text:
\section{Introduction}

Parton Distribution Functions  (PDFs) describe the structure of hadrons in terms of their constituents. At leading twist, the hadronic structure is defined by the distributions corresponding to the vector, axial-vector and tensor Dirac bilinears. The first two, the unpolarized and the helicity Parton Distribution Functions, while  under constant study and improvement, are relatively well-determined. In the last decade, the third leading-twist PDF, the one corresponding to the tensor bilinear~\cite{Artru:1989zv,Jaffe:1991kp,Jaffe:1991ra,Cortes:1991ja}, has been explored in phenomenology. The transversity PDF describes  the distribution of the transverse polarization of quarks  as related to that of their parent hadron. Transversity is a chiral-odd object that is paired, in physical processes, to another chiral-odd object.

One such candidate object is the {\it single-hadron} Transverse Momentum Dependent Fragmentation Function (TMD FF) depending on the fraction of longitudinal momentum of the fragmenting quark carried by the outgoing hadron, as well as on the trace of the intrinsic transverse momentum of that active quark. The second candidate is the {\it dihadron} FF (DiFF), measured in a fragmentation process into a pair of hadrons whose relative momenta tag the  transverse polarization of the active quark via modulations at the cross-section level.
Thanks to the data on semi-inclusive pion production in electron-positron annihilation from the $B$ factories, both types of FFs have been measured and used to assess transversity PDFs in either global fits and single-process fits.

Dihadron Fragmentation Functions were proposed by Jaffe {\it et al.}~\cite{Jaffe:1997hf} to access the transversity PDF and successfully implemented in phenomenological studies~\cite{Radici:2001na}, as demonstrated by the recent determinations of the transversity PDF~\cite{Bacchetta:2012ty,Radici:2015mwa,Radici:2018iag}  --that is, the collinear PDF  discussed in this article, as opposed to the Transverse Momentum Dependent (TMD) transversity distributions that have been recently studied in Refs.~\cite{Anselmino:2013vqa,Kang:2015msa,Lin:2017stx}.

 Yet another possible way to access the transverse polarization of quarks is found through Generalized Parton Distributions relevant for Deeply Virtual Meson Production~\cite{Ahmad:2008hp,Goldstein:2013gra}.

The analyses for the transversity are based on reduced experimental inputs with respecto to the data sets used for the other two leading-twist PDFs.
All three are subject to analogous first principles, {\it e.g.} positivity constraints and support requirement.  In this paper, we propose to broaden the methodology to incorporate the assessment of first principles directly in the fitting procedure. This methodology palliates the low experimental accuracy of  processes involving transversity PDFs.

To leading-order, the unpolarized, $f_1(x)$, and longitudinally polarized distributions, $g_1(x)$, can be interpreted as probability densities in terms of the helicity representation for Dirac particles --basis of the positivity bound $|g_1^q(x)|<f_1^q(x)$. The interpretation of transversity distribution, $h_1(x)$, must be done in the transversity basis --leading to the bound $|h_1^q(x)|<f_1^q(x)$. Instead, in the helicity basis,  another positivity constraint for $h_1(x)$ has been stated by Soffer~\cite{Soffer:1994ww}
\begin{eqnarray}
|h_1^q(x)|\leq \frac{1}{2}\left(f_1^q(x)+g_1^q(x)\right)\quad,
\label{eq:SB}
\end{eqnarray}
for each flavor of quark and anti-quarks separately. If the Soffer bound is realized at a low factorization scale $Q$, it is preserved under QCD evolution towards higher scales~\cite{Goldstein:1995ek,Vogelsang:1997ak}. The bound in Eq.~(\ref{eq:SB}) has been treated as a first-principle constraint in all extractions of transversities until now. Together with the support, $x\in [0,1]$, they constitute the basic properties that any parametrization of the transversity PDF must satisfy. The implementation of positivity constraints generates a hierarchical dependence on the unpolarized PDF for the helicity PDF and both the unpolarized and helicity PDFs for the transversity.

As a result of the fundamental characteristic of the PDFs to describe the internal structure of hadrons in a given spin configuration, their first Mellin moments embody the fundamental charges when originated from conserved currents.  The first moment of the transversity distribution is known as the tensor charge, in analogy to the vector and axial charge. The tensor charge provides interesting information for processes involving hadrons that are also relevant for searches of New Physics~\cite{Bhattacharya:2011qm,Courtoy:2015haa,Gao:2017ade,Yamanaka:2017mef}.

On the one hand, recent analyses of the transversity highlight a disagreement between the data and the expression of the Soffer bound in some kinematical regions~\cite{Bacchetta:2012ty,Kang:2015msa,Radici:2018iag}. On the other hand, the tensor charge for the valence and isovector flavor combinations as determined through phenomenology and lattice~\cite{Yamanaka:2018uud,Alexandrou:2019brg,Hasan:2019noy,Harris:2019bih} differ, with the largest discrepancy coming from the $u$-valence contribution.
In light of the phenomenological conflicts with the Soffer bound and the latest lattice QCD determinations of the tensor charge, we analyze the statistical probability of the {\it expression of} the Soffer bound given the semi-inclusive DIS data. Subsequently this statistical significance will be included in the minimization procedure, leveraging the choice of the parametrization. The latter will be chosen, first,  to fulfill the support in Bjorken $x$ and, second, so as to optimize the assessment of the uncertainty that reflects as objectively as possible the error coming from both the experimental data and the theory, {\it i.e.} the implementation of the positivity bounds here.
 The methodology includes a further iteration of the minimization imposing inequality constraints to ensure a smooth behavior for $x\to 1$ through the method of Lagrange multipliers. We carry out the new analysis based on the point-by-point extraction for proton and deuteron SIDIS data of Ref.~\cite{Radici:2015mwa}. There have been no recent improvements from the theory side or new determinations of DiFFs that would justify a complete reanalysis of the two-hadron SIDIS asymmetry.

This paper is organized as follows.
Our methodology is described in Section~\ref{sec:metho}.
In Section~\ref{sec:res} we discuss our results --with a particular emphasis on the tensor charge, and then conclusions and possible extensions of this work are drawn in Section~\ref{sec:conclu}. The state-of-the-art formalism  related to dihadron production in semi-inclusive DIS is overviewed in Appendix~\ref{sec:form}.

\section{Methodology}
\label{sec:metho}

The determination of the valence transversities is obtained in three main steps.
We work within  the hypothesis that first principles constraints can be implemented through the fitting procedure to optimize the collective information of the $N_d=22$ data points and the first principles. We first assess the goodness of the Soffer bound given the data using a Bayesian approach. This first step allows a reweighting of each data point, taking into account the Soffer bound implicitly. Then the fulfillment of other theoretically justified behaviors is achieved through a constrained fit using the  method of Lagrange multipliers.
Finally, the constrained fit is repeated $N$ times using the bootstrap technique as an integral part of the error treatment~\cite{Radici:2015mwa}.

\subsection{Probability of the Soffer Bound}

The practical implementation of the Soffer bound relies on the other two leading-twist PDFs, to be precise on the fits of the unpolarized and helicity PDFs. An uncertainty is attached to each PDF value at the corresponding $(x, Q^2)$-bin that should combine the proper uncertainty --output of the fitting procedure, and an error coming from the various choices for physical parameters and hypothesis, {\it e.g.} the value of $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ or the order in perturbation theory.

In the standard parameterizations of $h_1(x)$, the conservation of the bound is ensured by construction at the level of the functional form at $Q_0$ and is conservatively fulfilled under QCD evolution~\cite{Vogelsang:1997ak}. Hence, a theoretical error could analogously be attributed to the Soffer bound (SB) in the first place, introducing an extra flexibility on the parametrization.

On the other hand, the confrontation of the SB with the combination of transversities extracted from proton and deuteron targets, Eqs.~(\ref{eq:prot}-\ref{eq:deut}), also depends on the approximations used in the extraction of the DiFFs. The mentioned theoretical error should ideally comprise both sources of uncertainty.
Thus,  we would like to estimate the goodness of the Soffer bound --expressed in terms of PDF parameterizations-- given the transversity combinations extracted from HERMES~\cite{Airapetian:2008sk} and COMPASS~\cite{Braun:2015baa,Braunthesis} data and  implicitly include the bound as a source of uncertainty in the fitting procedure.
\\

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
		\includegraphics[scale= .65]{tDistri.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{Distribution of the hyperparameter $t$ as given by Eq.~(\ref{eq:t_distri}). The vertical blue line corresponds to the central value ${\bar t}$, the blue shaded area to the $68\%$ CL evaluated from the upper/lower bound of the integral of $F(t)$. The orange shaded area corresponds to the $95\%$ CL.  The $y$-axis has arbitrary units.}
\label{fig:t_distri}
\end{figure}

For that purpose we evaluate the probability of the transversity PDF lying outside the SB. We first map each experimental
point, which has a Gaussian distribution, into an in-out case.
Suppose that we know the limits of the bound exactly, {\it i.e.}, we can identified unequivocally whether the data are inside or outside the bound:  $\theta_{j}$ represents that probability, %
\begin{equation}
p\left(\theta_{j}|A_{j}\right)=\begin{cases}
\delta\left(\theta_{j}-1\right) & \mbox{for}\quad A_{j}\in \mbox{region}\\
\delta\left(\theta_{j}\right) & \mbox{for}\quad A_{j}\notin \mbox{region}
\end{cases}\quad,
\label{eq:thetaA}
\end{equation}
where $A_{j}$ is the true value of the transversity combinations of Eqs.~(\ref{eq:prot}-\ref{eq:deut}) evaluated for~$\nolinebreak[1]{j=1,...,N_d}$. The region is the area comprised by the inequality of Eq.~(\ref{eq:SB}) evaluated in each corresponding kinematical bin  using MSTW08LO  at LO~\cite{Martin:2009iq} for $f_1(x_j, Q_j^2)$ and JAM15~\cite{Sato:2016tuz}, at NLO, for $g_1(x_j, Q_j^2)$.

We define a hyperparameter $t$ corresponding to the probability that the data value lies outside the bound,
\begin{equation}
p\left(\theta_{j}|t\right)=\left(1-t\right)\delta\left(\theta_{j}-1\right)+t\delta\left(\theta_{j}\right)\quad,
\end{equation}
namely a prior distribution for $\theta_{j}$ given $t$. The true values for the transversity combinations can only be inferred through the actual data, such that
\begin{equation}
p\left(\theta_{j}|\mbox{data}\right)=\int p\left(\theta_{j}|A_{j}\right)p\left(A_{j}|\mbox{data}\right)dA_{j}\quad,
\end{equation}
where the probability of $A_{j}$ given the data evaluates the distance of the data point $j$ to the bound, considering both the uncertainty on the data and on the bound. The distributions are assumed to be Gaussians centered on the experimental value, for the data, or as explained after Eq.~(\ref{eq:thetaA}), for the bound, with the corresponding standard deviation. We assume an error from going from NLO to LO for the helicity PDF based on the NLO-LO difference for unpolarized PDFs.

The final desired probability is expressed, using Bayes theorem,  as
\begin{eqnarray}
p\left(t|\mbox{data}\right) = N\, \pi(t)\int \, \displaystyle\prod_{j=1}^{N_d}p\left(\theta_{j}|t\right) \, p\left(\theta_{j}|\mbox{data}\right)\, d\theta_{j}\equiv F(t)\quad,
\label{eq:t_distri}
\end{eqnarray}
$N=\int_0^1\, F(t) \, dt$ is the norm, $\pi(t)$ is the prior for $t$ that is chosen to be flat, and the probabilities are defined above.  Evaluating $F(t)$, we find  a distribution with a mode at $t=0$ and a central value for $t$,%
\begin{eqnarray}
{\bar t}&=&\int_0^1\, t\,F(t) \, dt=0.049\pm 0.040\quad,
\label{eq:tave}
\end{eqnarray}
for the  $68\%$ confidence interval. It is illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:t_distri}.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
		\includegraphics[scale= .45]{ProtWeighted.pdf}
		\includegraphics[scale= .45]{DeutWeighted.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{Combinations of transversities for the proton (left) and the deuteron (right) as extracted in Ref.~\cite{Radici:2015mwa}. The bottom plots show the statistical weight for each bin as evaluated through $F(t)$.  }
\label{fig:reweighted}
\end{figure}

How should we interpret the result of Eq.~(\ref{eq:tave})? It is highly unlikely  that the bound is incorrect by more than 10\%.
Still there exists a window through which the agreement of the implemented SB and the transversity combinations is poorer. Since the SB is introduced here as first principle, we translate this result  into a relaxation of the expression of the bound through a Bayesian reweighting bin-by-bin in the objective function --{\it i.e.} here the $\chi^2$. The weight is obtained as follows,
\begin{eqnarray}
w_j&=&\int_{1-p\left(A_{j}|\mbox{\scriptsize data}\right)}^1\, F(t) \, dt\quad.
\end{eqnarray}
In Fig.~\ref{fig:reweighted}, the statistical weight is represented for each bin in the bottom plots. It can be appreciated that the proton combination is almost not affected by this procedure while the lowest and highest $x$-bins of the deuteron combination happen to statistically lie inside that window of poor agreement, as expected from previous analyses~\cite{Bacchetta:2012ty,Radici:2015mwa}.
\\

In the bootstrap technique, the minimization of the objective function is performed $N=200$ times. As explained in, {\it e.g.}, Ref.~\cite{Radici:2015mwa}, $N$ replicas of the extracted combinations $\left(x\, h_1^{p/D}\right)_j$, with $\nolinebreak[1]{j=1,...,N_d}$, of Eqs.~(\ref{eq:prot}-\ref{eq:deut}) are generated randomly within the  data $1\sigma$ error bars. As reweighting the overall chi-square function can be understood as  a scaling of the error,
\begin{eqnarray}
 \sigma_j^2\to \sigma_j^2/w_j\,,\qquad  j=1,...,N_d\,
 \end{eqnarray}
 %
  the $N$ replicas are generated within the corresponding extended Gaussian error bars.   The objective function can be written, for each replica $r$, as
\begin{eqnarray}
  \chi^2_r\left(\{p^{I}\}\right)&=&\sum_j \,w_j \frac{\left[x_jh_{1\,\mbox{\tiny theo}}^{p/D}\left(x_j ; \{p^{I}\}\right)- \left(xh_{1}^{p/D}(x)\right)_{j,\,r}\right]^2}{\sigma_j^2}\quad,
  \label{eq:chi2main}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\{p^{I}\}$ is the set of free parameters to be determined for each replica $r$. In the next Section, the function $h_{1\,\mbox{\tiny theo}}^{p/D}$ will be extensively described.

The same exercise has been repeated with CT09MC1~\cite{Lai:2009ne} in both Eqs.~(\ref{eq:prot}-\ref{eq:deut}) and  the expression of the SB. The lightest weights for the deuteron combination slightly change, repercussions will be discussed in Section~\ref{sec:res}. The overall conclusions of this section are not affected by the choice of LO unpolarized PDF.

\subsection{Parameterization and Constraints}

Now that  the main first principle based constraint has been implicitly included through a statistical reweighting --which is effectively implemented at the stage of bootstrapping the data-- the parameterization can take a more adaptable form: the data alone lead the determination of the free parameters of the chosen form. An unbiased parametrization is particularly welcome in kinematical ranges with little to no data or, a fortiori, kinematical ranges that exhibit apparent conflict with the positivity bounds.  The latter are best accommodated through a flexible form that could realistically be contrasted with future data.
We wish to impose the required support through the functional form. It is indeed possible for the up distribution. However, the behavior of  $x\,h_1^{d_v}$ is affected by bigger errors  as it is dominated by the deuteron data, and a judicious choice of parametrization is not sufficient to ensure the behavior at the end-point $x=1$. A smooth fall-off in $x$ is expected by the underlying QCD evolution occurring at higher $x$-values --see {\it e.g.} \cite{Scopetta:1997qg}. This observation directly relates to the power-law fall-off ruling the two other leading-twist PDFs.   We tame undesired behaviors in the large-$x$ region for the down distribution through a constrained fit using the method of Lagrange multipliers --see {\it e.g.}~\cite{Behnke:2015}.

The minimization itself contains two steps. First, the objective function  is minimized via a non-linear least-square, determining the set of best fit parameters, $\{p^I\}$. The  definition of the $ \chi^2(\{p^I\})$, Eq.~(\ref{eq:chi2main}), requires  a functional form for $h_{1\,\mbox{\tiny theo}}^{p/D}(x)$.
The first considerations while determining the parameterization is to guarantee integrability and support at $x=0$,
 \begin{eqnarray}
x\,h_1^{q_v}(x)&=&x^{1.25}\times P_n^q\left(g(x)\right)\quad,
\label{eq:1stFF}
 \end{eqnarray}
 %
 where the exponent has been chosen based on previous outputs and the expected small-$x$ behavior~\cite{Kovchegov:2018zeq} to be slightly modified by the polynomial in $x$. The latter, $P_n^q\left(g(x)\right)$, of order $n$,  can be as flexible as the data allow for.
 We choose to express $P_n$ in terms of Bernstein polynomials as has been done in Ref.~\cite{Dulat:2015mca}.
 They are defined as
 %
  \begin{eqnarray}
  B_{k, n}(x)&=& \left(\begin{array}{l}n\\ k \end{array}\right) x^k (1-x)^{n-k} \quad,
   \end{eqnarray}
 %
 with $\left(\begin{array}{l}n\\ k \end{array}\right) $ the binomial coefficients.
 Those polynomials have the advantage of selecting particular regions in $g(x)$ and as such can be employed to emphasize particularly  relevant kinematical regions. That is, for semi-inclusive DIS, the low-$x$ region becomes relevant with respect to the valence and large-$x$ region. A rescaling of the variable will help the parameterization adjusting the data, we choose $g(x)=x^{0.3}$. A desirable feature of the polynomials in Eq.~(\ref{eq:1stFF}) is a statistically representative error outside the data range, yet in agreement with the first principle constraints at hand.  In order to span the Bjorken variable range as significantly as possible, we use four different degrees for the polynomial $P_n$ --thus  using four different functional forms distinguishable by their order $n$-- and optimize the number of Bernstein polynomials by trial and error. In Fig.~\ref{fig:BPUD_44}, we show the polynomials that we have adopted, respectively, for the up and the down parameterization. The functional form is now  expressed as
  %
 \begin{eqnarray}
x\,h_{1,i}^{q_v}\left(x ; p_{i,k}^q\right)&=&x^{1.25}\,\sum_{k=\{\kappa_{q,i}\}} \,p_{i,k}^q\, B_{k, n_i}\left(g(x)\right)\quad,
\label{eq:finalFF}
 \end{eqnarray}
 %
 with $i=1,\cdots,4$, $n=\{10, 20, 30, 40\}$ and where the $p_{i,k}^q$ are the free parameters which number varies for each $i$. The set of values $\{\kappa_{q,i}\}$ has length $n_{\kappa_{u,i}}=\{2,3,3,3\}$ and $n_{\kappa_{d,i}}=\{4,3,4,3\}$ and their values have been chosen to flexibly cover the relevant region consistently with the data, as can be seen in Fig.~\ref{fig:BPUD_44}. The four functional forms are shared among the $N$ replicas, each $x\,h_{1,i}^{q_v}$ will be evaluated $N/4$ times.
 \\

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
		\includegraphics[scale= .53]{BPUp44_1911.pdf}
		\includegraphics[scale= .53]{BPDo44_1911.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{Bernstein polynomials $B_{k, n_i}\left(g(x)\right)$ used in the functional form for the valence up transversity (left) and the valence down transversity (right). The degree of the polynomials is, respectively, $n=~\{10, 20, 30, 40\}$ in red with dot-dashed contours, purple/dashed, yellow/full and green/dotted. See text.}
\label{fig:BPUD_44}
\end{figure}

 In the following step, we will clarify our choice for a limited coverage of the functional form for values of $x\gtrsim 0.6$ for the up and $x\gtrsim 0.5$ for the down.  As mentioned above, we need to ensure a smooth fall-off of the transversity in the limit $x\to 1$ that, for the $d$ contribution, cannot be achieved exclusively  from the choice of functional form. In most cases, a second step will be required to constrain the functional form in an allowed region.
 When the objective function is subject to  $m$ constraints of the form $C_l(\{p'\})=0$ with $l=1,\cdots m$, the later are imposed through the Lagrangian
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal L}(\{p'\},\{\lambda\})&=&  \chi^2(\{p'\})+\sum_{l}^m \lambda_l C_l(\{p'\})\quad,
\label{eq:lagr_param}
\end{eqnarray}
to which a stationary point of ${\cal L}$ is found minimizing with respect to the parameters $\{p'\}$ and the Lagrange parameters $\{\lambda\}$.

We define a new objective function that depends on the new set of best fit parameters, $\{p^{II}\}$, which consists in the set made of $p^{q\,II}_{i,k}$, and replaces the set obtained through the first minimization, $\{p^{I}\}$.
We guide the large-$x$ behavior of the down parameterization only, using the following $N_c=4$ constraints
\begin{eqnarray}
C_{i,l}^{d_v}\left(p^{d\,II}_{i,k}\right)&=&x_l\,h_{1,i}^{d_v}\left(x_l ; p^{d\,II}_{i,k}\right)< \epsilon_l\quad\;\; \mbox{for} \quad l=1,\cdots,N_c/2\quad, \nonumber\\
C_{i,l}^{d_v}\left(p^{d\,II}_{i,k}\right)&=&x_l\,h_{1,i}^{d_v}\left(x_l ; p^{d\,II}_{i,k}\right)>- \epsilon_l\quad \mbox{for} \quad l=1,\cdots,N_c/2\quad,
\label{eq:ineq}
\end{eqnarray}
with $x_l=\{0.3, 0.55\}$ and  $\epsilon_l=\{0.2, 0.1\}$.  In other words, we add 4 degrees of freedom to our problem. The values for $\epsilon_l$ have been set considering the steepness of the functional forms and the trend of $f_1(x,Q^2)$ and $g_1(x,Q^2)$ through which is emulated the  shift to small values of $x$ induced by DGLAP.

 In previous --unpolarized and longitudinally polarized-- PDF determinations,  the method of the Lagrange multipliers has been made popular for error estimation~\cite{Pumplin:2000vx}. In the present approach, this method is used to impose limits on the fit parameters. This last step completes a methodology that focuses on the adaptability of the parametrization to constraints, in opposition to a parametrization that is constrained a priori.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
		\includegraphics[scale= .53]{UVal44_125_RW.pdf}
		\includegraphics[scale= .53]{DVal44_125_RW.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{Valence transversities:  $68\%$ envelope for the present fit for the four different degrees of the Bernstein polynomial of the functional form, respectively, $n=10, 20, 30, 40$ in red with dot-dashed contours, purple/dashed, yellow/full and green/dotted, for the up  (left) and the down (right).}
\label{fig:UD_44}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
		\includegraphics[scale= .53]{UValFinal_125_RW.pdf}
		\includegraphics[scale= .53]{DValFinal_125_RW.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{Valence transversities for the up (left) and the down (right) at $68\%$ in blue (with full blue line contour) and $95\%$ in orange (with dashed contours) for the present fit. The gray bands represent the Soffer bound at NLO, here using JAM and CT18.}
\label{fig:12sigm_UD}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure
\begin{center}
		\includegraphics[scale= .53]{ProtFinal_125_RW.pdf}
		\includegraphics[scale= .53]{DeutFinal_125_RW.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{Combinations of transversities for the proton (left) and the deuteron (right) compared to the global $68\%$ in blue (with full blue line contour) and $95\%$ in orange (with dashed contours) for the present fit compared to the extracted data~\cite{Radici:2015mwa}. The dark blue square come from HERMES data while the dark orange dots are extracted from COMPASS data.}
\label{fig:12sigm_data}
\end{figure}

\section{Results}
\label{sec:res}

\subsection{Transversity PDF}

Both steps of the minimization procedure are carried out in Python. The convergence for both the main $\chi^2$ minimization Eq.~(\ref{eq:chi2main}) and the optional Lagrange multipliers method are fast.  Twenty five percents of the replicas converge inside the established bound at the first minimization. The $75\%$ left is hence constrained by the method of Lagrange multipliers. For the higher-order polynomials, less than 15 additional iterations are necessary while the two lower-order polynomials require about 30-40 extra iterations. Although the constraints are imposed for the down distribution only, their fulfillment affects directly the parameterization of the up. The balance between $u_v$ and $d_v$ is clearly passed on through the objective function. Notice that not all 4 constraints are active for each replica $r$.

In Fig.~\ref{fig:UD_44}, we show the envelopes for the obtained valence transversities at $68\%$ CL, respectively, for the up and the down distributions. Following the color code introduced in Fig.~\ref{fig:BPUD_44}, it can be observed that the higher order polynomials --$n=30,40$ in  yellow and green-- allow a larger error bar at smaller values of $x$. On the other hand, the lower order polynomials --$n=10,20$ in red and purple-- are confined in the mid- to large-$x$ region. All 4 equally contribute at valence values of the Bjorken variable. The final envelope of $xh_1^{q_v}(x,\langle 5 \mbox{GeV}^2\rangle)$ is built using the four versions of the functional form together. It is shown at $68\%$ and $95\%$ CL in Fig.~\ref{fig:12sigm_UD}. For consistency, we also show the Soffer bound at NLO using the helicity PDF of JAM15~\cite{Sato:2016tuz} and the unpolarized PDF of CT18~\cite{Hou:2019qau}. Were there central values for the obtained transversities, they would be enclosed inside the Soffer bound. In that sense, our result is similar to the first Hessian approach of Ref.~\cite{Bacchetta:2012ty}.

The small-$x$ behavior predicted in Ref.~\cite{Kovchegov:2018zeq}  is  remarkably  fulfilled for the up transversity PDF up to, at least, $x=0.1$ ; no clear conclusion can be drawn for the down  above  $x\sim 0.03$.

In Fig.~\ref{fig:12sigm_data}, the $68\%$ and $95\%$ CL proton and deuteron combinations are depicted and compared to the point-by-point extraction of Eqs.~(\ref{eq:prot}-\ref{eq:deut}). The final $\chi^2/$d.o.f. is evaluated against those extracted data. The number of degrees of freedom here is $(\sum_j\, w_j)\times N_d+N_c-(n_{\kappa_{u}}+n_{\kappa_{d}})$. The average value for the total $\chi^2/$d.o.f. is $1.35$.
Each functional form contributes to average values of $\chi_{n=10}^2/$d.o.f.$=1.32$, $\chi_{n=20}^2/$d.o.f.$=1.44$, $\chi_{n=30}^2/$d.o.f.$=1.37$, $\chi_{n=40}^2/$d.o.f.$=1.26$.
The four corresponding  histograms are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:chi2}.
\\

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
		\includegraphics[scale= .48]{chi2_4_125_RW.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{Histograms of chi-square per degree of freedom for each parametrization. The color code represent, as above,  the four different degree of the Bernstein polynomial of the functional form, respectively, $n=10, 20, 30, 40$ in red, purple, yellow and green. }
\label{fig:chi2}
\end{figure}

The analysis has been carried out using the MSTW08LO parametrization. We have repeated the fitting procedure using the  CT09MC1 set for the unpolarized PDF~\cite{Lai:2009ne}, it is a LO set fitted on real data and NLO pseudo data with $\alpha_s$ at 1-loop. There is no qualitative difference in the  final transversity PDF.  We notice a slightly smaller average value  for the isovector tensor charge, quantity that will be defined here below.

Compared to previous extractions, we might comment that our result for the down transversity presents a smaller error band in the data region --as our functional form was built on that purpose. It is achieved at the expense of a slightly wider band for the up distribution in that region. The error band increases for small- and large-$x$ values. In this respect, our down distribution differs from that of Refs.~\cite{Radici:2015mwa,Radici:2018iag} and the less flexible versions of the parameterization of Ref.~\cite{Bacchetta:2012ty}, all of them being dihadron-based extractions.   The same comment is in order for comparisons with single-hadron semi-inclusive DIS~\cite{Anselmino:2013vqa,Kang:2015msa}.
The combination $h_1^{u_v}-h_1^{d_v}$ of the two available collinear extractions is compared in Fig.~\ref{fig:compLatt}. The small-$x$ behavior differs and the error band associated to the present analysis is wider in the valence region.

We also compare, in Fig.~\ref{fig:compLatt}, our results to the lattice QCD evaluation of the isovector transversity PDF~\cite{Alexandrou:2018eet,Liu:2018hxv}. The order of magnitude as well as mid-$x$ behavior are in a reasonable agreement. The lower-$x$ region of our result is more structured, as dictated by the data. Both lattice evaluations exceed the phenomenological determinations at large-$x$ --region in which the parameterization of the fits are strongly bound by the positivity limits.

As explained in Appendix~\ref{sec:form}, our analysis of the transversity PDF through Eqs.~(\ref{eq:prot}, \ref{eq:deut}) has been carried out  at an average value of $Q^2=\langle 5 $GeV$^2\rangle$.
To that regard we have further performed our analysis considering QCD evolution only for the Fragmentation Functions.  We find a 15\% increase in the $\chi^2$ when fixing the scale of the unpolarized PDFs in the asymmetry to 5 GeV$^2$. The comparison with the isovector transversity from lattice QCD is not substantially improved.

Finally, we notice that the PDF$+$Lattice result for the isovector combination~\cite{Lin:2017stx} is systematically higher than the present results for the whole support in $x$, except for $x\to 0$.
\\

\begin{figure
\begin{center}
		\includegraphics[scale= .45]{h1_iso_us.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{Comparison with the isovector combination of the transversity  PDF of this work, in cyan, with the result at $4$ GeV$^2$ obtained through the global fit of Ref.~ \cite{Radici:2018iag}, in meshed pink, both at 90 \% CL. These collinear extractions are compared to  lattice QCD evaluations from the ETM Collaboration~\cite{Alexandrou:2018eet}, in gray, and the LP$^3$ Collaboration~\cite{Liu:2018hxv}, in dashed blue. Lattice results correspond to a scale of $4$ GeV$^2$.}
\label{fig:compLatt}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Tensor Charge}

We next evaluate the first Mellin moment of the transversity PDF to get the tensor charge
\begin{eqnarray}
\delta q_v \left(5 \mbox{GeV}^2\right) &= &\int_0^1 dx \, h_1^{q_v} \left(x;  5 \mbox{GeV}^2\right) \; .
\label{eq:deltaq}
\end{eqnarray}
The distributions correspond best to skewed distributions  and the obtained values are
\begin{eqnarray}
\delta u_v \left( 5 \mbox{GeV}^2\right) &= & 0.28\substack{+0.17 \\ -0.20}\quad,\nonumber\\
\delta d_v \left( 5 \mbox{GeV}^2\right) &= & -0.40\substack{+0.41 \\ -0.31}\quad,
\end{eqnarray}
to $1\sigma$. The corresponding $2\sigma$ uncertainties are, for the up,~$(-0.42,0.31)$ and, for the down,~$(-0.57,0.87)$.
In particular, we are interested in the isovector combination, $g_T(Q^2)$, as it is of particular interest for, {\it e.g.}, beta decay observables~\cite{Bhattacharya:2011qm,Courtoy:2015haa}. We show the corresponding stacked histogram in Fig.~\ref{fig:gT}. The Gaussian distribution showed on the {\it r.h.s.} of Fig.~\ref{fig:gT} is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
g_T \left( 5 \mbox{GeV}^2\right) &= & 0.57\pm 0.21\quad,
\end{eqnarray}
at $1\sigma$ ; the $2\sigma$ error is $0.42$.
The truncated tensor charge is found to be $g_T^{\urcorner}( 5 $GeV$^2)~=~0.48\substack{+0.13 \\ -0.11}$, corresponding to a skewed distribution.

The trend observed above leads to discernible consequences here: the more flexible the parameterization, the wider the distribution of the tensor charge.  Our result is compatible with lattice QCD evaluations of the isovector tensor charge --the latest results are $g_T=0.926 (32)$ for the ETM Collaboration~\cite{Alexandrou:2019brg}, $g_T = 0.972 (41)$~\cite{Hasan:2019noy} and $g_T = 0.965 (38) (+13 -41)$~\cite{Harris:2019bih}. It is at the same time  wide enough to encompass all of the other phenomenological determinations.
As for the separate up and down contributions, {\it e.g.}, the ETM Collaboration reports $\delta u=0.716(28)$ and $\delta d=-0.210(11)$. The tensor charge for the up quark differs from our result as well as most phenomenologically determined tensor charges. The relaxation of the Soffer bound in the range of the data did not ease that discrepancy, as also discussed in Ref.~\cite{DAlesio:2020vtw}.

In a region where  scarce to no data are available, the choice of functional form generates a crucial uncertainty.
 The role of the small-$x$ region, where no strong expressions of first principle bounds nor data are available, matters. The addition of proton-proton collision data~\cite{Adamczyk:2015hri}, used in the first global fit of the transversity~\cite{Radici:2018iag},  does unfortunately not increase the coverage at lower $x$ values --but it certainly does in $Q^2$. In that sense, data from an Electron Ion Collider would be extremely helpful, be it for a qualitative improvement over a quantitative reduction of the uncertainty. Would the tensor charge become relevant in view of search for New Physics, the appropriate observables would not necessarily linearly depend on the uncertainty of the tensor charge, as shown in the case of beta decay in Ref.~\cite{Courtoy:2015haa}.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
		\includegraphics[scale= .53]{GTTotFinal_125_RW.pdf}
		\includegraphics[scale= .53]{GTTotSk_125_RW_b.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{Stacked histogram of isovector tensor charge. The color code represent, as above,  the four different degrees of the Bernstein polynomial of the functional form, respectively, $n=10, 20, 30, 40$ in red, purple, yellow and green. Notice that the various contributions are represented on a single bar, {\it i.e. stacked}. On the {\it r.h.s.}, we can see that $g_T$ is  gaussianly distributed, as shown in red with the corresponding $1\sigma$ error in gray.}
\label{fig:gT}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:conclu}

The transversity Parton Distribution Function is the least known of the three leading-twist PDFs. Its phenomenological  determination has been made possible thanks to independent data for its partners in semi-inclusive DIS, the chiral-odd fragmentation functions. In particular, the formalism developed around dihadron Semi-Inclusive DIS allows for a collinear extraction of combinations of valence transversity PDFs~\cite{Radici:2001na}. It requires the knowledge on the Dihadron Fragmentation Functions that have been studied in Ref.~\cite{Courtoy:2012ry,Radici:2015mwa}. Since its first point-by-point extraction from dihadron semi-inclusive DIS~\cite{Bacchetta:2011ip},  enormous efforts  towards the extraction of the transversity PDF,  accessible in processes involving fragmentation to a pion-pair~\cite{Radici:2018iag}, have been made.

In this paper we have presented a constrained fit of the valence transversity PDFs from dihadron semi-inclusive DIS data. The adopted methodology is characterized by the flexibility to accommodate constraints from the fitting procedure. It consists in three steps. First we have examined the positivity constraints on the transversity distribution: a {\it prior} from the expression of the bound combined with the data is introduced as a theoretical uncertainty on the PDF that is then implemented through a reweighting of the data.
Second we have chosen  flexible functional forms --free from ad hoc expressions of the Soffer bound-- to enhance the information obtained from the data and first principles. It results in an improved treatment of the PDF uncertainties. Finally, we have guided the valence down transversity PDF to follow a fall-off behavior at  $x\to 1$  through the method of Lagrange multipliers, forcing the set of parameters to observe the theoretical constraints.

The obtained $68\%$ and $95\%$ CL envelopes for the valence transversity distribution functions fulfill the expected small-$x$ behavior, the up distribution fully realizes the Soffer bound and the edges of the down envelope reflect the relaxation of the bound combined with the lack of data in the large-$x$ region.
Our results globally show wider error bands outside the data range with respect to the error band inside that range than found in previous extractions.  That trend, allowed by the --absence of-- data, translates into a wide distribution of the tensor charge yet with a more comfortable extrapolation in the whole support.  The resulting isovector tensor charge is in agreement with the determinations of lattice QCD. We believe that this exercise supports the idea that the choice of functional form contributes to the global error of the PDF determination, especially in kinematical regions with limited data coverage.

At SIDIS scale the relative effect of DGLAP is small compared to the accurracy of the obtained PDFs.  The effect of QCD evolution will become important when including data from proton-proton collision from RHIC for which the role of NLO corrections might become important, as discussed in Ref.~\cite{Radici:2018iag}.  Our methodology could be applied, as a natural extension of this work, to the extended set of data including the aforementioned proton-proton data and the inclusion of the corresponding DGLAP routine. More semi-inclusive DIS data in the valence region are expected from CLAS12 and SoLID at JLab; data from the future Electron Ion Collider would improve the uncertainty in the  low-$x$ region.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
The authors thank S.~Fromenteau, P.~Nadolsky  and M.~Vargas-Maga\~na for illuminating discussions. The work of A.C. and R.F.-H. is supported by UNAM through the PIIF project Perspectivas en F\'isica de Part\'iculas y Astropart\'iculas,  DGAPA-PAPIIT IA102418 and IA101720, and the German--Mexican research collaboration grant SP 778/4--1 (DFG) and 278017 (CONACyT). R.F.-H. is also supported in part by CONACyT  project 252167--F.
J.B. has been funded by Beca Alianza del Pac\'ifico 2018-2 and UdeI-FC of the Universidad Nacional de Ingenier\'ia, Peru.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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As part of its efforts to diversify international academic exchanges, BINUS University is pleased to announce the signing of its partnership agreement with Queensland University of Technology (QUT). BINUS University and QUT recognize the need to collaborate to achieve their shared goals for promoting international studies opportunities and enriching the collaborative educational programs.
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Queensland University of Technology is a leading Australian university with a global outlook renowned for its internationally focused courses, rapidly developing research reputation and strong links with industry. QUT Business School is Australia's first business school to earn "Triple Crown" accreditation in 2005, namely EQUIS, AACSB and AMBA. It remains the only Australian business school to hold this distinction.


text:
Quotes tagged "Leos"
"Leos consider themselves indispensable and the center of the universe, and those who would tell them otherwise had better look out! Lions are outgoing, self-assured and have a tremendous zest for life. So what if the world revolves around them? There are worse role models, for sure. The Lion's enthusiasm is boundless, and along with that comes generosity of spirit and the determination to succeed. That focus may be construed as vanity and even bossiness at times, but Lions would say 'No way!' and continue along their regal path. Regardless of appearance, those born under this sign can be counted on for their loyalty and sense of honor. They are also decisive, intensely proud and wonderfully romantic."
— Unknown,	Leo Sun Sign - Zodiac Signs
Tagged: Leos, Horoscope, Zodiac, Enthusiasm, Warmth, Power, strength, Succeed, Determination, Loyalty, romance, Honor
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Tagged: Leos, Horoscope, Zodiac, Enthusiasm, Warmth, Power, strength
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— Brianna Wiest,	How To Know Someone Is Beginning To Fall In Love With You, According To Their Zodiac Sign
Tagged: Leos, Horoscope, Zodiac, Falling In Love, Partners, Relationships
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— Chrissy Stockton,	The Telltale Sign You *Really* Like Someone, Based On Your Zodiac Sign
Tagged: Leos, Zodiac, Horoscope, Attention, compliments
"A Leo absolutely loves being around people. This makes them the happiest. They also really enjoy watching their favorite shows with someone they love."
— January Nelson,	The One Simple Thing That Will Make Your Partner Happy, Based On Their Zodiac Sign
Tagged: Leos, Horoscope, Zodiac, Love, Happiness
"Dating a Leo is like dating the head cheerleader in high school, there's a bit of an intrigue about someone like that who would actually date a mortal."
— Chrissy Stockton,	The Type Of Person Who's Attracted To You, Based On Your Zodiac Sign
Tagged: Leos, Horoscope, Zodiac, Dating, Love, Relationships
"If he is a Leo male, he is bold, confident, is exceptionally generous, kind hearted, very creative and loves children. He is turned on by women who are strong and own their power."
— Leigh Goldberg,	Exactly What It's Like To Date The 12 Men Of The Zodiac
Tagged: Leos, Men, Dating, Power, Woman, Relationship, Relationships
"A Leo will hook you with their humor, and they know it. They have the ability to take in everything around them, and serve funny jokes about those things seamlessly. They will use exaggeration to make people chuckle, and groups will often be found laughing loudly in their presence."
— January Nelson,	Why People Think You're Funny, Based On Your Zodiac Sign
Tagged: Leos, Zodiac, Horoscope, humor, Funny, Laughing
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— Chrissy Stockton,	This Is How You Attract People Based On Your Zodiac Sign
Tagged: Leos, Horoscope, Zodiac, Performers, Relationships, Attractions, Attractiveness
"Nice guys and girls everywhere bitterly envy a Leo who has no problem singing their own praises. Leos are successful and get their well-deserved acclaim because, very simply, they ask for it. In their own subtle way they are masters of never letting anyone walk all over them or letting their hard work go unnoticed."
— Chrissy Stockton,	Why Everyone Is Jealous Of You, According To Your Zodiac Sign
Tagged: Leos, Horoscope, Zodiac, Success, Driven, Acclaim
"Confidence is key, dear Leo. You take charge and others take notice. You're dominant and never passive. You make the first move and are the one to turn up the temperature."
— Bob Alaburda,	Your Sexiest Quality According To Your Zodiac Sign
Tagged: Leos, Horoscope, Zodiac, Confidence, Dominance, Passion, Dating, Relationships
"Stroking the ego isn't a one-way transaction for you. You want to get praise and attention as much as you want to give it. You've got a whole bag of flirting moves — everything from very focused eye contact, smiling, and charisma. You've got sexy down to a science."
— Christine Schoenwald,	This Is How You Flirt, According To Your Zodiac Sign
Tagged: Leo, Horoscope, Zodiac, Ego, Flirting, Sexy, Leos
"You tend to be romantic and passionate. Your relationships are hardly uneventful due to you being impulsive and spontaneous. Thanks to these traits, you aren't as afraid of rejection like others, which can be good."
— Nicole Weaver,	What Your Zodiac Sign Says About The Way You Love
Tagged: Leos, Horoscope, Zodiac, Passion, Romantic, Relationship
"Leos are fiercely loyal and some of the most generous friends to have. People are drawn to their enthusiasm and passion in everything they do."
— Caithlin Pena,	Why People Are Drawn To You, According To Your Zodiac Sign
Tagged: Leos, Horoscope, Zodiac, Loyalty, Generosity, Friendship, Enthusiasm, Passion
"A Leos biggest love obstacle is holding out and not settling. They need to surround themselves with a support system of friends and family who validate them and make that be enough until they find someone truly worth building a relationship with."
— Chrissy Stockton,	What You Need To Overcome In Order To Find Love, According To Your Zodiac Sign
Tagged: Leos, Horoscope, Zodiac, Obstacles, Friends, Relationship
"Leos are creative and driven. They are generally smarter than average and typically become successful, even if they plug away behind the scenes for a long time beforehand."
Tagged: Leos, Horoscope, Zodiac, Creative, Driven, Success
"Having a Leo as a best friend is a lot of fun. They are generous and adored by so many people. They love having the spotlight on them, and are often considered bossy. However, a lot of people will turn a blind eye to how bossy the Leo is because they are so fun. They always know how to cheer people up, and everyone wants to keep the Lion around because of its good nature and its thrilling personality."
— January Nelson,	Here's What People Like About You, Based On Your Zodiac Sign
Tagged: Leos, Horoscope, Zodiac, Best Friends, Friendship, Personality, Good Nature
"[Leos], you are a natural born leader. You are friendly, and honest, and people are drawn to your energy. You are the type of person people admire because they want to emulate your spirit and your sociability."
— January Nelson,	What People Admire Most About You Based On Your Zodiac Sign
Tagged: Leos, Horoscope, Zodiac, leaders, Social, Spirit
"To impress a Leo it is quite simple. Demand attention, be charming, and look them straight in the eye. They respect anyone who challenges them."
— January Nelson,	How To Gain Someone's Respect, Based On Their Zodiac Sign
Tagged: Leo, Horoscope, Zodiac, How To Impress A Leo, Leos
"In a relationship, a Leo tends to be very passionate. Their fiery nature will heat things up with affection and adventure. They choose their mates based in their ability to be dominant in a relationship, so they will often be the leader out of the two partners. In a relationship, a Leo needs to be the center of attention, as he believes that he deserves to shine the brightest in any situation. Generous and giving, a Leo will create a wonderful life for the apple of their eye, but must always be nurtured because they do tend to get insecure from time to time."
— January Nelson,	What You're Like In A Relationship, Based On Your Zodiac Sign
Tagged: Leos, Horoscope, Zodiac, July, August, Passionate, Relationship, Dating

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Tuesday evening (29th January 2019) will see yet again one of the most momentous debates in recent parliamentary history with the vote expected on the motions put forward by Yvette Cooper to stop a no-deal Brexit (amongst others).
Voting is expected to take place around 8pm but it is difficult to say exactly when.
Come and join the LibDems in Europe Belgian Branch in the James Joyce, rue Archimède 34, 1000 Brussels from 19:00. We will have our own reserved tables at the back of the bar and will attempt to broadcast the results of motions on the big screen.
All are welcome, whether you are a member or supporter of the party or just interested to come along and join in the debate.
No need to RSVP - but if you do we will look out for you.


text:
President, National Association of Resident Doctors, Kaduna State Chapter, Dr. Umar Musa, says Association careful of joining ongoing Strike.
Written by News Room on August 8, 2021
Following the strike action embarked upon by the National Association of Resident Doctors, the President, National Association of Resident Doctors, Kaduna State Chapter, Dr. Umar Musa, says the Association in Kaduna State is careful of embarking on the ongoing Strike by its National body.
Speaking in an interview with Invicta FM News in Kaduna on the strike, said the condition of the Citizens is what the Doctors consider, despite not State Government in ability to look into the Association's demand.
https://invictafmng.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/MUSA-STRIKE-1.mp3
Dr Musa pointed out that the Resident Doctors and all Doctors in the State will continue to wait for the State Government response, failure to meet them, will necessitate embarking on the Strike action.
The President of State Chapter of Kaduna State National Association of Resident Doctors spoke on the Resident Doctors in the State who are working with Federal Hospitals.
He advised the State Government to take the issue of health attention it deserves, adding that neglecting the welfare of health workers will not do the State any good.
Dr equally advised the Citizens of Kaduna State to brace up for a strike, in case the three is positive response for Doctors from the Government.
Kano State Governor says review of Kano Mega City plan ongoing.
Nagarta Radio celebrates 17 years Anniversary.


It includes execution of various digital activities like Social media management, Content marketing and Creation of Digital Assets among others.
ShopCJ is an e-commerce market platform, with an electronic channel dedicated to teleshopping. The consumers can select from a wide variety of products offered on ShopCJ,24×7.


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"One person can make a difference. In fact, it's not only possible for one person to make a difference, it's essential that one person makes a difference. And believe it or not, that person is you."
Bob Riley
British Columbia's Grizzly Trophy Hunts
Please watch and share this incredible documentary film. The film has been made by Coastal First Nations – a coalition of aboriginal groups – and tells of their efforts to end the grizzly trophy hunt on British Columbia's central coast. Don't forget to sign the pledge to help at the end of the film..
The Winton Foundation for the Welfare of Bears would like to lend its support to the worldwide campaign gaining momentum to free Katya, the forgotten circus bear currently held in a tiny, dark, dirty and smelly cage on the back of a bus in a car park in St. Petersburg, Russia.
Katya was used to 'entertain' spectators in a circus during the 1980 Moscow Olympics and since 'retiring' has been held captive for two years in the back of a bus receiving only minimal care in her cramped and stinking cage. The aging and ailing bear now spends hour upon hour going demented in her cage jumping up and down and trying to break free. The bus becomes swelteringly hot during the summer and she can't move normally or exhibit any natural behaviour.
Katya's distress is plain to see in this video:
The latest updates we have received from Alertis are as undernoted:
Katya would have turned 46 years this April (2020), which is very old for a bear (or any other animal kept under such conditions).
Jan 2016: Over the past year Alertis have tried to get in touch with the circus people and Katya's owner several times, but they never received any reply and the phone seems disconnected. There is no way to reach out. We assume the worst and bear Katya has passed away.
2014: The City of St. Petersburg launched an ad campaign to attract more Western tourists to St. Petersburg. They wanted to get rid of many stereotypes, one of them being that bears wandered the streets of the city. Since about that time Alertis have not received any more alerts from there – there have been dozens in the past. Let's hope this marks an end to captive bears being abused and taken to the streets to entertain ignorant tourists!
Sep 2013: Alertis spoke with Katya's owner and the circus people again. We discussed the possibility of moving Katya from the enclosure in the bus to a shelter near Moscow where several other bears are being kept. This shelter would be willing to take Katya with Alertis' support. Sadly, Katya's owner did not agree to her bear being rehomed as she felt Katya might not survive such a radical change. Also, it became clear that the owner is not really willing to part with Katya. We feel that this might well be the end of this tragic story and that Katya, who turns 40 next year (2014), will die of old age in her small confinement in the not so distant future…
End the use of bear skin pelts in the British Army
Every year in North America, thousands of bears are hunted and killed for their fur. The hunting process is violent and cruel and often bears that are not killed outright, will die slow, painful deaths from their wounds or from starvation.
Bear fur is still used today in bearskin caps worn by The Queen's five regiments of foot guards and every cap can take the entire skin of a bear. According to the UK's Independent newspaper, "The Queen's five regiments of foot guards need between 50 and 100 new caps every year. In March 2009, it was revealed that the Ministry of Defence has spent more than £321,000 on bearskins in the past five years." Can the financial cost be justified? We know the cost to the bear can't.
The caps serve no military or practical function. They are purely ornamental and could easily be made from a synthetic, humane fabric. With so many faux-fur alternatives available that look and feel like the original, it's time this 'tradition' ended or at least became a cruelty free tradition.
The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources says one in seven hunted bears does not die instantly but suffers a slow and agonising death from starvation, blood loss or infection.
Please write a polite letter to Peter Luff MP, Minister for Defence Equipment & Support House of Commons, London SW1A 0AA or e mail him at peter.luff.mp@parliament.uk urging him to end the use of bear pelts to make the headpieces.
Help end the Brutal Practice of Bear Farming
Photo courtesy of Animals Asia
The Winton Foundation for the Welfare of Bears is a staunch supporter of the work of the Animals Asia Foundation to bring an end to the brutal practice of Bear Farming.
In countries across Asia, thousands of bears live a life of torture on bear farms, so that their bile can be extracted and used in traditional medicine to cure ailments ranging from headaches to haemorrhoids. Bears are confined in cages which vary from agonisingly tiny "crush" cages to larger pens, all of which cause terrible physical and mental suffering.
Please follow the link below to sign a petition:
http://www.animalsasia.org/index.php?UID=N0BRR1F5I6F
Please follow the link below for letter writing
http://www.animalsasia.org/index.php?UID=G4WKF4652EP2
Slaughter of Mother Bear and Torture of her Cubs
An horrendous case of animal cruelty has been brought to the attention of the Winton Foundation for the Welfare of Bears.
Iranian bear slaughter
The incident took place in Iran and involves the slaughter of a mother bear, with her cubs at her side and the subsequent torture and prolonged mutilation and abuse of her cubs. The mother bear was killed and the two 3 month old cubs were stabbed in their abdomens. The cubs were then subjected to further shocking and abhorrent treatment while still alive despite their intestines spilling out of their sliced open stomachs. One of the cubs is then thrown on the rocks, crying in pain and distress and tries to crawl to his dead mother for comfort.
We have been advised that one of the men responsible for inflicting this cruelty has been identified as Hamzeh ali Ansari a teacher in Samiram, State of Isfahan, Iran.
We have been informed that Hamzeh is apparently known to be a very cruel hunter that inflicts unnecessary pain and suffering on animals and has more than 100 felony and misdemeanour charges against him.
Some reports circulating, indicate that the cubs were killed deliberately slowly due to a belief in Iran that cutting out the intestines of a slowly dying cub will have healing properties for those who consume them. Filming this action, would apparently provide the proof that this has been done.
We urge as many people as possible to write to the Iranian Embassies around the world urging them to investigate the matter without hesitation and to ensure that any individual or group inflicting this level of animal abuse are given the strongest penalty.
The following links show the incident and give additional information. Please be warned that this is very shocking and disturbing footage.
http://www.petitionbuzz.com/petitions/marykhachatourian
http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2011/09/110915_l78_ir_bear.shtml
http://www.khabaronline.ir/news-173915.aspx
Iranian Embassy e mail addresses are as undernoted. Please do keep us informed of any replies you get.
iranemkabul@mfa.gov.ir, info@iranembassy.am, ambassador@iranembassy.org.au, public@iranembassy-wien.at, info@iran-embassy.dk, embassy@iran.fi, info@irangk.de, rahnama@iranembassy.hu, info@iran-embassy.org.in, irembjkt@indo.net.id, iranembassy@indigo.ie, consular@gol.com, info@iranianembassy.nl, ambassador@iran-embassy-oslo.no, Office@Iranembassy.org.za, consular@iran.se, iranemb@eim.ae, consulate@iran-embassy.org.uk, info@iran-embassy.org.uk, info@bbc.co.uk, daniel.rasmussen@bbc.co.uk


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Design and Construction, 1891
When English architect, John Spencer unveiled his plans for the arcade in the mid-1880s he received a standing ovation. The plans were ambitious. The arcade was to be 340 feet (approximately 104 metres) long, and three storeys high, running between Pitt and George Streets. Magnificent cedar staircases at each end of the arcade led to the second and third floor galleries which were linked by a central bridge.
The arcade was one of the first Victorian buildings in Sydney designed to take into account the harsh Australian climate. The roof was to be made of glass, specially tinted to reduce glare, and the access gallery of the top floor was projected to shade the lower levels.
Spencer's plans were elegant. Delicate ironworks brackets to support the galleries and the railings, finely carved cedar balustrades and shopfronts, marble columns and richly tiled floor. The lighting was especially innovative, a combined gas and electric system was used in combination fittings designed by the architect, some of which still exist; the concourse was lit by two huge central chandeliers suspended from the crown of the roof trusses and having 50 gas jets and 50 electric lamps in each. There were also two Victorian state-of-the-art hydraulic lifts.
In the early period of its construction, the Arcade was referred to as the 'City Arcade' and sometimes known as 'Arcade Street'. In 1891, it was finally named after the famous London street that links the City of London and the City of Westminster. The Strand was London's smartest theatre, hotel and shopping street in the early 1900's.
When it opened on April Fools Day 1892 the Strand Arcade was regarded as the very latest in shopping centre designs and was described as: "The finest public thoroughfare in the Australian colonies."
One-hundred-and-twenty-five years, two depressions, two World Wars and two major fires later, it still stands, a little out of place, in the heart of modern Sydney's CBD.


What a great post! The only thing missing is Ralph Malph-he was my favorite! *giggles* I agree with you, change is overdue.
Great post Victoria!! We sometimes wonder (overhere in The Netherlands) if we are more interested in US politics than American people are.
I so agree your country needs a change in order to be saved!
Half the battle is admitting we all have a problem- and that each of us has to make an effort- through votes for our leader to deep introspection of ourselves. Every single one of us has a lesson to learn in this. Let's hope we are not placated by a single band-aid (case in point, I've seen people breaking out their gas guzzling Hummers these days now that the price of oil has dropped). Nothing is going to change if we can't start from within.
I saw the RH ad last week. Too funny.
i filled out my ballot this morning...putting it in the mail this afternoon. i'm excited!
"I hope that just like beautiful crops grow from a layer of smelly manure, somehow something beautiful can also grow from all of this crap."
Thats a great post and a cool video clip, I'm going to share w/ my friends.
Your Obama sign on the right of the screen is one of my favories. A Woman in Eugene made it!
8 days to go until CHANGE!! Wonderful post and I couldn't agree with you more. Obama '08!
You go! I'll keep reading!
Well written and I love the video. Everything you said is so true. I think we've arrived at the proverbial crossroads. May God be with us.
I am sick to death of politics in general. I really do respect and understand your need to express your own opinion so it is not about that. Personally, I will be utterly thrilled when election day has come and gone, and I don't have to see or hear from either side about anything for at least a little while. Browsing art/craft blogs has kind of been my refuge from that thus far as I like to see what people are up to creatively. I may have to just check back in with you after election day for my own sanity :) You have a super cute banner and blog name by the way.
Everybody must find their own path, and we should always wish each other well when we pass, even if we are going in opposite directions. I wish you, and every one else much peace and much love. Thanks everyone for your comments.
Your post made me cry. I am so tired of everything happening right now and of all the negativity and you just said exactly what I wanted to about it all. Thank you.
You are so sweet, Kim! Thank you!


Presets are a quick and efficient way to recall a known configuration of one or more DSP blocks. The process of creating presets is the same for Audia or Nexia software. A preset resides in the configuration file (.dap or .nex) and can be recalled from the Audia/Nexia software, a daVinci panel, or an external trigger (Select 8, contact closure, or 3rd-party controller). This article describes how to create presets in an Audia or Nexia configuration file.
Go to the Presets menu and select Create/Edit/Recall.
There is a tray on the right side of the Create/Edit Preset window with several buttons. Click the New button to create a new preset.
Assign a descriptive name to the preset by editing the Preset name field.
If you'd like this preset to be recalled every time the device is powered up, check the Set as power-up default checkbox. There can only be one power-up default preset in any configuration file.
If you'd like all audio in the system to be briefly muted while this preset recalls, check the Mute audio during recall checkbox.
The Available DSP block window shows all of the blocks in your file, and the Selected DSP blocks window shows all of the blocks that will be affected by this preset. Using the Add and Remove buttons, ensure that every block that needs to be affected by this preset is listed in the Selected DSP blocks window. If there are blocks that you don't want this preset to affect, make sure they are listed in the Available DSP blocks window.
Edit the state of each DSP block to be included in the preset as required. To do this, you can right-click on any DSP block in the Selected DSP blocks window and select Open Control Dialog.
Once all blocks are in the desired state, click the Save button. When you click Save, the state of every block in the Selected DSP blocks window will be recorded. When this preset is later recalled, all selected blocks will be set back to their current state.
Your preset has now been created. You can expand the tray on the bottom of the window to see all of the presets that exist in this configuration file.
Normally, a preset will record the state of every parameter within a block. When that preset is recalled, every parameter of that block is changed. However, in some cases, that behavior is not desired. For instance, there may be a case where you want a preset to change the state of some crosspoints in a matrix mixer, but leave the state of other crosspoints unchanged. This is possible by using fine grain presets.
Click on a block in the Selected DSP block window to select it.
Click on the Edit Block Fields button.
In the Select Block Preset Fields window, check the checkbox for any parameters within that block that you'd like the preset to affect. Any unchecked parameters will not be affected by this preset.
If a preset has already been created and you'd like to modify it, see How to modify an existing preset.


4 But Esau ran to meet him and embraced him and fell on his neck and kissed him, and they wept.
There are a number of extremely dramatic moments in the Bible. This is certainly one of them. During the past twenty years Jacob lived in fear of Esau's death threat. Esau had grown and prospered and put behind him his anger over Jacob's conniving. Jacob expected a sword in Esau's hand, but instead received a warm hug. Theirs was an historic sibling rivalry, but time and their individual successes had healed the wounds.
Certainly, God had answered Jacob's prayer for safety even before Jacob prayed. The dread and fear through all those years was for naught. Jacob should have trusted the LORD and His promises from the very beginning. After all, he had the birthright, the blessing, and most of all, the word of the LORD spoken to him at Bethel.
Consider: Most of our fears are completely unnecessary. Even when we do face difficulty, if we will trust the LORD, He will use it for our good. Why live with worry when we can live in confident and peaceful trust in the LORD?


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Q: How to store, find , then import a text file on iPad air 2 using Pythonista? Using an iPad, I'm attempting to import a text file from the Internet in order to utilize in Python MOOC exercise "hangman" from edx:

For this problem, you will need the code files ps3_hangman.py and words.txt. Right-click on each and hit "Save Link As". Be sure to save them in same directory. Open and run the file ps3_hangman.py without making any modifications to it, in order to ensure that everything is set up correctly.

Thing is, these seem not easy options on an iPad.  I managed to copy and paste the hangman.py file into a new Pythonista file, but....

*

*how to handle the large text file?

*Where do I store it as a text file, find it, then import it into this iPad program?

No problem on Windows.  Apple does not allow a file.open() type operation.

A: One way you could do this if you don't have access to a Mac/PC, i.e. entirely on your iPad in Pythonista:

*

*Copy the URL of the text file in Safari (tap and hold the link)

*In Pythonista, switch to the interactive prompt (swipe from right to left)

*Enter the following two lines:
import urllib
urllib.urlretrieve('<paste copied url here>', 'words.txt')

You could also write these two lines in a regular script instead of using the interactive prompt. But you'll probably just need this once.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Archives|16 IN NEWARK SEEK 5 COMMISSION JOBS; Interest Centres in the Race of James R. Nugent, Democratic Leader of Essex. ELECTION TO BE HELD TODAY Lively Contests Reported in Other Parts of Jersey -- Sea Isle City Mayor to Quit.
16 IN NEWARK SEEK 5 COMMISSION JOBS; Interest Centres in the Race of James R. Nugent, Democratic Leader of Essex. ELECTION TO BE HELD TODAY Lively Contests Reported in Other Parts of Jersey -- Sea Isle City Mayor to Quit.


Celebrate all year long with this versatile, reusable set - simply wipe clean to update. Includes signs for Happy Birthday! and Celebrate!, plus party hat, horn, and pinata. 4 balloons, 3 gifts and 3-layer birthday cake have plenty of space for names or messages. 15 pieces. Made from versatile, vibrant board stock.


The proliferation of the computer in the documentation of architectural designs generates a growing number of computerized architectural drawings. As a result, practice is showing an increasing interest in the utility of such drawings. This interest is linked to a fundamental promise of computerization in architecture, the analysis and evaluation of a building's behaviour and performance during the design process. The main drawback of conventional computerized drawings is that they are restricted toplotting orthographic or, less frequently, perspective projections. This effectively reduces the computer to a mere electronic drafting table and computerized drawings to unstructured, haphazard collectionsof arbitrarily chosen graphic elements, normally of the lowest possible complexity. The lack of structure and in particular of meaningful, relevant primitives leads to inadequate support even for basic analyses and evaluations. We consider the structure of computerized design representations with respect to the choice of primitives that facilitate automation of analysis and support focused feedback. We argue that current drawing systems are capable of deriving the basic dual network of 'solid' building elements and 'void' spaces on the basis of user-input descriptions of familiar entities and that this network is sufficient for normative analyses.


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Singapore's Citibank to adopt digital wallets and voice biometrics
Singapore: Citibank Singapore has announced that it will be initiating its first e-wallet service through Samsung Pay, which is planned to be introduced in the country on 16th June, 2016.
The launch of Samsung Pay in Singapore's market will strengthen the initiation of digital wallet services across the market of Southeast Asia region. According to the Head of Merchant Acquiring and Emerging Payments of Citibank, Peng Chun-Hsein, Samsung Pay will allow the execution of transactions at a better rate of retail point sales as compared to Apple Pay.
After the introduction of Samsung Pay in the market, the bank is also aiming to launch Citi Pay, its proprietary digital wallet, by the end of 2016 which will be designed for the NFC-enabled Android users in the country.
In addition to the launch of digital wallet, the bank also planning to introduce voice biometric authentication technology services for minimizing the authentication process time of the bank's customers. In May 2016, OCBC Bank also introduced its voice biometric authentication service in the country for the same purpose.
TechSci Research analyses that the introduction of digital wallet and biometric technology related services in Singapore will improvise the customer experience related to the services.
TechSci Research, a consulting and market research firm published a recent report, "Global Biometrics Market By Type, By End Use Sector, By Region, Competition Forecast and Opportunities, 2011 – 2021", the global biometrics market is projected to cross US $ 24.8 billion by 2021. Fingerprint recognition biometric systems are the most preferred type of biometric systems used across the globe, owing to their ease of use, low cost, high speed and accurate results. However, in terms of growth, vein scanner biometrics systems segment is anticipated to outpace fingerprint recognition biometrics systems over the next five years. In 2015, North America dominated the global biometrics market, and the region is anticipated to maintain its dominance over the next five years as well.
Saudi Arabia Telecom ICT Infrastructure Market By Component (Hardware, Software, Services), By Deployment Mode (Cloud v/s On-Premises), By Network Type (Fixed v/s Wireless), By End User (Telecom Service Providers, Enterprises, Government, Others), By Region, Forecast & Opportunities,
ICT | Jan, 2021
Increasing mobile and internet penetration in the country to drive growth of Saudi Arabia telecom ICT infrastructure market
United States IoT in Manufacturing Market, By Component (Solutions, Platforms and Services), By Application Area (Predictive Maintenance, Business Process Optimization, Asset Tracking & Management, Logistics & Supply Chain Management, Real-Time Workforce Tracking & Management, Automation Control & Management and Emergency & Incident Management, & Business Communication), By Vertical Market (Energy & Utilities, Automotive, Food & Beverages, Aerospace & Defence, Chemicals & Materials, High-Tech Products, Healthcare and Others), By Company, By Region, Forecast & Opportunities, 2015-2025Aug, 2020
Global Indoor Location Market By Component (Hardware. Solution, Services), By Deployment (Cloud, On-premise), By Organization Size (SMEs, Large Enterprise), By Technology (Radio Frequency (RF) Based, Tag-Based, Others), By Application (Customer Experience Management, Inventory Management, Predictive Asset Analytics, Remote Monitoring, Sales & Marketing Optimization, Others), By End-user (Retail, Travel & Hospitality, Entertainment, Transportation & Logistics, Government & Public Sector, Manufacturing, Healthcare, and Others), By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2025Aug, 2020
Saudi Arabia Telecom ICT Infrastructure Market to Be Valued USD 1879.35 Million by 2025
Predictive Maintenance Market to Grow at a Formidable CAGR During Forecast Period
Advancing technologies and their rising utility in various end use industries to drive global predictive maintenance market
North America to Dominate Restriction Endonuclease Market until 2025
Increasing funding in genomics and life science along with surging geriatric populations to drive the growth of global restriction endonuclease market


Christian Attacks on "The End of the Spear"
Last Friday the movie "The End of the Spear," about missionaries Nate Saint, Jim Elliot and three others that were killed in Ecuador, opened in theaters. The movie tells the story of Christian forgiveness, love, and redemption as relatives of the missionaries later returned and led the tribal people—including the killers—to Jesus.
Yet on the day it opened two Baptist leaders attacked the movie. Why? For being inaccurate? No. In fact, Nate Saint's son was closely involved with the project. Rather, these leaders were upset because the actor that plays Nate Saint is a homosexual in real life.
"When I first heard about 'End of the Spear,' I was excited. I thought, 'Here is a film that will communicate the apex of Christian commitment.'"
The movie will still do that regardless of Allen's homosexuality. It is so sad to see one of the few positive films to be made being attacked by the very people that should be urging everyone to go see it.
However these two men seem to hate homosexuals so much (as they treat it in an unbiblical super-sin way), that they would rather condemn the whole movie. If we cannot have a homosexual playing the role of Nate Saint, then we would also have to disallow the cheaters, liars, thieves, adulterers (including lusting in the heart), and every other human being because we are all sinners!
"I thought, 'What happens if I stand before God someday and He says to me, 'Steve, I went out of my way to orchestrate an opportunity for Chad Allen to see what it would be like to live as your father did.' And then I could picture Him looking at me and saying, 'Steve, why did you mess with my plan?''"
Do not listen to the naysayers. Go see this movie, and if possible take a non-Christian friend. Chad Allen may be a sinner, but so was Nate Saint, those that killed him, and each of us. The lessons of the movie—love, forgiveness, and redemption—still speak loud and clear!


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Community News • Community Programme • Events
Infoshare: IPR Policy – 19 April 2022
Magdalena Rzaca
19 April 2022, 14:00-15:30 CEST
The Intellectual Property Policy for the GÉANT Project was introduced in 2011 (you can find it here) and was not updated since.
The first steps to create a new proposal were then taken in 2019, and in April 2020 the draft of new Intellectual Property Policy for the GÉANT Project was shared with the community in an online infoshare. Following the presentation and until September 2020, more than 150 comments of different complexity and nature were submitted. Those comments were thoroughly analysed and – after careful consideration of each comment – an updated version of the draft Intellectual Property Policy for the GÉANT Project was created, together with a document addressing each comment. The synthesis of the feedback and the drafted IPR Policy will be presented (for further discussion/consultation) during the IPR Policy Infoshare on 19 April 2022 at 14:00 CEST.
This is a perfect opportunity to update the IPR framework as the new project (GN5) will start in January 2023. If the IPR policy will not be updated, the old policy will still apply.
For further details visit the GÉANT Infoshares wiki: https://wiki.geant.org/pages/viewpage.action?spaceKey=gn43wp3&title=IPR+POLICY+infoshare
The link and the password to join the ZOOM room will be shared with the registered attendees before the event
TagsInfoshare IPR
2nd AERAP Africa-Europe Science and Innovation Forum: March 7-10
GDPR & IPR Legal Advisor at GÉANT
Bridging Europe, Africa and the Americas (BEAA) – New Collaboration for shared transoceanic R&E networking resilience
German Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) offers researchers access to Graphcore AI chips


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Governor-General of New Zealand
Missing image
Flag_of_the_Governor_General_of_New_Zealand.gif
Flag of the Governor General of New Zealand
The Governor-General of New Zealand is the local representative of the Queen of New Zealand, Queen Elizabeth II, and as such is the highest office in the Government of New Zealand. The position of the Governor-General is as in other Commonwealth realms of which the Queen is also Head of State. The office's full title is The Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief in and over New Zealand.
The Governor-General also represented the British Government until 1939, when the diplomatic functions were transferred to a High Commissioner. This was 13 years after the Balfour Declaration and after the functions were separated in the other Dominions. This was due to the New Zealand belief that such a thing would promote separatism within the British Empire.
The Governor-General is also the Governor of Ross Dependency, which maintains a separate legal system from 'mainland New Zealand', inside the Realm of New Zealand (official link (http://www.mfat.govt.nz/foreign/antarctica/ross/rossdependency.html)).
The Governor-General's main residence is at Government House, Wellington.
Deputy Prime Minister
State sector
1 List of Lieutenant-Governors, Governors and Governors-General
1.1 1840 - 1841 NZ a dependency of New South Wales
1.2 1841 - 1853 NZ a Crown Colony of Britain
1.3 1853 - 1907 NZ a self-governing colony
1.4 1907 to present: New Zealand as dominion and, later, realm
List of Lieutenant-Governors, Governors and Governors-General
Lieutenant-Governors, Governors and Governors-General of New Zealand
1840 - 1841 NZ a dependency of New South Wales
Title: Lieutenant-Governor
Captain William Hobson RN
(under Lieutenant-Colonel Sir George Gipps RE, Governor of New South Wales 1837 - 1846, and Governor-in-Chief of New Zealand 1839 - 1841)
1841 - 1853 NZ a Crown Colony of Britain
Title: Governor
1841 - 1842 Captain William Hobson RN
1843 - 1845 Captain Robert FitzRoy RN
1845 - 1847 Captain George Grey
Title: Governor-in-Chief
1848 - 1853 Sir George Grey KCB
1853 - 1907 NZ a self-governing colony
Title: Governor of New Zealand
1855 - 1861 Colonel Thomas Gore Browne CB
1868 - 1873 Sir George Ferguson Bowen GCMG
1873 - 1874 The Rt Hon. Sir James Fergusson Bt
1875 - 1879 The Marquess of Normanby GCB GCMG PC
1879 - 1880 Sir Hercules Robinson GCMG
1880 - 1882 The Hon. Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon GCMG
1883 - 1889 Lieutenant-General Sir William Jervois GCMG CB
1889 - 1892 The Earl of Onslow GCMG
1892 - 1897 The Earl of Glasgow GCMG
1897 - 1904 The Earl of Ranfurly GCMG
1904 - 1910 The Lord Plunket GCMG KCVO
1907 to present: New Zealand as dominion and, later, realm
1910 - 1912 The Lord Islington GCMG GBE DSO PC
1912 - 1917 The Earl of Liverpool GCMG MVO PC
With the title: Governor-General of New Zealand
1920 - 1924 The Viscount Jellicoe GCB OM GCVO
1924 - 1930 General Sir Charles Fergusson Bt GCMG KCB DSO MVO
1930 - 1935 The Lord Bledisloe GCMG KBE PC
1935 - 1941 The Viscount Galway GCMG DSO OBE PC
1941 - 1946 Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Cyril Newall GCB OM GCMG CBE AM
1946 - 1952 Lieutenant-General The Lord Freyberg VC GCMG KCB KBE DSO
1952 - 1957 Lieutenant-General The Lord Norrie GCMG GCVO CB DSO MC
1957 - 1962 The Viscount Cobham GCMG TD
1962 - 1967 Brigadier Sir Bernard Fergusson GCMG GCVO DSO OBE
1967 - 1972 Sir Arthur Porritt Bt GCMG GCVO CBE
Sir Arthur Porritt was the first New Zealand-born Governor General (although he had been living in Britain for 31 years at the time of his appointment). All Governors-General since Sir Denis Blundell have been New Zealand born and resident.
1972 - 1977 Sir Denis Blundell GCMG GCVO KBE QSO
1977 - 1980 Sir Keith Holyoake KG GCMG CH QSO
1980 - 1985 The Hon. Sir David Beattie GCMG GCVO QSO QC
1985 - 1990 The Rt Revd Paul Reeves GCMG GCVO QSO
1990 - 1996 Dame Catherine Tizard GCMG GCVO DBE QSO
1996 - 2001 The Rt Hon. Sir Michael Hardie Boys GMZM GCMG QSO
2001 - 2006 (designated term) Dame Silvia Cartwright PCNZM DBE
Note: The 'acting Governor-General' is known as the Administrator of the Government, or simply Administrator in everyday usage.
Monarchy in New Zealand
Republicanism in New Zealand
British honours system and New Zealand Honours System for explanation of honours.
Official Website of the Governor-General of NZ (http://www.gg.govt.nz)
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Categories: Lists of office-holders
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Chris began by saying know who you are, know who you want to be and follow your dreams, He spoke about riding across the country to raise awareness for kids about fitness. He began in Ventura county and ended up in Lubec Maine.
He showed us a very interesting power point presentation of his journey across the country. He ended up in tornado alley during tornado season and had to cross the Mississippi and Missouri rivers on bridges over rivers that were overflowing! He said the Appalachians were the hardest place, however, to ride a bicycle.
Along the way he met senators, governors, classrooms of enthusiastic kids and a lot of nice people. He finished by discussing the importance of heart health especially for children. Since then he has crossed the US 11 times for the American Heart Association. He is going to ride across Hawaii this spring and that will be his 50th state!