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Posts Tagged 'G.E. Moore'
Are All Empirical Statements Merely Hypotheses?
Posted by allzermalmer on December 19, 2011
This blog will be based on an article done by W.T. Stace. It is called, Are All Empirical Statements Merely Hypotheses? It appeared in the philosophical journal known as The Journal of Philosophy Vol. 44, No. 2 (Jan. 16, 1947), pp. 29-38.
It is sometimes stated that all empirical statements are only probable. This was stated by those like, and especially by, Rudolph Carnap. One philosopher who disagreed, and said that some empirical statements are certain, was G.E. Moore. Stace shall agree with Moore, but with some qualifications. The statement that will be the exemplar of what is being talked about will be the statement of "This key is made of iron". Now this statement is a singular statement like x is Y.
"To say that this proposition can never be more than probable means, I assume, that there must always be some doubt as to its truth. The question we have to get clear about is: what is the doubt, or what are the doubts, which those philosophers who say that such a statement can never be more than probable, have in mind?"
Some of the doubts could be as follows for what makes this empirical statement probable: the laws of nature are statistical, we could be deceived by some sort of demons or might be dreaming, or statements that we make rely on memory and our memory could be wrong. None of these things seems to be what has lead some to think that all empirical statements are probable. That is because these doubts are arising from practical doubt because of the frailty of human faculties.
The philosophers, like Carnap, seem to be relying on theoretical/logical doubt. This seems to be based on the logic at which we arrive at empirical truths, regardless of the frailties of particular human beings. They seem to be saying that we arrive at these empirical statements, like "this key is made of iron", are arrived at by means of induction. And, through the means of induction, we never arrive at certainty by by means of probability.
Stace quotes Carnap on the basic idea of which is to lead to all empirical statements are merely probable. Take the statement that "This key is made of iron". This proposition will be known as P1. We can test P1 by seeing if it is attracted by a magnet, if it is then we have partial verification of P1. So here is what Rudolph Carnap says, which leads him to state that all empirical statements are merely probable in his book Philosophy and Logical Syntax:
"After that, or instead of that, we may make an examination by electrical tests, or by mechanical, chemical, or optical tests, etc. If in these further investigations all instances turn out to be positive, the certainty of the proposition P1 gradually grows…but absolute certainty we can never attain. the number of instances deducible from P1 is infinite. Therefore there is always the possibility of finding in the future a negative instance."
Now this is the logical problem that we face. Anytime we perform a new test, and the test is passed, it only adds a degree of probability to the statement that "this key is made of iron". And the problem, further, is that we can't completely verify the statement, or be certain of it, because we would have to complete an infinite number of observations. But this is not only practically impossible, it is also logically impossible.
But there is some ambiguity of what Carnap means, because there are two ways that this can be taken. The first thing could be about the different kinds of tests. For we noticed that he brought up the tests that could be done, like magnetic, electrical, chemical, and etc. So the it could be meant that the number of different kinds of test is infinite, which means we would have to make an infinite number of kinds of tests in order to achieve complete verification of the statements truth. But Stace has an objection to this position.
"If an infinite number of kinds of tests of the key were possible, this would imply that the key must have an infinite number of different characteristics or properties to be tested for. But even if an object can have an infinite number of characteristics, it would not be necessary to test for them all in order to identify the object as iron. All we need is to verify the defining characteristics of iron, which are certainly finite in number. and there is, of course, no logical difficulty about doing that."
Now there is a second possible meaning for which Carnap has in mind. We could do a single test of a defining characteristic like "being attracted by a magnet", or what other defining characteristics there might be. These tests only make the statement probable because we may find that the key is attracted one time and perform many of the same tests a thousand times in succession and find the same results as the first test. But we can never be sure that an instance will not turn up in the future in which the object will not be attracted by a magnet (problem of induction). "If the same thing happens in the same circumstances in a vast number of times, each time it happens makes it a little more probable that it will happen again, but it can never be quite certain."
It is true that scientists perform the same experiments, this is the repeatably of the scientific tests. What one scientist is able to do in a test, it has to be reproducible by other scientists around the world. The same experiment can be repeated by the same experimenter over and over, or can be done by other experimenters around the world. But why are experiments repeated? Is it because each fresh instance of a positive result of the same test adds to the probability of the conclusion? It seems not.
Let us assume that we have an object that is to be tested. We want to test whether it is composed of a certain substance, which we can call X. Now let us suppose that there is only one defining characteristic of X which we call A. The scientist is testing for Y. If Y is found it is a sign that the substance is X. Now, is it true that A may be repeated many times. But why?
"It is not because he supposes that a barren repetition of instances of A makes it more probable that the substance is X. It is always, on the contrary, because he has doubts whether he has satisfactorily established by his observations of the presence of A. It is not the validity of the inductive inference from A to X that he is doubting, but whether A is really present…the doubt which the experimenter is trying to exclude is not any logical doubt about induction, but practical doubts arising from difficulties of observation, possible deficiencies in apparatus, difficulty in ensuring that the experiment is made in the exact conditions required, and so on. He is not doubting that the inductive premises will lead to an absolutely certain conclusion. He is doubting whether he has satisfactorily established the inductive premises."
What is going on is that the scientist procedure is that a single observation is sufficient to establish an inductive conclusion with certainty. But this is only the case provided that the premises have been established. So it is not the inductive conclusion that is being questioned, but it is the premises that are being questioned. As Stace says, "What is implied by the scientist's procedure is that a single observation or experiment is sufficient to establish an inductive conclusion with certainty, provided the premises have been established. I hold that the scientist is right."
Stace locates the problem at three points. And this is the problem of how some philosophers have reached the conclusion that all empirical statements are merely probable.
(1.) One of the problems was how philosophers thought that scientists were repeating experiments to try to dispel logical doubts about the validity of induction. What the scientists were doing, in fact, was trying to dispel practical errors in observing or establishing the premises on which an induction rests. The question of probability doesn't fall within the inductive argument, but outside of the inductive argument.
"That is to say, what is only probable is not that, if A is once associated with B, it will always be associated with B, but that A has actually been found associated with B; not that if a substance has a certain specific gravity it is gold, but that the substance now before me actually has that specific gravity…a natural mistake located the question of probability within the inductive argument instead of outside of it; have extrapolated it from the practical sphere of observation, measurement, and so on, where it actually belongs, to the logical sphere of the inductive inference in which in reality it has no place."
So the problem is not in the inductive argument itself, but outside of the argument. What is outside of the argument is making sure that you have made an observation that meets with the premises of the argument. This is what constant testing is about, to make sure that the observations are in line with the premises. It is not the argument being questioned, but something outside of the argument that is being questioned.
(2.) Another reason that it seems that it is brought up that empirical statements are probable deals with the view of induction where an application of the inductive principle to a type of cases different from that of the Iron key. This other application is based on generalizing from observations. For example, we generalize from observations of a number from a certain class to the whole class. This means, from observing some white swans, we go on to generalize to the class of swans. From seeing a certain number of swans being white, and not observing any black swans, we go on to say that All swans are white. This will be dealt with a little later on.
(3.) This view seems to follow, as some philosophers think, from what David Hume had to say on the problem of Induction. Hume showed that we can't "prove" a conclusion in an inductive argument. Because of this, some seem to have imagine that because we can't prove it, we can at least make it probable. But it doesn't seem that this follows from what Hume said on the problem of Induction. But Stace does think that something follows from what Hume said on this problem.
Imagine that we have a single instance of A being associated with B, and we've ruled out all practical doubts from possible errors of observation or experiment. We now have, logically, two positions that we can take up.
The first is that we can assume the validity of the principle of Induction. So, in this single instance, we can conclude that A is always associated with B, and our conclusion follows with absolute certainer from our two premises of single observed association of A with B and the principle of induction. With these two premises, the conclusion is certain to start with, and so there is no increasing probability or probability at all.
The second is that you may not assume that validity of the inductive principle. Now this means that we follow Hume, which means that there's no logical connection between the premises and the conclusion of induction. This means, nothing follows from induction, neither certainty nor probability. No matter how many single instances that support our inductive conclusion, the probability never arises above zero. (Karl Popper would agree with this point). There is no connection to say that because the conclusion obtained, that we can say that the probability of the premises rises some more. They are disconnected. It is like having three dots on a sheet of paper. They are disconnected from each other. So when we affirm one, we can't affirm any of the others because they're not connected with one another.
"I have affirmed that, given the inductive principle, a single case will prove the inductive conclusion with certainty, I ought to give a formulation to the inductive principle which embodies this…"If in even a single instance, we have observed that a thing of the sort A is associated with a thing of the sort B, then on any other appearance of A, provided the other factors present along with A are the same on both occasions, it is certain that A will be associated with B.""
There is the clause of "provided the other factors present along with A are the same on both occasions." This forms part of the principle, which comes down to "Same cause, same effect". There is an example to help make this point clear. If the bell is struck in air then it produces sound. But it doesn't follow that a bell struck in a vacuum will produce sound. This is because of the clause that was inserted into the principle. The factors aren't the same, and so they're not the same type of thing. But it does introduce a new inductive discovery.
There is one obvious objection that one could make to this principle. It could be said that this new interpretation is merely an assumption that is incapable of proof. So if this is a matter of being arbitrary choice of how to formulate it in terms of certainty and probability, then we ought not to assume more than is necessary to justify our sciences and our practice. So someone could say, "it will be quite sufficient for these purposes to assume that, if A is associated with B now, it will probably be associated with B at other times and places. On this ground the probability formulation should be preferred."
But putting the term certainty in there is not meant to be arbitrary, but it is mean to represent a formulation of the assumption which has been the basis of science and practice. But maybe Stace should be more clear, which is what he tries to do like as follows:
"If you have one case of a set of circumstances A associated with B, and you are quite sure you have correctly established this one association, then, assuming the uniformity of nature, or the reign of law, or the principle of induction-call it what you will- a repetition of identically the same set of circumstances A is bound to be associated with B. For if not, you would have a capricious world, a world in which A sometimes produces B, and sometimes it does not, a world in which the kettle put on the fire may boil today, but freeze tomorrow. And this would clearly be a violation of the principle of induction which you have assumed."
Now, if you assume the principle of induction, then a single case validates an induction. But now Stace will try to prove his second contention that if you don't assume the principle of induction, your inductive conclusion aren't probable at all and there's no repetition of instances, so no matter how great the number, then the probability is never raised above zero.
To establish this position, Stace will assume that Hume is right. This means, between the premises and the conclusion of an inductive argument there is absolutely no logical connection at all. This means that there is nothing to establish the slightest probability because they're is no connection between them. So if we affirm one part, it has no connection to another to raise the probability of this part that is connected to what we affirmed. They are so completely disconnected that there's no logical connection to even bring up probability.
For example, here is what Al-Ghazali said about causality, which is the same position that David Hume took up, and this is based in some ways on the principle of induction. "The affirmation of one does not imply the affirmation of the other; nor does its denial imply the denial of the other. The existence of one is not necessitated by the existence of the other; nor its non-existence by the non-existence of the other." So when we affirm one thing with induction, like a correct experiment, this in no way can increase any probability when the affirmation of one doesn't imply the affirmation of the other. How can you raise the probability when what you affirm has no connection to anything else to raise the probability of this other thing? You can't.
Stace goes on to try to examine the types of cases in which generalize a whole class from a number of instances that are smaller than the whole class. Try to generalize about a whole class of swans from observing a few of the swans that are suppose to make up the whole class. If we observe one swan and it is white,nto conclude that all swans are white, we might be accused of generalizing from one instance. But if we make 10,000 observations, we might think we have a degree of probability to support the generalization. We go on to make observe 1 billion swans and they were white. This might lead us to go on to admit that the hypothesis has become even more probable. So, someone might say to defend the probability view, that how can we deny that we probability and use the probability view of induction?
"But the inductive principle only holds with the proviso, "if the factors present along with A are the same" in subsequent repitition of A. And this case of the swans is simply a case in which it is extremely difficult to be sure that this is so. A in this case means the defining characteristics of the class swan, and B means whiteness. Now different swans will have, along with the defining characteristics A, a number of other characteristics. and these will differ with different individual swans, not to mention circumambient differences of environment. Thus the first case of A you observed was really ACDE, and this was associated with B. The second case was APQR, the third AXYZ. Now, of course, it does not follow from the principle of induction that because ACDE was associated with B, therefore APQR and AXYZ must be associated with B. For we do not have there that exact repetition of the same sets of circumstances which the inductive principle requires."
To try to remedy the situation that we are in, we constantly repeat observations of this class of swans. Now if we keep making these observations of A, and they're found to have B, then we think it becomes more and more likely that we have eliminated other certain possibilities, and raise the probability. We want to eliminate some of the accidental characteristics of certain swans. This would be something like they're size. food they eat, and the climates that they live in. When we rule out sets of circumstances as irrelevant, they become more probable.
The fundamental reason why there is constant repetition of observation on new members of class is that although in theory the association of A with B, once it is observed must always hold, is because in practice we never get our cases of pure A. "We can not isolate the system. It is always mixed up with extraneous circumstances. Thus the doubt which we are trying to dispel by repeated observations has nothing at all to do with Hume's doubt about the validity of induction…" That doubt can't be dispelled, no matter now many numerous observations we make. But the doubt that we are trying to get rid of isn't the logical doubt. The doubt we are trying to get rid of is the practical doubt from the enormous complexity of nature, our frailty of our intellects which are unequal with the task to disentangle the complexities, or the inadequacy of the instruments that we have at our disposal to isolate the system present.
Some, like Carnap, have divided knowledge into empirical knowledge and necessary propositions. Necessary propositions would be those like mathematics and logic. Now the empirical propositions could be considered doubtful because the practical doubts that arise from our human infirmities. But this means that we ought to have the same doubts in concern with mathematics. This is why we have people that check our work in mathematics, to make sure that we made no practical doubts in the process that we followed.
"There is one sense in which mathematical, or, in general, deductive conclusions are certain this may be called the logical or theoretical sense. And there is another sense, which may be called the practical sense, in which they are only probable, since the mathematician or the syllogizer may err in his reasoning. The mathematician may miscalculate, and the syllogizer may make any one of a hundred mistakes. And if practical doubts are not a ground for denying that, in an appropriate sense, mathematics is certain, then practical doubts can not be a ground for denying that, in an appropriate sense, empirical conclusions are uncertain."
"As it is with mathematical truths, so precisely it is with empirical truths. There is one sense in which an inductive conclusion is certain, namely, the theoretical sense that it follows with certainity from a single observation plus the inductive principle. And there is another sense, the practical one, in which it is probable only, because there may be errors in observation, experimentation, and the like."
"The statement that empiricial knowledge may be theoretically certain is, of course, subject to the proviso that we accept the inductive principle. If we don't accept it, then, of course, empirical knowledge is not even probable. It has no validity at all. In no case does any question of probability enter into the matter."
Posted in Philosophy | Tagged: Causality, Cause and Effect, David Hume, Empirical Hypothesis, Empirical Statement, Empirical Truths, Empiricism, G.E. Moore, Hypothesis, Induction, Inductive Argument, Logical doubt, Necessary Proposition, Practical doubt, Principle of Induction, Probability, Problem of Induction, Rudolph Carnap, Theoretical Doubt, W.T. Stace, Walter Terence Stace | Leave a Comment »


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A Portlaoise man who brought cannabis to the garda station when he was collecting items from the gardaí was fined at last week's district court.
Barry McStay, 93 Clonrooske Abbey, Portlaoise, was charged with the possession of drugs, at Portlaoise Garda Station on June 19 last year.
Inspector Aidan Farrelly gave evidence that McStay went to the station to retrieve certain items and while there a garda saw a bag of cannabis protruding from his top pocket.
The drug was valued at €50 and McStay admitted it was for his own use.
Judge Catherine Staines convicted McStay and fined him €200.


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Featured in Category
The Prison Letters of Nelson Mandela – Nelson Mandela
An unforgettable portrait of one of the most inspiring historical figures of the twentieth century, published on the centenary of his birth.
Arrested in 1962 as South Africa's apartheid regime intensified its brutal campaign against political opponents, forty-four-year-old lawyer and African National Congress activist Nelson Mandela had no idea that he would spend the next twenty-seven years in jail. During his 10,052 days of incarceration, the future leader of South Africa wrote a multitude of letters to unyielding prison authorities, fellow activists, government officials, and, most memorably, to his courageous wife, Winnie, and his five children. Now, 255 of these letters, many of which have never been published, provide exceptional insight into how Mandela maintained his inner spirits while living in almost complete isolation, and how he engaged with an outside world that became increasingly outraged by his plight.
Organized chronologically and divided by the four venues in which he was held as a sentenced prisoner, The Prison Letters of Nelson Mandela begins in Pretoria Local Prison, where Mandela was held following his 1962 trial. In 1964, Mandela was taken to Robben Island Prison, where a stark existence was lightened only by visits and letters from family. After eighteen years, Mandela was transferred to Pollsmoor Prison, a large complex outside of Cape Town with beds and better food, but where he and four of his comrades were confined to a rooftop cell, apart from the rest of the prison population. Finally, Mandela was taken to Victor Verster Prison in 1988, where he was held until his release on February 11, 1990.
With accompanying facsimiles of some of his actual letters, this landmark volume reveals how Mandela, a lawyer by training, advocated for prisoners' human rights. It reveals him to be a loving father, who wrote to his daughter, "I sometimes wish science could invent miracles and make my daughter get her missing birthday cards and have the pleasure of knowing that her Pa loves her," aware that photos and letters he sent had simply disappeared.
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Whether providing unwavering support to his also-imprisoned wife or outlining a human-rights philosophy that resonates today, The Prison Letters of Nelson Mandela reveals the heroism of a man who refused to compromise his moral values in the face of extraordinary punishment. Ultimately, these letters position Mandela as one of the most inspiring figures of the twentieth century.
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FEATURE & EDITOR'S COMMENT: A romantic's anguish
Kanan Makiya – regrets only?
By Dexter Filkins, New York Times, October 7, 2007
Kanan Makiya spent years in exile advocating the overthrow of Saddam Hussein. The war he supported brought about an Iraq he never imagined.
Where did it go wrong? Makiya asks himself. Or, more precisely, where did he go wrong? It's the second question that Makiya is finding the most troubling, for it concerns a lifetime of believing, as he puts it, that hope can triumph over experience. "I want to look into myself, look at myself, delve into the assumptions I had before the war," he told me.
Makiya's life is no longer what it was. In 2003, on returning to Iraq, he reunited with his sweetheart from high-school days, married and took her back to Cambridge. He also found out he has chronic lymphocytic leukemia, the same disease that killed Edward Said, the Palestinian-born Columbia University professor and Makiya's intellectual nemesis.
On Iraq, he says, there certainly were clues before the war began — for instance, that meeting in the Oval Office with President Bush and Condoleezza Rice, two months before the war. Sitting across his wide desk from Makiya, President Bush declared that the United States was launching not one campaign but two, the first to topple Hussein and the second to rebuild Iraq. Makiya recalls: "Bush turned to Rice, who was seated on the other side of the room, and he said to her, Our preparations for rebuilding Iraq are well advanced, right? And Rice looked down. She could not look him in the eye. And she said, Yes, Mr. President. She looked at the floor."
That the Americans committed error after error in Iraq, Makiya takes as a given: their biggest mistake, he maintains, was the decision to occupy Iraq and govern the country themselves, rather than allowing the Iraqis to take over. "I did not want to see the United States micromanage Iraqi affairs because, I feared, that is where things might go wrong," he said. Makiya now believes, though he did not at the time, that the Iraqi Army should have been held together, that the bad people could have been culled and the rest of it left intact. "We had this phobia of the army, that it would be used domestically, that it would mount coups, that it would get involved in domestic politics," he told me. "That was a mistake."
Editor's Comment — Dexter Filkins provides a conclusion that, as yet, Makiya is reluctant to articulate: "You exposed a terrible dictatorship, and for the noblest of motives you signed on to an invasion that ended in catastrophe. You misjudged your native country, and your adopted one too."
Makiya's misjudgment of America is no more clearly evident than in his hope that having toppled Saddam, the US would then defer to Iraqis in the reconstruction of their own country. Such a hope could only be entertained by those who chose to ignore the overarching motive of the Bush administration: that toppling of Saddam would repudiate the challenge posed by 9/11 by demonstrating to the world America's supreme military might. In other words, what Makiya chose to ignore was that George Bush and Dick Cheney didn't give a fuck about Iraq, per se.
Yet this particular error of judgment — one among many that have spawned no end of if-onlys, dreamed of as precursors to a happy ending — seems to be a way of glossing over the most fundamental error: the presumption that a bunch of exiles living comfortable lives in the West, had either the right or ability to assume an instrumental role in determining the fate of a remembered nation that animated their thoughts but that only from a distance shaped their lives.
In Makiya's view, the one person who could have stopped [the leader of the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq, Abdul Aziz al-]Hakim and his like-minded cohorts — the one person who could have slowed Iraq's gallop toward civil war — was Ahmad Chalabi. If Iraq was going to turn out like South Africa, Makiya reasoned, then it would need its Mandela — someone who could rise above revenge and parochial interests and steer the country toward a united future. Makiya said he believed that Chalabi could have been Iraq's Mandela.
Editor's Comment — The difference between Nelson Mandela and Ahmad Chalabi is the difference between a cell in Robben Island maximum security prison and an apartment in London's Mayfair. It's the difference between being willing to sacrifice ones own life for what one believes in, versus the willingness to sacrifice the lives of others. Kanan Makiya will likely wrestle with his doubts and his anguish for the rest of his life, but he chooses to do so in the comfort of his Victorian home in Cambridge, Massachusetts, rather than the turmoil of Iraq. That speaks louder than any of his words.
This entry was posted in Bush Administration, Editor's comments, neoconservatism, war in Iraq on October 7, 2007 by Paul Woodward.
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Find Someone
Genre: Singer / Songwriter
Best Of Blues and Roots 2011
Elixir (feat. Katie Noonan) First Seed Ripening
Alone In Bad Company
Ben Lee - Freedom, Love, and The Recuperation of the Human Mind
A Piece of Quiet (The Hush Collection, Vol. 16)
Where? (From the Opera "The Rabbits") - Single
Danny Widdicombe
This is a story of endurance. Find Someone is an album recorded and put together while leukaemia was spreading inside Danny Widdicombe. Danny was touring through Germany, The Netherlands and the UK, unaware of the cancer silently taking hold – until, at the climax of the tour, he collapsed and was rushed back to Australia to receive immediate treatment at the Royal Brisbane Hospital.
He had already made a start on his new album Find Someone in Brisbane before he left, writing and recording mostly demos of new songs, capturing their essence with first-take recordings. In Berlin he wrote and recorded more songs and finally, as the new twist of events dawned on him, he even laid down some overdubs in the lead-lined radiation room in the hospital between bouts of chemotherapy.
As Danny's health deteriorated, and he started to worry that this was to become a posthumous release, his long-time friend Lachlan 'Magoo' Goold picked up the reins and steered the album to completion, adding the final touches and his studio wizardry. More of Danny's friends rallied behind him – some of Australia's best musicians added their skills, people like Terepai Richmond, James Gillard, Luke Moller, Ben Salter, Andrew Morris, Grant Cummerford and Mel Robinson.
Buoyed by the support from his family and friends, and with his new album to focus his mind away from the everyday monotony of life in hospital, Danny managed to slowly regain some strength and return home to his wife and children.
But this is only the background story of a great album. Find Someone is full of well-written songs that range from Crazy Horse-style rock, through Berlin-inspired synthesiser groove pop to intimate, thought provoking nylon-string plucked songs that make it obvious why Danny is an award-winning songwriter and instrumentalist.
1. We All Do Better
2. No One Else
3. Find Someone
4. We Could See Mars
5. Black Magic
6. Banyan Tree
7. Everything's Been Done
8. All Your Secrets (Keep it Together)
9. Waiting For You
10. Futurotica


The upheavals of 2011-2012 across the Middle East and North Africa swept aside secular rulers and the established political order with startling speed, and continue to focus world attention on the revolutionary forces driving these far-reaching events. Poverty, oppression, inequality, and lack of individual freedom are all hallmarks of the societal stagnation that has gripped the Islamic world for the better part of fourteen centuries, but the driving force of the so-called "Arab Spring" is a resurgent Islam, dominated by the forces of al-Qa'eda and the Muslim Brotherhood. Energized as Islam may be at this time, however, without the active involvement of the United States to help arm, fund, support, and train the region's Islamic rebels, it is questionable whether they could have gotten this far, this fast.
This report describes how the Muslim Brotherhood infiltrated and suborned the U.S. government to actively assist, whether knowingly or not, the mission of its grand jihad. Its hard-won position at the forefront of the 21st century Islamic Awakening is possible only because of decades of patient infiltration and political indoctrination (Da'wa) in the West, and especially the United States of America, even as the grassroots work of building an organizational structure advanced steadily in the land of its origin as well. It is important to recognize the sophistication of the Brotherhood's international strategy and how the takedown of U.S. national security defenses from within was critical to the current Middle East-North Africa (MENA) campaign to re-establish the Caliphate and enforce Islamic Law (shariah).
The careful insinuation of Muslim Brothers into positions from which they can exercise influence on U.S. policy began long before the attacks of 9/11, although their success has accelerated dramatically under the administration of President Barack Obama. The massive Muslim Brotherhood organizational network in the U.S., so patiently built up over the decades since that first Oval Office meeting in 1953, eventually gave it a prominence and (false) reputation of credibility that was unmatched by any other Islamic groups, moderate or otherwise. Using a combination of taqiyya (deceit, dissimulation) and intimidation, the Muslim Brotherhood succeeded not only in making itself the "go-to" authority on all things related to Islam, but in suppressing those who would speak truth about Islam—again, often by persuading the U.S.'s own senior officials to do the job for them: "by their hands". When Gen. Martin E. Dempsey, Chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff, publicly excoriated, then fired, US Army LTC Matthew Dooley, an instructor at National Defense University, in April 2012 over an earlier-approved course on Islam, and then ordered Dooley's career-ending Negative Officer Evaluation Report, the lesson was meant to serve as a stark warning to anyone else in the DoD who might be tempted to become accurately educated about Islam.
The horrific violence of terror attacks such as 9/11 also played a role by softening up the intended target: Western society. As Pakistani Brigadier S.K. Malik wrote in 1979, "Terror struck into the hearts of the enemies is not only a means, it is the end in itself. Once a condition of terror into the opponent's heart is obtained, hardly anything is left to be achieved." By contrast with jihadis, who would fly airplanes into skyscrapers and send suicide bombers into pizza parlors full of women and children, the Muslim Brotherhood looked tame. That its ideology and ultimate objectives — re-establishment of the Caliphate and universal enforcement of Islamic Law — were identical to those of al-Qa'eda was part of the Ikhwan's Information Operation to control what U.S. officials are allowed to know.
The first task was to maneuver Muslim Brothers into positions of trust with key U.S. government officials.
It's long but worth reading, saving, sending to others including your elected officials and those running for office.


Nurshahidah Roslie looks to make history on November 12th!
Boxing has many firsts, but it has yet to see a a Singaporean hold a major recognised title. On November 12th Nurshahidah Roslie (4-0, 2) looks to change that as she takes on Gentiane Lupi (4-3-1, 2) for the WBA Oceania female Super Featherweight title, and add the belt to her lightly regarded UBO Inter Continental title.
Roslie, AKA "The Sniper", became the first Singaporean female professional boxer earlier this year when made he debut back in February after a successful amateur career. In UBO Inter Continental title.in June she became the first to claim any title and now she looks to step up in class and become a holder of a "big 4" title, and continue building towards a world title fight.
Lupi, a New Zelander who debuted as a boxer back in 2014 when she faced Shannon O'Connell. Since then she has mixed with good fighters, including Daniella Smith and Ronica Jeffrey. Prior to boxing she had competed in Kickboxing and MMA and had success in both, though is now 40 years old.
The bout will headline the upcoming SFC 4 "Changing the Game" show, promoted by Singapore Fighting Championship.


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Disruptive Technologies in Systems of Care: An Exploratory Study of Social Work with Older Adults in Long-Term Care Facilities
Rebecca Lynn Paskind, University of DenverFollow
Walter LaMendola, Ph.D.
Susan Manning
Victoria Murdock
Culture change, Disruptive technology, Eden alternative, Long-term care, Social work in long-term care, Structuration theory
The purpose of this exploratory research was to explore the application of knowledge about disruptive technologies to the long term care setting using the Eden AlternativeTM as an example. The research questions were: What themes of structuration emerge when a long-term care facility implements a disruptive social technology? What is the nature of the disruption between and among workers, long-term care facility culture, and professionals when a new social technology is introduced? How does social work practice with older adults change when a social technology such as Eden is introduced in a long-term care setting? Is Barley's (1984, 1986) model of analysis useful to predict each facility's stage of implementation at a given time? Can the Barley (1984, 1986) model help explain why the same social technology impacts different facilities in distinct and different ways? Can the Barley (1984, 1986) model predict how far along a facility is in implementing the technology? Can Black, Carlile and Repenning's (2004) model of analysis help predict the relationship between activities, expertise and accumulations in a facility implementing the Eden AlternativeTM?
The literature on culture and structuration was used in this exploration to highlight the internal struggle of culture to resist or relent to change and how structures would reform in the new culture. In doing so the researcher sought to replicate the successful study conducted by Barley (1984) which investigated the introduction of CAT scan technology in the radiology departments at two different hospitals. Barley (1984) hypothesized that it was not the CAT scan technology that lead to different outcomes in each department of radiology, but the social interaction with the technology. Later, a study by Black et al (2004) further examined the changes in occupational role that might emerge by simulating changes using a recursive model based on Barley's work. This study applies Black's extension of Barley's model to speculate about the emerging role of the social worker in long term care facilities that are exposed to disruptive technologies, assuming that the long term care industry will be radically altered in the next ten years in the direction of social technologies such as the Eden Alternative and under the weight of a rapidly increasingly population of older Americans. For the current study Eden AlternativeTM was implemented in two long-term care facilities at approximately the same time and the researcher conducted observations to see how the two organizational cultures responded to the changes that were made and look at the differences in implementation. In the end this research has discovered that the social technology of the Eden AlternativeTM did indeed behave as a soft technology disrupting the existing culture of both settings into which it was introduced during the observation period. The results, explore the manner in which the behaviors in relationship to the technology are similar to and different from previous research findings.
Paskind, Rebecca Lynn, "Disruptive Technologies in Systems of Care: An Exploratory Study of Social Work with Older Adults in Long-Term Care Facilities" (2009). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 899.
Rebecca Lynn Paskind
Social Work, Gerontology
Social Work Commons


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Tech Tech Industry
Can GM's Pontiac become cyber-groovy?
news analysis The automaker is going full-throttle with branding on Yahoo, MySpace and Second Life as it tries to capture a younger, hipper market.
Elinor Mills
Feb. 8, 2007 7:10 a.m. PT
Elinor Mills Former Staff Writer
Elinor Mills covers Internet security and privacy. She joined CNET News in 2005 after working as a foreign correspondent for Reuters in Portugal and writing for The Industry Standard, the IDG News Service and the Associated Press.
news analysis Pontiac wants to be the car brand of choice for the Web-savvy crowd.
The General Motors division on Wednesday launched a cobranded interactive site with Yahoo and a profile for the G5 sports car on MySpace, and just days ago officially opened an island and dealership in the virtual world Second Life.
The company isn't the first to take its branding to the Web, but its aggressive, three-pronged approach is certainly unusual and there's no guarantee it will work. Skeptics quickly point out that Pontiac is no BMW or Apple, which have long had a following among the online set.
"Clearly there are VW people and BMW people. The number of people who think of themselves as Pontiac people are far fewer," said Barry Parr, an analyst at JupiterReseach. "Pontiac is a brand that's got some problems."
Given GM's declining market share, the company appears to see the Internet as a vehicle for attracting younger drivers and changing the Pontiac brand image, said analysts.
"Clearly, we are looking to sell vehicles and also improve our brand, and do it to certain people we haven't been able to reach in the past," said Mark-Hans Richer, director of marketing at Pontiac.
Pontiac has a recent history of somewhat audacious public relations marketing. In 2004, the company gave away its then-newly launched G6 sports sedan to an entire audience of the The Oprah Winfrey Show, while Winfrey gave hundreds of the cars away to needy drivers. "The Oprah giveaway may have generated a lot of buzz for Pontiac, but it hasn't generated a lot of bucks for Pontiac," marketing expert John Moore wrote on his Brand Autopsy blog.
Then there was the national Pontiac television ad a year ago that urged viewers to "just Google Pontiac"--and showed hands typing "Pontiac" into the search engine of Yahoo's chief rival.
Pontiac approached Yahoo with the idea for a cobranded site, dubbed Pontiac Underground, said Richer. The site aggregates Pontiac-related photos from Flickr, Yahoo's photo-sharing site, film clips from Yahoo Video, links from Yahoo's Delicious bookmark site and questions and answers from Yahoo Answers, all of which feature user-contributed content. People can swap road stories about their classic Firebird, for example, and share buying tips via Yahoo Groups and Pontiac car clubs from around the Web that are listed on the site. Visitors can also find out about offline happenings and list events.
The site hosts the official blog for Pontiac, called "Inside Track," and will give the company a way to directly communicate with its customers. "The idea is to have this be open, unrestricted content about the brand," said Jennifer Dulski, vice president and general manager of Yahoo Autos. "Both the positive and the negative will be available."
"Clearly there are VW people and BMW people. The number of people who think of themselves as Pontiac people are far fewer."
--Barry Parr, JupiterReseach analyst
At the moment, there's no advertising on the site. "We see this more as a community entity, not something that is advertising per se," Richer said. "Maybe down the line, if the community is okay with that, we might explore advertising as a possibility."
"I think it's as much about building or maintaining relationships that can yield advertising dollars across Yahoo" as it is about giving consumers a place to congregate, said Greg Sterling, principal analyst at Sterling Market Intelligence. "This is an area where Yahoo has been under pressure from the MySpaces of the world and even from Google, which is trying to get into the brand advertising budget. This is an area Yahoo aggressively needs to defend."
Neither Richer nor a Yahoo executive would disclose terms of the arrangement. "There are lots of aspects of value exchange that go on between us and Yahoo," Richer said.
The Pontiac site is run out of Yahoo's advertising division and not its consumer services, or audience, unit, Dulski said. "We're working very closely with General Motors in general to deepen the ad relationship and to leverage Yahoo's array of assets to help them work on making their brand perception even stronger," she said. "Certainly there is a desire for Yahoo to find ways to continue to build deeper relationships with our advertisers and to provide more innovative solutions for them to market to their consumers."
The site's built-in fan base already was active on Wednesday, adding RSS feeds, listing clubs and commenting on the exclusive photos Pontiac posted of its new G8 sedan that launched this week.
Yahoo previously created a site dedicated to Nintendo's popular Wii game console. Yahoo also recently announced plans to create "Brand Universes," sites devoted to entertainment franchises including specific movies, video games like The Sims and television shows such Lost and The Office. The Pontiac site differs from all those efforts in that it was jointly developed with the brand company and integrates links and content from outside Yahoo.
An auto site made sense to Yahoo because research has shown that car buyers consult the Web before making purchases, Dulski said. In a recent Yahoo Autos study conducted by J.D. Power and Associates, 94 percent of respondents who use the Web said they believe consumer-generated content is an important source when making buying decisions.
At MySpace, renowned for its youth culture, brands have been moving in since at least last year, including , American Idol, Cingular, , Burger King and the boxy Honda Element, which has more than 39,000 "friends."
On Wednesday, Pontiac launched its Friends with Benefits MySpace profile, which already has more than 500 friends and is designed for owners of Pontiac's new G5 lower-end sports compact. The car sports an iPod jack, XM radio and OnStar navigation technology. Buyers of G5s who register their purchase on the site will get a debit card with credit on it that increases, up to $1,000, as more people become friends of the site. "It's targeted at the MySpace crowd who are younger and with less income," Richer said.
Meanwhile, in the virtual world, Pontiac has built a virtual dealership in and a music stage where it hosted a concert by rapper Jay-Z. Hundreds of virtual Solstice GXPs have been sold to Second Life inhabitants since the Pontiac property went into development in October. Last weekend, the company launched its Motorati Island, which has race tracks and auto-related retail stores and night clubs created by Second Life users on land donated by Pontiac, according to Richer.
It makes marketing sense for Pontiac to jump onto MySpace and Second Life, according to JupiterResearch's Parr. However, he remained skeptical about Pontiac's co-branded site with Yahoo.
"The challenge here for Yahoo as well as for the marketer is that the site needs a reason to exist; to offer something that people will say is genuinely useful," Parr said. The effectiveness "will vary from brand to brand."


The Department of Veterans Affairs has completed a major effort to replace millions of paper files on benefits and disability claims with easily scannable electronic records in the ongoing battle to cut the backlog of cases.
In a release Tuesday, VA officials said that a "significant modernization effort" over the last 21 months led to the removal of 7.8 million paper files from 60 locations within the department in the switch to electronic claims processing systems.
"This will lead to faster claims decisions for veterans," the release said.
In a statement, VA Secretary Robert Wilkie said the effort "will not only improve VA's claims process, it will also lead to quicker decisions for veterans because millions more records will be available electronically."
Once the paper files are inventoried, officials say they will be scanned into the VA's Veterans Benefits Management System.
Officials said in the release that going from paper to digital will also save money, citing the removal of millions of paper files from the Records Control Division (RCD) of the Records Management Center (RMC) in St. Louis.
The VA is now working with the General Service Administration, which owns the complex that houses the Records Management Center, to return the leased warehouse space for the paper files to the GSA, according to the release. The move, officials said, will save nearly $1.8 million per year.
The VA's announcement on the removal of the paper files followed on a report last month from the VA's Office of Inspector General which found that VA officials had "significantly understated the number of claims awaiting decisions for over 125 days."
In early September, the VA estimated the number of backlogged claims and benefits cases at about 86,000, but the IG's report said that the VA's estimate only covered about 79 percent of the cases that should have been listed as backlogged, or awaiting decisions for more than 125 days.
"Ineffective oversight and training due to lack of national performance and training plans for Claims Assistants resulted in inaccuracies that also affected the backlog," the IG's report added.
In response to the IG's report, VA officials said they were "reviewing how best to supplement or adjust reporting on the ratings-related backlog."


This search will show you the leading companies that are located in the location, and this will certainly make your search a lot easier, due to the fact that you do not need to look for them individually.When searching for a business, it is additionally essential that you ask a number of concerns before conserving them in your call listings. Try to inquire if they can select you up 24/7, because there are some firms that are only offering their solution until twelve o'clock at night or till 3AM. Naturally, you will never ever know when you will require a taxi Malpensa, so it would be better if the one that you will be contacting can choose you up any time of the day. One more question that you require to ask is the price of their solution.
This is very vital, because you need to obtain the very best solution at the lowest rate feasible. Constantly see to it that you will be going with the ones that can supply you a 24/7 service at the most affordable cost.Although you wish to get the very best worth for your cash, there are times when paying a little added in exchange for a much better service is more suggested. There are some taxi services that can give you a really low price, but the solution that they are offering is extremely bad. You constantly need to make sure that you will obtain a balance in between the quality and the price of the solution. Bear in mind that your security is still much more important than the money that you will certainly be investing.


Located within the The Entertainment Quarter, Azure is all about good food, fresh ingredients and quality service. A modern style café offering a casual daytime dining experience, AZURE has become an integral part of the Fitness Club and Allianz Stadium since its inception in 2007.
Seating up to 400, Azure covers an area incorporating both indoor, outdoor and the pool surrounds. We are open seven days a week, serving breakfast and lunch providing an array of freshly squeezed juices, coffee, salads, sandwiches, rolls and hot food which are all available as takeaway also. AZURE is licensed, allowing patrons to consume alcohol with their meals.
During events (game days) Azure transforms into a Members dining room. Over the years it has become the place to meet pre-game and enjoy a great meal with friends and family. The atmosphere is buzzing with excitement as everyone enjoys a few drinks and a great meal before going to watch their favourite team do battle. The menu changes depending on seasonality with offerings of pasture fed steaks, fresh fish, burgers, pasta, stir fry's, salads as well as catering for our Junior Members.
At Azure, we cater for a wide range of occasions and events from boardroom meetings, private functions and casual get-togethers.
Below is an outline of our standard catering options which can be altered to fit your specific requirements.
Please feel free to contact us to discuss alternative selections further.
Can I make a reservation in Azure?
Reservations are accepted during our regular trading hours, please Click Here for times.
Unfortunately we do not take bookings for events. As the majority of our seating is outdoors we are unable to guarantee a booking particularly in the case of inclement weather.
Last orders for breakfast are 11.30am with lunch service commencing at 12 noon.
There is a selection of breakfast items available during this in between period from our display counter with the exception of certain cooked breakfast items.
Is there a different menu for events?
Yes, we offer a la carte during events. Pasture fed steaks, fish grilled on the bbq or with a crispy batter. Also available are curries, pasta dishes, salads and our famous Burgers.
Does Azure cater for dietary requirements and food intolerances?
Yes, we are able to cater for patrons with certain intolerances and dietary requirements. We have a variety of vegetarian and vegan items available. If you suffer from severe reactions to certain foods please inform our staff when ordering. Our chicken and certain red meat items are Halal.


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Contact Daily Bulletin
Varidesk Review
Pitch Engine
Happy Healthy You
Daily Magazine
Stop shaming and start empowering: advertisers must rethink their plastic waste message
Written by Sergio Brodsky, Sessional Lecturer, Marketing, RMIT University
Discussion of the environment is embedded in our culture as public awareness over issues such as climate change and plastic pollution has grown. Advertisers are not shy about tapping into this concern for their own benefit.
A Twitter analysis last year revealed that in the UK at least, the environment was a current and growing issue. Between January 2015 and March 2018, discussion on Twitter about single-use plastic, for example, increased by an incredible 5,543%.
Advertisers are already highly skilled at the power of narrative: reducing complexity and helping us make sense of their message. This power is amplified when the narrative taps into culture. A brand message, if successful, then becomes part of people's conversations rather than interrupting them with ads they don't care about.
Read more: Here is a global solution to the plastic waste crisis - and A$443 million to get it started
Advertisers who tell a good story can persuade the public of all sorts of things. Some messages are positive and constructive. But a few are disingenuous and misleading.
The latter is especially true in the case of recycling, where advertisers often imply that consumers, not corporations, are responsible for the huge amounts of plastic waste a product creates.
A CocaCola recycling campaign that ran in the 2019 European summer. Supplied by author
Plastic pollution is a big deal
Australia's National Waste Report last year found 2.5 million tonnes of plastic waste was generated in 2016-17 - or 103kg for each person. Most of it was only used once, and just 12% was recycled.
Coca-Cola says by the end of 2019, 70% of its plastic bottles in Australia will be made entirely from recycled plastic. The company in August released a video in Australia thanking people for recycling.
Read more: We organised a conference for 570 people without using plastic. Here's how it went
It follows a European campaign launched by the company in June with the tagline "Don't buy Coca-Cola if you're not going to help us recycle".
Absolut Vodka this year launched a new limited edition bottle made of 41% recycled glass - like all of its bottles - accompanied by a "Guide to a Circular Living Together". The company told customers: "Now's your time to shine on stage - rocking the recycling lifestyle as a true #RecyclingHero!"
Coca-Cola Australia | Thanks For Recycling Campaign, 2019.
On the face of it, such campaigns might seem virtuous, especially following China's 2018 policy limiting the import of low-quality mixed recyclables. But in fact they continue a long history of framing consumers as the main waste culprits.
The practice began in the US in the 1950s when Keep America Beautiful was formed. The non-profit consortium included Coca-Cola and tobacco manufacturer Phillip Morris, among others. Its campaigns, such as the 1971 "Crying Indian" ad, tapped into a shared cultural guilt for polluting the environment and, in this case, mistreating native people.
Such tactics have been mirrored by Keep Australia Beautiful campaigns.
But guilt is not a good predictor of people's behaviour. A 2001 study found individuals must feel ethically validated, not guilty, to behave in an environmentally friendly way.
Consumers are not the villains
Manufacturers of consumer products obviously play a major role in the growing plastic problem. This is reflected in the Australian Packaging Covenant, an agreement between government and industry.
It says responsibility for packaging should be shared by companies throughout the supply chain. Consumers, waste service providers, recyclers and governments also have roles to play.
Read more: Indonesia has sent Australia's recycling home – it's time to clean up our act
Researchers have noted that a permissive legal framework has allowed plastic pollution to rise despite the obvious harm it causes to communities and marine life.
As Recycled Plastics Australia general manager Stephen Scherer told the ABC this year:
…the federal government has been absent from the conversation about waste, while Australians are operating in a culture where 'we don't do what we're not forced to do'.
Plastic waste is on the radar of Australian governments. State and federal environment ministers last year set a target that all packaging be recyclable, compostable or reusable by 2025 or earlier.
But critics say rather than set targets, the federal government must mandate the use of recycled plastic in packaging to ensure the waste problem is addressed.
Fish swimming along a coral reef near a water bottle label and a plastic bag off the coast of the Red Sea resort town of Naama Bay, Egypt. Mike Nelson/EPA
Recycling campaigns done right
Companies such as Coca-Cola are embracing the concept of sustainability to some extent. But better still, other brands have sought to fix recycling systems themselves.
In February Unilever "paid" people in Buenos Aires, Argentina for their household recyclables with discount coupons redeemable against its products at selected retailers.
In the UK, Burger King last month announced it was scrapping plastic toys from kids' meals and invited the public to bring in old plastic toys from any restaurant meal. The plastic will be remade into "interactive play opportunities" for families at their restaurants.
In Australia, superannuation fund Australian Ethical ran its latest campaign on 100% recyclable billboard skins.
Consumers do have a role to play in waste reduction, including by recycling or demanding that companies find alternatives to single-use plastics. But if companies want to respond meaningfully to the plastic crisis, they must accept ultimate responsibility for their packaging and work towards zero-waste.
Authors: Sergio Brodsky, Sessional Lecturer, Marketing, RMIT University
Read more http://theconversation.com/stop-shaming-and-start-empowering-advertisers-must-rethink-their-plastic-waste-message-123579
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Experience the spectacular mountain scenery of the Dolomites, the UNESCO World Heritage site.
Breath in the fresh mountain air, enjoy the wonderful landscape and find the right balance to the daily stress with our detailed yoga programme.
In bad weather outdoor activities will be replaced by indoor units.
An ADLER holiday leaves no wish unfulfilled. Look forward to all-round service and many inclusive services, from a top range of spa packages to enjoyable cuisine.
From sun salutations to tree poses – yoga makes you strong!
Get in touch with yourself, cast off your cares and experience intense feelings. Yoga is a gentle way to sustainable relaxation.
Consciously take time for your well-being. With the ADLER Med & Spa programme do your body and soul good.


TOKYO (A&P) — Look out Hideki Matsui and Daisuke Matsuzaka . A pair of baseball-playing super robots (or Base-Bots) that can pitch and hit with amazing results have been developed in Japan. The pitching robot, nicknamed "Rodan" has a three-fingered hand, can throw 95% of its pitches in the strike zone and won't need any relief from the bullpen. The batting robot, nicknamed "Gamera" has a sensor to determine if pitches are strikes or balls, hits balls in the strike zone 100% of the time and doesn't swing at pitches outside the strike zone. The two robots were created by University of Tokyo professor Kawabata Makoto. "The level of the robotics technology of each robot is extremely high," Makoto said. "What was difficult was to create a mechanism to satisfy such a high level of roboticness." However the robot ballplayers are not without their own unique problems. "Rodan" was recently arrested in Tokyo's so called robot town district for an altercation with a robot prostitute or (Ho-Bot), while "Gamera" created tabloid headlines when he disrupted this years robot awards (the Robies) by appearing drunk on robo-saki (aka: high grade machine oil). Still the sky does seem to be the limit for these talented Base-Bots. The future of baseball? It does compute.
TOKYO (A&P) — Look out Hideki Matsui and Daisuke Matsuzaka . A pair of baseball-playing super robots (or Base-Bots) that can pitch and hit with amazing results have been developed in Japan. The pitching robot, nicknamed "Rodan" has a three-fingered hand, can throw 95% of its pitches in the strike zone and won't need any relief from the bullpen. The batting robot, nicknamed "Gamera" has a sensor to determine if pitches are strikes or balls, hits balls in the strike zone 100% of the time and doesn't swing at pitches outside the strike zone. The two robots were created by University of Tokyo professor Kawabata Makoto. "The level of the robotics technology of each robot is extremely high," Makoto said. "What was difficult was to create a mechanism to satisfy such a high level of roboticness." However the robot ballplayers are not without their own unique problems. "Rodan" was recently arrested in Tokyo's so called robot town district for an altercation with a robot prostitute or (Ho-Bot), while "Gamera" created tabloid headlines when he disrupted this years robot awards (the Robies) by appearing drunk on robo-saki (aka: high grade machine oil). Still the sky does seem to be the limit for these talented Base-Bots. The future of baseball? It does compute.


Project Runway's youngest winner and fashion design icon Christian Siriano has always been known to be on the leading edge of fashion. Since launching his self-named label in 2008, the celebrity designer has made clothes for everybody. And this week, in an open letter penned for Teen Vogue, the reality show star is sharing his thoughts on diversity in fashion and why he'll continue to build clothes for anyone who wants to wear them.
Hot off the heels of his flawless gown for SNL star Leslie Jones at this year's Emmy Awards, Siriano wrote in his open letter that while his mandate has always been to create clothes for everyone, his passion for inclusivity has only gotten stronger in recent years.
"In the beginning, I just wanted to make clothes for women who wanted to feel and look amazing when they wore them: women who were excited about getting dressed," Siriano writes. But as his definition of fashion has expanded, his clientele has grown, something that's not lost on the designer.
Having partnered with everyone from Lane Bryant to Barbie, Siriano sees the escapism of fashion rooted in the everyday, and is excited that his original goal — to dress every type of person, allowing each individual to decide what makes them feel good — is something that's becoming the norm in fashion.
Who's your favorite designer? Tell us @BritandCo!


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Home Holiday Greetings New Year & Calendar Cards Peace in 2021
Item Number:XAM1992
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Item Number XAM1992
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Catherine Ann Stevens advises clients across a variety of issues and topics, including government-related concerns, oil and gas, natural resources, healthcare, transportation, aviation, corporate, museum administration and patrimony disputes, charitable foundations and medical research institutions.
Catherine joined Mayer Brown in 2001. Previously, she served as Executive Director of the Terra Foundation for the Arts (1996–2000), with executive responsibility for art museums in Chicago, Illinois and Giverny, France. Catherine also served as General Counsel for the National Endowment for the Arts, Washington, DC (1992–1993) and for Occidental International Corporation (1989–1991). Earlier, she held the position of Alaska Counsel for a joint venture petrochemical project (1979–1980). From 1975 to 1979, she was a partner with an Alaskan law firm, with a practice in oil and gas and aviation law. Catherine also held government positions, including District Attorney for the Fourth Judicial District, State of Alaska (1974–1975); Assistant Attorney General for the State of Alaska's Civil Division, Juvenile Court and Consumer Protection (1972–1974); and Assistant US Attorney for the Southern District of California, Criminal Division (1970–1972). From 1965 to 1966, Catherine worked in the Office of United States Senator Ernest Gruening in Washington, DC.


Well-positioned in Balikpapan City Center, Hotel Mega Lestari is the ideal point of departure for your excursions in Balikpapan. The excitement of the city center is only 0. Km away. No less exceptional is the hotel's easy access to the city's myriad attractions and landmarks , Public Beach, Mall or Shopping Center, Traditional Market, Government Offices, Oil Company Refinery and Offices, Hospital.
At Hotel Mega Lestari, every effort is made to make guests feel comfortable. To do so, the hotel provides the best in services and amenities. Guests of the hotel can enjoy on-site features like business center, elevator, valet parking, family room, restaurant.
Hotel Mega Lestari is home to 108 bedrooms, all tastefully furnished to provide comforts such as satellite/cable TV, refrigerator, daily newspaper, television LCD/plasma screen, television.
The hotel offers an excellent variety of recreational facilities, including pool (kids), spa, outdoor pool, massage. Hotel Mega Lestari is a smart choice for travelers to Balikpapan, offering a relaxed and hassle-free stay every time.
Distance of the hotel is only taken 10 minutes from the Sepinggan international airport Balikpapan, providing easy access for those of you who want to transit or to which you do business.


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Home / Products / Raneth
The Raneth is comprised of three linked rings: one of 18k yellow gold, one of 18k rose gold, and one of sterling silver, which is detailed with two 18k rose gold annulets. The bands are joined by 18k yellow and rose gold connectors.
3 bands- 18k yellow gold,18k rose gold, .925 sterling silver.
Annulets - 18k rose and yellow gold.
Connectors - 18k rose and yellow gold.
Created in 2010.
All is jewelry is individually made in Los Angeles. Spinelli Kilcollin uses only conflict-free diamonds.
All rings are made to size. Please allow 2-3 weeks for delivery.
Size 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
In a marketplace of ornate and figurative jewelry Yves yearned for something clean and architectural. He created a set of linked rings of different thicknesses which could be worn a number of ways – spread across three fingers, or stacked on one. From this first set he immediately began taking private orders. Launching their first group of interconnected Galaxy Rings at Maxfield, and began incorporating diamonds into their collection.... In 2012 they made a custom linked ring for Ikram Goldman with 5 carats of diamonds, and immediately garnered national press and the attention of luxury retailers including Barneys. Spinelli Kilcollin continues to develop their voice by combining a contemporary minimalist aesthetic with intricate craftsmanship and materials, aspiring to become a dominant voice in the luxury market.
Spinelli Kilcollin is a luxury jewelry company based and manufactured in Los Angeles, CA. The company was founded by designer Yves Spinelli, in 2010, and is currently carried in luxury boutiques worldwide including Barneys, Maxfield, Elyse Walker, Hirshleifer's, Forty Five Ten, Mitchells, Ron Herman Japan, Matches Fashion, and Holt Renfrew.
Yves Spinelli was born in Honolulu, the son of Italian hairstylists. His introduction to the fashion world came through his father Antoine Spinelli, who spent time between Hawaii and New York City working alongside renowned hairstylists Paul Mitchell, Garren Defazio and Roger Thompson in the 70's and 80's.After years of working at Maxfield Bleu with some of the best designer collections in the world, Yves was inspired to start designing jewelry.
Type: Rings
Collections: All Jewelry, Metals, Rings, Rose Gold, Silver, Spinelli Kilcollin, The Edit, Yellow Gold
Category: Rings, Rose Gold, Silver, Spinelli Kilcollin, Statement, Yellow Gold


When it comes to climate control, keeping your home cool in summer is a top priority. While having a quality air conditioner is all fine and dandy, there are a number of other, more energy efficient ways to keep your home from becoming a summertime furnace. Covering your windows with strategically placed shades could be a key strategy in keeping your home nice and cool—without having to break the bank on your electric bill. At Mayfair Drapery & Rug Company, we pride ourselves on our ability to help you choose the right type of shades for your windows. Let our experts walk you through a few reasons quality window shades could be beneficial to your home this summer.
Quality window shades will significantly increase the energy efficiency of your home during the summer. A good set of shades will keep the heat where it belongs: outside. When the sun's rays aren't warming up your home, you'll end up relying on your air conditioner far less than if your windows were letting daylight directly into your living room. Coupled with energy efficient windows, your shades are the perfect line of defence against heat entering your home.
Shades do more than add a decorative touch to your home. When you use them to keep your home cool in the summer, you gain the added benefit of protecting yourself, your family as well as your furniture from the sun's harmful UV rays. Proper interior shading can protect you against up to 99% of UV rays coming into your home while also protecting your furniture, flooring, carpets and artwork from fading. When installing window coverings in Toronto, always remember that they're only effective when they remain closed. So choose something that compliments the interior and exterior aesthetic of your home.
While it's important to keep the sun out of your home, you don't want to spend your entire summer in the dark. At Mayfair Drapery & Rug Company, we offer customizable shades that will let you control the precise amount of light that enters your home, without having to sacrifice the cool temperature in your home. Be sure to note that it's not only windows that need shades. Your glass patio doors will also need some coordinating coverings if you plan on staying cool this summer.
If you're in the market for window shades in Toronto, call the experts at Mayfair Drapery & Rug Company. Visit our window coverings page for more information regarding our custom products and services.


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Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya (born 16 June 1952) is a Nigerian politician who has served in the Senate of Nigeria since 2007 representing the Kano South constituency of Kano State. He is a member of the ruling All Progressive Congress (APC).

Background

Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya was born on 16 June 1952 at Alkala quarters Gaya LG,  to the family of Magajin Garin Gaya Sani. He attended Gaya Primary School from 1961 to 1964 and Tsangaya Primary School where he finished his primary school in 1968 his senior brother was then the Headmaster and Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila was the Assistant Headmaster who taught him maths at the primary school.

He attended Government College, Birnin Kudu from 1969 to 1973 where he obtained the West African School Certificate and the College of Advanced Studies from 1974 to 1975. He received a bachelor's degree in architecture from the Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria in 1977. He remained at the university, where he later received a master's degree in architecture in 1980. After graduating, he lectured at the Kano State Polytechnic. In 1985, he became a board member of Kano State Environmental Planning and Protection Agency.

Early political career
He was a member of the National Party of Nigeria (N.P.N.) in the Second Nigerian Republic. In 1992, during the transition to the Third Nigerian Republic, he was a member of the center-right National Republican Convention (NRC) on whose platform he was elected executive Governor of Kano State from 1992 to 1993. In 1997, during the General Sani Abacha transition, he joined the United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP) and was a member of the National Caucus Committee. The UNCP included politicians such as Atiku Abubakar, Emeka Ojukwu, Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila, Mohammed Daggash, Ali Modu Sheriff, Ibrahim Saminu Turaki, Attahiru Bafarawa, Bello Matawalle, Hope Uzodinma, Adamu Aliero, Anyim Pius Anyim amongst others. In 2003, Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya ran for the National Democratic Party (NDP) in the 2003 gubernatorial election in Kano State.

Senator

Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya was elected to the Senate for Kano South in 2007. He was appointed to committees on Gas, Local and Foreign Debts, States & Local Government, and Upstream Petroleum Resources and Works. In a mid-term assessment of the performance of Senators, ThisDay newspaper noted that he sponsored the Finance Management and Accountability Bill, 2009, and the Millennium Development Agency Bill, 2009. He co-sponsored five motions and contributed well to debates in plenary.

In May 2008, as chairman of the Senate committee on works, Kabiru Gaya lamented that some projects were going very slowly, but said the Senate would never subscribe to the idea of privatising Nigerian roads.. In November 2009 he supported a motion by the Kano chapter of the ANPP to allow the state governor, Ibrahim Shekarau, to nominate the ANPP candidate for the 2011 governorship elections. The presumptive nominee was Sheikh Ibrahim Khaleel. Kabiru Gaya ran for election as Senator for Kano South on the ANPP platform in April 2011, and was reelected. Gaya was the Senate's Deputy Minority Whip from 2007 until 2011. He was re-elected three times into the Senate in 2011, 2015 and 2019 elections.

Constituency projects
Kabiru Gaya has constituency projects spread across all the Sixteen 16 local government Areas in his senatorial district (Kano South) As a senator, he is always struggling for the development of his people and the nation's since he assumed office. Kabiru Gaya alone has facilitated more than 60 intervention projects across his senatorial district. These projects includes, construction of classrooms, model primary Health care centers, electrification of rural areas and construction of motorized boreholes were delivered to the residents of selected communities based on their need.Kabiru Gaya also created job opportunities for the youths of his constituency.

Honours
Kabiru Gaya was elected vice president of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) for Africa at the 135th general assembly of the union in Geneva, Switzerland October 2016.

He is a member of the Nigerian Institute of Architects (NIA) and the Nigerian Large Scale Farmers Association (NLSFA). He was awarded an honorary Doctorate Degree by the University Of Science And Applied Management, Porto-Novo, Benin.
He is also a member of the committee on Marine Transport.

References

Kano State
1952 births
Living people
Nigerian Muslims
Members of the Senate (Nigeria)
Governors of Kano State
United Nigeria Congress Party politicians
National Democratic Party (Nigeria) politicians
All Nigeria Peoples Party politicians
21st-century Nigerian politicians
Ahmadu Bello University alumni
All Progressives Congress politicians

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Willie Bain: "This is a resounding victory for Gordon Brown and for Labour"
Labour has claimed a "resounding victory" after comfortably winning the Glasgow North East by-election and seeing off an SNP challenge.
The contest was sparked by Michael Martin's resignation as Commons Speaker in the wake of the MP expenses scandal.
Willie Bain won with 12,231 votes - a majority of 8,111 - while the SNP came second with 4,120 votes.
The Tories came third with 1,075 votes, and the BNP was fourth with 1,013 votes. The Lib Dems came sixth.
Voter turnout, at 32.97%, was a record low for a Scottish by-election and 12.8% down on the 2005 General Election.
Speaking from the count at Glasgow's Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre, Mr Bain described the result as, "a great day for Labour", adding: "This is a resounding victory for Gordon Brown and Labour.
"This by-election has been about many things, but, most of all, it has been about jobs and the economy.
"People have had their say. They have backed Gordon Brown in his efforts to secure our economic recovery, they have sent a resounding 'No' to Alex Salmond and his treatment of our great city and a resounding 'No' to David Cameron."
The constituency, where Labour has been the main political force for the last 74 years, neighbours the Glasgow East seat - which the SNP snatched from Labour last year in a stunning by-election victory.
But the SNP conceded shortly after the polls closed it had not managed to repeat the result.
The party's candidate, David Kerr, told supporters: "Our message through the campaign was simple.
"For all the problems this constituency and this country face, our potential is far greater still.
"But it is a potential that will only be achieved through freedom."
SNP leader and Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond expressed disappointment, but said the party had achieved its best share of the vote in the constituency for 35 years.
Conservative candidate Ruth Davidson said the party had run an "energetic and positive" campaign, while pointing out the Tories had not contested the seat since it had been held by the Speaker of the House of Commons.
She told the BBC: "If you look at our recent European election results, we more than doubled the vote and we increased the share, so I think you can say this was absolutely a building process for us - we were starting from zero and we've come all the way up to third, so I don't think we should be too disheartened."
And so, as billed, a clear victory for Labour.
But bigger than expected, with the Labour vote increasing by more than the SNP.
The BNP came in fourth place - not the anticipated third.
That honour went to Ruth Davidson of the Tories, who is generally thought to have fought a successful campaign.
Liberal Democrat candidate Eileen Baxendale, who received 474 votes, was beaten by the left-wing party Solidarity and its candidate, former MSP Tommy Sheridan, who came fifth, after winning 794 votes.
Ms Baxendale said: "I congratulate Willie Bain, but look forward to holding him to account at the General Election on all the promises he has made."
Green candidate David Doherty secured 332 votes to come in seventh, followed Glasgow Airport attack hero John Smeaton, who got 258 votes.
The Scottish Socialist Party's Kevin McVey was ninth, with 152 votes, followed by former Big Brother contestant Mikey Hughes, with 54 votes.
Louise McDaid, of the Socialist Labour Party, received 47 votes and was followed, in twelfth place, by independent candidate Mev Brown.
Colin Campbell, of the Individuals Labour and Tory, came last with 13 votes.
Mr Martin - now Lord Martin - held Glasgow North East in the 2005 General Election with a 10,134 vote majority.
It has emerged that police are investigating two alleged incidents of voting fraud in the contest.
Council chiefs said the investigation involved three ballot papers - two cast at a ballot box at one polling station in the Dennistoun area and another cast at another polling station in the same area.
A council spokesman said: "We had two incidents at polling stations where voters turned up and when they identified themselves they were told their names had already been scored off the list - somebody had been given a vote in their name."
He continued: "We checked our processes to ensure it wasn't a mistake, it wasn't as far as we can see, so we called in the police."
He said officers were investigating "alleged personation".
Where is Glasgow North East?


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