D), suggesting that the divergent COI groups in M. manacus represent a rare case of deep intra-specific divergence. However, further study is required to determine the origin of such genetic variation and the taxonomic status of this species. Furthermore, this sympatric distribution of lineages could prove to be parapatric with increased sampling (the same could theoretically be true for any of the above examples of allopatry if a region of overlap has been left unsampled). This emphasizes the need to collect several specimens per locality, as well as to sample the entire distribution of each species.
Barcoding the Avifaunas of Argentina and North America
Although species coverage is higher for North America (643 species, 93% of fauna) than for Argentina (500 species, 51% of fauna), sample sizes are high enough in both regions to provide a good sense of overall patterns of COI variation. Mean intraspecific divergences are congruent - 0.23% in North America and 0.24% in Argentina. The nearest neighbour distance for congeneric taxa is lower in North America (4.3%) than in Argentina (6.2%), but this regional difference will undoubtedly lessen as species coverage builds for Argentina. Barcode sequences are effective for species identification in both settings; 94% of North American birds and 98% of birds from Argentina birds can be identified to a species level. The incidence of deep intraspecific divergences is similar in the two regions (2.7% versus 3.3%), but distributional patterns vary. Most of the genetically divergent groups in North America reflect east-west allopatry [5], while divergences in Argentina are more complex; some are north–south, others are east–west, and yet others occur along altitudinal gradients or in response to specific habitat barriers. Moreover, some cases of deep barcode divergence in Argentinian species involve parapatric or sympatric lineages.
Aside from a test of congruence in barcode patterns, this study provided information on sequence divergences for 42 species whose breeding range extends from Argentina to North America. Fifteen of the 32 species with low divergence are waterbirds (e.g. herons, rails, cormorants, ducks); their use of coastal habitats facilitates gene flow [36]. Seven other species are tropical raptors with limited ranges in North America and whose long-distance movements ensure gene flow [37]. The few small passerines in this group may represent recent range extensions into the southernmost United States. The 10 species with deeper genetic divergences (>1.5%) were largely plain-coloured passerines (Troglodytes aedon, Vireo olivaceus) and birds with cryptic lifestyles (Nyctidromus albicollis, Glaucidium brasilianum). Most possessed a disjunct range, typically with northern migratory and southern non-migratory populations (e.g. Athene cunicularia, Troglodytes aedon, Vireo olivaceus). Some groups, such as the vireos, are thought to have evolved migratory behaviour on multiple occasions [38], switches that might provoke rapid speciation because they isolate breeding populations [39]. The status of all 10 species with deep splits requires further evaluation, but the need for taxonomic revisions has already been suggested in some cases (e.g., ref. [40]).
Aside from revealing cases of geographic divergence, the coupling of North American and Argentinian results revealed two cases of barcode sharing. Parula americana, a species ranging from eastern North America to Central America, shares barcodes with P. pitiayumi, a tropical species whose range extends north to Texas. A recent range expansion from a common ancestor has been proposed as the most likely cause for the low divergence between these species [41]. The second case of sequence overlap involves Anas americana, restricted to North/Central America, and A. sibilatrix, confined to the southern cone of South America. While ducks generally exhibit low genetic divergences, these two species possess striking plumage differences. Peters et al. [42] proposed that rapid phenotypic changes have been provoked by divergent selective pressures in the northern and southern hemispheres.
The taxonomy of Neotropical birds remains largely reliant on dated morphological studies [43], but molecular data promise to expedite a newly detailed understanding of this fauna [44]. Although levels of genetic differentiation do not dictate taxonomic status [45], barcode analysis illuminates those taxa and those segments of their ranges where further research is justified. Taxonomic decisions cannot be based simply on COI sequences, but barcode surveys are a powerful tool for rapidly identifying those species in need of further investigation. The occurrence of limited variation between well-known sister taxa suggests that even more cryptic species may persist than a liberal thresholding approach, such as the 10× rule, might indicate [46]. The present study shows the way in which a broad-ranging analysis of sequence diversity in a single gene region can also deliver insights concerning the diversification of faunas as opposed to small groups of species. Interestingly, Argentinian and North American birds showed similar incidences of deep intraspecific divergences and of barcode sharing. The underlying causes of both these situations are of great importance to our understanding of avian speciation. We expect that follow-up investigations of sequence variation at other loci, and studies on morphology, behaviour, vocalization and distributions (e.g., ref. [47]) will rapidly advance understanding of the diversity and diversification of the Neotropical avifauna.
Most specimens (88%) were collected by the Ornithology Division of the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN) between 2003 and 2007, sometimes in collaboration with other institutions. A few additional specimens were donated (6%), confiscated from illegal traders (4%), or obtained from skins of birds collected after 1995 (2%). DNA was usually extracted from frozen samples of pectoral muscle, liver or heart, but a few extractions were from blood (1%) or small pieces of skin/toe pads from museum skins (2%). All samples derive from the tissue collection at the MACN.
A voucher is present in the MACN or in another collaborating institution for 99% of the specimens that provided a tissue sample for analysis. While most of these vouchers were study skins, a few were skeletons or specimens in ethanol. In the case of blood samples, birds were photographed prior to release to provide an e-voucher. All specimens were identified in the field and validated after preparation; taxonomic assignments follow Clements [48]. Only specimens with confirmed species identities were included. Adults were preferred over juveniles and, in the case of species with sexual dimorphism, males were chosen over females. Specimens were examined from all localities with representatives of a species, but no more than three individuals were analyzed from a single location, excepting a few species with particularly high genetic divergence.
DNA extracts were obtained using glass fibre columns with vertebrate lysis buffer, and an automated protocol using a Biomek FXP liquid handler [49]. Extracts were eluted in 50 µl of molecular grade water. COI sequences were amplified using the primer pair of BirdF1 (5′-TTCTCCAACCACAAAGACATTGGCAC-3′) and COIbirdR2 (5′-ACGTGGGAGATAATTCCAAATCCTGG-3′). When PCR failed and degraded DNA was the suspected cause, internal primers were used in conjunction with those above: AvMiR1 (5′-ACTGAAGCTCCGGCATGGGC-3′) and AvMiF1 (5′-CCCCCGACATAGCATTCC-3′). PCR reactions were initially run following the thermal cycling program in Kerr et al. [5]. Later samples used a shorter program which was equally effective: One cycle at 94°C for 1 min, five cycles of 94°C for 1 min, 45°C for 40 s, and 72°C for 1 min, 35 cycles of 94°C for 1 min, 51°C for 40 s, and 72°C for 1 min, and lastly one cycle of 72°C for 5 min. PCR products were visualized on 2% agarose gels (E-gel 96, Invitrogen) and were bi-directionally sequenced on an ABI 3730×l DNA Analyzer. Sequence records were assembled from forward and reverse reads using SEQUENCHER, version 4.5 (Gene Codes) and aligned by eye using BioEdit version 7.0.5.3 [50].
Specimen and collection data, sequences, and trace files are available in the project 'Birds of Argentina–Phase I' in BOLD (http://www.barcodinglife.org). Sequences have been deposited in GenBank under accession numbers FJ027014–FJ028607. BOLD process IDs, museum numbers, and GenBank accession numbers for each specimen analyzed are outlined in Table S3. Comparisons to COI sequences for North American birds employed data available from BOLD in the container project 'Birds of North America–Phase II' (sequences are also available from GenBank under accession numbers AY666171–AY666596, DQ432694–DQ433261, DQ433274–DQ433846, and DQ434243–DQ434805).
Sequences were compared using the Kimura 2-parameter distance option [51] in the BOLD Management & Analysis System [52]. Linear regression was performed using R version 2.5.0 [53]. Intra- and interspecific variation were examined visually with neighbour-joining trees generated using the 'Taxon ID Tree' option on BOLD. Bootstrap support using 1000 replicates was calculated using MEGA version 4.0 [54]. Sequences of pairs or trios of species with low divergence were analyzed by eye for the identification of diagnostic nucleotides (positions fixed within each species but different between them), which have previously proven to be robust in other species (Kerr et al., unpublished data).
List of species included in the study (with common English and Spanish names provided), plus the number of individuals analyzed for each.
List of species with natural breeding ranges extending from North America to Argentina. The number of individuals sampled per continent is provided, plus mean genetic distance when applicable.
List of all specimens included in the study and their associated BOLD process IDs, museum numbers, and GenBank accession numbers.
We thank Michael Andersen, George Barrowclough, Pilar Benites, Sara Bertelli, Miguel Blanco, Kimberly Bostwick, Mariana Bulgarella, Sebastián Cabbanne, Luciano Calderón, Leonardo Campagna, Luis M. Chiappe, Santiago Claramunt, Muir Eaton, Cecilia Kopuchian, Kevin McCracken, Luciano Naka, Mark Robbins, Paul Sweet, Robert Wilson and Gabriel Zunino for aid with fieldwork. We also are grateful to Yolanda Davies and Jorge Navas for their assistance with specimen curation at the MACN, and to many colleagues at BIO (particularly Sujeevan Ratnashingham, Nataly Ivanova, and Janet Topan) for their assistance with informatics and laboratory support. For authorizing permits we thank the National Fauna authorities (particularly Edgardo Ramadori and Eduardo Fernández), the National Parks Administration (Paula Cichero, Néstor Sucunza, and Justo Herrera), and the authorities of the Offices of Fauna of Buenos Aires (Manuel Pedreira and Mónica Casciaro), Catamarca (Enrique Fra and Roberto Salinas), Corrientes (Sergio Zajarevich), Chubut (Sandra Rivera), Jujuy (Juan Pablo Villafañe), Mendoza (Gustavo Solá), Misiones (Ernesto Krauczuk and Miguel Rinas), Neuquén (Alejandro Del Valle), Río Negro (Mauricio Faillá), and San Juan (Marcelo Jordán). We also thank Mark Stoeckle for helpful comments on this manuscript.
Conceived and designed the experiments: KCRK DAL PDNH PLT. Performed the experiments: KCRK DAL ASB. Analyzed the data: KCRK DAL ASB PDNH PLT. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PLT. Wrote the paper: KCRK DAL ASB PDNH PLT.
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Bird genetics
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DNA sequence analysis
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DNA barcoding
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text:
package jp.ne.hatena.hackugyo.procon.event;

import com.github.kubode.rxeventbus.RxEventBus;

/**
 * Created by kwatanabe on 16/03/02.
 */
public class RxBusProvider {
    private static final RxEventBus BUS = new RxEventBus();

    private RxBusProvider() {
        // No instances.
    }

    public static RxEventBus getInstance() {
        return BUS;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
1 oz Proof American Gold Buffalo Coin PR70/PF70 (Random Year, Varied Label, PCGS or NGC)
1+	 $1,536.54	 $1,552.55	 $1,600.56
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The American Gold Buffalo coin is unique among the selection of annual-release bullion coins from the United States Mint. First and foremost, it is the purest coin available with a 1 Troy oz content of .9999 pure gold. Additionally, its proof version was the only one among the major bullion programs not to suffer a cancelled issue year in 2009 during the Great Recession. Today, 1 oz Proof American Gold Buffalo Coins are available to you online from JM Bullion in perfect condition.
Coin Highlights:
Arrives in a protective plastic slab from the PCGS or NGC!
Debuted in 2006!
Contains 1 Troy oz of .9999 pure gold.
Face value of $50 (USD) is fully backed by the US government.
Graded Proof 70 by the Professional Coin Grading Service or Numismatic Guaranty Corporation.
Obverse features the right-profile portrait of a Native American.
Reverse includes the image of Black Diamond, an American bison.
Available from random years with random labels.
In 2009, the crushing demand for gold and silver bullion coins led the United States Mint to put into motion a one-year hiatus for the proof and burnished versions of the American Silver Eagle and American Gold Eagle. The American Gold Buffalo, however, maintained its proof productions that year. That said, the Proof Gold Buffalo had been available in 2008 with three fractional weights that were not offered in 2009, and have not been offered since.
All 1 oz Proof American Gold Buffalo Coins in this product listing are available to you with a perfect grade from the PCGS or NGC. Coins with a PR/PF 70 grade have full, original mint luster and no signs of detracting flaws on the surface areas.
The coins in this listing have random labels attached to the slab, such as Early Release, First Strike, Deep-Cameo, or Ultra-Cameo. The former two labels refer to the timing of the coins arrival from the US Mint for grading, with receipt of the coin required within 30 days of its original release. The latter two labels point to coins with strong, frosted design sets and deeply-mirrored, clear background fields.
Both sides of the American Gold Buffalo coin emulate the Buffalo Nickel from 1913. On the obverse is James Earle Frasers depiction of a Native American. It is said that he used the facial features of three real-life Native leaders to come up with the image.
The reverse of the 1 oz Proof American Gold Buffalo Coin includes the design of a bison standing on a dirt mound. This was inspired by Black Diamond, an American bison that lived in the Central Park Zoo of New York City during the early 1900s.
JM Bullion cannot guarantee the year of issue (2006-present) or issued label included with your purchase. The coin you receive is based on availability in our warehouse when your order processes for shipping.
Please call JM Bullion with questions at 800-276-6508. Were also available online using our live chat and email address.
Mint: United States Mint
Year: Random
Condition: Proof
Weight: 1 Troy Oz
Purity: 99.99% Gold (24 karat)
Thickness: 2.95 mm
Picture is an example only. Actual item is subject to change, but will always correlate with title and description.
Lowest Price: $1536.54
Shipping: Free Shipping on $99+ Orders
Sell to Us Price: Call Us
Call us at 844-258-2538 or email us at buybacks@jmbullion.com to receive custom bid pricing for this item. Note that buybacks are subject to $1,000 minimums as well as possible maximums depending on inventory positions, and require verbal confirmation via phone.


Faux fur is definitely having a moment this season. Give your look a contemporary twist by investing in bold colours which will add a much-needed pop of colour to your winter wardrobe.
From accessories to winter coats – there's plenty of options to help embrace the trend, after all there's nothing better to wrap up warm in on a cold winter's day.
But, whilst there may be a plethora of fake options out there, it is imperative to have the right kind of faux fur in your wardrobe in order to pull it off. No one wants to be seen in a terrible fake. So, what's the best test when faux fur shopping? It's quite simple, just feel the material! Synthetic fur should be soft, but not so mushy that it is overly delicate. Even after being touched, the fur should easily mould back into its original pattern.
Coming in all different patterns and styles, faux fur is the trend to rock this winter season.


Fans of Alex Morgan's The Kicks will love this new series by former soccer player, coach, and motivational speaker Andrea Montalbano about a group of friends and the lessons they learn through their love of the world's most popular sport.
Makena Walsh absolutely loves soccer. She knows it's the best sport around and she feels lucky that the teammates on her super competitive and super skilled team, the Brookville Breakers, feel the same way. The girls always have and always will be Soccer Sisters.
But when a new person joins the Breakers, everything changes. Skylar is a great player and really cool—but she also doesn't always play by the rules. Makena, hoping to impress Skylar, starts acting out and running wild, off and on the field.
But with a huge tournament looming, Mac's got tough choices ahead. Choices that will affect her family, her friends, and the game she loves. Can she stay true to what the Soccer Sisters believe in and win the big game?


Jack S. Kilby was born in Great Bend, Kansas. He came to the University of Illinois in 1941, but his studies were interrupted for service during World War II. He completed his bachelor's in electrical engineering in 1947.
While working at his first job with the Centralab division of Globe Union in Milwaukee, Kilby completed his master's degree at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
In 1958, he joined Texas Instruments in Dallas. His work focused on miniaturization. At that time, TI made resistors, capacitors, transistors, and diodes, so Kilby looked at the possibility of some repackaging. During his first summer at TI, Kilby conceived and built the first integrated circuit in which all of the components, both active and passive, were fabricated in a single piece of semiconductor material half the size of a paper clip.
This invention enabled the field of microelectronics to become the heart of modern technology. The integrated circuit has had impact on communications, the computer industry, medical science, radar, and entertainment. The technological advancements enabled by the integrated circuit continue to be explored and enhanced to this day.
From 1978-1984 Kilby worked as a Distinguished Professor in Electrical Engineering at Texas A&M University.
Kilby was elected to the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) in 1967, and received NAE's Charles Stark Draper Prize in 1975. He was a Fellow of IEEE and received the IEEE's Medal of Honor in 1986. He was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1969 and the National Medal of Technology in 1990. He was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1982. He received the Kyoto Prize in 1993. In 2000, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of the integrated circuit.
From the University of Illinois, Kilby received the College of Engineering Alumni Award for Distinguished Service in 1971, the University of Illinois Alumni Achievement Award in 1973, and ECE's Distinguished Alumni Award in 2000.
Kilby passed away on June 20, 2005, after a brief battle with cancer.
Naresh R. Shanbhag received his B.Tech. from the Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi (1988), MS from the Wright State University (1990), and his PhD degree from the University of Minnesota (1993) all in electrical engineering.
In 1993 he joined AT&T Bell Laboratories at Murray Hill, where he was the lead chip architect for AT&T's 51.84 Mb/s transceiver chips over twisted-pair wiring for Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)-LAN and very high-speed digital subscriber line (VDSL) chip-sets.
In 1995, he joined the University of Illinois. His current research focuses on the design of robust and energy-efficient integrated circuits and systems for communications, including VLSI architectures for error-control coding, and equalization, noise-tolerant integrated circuit design, error-resilient architectures and systems, and system-assisted mixed-signal design. He has more than 200 publications in this area and holds ten US patents. He is also a co-author of the research monograph Pipelined Adaptive Digital Filters (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994).
Dr. Shanbhag is an IEEE Fellow. He has won many best paper awards. He also received the 2010 Richard Newton GSRC Industrial Impact Award, the 1999 Xerox Faculty Award, the Distinguished Lectureship from the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society in 1997, the National Science Foundation CAREER Award in 1996, and the 1994 Darlington Best Paper Award from the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society.
Since 2006 he has been leading a research theme on Alternative Computational Models in the Post-Si Era, in the Department of Defense and Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC) sponsored Microelectronics Advanced Research Corporation (MARCO) center under their Focus Center Research Program (FCRP).
In 2000, Dr. Shanbhag co-founded and served as the chief technology officer of Intersymbol Communications, Inc., a venture-funded fabless semiconductor startup that provides DSPenhanced mixed-signal ICs for electronic dispersion compensation of OC-192 optical links. In 2007, Intersymbol Communications, Inc., was acquired by Finisar Corporation, Inc.


Are Tension-Type Headaches Treated by Massage Therapists?
Tension-Type Headaches: what can you expect?
TTH originates from a combination of tissue sensitivities in the head and neck as well as how the nervous system interprets the signals from those tissues. Development from episodic to chronic TTH is thought to be accompanied by increasing Central Nervous System sensitivity to the tissue signals like a car alarm that is triggered by a loud truck. Diagnosis of TTH is based on a "featureless" headache and normally results in a neurological examination. Most commonly found are tender spots around the head and neck. Additional diagnostic workup by your doctor is important if you have additional symptoms other than headache. Chronic TTH is often associated with medication overuse.
(3) chronic TTH (>180 days/year).
Stress seems to play a big role in Tension Headaches. Managing that stress can be beneficial in reducing frequency and duration of these headaches.
o Headaches are the most prevalent neurological disorders and among the most frequent symptoms seen in general practice.
o 50% of the general population have headaches during any given year, and more than 90% report a lifetime history of headache.
o The average lifetime prevalence of migraine is 18%, and the estimated average prevalence in the past year is 13%.
o The prevalence of migraine in children and adolescents is 7.7%.
o Tension-type headache is more common than migraine, with a lifetime prevalence of about 52%. However, only frequent or chronic tension-type headaches are disabling.
o 3% of the general population have chronic headache, i.e., a headache ≥15 days per month. They are the most severely disabled.
Clinically, this is the most easily and effective type of headache for an RMT to treat. In our experience, after an initial assessment and treatment, future treatments usually should be around 30 minutes 1-3x a week with a follow up in 1-2 weeks depending on severity and chronicity. After your first visit the normal course is of at least a 50-80% resolution of head pain around 30 minutes after the massage treatment. This relief should last from 3 days to 2 weeks and will increase with future treatment.
Make sure to ask for some home care such as exercises and or movements which will depend on the tissues and structures that are sensitized then work together with your Massage Therapist to create a plan of action that is effective and obtainable.


THE SCHOOL HAS BEEN RUNNING FOR 35 YEARS.
DANCE PRINCIPAL MISS CATHERINE GALLACHER OPENED HER FIRST STUDIO IN 1983 IN BARGEDDIE. THE NEXT STUDIO WAS IN MAIN ST AIRDRIE, THEN TO COATDYKE STUDIO. THE SCHOOL OUTGREW THERE, SO MOVED TO LAIRD STREEET, COATBRIDGE WHERE CLASSES WERE HELD FOR 11 YEARS. FINALLY, THE SCHOOL MOVED TO ITS PRESENT LOCATION IN 2002.
CATHERINE IS AN EXAMINER WITH THE B.A.T.D., COVERING THE UK, SPAIN, & CANADA. SHE REGULARLY LECTURES NEW WORK, PRESENTS SCHOLARSHIP CLASSES, AND ADJUDICATES DANCE FESTIVALS AND SCHOLARSHIPS.
CATHERINE HAS BEEN ON THE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE FOR CLOSE TO 20 YEARS.
CATHERINE HAS PROFESSIONALLY CHOREOGRAPHED FOR MANY SCOTTISH COMPANIES, AND HAS DANCED IN MANY SCOTTISH THEATRES.
MISS C GALLACHER M.A. M.ed.
FBATD: BALLET, JAZZ, STAGE (TAP), MODERN DANCE, FREESTYLE.
FELLOW, EXAMINER, LECTURER, ADJUDICATOR B.A.T.D.


Pope Francis knelt and kissed the feet of South Sudan's rival leaders during a spiritual retreat in the Vatican on Thursday.
The 82-year-old pontiff performed the rare gesture of humbleness to encourage South Sudan's previously warring leaders to implement the revitalized peace deal.
At the end of the spiritual retreat in the Vatican, the pope asked President Salva Kiir and opposition leader Riek Machar to implement the peace agreement despite difficulties.
Pope Francis got down on his knees and kissed South Sudan political leaders' feet one by one.
The Vatican retreat brought together President Kiir and opposition chief Riek Machar. Also present were first vice president Taban Deng Gai and Rebecca Garang, the widow of SPLM founder John Garang.
The pope urged South Sudan leaders to respect the agreement they signed and commit to forming a unity government in May.
"I am asking you as a brother to stay in peace. I am asking you with my heart, let us go forward. There will be many problems but they will not overcome us. Resolve your problems," Pope Francis said in Italian as an aide translated into English.
The two-day Vatican retreat was held a month before the end of the peace deal's pre-transition period. On 12 May, South Sudan parties are expected to form a transitional government of national unity.
However, the September 2018 agreement has been met with missed deadlines due to lack of funds.


Andrew Jackson has recently been appointed as the managing director of the International Division at Anpario.
Jackson will lead the implementation of Anpario's Forward Integration plan. Previously he was the managing director at Hy-line UK International, a global poultry layer genetics company. He has vast experience in international agricultural operations – focusing on both the swine and poultry industry.
On leading the implementation of Anpario's Forward Integration plan, Jackson says "the need to understand the local markets and maintain the strong relationships built up over 20 years are crucially important to the continued success of the business. Having local people on the ground within our distribution network is the best way to understand what the customers really need."
Anpario, who manufactures and markets feed additives for global agricultural and aquaculture markets, trades in over 60 countries worldwide through its trading brands Meriden Animal Health, Kiotechagil and Optivite.


text:
Austrian focus
Retrospective Aki Kaurismaki
Dirty Games
Country:Njemačka
Director:Benjamin Best
Duration:93'
Actors:Tim Donaghy, Charles Farrell
Film Dirty Games is an expedition to the dirty abyss of professional sports. The award winning investigative journalist Benjamin Best takes a global look behind the scenes at the colourful world of sports and exposes the bitter taste behind the multi-billion sports business. From Europe to the USA, from South America to Asia. This film, which draws upon very personal stories by protagonists from all over the world, shows how the sport system operates, and it gives those who are protesting an opportunity to speak out against the system. In the process, it also exposes new and sinister wheeling and dealing in the world of sports.
Benjamin Best was born on November 10th 1976 in Berlin, Germany. Studied Law at Berlin's Humboldt University and received a German Diploma with thesis in sports journalism at the German Sports University in Cologne. Benjamin Best is the owner of Benjamin Best Productions GmbH. Since 2007 he's been working as an investigative filmmaker, journalist and book author. He's won numerous awards for his work, e.g. CNN Journalist of the Year 2011.
Tickets for screenings at Cinestar Vukovar, Danubian Sand Island, Borovo Cinema, Valpovo culture center, Centar znanja Vinkovci, Vucedol museum are free. For screenings at locations - Terrace of Agency for Waterways and Castle Eltz Park admission is 15 HRK. Tickets.
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Jet Li's Retrospective
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Dox A Million Dollar Life unmasks Nora Šitum's case that united the whole of Croatia
Berlinale's winner On Body and Soul by Ildikó Enyedi to open the 11th VFF
Fun on VFF with three popular Croatian bands – Detour, Jinx and Kojoti!
d. Viktor Lakisov
d. Stéphanie Di Giusto
d. Karin Steinberger i Marcus Vetter
Written Unwritten
d. Adrian Silisteanu
On body and soul
d. Ildikó Enyedi
Valpovo culture center
d. Paolo Virzì
How to Talk to Girls at Parties
d. John Cameron Mitchell
Bajadera Boat
Voyage of Time – Life's Journey
d. Terrence Malick


SABLE is a Loading... luxury yacht, built by Tecnomar - The Italian Sea Group and delivered in 2005. Her top speed is 32.0kn and her power comes from two 1500.0hp MTU diesel engines. She can accommodate up to 6 people with 4 crew members waiting on their every need.


Most old buildings have central heating systems that distribute hot water or steam evenly through pipe loops on every floor.
What the original engineers did not account for (or didn't have the technology to control) is something called heat stacking effect: when floors are heated to a certain temperature, apartments get warmer as you go up. So if you run enough steam to heat every apartment to 70F, each apartment above may be 1F warmer because of this stacking effect. That is sometimes why, in the dead of winter, you see windows open on the top floors.
Buildings managers are obligated by law to maintain ALL apartments at a minimum temperature so they set that temperature for the lowest apartment and let the chips fall where they may (the upstairs apartments get warmer as you go up) with a tremendous waste of fuel and additional cost.
What can we do? The cheapest solution is to install a computerized sensor that measures the inside temperature in the lower, middle and upper thirds of the building; the temperature of the return steam; and outside temperature and determines the ideal boiler temperature, cycle rates and length of cycles. All these measures could bring down fuel costs by 5% to as much as 30%.
Additionally, there are services that take into consideration forecast temperature and determine the best boiler start and stop times. In office uses, this system can decrease energy cost by another 10-30%.


Thank you for providing me the information I need to prepare for your session.
If you have not already scheduled your session, I will be contacting you to do so. You may also go to schedulesundibright.com, select "Pre-paid service" under "Select a Service" and schedule your session.
Looking forward to helping you connect with loved ones on the other side.


text:
Honest John Car by Car Audi
Audi A6 Allroad (2006 – 2012) Review
2018 3.0 TDI [272] Quattro Sport 5dr S Tronic
View Audi A6 Allroad cars for sale
Looking for a Audi A6 Allroad (2006 - 2012)?
Audi A6 Allroad (2006 – 2012) At A Glance
Very comfortable to drive on tarmac or off-road. Classy image and styling. Height adjustable air suspension. Large boot. Ideal for towing. Best on Pirelli Scorpion STRs for the road.
Doesn't handle quite as well as A6 quattro on which it is based.
Insurance Groups are between 32–39
The second generation Audi A6 Allroad of 2006 is half way between a normal estate and a full-blown 4x4, making it the ideal car if you need the extra traction of four-wheel drive, but don't want the bulk usually associated with off-roaders. The A6 Allroad comes with Audi's quattro four-wheel drive system as standard, as well as height adjustable air suspension, so it's perfect for towing trailers or caravans across wet fields.
It's based on the Audi A6 Avant (and only comes as an estate) so it's very practical with plenty of rear legroom and a huge boot. It's great on the motorway where it effortless soaks up miles of road with minimal fuss thanks to a forgiving ride and low noise levels.
Of course there is a trade off for this and the A6 Allroad doesn't handle quite as well as the standard A6 and feels noticeable softer in corners, but the extra ground clearance and four-wheel drive makes it superb in snowy and icy conditions where a standard car would struggle.
It comes with Audi's larger engines, but it's the TDI diesels which make the most sense thanks to more reasonable running costs. The 2.7 TDI with the Multitronic gearbox is especially smooth while the 3.0 TDI offers a bit more punch. As with all Audi cars, the A6 Allroad has a superbly built and high-class interior, while a long list of optional extras gives you the chance to personalise your car - at a cost of course.
Audi A6 2004 Range Road Test
Audi A6 Avant 2005 Range Road Test
Audi A6 Allroad 2006 Range Road Test
What do owners think of the Audi A6 Allroad (2006 – 2012)? Check out our Owners' Reviews from people who live with the car day in, day out.
Real MPG average for a Audi A6 Allroad (2006 – 2012)
Reviews for Audi A6 Allroad (2006 – 2012)'s top 3 rivals
Distinctive and sharp looks. Excellent CDI diesels. Good motorway cruiser. Very comfortable and refined....
Brilliant ride and handling, powerful and efficient diesel engines, upmarket interior, very safe, lots...
Wonderful and bespoke feeling interior. Amazingly quiet and refined. More economical 2.2 diesel from...
What would you recommend doing to keep my diesel Audi A6 Allroad well maintained?
"I own a 2011 Audi A6 Allroad 3.0 TDI 240PS 6 speed auto with paddle shifts (98,000 miles). Other than 10,000 mile oil changes, what would you recommend doing to keep this on the road for a few years? It has had full Audi service from new. Is this the troubled gearbox I've read bad reports on? I sold my 2009 Audi A4 2.0 TDI 8 speed at 210,000 miles and am looking for similar again. I cover around 35,000 miles a year. "
This will have a proper, reliable torque converter transmission, but the quattro Haldax clutch does require maintenance with regular fluid and filter changes. You might run into trouble due to a build up of ash in the diesel particulate filters, but other readers have successfully had them cleaned out by the Ceramex process at £350 a time. Vital to maintain the tyres so they are all the same type and have similar tread wear. Any significant disparity can confuse the electronics controlling the quattro system.
Which used, all-wheel drive estate?
"I am looking to change my beautiful 15 year old Audi A6 Quattro S Line. She runs beautifully, original engine, gearbox, clutch, almost no faults. But I need to do significant motorway distances on the continent and UK. However the degree of luxury offered has spoiled me. I also plan to live at least part of the year in the Italian Alps where I do a lot of trekking so need a car that has a better offroad capability. I am past 67 and enjoy arriving fresh and relaxed after a ten hour drive. I have looked at older (six-year-old) Subaru Outbacks - fine, safe and reliable but lacks the degree of extra luxury. I drove a Mercedes-Benz CL500, not AWD of course but has all, the luxury to keep me relaxed as I drive. I've looked at most of the other Japanese and Korean cars, none really set me on fire! Can you please point me in the most sensible direction? I have £7000 to spend"
4WD pretty much forces you into a later A6 or Allroad because there isn't anything else in the UK apart from a Legacy or Outback.
Can I transfer my warranty?
"I bought a 2009 Q5 in August 2012, and took out a Platinum two-year contract with Warranties 2000. Have changed the car in the last 10 days - to an Audi Allroad (2009). Before I did the deal, I asked Warranty 2000 if I could transfer the warranty to the new car as it was only three months' old. Was told they would send me a transfer form, so I did the deal. Got nothing, so phoned again and was told they don't send transfer forms out, but I was to write in and give then details of the new car so they could submit the request to the underwriters. Did that and got no reply, so phoned again and was told that I could not transfer the warranty to the new car. Can you advise what to do as I have been led up the garden path by this company. I want to either transfer the warranty or get a pro-rata re-payment."
Depends on the terms of the warranty. If it's for the car and transferable to the next owner, then it has gone with the car. If it's for the car and non transferable then it's gone. Check the terms. If you think they are unfair and if this is an insured warranty then you can take the matter up with the Financial Services Ombudsman. If it's a self-insured warranty then all you could do is use http://www.moneyclaim.gov.uk
Audi A6 Allroad - Best way to sell
"I bought my Audi A6 Allroad 3.0TDI (Tiptronic) new in October 2006. It now has covered 83,700 miles, has a new MoT, and full Audi main dealer service history. I have been offered £9250 as a trade-in for a new Honda CRV by my local Honda Dealership. British Car Auctions suggests I set a reserve between £9800 and £10,600 if selling through them. I live in Fareham and my nearest centre is Blackbushe. It is the time of year when 4x4 vehicles might sell more readily, so what would you do. (I have family near Nottingham so could use the BCA centre there if there was a chance of getting a better price up there). "
I'd try http://www.sure-sell.info at BCA, and hope for snow...
On the inside of an Audi A6 Allroad (2006 – 2012)
The interior of the A6 Allroad is pretty much identical to the A6 Avant so that means a high-class finish and a neat design. You can choose from more traditional wood inlays or modern brushed aluminium trims but all look good and have a quality appearance. Leather upholstery is standard on models from 2008 which is useful if you have younger children as it's easier to keep clean than cloth. Prior to that, the standard cloth trim was a special material called monoPur, which is designed for heavier use than standard cloth.
The layout of the dash is pretty straightforward and the main controls are accessed via the MMI system (which stands for Multi Media Interface) which includes a colour screen. It's very intuitive and easy to use, plus it means the centre console isn't cluttered with buttons. There's also an electric parking brake (rather than conventional handbrake) which also frees up space. The climate control system can be a little confusing to use at first, but it's simple once you've got the hang of it.
There's plenty of adjustment in the seat and steering wheel so finding a comfortable driving position is easy, even for taller drivers. There's also plenty of legroom for those in the back, but the large central tunnel means that getting three people in the back can be cramped in terms of foot room.
Bootspace is immense with 565 litres of room with the rear seats up and 1660 litres with them folded down. The tailgate opening is wide and square too, so awkward and boxy items such as the odd bit of furniture, will fit in easily. The Allroad also gets a boot rail system which includes lashing points and a folding floor, so you can separate items in the boot and stop them sliding around.
Equipment from launch (July 2006):
Just one version of the A6 Allroad is available and it comes with 17-inch alloy wheels, four-corner adaptive suspension with five modes, CD stereo, air conditioning, MMI system, cruise control, electric windows, electric parking brake, electronic differential lock, ESP stability control, multifunction steering wheel (with gear change paddles for automatic models), luggage cover, monoPur upholstery, quattro four-wheel drive, automatic lights, rain sensitive wipers, remote control central locking, aluminium roof rails, split folding rear seats and underbody protection. 4.2 FSI models add 18-inch alloys, electric front seats, electric lumbar support, heated front seats, leather upholstery and xenon lights. Leather upholstery was made standard on all models in October 2008.
Child seats that fit a Audi A6 Allroad (2006 – 2012)
Driving Audi A6 Allroad (2006 – 2012)
Engines range from 2.7 TDI quattro to 3.0 TFSI quattro
The A6 Allroad is great for motorway cruising where it's forgiving ride and refined nature make it incredibly relaxing. It's also very quiet with very little noise from either the engine (whichever you choose) or from the tyres, so makes a good family car for long trips.
Of course the while point of the A6 Allroad is that it can venture onto more challenging terrain and here it's surprisingly capable considering it doesn't have any dedicated off-road systems. There is a mechanical self-locking centre differential plus height adjustable air suspension with five settings - the highest of which raises ground clearance to 185mm (at speeds up to 22mph).
The ESP electronic stability control has been specially tuned with off-road settings and if you are serious about tackling tricky ground, there are purpose-built all-terrain tyres and a reinforced engine under-guard available as extra cost options, naturally.
On the road, the A6 Allroad strikes a decent balance between comfort and handling, but it does feel a little soft in corners compared to the standard A6. It's certainly not wallowy, but it lacks the agility of an A6 Avant and doesn't feel as precise. There's a good choice of engines though and all of them are strong - but it's the TDI diesels that make most sense.
The most popular is the 2.7 TDI with 180bhp which is only available with a smooth six-speed tiptronic automatic gearbox. This engine was improved in 2008 with an extra 10bhp and also made more efficient with average economy improving from 32.5mpg to 37.7mpg.
The other diesel is the excellent 3.0 TDI with 233bhp and 450Nm of torque (available from as low as 1400rpm). This engine was also improved in 2008 with power boosted to 240bhp. It's available with either the Tiptronic gearbox or a six-speed manual and with the latter it's capable of 39.2mpg making it the most economical engine in the line-up.
There are also a range of petrols including the 3.2-litre FSI and the top of the range 4.2-litre FSI V8 with an immense 350bhp on tap. Later a 3.0 TFSI was introduced (a turbocharged engine) with 290bhp. However, while the petrols sound great and offer strong pace, running costs are high.
2.7 TDI quattro 38 mpg 8.8 s 199 g/km
3.0 TDI quattro tiptronic 38 mpg 7.4 s 199 g/km
3.0 TFSI quattro 29 mpg 6.3 s 225 g/km
Audi A6 Allroad (2006 – 2012) Models and Specs
Kerb Weight 1840–1880 kg
Servicing -
List Price £40,080–£42,395
Insurance Groups 32–39
Road Tax Bands J–K
Overall -
2.7 TDI quattro 5dr Auto £40,080 37.7 mpg 8.8 s
3.0 TDI quattro 5dr £40,965 39.2 mpg 7.2 s
3.0 TDI quattro tiptronic 5dr Auto £42,395 37.7 mpg 7.4 s
3.0 TFSI quattro 5dr Auto £42,370 29.1 mpg 6.3 s
Very comfortable to drive on tarmac or off-road.
Aluminium brightwork on bases of doors is prone to oxidising within 3 years.
15-8-2013: Multi variable air suspension rear dampers may leak after 6 years or so and are very expensive to replace.
12-11-2013: Complaint of continuous bleeping from rear parking sensors of 2011 Audi Allroad in the rain or damp which 4 Audi dealers have been unable to eradicate.
New Allroad based on 2004 A6 launched in 2006.
4,934mm long x 1,862mm wide x 1,459 - 1,529mm high according to whether car lowered or raised on its adaptive air suspension.
Load area 565 litres extending to 1,660 litres withs seats folded.
3.2 FSI V6 with 255bhp, 4.2 FSI V8 with 350bhp, 2.7 V6 diesel with 180bhp or 3.0 V6 diesel with 233bhp. 6 speed manual or 6 speed Tiptronic, quattro drivetrain (4.2 Tiptronic only; 2.7 manual only).
Normal wheel and tyres size 18 inche with 235/55 R18 tyres.
3.2 FSI manual 0-60 6.9, top speed 151, 25mpg combined
3.2 FSI Tiptronic 0-60 7.4, top speed 150, 26mpg combined
2.7 TDI manual 0-60 9.0, top speed 134, 32mpg combined
3.0 TDI Tiptronic 0-60 7.5, top speed 144, 32mpg combined
What does a Audi A6 Allroad (2006 – 2012) cost?
Compare new Audi A6 Allroad deals
Buy new from £46,981 (list price from £58,495)
Audi A6 Allroad for sale
3.0 TDI [272] Quattro Sport 5dr S Tronic
Northampton Audi
3.0 TDI Quattro 245 5dr S Tronic
Wearside Audi
Pentagon Oldham - Park Road


This module considers a range of issues in the area of the sociology of the policy and policing and more broadly the sociology of social control - issues, include domestic violence, public order and policing minority groups.
- To explore contemporary criminological perspectives on social control. - To provide a specific focus on structures, processes, practices and policies of law enforcement. - To analyse the above in a broader social, historical and political context. - To develop your critical knowledge of criminological perspectives on social control. - To develop your critical knowledge of contemporary criminological perspectives on police and policing. - To develop critical insights into the importance of the broader social, historical and political contexts of the above.
Demonstrate a critical knowledge of criminological perspectives on aspects of social control in modern society.
Demonstrate a critical knowledge of current issues, debates and developments in the policing of crime and society.
Critically engage with complex debates.
Understand the interaction of theory and social policy.
Critically engage with debates about social policy.
Understand the way that theory and practice can be in conflict.
This module considers a range of issues in the area of the sociology of the police and policing and more broadly the sociology of social control - issues include domestic violence, public order and policing minority groups. As well as a range of theoretical frameworks, the unit explores current policing policy and practice in Britain using themes such as discretion, legitimacy, culture and the role of the police to highlight recurring issues with contemporary policing.
The assessment comprises: a 1500 word paper due in approximately Week 6 and an exam at the end of the semester in the January exam period.


Australians are now able to determine which fund their superannuation contributions will go to. There will be a huge amount of information, much of it commercially based, persuading you which fund to choose. There are, however, a couple of useful first-base websites you can visit to gain an objective overview.
The Australian Bankers' Association (ABA), the Financial Planning Association (FPA) and the Investment and Financial Services Association (IFSA) have combined to produce a free financial literacy guide – Smarter Super – Make the Most of Your Retirement.
The three associations have worked together on the guide to assist employees who are able to choose their own superannuation fund when Choice of Fund is introduced on 1 July. Smarter Super – Make the most of your Retirement helps explain some of the technical aspects of superannuation, and provides useful tips and suggestions.
IFSA or Phone 02 9299 3022.
ASIC's Superannuation Calculator. This uses a spreadsheet (Excel) to let you see the long term effects of fees, making extra contributions, government co-contributions, reduction in contributions and changing investment strategy or funds.
Super Co-contribution. If you earn less than $40,000 a year, and make personal superannuation contributions, the Australian Government will now give you a helping hand with the Super Co-contribution. It means that if your total income for tax purposes is $27,500 or less a year, the Government will match your personal super contributions, up to $1,000 a year, on a dollar-for-dollar basis. For every dollar you put into your super, the Government will put in a dollar, too. The Federal Budget 2004-05 is to change this: From 1 July 2004 the government will contribute up to $1,500 for a personal contribution of $1,000 for people earning up to $28,000, phasing out at $58,000.
The ANZ bank's Superannuation Centre has in addition to general information on superannuation, discussion of your needs, tools and calculators, Self-Managed Superannuation Fund (DIY Fund) considerations, explanations of Eligible Termination Payments (ETPs) and rollovers, as well as step by step guide to processing your ETP.


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Changing Lives, Making Difference Is Offshore Sailing Business Model
March 15, 20220654
Steve and Doris Colgate entertained chamber members with at-sea tales and uplifting advice for running a business.
Adventure and feel-good success have been the payoff for 58 years of hard work and rolling with the punches for Steve and Doris Colgate, founders of Fort Myers' Offshore Sailing School. They spoke about the business of sailing and the ups and downs of entrepreneurship at the Wednesday, March 9, luncheon meeting of the Sanibel & Captiva Islands Chamber of Commerce at Thistle Lodge, sponsored by Offshore Sailing.
"What makes us happy is changing lives," said Doris Colgate. Offshore Sailing does that through a business model devoted to the romance and adventure of sailing, she explained, but also by supporting local charities such as Pace Center for Girls and the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society. "The biggest thing we would like to do is make a difference. Whether you have money or not, you can find a way."
The couple talked about struggling through lean times and recessions to reach their current status with seven resort-based sailing schools throughout Southwest Florida, and in St. Petersburg, Fla., and the British Virgin Islands. They have clocked 150,000 school graduates in all.
In 1972, the two sailors hatched plan for a flotilla cruise venture that rented sailboat cabins for excursions to 29 destinations worldwide.
"That's how we got to see the world," said Doris. "We didn't have any money in those days."
Steve had founded Offshore Sailing School in New York in 1964, based on a childhood love of sailing and later a career as an America's Cup and Olympic racer. He was inducted into the National Sailing Hall of Fame in 2015. CEO and president Doris, the founder of the National Women's Sailing Association and author of SAILING: A Women's Guide, joined the operation in 1969. They moved to Fort Myers in 1976 and opened their first local school at today's South Seas Island Resort on Captiva Island. Their other two are based at Pink Shell Beach Resort on Fort Myers Beach and Westin Cape Coral Resort at Marina Village & Tarpon Point Marina.
The husband-and-wife team wrote several instructional and inspirational books about sailing through the years, and, in October 2021 announced the publication of their biography, Offshore High, by renowned author and executive editor of Cruising World magazine, Herb McCormick.
The two told chamber members funny and heartwarming stories from the book about sailing with kings and sheiks; rescuing two young capsized boys, one of whom returned the favor when Steve encountered him later in life; avoiding the Mafia while operating in New York; and taking the school on the road during the recession of the early 80s, which severely curtailed travel to Florida.
"With all the pressures on our business members these days, hearing the Colgates talk about their experiences truly felt like an escape and adventure," said John Lai, chamber president and chief executive officer. "They inspired optimism and offered good, sound advice on making a positive impact."
Lai spoke earlier in the meeting about legislative activities, visitation stats, and upcoming chamber events. He assured members that he and fellow water-quality advocates are continuing their push to see the notorious bill 2508 take better form. Lai also informed the crowd that Visit Florida legislation, for which the chamber advocated, had passed
"The reauthorization of Visit Florida extending the sunset date from 2023 to 2028 is an outstanding victory for our chamber, our tourism industries, and the residents of our state," he said. "Tourism is our state's largest employer, funds our attractions, and is the reason that Florida operates without a state income tax. As a board member of Visit Florida, I am grateful to the governor, the legislature, and our industry advocates who helped move this forward."
Lai reported a welcome center visitation count of 469 two days earlier – the highest to date this year – and noted that the average daily visitation so far in March was 288. Tamara Pigott, executive director of the Lee County Visitor & Convention Bureau, spoke too about escalating numbers she is seeing, including a 92.9 percent occupancy rate in Lee County just the week prior.
The chamber holds its annual meeting on April 20 at Sundial Beach Resort to celebrate its 60th anniversary. There will be no business luncheons in April or May. Lai announced that this year, the chamber is taking over the annual Island Nights at Hammond Stadium, scheduled for June 1.
The Sanibel & Captiva Islands Chamber of Commerce is dedicated to promoting the prosperity of its members and preserving the quality of life of our community. With more than 460 active Chamber members from both islands and businesses from Lee and Collier counties, the Chamber plays a key role in facilitating communication and cooperation between business, residents, and government to enhance the economic health of the islands. The Francis P. Bailey, Jr., Chamber Visitor Center is located at the entrance to Sanibel Island and welcomes tens of thousands of visitors each year. VISIT FLORIDA named the visitor center one of 13 official Florida Certified Tourism Information Centers in the state. It is open 365 days a year and provides comprehensive information about things to do, places to visit, and where to stay, shop, and dine. The chamber website receives more than 1.3 million website visits per year.
For more information about the chamber, visit the chamber's website or contact Landen Collins, communications and marketing manager, at 239-472-8255 or Landen@sanibel-captiva.org.
Scholarships Available Through SanCap Lions Club
Upcoming Twilight Talk Explores History of Religion on Sanibel


Man I was more than a little disappointed when I missed out on this one. It's one of the newer "small batch" blends C&D has started putting out. Only 2400 tins of this Red Flake were produced and it sold out in no time. Now I'm hearing some of these tins have mold and C&D is stepping up and taking them back. If you happened to get one (or more) of these you might want to check into it. Bummer.


He's been on the job for 3 months now, and is exited about the future of Skidmore's IT infrastructure! Meet Sandy Piscitello, CIO!
Learn about the many Olam Puree products available.
Sethness introduces SBL4, a Non-GMO Project Verified AND Low 4Mel Liquid Caramel Color.
Tate & Lyle have announced the development of a new suite of tools aimed at taking the guesswork out of formulation challenges.


text:
Þjóðólfur úr Hvini (Thiodholfur) fue un escaldo o poeta noruego activo hacia el año 900 de la corte de Harald I de Noruega. Se le considera el autor del Ynglingatal primigenio (en el cual se basó el posterior Ynglingatal), una oda para el rey noruego Ragnvald la Alta Montaña que describe su supuesta ascendencia de los reyes suecos y dioses nórdicos.

También se le atribuye el poema Haustlöng.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Lausavísur

Poetas de Noruega
Vikingos de Noruega
Poetas del siglo X
Escaldos vikingos
Noruega en el siglo X
Noruegos del siglo X

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Balance 100% Whey Protein is muscle preservation at the highest level. This quality protein source supports the rigors of even the most intense training, whether your priority is to improve recovery, build lean muscle, or both.
Balance 100% Whey Protein uses an advanced low-carbohydrate formula which blends whey protein and whey protein concentrate to deliver 22.2 grams of protein per serve.
100% Whey Protein also contains a big punch of both Arginine and Glutamine. Glutamine plays a major role in just about everything muscle-related, while Arginine - a common pre-workout ingredient - pumps you with energy.
Use Balance 100% Whey Protein either before or after training to support your hard-earned muscle. Mix one scoop with 200 milliliters of your favorite beverage and shake well. For added protein and calories, combine 100% Whey Protein with milk, juice, or fruit.
INGREDIENTS: *Balance Protein Blend (93%) [Whey ProteinConcentrate, Whey Protein Isolate, Emulsifier (Soy Lecithin)], Flavours, L-Arginine (1.4%), L-Glutamine (1.7%), Vegetable Gum (Guar), Bromelains, Anti-Caking Agent (Silicon Dioxide), Papain, Sweeteners (Sucralose, Acesulfame K).
DO YOU HAVE BALANCE 100% WHEY PROTEIN IN OTHER SIZES?
WHAT SHOULD I USE WITH THIS SUPPLEMENT?
Balance 100% Whey Protein is primarily a protein supplement, but it also contains a nice helping of amino acids. Given that, you're probably good on the protein and amino acid front. If you still feel like you need more protein, you could grab Balance 100% Natural Bars or Balance Ultra Ripped Bars for an on-the-go snack. If you want to focus on building lean muscle mass, you could try Balance 100% Micronised Creatine.


Vibrant and bold colors are 2009 must haves, so try and add a touch here and there with exciting accessories. Bright colored bags, shoes and necklaces will all promote the fashion fever of 2009. Ruffles and ruching are a strong look not only on dresses and tops but on bags too.
To really make your outfit shine always remember to buy a handbag to compliment your figure and in which must have some coordination and balance with your body. So even though its tempting to buy a handbag just to be on course with the fashion trend its still best to adjust it with your figure to make your outfit really stand out.
When choosing the shape of a handbag is always best to choose the opposite of your body type. Therefore if you're small and petite it's best to choose tall and rectangular bags as this will make you look taller. If you are slim and tall then its best to choose rounded bags to compliment your figure.
At present a large handbag is the way to go which is great for women who need to mix style with functionality. Oversized, multi-pocked and easy to carry bags have been strolling down the catwalks and in the major cities. Although not one of the largest bags around but still very popular is the clutch bag. Many designers have created these small handbags for carrying the most essential items and these are a great opportunity to wear something bold and bright for 2009. If you are a bit hesitant at wearing something bright then compliment a small clutch bag with a pair of matching neutral colored heels is a subtle way to stay top on the trend ladder.
This spring and summer is the season for bold, bright and colorful designs. A new wave of colors has hit the fashion trend so a palette of earthy and fiery tones like brown, gold, reds, yellows and oranges are a huge hit at the moment and dont forget grape purple and emerald green which are also welcoming additions. Whatever colors you decide there are a variety of shades and tones to suit any choice of outfit.
Oversized Clutches and Totes still a firm favorite this year and works well in the day as well as in the night.
Ruched Bags and multicolored woven bags will also give your outfit a truly fashionable edge.
Sunglasses are one of the smallest accessories you can wear but yet one of the most important. In fact sunglasses have been known to define an era or start a phenomenon which pasted years. Although sunglasses are worn for fashion they do have a functional side in which stop harmful rays which then can help maintain strong eyesight.
Sunglasses are also not immune to the retro craze and Aviators and Wayfarer have both enjoyed a new wave of success since WWII when pilots liked this style.


text:
namespace Adeptly_Adaptive_Challenge.Converters
{
    using System;
    using Windows.UI.Xaml;
    using Windows.UI.Xaml.Data;

    class BooleanToVisibilityConverter : IValueConverter
    {
        public object Convert(object value, Type targetType, object parameter, string language)
        {
            bool b = (bool)value;
            if (b)
            {
                return Visibility.Visible;
            }
            else
            {
                return Visibility.Collapsed;
            }

        }

        public object ConvertBack(object value, Type targetType, object parameter, string language)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }
    }
}