Gene where ditag and/or published experimental data strongly support the existence of short non-coding transcripts transcribed from the 3'UTR.
A unique identifier given to a sequence when it is submitted to one of the DNA repositories (GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ).
A file provided to Ensembl that describes how the longer sequences in the genome assembly were assembled from shorter sequences. For example, an AGP file can describe how a chromosome is assembled from a collection of scaffolds or a collection of contigs. For an AGP file that describes how a scaffold is assembled from a collection of contigs, each contig will be listed on a separate line in the AGP file and the line will include information about where the contig lies within the scaffold and the orientation of the contig.
Genomic sequence that differs from the genomic DNA on the primary assembly. The alternate sequences come in two types: allelic sequence (haplotypes and novel patches) and fix patches. Novel patches represent new allelic loci but they are not necessarily haplotypes. Fix patches are where the primary assembly was found to be incorrect, and the patch reflects the corrected sequence. Both haplotypes, novel patches and fix patches are determined by the Genome Reference Consortium. You can read the GRC definitions here. When using the API, the primary assembly is referred to as reference sequence and alternate sequence is referred to as non-reference sequence.
A dispersed intermediately repetitive DNA sequence found in the human genome in about one million copies. The sequence is about 300 bp long and is found commonly in introns, 3' untranslated regions of genes, and intergenic genomic regions. The name Alu comes from the a recognition site for the AluI endonuclease that cleaves it. The Alu universal primer sequence is as follows: 5'-GTG GAT CAC CTG AGG TCA GGA GTT TC-3' (26-mer). In Ensembl, Alu repeats are included in the Type I Transposons/SINE track in the Region in detail page.
Transcripts that are believed to be protein coding but have more than one possible ORF.
Genes or transcripts that overlap any coding exon of a locus on the opposite strand. It also encompasses antisense regulation of a coding gene that have been reported in the literature.
Apparent orthologues occur when genes in different species have homology to one another, but we have reason to believe that they are not directly orthologous to each other. For example, this may occur when there has been a gene duplication but in both species we only have one gene. This may be due to gaps in the genome assemblies, gene deletions or degradation to pseudogenes. These genes are actually between species paralogues, but based on our data we cannot say for certain that the two genes are not orthologues that have significantly diverged.
APPRIS is a system that deploys a range of computational methods to provide value to the annotations of the human genome. APPRIS also selects one of the CDS for each gene as the principal isoform.
APPRIS defines the principal variant by combining protein structural and functional information and information from the conservation of related species.
APPRIS principal isoform: Transcript(s) expected to code for the main functional isoform based on a range of protein features.
APPRIS candidate (CCDS): Transcript that has an unique CCDS.
APPRIS candidate (longest CCDS): Where there are several CCDS, APPRIS labels the longest CCDS.
APPRIS candidate (longest coding sequence):Where there is no 'APPRIS candidate (CCDS)' or 'APPRIS candidate (longest CCDS)' variant, the longest protein of the 'APPRIS candidate' variants is selected as the primary variant.
When the genome of a species is to be sequenced, the chromosomes from many cells are broken at random positions into small fragments, which are sequenced, and reassembled into long sequences (contigs). Contigs may be assembled into longer sequences called scaffolds and sometimes, if the depth of sequencing is high enough, there may be enough information to assemble most of the scaffolds into chromosomes. The resulting collection of sequences after assembly is called a genome assembly.
Ensembl imports genome assemblies from the sources listed on the home page of each species.
Members of the same gene family in different species that are not direct orthologues. In a gene tree, these genes are separated by a duplication node.
A gene or transcript classification. Transcript types include protein coding, pseudogene, and long non-coding and short non-coding RNAs. For human, mouse and selected other species we incorporate manual annotation from Havana. Where a gene or transcript has been manually annotated, we use the manually assigned biotype. The full list of biotypes used by Havana are here.
IG_C_gene, IG_D_gene, IG_J_gene, IG_LV_gene, IG_M_gene, IG_V_gene, IG_Z_gene, nonsense_mediated_decay, nontranslating_CDS, non_stop_decay, polymorphic_pseudogene, protein_coding, TR_C_gene, TR_D_gene, TR_gene, TR_J_gene, TR_V_gene.
If you see a biotype in Ensembl and are not sure which biotype group it belongs to, you can check this by connecting to the latest ensembl_production database.
For Ensembl release 73, connect to database "ensembl_production_73" eg.
mysql -uanonymous -P3306 -hensembldb.ensembl.org -Densembl_production_73 -e "select distinct(name),biotype_group from biotype where db_type like '%core%' and is_current=1 order by biotype_group,name;"
A coding sequence in the Consensus Coding Sequence Set is consistently annotated between Ensembl, Vega, UCSC and NCBI. The long term goal is to support convergence towards a standard set of gene annotations on the human genome.
The type of variation data (e.g. SNP, insertion, deletion, somatic SNV).
Clinical significance is reported to dbSNP from the submitter. Variants from OMIM may have the value probable-pathogenic. Other assignations are unknown, untested,non-pathogenic, probable-non-pathogenic, drug-response, histocompatibility, and other.
Exons that are not spliced out, therefore present in all transcripts of a given gene. ENSRNOE00000218349 is a constitutive exon (CE) in rat, for example. You can search for constitutive exons using BioMart and the Core API.
A contig is a contiguous stretch of DNA sequence without gaps that has been assembled solely based on direct sequencing information.
Short sequences (reads) from a fragmented genome are compared against one another, and overlapping reads are merged to produce one long sequence. This merging process is iterative: overlapping reads are added to the merged sequence whenever possible and so the merged sequence becomes even longer. When no further reads overlap the long merged sequence, then this sequence - called a contig - has reached its maximum length.
Contig can be used in other contexts: A contig can be the sequence corresponding to only one clone. A contig map shows the regions of a chromosome where contiguous DNA segments overlap.
Paralogues where one of them has been split partway along, but where the fragments of the gene are within 1Mb of each other on the same chromosome strand.
In Ensembl, the term "coordinate system" or "coord_system" identifies which level of the assembly we are working on. A genome assembly imported into Ensembl has up to three coordinate systems defined in the coord_system table: contigs, scaffolds or chromosomes.
The Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer contains somatic mutation information extracted from the primary literature, including details relating to human cancers. More details are here.
Refers to the number of overlapping sequences used to build a region of the assembly. High coverage indicates a good amount of sequence information while low coverage reflects a low amount of sequence information.
With capillary (Sanger) sequencing methods, a 2x depth of coverage was generally considered to be low coverage. The 29 Mammals Project generated 2x genome assemblies for mammals across a broad taxonomic range.
With capillary sequencing methods, a 6-7x or greater depth of coverage was generally considered to be high coverage.
With next-generation sequencing methods, it is common to see genome assemblies with much higher sequencing depth of coverage.
Database of genomic structural variation (SV), such as copy number variation.
Database of Genomic Variants. It provides a curated catalogue of structural variation (SV) in the human genome.
The Database of Genomic Variants archive is a repository that provides archiving, accessioning and distribution of publicly available genomic structural variants, in all species.
The European Genome-phenome Archive repository allows the exploration of datasets from numerous genotype experiments, supplied by a range of data providers. See more details here.
The ENCODE project uses defined regions of the Human genome to test and evaluate different methods and technologies for finding various functional elements in Human DNA. The two main criteria for manually selected regions were presence of well-studied genes or other known sequence elements, and existence of a substantial amount of comparative sequence data. A total of 14.82Mb of sequence was manually selected using this approach, consisting of 14 targets that range in size from 500kb to 2Mb.
Evidence codes reflect the data supporting the variant. They are: Multiple Observations, Frequency, HapMap, 1000 Genomes, ESP, and Cited. Find out more in this FAQ.
The aim of GENCODE as a sub-project of the ENCODE scale-up project is to annotate all evidence-based gene features in the entire human genome at a high accuracy. The GENCODE gene set is equivalent to the Ensembl/HAVANA merged gene set displayed on our website.
The GENCODE gene set is the gene set Ensembl displays for human and mouse. GENCODE Basic is a subset of the GENCODE gene set, and is intended to provide a simplified, high-quality subset of the GENCODE transcript annotations that will be useful to the majority of users.
GENCODE Basic includes all genes in the GENCODE gene set, with a representative subset of the transcripts (splice variants). The GENCODE Basic set is available for the human and mouse gene sets from Ensembl release 75.
Loop through all protein-coding (and similar biotype) transcripts and tag all the complete (CDS start- and end found) transcripts. If none of the transcripts are complete, tag only the transcript(s) with the longest CDS.
Loop through all the small noncoding and antisense transcripts and tag all the complete (mRNA start- and end found) transcripts. If none are complete, loop through the long-noncoding transcripts too and then tag only the transcript(s) with the longest combined exon length.
Combine the results from steps (1) and (2) and this is what is displayed as 'GENCODE Basic'.
If, after step (3), we've got an empty basket and no transcripts in the gene are tagged as 'Basic', we look for pseudogene transcripts and tag all the pseudogene transcripts that we find.
Finally, we've still got no transcripts tagged from steps (1) or (2) or (4), then we tag transcripts with 'problematic' biotypes ie. retained_intron, TEC, ambiguous_ORF and disrupted_domain.
The complete GENCODE gene set is sometimes referred to as the GENCODE Comprehensive set. It is the gene set that Ensembl displays for human and mouse.
A gene model is a representation of a gene. In Ensembl, gene models are annotated automatically using biological sequences data (protein, mRNA) as support.
Each gene model includes information such as the genomic coordinates of the gene and its coding and noncoding exon(s). One or more transcripts may be annotated.
GeneWise is a sequence analysis tool for comparing proteins to DNA sequences allowing for introns and frameshifts.
The set of chromosomes, unlocalized scaffolds, unplaced scaffolds, and alternate sequences that represent an organism's genome.
For some species in Ensembl, the DNA sequenced for the genome project was obtained from one individual (eg. chimpanzee), whereas for other species (eg. human) it was obtained from multiple individuals.
Minor Allele Frequency (MAF) refers to the lowest allele frequency of a sequence variant (such as a SNP). In Ensembl, the global MAF is calculated using the allele frequences across all 1000 Genomes Phase I populations.
The Human Gene Mutation Database provides a comprehensive collection of known and published mutations responsible for inherited disease in humans. More details are here.
The Human Genome Variation Society aims to promote the identification and characterisation of changes in the genome that lead to susceptibility to illness. Genomic variants will be collected, documented, and the resulting information in addition to any associated clinical variations will be freely distributed. See more details here.
Nomenclature for a given variant according to the Human Genome Variation Society (HGVS). A guide to HGVS names can be found on their website.
Gene that codes the constant (C) region of immunoglobulins.
Locus that shares an evolutionary history with the Ig C gene but it has been mutated through frameshift and/or stop codon(s) that disrupt the open reading frame.
Gene that rearranges at the DNA level and codes the diversity (D) region of the variable domain of immunoglobulins.
IG segment genes are annotated by Ensembl automatic annotation (see article) and manual curation by the VEGA/Havana project.
A gene that rearranges at the DNA level and codes the joining (J) region of the variable domain of immunoglobulins.
Locus that shares an evolutionary history with the Ig J gene but it has been mutated through frameshift and/or stop codon(s) that disrupt the open reading frame.
Locus that shares an evolutionary history with immunoglobulin genes but it has been mutated through frameshift and/or stop codon(s) that disrupt the open reading frame.
A gene that rearranges at the DNA level and codes the variable (V) region of the variable domain of immunoglobulins.
Locus that shares an evolutionary history with the Ig V gene but it has been mutated through frameshift and/or stop codon(s) that disrupt the open reading frame.
A sequence from an RNASeq experiment which aligns to the border between adjacent exons, aligning to the 3' end of the preceeding exon and the 5' end of the latter exon. This shows that in the particular sequenced fragment, the intron between was spliced out. This may indicate a splice junction that has not already been identified, suggesting a new transcript for our gene-build.
The Karyotype View in Ensembl displays the set of chromosomes for a species, including the centromere and banding pattern as they would appear under a light microscope. Dark bands indicate heterochromatin and light bands indicate homochromatin.
The Karyotype View is only available for species where the genome assembly provided to us has been assembled into chromosomes. For many species in Ensembl, the genome assembly is comprised of only unplaced scaffolds.
Long non coding genes are usually greater than 200 bases long. They may be transcribed but are not translated. In Ensembl, genes with the following biotypes are classed as long non coding genes: 3prime_overlapping_ncrna, ambiguous_orf, antisense, antisense_RNA, lincRNA, ncrna_host, non_coding, non_stop_decay, processed_transcript, retained_intron, sense_intronic, sense_overlapping. The majority of the long non coding genes in Ensembl are annotated manually by HAVANA.
The Leiden Open Variation Database is a freely available gene-centered collection of DNA variations. An online tool is provided. See more details here.
An LRG (Locus Reference Genomic) is a fixed sequence, independent of the genome, specifically created for the diagnostic community to record DNA sequence variation on a fixed framework. Sequence variants in LSDBs (Locus Specific Databases) are reported using LRG sequences. For more information, please see the LRG project page.
Locus specific database. These can be generated by groups focused on a single gene, region, or a single disease. See more details here.
When due to gene duplications there are multiple 'best' hits with identical score, E-value, % identity, %positivity, one is unable to pick a unique orthologue for a gene. This results in more complex graphs of 'best' relationships. This often occurs when different genes have identical translations, which could be due to a duplication event, an assembly error, or chance. On average 3% of the genes have an identical translation to some other gene either within it's genome or in another genome.
MBRH / SYN - This is a more complex MBRH set where there are multiple genes in each genome split across multiple chromosomes. The one(s) labeled MBRH/SYN satisfies both the MBRH criteria and the RHS search criteria.
MBRH / COMPLEX - This is a more complex MBRH set where there are multiple genes in each genome split across multiple chromosomes. This MBRH pair does not satisfy the RHS criteria.
Houses a database that provides integrated access to data on the genetics, genomics, and biology of mouse (Mus musculus).
It stands for micro RNA, a small RNA molecule (ca. 22 nucleotides) that functions in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.
Locus that shares an evolutionary history with miRNA genes but it has been mutated through frameshift and/or stop codon(s) that disrupt the open reading frame.
Locus that shares an evolutionary history with miscRNA genes but it has been mutated through frameshift and/or stop codon(s) that disrupt the open reading frame.
Short non coding RNA genes that have not been classified into the other short noncoding RNA biotypes such as scRNA, tRNA, rRNA, among others.
Mitochondrially encoded ribosomal RNA genes.
Mitochondrially encoded transfer RNA genes.
Locus that shares an evolutionary history with mt tRNA genes but it has been mutated through frameshift and/or stop codon(s) that disrupt the open reading frame.
Short non-coding RNAs such as rRNA, scRNA, snTNA, snoRNA and miRNA are annotated by the Ensembl ncRNA pipeline (see article). To view these short ncRNAs, go to Region In Detail and open the Configure This Page window. Select ncRNA from the Genes menu.
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are identified by tRNAscan. To view tRNAs, go to Region In Detail and open the Configure This Page window. Select tRNA from the Simple Feature menu.
Long intergenic ncRNAs have only been annotated for human and mouse. To view long ncRNAs, go to Region In Detail and open the Configure This Page window. Select lincRNA from the Genes menu.
A noncoding mRNA does not result in a protein product. Noncoding mRNAs may be short in length (eg. microRNAs) or longer in length (eg. lincRNAs).
A genetic knowledge database that focuses on the relationship between phenotype and genotype. Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM) was first published in 1966 and is updated daily. Ensembl links to OMIM entries in the gene tab (under External references), and in the variation tab (under Phenotype Data).
Orthologues are genes derived from a common ancestor through vertical descent (or speciation) and can be thought of as the direct evolutionary counterpart. In contrast, paralogues are genes within the same genome that have evolved by duplication.
Paralogues which are very far away from the other members of a paralogue family. They are part of the same super-family, but the precise taxonomic relationship to other members is undefined, as the trees are too large to compute.
The probability that the association is significant. Ensembl reports the p value, the negative log scale of p values, where a higher number suggests a higher probability, or the e-value, where a lower number suggests higher probability.
Sequences (homologues) that have evolved by duplication.
These alternate sequences are with regard to the genomic DNA on the primary assembly. Novel patches represent new allelic loci but they are not necessarily haplotypes. Fix patches are where the primary assembly was found to be incorrect, and the patch reflects the corrected sequence. Currently available for human and mouse, they are provided by the GRC. By default, our browser displays the unchanged primary assembly (eg. GRCh37 chromosomes). In order to apply a novel (red) or fix (green) patch to a chromosome, click on the "Assembly Exception" track from the Region In Detail window.
Pseudogene loci in one genome (e.g. the reference) but coding in other genomes (i.e. non-reference) due to short or large scale genomic variation in some individuals/haplotypes/strains in a given population/species. It can be known elsewhere as segregating pseudogenes or SPGs.
A tool which predicts the variation effect on protein function based on physical and comparative considerations. See the PolyPhen website for more information.
The collection of assembled chromosomes, unlocalized scaffolds and unplaced scaffolds that represent a non-redundant haploid genome. The primary assembly excludes alternate sequences (alternate loci, fix patches, novel patches).
When using the Ensembl API, the primary assembly is referred to as the "reference" assembly. The primary assembly can be fetched with the Ensembl SliceAdaptor, by ensuring that the boolean $include_non_reference is set to 0. eg.
Pseudogene that appears to have been produced by integration of a reverse transcribed mRNA into the genome.
Transcripts that don't contain an open reading frame (ORF) and cannot be placed in one of the other categories.
Genes and/or transcript that contains an open reading frame (ORF).
A pseudogene shares an evolutionary history with a functional protein-coding gene but it has been mutated through evolution to contain frameshift and/or stop codon(s) that disrupt the open reading frame.
Paralogues where one of them has been split partway along, but where the fragments are more than 1Mb apart, or on different chromosomes or strands.
Readthrough transcripts are tagged by HAVANA and defined as transcripts connecting two independent loci ie. transcript connecting two independent loci. A readthrough transcript has exons that overlap exons from transcripts belonging to two or more different loci (in addition to the locus to which the readthrough transcript itself belongs).
Readthrough transcripts are also annotated by RefSeq.
The collection of assembled chromosomes, unlocalized scaffolds, unplaced scaffolds and alternate sequences (alternate loci, fix patches, novel patches) that represent a species' genome assembly.
For many species in Ensembl, the reference assembly has a single path through the genome and is equivalent to the primary assembly. For other species (eg. human and mouse), the reference assembly includes alternate sequences.
When using the Ensembl API, the full reference assembly can be fetched with the Ensembl SliceAdaptor, by ensuring that the boolean $include_non_reference is set to 1. eg.
These comments are a guideline only and we encourage you to compare the annotation that you find in Ensembl with annotation from RefSeq yourself.
If no RefSeq genes are fetched, the Ensembl gene is tagged with the comment, "No overlapping RefSeq annotation found".
Overlapping RefSeq genes may be on the opposite strand. In this case, they are not considered for matching and the Ensembl gene may be tagged with the comment, "Overlapping RefSeq annotation not matched".
the length, start and end of the RefSeq gene is within 10% of the length of the Ensembl gene's length, start and end.
If a match is found, we report whether the biotypes are similar or not.
Which species will have these comments?
These comments are only available where we have annotation imported from RefSeq. This is limited both by the species that are annotated by RefSeq and by our frequency in importing their annotation. This link will show you a list of species where RefSeq annotation is available.
Please note that these comments will be updated only when we import new annotation from RefSeq and may therefore be out of sync with the latest RefSeq annotation.
Alternatively spliced transcript that is believed to contain intronic sequence relative to other coding transcripts in a given locus.
A noncoding pseudogene produced by integration of a reverse transcribed mRNA into the genome. This biotype was deprecated from Ensembl release 70, where all genes with the biotype retrotransposed were change to processed_pseudogene.
A sequence from an RNASeq experiment aligned to the genome.
An assembled gene, made up by combining RNAseq alignments and intron-spanning reads from an RNASeq experiment. This may correspond to a known gene, or may represent a novel transcript.
The RNA component of the ribosome.
Long non-coding transcript that lies within the intron (does not overlap any exons) of a coding gene on the same strand.
Long non-coding transcript that contains a coding gene within one of its introns and on the same strand.
Canonical database for the molecular biology and genetics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Small non coding genes are usually fewer than 200 bases long. They may be transcribed but are not translated. In Ensembl, genes with the following biotypes are classed as small non coding genes: miRNA, miscRNA, rRNA, scRNA, snlRNA, snoRNA, snRNA, and also the pseudogenic form of these biotypes. The majority of the small non coding genes in Ensembl are annotated automatically by our ncRNA pipeline. Please note that tRNAs are annotated separately using tRNAscan. tRNAs are included as 'simple fetaures', not genes, because they are not annotated using aligned sequence evidence.
(Synonymous/Non-synonymous Analysis Program) A program which calculates synonymous and non-synonymous substitution rates based on a set of codon-aligned nucleotide sequences, based on the method of Nei and Gojobori, incorporating a statistic developed in Ota and Nei.
An ab initio gene prediction program developed by Ian Korf that models protein coding sequences in genomic DNA by means of hidden Markov models.
Small nucleolar RNA genes which can be involved in chemical modifications of other RNA genes.
Each species has its own three-letter stable ID prefix which can be found in the species database meta table under the meta_key "species.stable_id_prefix". Human is the only species without a three-letter stable ID prefix.
Structural variation. It is generally defined as a region of DNA of at least 1 kb in size. It can include inversions, balanced translocations or genomic imbalances (insertions and deletions), commonly referred to as copy number variants (CNVs).
Gene coding for the constant (C) domain of T cell receptors.
Gene that rearranges at the DNA level and codes the diversity (D) region of the variable domain of T cell receptors.
T cell receptor gene. Havana annotation.
Gene that rearranges at the DNA level and codes the joining (J) region of the variable domain of T cell receptors.
Locus that shares an evolutionary history with the TR J gene but it has been mutated through frameshift and/or stop codon(s) that disrupt the open reading frame.
Locus that shares an evolutionary history with T cell receptor genes but it has been mutated through frameshift and/or stop codon(s) that disrupt the open reading frame.
Gene that rearranges at the DNA level and codes the variable (V) region of the variable domain of T cell receptors.
Locus that shares an evolutionary history with the TR V gene but it has been mutated through frameshift and/or stop codon(s) that disrupt the open reading frame.
Processed pseudogenes that have evidence of transcription through the presence of locus-specific mRNAs and/or ESTs.
Unprocessed pseudogenes that have evidence of transcription through the presence of locus-specific mRNAs and/or ESTs.
Transfer RNA. These are identified using tRNAscan and the results stored as 'simple features' (not genes). See Ensembl annotation for more information.
A non-profit foundation to provide public SNP-related information available to the public without intellectual property restrictions.
The Transcript Support Level (TSL) is a method to highlight the well-supported and poorly-supported transcript models for users. The method relies on the primary data that can support full-length transcript structure: mRNA and EST alignments supplied by UCSC and Ensembl.
It is important that users understand how to assess transcript annotations that they see in GENCODE. While some transcript models have a high level of support through the full length of their exon structure, there are also transcripts that are poorly supported and that should be considered speculative.
The mRNA and EST alignments are compared to the GENCODE transcripts and the transcripts are scored according to how well the alignment matches over its full length. The GENCODE TSL provides a consistent method of evaluating the level of support that a GENCODE transcript annotation is actually expressed in humans. Human transcript sequences from the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (GenBank, ENA, and DDBJ) are used as the evidence for this analysis. Exonerate RNA alignments from Ensembl, BLAT RNA and EST alignments from the UCSC Genome Browser Database are used in the analysis. Erroneous transcripts and libraries identified in lists maintained by the Ensembl, UCSC, HAVANA and RefSeq groups are flagged as suspect. GENCODE annotations for protein-coding and non-protein-coding transcripts are compared with the evidence alignments.
Annotations in the MHC region and other immunological genes are not evaluated, as automatic alignments tend to be very problematic. Methods for evaluating single-exon genes are still being developed and they are not included in the current analysis.
Multi-exon GENCODE annotations are evaluated using the criteria that all introns are supported by an evidence alignment and the evidence alignment does not indicate that there are unannotated exons. Small insertions and deletions in evidence alignments are assumed to be due to polymorphisms and not considered as differing from the annotations. All intron boundaries must match exactly. The transcript start and end locations are allowed to differ.
TSL1: All splice junctions of the transcript are supported by at least one non-suspect mRNA.
TSL2: The best supporting mRNA is flagged as suspect or the support is from multiple ESTs.
TSL3:The only support for this transcript is from a single EST.
TSL4:The best supporting EST for this transcript is flagged as suspect.
TSL5: No single transcript (mRNA or EST) supports this transcript model's structure.
A project that aims to understand the correlation between low-frequency and rare genetic changes with human disease by studying the genetic code of 10,000 people in the UK. See more details here.
A species specific unprocessed pseudogene without a parent gene in the same species but with an active orthologue in another species.
Pseudogenes that can contain introns since they are produced by gene duplication.
Vega genes from the Vertebrate Genome Annotation (VEGA) database include manual annotation of specific Human, Mouse, and Zebrafish clones. Annotation is performed on a clone-by-clone basis using a combination of similarity searches against DNA and protein databases, ab initio gene prediction applications (genscan, Fgenes),. Comparative analysis using vertebrate datasets is used to aid novel gene discovery. The data gathered in these steps is then used to manually annotate the clone adding gene structures, descriptions and poly-A features. The annotation is based on supporting evidence only.
Two or more versions of a duplicated gene in a single species. In a gene tree, the genes are separated by a duplication node.
A database for the zebrafish model organism that holds information on wild-type stocks, mutants, genes, gene expression data, and map markers.


"Once we got the health center going, we started stocking food in the center pharmacy and distributing food — like drugs — to the people. A variety of officials got very nervous and said, 'You can't do that.' We said, 'Why not?' They said, 'It's a health center pharmacy, and it's supposed to carry drugs for the treatment of disease.' And we said, 'The last time we looked in the book, the specific therapy for malnutrition was food." - Geiger, Jack. The Unsteady March. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 48, 1-9.
In 2009, Carmen Gomez* of New Haven, Connecticut was diagnosed with diabetes.
But, because she was diagnosed at Fair Haven Community Health Center (FHCHC), what happened next was far from typical: Gomez was prescribed food — plus time on the farm for growing food and attending nutrition and cooking classes. She was contacted a week after her diagnosis by Rebecca Kline, then with FHCHC's diabetes prevention program (DPP), who brought her out to New Haven Farms, an urban farm with educational components down the street from FHCHC. "I would water the plants, and do some weeding. I would work with cilantro, onions, kale, cherry tomatoes, big tomatoes... I would typically spend a couple of hours there," several times a week, Gomez said. Six years later, she's still an active participant. Every Monday, Gomez and others enrolled in the DPP receive cooking and nutrition education on the farm, after an hour or more of farming. The instruction includes seasonally-adjusted cooking strategies, and nutrition and lifestyle education. The patients' entire families are invited. After the hour-long educational component, participants eat the meal they prepared together- er, and then bring home enough servings of vegetables and fruit from the farm for every member of their household for the week — meaning, lots of produce — plus, recipes for the harvest.
In 1965, Jack Geiger, the father of the health center movement, began "prescribing" food from a local cooperative farm in the Mississippi Delta to his patients suffering from malnutrition. Fifty years later, the approach still has advocates. Many of the health problems that plague the underserved population of the US – diabetes, obesity, high cholesterol, some cancers – can be traced to a lack of availability of healthy foods and a dearth of nutrition and cooking education. And yet, FHCHC may be one of the country's few health centers – perhaps the only health center – currently "prescribing" food by having direct, concrete links between the health center and a local farm.
Over at New Haven Farms, in the Fair Haven neighborhood of New Haven, Connecticut, Rebecca Kline, who is now the Executive Director of the project, responded to the article with glee. "The article describes exactly why, at New Haven Farms, we provide both access to [healthy] foods, and [to] education," she said. New Haven Farms' main site is located in a food desert, but the program provides more than just access to produce, Kline contends. This is how it works: Practitioners at FHCHC prescribe time at the farm for a medical condition by filling gout a referral form within the electronic medical record of the patient. Patients are brought out to the farm to participate in food growing and harvesting, which is matched with nutrition and lifestyle education, to equip patients of FHCHC and their families to better their food behaviors. The two innovations – connection to the health center, and the inclusion of education – are the key difference between New Haven Farms and other community farm projects, says Kline. The resulting robust program is a model for community health centers looking for an alternative method to combat diet-related health issues like diabetes and high cholesterol.
New Haven Farms was born out of a partnership between FHCHC and Chabaso Bakery, a large East Coast bakery with a New Haven commercial bakery. The owner of Chabaso, Charles Negaro and his wife, Nancy Dennett turned an adjacent vacant lot on the bakery's grounds into a community garden for employees about ten years ago — but it went underutilized. At the same time, FHCHC was launching a new DPP for their low-income, mostly Hispanic patient population. The program was translated from the National Institutes of Health's Diabetes Prevention Program curriculum, after which FHCHC added innovative components like cooking classes and family-based interventions, said Kline.
Since then, New Haven Farms has expanded into its own 501(c)3 nonprofit, adding new community farms in other low- income areas of New Haven. They're now planning to partner with other health centers beyond FHCHC, addressing food security and education for low-income patients with diabetes throughout New Haven.
Kline says that the partnership wasn't onerous to set up because of the timing: the farm was ready to be used, resulting in minimal start-up costs, and the health center was in the process of setting up their DPP, meaning there was flexibility to add a new component. FHCHC's IT team easily set up the new referral form in the EMR.
"The last simple thing was orienting the clinicians so they knew about the program and knew how to make the referral when they were in people's charts — that's why this shared staff member is so critical," explained Kline. "That person not only knows the IT sys- tem but they know the clinicians." As that staff person, Kline would provide orientation to new clinicians and assist current clinicians in navigating the program. "If we're not hitting our targets for referrals," says Kline, the staff person can knock on the clinicians' doors to check in. Kline notes that there are few incentives for clinicians to refer their patients; clinicians make referrals simply "because they're excited about the program," she said.
As they expand, New Haven Farms is shifting its funding strategy. As a nonprofit, New Haven Farms is now charging the medical centers who wish to partner with them. Their new partner, Cornell Scott Hill Health Center, found some of the needed funds in its current operating budget; they also wrote New Haven Farms in as a sub-grantee in a related grant. They're additionally asking for employee donations to help subsidize the cost of their patients' participation. In other words, health centers wishing to participate in the program must be willing to do the often hard work of finding the funding.
Learn more about New Haven Farms on their website, http://www.newhavenfarms.org.
1&abt=0002&abg=1. Accessed June 2, 2015.
* The patient's name has been changed to protect her privacy.


text:
Q: Stirling's Formula approach to probability problem I am having trouble with this question: A game warden, who does not have the reputation of a genius of probability theory, wishes to estimate the number of wolves in a certain forest. He does this by trapping 1,000 wolves and placing a band around the leg of each trapped wolf. He then releases these wolves and proceeds later to gather a random sample of 1,000 wolves (without replacement) of which 100 have bands. The game warden concludes that there must be 1,900 wolves in the forest. Do you think that this estimate supports his reputation as a non-genius?
Our professor hinted that we should Stirling's Formula in order to answer this question. However, I have no idea where to even begin. Any help will be appreciated!

A: Suppose there are $n$ wolves in the forest.
Then, if we suppose that every wolf is equally likely to be captured, we can capture $1000$ wolves in a total of $\binom{n}{1000} = \frac{n!}{1000!(n-1000)!}$ different ways.
However, we capture $100$ wolves with band, which can happen in $\binom{1000}{100} = \frac{1000!}{100!900!}$ different ways, and $900$ without band, which can happen in $\binom{n-1000}{900} = \frac{(n-1000)!}{900!(n-1900)!}$ ways. So the probability of catching $100$ wolves with and $900$ wolves without band is
$$ P_n = \frac{(1000!(n-1000)!)^2}{(n!900!)^2(n-1000)!(n-1900)!}.$$
So the question is, for what $n$ is this most likely?
Is it for $n=1900$, which gives $P_{1900} \approx 5 \times 10^{-430}$? Or $n=10000$, which gives $P_{10000} \approx 0.044$? Which seems to confirm our suspicion that the warden is not too bright.
Note that those values are approximated using Wolfram Alpha, and Stirling's formula can be used to approximate the factorials with exponents.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Troy University to host presentations of the Hap Arnold Outreach Program in Troy, Montgomery
The Hap Arnold Outreach Program seeks to strengthen ties between Maxwell Air Force Base's Air War College and the community.
A program designed to provide greater understanding of military service and culture and the challenges faced by today's military leaders is coming to Troy University campuses next week.
The Hap Arnold Outreach Program, which seeks to strengthen ties between the Air War College at Maxwell Air Force Base and the community, will be held at the University's Montgomery Campus on March 26 and on the Troy Campus on March 27.
Hosted in partnership with Troy University's Continuing Education and Outreach Department and the College of Arts and Sciences, the program utilizes a traveling panel of senior military officers, selected based on their military experience, academic accomplishments and deep interest in national security issues. Each officer will share his or her personal journey and reflect on military and combat experiences with a focus on this year's theme "Values-Based Leadership in Changing Times."
"Troy University is proud to partner with the Air War College to showcase the impactful stories shared through the Hap Arnold Outreach Program," said Dr. Lee Vardaman, associate provost for academic support. "With diverse experiences and backgrounds, the speakers offer rich insights into the paths of very successful officers."
The program will take place on the Montgomery Campus at 5:30 p.m. on March 26 in the Gold Room on the second floor of Whitley Hall. Panelists for the event are: Tiffany L. Herring, a senior quality assurance specialist for the Defense Contract Management Agency; Lt. Col. Eli Lozano of the Medical Service Corps; Lt. Col. John Popiak, a U.S. Army cyber-warfare officer with 22 years of active federal service; Lt. Col. Jared C. Nelson, a U.S. Air Force officer with 21 years of active duty service; and, Michael E. Salmon, deputy program manager for nuclear matters for the Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center.
Those wishing to attend the Montgomery Campus event should contact continuinged@troy.edu.
The Troy Campus presentation is set for 4 p.m. on March 27 in room 122 of Hawkins Hall. A reception will follow in the Hawkins Hall lobby. Panelist for the Troy Campus event are: Salmon; Capt. Tina Pena, a U.S. Coast Guard helicopter pilot; Lt. Col. Mark Tallo, a Judge Advocate General officer in the Army National Guard; and, Lt. Col. Adam Moore, who has more than 2,500 flying hours in the AC-130 gunship and has completed 16 deployments to the Middle East and Afghanistan in support of operations Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom and Inherent Resolve.
The Troy Campus event is open to TROY students, faculty and staff.
The program is named in honor of Gen. Henry H. "Hap" Arnold, a pioneer airman who was taught to fly by the Wright brothers. Arnold commanded the Army Air Forces to victory over Germany and Japan in World War II. Three years after retiring in 1946, he was appointed the first General of the Air Force by the U.S. Congress, and is the only person in history to achieve a 5-star rank in both the Army and Air Force.
Tags: Air War College, College of Arts and Sciences, Continuing Education, Hap Arnold Outreach Program, Maxwell Air Force Base
TROY researcher and students studying habitat changes on federally-listed species of mussel
TROY professor helps discover new species causing black gill in Georgia shrimp
Waldner receives Troy University's Book Token Award

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Press publishers deeply regret that Member States have given up the existing hourly-based limit for TV advertising.
Publishers of newspapers and magazines in Europe are concerned that the Council's general approach on the proposal for an updated AVMS Directive could seriously undermine media pluralism and press freedom in Europe.
First of all, the Council text supports an unprecedented deregulation of the audiovisual advertising market, which is probably neither what consumers want nor certainly what the objective of maintaining a vibrant and pluralistic media landscape requires.
Despite repeated calls to avoid reopening the existing hourly-based time restriction for TV audiovisual commercial communications (Article 23), Member States in the Council significantly moved away from such a rule and, as a result, would create a highly insecure situation for the press sector on the advertising market. In that context, EMMA and ENPA urge Member States to, at the very least, not go further in terms of deregulation and, in particular, firmly oppose to the Parliament's proposal to make isolated ad spots as admissible as any other advertisements.


It is always good to stop and say THANKS!
Summer is almost here and that means more colorful, beautiful bright layouts! Its no secret that I love bright colors, although I do think that I lean toward the darker hues during the cold Canadian winter months.
What better way to get ready for the Warm season than to dig out your summer colors and get into the swing of things? Here's a bright layout of my oldest cat Seymour… He's such a beautiful orange color, it was easy to pull these two Kiki Art papers from the Jardin Collection!
I just love using these cute Kiki-Art Chipboard hearts, they are ready to use and come in lots of beautiful colors! I added a bit of stickles to these two and used a few popdots to give them some dimension.
6 Responses to Hello From Nova Scotia!
Such a cute layout. I love the colors on it!
SOOOOO cute! love that photo too!
so so very cute.. I love the pictures.. and the paper works so well with your photos.. thanks for sharing….


We picked up 4 inches at High Camp yesterday from the storm system that moved through.
The weather is quiet today and will remain quiet through Sunday as high pressure has moved back in.
Next week several systems will move into the Pacific Northwest. The system on Monday may push far enough South to bring us a dusting of snow, so we will watch for that.
Quiet weather returns by the middle of next week as a large trough pushes into the Eastern Pacific. By the end of the week the trough will trough to push the storms close to CA. We will have to watch that because if it is successful we could see snow the weekend of the 7th.


text:
Bits About the Business of Baseball Cards
By Ross Atkin
August 5, 1994 | WOBURN, MASS.
THE 15th National Sports Collectors Convention concludes a five-day run Sunday in Houston.
It is the world's largest ``yard sale'' of baseball and other sports cards, with about 870 tables, cards, and other memorabilia spread over an area the size of five football fields. The convention, open to the public as well as dealers, is expected to attract between 30,000 and 50,000 hobbyists.
* For years, Topps enjoyed a virtual monopoly in the baseball card business. In the late 1980s, however, the Upper Deck Company of Carlsbad, Calif., gained a license to produce cards from Major League Baseball and became the pace-setter for a suddenly dynamic industry. Upper Deck attributes its success to ``cutting-edge photography, high-resolution lithography, eye-catching formats, and the highest quality materials.''
* Major League Baseball keeps a tight lid on the number of companies licensed to regularly manufacture cards. Topps, Upper Deck, Fleer, Donruss, and Pinnacle own licenses. Union Pacific has permission to produce bilingual cards.
* The major retail outlets for sports cards are hobby stores and baseball card stores, of which there are tens of thousands of mom-and-pop businesses and national chains, most notably Wal-Mart Stores Inc., where impulse purchases introduce newcomers to collecting.
* Insert cards, similar to the prizes in Crackerjack boxes, help drive the industry today. These are the more limited collectible cards, which industry observer Bob Brill says can sell for ``$100, $200, or $300 right out of the box.''
* There are high-, low-, and mid-range products; the mid-range sell for between $1.50 and $2.50 per 12-card pack.
* A glutted market and consumer confusion are two of the industry's biggest concerns.
* Emerging trends: cards with computer chips to make them interactive; global marketing.
Before you buy more, enjoy what you already have
Honus Wagner baseball card fetches $2.1 million
How the credit card was born
https://www.csmonitor.com/1994/0805/05092.html


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There are some hair products that are not healthy for your hair. Read the label and choose your products carefully. Don't put any chemicals in your hair that could be harmful. Some products will reduce the growth of your hair greatly. Do your research to find out if the product you wish to use really is safe.
Most people have eczema live everyday suffering. But, what most eczema sufferers do not realize is that this condition can be well controlled. All it take is some simple research and dedication. The piece that follows is a great start in your quest to learn more about this skin condition.
Use ointments when using moisturizers. They are better than the other options out there to help you keep things soothed because they let you keep in moisture while leaving a protective layer behind. Creams or lotions don't offer that same protection. Because of this an ointment will be a lot better on cracked skin that happened due to eczema.
Take a warm bath to relieve eczema-related itching. Make sure, though, that the water is not overly hot or cold. Sprinkling colloidal oatmeal or baking soda in your bath water can help relieve your itchy skin. You could also add a small cap of bleach to a large bath, which will help kill any living bacteria.


text:
Renaissance est le premier tome de la série fantasy d'Anne Robillard Les Héritiers d'Enkidiev. Il est paru le  aux éditions Wellan Inc. au Canada puis le  aux éditions Michel Lafon en France. Il est la suite du douzième et dernier tome de la série Les Chevaliers d'Émeraude et présente ce qu'il est advenu des Chevaliers et de leurs enfants.

Résumé
Le récit prend place quinze ans après la fin des Chevaliers d'Émeraude et la destruction de la ruche de l'Empereur noir Amecareth.

Les Chevaliers ont repris une vie, tout comme certains immortels ; une fête est donnée en l'honneur de la réussite de la guerre. Peu de temps après, Fan de Shola vient voir les Chevaliers d'Émeraude pour leur remercier d'avoir rendu à Enkidiev la paix, et elle enlève les bracelets magiques des Chevaliers.

Le tome démarre avec la maladie d'Onyx, empoisonné par la lance d'un homme-insecte. Hadrian veut sauver son vieil ami et se rend aux pays des elfes, où il apprendra que la lance qui a transpercé Onyx contient une vingtaine de poisons. Les elfes concoctent un antidote contre la majorité des poisons, mais il reste plusieurs poisons dans le corps d'Onyx, et l'un des ingrédients pour le guérir se trouve dans les Territoires Inconnus. Hadrian décide donc de mener une expédition vers les Territoires Inconnus (qui seront après connus sous le nom d'« Enlilkisar ») pour tenter de trouver la fleur qui le sauvera.

Cette expédition sera composée de Liam, Mali, Katil, Danitza, Cameron, Daiklan, Ellie, Améliane, Kira, Jenifael, Atlance, Wellan et Kirsan.

En même temps, on apprend par un prêtre des terres inconnues qu'il existe trois panthéons et qu'ils se font la guerre :
 les dieux reptiliens (des Ghariyals, dirigé par Parandar, Théandras et Fan ;
 les dieux ailés (dirigés par Lycaon)  ;
 les dieux félins (dirigés par Étanna).

On ne sait pas grand-chose de ces autres divinités dans le tome 1 des Héritiers d'Enkidiev, mais les dieux reptiliens ont l'air troublés par leur réapparition. Cela semble confirmer les soupçons d'Onyx : les Dieux cachent leurs jeux. On sait seulement dans le  que ces trois panthéons se sont fait la guerre et se sont séparés. Nous en apprenons plus dans le , Nouveau Monde.

Évolutions des personnages
Les Chevaliers d'Émeraude ne partant plus à la guerre, ils doivent se trouver un métier et choisir leur avenir, quant à certains Immortels, ils choisiront un tout autre destin que les dieux avaient prévu pour eux.

 Danalieth, après avoir aidé les humains, décide de revenir au panthéon des dieux ; Parandar, avec une certaine méfiance et arrière-pensée, consent à l'accepter à nouveau parmi eux. Danalieth remplacera Abnar, surveillera Enkidiev et s'occupera de celui-ci pour qu'il n'y ait aucun problème. Il laisse ses deux filles sur Enkidiev : Dinath et Ariane.

 Jasson et sa famille, après avoir séjourné un court instant dans la Forêt Interdite, décident de revenir à Émeraude, la guerre étant terminée. Jasson et sa femme, Sanya, ont deux enfants : Carlo et Cléman. Katil, la fille aînée de la famille, devenue adulte, décide de devenir magicienne et demande à Hawke, magicien officiel du château d'Émeraude de devenir son apprentie. Après de nombreux tests, il s'avère que Katil a de nombreux talents. À la fin du tome, Katil décide de faire partie de l'expédition menée par Hadrian pour aller vers les Territoires Inconnus.

 Liam décide de devenir forgeron auprès de Morrison, et reste en compagnie de la prêtresse Maliaessandara (ou Mali).

 Katil, devenue adulte, prend la résolution d'étudier la magie auprès de Hawke, confiant les 2 sentinelles d'Abnar, qu'elle avait recueillies, à son jeune frère.  Entre-temps, elle s'éprend d'Atlance lors d'une de leur croisade.

 Bridgess, abattue par le fait de devoir vivre la fin de la guerre sans son fiancé, fini par rendre honneur à la promesse de Santo à Wellan de l'épouser et la protéger. Le couple se marie après que Santo et son fils Famire soient rentrés de leurs années de voyage de guérisseur, tandis qu'elle devenait professeur pour les enfants. Ils donneront naissance à 2 filles, Djadzia et Élora.

 Chloé et Dempsey s'établissent dans la campagne de Diamant pour fonder leur famille. Ils donneront naissance aux triplés Youva, Romin et Kaishann. Ils recueillerons également 2 orphelins, Mia et le petit Cedval, après une macabre découverte dans un logis non loin de leur forêt. Youva sera convié par Wyler à devenir le prochain souverain de Béryl.

 Bergeau et Catania décident d'avoir une grande famille qui est composée de Proka, Broderika, Danitza, Luca, Kieran, Shade, Katrine, Dieter, Matthias, Gunther et Domenka. Les aînées ont trouvé époux, tandis que Danitza deviens romancière en herbe et tombe sous le charme de Cameron, le prince les elfes. Ce dernier ne prend pas les protocoles des elfes au sérieux et ne laissera pas le roi Hamil mettre un terme à son amour, même si un demi-elfe princier épousant une humaine est considéré comme alarmant pour l'avenir des elfes. Amayelle donne naissance à Malika après leur retour au pays des elfes.

 Falcon et Wanda décident aussi de s'établir à la campagne, tandis que Nartrach éduque Nacarat, son dragon rouge, devenant de plus en plus végétarien, pour la joie des habitants qui l'avaient d'abord vu comme un danger et demandaient au roi Onyx de le mettre à mort. Wanda retrouve sa fertilité après une étrange rencontre avec Mann dans les souterrains du château et donne naissance à Aurélys, tandis que Nartrach fera la connaissance d'Améliane, princesse du royaume des fées, qui lui fera une étrange proposition et entre-temps il s'éprend d'elle.

 Abnar décide de demander à Parandar de devenir mortel pour vivre avec Myrialuna et son vœu est exaucé. Myrialuna et Abnar ont six filles : Larissa, Lavra, Léia, Lidia, Léonilla et Ludmila.

 Dylan demanda également de devenir mortel, et est exaucé. Il prend la décision de vivre avec Dinath, fille de Danalieth. Ils décident de se comporter comme des héros pour que l'Histoire se rappelle d'eux. Ainsi ils aident tous le monde pour chaque tâche. Ils décident à la fin du tome d'ériger un temple au sommet de la Montagne de Cristal.

 Morrison, forgeron du Château d'Émeraude, marié avec Jahonne, hybride d'Alombria a deux enfants : Cyndelle (de couleur de peau comme de la pierre) et Elrick (dont la peau est très blanche).

 Daiklan et Ellie décident de créer un musée : Hamil, Roi des Elfes, leur offre une multitude d'objets d'arts anciens, mais les deux personnages décident de faire leurs propres fouilles archéologiques. Ils trouveront des objets importants dans le .

 Hawke enseigne à Kirsan, fils du roi du royaume de Zénor, l'art de la magie. Cependant, Kirsan n'est pas un enfant doté de pouvoirs magiques normaux : pendant ses rêves, il a des visions et il voit une grotte et un objet au fond de cette grotte, alors durant son rêve une voix s'élève puis lui interdit d'y accéder, et selon cette voix, "seul Hawke est destiné à toucher à cet objet". L'enfant, le lendemain matin, raconte cette vision à Hawke, qui réussit à repérer la grotte. Hawke touche l'objet et une ancienne Sholienne lui confie une mission, de laquelle on ne sait rien… Hawke disparaît de la surface du monde.

 Mann, après avoir touché un objet magique rend a une vieille personne qui l'a touchée ce même objet autrefois devient un augure, il prévient ainsi les Chevaliers de bon nombre de choses.

 Kira s'est mariée avec Lassa, qui l'aimait depuis son premier souffle. Ils ont deux fils qui sont d'origines incertaines, et un troisième fils qui est l'ainé et qui se nomme Wellan. À peine est-il né que Kira se rend compte qu'il est la réincarnation de leur défunt chef bien-aimé, mais elle respectera sa volonté de ne le dire à personne. Wellan fera naturellement partie de l'expédition organisé par Hadrian pour sauver Onyx. Kira et Lassa ont également une fille, Kaliska qui est la seule fille de la famille.

Analyse
Le tome 1 des Héritiers d'Enkidiev nous replonge dans l'univers d'Anne Robillard mais avec une dynamique différente. Les Chevaliers d'Émeraude étaient concentrés sur la défense de leur continent contre les invasions des hommes insectes provenant du continent d'Irianeth, maintenant, dans cette série qui est la suite des Chevaliers d'Émeraude, les « héritiers » d'Enkidiev doivent faire face aux deux autres panthéons et à leurs servants. Le tome 1 résume la vie des principaux Chevaliers d'Émeraude après 15 ans de leur victoire contre Irianeth.

Liens externes
 Résumé officiel de Renaissance
 Site officiel québécois des Héritiers d'Enkidiev

Les Héritiers d'Enkidiev
Roman d'Anne Robillard
Roman de fantasy canadien
Roman canadien paru en 2010
2010 en fantasy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I don't care what party you are. If you commit voter fraud, you need to face serious consequences.
Two months in jail is not serious confinement.
It might be if your kids are in that cell with you. Isn't that what the Left wants? Families kept together?
I agree. 2 months is a slap on the wrist. SHOULD HAVE been at least 2 years.
Considering over 25,000 illegals voted in the 2018 election at last count, that should discount any claims of them wanting to follow the law to live here. The ones that need to be incarcerated is the poll workers who were accessories after the fact. The obvious question to ask though was the "blue wave" that gave the Democratic Party the house LEGITIMATE????? There was too many "recounts" that gave the win to the Democrat especially when they had lost on election night, the Democratic poll workers conveniently found enough uncounted ballots to benefit the Democrat candidate in many states, just saying…….
The "I'm ignorant & don't know nothing about nothing" along with the I didn't "intend" to do anything illegal excuse is what they all say & have been getting away with for years now.
Now continue on apprehending and put to trial all the other illegal voters and anyone else participating in VOTER FRAUD. Include those Board of Election heads that fail to keep a current up to date voters list.
Exactly. For a year + now, we've seen story after story about how many THOUSANDS of illegals are wrongfully registered to vote, AND HOW MANY THOUSANDS actually have voted.
So start going after them all. PUNISH those who aid and otherwise HELP these illegals to vote. AND DON'T keep it quiet and swept under the rug, AIR IT IN THE LIGHT OF DAY.
What other country allows illegal residents and foreign nationals vote?
NONE. And many other countries are a LOT HARSHER than we are, to those who DO get caught trying to illegally vote.
If you vote in a government election, you NEED to have a government issued ID that states that you are a citizen. If a State doesn't require citizenship to vote then that states votes should not be counted.


The UK's wholesale broadband access market is not effectively competitive because of BT's dominance in the sector, Ofcom and Oftel have concluded in a consultation paper that was published on Tuesday.
After conducting a thorough review of the market, the incoming communications regulator and the outgoing telecoms watchdog have agreed that BT has significant market power (SMP), and is likely to maintain this power for at least the next 18 months.
The consultation paper examined Britain's wholesale broadband market to see if any service providers occupy a dominant position. If no firm was ruled to have SMP, then the market would be effectively competitive. The paper concludes that BT has SMP in the market for wholesale asymmetric broadband services, and also in the market for broadband conveyance -- the backhaul of high-speed data traffic.
The telco will continue to be the subject of eight separate regulatory obligations, in an attempt to prevent it abusing its position. For example, it will have to continue providing network access to other operators on reasonable terms, and it won't be allowed to unduly discriminate against other players.
"These proposals will address a competition deficit," said David Edmonds, director general of Oftel, who has been responsible for keeping checks on BT during the last few years.
"They will bring clarity and predictability to a strategically important and distinct market, enabling other network operators to compete effectively against BT and, in turn, leading to greater choice and value for the consumer," Edmonds added, in a statement accompanying the report.
Kingston Communications was also judged to have SMP in the Hull area, where it operates a telecommunications network.
A number of factors contributed to BT being labelled with the SMP tag. A crucial part of the decision was the fact that BT now controls 55 percent of the wholesale broadband market, compared to almost 31 percent for NTL, and just over 13 percent for Telewest.
BT's market share is expected to grow even larger in the next few years.
"BT's continued desire to rollout its broadband availability, when coupled with its ubiquity and dominance in the provision of wholesale narrowband analogue access services, means that it has far greater ability to obtain increasing numbers of future asymmetric broadband customers, and thus market share, than its cable operator competitors," predicted the two regulators.
During the consultation process, BT fought against being dubbed a company with SMP. On Tuesday, though, the telco insisted that it had earned the label through its investment in broadband during the last few years.
"The reason the regulators have ruled we have significant market power is that we built Britain's DSL market. Who else has invested in it?" a BT spokesman said, adding that the influence of the cable companies should not be underestimated.
"BT already offers a wholesale portfolio of broadband services, and already meets the requirements as detailed in the regulatory statement. The UK has more ISPs selling broadband than any European country and the UK has some of the best value wholesale broadband prices in the world," the BT spokesman continued.