To Salvage or Sever: What Happens When Your Own Limb Is Almost Good Enough?
Doctors have gotten so good at salvaging limbs that patients are left with a tougher choice between amputation and keeping a leg that doesn't work well.
While deployed in Iraq in November of 2004, Will Reynolds was hit by an IED. The shrapnel from the blast shattered the lower half of his left femur, and the whole middle third of his leg was pulverized. It was so mangled, that when he came to, the retired Army captain remembers looking down and seeing his left foot laying on his stomach.
Reynolds was medevaced to Baghdad. He still had all the soft tissue in his leg, but his bones were shattered and he had severed two arteries. After three days of surgery in Baghdad the doctors had restored blood flow, harvesting veins from his right leg to patch up the two sliced arteries, and putting what was left of his leg back into place. In Baghdad doctors externally fixed his leg in place with a large outer framework, and then sent him to Germany where a new set of doctors got his infections from the injury and surgery under control before sending him back to the United States. A week after his injury, Reynolds was at Walter Reed hospital in Washington DC.
Between December 2004 and May of 2005, Reynolds had two to four surgeries every month to try and save his leg, slowly installing bits to restructure it, repairing sections, strengthening and rebuilding bones. Every time he went in for another, his surgeons told him, "Here's what we're going to try to do, but if things go badly we might have to amputate." Every time he came out with his leg still attached.
By 2005, after more surgeries, an infection, and some last-minute hardware installations, Reynolds had a leg he could bear weight on. He went from crutches, to a full leg brace, to a shorter brace, to a cane. And because of the nerve damage from the injury, he says he actually wasn't in all that much pain. But he still had some issues. He couldn't bend his left knee more than 10 degrees, which meant he couldn't sit comfortably or go up and down stairs easily. And after the reconstruction, his left leg was a bit shorter than his right. Reynolds says he couldn't walk long distances even with a cane.
For years after the blast, every time he went in for surgery, he mentally prepared for amputation. But Reynolds always gunned for saving his leg. "I'm a pretty optimistic person, I think doctors are too," he said. "So I was like 'yeah we can do this!' I was completely on board with what they were selling to me. I thought I was going to be that person who got their leg completely mangled and then went through all these treatments and would be back to like, I don't know [about] running, but I thought maybe enough range of motion to ride a bike. Sit comfortably with my organic leg. I was on board with reaching a high level of function."
And even though he couldn't sit comfortably, or bend his knee, Reynolds got along. "I was learning how to do all the activities I do normally with one leg," he said. He started biking with a specialized bike, so he could ride using just one leg. He learned how to hold his leg up while skiing with outriggers in his hands. About half the time he could walk without a cane. He broke into competitive para-cycling, racing using just one leg. His leg wasn't the same as it was, but it was saved.
Another x-ray from early in Reynolds's limb salvage operations.
Reynolds is a pretty classic example of the leaps and bounds that a strategy called "limb salvage" has come. Limb salvage involves a whole lot of things, but it means essentially what it sounds like—saving a damaged limb by reconstructing it. While the media might focus on prosthetics, the technology and techniques involved in limb salvage have advanced tremendously too, spurred in large part by America's recent military conflicts. "We've learned a lot about how to salvage limbs, so we can do fairly complex reconstructions and be successful," said Roman Hayda, MD, a surgeon and retired Army colonel who worked on a 2013 study comparing outcomes between limb salvage and amputation, and who has done his share of both.
Now, when a soldier or civilian faces a brutal limb injury, they have choices—save the limb, or amputate. Be a limb salvage patient, or an amputee. Reconstruct the limb you were born with, out of the pieces you have left over, or lose that limb altogether. And that choice is, increasingly, a really difficult one. And Reynolds has had to make it twice.
There have now been several studies that compare the results of limb salvage and amputation. Most of these studies are done on soldiers, rather than laypeople, which comes with its own set of caveats. Soldiers tend to be in better shape than your average person, they tend to be better educated, and have a built-in support system in the military. They also have access to military health care—at least initially—and in many cases are assigned a military hospital on the base where they live, which can alleviate worries about getting to rehab or paying for it. "You could focus them on their recovery much better than in the civilian sector," said Hayda, "where you have your mortgage to pay, your transportation to therapy. Your insurance company says you have 10 therapy sessions and that's it, you get one prosthetic limb and that's it."
But these studies, along with ones looking at car accidents and bone cancer patients, are what we have. So caveats aside, here's what doctors know about the differences in outcomes for limb salvage and amputation. Patients who undergo amputation tend to get through rehab more quickly, and have fewer surgeries. In some studies, patients who undergo limb salvage report a higher quality of life. In others, the results are the opposite. In one review paper, which looked at nine different observational studies comparing limb salvage and amputation found that there was no clear difference in outcomes between the two. One study found that if a patient and doctor agree on amputation, the sooner the amputation is done the better the outcome will be. If the amputation is done within 90 days of the injury, the patient is less likely to have prolonged infections, PTSD, substance abuse problems or mood disorders.
"In some people, the pendulum has swung so far that they're thinking, 'Well, if I have an amputation it's going to solve all my problems'"
It's hard to make sweeping statements about which is a better choice, limb salvage or amputation, because so much of this depends on the severity of the injury. Above knee amputees have a harder time learning to use their prosthetic than below knee amputees, for example, as do those who suffer upper body injuries. Losing a hand tends to be far more life-changing than losing a foot. Because they try to lump a lot of things together, many of these results also solidify what might seem obvious. In the words of one study: "Participants with more functional lower limbs had better quality of life than did those with less functional lower limbs regardless of whether they underwent amputation or limb-salvage surgery."
In the last 15 years, prosthetics technology has advanced steadily. Hayda says that these days, perhaps because of just how much coverage new prosthetics get, people are sometimes too quick to jump for the amputation. "In some people, the pendulum has swung so far that they're thinking, 'well if I have an amputation it's going to solve all problems, my nerve isn't working in my leg, I'll have an amputation and it will be solved by the prosthetic limb,'" he said.
But, perhaps more silently, just as prosthetics have advanced, the technology available to surgeons to rebuild and save limbs has advanced too. There are better implants to stabilize the bone, there's better wound care to salvage soft tissue, and better techniques to transfer tissue from different parts of the body. Doctors can now graft veins from one area onto another, like they did for Reynolds, and get blood moving again in areas that before they'd have to let go. In some cases, doctors have even been able to transplant whole arms.
All of this is mostly to say that the choice between limb salvage and amputation is rarely a clear one. "The question is what's best for any given individual," said Hayda. "Some people when faced with that option will say amputate, and others will say save it at all costs." Hayda stresses that the decision is different for each person. He tries to involve the patient's family, bring in prosthetists to talk about the devices they might get, and walk them through the timelines for reconstruction.
"It's a hard decision," Hayda continued. "Some folks are very categorical, this has to be salvaged or [amputated]. I don't think it's necessarily that clear, given our state of technology and surgical techniques."
Despite being valuable, many of these studies don't account for the entirety of a person's life. And there are things they don't capture. Take for instance, the support system a soldier or citizen might have coming out of surgery. These days, the amputee community both in and out of the military is strong. There are Facebook groups and meetups and robust fraternities of folks missing limbs. People see an amputee and they recognize the disability, they understand what it is. That's not the case for limb salvage. People who still have their leg, even if it's in bad shape, even if it doesn't work that well, or causes them pain, or is held together, tenuously, by dozens of bits of metal, don't engender the same kind of community.
Reynolds says that he had a handicap placard for his car, which he rarely used. But at concerts, or events where the parking lots were huge, he would use the card to avoid the long walk from the parking lot. "And I got scrutinized many times," he said. "They would look at me, a young fit guy and be like 'there's no way,' and I would be discriminated against because of that."
And it's not just the regularly abled who push against folks who've had limb salvage either. Many whose legs have been saved can walk, but cannot run. As a result some turn to wheelchair sports to try and stay fit. Reynolds says that he has friends who have gotten into wheelchair endurance events, and who have been called out by folks who can't walk at all. "They'll say, 'You're not paralyzed, why are you out here in a push room doing wheelchair endurance events,'" Reynolds said. "They're caught in this middle ground where they don't have that community."
This is more true today than ever before. From Dancing with the Stars to local crossfit gyms, amputees are becoming more common neighbors and media figures, which gives soldiers and laypeople a target, a visual goal for what is possible, a path to follow. That wasn't always the case. Reynolds says that when he first got hurt, in 2004, there weren't nearly as many role models for what a fully recovered amputee could do. "You really didn't know what the end would be," Reynolds said.
Walter Reed's prosthetics research has changed the amputation versus limb salvage equation.
Now, at the Military Advanced Treatment Center at Walter Reed, where many soldiers rehab, you can see veterans in each stage of the process—from people who have just had surgery, who have just been fitted with their prosthetic to those who are taking their first steps, to those who have been on prosthetics for years and are coming in for a new fitting. "Now you see the full spectrum, before your eyes you can see the progression you'd have," Reynolds said.
There's still a lot doctors don't know about the outcomes, too, particularly for the limb salvage patients. It's clear that the recovery process for limb salvage patients is longer, and the path is less clear. It can take 10 surgeries or 30. It's also likely that those surgeries continue throughout your life. In 2010 a piece of hardware inside Reynolds leg started to protrude, threatening to break through the skin, so he went back into surgery again to have it removed. But what happens to these patients 10, 20, and 30 years down the line isn't well documented.
"We're trying to address those questions on quality of life, to follow them in the long term," Ted Melcer, a researcher at the Naval Health Research Center, told me. Mecler and his team worked on a study that tracked veterans who went through amputation and limb salvage using a database of military personnel medical records. "Those questions, by themselves, that's many years worth of work. And many years from now the main question is how do we follow these patients in the long term."
Reynold's story has a bit of a twist ending. In 2013, he was hit on his bike and went down, breaking another area of his tibia. He was facing three months of recovery, after even more surgeries. And when he thought about it, about how he couldn't sit comfortably, go up stairs, or walk without a cane for long distances, he decided it was time.
When they told him they were going to go back in, and put even more hardware into his leg, he thought, "Rather than having more surgery I might as well just go back to what had been presented to me, and go ahead and have the amputation," he told me. It was over the holidays, and with his family around him Reynolds went for the surgery, where doctors removed his leg just above the knee.
Now, Reynolds is an amputee. When I asked Reynolds what advice he would give someone trying to decide between an amputation or a limb salvage, he said it was important to think of your whole life, not just the one thing you want to do. "If you're looking at just one aspect, and thinking, 'Oh I can't run, I need an amputation,' think about it. Will gaining that one activity provide you enough satisfaction for that amputation to be worthwhile?" he said. For him, he says it was. But it's not for everyone. "I urge everyone to kind of look at the whole spectrum."
Reynolds says he thinks the amputation was the right choice for him. He's no longer going to have to worry about how his salvaged leg might age, and what surgeries he might need in the future to keep it held together. "Really the only two things that changed are I have to put a leg on, or use crutches, or hop in the middle of the night to the bathroom, and I have to shower on one leg," he said. "That's it."
The first time I met Reynolds was at the bottom of the mountain in Breckenridge, Colorado, where he was skiing on his prosthetic knee far faster than I was snowboarding on my biological ones. When I spoke with him last week, he had just gotten back from the UCI Para-cycling Road World Championships in Switzerland. It's his first year back at the World Championships, after his surgery, and he was happy to finish in the middle of the pack for his four races. In many ways, he has become the example patient he thought he might be, going from mangled leg to bike racing again. The path just wasn't quite as straight as he might have predicted.
Modern Medicine is a series on Motherboard about how health care and medical technology can move forward so rapidly while still being stuck in the past. Follow along here.


FRENCH President Emmanuel Macron has thanked the US for saving France during World War One as he hosts Donald Trump for a Bastille Day parade in Paris today.
Macron said "nothing will separate" the two nations in a speech ending the parade, adding that Trump's presence was "the sign of a friendship across the ages" between their countries.
The French leader also took to Twitter to pay tribute to his American counterpart, sharing a picture of the two together.
Macron stood before wounded French soldiers and thanked them as well.
Trump was the guest of honour at the parade, and French and American flags were prominent throughout.
The two men hugged at the end of the speech.
Macron arrived standing in a military jeep and surrounded by cavalry – repeating a scene from his inauguration two months ago aimed at reinforcing a message that he heads an important military power.
But it came as a fierce row raged between Macron and his armed forces chief, General Pierre de Villiers, over proposed defence budget cuts that are part of his bid to put the French economy in order.
Trump arrived with his wife Melania in a black sedan to be greeted by French first lady Brigitte Macron.
At the parade, the two heads of state sat together in a stand applauding, pointing and touching each other on the arm as military aircraft flew overhead.
Trump saluted as US military personnel – some in World War One battledress to mark 100 years since the conflict – opened the march-past with the Arc de Triomphe in the background.
By the end of the 1914-1918 war, more than a million US troops were stationed in France alongside soldiers of French, British and other nationalities fighting Germany.
One marching group evoked another military landmark of Franco-American history, carrying a pennant marked "Fregate Lafayette".
The pennant referred to a frigate of the French navy named after the 18th century French aristocrat general Marquis de Lafayette, who helped in the American Revolutionary War against the British.
For France, this year's Bastille Day has an additional poignancy as the first anniversary of one of the deadliest Islamist militant attacks of the past few years.
After the parade, his first as President, Macron will head for the Mediterranean city of Nice, where he will join a commemoration for the 86 people who died when a Tunisian man drove a truck at a crowd on the waterfront a year ago.
The occasion followed a day of talks with French President Emmanuel Macron, a first ladies' tour of Paris, and a dinner for the four at a restaurant in the Eiffel Tower.
Trump wrote in a tweet: "Great evening with President @EmmanuelMacron & Mrs. Macron. Went to Eiffel Tower for dinner. Relationship with France stronger than ever."
The ceremonies brought to an end a visit Macron needs as a boost to France's standing on the world stage - one which could also help a US leader left short of international friends by his stance on free trade and climate change.
Trump, also dogged at home by an investigation into alleged Russian interference in the 2016 US election, appeared on Thursday to leave open the door for more talks on the Paris accord which he pulled the United States out of earlier this year.


text:
Content Previous Next
MENDOCINO TRIPLE JUNCTION [c5, p120-124]
The three lithospheric plates that dominate the modern tectonics of coastal California meet at the Mendocino triple junction, which is marked by a dense cluster of epicenters just off Cape Mendocino ( Figure 5.5A; see chap. 3). North of this triple junction, oblique subduction dominates, with the eastern margin of the Gorda plate (the southernmost section of the Juan de Fuca plate) slipping beneath the North American plate north-northeastward at a rate of 30 to 50 mm/yr (Wilson, 1986). South of the triple junction, the Pacific plate is moving past the North American plate along the San Andreas transform boundary on a heading of 35�-38� W. of N. at a rate of approximately 50 mm/yr (DeMets and others, 1987).
The dense lineation of epicenters that trends west-northwest from Cape Mendocino corresponds closely to the Mendocino Fracture Zone (MFZ) and the Pacific-Gorda plate boundary but follows a slightly more northerly trend. Details of how the San Andreas fault ties into the triple junction, however, are unclear. The trace of the San Andreas fault lies off shore north of Point Arena, and the broad area of seismic quiescence south of the triple junction offers few clues to the kinematics of this northernmost segment of the fault.
The conspicuous linear zone of epicenters marking a northeast-trending slice across the southwest corner of the Gorda plate is the aftershock zone of the M=7.2 Eureka earthquake of November 8, 1980. This was the largest earthquake to occur in California during the interval 1980-86. The N. 53� E. trend of its aftershock zone agrees closely with the strike of the left-lateral slip plane inferred from the focal mechanism of the main shock, which was located about a fourth of the way downstrike from the northeastern end of the aftershock zone (Eaton, 1989). The aftershocks from this earthquake died off within a few months after the main shock - a notably short aftershock sequence for an earthquake of this size.
A third, more diffuse group of earthquakes in the vicinity of the triple junction shows little tendency to concentrate in linear zones. These epicenters form an irregular zone with the greatest concentration in the vicinity of Cape Mendocino, gradually dying off with distance to the north, east, and west. To the south, the seismicity dies off abruptly across the MFZ and its landward extension.
The three-dimensional aspects of this triple junction seismicity are illustrated by four cross sections (Figure 5.5B and Figure 5.5C). The two cross sections perpendicular to the N. 75� W. trend of the MFZ ( Figure 5.5B) compare the distribution of focal depths within the submarine section of the Gorda plate adjacent to the triple junction (A-A') with that within the adjacent, subducted section of the Gorda plate and the overlying North American plate (B-B'). Earthquake hypocenters along the southern margin of the submarine Gorda plate define a dense, vertically elongate zone beneath the MFZ that dips 70�-75� N. and extends to depths of nearly 35 km. Earthquakes north of this zone cluster in a somewhat less dense, wedge-shaped core outlined by a northward shallowing of maximum focal depths accompanied by a northward deepening of minimum focal depths that converge at a depth of about 20 km (Eaton, 1989). Overlying this relatively dense wedge is a more diffuse distribution of hypocenters, the northernmost of which represent the 1980 M=7.2 event and adjacent after-shocks. The absence of seismicity south of the MFZ indicates that the northeast corner of the Pacific plate behaves as a rigid block in its interaction with the younger, thinner, and internally deforming Gorda plate (Wilson, 1986; Eaton, 1989).
In the onshore cross section (B-B', Figure 5.5B), the intense seismicity associated with the MFZ loses most of its expression. Here, the southern margin of the subducted Gorda plate is marked only by isolated clusters of hypocenters at depths of 10 and 25 km. To the north, however, a band of hypocenters concentrated at about a depth of 20 km corresponds closely to the base of the wedge-shaped distribution beneath the submarine section of the Gorda plate, including the downward flexing of this band as it approaches the southern margin of the Gorda plate. South of the landward extension of the MFZ, the seismicity shallows rather abruptly, reflecting the edge of the subducted Gorda plate beneath the North American plate and the rather thin seismogenic crust associated with the San Andreas fault system to the south.
The cross section parallel to and including the MFZ and its landward extension (D-D', Figure 5.5C) reveals that the dense seismicity cluster along the MFZ near the triple junction tapers westward along the MFZ with a wedge-like geometry to a 20-km-deep band of hypocenters, much the same as it does to the north (cross sec. A-A', Figure 5.5B). (The pronounced linear concentration of hypocenters at 15-km-depth beneath the submarine Gorda plate in cross sections A-A' and D-D' represents the default focal depth for the more poorly located earthquakes beyond the perimeter of the onshore seismic network.) The landward extension of the MFZ shows up only weakly as a diffuse scattering of hypocenters extending to a small, isolated cluster of 25-km-deep hypocenters some 50 km east of the triple junction (A = 190 km, cross sec. D-D') and, possibly, as far as a handful of 30-to 50-km-deep hypocenters 100 km east of the triple junction (A=260 km, cross sec. D-D'). Focal depths of the shallow seismicity in the northern Coast Ranges are confined to the upper 10 km of the crust. Farther east, however, focal depths increase again to depths of 35 to 40 km beneath the north end of the Great Valley. An east-dipping quiescent band, about 10 km thick, appears to separate the seismicity associated with the MFZ from that beneath the northern Coast Ranges and the Great Valley to the east. The geometry of this band suggests that it may somehow be related to the geometry of the subducted Gorda plate beneath the western margin of the North American plate.
The parallel cross section immediately to the north (C-C', Figure 5.5C) reinforces the impression that the distribution of hypocenters carries an image of subducted-Gorda-plate geometry. Maximum focal depths increase systematically from 25 to 30 km beneath the submarine Gorda plate to nearly 80 km beneath the southern Cascade volcanoes. Although the easternmost of these deep earthquakes are small and few, their locations are well constrained (Cockerham, 1984; Walter, 1986). As in the section of the fault to the south, a seismically quiescent, east-dipping band appears to separate earthquakes within the Gorda plate from those In the overlying North American plate.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: 16 bit Binary conversion I have found several ways to convert both Integer and Float values to binary, and they each have their issues. I need to take an Integer/Float input between values of 0 and 10,000, convert to a 16-digit (exactly) binary string, manipulate the bits at random, and convert back to an Integer/Float (depending on the parameter).
However, I have been using the following code:
def convert_to_binary(value):
    '''
    Converts a float to a 16-bit binary string.
    '''
    [d] = struct.unpack('>Q', struct.pack('>d', value))
    return str('{:016b}'.format(d))

def convert_back(bin_num):
    '''
    Converts binary string to a float.
    '''
    print type(bin_num)
        print bin_num
    bf = int_to_bytes(int(bin_num, 2), 8)  # 8 bytes needed for IEEE 754 binary64.
        print struct.unpack('>d', bf)[0]
    return struct.unpack('>d', bf)[0]

#   return struct.unpack('d', struct.pack('Q', bin_num))[0]
    #bin_num.pack('B*').unpack('g').first

def int_to_bytes(n, minlen=0):  # Helper function
    '''
    Turns integer/long to byte string.
    '''
    nbits = n.bit_length() + (1 if n < 0 else 0)  # +1 for any sign bit.
    nbytes = (nbits+7) // 8  # Number of whole bytes.
    b = bytearray()
    for _ in range(nbytes):
        b.append(n & 0xff)
        n >>= 8
    if minlen and len(b) < minlen:  # Zero padding needed?
        b.extend([0] * (minlen-len(b)))
    return bytearray(reversed(b))  # High bytes first.

And the result is this (in picture form since I couldn't copy and paste from my terminal):

I understand that there are different types of binary (signed/unsigned, different bit numbers, etc.), but I need my output to be what I think is unsigned short... all of my numbers are positive values, and to allow for the bit manipulation I later use, they need to be exactly 16 digits long --> (If they are float values, I can use the extra digits of binary but just alter the first 16, and the ones that follow are just what follows the decimal point, right?)
Firstly, should I write functions for both a Float input and an Integer input?
Secondly, how do I change my code to allow for the desired output without simply using pop, etc. to cut the length of the binary to 16?

A: I had the same problem and I found a simpler and shorter solution.
Here's an example:
Encode:
In [1]: val = 15

In [2]: bin_ = '{0:016b}'.format(val)
In [3]: bin_
Out[3]: '0000000000001111'

Or:
In [4]: bin_ = bin(val)[2:].zfill(16)
In [5]: bin_
Out[5]: '0000000000001111'

Decode:
In [6]: int(bin_, 2)
Out[6]: 15

A: This isn't a very popular question to answer, I can see, so I'll put this up in the meantime:
def convert_to_binary(value):
    '''
    Converts a float to a 16-bit binary string.
    '''
    n = ['0','0','0','0','0','0','0','0','0','0','0','0','0','0','0','0']
    value = int(value)
    if value > 2**15:
        if value > 2**16:
            print "Value too large"
        else:
            n[0] = '1'
            value = value - (2**15)
    if value > 2**14:
        n[1] = '1'
        value = value - (2**14)
    if value > 2**13:
        n[2] = '1'
        value = value - (2**13)
    if value > 2**12:
        n[3] = '1'
        value = value - (2**12)
    if value > 2**11:
        n[4] = '1'
        value = value - (2**11)
    if value > 2**10:
        n[5] = '1'
        value = value - (2**10)
    if value > 2**9:
        n[6] = '1'
        value = value - (2**9)
    if value > 2**8:
        n[7] = '1'
        value = value - (2**8)
    if value > 2**7:
        n[8] = '1'
        value = value - (2**7)
    if value > 2**6:
        n[9] = '1'
        value = value - (2**6)
    if value > 2**5:
        n[10] = '1'
        value = value - (2**5)
    if value > 2**4:
        n[11] = '1'
        value = value - (2**4)
    if value > 2**3:
        n[12] = '1'
        value = value - (2**3)
    if value > 2**2:
        n[13] = '1'
        value = value - (2**2)
    if value > 2**1:
        n[14] = '1'
        value = value - (2**1)
    if value >= 2**0:
        n[15] = '1'
        value = value - (2**0)

        n = ''.join(n)
        n = str(n)

        print str(n)
        return str(n)

def convert_back(bin_num):
    """
    Converts binary string to a float.
    """
    value = 0
    print type(bin_num)
    n = list(bin_num)

    if n[0] == '1':
        value = value + (2 ** 15)
    if n[1] == '1':
        value = value + (2 ** 14)
    if n[2] == '1':
        value = value + (2 ** 13)
    if n[3] == '1':
        value = value + (2 ** 12)
    if n[4] == '1':
        value = value + (2 ** 11)
    if n[5] == '1':
        value = value + (2 ** 10)
    if n[6] == '1':
        value = value + (2 ** 9)
    if n[7] == '1':
        value = value + (2 ** 8)
    if n[8] == '1':
        value = value + (2 ** 7)
    if n[9] == '1':
        value = value + (2 ** 6)
    if n[10] == '1':
        value = value + (2 ** 5)
    if n[11] == '1':
        value = value + (2 ** 4)
    if n[12] == '1':
        value = value + (2 ** 3)
    if n[13] == '1':
        value = value + (2 ** 2)
    if n[14] == '1':
        value = value + (2 ** 1)
    if n[15] == '1':
        value = value + (2 ** 0)

    print value

    return value

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
declare interface IReactPnPjsTesterWebPartStrings {
  PropertyPaneDescription: string;
  BasicGroupName: string;
  DescriptionFieldLabel: string;
}

declare module 'ReactPnPjsTesterWebPartStrings' {
  const strings: IReactPnPjsTesterWebPartStrings;
  export = strings;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Filter= Volleyball
*** Search Filter: "Volleyball"
Volleyball - Wikipedia
Volleyball is a popular team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules. It has been a part of the official program of the Summer Olympic Games since Tokyo 1964.
volleyball | Definition, Rules, Positions, & Facts ...
Volleyball: Volleyball, game played by two teams, usually of six players on a side, in which the players use their hands to bat a ball back and forth over a high net, trying to make the ball touch the court within the opponents' playing area before it can be returned. Learn more about the rules and history of volleyball.
Women's Volleyball - UIC Athletics
The official Women's Volleyball page for the University of Illinois at Chicago Flames
VOLLEYBALL - The Score
The best beach volleyball complex around Grand Rapids! Adult beach volleyball leagues that run 7 days a week! Pro-quality nets, lines, balls & lit courts.
Volleyball - Upcoming Volleyball Tournaments: Players ...
Upcoming Volleyball Tournaments. Players is your one-stop shop for all things volleyball! We run tourneys year round in Chicago & the Midwest! Choose from beach & grass in the summer or indoor in the fall, winter & spring! Follow the links for more info! Next Tournaments:
FIVB Volleyball Nations League Men's Final - teamusa.org
About the Event. The FIVB Volleyball Nations League is the international federation's top annual volleyball competition and features 16 national teams per gender.
VNL2019 - volleyball.world
The FIVB Volleyball Nations League is the international federation's top annual volleyball competition and features 16 national teams per gender. Starting on May 21 for the women and May 31 for the men, the 2019 VNL retains a similar calendar to last year, with men playing over the weekends and women during the week in pools of four teams ...
Volleyball - Summer Olympic Sport
Volleyball was conceived as a less strenuous alternative to basketball. The sport became popular very quickly and made its Olympic debut in 1964.
DI Women's College Volleyball - Home | NCAA.com
The NCAA Women's Volleyball DI official home. Get Women's Volleyball rankings, news, schedules and championship brackets. The NCAA Women's Volleyball DI official home. Get Women's Volleyball ...
USA Volleyball - Features, Events, Results
The latest news, events and results for USA Volleyball
Nike Essential Volleyball Knee Pads
End Date: Monday Aug-12-2019 9:57:04 PDT
Under Armour 2.0 Volleyball Knee Pads, Black
Nike Essentials Volleyball Knee Pads
End Date: Thursday Aug-1-2019 15:55:46 PDT
Nike Streak Volleyball Knee Pads
End Date: Monday Aug-12-2019 10:02:56 PDT
*** News Filter: "Volleyball"
Volleyball players learn fundamentals at Lofton Lake Staunton News Leader
Players from throughout the area gain volleyball skills each summer at the annual camp near Greenville.
On the golf course, volleyball court and baseball field Palo Alto Online
Stanford golfer Ethan Ng qualified for the U.S. Amateur at Pinehurst Resort and County Club in August by tying Michigan senior Brent Ito for first place at the ...
Waverly senior decommits from CSU to join Nebraska volleyball team Lincoln Journal Star
Annika Evans made the difficult phone call to the volleyball coaches at Colorado State to let them know she wouldn't be coming there to play college volleyball.
Gophers Representing Red, White and Blue this Summer - University of Minnesota Athletics Minnesota Gophers
The Golden Gophers had 10 past or present Gophers wear the red, white and blue over the past few months before they begin yet another exciting professional ...
How to buy NCAA women's volleyball championship tickets NCAA.com
The 2019 women's volleyball championship will be held on December 19 & 21, 2019 at the PPG Paints Arena in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Here's how to buy ...
Is Chase Budinger the Future of Men's Beach Volleyball? The New York Times
Budinger isn't the first N.B.A. retiree to succeed in beach volleyball. But the former forward might have the skills to become an Olympian.
Oregon women volleyball's Nuneviller chases gold with U.S. WJNT NCAA.com
The U.S. Women's Junior National team advanced to the second stage of group play at the FIVB Women's U20 World Championship, meaning Oregon ...
Missouri State places volleyball coach on administrative leave Missourinet.com
Missouri State University women's volleyball coach Melissa Stokes has been placed on paid administrative leave, pending an investigation into allegations ...
ASU volleyball 2021 recruiting class continues to grow AZCentral
With three more commitments, ASU volleyball is putting together an impressive 2021 recruiting class.
OC hires volleyball coach Agoura Hills Acorn
SUBSTANCE AND STYLE—Kendall Guidetti, a Cal Lutheran women's track and field star who attended Oak Park High, placed 10th in the long jump finals at the ...
Coppin State Volleyball's Paola Ten Caten Aims To Continue Family Legacy Press Box
Paola Ten Caten is set to step onto the court for Coppin State volleyball as a freshman outside hitter -- the same position her mother played at Kansas -- and ...
New Lancaster coach brings added juice to volleyball camp Lancaster Eagle Gazette
LANCASTER – As an assistant varsity volleyball coach, Heather (Powers) Ingram always seemed to be sitting on the edge of her seat wanting to say even more ...
These players stood out during the Nebraska volleyball team's trip to Asia Lincoln Journal Star
Just like a parent taking their children on a summer vacation, one way Nebraska volleyball coach John Cook knows the team's trip to Asia earlier this summer ...


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Three Historic Ways to Serve Linguine
Home/Date Ideas, Traditional Italian Fare/Three Historic Ways to Serve Linguine
Americans love pasta, and they have Italy to thank for this favorite dish. With just about any combination of sauces, meats, and ingredients, a simple pasta noodle can become a decadent meal you'll want to eat every day of the week. It's impressive that a single dish can be prepared so many ways, and like other versatile foods, pasta is a product of the place from which it came. A favorite pasta variation in the United States is linguine. There are a lot of ways to prepare pasta, but let's talk about three ways to cook linguine that keep in touch with the pasta's history and origins.
Serve with Seafood
In Liguria, the coastal region of North-Western Italy in which linguine originates, seafood is abundant. Even today, cuisine is a huge reason why its capital, Genoa, is a popular place with travelers and tourists. Some specialties of the area include muscles, squid, and shrimp. It's a big reason why this area pasta is usually served with seafood today. Tossing shrimp or scallops with linguine and cream sauce is just about as authentic as you can get. If you ever wondered why it's often served that way, now you know: the region is rich in seafood.
Pasta and Potatoes?
In Liguria, pasta is made by hand, and linguine is no exception. A favorite way to serve the pasta, which only consists of flour and egg, is with potatoes and green beans. It might sound a little odd, because Americans often think of pasta as being paired with a meat and sauce. Nevertheless, authentic dishes in Liguria featuring linguine, potatoes, and green beans date back all the way to the 1700s. Give it a try, even if it sounds a little unorthodox!
Pesto, Please!
Pesto has something in common with linguine, and it's not that it's popular in Italian dishes. Actually, pesto also originates from Genoa. It's rumored that the flavor combination may have been borrowed from India originally, but now, you can attribute the garlic and basil-based sauce to the Liguria region. The sauce is a favorite on everything from pizza to pasta, but to eat linguine in an authentic way, combine the two for a ton of flavor.
By bwm| 2019-09-23T20:19:12+00:00	September 15th, 2019|Date Ideas, Traditional Italian Fare|0 Comments
All About Rustic Pizza


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Q: How to display MKCompassButton with swiftui I'm using swiftui and I would like to display the compass button.
The map portion of my code is derived from this tutorial:
https://www.morningswiftui.com/blog/build-mapview-app-with-swiftui
I've looked at sample code to display the compass on the map but I have not been able to find an example that I can get working with my swiftui code.

A: Actually compass is showing, but only when you try to turn your map. If you want to see compass button for all the time, you can add your own button in makeUIView func:
struct RootMapView: View {
    var body: some View {
        MapView()
    }
}

struct MapView: UIViewRepresentable {
    func makeUIView(context: Context) -> MKMapView {
        let map = MKMapView()
        map.showsCompass = false // hides current compass, which shows only on map turning

        let compassBtn = MKCompassButton(mapView: map)
        compassBtn.frame.origin = CGPoint(x: 20, y: 20) // you may use GeometryReader to replace it's position
        compassBtn.compassVisibility = .visible // compass will always be on map
        map.addSubview(compassBtn)

        return map
    }

    func updateUIView(_ uiView: MKMapView, context: Context) {
    }
}


Appliances make our lives easier, until and unless they start leaking, heating imperfectly, and generally malfunctioning. Most of the appliances work on basic principles. People think that it is better to buy a new appliance than to repair the appliance as it would be less expensive. Minor problems that trouble the devices can be dealt with using minimum time and effort.
The unit is running but there is no cool air coming out. If the appliance cools at regular intervals, it is mainly diagnosed with the problem with the cooling device and it means that the system has to be changed.
If you hear the odd sound coming from the condenser or the compressor unit you should turn off the unit and call the appliance professional for service.
If the system doesn't come on at all you should check the main and obvious things that are the thermostat is set to cool and the appliance's circuit breaker is in the "On" position. You should also check all the systems switches or disconnects. If there is a problem you should make sure that the air conditioner is off and you should call the professionals for help.
If there is a leak or a dripping circuit breaker, the problem should be dealt by the appliance professionals immediately. You have to turn off the unit and call for help.
You should not throw your money into something that is not worth it, you should install a new heating system with a heating system with the profession HVAC contractors at Air Creation Heating & Cooling LLC in Gonzales La. They reduce your energy consumption and will last for decades. It will keep your money in your pocket. It is a better option than using an appliance which has a cooling problem and you use it for heating. The heating problem can be repaired by buying a new heating system as it will also save your money and also save your time. So connect with us for your air conditioner repair gonzales la needs.


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Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK
4.3% growth
In 2018, Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK had a population of 282k people with a median age of 34.3 and a median household income of $62,096. Between 2017 and 2018 the population of Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK grew from 279,641 to 281,669, a 0.725% increase and its median household income grew from $61,213 to $62,096, a 1.44% increase.
The population of Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK is 71% White Alone, 8.96% Hispanic or Latino, and 6.14% Two or More Races. N/A% of the people in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK speak a non-English language, and 96.6% are U.S. citizens.
The largest universities in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK are University of Oklahoma-Norman Campus (6,535 degrees awarded in 2017), Mid-America Christian University (642 degrees), and Moore Norman Technology Center (246 degrees).
The median property value in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK is $169,800, and the homeownership rate is 61.8%. Most people in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK commute by Drove Alone, and the average commute time is 23.4 minutes. The average car ownership in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK is 2 cars per household.
Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK borders Shawnee City PUMA, OK, Oklahoma City (West) PUMA, OK, Oklahoma City (East Central) PUMA, OK, Grady, McClain & Pottawatomie (South) Counties PUMA, OK, and Oklahoma City (West Central) PUMA, OK.
Photo by Paul L. McCord Jr.
United StatesOklahoma
The economy of Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK employs 139k people. The largest industries in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK are Restaurants & Food Services (11,443 people), Construction (9,123 people), and Colleges, universities & professional schools, including junior colleges (8,069 people), and the highest paying industries are Electric power generation, transmission & distribution ($114,158), Nondepository credit & related activities ($111,357), and Justice, public order, & safety activities ($97,433).
Median household income in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK is $62,096. Males in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK have an average income that is 1.47 times higher than the average income of females, which is $42,994. The income inequality in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK (measured using the Gini index) is 0.452, which is lower than than the national average.
± 5.19%
Households in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK have a median annual income of $62,096, which is more than the median annual income of $61,937 across the entire United States. This is in comparison to a median income of $61,213 in 2017, which represents a 1.44% annual growth.
Look at the chart to see how the median household income in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.
In 2018, full-time male employees in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK made 1.47 times more than female employees.
This chart shows the gender-based wage disparity in the 5 most common occupations in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK by number of full-time employees.
$47,020 ± $3,622
In 2018 the highest paid race/ethnicity of Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK workers was Black. These workers were paid 1.09 times more than White workers, who made the second highest salary of any race/ethnicity.
This chart shows the race- and ethnicity-based wage disparities in the 5 most common occupations in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK by number of full-time employees.
In 2018, the income inequality in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK was 0.452 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 2.06% growth from 2017 to 2018, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat less even.
The 2018 the GINI for Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK was lower than than the national average of 0.479. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK in comparison to the national average.
This chart shows the number of workers in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK across various wage buckets compared to the national average.
TotalWhiteBlackNative AmericanAsianOtherTwo Or MoreWhite Non-HispanicHispanic
Edmond & Oklahoma City (North Central) Cities PUMA, OK
Oklahoma City (West) PUMA, OK
Claremore City PUMA, OK
In 2018, the PUMA with the highest Median Household Income (Total) in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK was Edmond & Oklahoma City (North Central) Cities PUMA, OK with a value of $72,151, followed by Oklahoma City (West) PUMA, OK and Claremore City PUMA, OK, with respective values of $70,204 and $66,993.
The following map shows all of the PUMAs in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK colored by their Median Household Income (Total).
Males 18 - 24
12.6% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK (33.1k out of 262k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is lower than the national average of 13.1%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Males 18 - 24, followed by Females 18 - 24 and then Females 25 - 34.
24,419 ± 1,200
The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK is White, followed by Hispanic and Black.
From 2017 to 2018, employment in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK grew at a rate of 1.17%, from 137k employees to 139k employees.
The most common job groups, by number of people living in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK, are Retail salespersons (4,767 people), Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive (4,132 people), and Driver/sales workers & truck drivers (3,714 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK.
The most common jobs held by residents of Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK, by number of employees, are Retail salespersons (4,767 people), Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive (4,132 people), and Driver/sales workers & truck drivers (3,714 people).
Compared to other pumas, Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK has an unusually high number of residents working as Aircraft mechanics & service technicians (4.11 times higher than expected), Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters (4 times), and Miscellaneous engineers, including nuclear engineers (3.71 times).
The highest paid jobs held by residents of Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK, by average salary, are Aircraft mechanics & service technicians ($112,570), Sales managers ($92,762), and Lawyers, & judges, magistrates, & other judicial workers ($92,256).
The most common employment sectors for those who live in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK, are Restaurants & Food Services (11,443 people), Construction (9,123 people), and Colleges, universities & professional schools, including junior colleges (8,069 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK, though some of these residents may live in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.
The most common industries in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK, by number of employees, are Restaurants & Food Services (11,443 people), Construction (9,123 people), and Colleges, universities & professional schools, including junior colleges (8,069 people).
Compared to other pumas, Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK has an unusually high number of Administration of environmental quality & housing programs (8.46 times higher than expected), Support activities for mining (7.09 times), and National security & international affairs (5.23 times) industries.
The highest paying industries in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK, by average salary, are Electric power generation, transmission & distribution ($114,158), Nondepository credit & related activities ($111,357), and Justice, public order, & safety activities ($97,433).
Domestic production and consumption consists of products and services shipped from Oklahoma to other states, or from other states to Oklahoma.
Coal-n.e.c.
Fuel oils
In 2015, the top outbound Oklahoma product (by dollars) was Coal-n.e.c. with $60.6B, followed by Fuel oils ($20.5B) and Gasoline ($18.3B).
The following chart shows the share of these products in relation to all outbound Oklahoma products.
Showing data for Oklahoma state.
In 2020, total outbound Oklahoma trade was $237B. This is expected to increase 30.4% to $309B by 2045.
The following chart shows how the domestic outbound Oklahoma trade is projected to change in comparison to its neighboring states.
Interstate trade consists of products and services shipped from Oklahoma to other states, or from other states to Oklahoma.
$8.38B
In 2015, the top outbound Oklahoma domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was Texas with $43.1B, followed by Kansas with $21.9B and Arkansas and $8.38B.
The following map shows the amount of trade that Oklahoma shares with each state (excluding itself).
89.9% of the population of Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK has health coverage, with 53% on employee plans, 10.6% on Medicaid, 9.48% on Medicare, 14.7% on non-group plans, and 2.1% on military or VA plans.
Per capita personal health care spending in the puma of Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK was $7,627 in 2014. This is a 4.58% increase from the previous year ($7,293).
Primary care physicians in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK see 1587 patients per year on average, which represents a 1.8% increase from the previous year (1559 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1704 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 264 patients per year.
Comparing across all counties in the state, Pushmataha County and Ottawa County have the highest prevalence of diabetes (16.2%). Additionally, Adair County has the highest prevalence of adult obesity (41.9%)
Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for Oklahoma.
Primary care physicians in Oklahoma see an average of 1,587 patients per year. This represents a 1.8% increase from the previous year (1,559 patients).
The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in Oklahoma in comparison to neighboring states.
Estimated Number of Chronically Homeless IndividualsPercent of Residents with Access To Exercise OpportunitiesPrevalence of Food InsecurityPercent of Occupied Households Lacking Complete Plumbing FacilitiesPercent of Occupied Households Lacking Complete Kitchen FacilitiesPercent of Households Lacking Internet Access
Between 2013 and 2014, all personal health care spending per capita in Oklahoma (including private, Medicare, and Medicaid) grew 4.58%, from $7,293 to $7,627.
Between 2016 and 2017, the percent of uninsured citizens in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK grew by 18.2% from 8.55% to 10.1%.
The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.
Pushmataha County
Pushmataha County and Ottawa County have the highest prevalence of diabetes in Oklahoma, at 16.2%.
The following map shows the prevalence of diabetes in Oklahoma by county over multiple years.
Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK is home to a population of 282k people, from which 96.6% are citizens. As of 2016, 5.94% of Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK residents were born outside of the country (16.5k people).
The ethnic composition of the population of Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK is composed of 200k White Alone residents (71%), 25.2k Hispanic or Latino residents (8.96%), 17.3k Two or More Races residents (6.14%), 13.1k Asian Alone residents (4.64%), 12.7k Black or African American Alone residents (4.51%), 12.2k American Indian & Alaska Native Alone residents (4.35%), 1.19k Some Other Race Alone residents (0.423%), and 47 Native Hawaiian & Other Pacific Islander Alone residents (0.0167%).
In 2018, the median age of all people in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK was 34.3. Native-born citizens, with a median age of 34, were generally younger than than foreign-born citizens, with a median age of 39. But people in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK are getting getting younger. In 2017, the average age of all Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK residents was 34.
16.5k people
As of 2016, 5.94% of Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK residents (16.5k people) were born outside of the United States, which is lower than the national average of 13.7%. In 2015, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK was 6.07%, meaning that the rate has been decreasing.
The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.
In 2018, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK was Mexico, the natal country of 4,208 Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK residents, followed by Bangladesh with 2,176 and Vietnam with 1,909.
As of 2018, 96.6% of Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK residents were US citizens, which is higher than the national average of 93.2%. In 2017, the percentage of US citizens in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK was 96.7%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been decreasing.
The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.
200k ± 752
25.2k ± 3.26k
In 2018, there were 7.92 times more White Alone residents (200k people) in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK than any other race or ethnicity. There were 25.2k Hispanic or Latino and 17.3k Two or More Races residents, the second and third most common racial or ethnic groups.
The following bar chart shows the 8 races and ethnicities represented in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK as a share of the total population.
Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK has a large population of military personnel who served in Vietnam, 1.14 times greater than any other conflict.
In 2017, universities in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK awarded 7,677 degrees. The student population of Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK is skewed towards women, with 16,147 male students and 16,595 female students.
Most students graduating from Universities in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK are White (4,554 and 63.6%), followed by Hispanic or Latino (610 and 8.51%), Black or African American (558 and 7.79%), and Two or More Races (463 and 6.46%).
The largest universities in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK by number of degrees awarded are University of Oklahoma-Norman Campus (6,535 and 85.1%), Mid-America Christian University (642 and 8.36%), and Moore Norman Technology Center (246 and 3.2%).
The most popular majors in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK are Other Human Resources Management & Services (405 and 5.28%), Liberal Arts & Sciences (388 and 5.05%), and General Business Administration & Management (321 and 4.18%).
The median tuition costs in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK are $13,470 for private four year colleges, and $4,788 and $20,169 respectively, for public four year colleges for in-state students and out-of-state students.
< 1 Year Postsecondary Certificate1 to 2 Year Postsecondary CertificateAssociates Degree2 to 4 Year Postsecondary CertificateBachelors DegreePostbaccalaureate CertificateMasters DegreePost-Masters CertificateResearch DoctorateProfessional Doctorate
Organizational Behavior Studies
250 degrees awarded
In 2015, the most common concentation for Bachelors Degree recipients in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK was Organizational Behavior Studies with 250 degrees awarded.
This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a Bachelors Degree from schools in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK according to their major.
Largest Universities by degrees awarded
University of Oklahoma-Norman Campus
6,535 degrees awarded
Mid-America Christian University
Moore Norman Technology Center
Median In-State Public
Median Private
In 2017, the Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK institution with the largest number of graduating students was University of Oklahoma-Norman Campus with 6,535 degrees awarded.
Student Gender for Common Institutions
Degrees Awarded to Men
Degrees Awarded to Women
In 2017, 3,741 men were awarded degrees from institutions in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK, which is 0.95 times less than the 3,936 female students who received degrees in the same year.
This chart displays the gender disparity between the institutions in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK by degrees awarded.
Student Race and Ethnicity
Most Common Student Race or Ethnicity
In 2017 the majority of degrees awarded at institutions in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK were to White students. These 4,554 degrees mean that there were 7.47 times more White students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Hispanic or Latino, with 610 degrees awarded.
The median property value in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK was $169,800 in 2018, which is 0.739 times smaller than the national average of $229,700. Between 2017 and 2018 the median property value increased from $162,800 to $169,800, a 4.3% increase. The homeownership rate in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK is 61.8%, which is lower than the national average of 63.9%. People in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK have an average commute time of 23.4 minutes, and they commute by Drove Alone. Car ownership in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK is approximately the same as the national average, with an average of 2 cars per household.
In 2018, the median property value in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK grew to to $169,800 from the previous year's value of $162,800.
The following charts display, first, the property values in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies and, second, owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property value buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK the largest share of households have a property value in the $150k - $175k range.
In 2018, the median household income of the 111k households in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK grew to $62,096 from the previous year's value of $61,213.
The following chart displays the households in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.
This chart shows the households in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK the largest share of households pay taxes in the $800 - $1,499 range.
In 2018, 61.8% of the housing units in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK were occupied by their owner. This percentage declined from the previous year's rate of 62.2%.
This percentage of owner-occupation is lower than the national average of 63.9%. This chart shows the ownership percentage in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.
23.4 minutes
Using averages, employees in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK have a shorter commute time (23.4 minutes) than the normal US worker (25.7 minutes). Additionally, 1.28% of the workforce in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.
The chart below shows how the median household income in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.
In 2018, the most common method of travel for workers in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK was Drove Alone (84.2%), followed by those who Carpooled (7.04%) and those who Worked At Home (4.11%).
The following chart displays the households in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK distributed between a series of car ownership buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households in Norman, Oklahoma City (South) & Moore Cities PUMA, OK have 2 cars, followed by 3 cars.
Cleveland County, OK
Shawnee City PUMA, OK


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Naftoport Oil Terminal to Expand DSIT Underwater Security System
DSIT Solutions Ltd has revealed that it has received another purchase for its AquaShield™Diver Detection Sonar (DDS) from Naftoport Oil Terminal.
Naftoport is Poland's largest oil terminal, transhipping crude and refined oil products to Polish and German refineries. The scope of the order, including service and support, is over $1m.
Naftoport ordered its first AquaShield Diver Detection Sonar from DSIT in 2007, to protect its loading pier from underwater threats, and it has been using it since. Following Naftoport's expansion plan, the company is using an additional loading pier and therefore decided to install another diver detection sonar covering the new pier.
DSIT'S Sales and Marketing vice president Dan Ben-Dov commented: "We are very proud to receive this second order from a distinguished and professional company like Naftoport.
"I think that there is no greater vote of confidence in our underwater security products than re-ordering a system after using it for ten years in water. We will continue to support Naftoport closely and to maintain their high level of satisfaction in DSIT's systems."
The two AquaShield DDS systems will be integrated into one comprehensive Harbor Surveillance Command and Control system that will guard all waterways leading to the terminal.


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The 5th year Anniversary Godfest comes quite quickly after the most recent Godfest and features all of the Godfest Exclusives at surprise, surprise, 5x rates. Also, it mirrors the idea of the Candy Cornucopia Godfest of having specific cards featured at 10x rates on certain days.
However, the 5th Year Anniversary builds a stronger Godfest as we have +30 stats as a collateral benefit while also occuring alongside a special no-Silver carnival.
This no-Silver carnival guarantees all rolls come out as gold or higher which can potentially boost overall rolling rates. Just bear in mind you can still roll the evolved forms of the Silver eggs.
Perhaps this no-Silver carnival helps counterout the fact that there are no featured Pantheon cards but this is certainly better overall compared to Candy Cornucopia.
This article will include the usual tier list as well as a brief review of Kamimusubi and Takamimusubi .


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Qatar World Cup Soccer Final Last
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Chasavjurt (,  – Chasu-elva) je město v Dagestánu v Ruské federaci. Leží ve vnitrozemí v západní části republiky nepříliš daleko od hranice s Čečenskem.

V roce 2021 zde žilo 143 394 obyvatel. Z velké části se jedná o přistěhovalce, kteří utekli z Čečenska během První a Druhé čečenské války. Díky uprchlíkům je dnes počet obyvatel oproti roku 1989, kdy bylo obyvatel jen zhruba 70 tisíc, více než dvojnásobný.

Rodáci
 Elmadi Zajnajdijevič Žabrailov (*1965), zápasník

Odkazy

Reference

Externí odkazy

Města v Dagestánu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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#RUSSIAEditor's choice 27.01.2016 - 1,791 views
What did Russia's leaders learn from USSR's collapse? 5 out of 5 based on 4 ratings. 4 user reviews.
What did Russia's leaders learn from USSR's collapse?
(Photo credit should read ALEXEY DRUZHININ/AFP/GettyImages)
Original by Pyotr Akopov published by Vzglyad; translated from Russian by J.Hawk
The statement by the Security Council Secretary Nikolai Patrushev on the causes of USSR's collapse is in and of itself very telling. It demonstrates that the country's leadership not only correctly understands the reasons for that catastrophe, but has the political will to answer both internal and external challenges. In that regard, his assessment of the current situation in Ukraine is particularly indicative.
During the entire Putin era, Nikolai Patrushev has been one of the top leaders of the country. He initially became Putin's successor as the head of the FSB, and has occupied the post of Security Council (SB) secretary for the last eight years.
Over the last four years, the SB has ultimately transformed itself into Russia's main collective governance institution. Its membership includes the military/security heads and ministers of the presidential block, as well as the parliamentary chamber heads.
The SB deals with a wide range of problems. But apart from that, Patrushev is one of the four individuals who set the country's course on the international arena, together with Putin, Sergey Ivanov, and Sergay Lavrov. In the West Patrushev is traditionally portrayed as a "hawk", but he is simply a sober realist which has no illusions concerning the atlanticists who have brought the war to a brink of war right before our eyes.
And there is no divide into "hawks" and "doves" among the four, just as there are no fundamental disagreements concerning the international situation and Russia's objectives. But of the four, Patrushev has the least public exposure. It's due to his character and biography, as well as his current position which allows him not to be distracted by ceremonies and ritual speeches. Therefore Patrushev's main means of conveying his views on the country and the world are his interviews.
Although Patrushev remains very careful in his statements and edits the interviews after the fact by removing anything that's excessively revealing. Therefore that which is actually published is all the more important, like for example the interview with Moskovskiy Komsomolets on Tuesday.
The post-interview discussion centered around Patrushev's words on how the US, in order to achieve global dominance, must weaken Russia as much as possible, "including through pursuing the disintegration of the Russian Federation." Patrushev said that "Washington believes that if need be, it can act as a catalyst for that process," which would "give the US access to enormous nature resource wealth which, in their view, Russia does not deserve to have."
That statement is important in that it openly defines the strategic adversary's goals, but it does not contain anything genuinely new because Patrushev made similar statements before. In the post-Crimea era, all members of the senior leadership, from Putin to Lavrov, have become more open in their criticism of US actions. Not because they learned something new about Washington's plans, but because the relationship with the Atlanticists entered the stage of direct geopolitical conflict. Even the extremely reserved Patrushev has been making sharper statements–well, war is war. All the while, the Kremlin continues to emphasize that it is not us who started the confrontation with the US, and here Patrushev reminds once again that "the US initiated the current conflict. Europe, for its part, submits to their will," and to "neutralize 'overly independent' NATO members (France, Germany, and Italy), Washington is skillfully using the anti-Russian orientation of the countries on NATO's eastern flank."
Indeed, pressure began to be exerted on Russia starting with 2011, through the Arab "color revolutions" and preparations for presidential elections in Russia. Washington did not wish to see Putin's return and began to all but openly interfere in our country's internal affairs. After it failed to prevent Putin's residency, the US shifted to bolstering the policy of Russia's containment and "fencing in", which ultimately led to the coup in Ukraine. Referring to the conflict in Ukraine, Patrushev not only said that "the international society ought to thank us for Crimea. Thank us that in that region, unlike on the Donbass, there was no heavy loss of life," but he also gave his forecast on Ukraine's future. Which is one of the two most important statements in that interview.
SB Secretary de-facto said that if Kiev continues its present course, Ukraine will cease to exist. It's not an ultimatum or a threat, but simply a statement of fact. It's also an explanation of how Kremlin assesses the situation in Ukraine, and of our strategy toward that state.
"At present time Ukraine's leadership consists of US appointees who implement the will of external forces aiming at driving Ukraine further away from Russia. This course has no future. If it is not changed in time, it will lead to a total collapse of Ukraine's economy and to Ukraine's disintegration."
"Moreover, Russian Federation and Ukraine is inhabited by what really is a single nation which is still set apart. Ukraine will inevitably experience a rethinking of what is happening right now. Normal relations between our countries will eventually be restored."
No, Patrushev did not say anything suggesting that the Kremlin assumes that the two countries will inevitably be reunited in the future–and why say anything like that right now, when the flames of both the internal Ukrainian conflict and the Kiev-Moscow conflict are being actively fanned from within and without? Why give anyone reason to accuse Russia of expansionism (the reunification of the Russian people and Russian territory is nobody's business), when the first order of business is to repel the attack which allowed the Atlanticists to seize control of Kiev while at the same time not allowing them to build a wall between us and the EU.
Yes, Patrushev does mention that "we are interested in preserving Ukraine as a unified country and are not interested in its break-up. We believe that Minsk Agreements ought to be fully implemented. The question is whether Kiev is prepared to do that." Which is all true–Russia does not want Ukraine to break-up because it would lead to more bloodshed and complicate though not prevent its future reunification with Russia. But in order to halt the already ongoing Ukrainian disintegration, one must reject the "Ukraine is not Russia but part of Europe" model (which is Atlanticist and moreover anti-Russian in its orientation). Can the current Ukrainian elite take that step? No, so everything points toward increasing the Ukrainian schism. For now the Donbass, which is under Russian sponsorship and protection, will have to wait until the time to reassemble Ukraine as Malorossia and Novorossia comes.
The reference to the "still divided nation" indicate that Patrushev is of the same view as Putin–there is one great Russian people, of which "Ukrainians" are one part, and which will be reunited. Naturally, he will not say how and when because nobody knows the future, but it's crucial that Russia's leadership is working on the assumption of the existence of a single Russian people and strives toward its reunion. Kremlin's strategy and tactics were and are being adopted in order to reach that goal.
This policy would suffer from excessive publicity and will be successful only if the people who conduct it do not doubt its correctness and are not afraid to make decisions. And the topic of leadership's responsiblity happens to be the topic of Patrushev's second important statement in that interview.
Answering a question concerning the US expectation that Russia will exhaust its economic resources and surrender, Patrushev said that we are a self-sufficient country which can provide for itself everything it needs. Then he shifted to analyzing parallels with the events of a quarter of century ago:
"–You asked me about USSR's collapse. USSR, naturally, collapsed not because of problems with its economy. USSR's leaders simply lost their head. They did not understand what they needed to do and how, they did not see a path toward solving their country's problems. And most importantly: USSR"s leadership did not accept responsibility. It forgot the main principle of ruling a state: if you make a decision, you have to answer for it. Let's recall, for example, the decision to send troops to Georgia or Lithuania. Does anyone really believe that it was made at local commander's level? That's simply not a serious explanation."
–I agree that it's not serious. But what is the connection to the economic problems of USSR or contemporary Russia?
–It has a the most direct connection to the decay of the state system of governance. USSR's leadership failed to show political will when it was needed, it did not have a sense of conviction in its ability to preserve the country, and it did not take the necessary economic measures.
Russia's current leadership demonstrated more than once that it has political will and that it can preserve and strengthen the constitutional design, sovereignty, and territorial integrity of the Russian state."
Therefore Patrushev wholly correctly noted that USSR's collapse was not due to the economic crisis but rather due to the irresponsible behavior by the country's leadership which led to the decay of the state governance system. Indeed, in spite of the planned economy's inflexiblity, the country was not destroyed by the drop of oil prices or even by the senseless economic reforms. But rather by the meandering and absence of a strategic vision, weakness and cowardice by the country's leader at the time, Gorbachev.
Having begun the reform of the political and economic system without a coherent strategic plan, as soon as the reforms ran into problems he got scared and confused, and he spent all his efforts on preserving his own authority, intrigues, and changes among the top cadres. Having lost his support within the party, he shifted the center of gravity toward the Soviets and toward expanding the rights of the republics, while at the same time sacrificing the country's international standing.
Gorbachev was not particularly bright, but his position meant that all of executive power was his to wield. His associates rebelled against him only in August 1991, when it discovered that Gorbachev has gone so far as to prepare a treaty that would transform USSR into a confederation, which meant destroying the state's unity. Their rebellion was de-facto supported by Gorbachev who himself realized he had no other alternatives, but supported them in such a way that removed any responsibility from himself. "Go ahead" is what USSR's president told those who decided to create the GKChP, but only a day later when he saw that it was failing and not because due to Yeltsin's intrigues but rather due to the putschists looking to Gorbachev, he just in case recorded a TV address concerning his "imprisonment."
Irresponsibility, lack of understanding on what needed to be done, and lack of faith in own abilities–this is what doomed a great country. Kremlin's current leadership understands this perfectly well.
Which is why Patrushev says that they are responsible for their decisions, that they have the will to preserve the state and make it stronger, that they know Russia is a self-sufficient country, that they believe in it and, what's no less important, they have faith in their own abilities. SB's secretary is speaking first and foremost about the president (without naming him), but is also referring to the country's top leadership which happens to be gathered in the SB. The government's economic policies and associated debates are, in these conditions, of secondary importance. Without denying the enormous importance of what is being done and what are the macro-economic preferences of these or other ministers or the cabinet as a whole, the self-assuredness of those people in the Kremlin who are charting Russia's course and moving it forward is far more important.
Through a storm, with a chorus of "clever" comments behind their backs, advancing through enemy fire toward a purpose that is shared by all the members of the team, toward a victory. That self-assuredness combined with willpower are enough to close the breaches caused by enemy cannonballs and counter the internal attempts to rock the boat and undo the patches over old cannonball holes. Responsibility accepted by the country's first leader who relies on well coordinated work by a team of people with shared views who occupy key positions–all of that means a lot. This is the crucial difference between our country today and what existed during the era of perestroika.
Tags:Kremlin, politics, Putin, russia
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Sunnbike
Correct! About time someone stated the obvious. Thank you.
This man seems to think the usa pushes Israel around….he's off base there !
albanaich@gmail.com
The USSR fell apart because it got into an unsustainable arms race with with the USA and the EU which had a vastly larger economic base,
Now, while Russia has recovered somewhat, it still has a neglibible manufacturing base and is dependent on the exploitation of raw materials for its economic strength.
It is vulenerable because it does not have the economic 'strength in depth' across the manufacturing and financial sectors in a addition to resources that is required of a true world power.
Petri Krohn
WHY PUTIN IS PRESIDENT?
"The UNSC resolution is the reason why then Russian President Medvedev was not allowed to run for a second term. Now President Putin – then as Prime Minister only responsible for interior politics – said that as he read the UNSC resolution he found holes in its wording a whole army could march through. Medvedev had made a huge mistake by allowing it to pass. That he had to go is the only good positive result of the NATO attack on Libya."
http://www.moonofalabama.org/2016/01/libya-the-imperial-violence-keeps-giving.html


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Sri Lanka must ensure justice for Tamils: Modi
Prime Minister Narendra Modi has urged Sri Lanka to ensure "equality, dignity, justice and self-respect" for its Tamil minority.
Modi made the appeal when a six-member delegation of the Tamil National Alliance (TNA), Sri Lanka's main Tamil political party, called on him.
"The prime minister stressed the need for a political solution that addresses the aspirations of the Tamil community for equality, dignity, justice and self respect within the framework of a united Sri Lanka," an official statement said.
Modi urged "all stakeholders in Sri Lanka to engage constructively, in a spirit of partnership and mutual accommodation, towards finding a political solution".
This should be built "upon the 13th amendment of the Sri Lankan constitution", he said, referring the India-backed amendment of the 1980s which called for devolving autonomous powers to the Tamils.
Modi also assured the TNA delegation of India's continuing support to provide relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction work in Sri Lanka's northeast, the former war zone where thousands have been displaced.
He said New Delhi's focus would be on projects relating to housing, livelihood generation, capacity building, education, hospitals and infrastructure.
The statement said: "The visit of TNA leaders is part of India's continuing engagement with the government and political parties in Sri Lanka."
The TNA delegation briefed the prime minister on the situation in Sri Lanka and their assessment and expectations regarding devolution and national reconciliation. (Zee News)


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Props in hand, students in the Kutler Center's Philosophy of Art and Science class stepped onto the dimly lit stage of Rugby Auditorium for their three-minute long semester exam.
"Part of the Kutler approach is to find alternative ways of evaluating work," performing arts teacher Ted Walch said.
He and math teacher Kevin Weis designed a "show and tell" final for their new class. Students were graded on their presentations and the answer to a question asked by classmates, Walch or Weis about their presentation or any topic they covered in class.
Students were assigned to give a three minute presentation on an object of importance to them and then relate it to the works they had studied during the first semester: Kurt Vonnegurt's "Cat's Cradle," the film "The Matrix," John Milton's "Paradise Lost," among other selections.
Students from both sections of the class spent three hours in Rugby, watching their classmates present and be sounded off the stage after 180 seconds with an electronic gong. The teachers said they were unexpectedly impressed by some students' work.
"I think seeing each other's projects was an enriching experience," Weis said.
The three-minute time limit was determined purely to ensure everyone would have time to present. Walch said that at times he didn't want to have to press the button.
"I didn't want to but I had to gong him," Walch said about Anser Abbas '14.
Abbas presented a vial of ammonia and vial of chlorine. He spoke about the work of scientist Fritz Haber, who not only created the Haber process for production of ammonia, making fertilizer widely available for global agriculture, but also worked for the Nazis on the weaponization of chlorine gas despite his Jewish ancestry.
Abbas said he thought of themes in "Cat's Cradle" when coming up with this presentation and got a chance to explore questions that lie at the root of science.
"What does it mean to know?" Abbas said he considered.
He said he liked this different kind of evaluation.
"It forces a kind of creativity that's uncommon in other types of examination," Abbas said.
The babies referred to in the book are infectious as is the bunnies' cuteness, according to Wilson. She said that since she began with two rabbits last year and has 11 today, she immediately made a connection with the theme of infection in the book. She also related the rabbits to the film "The Matrix," in which a character is told to "follow the white rabbit," in order to enter a parallel universe.
"They're symbols of purity and innocence that lead people to discover new things about themselves and their world," Wilson said.
Alex Musicant '13 stepped on the stage clutching a purple Yarmulka from his Bar Mitzvah.
"It really got to the struggle between knowing there is no God and wanting there to be one," Walch said of Musicant's work.
He is particularly interested in the philosophy of religion but did not use this chance to try and present a logical argument for whether God exists or not.
Musicant was inspired by a video they watched in class about a woman who tried multiple religions.
The pair presented for six minutes as a team.
"I always have the chance to think on my own and to reflect on my own view, but I wanted to seize the opportunity to bounce ideas off of someone else," Evall said.
The pair used candy to represent the red pills and blue pills from "The Matrix." In the film taking the red pill will expose one to the truth of reality while the blue pill will let one live in a happier, albeit false, reality.
Landau realized she is not willing to face the possibility that her relationships may be false, as the red pill could expose, while Evall feels she has a more philosophic mind and can't trust her senses enough to use them as a basis for experiencing her world. The pair argued a need for a purple pill, represented with skittles.
"We took in the same information and filtered and interpreted it totally differently," Evall said.


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