Welcome to Downtown Dental Spa!
Imagine relaxing in a customized chair while enjoying the warmth of therapeutic mitts, a warm blanket tucked around you, and soothing music and aromatherapy surrounding you. Now imagine getting your dental treatments in this fully relaxed state.
Going to the dentist should not be a fearful experience. Let us pamper you and create an experience that is soothing, relaxing, and comfortable enough that you are happy to get the dental care you need to protect your teeth and your body.
At Downtown Dental Spa, we are committed to providing our patients with uncompromising care and a great dental experience. We specialize in all areas of dentistry including preventive, restorative, cosmetic and dental implants, using the latest equipment and techniques. Our office is state-of-the-art and we utilize the most modern sterilization methods. We pride ourselves on taking time with each patient, giving them the attention and care that they deserve. As every case is different, we customize treatments to fill your personal needs.
We know that many people feel anxious about going to the dentist and it is our goal to make each patient comfortable and at ease in our office. Your satisfaction with our dental services and your health and well-being are our top priorities.
Our Bloomington office is located at 230 N. Morton St, Bloomington, IN 47404. Please enter your zip code or city, state below for door-to-door directions.
Our Bedford office is located at 1510 I St, Bedford, IN 47421. Please enter your zip code or city, state below for door-to-door directions.
Let our kind, personalized care and indulgent spa-inspired amenities ease your stress and relax your mind.
Two locations with Saturday Appointments Available. Call Now!
"My experience was wonderful. Everyone was very nice and friendly. Explained everything to me and made me feel good. The spa part of the visit was awesome. Loved the massage chair and how relaxed I was for the rest of my appointment. Thank you for all you did to make my visit a great experience."
"Dr. Heckley and staff always make me feel welcome and comfortable. I've even caught myself not wanting the trip to the dentist to be over, which is a neat trick really. I recommend Downtown Dental Spa to everyone, even friends that already have dentists they like. If fear of the dentist is making you hesitant to seek teeth treatment, I whole-heartedly recommend you try Downtown Dental Spa. You might not get quite as enthused as me, but I guarantee they'll do everything humanly possible to make you feel okay about your trip to the dentist."
"Quite possibly the most impressive Dental Experience I have ever had. Seriously. Root planing and scaling, which sounds horrible enough, but the folks at DDS took the time to explain the process and make sure I was FULLY informed, even though I was a little curled-up ball of fear ; make sure I was comfortable the entire time and did an extraordinary job with sedation and the process itself. The front office had the insurance and finance matters handled in RECORD time and without a single issue. Extraordinarily professional, caring, and skilled."


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which had a release date of 7/15/2014.
The following deadline changes to the above RFP document are effective as of 10-06-2014.
The deadline changes reflect the necessity of District Board/Staff work in responding to the Walt Ranch Vineyard Conversion Draft E.I.R.
Question 1: According to the RFP, page 6, questions are due in by 8/4/2014 and the answers to questions will be answered by 8/8/2014. However, the proposals are due on 8/8/2014. How does the COCWD intend the responders to have time to consider the responses and make a well thought-out proposal with the overlapping dates? Can the response date be moved up to 8/5/2014 or the proposal date delayed to 8/15/2014?
Answer 1: As posted on the COCWD website under "RFP: Operations and Maintenance Svcs", the date for posting answers has been moved from 8/8/2014 to 8/11/2014. The deadline for submitting proposals has been moved from 8/11/2014 to 8/20/2014.
Question 2: The existing contractor, Phillips & Associates, was not notified of either the conference call on 7/21/2014 or the pre-bid facilities inspection in a timely manner Phillips & Associates notified both the General Manager and Board President of our complaint of this highly irregular process which excluded a legitimate proposer from equal access to information. (We reserve the right to pursue this irregularity at a later date as appropriate.) We request a list of responders and a transcript of all comments, questions and answers provided during both of these sessions be provided immediately.
Answer 2: The RFP posted on the COCWD website clearly states on page 5, under the heading "Selection Process and Timeframe" a conference call and/or tour are optional and "if requested". Only one group requested an conference call and a tour. An email copy of the RFP was sent to all known interested parties, including the existing contractor, on 7/17/2017.
Question 3: "Provide high quality water and wastewater services" What standards will the COCWD use to measure this? For example: AWWA standards are among the highest and most stringent (but may be unaffordable). What method of evaluation will be used?
Answer 3: Provide high quality water and wastewater services including but not limited to the following.
Answer 4: COCWD does not maintain electronic versions of the requested documents; however, these documents are on file and available for review at COCWD's offices. All responders are both welcome and encouraged to contact the District Secretary at (707) 254-7796 to setup a time to inspect these documents. If any party would like to receive physical copies of these documents, the party will be responsible for paying for copying and applicable postage costs in advance. Please note that COCWD does not own a copier capable of making copies of documents of this length. Accordingly, the cost of duplicating these records will be based on the direct costs of duplication that would be incurred by COCWD at a local copy center.
Any such request to review the records or for copies should be made immediately. In addition to any time required to have copies delivered, requester should note that it will take a few work days for COCWD to process requests for copies. COCWD will not extend the time for responding to the request for proposals because a proposer has not yet received copies of the above documents.
Question 5: There is nothing in the Scope of Work that mentions discretionary work necessary for the good management, operations and maintenance of the utility. The Scope seems entirely focused on the minimum regulatory requrements. Are tasks such items such as grounds maintenance, weed control, process control testing, valve exercising, etc. Please verify this was excluded delibrately or provide a detailed list of tasks for bidding purposes.
Answer 5: COCWD's General Manager will contract separately for maintenance and other work that is deemed to be outside the scope of work expressly set forth in the resulting contract with the selected operations management company. Specifically, it is anticipated that the General Manager will hire separate contractors for weed abatement, pest control, grounds maintenance, inspections/maintenance on the two pump motors, valve testing, and other such work. The General Manager will contact the selected operations management company when their is a system problem which requires ground work and the General Manager's written pre-approval will be required for any subcontracted work by the selected operations management company. Proposers are encouraged to list any work they believe would appropriately be subcontracted out in an attachment to their response to the request for proposals as well as estimated costs and additional charges (i.e. carrying costs) for such work.
Question 6: "Maintaining COCWD equipment and assets". To what standard?
Answer 6: Maintain equipment and assets in good working order and maintained to reasonable standards such that they meet or exceed the life expectancy of the equipment and assets to ensure the lowest long term costs to the District. Be responsible for any damage to operating equipment and fixed assets done by the staff of the operations management company.
Answer 7: This is a good example of "best efforts" This information tells COCWD that accomplishing a reduction in on-site days is currently out of the scope of what we can achieve in the next few years. We can remove this concern from being a budget item for at least the next year or two. It is a project we may want to start budgeting in the future.
Question 8: Can you provide a copy of the permits and any reports (NOV's, etc.) for the Circle Oaks County Water District facility and ponds?
Question 9: Do you have a copy of the WDR (Waste Discharge Requirement)?
Answer 9: The WDRs and revised Monitoring and Reporting Program are available for viewing in COCWD's office and on our website.
Question 10: Can you confirm that the submittal date for the proposal has changed to the 18th of August before 5 pm?
Answer 10: The RFP timeline dates are updated on the COCWD web site when any changes occur. Specifically the new deadline for submitting Proposals is August 20th.


text:
That horned sea monster? It's 'definitely a shark skeleton'
Maria Sanchez / Maria Sanchez / EFE / Spanish Civil Protection via EPA
By Alan Boyle, Science Editor
A series of pictures provided by Spanish Civil Protection on Aug. 16 shows the creature found by residents in the Spanish coastal village of Villaricos. The carcass, measuring four to five meters in length, was in an advanced state of decomposition.Maria Sanchez / EFE / Spanish Civil Protection via EPA
Horned sea monster? Dragon? A long, smelly carcass that washed up on the Spanish coast may never be conclusively identified — but experts say it sure looks like the remains of a thresher shark.
The latest in a string of "sea serpent" stories has sparked an online buzz in the past few days, thanks to the gnarly-looking pictures that surfaced in the Spanish press last week. The carcass washed up on Luis Siret Beach in the Andalusian village of Villaricos, according to the local publication Ideal, and sparked jokes about the Loch Ness monster and mutant fish.
"A lady found one part, and we helped her retrieve the rest," Civil Protection coordinator Maria Sanchez was quoted as saying. "We have no idea what it was. It really stank, as it was in the advanced stages of decomposition."
Sanchez said conservationists with the Program in Defense of Marine Animals, or Promar, were trying to identify the remains. However, Europa Press quoted a coordinator of the group, Francisco Toledano, as saying that any identification would have to be made on the basis of the images — because the decomposing remains were buried by sand.
Toledano said the preliminary analysis suggests that the 13-foot-long (4-meter-long) carcass came from a "species of fish," but he wasn't more specific. Almeria24h.com said some experts speculated that the creature could be a thresher shark (also known as fox shark, Alopias vulpinus, or "peje zorro" in Spanish). Such sharks have a distinctive caudal fin that can stretch out as long as the shark's body itself.
"It's hard to tell," David Shiffman, a University of Miami shark researcher who blogs about marine biology on Southern Fried Science, told NBC News in a Twitter exchange, "but the official guess that it could be a thresher shark seems plausible."
Shiffman said it might also be a giant oarfish (Regalecus glesne) — a ribbony fish that's typically 10 feet (3 meters) long but can grow to lengths in excess of 33 feet (10 meters). Oarfish sightings have been thought to inspire tales of sea serpents, and it's only been recently that the beast has been caught on video in its deep-sea environment.
But Florida State University ichthyologist Dean Grubbs settled the matter in a follow-up email.
"That is definitely a shark skeleton," Grubbs told NBC News. "The elements toward the back were confusing me, but those are the lower caudal fin supports. The 'horns' are the scapulocoracoids which support the pectoral fins."
He had me at "scapulocoracoids."
Shiffman agreed that Grubbs had the gravitas to settle the question: "If not the leading shark morphology guy, Dean's certainly [in the] top five," Shiffman said via Twitter.
Next up: the strange case of the alien pony mutilation.
More about sea monsters:
Loch Ness monster legend: It's geology's fault
500 million-year-old sea creature unearthed
Sea monster video? That's a jellyfish!
Giant eyeball mystery solved
This story was first published at 6 p.m. ET Aug. 21, and updated with Grubbs' identification of the remains at 9:25 p.m. ET Aug. 21. Tip o' the log to Gawker and Boing Boing.
Alan Boyle is NBCNews.com's science editor. Connect with the Cosmic Log community by "liking" the NBC News Science Facebook page, following @b0yle on Twitter and adding +Alan Boyle to your Google+ presence. To keep up with NBCNews.com's stories about science and space, sign up for the Tech & Science newsletter, delivered to your email in-box every weekday. You can also check out "The Case for Pluto," my book about the controversial dwarf planet and the search for new worlds.
Alan Boyle, Science Editor

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Six Nations, Legend Series, France
Jean Prat: The First to 50
The first player to reach 50 caps, as well as earning himself the nickname 'Monsieur Rugby', Jean Prat is arguably one of the greatest players of all time. His arrival onto the international scene was a large part of France's rise from a second rate side to one of the commanding nations on the international stage in the 1950s.
There are many accolades that could be laid at the feet of this great man; he was the first man in international rugby to reach 50 test caps; he was the driving force behind the successes of France during the 1950s; he laid the foundations from which France would emerge into a rugby powerhouse. Indeed, he was held in such high regard by the rugby community at the time, that he was simply called, 'Monsieur Rugby'.
Jean Prat was born in Lourdes, the Miracle City, on 1st August, 1923. He would play, and give his all to his local club FC Lourdes over the duration of his rugby career, captaining them to six French league titles between 1948 and 1958.
He made his debut for the club at the age of 14, playing at full back, but before long he had moved to flanker, and he would go on to make his international debut against the British Army on New Years Day, 1945. In retrospect, this is a pivotal day for French rugby.
Considered a second rate side at the time, France were rarely to be found anywhere but hovering in the bottom two places of the Five Nations championship. They had also suffered the ignominy of being expelled from the competition between 1932 and 1939 amidst allegations of professionalism in their domestic game. They would be readmitted after the culmination of the 1939 championship, however the outbreak of war would see them wait until 1947 for their return.
French rugby went from strength to strength after the Second World War, and while a Five Nations win remained elusive, there was growing momentum in the side. In 1951, France secured another second place post war finish, and one of the notable moments of the championship was France's first victory at Twickenham; eight points from the prodigious Prat, including a drop goal, brought an end to forty-four years of pain.
For French rugby, 1954 was perhaps the most pivotal year in its history, and this coincided with Jean Prat receiving the honour of captaining his country. His first match in charge would see France as victors over Scotland at Murrayfield, by just three points to nil. Ireland were then promptly dispatched in Paris, before a defeat in Cardiff punctured any hopes of a championship win. Wales had lost to England in their opening match of the tournament, and it was England who were on course for a Grand Slam going into the final round of the tournament. France had home advantage, with all to play for and little to lose; a victory would mean a first Five Nations championship win. The final score was eleven points to three for France. Despite the fact that the title was shared with England and Wales, France had arrived.
While the Five Nations victory in 1954 was certainly the beginning for France, it was by no means the most important victory of that year. During the competition, New Zealand were touring the Northern Hemisphere, and on the 27th February arrived in Colombes to play France. Jean Prat scored the only try of the game, giving France their first ever victory over the All Blacks.
The 1955 Five Nations championship started well for France, opening their account with a strong fifteen to nil victory over Scotland in Paris, followed by a slightly tighter encounter in Dublin where they managed to overcome Ireland five points to three. Their third game would see a return to Twickenham where they had failed to gain another victory since their first in 1951. However with Prat at the helm, who on the day scored two drop-goals - still a record for a forward - France went on to win the game sixteen points to nine. It was these two drop-goals that secured him the name 'Monsieur Rugby' from the English press.
That left a final game against Wales in Paris as the Grand Slam decider. It would also be Jean Prat's final game for his country. Wales would go on to win the game sixteen points to eleven and deny France their elusive Grand Slam, as well as earning a share of the championship crown too. Despite this success however, the Welsh players did not celebrate amongst themselves, but carried Jean Prat upon their shoulders from the field, such was his standing.
France would not secure their first Grand Slam until 1968, and while Jean Prat was not in charge at this time, it was his work as coach over the previous four years that had paved the way for this success. Prat had a win ratio of 64% as coach of France, as well as presiding over several notable victories, and perhaps none more so than South Africa in 1964.
Jean Prat was a great tackler, was great at the breakdown, and had great vision. He showed great courage and determination, as well as great stamina, due to his love of cross country running and mountaineering. He is certainly one of the greatest rugby players, if not the greatest, ever to have played the game, and was certainly deserving of the title, 'Monsieur Rugby'. He was awarded the Legion of Honour in 1959, the highest order for military and civil merits in France, as well as being inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame in 2011.
Filed under: Six Nations, Legend Series, France
Written by: Edward Kerr
Follow: @edwardrkerr · @therugbymag
David Gallaher: The Detached Wing Forward
Alexander Obolensky: England's Flying Prince
Carwyn James: The Greatest Coach Wales Never Had
British & Irish Lions, Legend Series
By Craig Muncey
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Pop-up Galerie 208 offers artistic exhibitions in the places where people live and work such as city centers, shopping centers and business centers.
Pop-up Galerie 208 presented at MAPIC 2016 its temporary and permanent art exhibition concepts and projects of ephemeral or permanent works of art to promote a strong and innovative identity, integrate culture into everyday life and provide an extra touch of sou to public places.
Created in 2015, the Pop-up Galerie 208 has already made several artistic projects, including ephemeral installations like that of REgénération, organized for the city of Calais from July to September 2015. The gallery also participated in the permanent installations of 13 monumental works specially designed for Posnania, Apsys Poland.
The objective of the gallery is to integrate the cultural and artistic dimension in the places daily frequented by the public with the conviction that art has a role to play for all, excepting places usually reserved for the insiders or amateurs. The curator of a new kind is investing the areas of life such as city centers, shopping centers and business centers.
From the curation to the integration of the works, but also to the creation of works in situ, the Pop-up Galerie 208 conceives original installations, featuring renowned contemporary artists in the fields of painting, photography, design, sculpture and digital art. The permanent or ephemeral artistic installations of the Pop-up Galerie 208 contribute to valorize artists and environments and give them a strong and innovative identity. The projects integrate the singular elements of the site, its environment and the expectations of its operator, always in search of interactivity with its public.
Nowadays, customers at shopping centers want more than purchase in a variety of choices. They want a "little extra" of animation, leisure, relaxation, restauration, fitness… Of course, culture, with cinema or art, meets this expectation of "extra touch of soul".
The choice of an operator to bring an artistic dimension into its new generation shopping centers is an innovative approach, notably because it consists in designing around a key thread a totally original artistic program in which each work resonates with the following one.
This art scenario accompanies the visitor's journey and offers them a moment of leisure, discovery, beyond the hectic universe embodied by the large commercial areas.
After 8 months of reflection, La Pop-up Galerie 208 designed at Posnania a bucolic and magical universe with the installation of 13 works, likely to seduce an non-specialised audience, suggested by the beauty and emotions of each work. From a flying carpet by the Dutch artist Suzan Drummen, measuring 8 meters in length suspended at 17m high, to the luminous wings of the Polish artist Nespoon, everything was conceived together between the artist, the gallery and Apsys Poland.
REgeneration is an initiative that has mobilized the citizens around the renovation of monuments in several European cities. The concept resides in the deployment of colorful and oversized animals around an artistic journey in the heart of the urban landscape. After Milan and Palmanova, the group of artists Cracking Art, in partnership with the Pop-up Galerie 208, decided to take part in an open-air exhibition in the city of Calais for a good cause, notably the restoration of Notre Dame de Calais church. The famous colored animals contributed to the renovation of the Calais heritage in unison with the association AMVPAC.
The Pop-up Gallery 208 was born from the fusion of the skills of Patricia Chicheportiche, gallery owner and curator for 15 years, and those of Nadine Castagna who evolved during twenty years at the heart of the preoccupations and innovation research of real estate and cities operators, as director of MIPIM and MAPIC.
With the launch of the Pop-up Galerie 208, Nadine Castagna and Patricia Chicheportiche reinforce the link between art and the modernity of its territories of expression and offers to those who operate them the opportunity to create an unparalleled contact with their public.


text:
Schineni may refer to the following places:

Romania
 Schineni, a village in Sascut Commune, Bacău County
 Schineni, a village in Săucești Commune, Bacău County
 Schineni, a village administered by Murgeni town, Vaslui County

Moldova
 Schineni, Soroca, a commune in Soroca district

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Albert Armstrong (Orion)
April 9, 2015 by admin Leave a Comment
Archetype: Physical Adept: Circle: Unknown
Preferred Weapon: Ranger X Compound Bow
http://www.shadowsofseattle.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Nightwish_Imaginaerum_02_Storytime.mp3
Bio: Orion well this man is one of those older men that never truly grew up, he is the fun one at the parties and the man that every child loves but should truly fear. For Orion is no Peter Pan but this man is Captain Hook in disguise, Orion is a master hunter and lurks within the shadows seeking a very bloody revenge for the murder of his family at the natives hands. He is like most of the Patriots, old wounds never closed and for him the nights of blood are all still to real. Orion used to work in Denver Colorado before the Ghost Dance as a historian for the Natural History Museum and had a loving wife and children. He was as well a teacher at the local Public School teaching American History and he specialised in Native American history and preached equality between the races. With his child like demeanour and caring disposition Orion was able to reach people who would never fully understand, He was a pillar of his community and well liked by all, Orion was very active with in his children's life, teaching them to respect the land and respect nature. He lived outside of the city and had a small plot of land that he farmed, hunted and fished on, Orion was very active in the protection of the planet and the preservation of our heritage and as well teaching the heritage and history of the Native American people.
That's why Orion was completely taken aback and off guard when the Ghost Dance and Nights of Blood happened, he was friends with the local natives and even welcomed into there sacred places and was often involved in many of there ceremonies. Orion was also given the honorary tribal name of White Arrow, for his skills with the bow and hunting. Little did he know that as they were welcoming him onto there land they where plotting to seek a very bloody revenge for the sins of the past. When the natives unleashed there magical assault, Denver was hit the hardest and Orion watched in horror as everyone he knew fell dead, his research allowed him to know exactly what had accord and this made him sick. He had spent his life teaching peace, and unity between the tribes and the non natives.
Orion was left with the task of trying to survive in the now ravaged lands of Colorado, he buried his family and bunkered down for word from the government on what to do. Nothing came and Orion was forced to fend for himself, when the Native forces began there onslaughts his farm was there first stop and they went after Orion with everything they had. This old teacher and curator was no match for the highly trained and skilled native soldiers and eventually Orion was taken down in battle from an arrow, it lodged itself in his chest and Orion felt his life fading as the natives just kicked dirt on him and called him the White Devil.
One would think thats where the story ends, but for Orion that was just the beginning, after the natives left he found himself buried in a shallow grave and struggling for air, as his blood was beginning to flow cold and he could feel the cold embrace of death upon him. This is where he meet Colonial and others of the Patriots, he was lifted of the ground and placed on a stretcher and given a strange serum from a man they referred to as the Prophet. Orion could feel the warmth of the solution restoring life back into him and chasing away the cold embrace of death, he was happy to see these men, but yet he was confused as to why they were there and how they had found him. Colonel just told him in do time my friend, in do time, but for now rest and all will be explained. Orion claims this was his rebirth and he was no longer going to preach peace, since history has failed and two wrongs do not make a right.
He at this point took his skills of hunting and being a naturalist to the fight against the tyrants he once worked side by side with. Knowing where sacred sites where he was able to lead many of the mercenaries directly into the heart of the beast and it was Orion who slew the first of the Native Chiefs, his arrow landed in the war chiefs neck and as he died slowly he watched as the American mercenaries ransacked there site. The last thing the dying Chief saw before death was Orion standing before him and ripping the arrow out of his neck. This is where Orion became the Hunter we all known now, he swore vengeance on that day and his Peter Pan was killed and replaced with cold calculating Captain Hook. Some say that the Orion still has that kindness inside him and at times he has moments, but from what I have read Orion is all hunter.
He has taken his many years of study into native cultures and is using it against them, this man thinks like they do, hunts like they do and even scalps like them. He is the bane to the NAN since he knows there language and even there secret language, he knows where all there sacred sites are and even that according to Orion they are incapable of doing another Ghost Dance and North American leaders fell for the shell game. He claims the Ghost Dance was only able to be performed the one time under a specific set of conditions, grant you nobody outside of the Patriots is listening. I feel that this is why the natives made a beeline for Orion, if they killed him there secrets would be safe. Unlucky for the NAN is he survived and even more unlucky for them his research survived as well.
I might not agree with Orion's tactics and lacklustre care for life, as he see's all natives as guilty now and he has long since backed away from his peace and unity talks. He is now all about action and seeking a very bloody payback, Orion now more then ever before we need you to put the weapons down and try to talk some sense into both sides. War will only destroy everything and cause some tribes to be rendered extinct, I know you wouldn't want your lives work to be in vain or are you to far gone and lost in the darkness of your anger.
Filed Under: Freedom Patriots, The Originals, The Pack


text:
Vera Institute of Justice | Kate Finley
Kate Finley
Former Program Associate
kfinley@vera.org
Kate Finley is a program associate with Vera's Center on Sentencing and Corrections. Her work focuses on postsecondary prison education and expanding access to public housing. Prior to joining Vera, Kate worked as a public defender in Baltimore and Montgomery County, Maryland and taught a college-level criminal procedure class at the Jessup Correctional Institution. She also worked for four years for the trial division of Chambers at the International Criminal Court in the Hague. Kate holds a J.D. from Stanford Law School and a B.A. in Government from Cornell University.
Related Center
Sentencing and Corrections
All Work by Kate
How to develop reentry programs using examples from public housing authorities
A growing number of public housing authorities (PHAs) across the country are implementing reentry programs and changing their policies to help formerly incarcerated people secure housing. This report highlights 11 PHAs doing this work and examines best practices and lessons learned from their experiences—including key factors of program design and ...
John Bae, Kate Finley, Margaret diZerega
Opening Doors to Public Housing
Expanding Access for People with Conviction Histories
Access to safe, affordable housing is essential to the success of people in reentry and their families. For people leaving prison or jail or those with conviction histories who want to reunify with their family members in public housing or apply for housing themselves, admissions criteria can be a serious barrier. Federal guidelines leave many poli ...
Margaret diZerega
College in Prison
Postsecondary education opportunities for incarcerated people
Research suggests that education is key to improving many long-term outcomes for incarcerated people, their families, and their communities—including reducing recidivism and increasing employability and earnings after release. To improve the lives of incarcerated people and decrease the collateral consequences of incarceration, Vera works nationwid ...


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Our 24-hour fitness center with cardio machines makes it easy to stay active during your trip in Maine.


text:
Den kalkedonensiske Trosbekendelse har sit navn efter Koncilet i Chalkedon i 451, hvor bekendelsen blev vedtaget.

Ordlyden er:
I det vi tilslutter os de hellige fædre i bekendelsen af en og samme Søn, vor Herre Jesus Kristus, lærer vi alle grundigt, at den samme er fuldkommen i guddommelighed og også fuldkommen i menneskelighed.
Den samme i sandhed Gud og menneske med fornuftudrustet sjæl og legeme.
Af samme væsen som Faderen ifølge guddommelighed og af samme væsen som os ifølge menneskelighed.
I alle ting som os, dog uden synd.
På den ene side værende født før alle tider af Faderen ifølge sin guddommelighed, men ved dagenes ende, for vor skyld og for vor frelses skyld af jomfru Maria, Gudføderen, ifølge menneskelighed.
En og samme Kristus, Søn, Herre, enbårne. I to naturer, usammenblandet, uforanderlig, udelelig, som er gjort erkendelig uadskilleligt. Således at forskellene mellem naturerne på ingen måde udslettes ved enheden, men derimod at naturens særegenheder snarere bevares og sammenvirker i en person og tilværelse.Ikke delt eller adskilt i to personer, men én og samme Søn og enbårne, Gud Ordet, Herren Jesus Kristus:Ligesom vi er blevet oplært i, af tidligere tiders profeter og af Herren Jesus Kristus selv og af vor fædres overleveret bekendelse.''

Trosbekendelser
Kirkehistoriske skrifter


John O Hurley Seinfeld signed 10x8 inch photo.
10x8 inch colour photo personally hand-signed in black sharpie pen by American actor, author and television personality, John O' Hurley.
O'Hurley is best known for her role as J. Peterman in the NBC sitcom Seinfeld. He hosted the game show Family Feud from 2006-2010.


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A top White House official suggested the Trump administration supports Sen. Ted Cruz and Mike Lee's proposal to add more health insurance choices to the Senate health care bill — including plans that might not include all of the Affordable Care Act's protections for pre-existing conditions. "We hope it's part of the process of bringing everybody together," White House legislative affairs director Marc Short said on Fox News Sunday.
Between the lines: Cruz's "Consumer Choice" proposal is divisive within the GOP — some say Senate Republicans had already agreed not to waive any of the ACA's pre-existing condition rules. But Short's statement suggests that the White House sees it as a positive, not a negative. He compared the Cruz-Lee efforts to the negotiations between conservative and moderate Republicans that helped the House pass its bill.
Why it matters: Experts worry that Cruz's proposal would split the market and undermine protections for sick people. But Cruz says his proposal would help bring down premiums for other people, and that it would be better to pay for sick people through the subsidies they'd get.


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11 – Morgan Matson – A 360˚ Look at Legal Industry Recruiting
https://media.blubrry.com/triallawyernation/p/content.blubrry.com/triallawyernation/Morgan_Matson_on_Trial_Lawyer_Nation.mp3
In this Trial Lawyer Nation podcast, Michael Cowen sits down with a licensed attorney and founder of Preferred Counsel, Morgan Matson. Morgan specializes in connecting job seekers with great firms and vice versa for law firms and legal departments in companies of all sizes who are looking for legal talent.
Starting as a litigator doing mass pharma defense work, then moving on to work for a smaller boutique firm handling medical defense litigation, Morgan found his purpose to be more of a "connector" than a "divider" which then drove him to start working for a recruiter and ultimately owning his own recruiting firm since 2007. He notes his enjoyment for working with small to mid-sized law firms mainly due to finding that "all the boxes that need to be checked" when those firms are looking for a candidate, become amplified when the office dynamics are much more close-knit than in a larger firm.
In a world that has taken "digital" job searches to seemingly every corner of the globe, Morgan is not only happy to be a legal "headhunter" but explains that his localized, relationship-driven recruiting tactics actually have an even greater competitive advantage in this day and age. Morgan leverages his experience as a litigator to find the needle in the haystack for law firms, oftentimes finding the people who are NOT actually looking to make a move to be the best candidates as they are happily working … until Morgan calls with a very unique opportunity. Michael also points out from his own experience the troubles that come with having to sift through hundreds of resumes and find many with exaggerated qualifications.
For those who are looking to break into the legal industry, Morgan sites that recruiters can be an extremely good resource along with professional social media platforms, such as LinkedIn. Morgan elaborates on LinkedIn as being a fairly under-utilized resource in that there are many groups you can join and ways you can find commonalities with others who are doing what you want to be doing, at which point you can connect with them and find out if there is an opportunity foreshadowing or being hired at their firm. Michael and Morgan also discuss the need to get involved and start having conversations with those who you aspire to work with, whether that's through attending CLE courses and starting conversations, or by simply picking up the phone and politely pursuing those who are either in the position you want to be in or who may have the ability to hire you. All of this contact, of course, should be done with respect and in search of understanding what it may take to achieve your career goals.
Morgan reveals several other tips for candidates and those looking to hire talented legal professionals throughout the podcast and ends with a striking description of his firm's fee structure, for both candidates and employers, which is likely not how you think … remember, "relationship-driven." Michael also uncovers a particularly beneficial reason to utilize a recruiter which ALL law firm partners can certainly relate to. All in all, Morgan is the type of recruiting resource any candidate can appreciate and any sensible law industry employer needs.
Background on Morgan Matson
Morgan is a 1999 graduate of The University of Texas School of Law. From there, he worked as a litigation associate with Fulbright & Jaworski (n/k/a Norton Rose) and later Ball & Weed, a litigation boutique where his practice focused on the defense of healthcare professionals in civil litigation matters and before the state licensing boards. In 2007, he founded Preferred Counsel, a legal recruiting firm focusing on the placement of lawyers and support staff in law firms and corporate legal departments throughout Texas on a direct hire, contract, and part-time basis.
For more info on Morgan Matson visit:
www.preferredcounsel.net
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Odds are, growing a law firm wasn't built into your law school's curriculum. You may be a fantastic lawyer, you may start a top-notch small firm, but if you're setting out to scale what you've built then you will find a whole new set of challenges to tackle.
If you're contemplating growing your firm or in the midst of the process, this episode is for you.
In episode 120, Michael Cowen is joined by Malorie Peacock, his fellow Partner & Trial Lawyer at Cowen, Rodriguez and Peacock PC about how to grow a law firm. On this episode of Trial Lawyer Nation, Michael and Malorie outline the mindset needed to start and grow a law firm, the pains and joys of scaling your firm from solo to the next stage, how navigate working with a consultant, how to manage and work with your team, tips on marketing efforts, and much more.
About: Malorie J. Peacock is a Partner at Cowen Rodriguez Peacock. She was born and raised in San Antonio, Texas and received her J.D. from the University of Houston Law Center. During her time with Cowen Rodriguez Peacock, Malorie has worked on numerous commercial vehicle, trucking, and wrongful death cases. Malorie brings close attention to detail, commitment to finding safety issues and areas of neglect, continued utilization of technology and cutting-edge visuals in cases, along with a sincere passion to help those who have been hurt, to each and every case.
Company: Partner And Trial Lawyer, Cowen | Rodriguez | Peacock PC
[03:01] Not Every Attorney Try To Have A Bigger Firm: Malorie reveals that it's not the best fit for everyone to have a large firm. Solo firms and small firms are great options depending on your career goals.
[13:05] You have to learn to give up control over certain things as your firm grows: How Michael and Sonia have kept up with their team's needs with a changing job market.
112 – Krystal Cantu-Cuate – The Healing Journey: Facing Traumas and Truths
On this special episode of Trial Lawyer Nation, Michael welcomes his favorite client of all time, Krystal Cantu-Cuate. Like many clients, Michael was introduced to Krystal under difficult circumstances. Krystal was traveling a car that experienced a tire blowout. The blowout resulted in a tragic accident, and the amputation of Kyrstal's right arm. As is often the case, this was only the beginning of a long and emotional journey.
When she first saw her family members gathered in the hospital waiting room, they were crying and expressing fear and apprehension about her future. In that moment, Krystal decided she was going to be strong for them and defy their fears and worries.
With the driving force to be strong for her family and take control of her situation, Krystal began working tirelessly to achieve and overcome. Within a month of her accident, Krystal was back in the gym resuming her CrossFit training.
Behind that incredible tenacity the world saw, a much darker story was playing out. Krystal wasn't okay. The trauma was silently wearing on her. She admits she was in denial, repressing difficult thoughts, emotions, and feelings about the accident. And, because she was lacking the tools and knowledge to process the trauma she went through, inner struggle, pain, and repressed emotions became her normal. As litigation wore on, and maintaining the Superwoman exterior became more difficult, Krystal's mental health challenges began to consume her.
While the journey has more bumps than Krystal was willing to admit to herself in the early years, this story has a happy ending. With Michael's help, Krystal admitted to herself that is was okay not to be okay, made her mental health a priority, and sought out the support she needed to continue her healing journey.
Join us on this new episode of Trial Lawyer Nation for this emotional story of trauma, bravery, hard truths, and healing with guest Krystal Cantu-Cuate, an ex-CrossFit adaptive athlete and keynote speaker on mental health.
Name: Krystal Cantu-Cuate
About: Krystal Cantu-Cuate is an ex-CrossFit adaptive athlete, keynote speaker on mental health, part-time bridal stylist, mother, and wife. After a tragic car accident in 2013 that resulted in the amputation of her right arm, Krystal went on to live her life in the face of adversity. Becoming one of the first competitive CrossFit adaptive athletes, Krystal traveled all over the US competing — and inspiring thousands while doing so. In 2016, she gave birth to her son, Joaquin, and left her competitive career. In 2021, Krystal was faced with her biggest challenge yet: mental health. After a traumatic experience with crippling anxiety, Krystal was faced with challenges that called for uncomfortable conversations. Krystal is now a keynote speaker on mental health and its importance. She continues using her own personal experiences to help others who may be struggling.
Connect: LinkedIn | Instagram | Facebook
It's okay to ask for help. Asking for help doesn't make you weak — it actually shows how strong you are. Whether you have a case in litigation or you're fighting inner battles, it's important to seek help. Lawyers and experts in the field can guide you through the litigation process and ease your worries. Close friends and family can give you the support needed to work through personal struggles. No matter your circumstance, always remember that you don't have to go through it alone.
A healing journey requires honesty and bravery. Healing is never easy, and it's not a linear process. You have your ups, your downs, and everything in between. But what will get you through is honesty and bravery. You must be honest with yourself about where you are and what you need to start healing. Once you understand this, you need the courage to take on whatever challenge comes your way.
Trust yourself. Nobody knows you better than yourself, although it's easy to forget sometimes. In her darkest days, Krystal's husband, Daniel, reminded her, "No matter what's happening in your head right now, don't forget — don't forget who you are… Just trust yourself." Trusting yourself and your strength can help keep you out of a downward spiral.
[02:06] The tragic story that changed everything: Krystal Cantu-Cuate shares the story of her car accident in 2013 that resulted in the amputation of her arm (and the beginning of her work with Michael Cowen).
[04:48] The litigation process: Krystal recounts what the litigation process was like, the harsh questions she faced in the deposition room, and what it was like dealing with foreign language and legalese documents.
[07:39] Knowing your strengths: Despite the severity of the situation, Krystal trusted in Michael, continued her CrossFit training as a form of therapy, and stuck to her strengths. What drove her to take on this superwoman persona?
[13:45] Dealing with the difficulties of the case: Krystal opens up about her fears of facing the memories during the witness preparation.
[16:18] Using CrossFit to push through: Krystal couldn't fathom someone telling her she couldn't do something — so she continued her CrossFit training. She doesn't regret doing CrossFit because it kept her body healthy and her mind preoccupied.
[20:07] Struggling behind closed doors: Despite her fierce positivity, Krystal lost a lot of confidence in herself and faced a ton of anxiety after the accident.
[22:28] Finding a breakthrough: Krystal shares what finally led her to a breakthrough after a traumatic anxiety spiral. From suicidal thoughts to medication, Krystal faced a turning point that led to her healing journey.
[33:15] Using therapy in your healing journey: Michael and Krystal discuss their experiences seeing a therapist and why you have to be courageous to get honest. They also dive into the stigma of therapy and their thoughts on removing the stigma.
[35:31] The truth about intrusive thoughts: Krystal talks about naming her suicidal thoughts, telling her family about them, and why suicidal and intrusive thoughts are more common than you'd think.
[41:43] Not staying quiet: Instead of holding in her thoughts, feelings, and pain, Krystal speaks up. Whether it's to her husband or therapist, Krystal shares what she's feeling — despite how uncomfortable it can be.
[44:39] Receiving support: Krystal shares how her husband, Daniel, was an essential part of her healing.
[47:45] Krystal's speaking initiatives: How is Krystal using her speaking to help others going through a similar situation? She's sharing all of the details.
[51:08] Leading through tough situations: Krystal shares advice for attorneys on how to companion people through their difficult journeys.


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Washington State ICW Training (webinar)Course Info
In this two-session training, we will follow the flow of a Child Welfare case and how workers need to incorporate ICWA. DCYF has revised ICW Policies and Procedures and attendees will strengthen their foundational base about ICWA and learn about changes in policy and procedure as it applies to ICWA practice in Washington State.
DCYF staff can register for Washington State ICW Training (Webinar) through the Washington State Learning Center (WSLC). For help with WSLC, please contact DCYF.LearningCenter@dcyf.wa.gov.
Casework, Culture, FamLink, Indian Child Welfare
Jan 26, 2021 9:00AM to 4:00PM
Feb 16, 2021 9:00AM to 4:00PM
Mar 2, 2021 9:00AM to 4:00PM
Mar 30, 2021 9:00AM to 4:00PM
Apr 13, 2021 9:00AM to 4:00PM
May 18, 2021 9:00AM to 4:00PM
Jun 8, 2021 9:00AM to 4:00PM
Why Children LieCourse Info
This training will address lying on several levels. Attitudes, values, beliefs and societal norms are examined and discussed. The caregiver will learn about factors which motivate children to lie. Suggestions will be offered to assist caregivers in responding to children when this behavior occurs and how to prevent its occurrence in the future.
Worker SafetyCourse Info
Worker Safety – a one-day mandatory training for social service specialists, covering such topics as:
Types of workplace violence related to social work practice
Predictors of violent behavior
Recognizing escalating behaviors
Safety in the field
Safety precautions in methamphetamine sites
Resources and support for worker safety
Working with law enforcement
DCYF staff can register for Worker Safety through the Washington State Learning Center (WSLC). For help with WSLC, please contact DCYF.LearningCenter@dcyf.wa.gov.
Casework, Social Work Skills
Jan 6, 2021 9:00AM to 4:00PM
Apr 7, 2021 9:00AM to 4:00PM
May 5, 2021 9:00AM to 4:00PM
Working With Clients With Limited English Proficiency (eLearning)Course Info
In this course, participants learn the policies, procedures and best practices for using interpreter and translation services when working with Department of Children, Youth, and Families clients with limited English proficiency. Participants learn how interpreter services assist in helping families achieve permanency by enhancing communication between families and the social worker. Participants also learn how to appropriately and accurately document the use of interpreter and translation services for LEP clients in FamLink, as well as how to navigate the Department of Children, Youth, and Families Intranet to identify LEP tools and resources in order to best meet the language and communication needs of clients.
DCYF staff can register for Working with Clients with Limited English Proficiency (LEP) (eLearning) through the Washington State Learning Center (WSLC). For help with WSLC, please contact DCYF.LearningCenter@dcyf.wa.gov.
Casework, Culture, FamLink, Social Work Skills
Working With Dependent Adolescents (webinar)Course Info
This course will cover the core principles of trauma informed care in working with dependent youth and young adults, engaging youth in their case planning and working with caregivers in supporting the youth's educational success, permanency, progress to independence and well-being. This course will address policy requirements related to working with adolescents and identify resources to meet those requirements. You will be given the opportunity to practice quality health and safety visits to elicit youth participation in planning and improve the quality of documentation in court reports.
DCYF staff can register for Working with Dependent Adolescents (webinar) through the Washington State Learning Center (WSLC). For help with WSLC, please contact DCYF.LearningCenter@dcyf.wa.gov.
Casework, Child Development, Health and Well-Being, Education, Permanency, Social Work Skills, Trauma
Working With Qualified Expert Witnesses in Support of ICWA (webinar)Course Info
When considering removal of an Indian child from their home, various perspectives are reviewed, including those of Qualified Expert Witnesses (QEWs). This training will help you understand how to find, develop, and prepare QEWs to testify in Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) cases and implement ICWA effectively in your work. This content is best suited for DCYF staff who are familiar with ICWA, and Tribal workers.
A QEW is a professional qualified to testify regarding whether the child's continued custody by the parent or Indian custodian is likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the child. QEWs provide testimony in ICWA cases and have substantial knowledge of the prevailing social and cultural standards and child rearing practices within a Tribal or Indian community. QEW court testimony is required upon removal of an Indian child from their home to prevent placement, and a QEW also provides testimony about efforts made toward reunification of child(ren) to their parent(s) or custodian.
This course begins with guiding you through developing an understanding of the historic relationship between Indian children and the United States child welfare policy, which led to ICWA. You will learn how to implement ICWA effectively, and how it is intended to keep an Indian child with their family.
DCYF staff can express interest by emailing the DCYF Office of Tribal Relations at dcyf.tribalrelations@dcyf.wa.gov for the Working With Qualified Expert Witnesses in Support of ICWA (webinar) course. For support with the Washington State Learning Center (WSLC), please contact DCYF.LearningCenter@dcyf.wa.gov.
Other workforce members, such as Tribal workers, can request registration for this course using the Alliance External Registration form. Use this form also if you are CWTAP, Private Agency, and Judicial Personnel (incl. CASA/GAL). For help with this webform, please contact Alliance Support via acwecurr@uw.edu.
Casework, Culture, Indian Child Welfare, Working with Agencies
Feb 2, 2021 9:00AM to 4:00PM


Running solo can be an incredible gift. That 'me' time away from work deadlines, overbearing commitments and overdue chores. There's always something special about those miles logged in peace and quiet with only the rushing of blood in your ears and your inner monologue for company. Silently putting the world to rights one footstep at a time.
But perhaps the most beautiful thing about running is the smorgasbord of opportunity it presents. In general, most runners don't think of running in a big city as an enjoyable experience: the noise; the traffic; the eternal wait at the lights for that tiny green man to turn from red to green.


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The Falcon and the Winter Soldier's Sebastian Stan Says The Show Is 'Very Much' Like A Certain MCU Film
Mae Abdulbaki
Published: Apr. 25. 2020 12:27 PM
The Falcon and the Winter Soldier marks the first of several Marvel live-action series produced exclusively for Disney+. In terms of sheer scale, the six-episode series isn't nearly as massive of a project as the MCU films, but series star Sebastian Stan says the show is "very much" like one specific MCU film.
Set sometime after the events of Avengers: Endgame, The Falcon and the Winter Soldier will follow the titular characters as they embark on a new adventure in a post-Blip universe. In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Sebastian Stan was asked whether The Falcon and the Winter Soldier was shot like a TV or movie. While the show is still very much a TV production, Stan did compare it to a past MCU film. Here's what he had to say about shooting the Disney+ series:
It felt like both. In a lot of ways, it felt like a movie. Again, we're not finished; we still have some stuff to do. What I loved about it was that, tonally, it was very much in the same world that Captain America: The Winter Soldier was, which was one of my favorite experiences that I've ever had, period. So, in a sense, it was grounded and very much in the world as we know it. But, it's also really jam-packed with a lot of massive, massive action scenes mixed with deep focus on character. That's what's really exciting about this. We're getting to keep it in the world of the movies, so it's recognizable that way, but at the same time, these characters are getting so much more mileage for all of us to explore them. We can put them in situations that we've never been able to put them in before because you now have six hours as opposed to two. It's always a discovery.
Based on Sebastian Stan's comments to The Hollywood Reporter, that definitely sounds like a great combination of movie and TV's best elements. I'm personally looking forward to the show's exploration of Sam and Bucky as people outside of the heroics and action sequences. However, it's good to know that the Disney+ series will maintain a movie feel so as to carry on the intrinsic connection between Marvel's shows and movies.
The Falcon and the Winter Soldier had nearly wrapped filming, but the limited Disney+ series shut down production in March. Disney and Marvel have already shifted the release date schedules of upcoming MCU movies like Black Widow, The Eternals, and Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness.
While The Falcon and the Winter Soldier is still scheduled to premiere on the streaming service in August, I can only guess that its release date will probably be pushed back if the shutdowns continue through the summer. That said, there's currently no official word on whether or not the series will be delayed.
Stay tuned to CinemaBlend for updates. In the meantime, be sure to check out our guide for all the big TV finales coming up soon, as well as our 2020 summer premiere schedule.
10 Things We Still Don't Know About Disney+'s Marvel TV Shows
Mae Abdulbaki View Profile
news 4m Anthony Mackie Reveals Why He Hasn't Been Able To Watch Chadwick Boseman In Ma Rainey's Black Bottom Yet Adreon Patterson
news 1h How The Russo Brothers Used Their Marvel Experience To Make Tom Holland's Cherry Braden Roberts
news 5h First Look At Tom Holland In Disneyland's Upcoming Spider-Man Ride Dirk Libbey
Oct 15, 2021 The Last Duel Rating TBD
Jul 2, 2021 Top Gun: Maverick Rating TBD
Jul 30, 2021 Jungle Cruise Rating TBD
Dec 25, 2020 Promising Young Woman 10
WandaVision Mystery: So, Who Is Doing This To Wanda? television
After Grindelwald Firing, Could Johnny Depp Be Returning To The Big Screen For A Major Tim Burton Role? news
Before His Rumored Sex Message Scandal, Did Armie Hammer Have An Affair With Lily James? news
television Elizabeth Olsen Teases What WandaVision Will Pull From Sitcoms Of The '80s, '90s And Today
television Disney+ Has Good News For Muppets Fans


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Aaron R. Gott
Aaron R. Gott, who is "of counsel" to our firm, focuses on challenges to government conduct, business and competition litigation, and appeals. He graduated magna cum laude from the Florida State University College of Law in 2013.
Aaron is a combat veteran who served nearly ten years in the U.S. Army. He entered law school with over five years of professional writing experience as a newspaper editor and Army public affairs officer. His work has been published in newspapers throughout the country, trade magazines, academic journals, websites, and government publications; he has received accolades from general officers, scholars, high-profile litigators, and even a federal judge. Aaron's legal scholarship has been called "meticulously researched and brilliantly argued," and BookForum showcased one of Aaron's scholarly papers as an example of "rigorous and elegant writing."
Aaron is as much an entrepreneur as he is a litigator: he is also vice president and general counsel for David's Famous, a quickly growing ice cream start-up.
In law school, Aaron was executive editor of the Florida State University Law Review; research assistant to professors David Landau and the late Dan Markel; and law clerk for the Division of Florida Condominiums, Timeshares & Mobile Homes. His student note, "Ticky Tacky Little Governments? A More Faithful Approach to Community Associations Under State Action Doctrine," was awarded Best Invitee Submission of the Year and published in The Florida State University Law Review. You can read his review of Clark M. Neilly III's Terms of Engagement on the SSRN.
Experience and Leadership in Antitrust Issues & Litigation
J.D., The Florida State University College of Law
Honors and Activities:
Order of the Coif
Executive Editor, The Florida State University Law Review
Research Assistant for Professor Dan Markel and Dean David E. Landau
B.A., Iowa State University
Minor in Military Science
Co-Chair, Care Packages From Campus 5k Fun Run
Opinion Editor and Columnist, Iowa State Daily
United States District Court for the District of Minnesota
United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
Defend one of the nation's largest online contact lens retailers against class action antitrust claims in federal Multi-District Litigation. (In re Disposable Contact Lens Antitrust Litigation).
Defend Japanese capacitor manufacturer against class action antitrust claims in federal Multi-District Litigation. (In re Capacitors Antitrust Litigation).
Represent one of the nation's largest online contact lens retailers as amicus curiae in the Federal Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit relating to challenge to Utah law prohibiting enforcement of Uniform Pricing Policies against contact lens retailers. (Johnson & Johnson et al. v. Reyes).
Represent nonprofit complementary and alternative healthcare advocacy group as amicus curiae in federal antitrust case before the U.S. Supreme Court (N.C. State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC).
Represent association of rental property owners as amicus curiae in constitutional challenge to municipal rental ban. (Dean et al. v. City of Winona)
Represent group of scholars of law and economics as amicus curiae in constitutional challenge to state medical device certificate-of-need regulation. (Colon Health Centers of America v. Hazel)
Represent National Federation of Independent Businesses Small Business Legal Center as amicus curiae in FOIA challenge to EPA's proposed release of private business information to environmental interest groups (Am. Farm Bureau Fed. v. U.S. EPA)
Ongoing disputes from coast to coast in the areas of false advertising, unfair competition, trade secret misappropriation, antitrust, and general business
Panelist, ABA Section of Antitrust Law, NC Dental Amici: The Scope of the State Action Doctrine, April 2015.
United States Army Reserve, 2003–2012
Operation Iraqi Freedom 2004–2005
Force Protection Team Leader, 515th Combat Support Battalion
Operation Enduring Freedom 2008–2010
Public Affairs Officer, 166th Aviation Brigade
The Qualcomm Case Isn't Even a Close Call: Qualcomm Blatantly Misused Its Standard-Essential Patents to Restrain Trade and Monopolize Markets. By William Markham
Feb 21, 2020 | Antitrust Litigation and Counseling
The Extraordinary Qualcomm Case. The defining antitrust issues of our time are at stake in the landmark case of Fed Trade Comm'n v. Qualcomm Inc., (N.D. Cal. 2017, Case No. 17-CV-00220-LH) ("Qualcomm"). Qualcomm specifically concerns standard-essential patents and...
The DOJ's Investigation of the Auto Producers' Draft Agreement with California: It Is Misguided and Likely an Abuse of Power. By William Markham
Sep 8, 2019 | Antitrust Litigation and Counseling
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Home > Journal Archive > Michele Peyrone (1813–1883), Discoverer of Cisplatin
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doi:10.1595/147106710x534326
Michele Peyrone (1813–1883), Discoverer of Cisplatin
By George B. Kauffman**
Department of Chemistry, California State University,
Fresno, California 93740-8034, USA
*E-mail: georgek@csufresno.edu
Raffaele Pentimalli
Università della Valle d'Aosta,
Strada dei Cappuccini 2A, 11100 Aosta, Italy
E-mail: raffaele.pentimalli@virgilio.it
Sandro Doldi (1908–2001)
Matthew D. Hall
National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health,
37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4258, USA
E-mail: hallma@mail.nih.gov
Article Synopsis
The Italian chemist Michele Peyrone (1813–1883) was the first to synthesise cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II)), the basis of today's most widely used family of anticancer drugs. This biographical article aims to present, for the first time in the English language, a summary of his life and the achievements that he made during his scientific career. Originally trained in medicine, Peyrone moved to chemistry and attended some of the most prestigious institutions in Europe in his time. He wrote several publications describing his work on 'Peyrone's chloride' (PtCl2(NH3)2) and Magnus' green salt ([Pt(NH3)4][PtCl4]). He later turned his attention to agricultural science where he defended important advances in the understanding of plant growth. Michele Peyrone's dedication to science is best summarised in the English translation of his first report on the synthesis of cisplatin: "I am determined to pursue this subject with all my energies, without having regard for the difficulties to be encountered at every step in so expensive and delicate a research".
In this age of high-throughput drug discovery, medicinal chemistry and targeted therapies, there are few clinically used anticancer drugs that were synthesised 130 years before their biological activity was discovered. An alert reader will immediately think of the arsenal of natural products that have found application in the clinic in recent years, but even these have been semi-synthetically modified following their discoveries. By contrast, one of the most widely used anticancer drugs today, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) or cisplatin, originally known as Peyrone's chloride, was first prepared in its presently used form by Italian chemist Michele Peyrone in 1844 (1). It later played a central role in the Nobel prize-winning work of Swiss chemist Alfred Werner (1866–1919) (2, 3) on isomerism in inorganic complexes. The cytostatic activity of cisplatin was first reported by Barnett (Barney) Rosenberg (1926–2009) and coworkers in 1965 (4), and it progressed rapidly into the clinic (5). Many publications concerning cisplatin mention its discoverer, Michele Peyrone, but no English language biography exists of the man who first prepared what is now a billion-dollar drug. This article aims to remedy this gap in the scientific literature with a relatively brief summary of Peyrone's life, career, positions, achievements and honours. His work on platinum compounds is introduced here, and will be discussed in more detail in a forthcoming article in this Journal.
NB: Translations given in square brackets in this article are by the present authors.
Michele Peyrone (6–8) (Figure 1), the son of Vittorio and Teresa Peyrone (née Bonino), was born on 26th May 1813 in Mondovì Breo, a small village originally separate but now part of Mondovì, a town about 60 miles south of Turin, Italy. He was to spend much of his professional life in this region of Piedmont in northern Italy, which was then part of the Kingdom of Sardinia, governed by the Casa Savoia [House of Savoy]. His family was apparently quite wealthy, and as a result Michele was financially comfortable throughout his entire life. However, his parents died when he was young, and he entered school relatively late because of poor health. Michele attended the gymnasium (a secondary school that prepares students for higher education) in the small town of Brà, about 50 km (31 miles) south of Turin. He then moved to Turin, which was the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia, to attend the Università di Torino, intending to become a lawyer, but after a few months he changed faculties and earned his Doctor of Medicine degree on 10th June 1835. In that year a cholera epidemic erupted in Europe, and Peyrone was assigned to treat patients at the cholera hospital in Mondovì, an unenviable task. During the next few years he travelled throughout Italy visiting hospitals and universities, although few details about this time are available.
Michele Peyrone (1813–1883) (7)
Studies with Dumas
After visiting the leading Italian hospitals and universities, Peyrone decided to abandon medicine and devote himself to chemistry. In 1839 he moved to Paris to study physiological chemistry under the famous French chemist Jean Baptiste André Dumas (1800–1884) (9) at the École Polytechnique, founded in 1794 and at that time one of the world's most prestigious universities. In the Faculty of Science he probably met fellow Italian chemist Raffaele Piria (1814–1865) (10). At the time of Peyrone's arrival Dumas was already well known for a number of scientific discoveries. Furthermore, in 1832 Dumas became the first chemist in France to introduce practical laboratory training (11), perhaps inspired by his own apprenticeship with an apothecary. Although Peyrone did not produce any self-authored published work during his time in Dumas' laboratory, Dumas published an essay on the physiology of plants and animals that drew correlations between plant and animal metabolism (12) and was beginning research in his laboratory on what ultimately became Peyrone's primary field – agricultural chemistry.
Years at Gießen and Initial Research on Platinum Compounds
In 1842 Peyrone moved from Dumas' laboratory in Paris to work with Dumas' scientific nemesis, Justus von Liebig (1803–1873) (13), at the Universität Gießen (an institution that now bears Liebig's name) in the state of Hesse in central Germany. This was the most important period for Peyrone's scientific work, and he and Liebig remained close friends until the latter's death three decades later. Liebig, who is generally credited with originating the modern research laboratory, was also strongly interested in agricultural chemistry and physiology (14), and he had a number of scientific disputes with Dumas during this time, when Peyrone travelled across Europe from one laboratory to the other.
It was at Gießen between 1842 and 1844 that Peyrone initiated his research on platinum compounds. Here he investigated Magnus' green salt, [Pt(NH3)4][PtCl4] (which can be described by the formula PtCl2(NH3)2) (15) (Figure 2(a)), the first discovered platinumammine salt, prepared in 1828 by German physicist and chemist Heinrich Gustav Magnus (1802–1870) (16) while working in the Stockholm laboratory of Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779–1848) (17). Peyrone intended to continue experiments with Magnus' green salt and to examine its reactivity, based on the preceding work of James Gros (also from Liebig's laboratory) and Jules Reiset (1818–1896). However, when attempting to synthesise Magnus' green salt by adding excess ammonia to an acidified PtCl2 solution, Peyrone noted the appearance of two products – one green (Magnus' green salt) and one yellow. He separated the two on the basis of the insolubility of Magnus' green salt in hydrochloric acid. The filtrate yielded a yellow precipitate (PtCl2(NH3)2), isomeric with Magnus' green salt ([Pt(NH3)4][PtCl4]), but with entirely different properties (Figure 2(b)).
Modern chemical structures of the isomers, Magnus' green salt (green) and Peyrone's chloride (yellow), both of which can be described by the formula PtCl2(NH3)2 (1)
Peyrone reported his work in 1844 in Annalen der Chemie (in German), the journal founded by his mentor, Liebig (1a). That same year it was also reported in French in Annales de Chimie, his previous mentor Dumas' journal (1b), and summarised in English (at Peyrone's request) by the Irish chemist James Sheridan Muspratt (1821–1871), who was working in Liebig's laboratory at the time (1c).
Peyrone had difficulties in interpreting his results, and near the end of his article he admitted that he was uncertain about the difference between his new compound and Magnus' green salt. He refused to recognise the word isomerism, which he considered "ein leerer Name" [an empty name]. He supposed that his yellow 'salt' was the product of the first combination between ammonia and PtCl2 and that Magnus' green salt was the second one.
European Travels and Final Research on Platinum Compounds
In 1844 Peyrone departed from Gießen because of poor health. He then travelled through Germany, Holland, Belgium and England to visit laboratories, chemical industries and hospitals. He was proud of his linguistic abilities: in addition to Italian, he was proficient in Latin, French, English and German. After this, he returned to Turin, where he became an assistant in the chemical laboratory directed by G. L. Cantù and continued his research.
In a duplicate report of 1845 (18) Peyrone described the same compounds with the same composition but different chemical and physical properties that he had reported in 1844 (1), along with some additional information. Here he uses the term 'isomerism', which he had earlier disdained:
"Dieß ist ein Beispiel von Isomerie, dem man nur bei sehr wenigen organischen Verbindungen begegnet" [This is an example of isomerism, which is encountered only among a very few organic compounds] (18).
He expressed the same view in an Italian article of 1847 (19), in which he studied the action of ammonium sulfite on the isomers of Magnus' green salt. It is important to note that Peyrone did not assign the cis isomeric structure to his chloride; this did not become possible until Werner's work some 60 years later (20).
In his final article on platinum compounds (21) Peyrone reported the action of nitric acid on Magnus' green salt, which produced Gros' nitrate (trans-[PtCl2(NH3)4](NO3)2). Reaction of nitric acid with his other compounds resulted in entirely different products.
While Peyrone was initiating his work on platinum in Liebig's laboratory, a momentous debate was raging in Europe on Liebig's theories of agricultural science (14). Liebig had rejected the contemporary theory that plants absorb carbon from humus in the ground, and he seemed to prove this by showing that some crops actually enrich the soil's carbon content. He examined the minerals formed on burnt plants and proposed that plants absorbed ammonia and other nutrients from the soil. He further hypothesised that nitrogen and minerals could stimulate plant growth, and, after several unsuccessful experiments, by about 1850 he demonstrated this to be the case, thus founding the concept of fertilisers that revolutionised agrarian practices. The Italian obituaries of Peyrone (6–8) cite his ardent defence of Liebig's theories, and when Peyrone returned to Italy, it was agricultural science that became his primary field of study.
Genoa and Turin
After Peyrone spent several months in Turin, the Piedmont government appointed him to teach applied chemistry at the Genova Scuola Serale di Arti Applicate [Genoa Evening School of Applied Arts]. Here he delivered his initial plenary lecture on 20th November 1847 (22). In 1849 he was appointed Professor at the Università di Genova. While in Genoa, Peyrone completed his platinum studies, and with Professor Tullio Brugnatelli (1825–1906) he reported on the analysis of four mineral waters from the nearby area of Valdieri (23). By a Royal Act of 23rd October 1854, Peyrone was moved to Turin, where he was appointed Professor of Applied Chemistry at the Reale Istituto Tecnico [Royal Technical Institute]. Liebig's influence on Peyrone also began to emerge, as he was then appointed Professor of Agricultural Chemistry at the Università di Turino with teaching responsibilities. Later he was entrusted for two years with the teaching of organic chemistry with applications to physiology.
Shortly after his return to Turin, in 1855 Peyrone married Ester Daziano. After only three years of marriage, his wife died, leaving him with two daughters, Ida (born 15th May 1856) and Ester (born 14th October 1858). Peyrone continued to advance professionally, being nominated Professor of General Chemistry and Vice Director of the laboratory at the Università di Turino. He also delivered a free course in Agricultural Chemistry from 1860 to 1866, based on the guidelines of the well-known book written by his former mentor Liebig in 1840 (14). Peyrone's course evolved into a book, the first part of which appeared in 1869 (24a) (Figure 3) and the second, in 1871 (24b). It dealt with the history of agriculture from 1840 and emphasised soils as well as modern advances in plant physiology and its implications for agriculture (25). Peyrone's death prevented the appearance of a planned third volume (7).
Cover page of Michele Peyrone's work, "Lezzioni sulla chimica-agraria" [Lessons on agricultural chemistry], Part 1 (24a) (Photograph by Matthew D. Hall)
During these years, along with his teaching of agricultural chemistry, Peyrone authored a series of publications on various topics in agriculture, including the requirements for plant growth (26), an introduction to his agricultural chemistry course (27), the causes of the souring of wine (28), rural production (29), and other topics (30–33).
In 1866 Peyrone resigned his position as Professor at the Università di Turino (apparently due to disputes over the politics of promotion) and returned to teaching at the Reale Istituto Tecnico in Turin, which in the meantime had merged with the Reale Museo Industriale [Royal Museum of Industry], also in Turin, an institution founded in 1862 to promote industrial education and the advancement of industry and commerce and of which Peyrone was Chairman. However, in 1867 the two institutions were divided again, and although Peyrone requested that he be attached to the Museo, he was instead assigned to the Istituto Tecnico, which was not a university.
Positions and Miscellaneous Honours
From 1856 to his retirement Peyrone was appointed a member of the Reale Accademia di Agricoltura [Royal Academy of Agriculture] in Turin, of the Accademia Medico-Chirurgica [Academy of Medicine and Surgery] in Genoa, of the Società Economico-Agraria [Society of Agrarian Economics] in Perugia, of the Società Farmaceutica [Pharmaceutical Society] of Sardinia, and of the Comizio Agrario [Chamber of Agricultural Rally] in Mondovì, his birthplace. He was named Cavaliere dell'Ordine Mauriziano [Knight of the Order of St. Maurice] and Commendatore della Corona d'Italia [Knight Commander of the Crown of Italy]. During the Crimean War (1854–1856) he was appointed Superintendent for Food of the Piedmontese Army, and as a chemist he was appointed by the recently unified Italy's first Prime Minister, Count Camillo Benso di Cavour (1810–1861), to a committee established to study agricultural problems and the use of artificial fertilisers.
Final Years
As time went on Peyrone become worn out and fatigued. Even during his childhood he had been unwell, and he apparently had never recovered from the loss of his wife in about 1858 and the premature death of his daughter Ester at the age of 13 (probably in about 1870). In 1879 he was placed on leave for health reasons, and he ultimately retired that same year. He moved to the small town of Magliano Alpi close to Mondovì and then to nearby Carrù, where his daughter Ida had married the mayor, G. B. Reyneri. In retirement Peyrone apparently devoted himself exclusively to the care of his 'estates' and to the quiet country life. He died at Carrù with his family at his side in July 1883, at the age of 70. Details regarding his funeral, burial or grave have not been found.
Obituaries of Peyrone (6–8) testify to the important contributions that he had made to chemistry. Although he was well known for his work on agricultural chemistry, his early work on platinum was also mentioned, demonstrating that the importance of this work was well recognised. Vincenzo Fino described him as "independent, of a frank and severe character" – perhaps the qualities needed to travel throughout Europe, succeed in the relatively solitary pursuit of research, and defend Liebig's principles of agricultural science in Italy (6). Peyrone apparently recognised his responsibility as a man born into wealth and often stated, "the duty of the rich is to help the poor" (6).
Perhaps Michele Peyrone's dedication to science is best summarised by quoting from the English translation of his first report on the synthesis of cisplatin (1c):
"I am determined to pursue this subject with all my energies, without having regard for the difficulties to be encountered at every step in so expensive and delicate a research".
We will examine Peyrone's work on platinum compounds in detail in a forthcoming article in Platinum Metals Review.
This research was partly supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
(a) M. Peyrone, 'Ueber die Einwirkung des Ammoniaks auf Platinchlorür'[On the Influence of Ammonia on Platinum Chloride], Ann. Chem. Pharm., 1844, 51, 1; LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.18440510102 (b) translated into French as:'De l'action de l'ammoniaque sur le protochlorure de platine', Ann. Chim. Phys., Sér. 3, 1844, 12, 193; and summarised inAnn. Chim., 1845, 1, 166; (c) translated into English by Dr Sheridan Muspratt as:'Action of Ammonia upon the Protochloride of Platinum', Med. Times, 1844, 10, 381
G. B. Kauffman, "Alfred Werner: Founder of Coordination Chemistry", Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York, 1966
(a) A. Werner, 'Beitrag zur Konstitution anorganischer Verbindungen', Z. Anorg. Chem., 1893, 3, 267; LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.18930030136 (b) translated into English as:'Contribution to the Constitution of Inorganic Compounds', in G. B. Kauffman, "Classics in Coordination Chemistry, Part I: The Selected Papers of Alfred Werner", Classics of Science, Volume 4, Dover Publications, New York, NY, 1968, 5–88
B. Rosenberg, L. Van Camp and T. Krigas, Nature, 1965, 205, (4972), 698 LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/205698a0
R. A. Alderden, M. D. Hall and T. W. Hambley, J. Chem. Educ., 2006, 83, (5), 728 LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed083p728
V. Fino, 'Commemorazione del Prof. Michele Peyrone', Annali della Reale Accademia d'Agricoltura di Torino, 1884, 27, 23
A. Strucchi, 'Michele Peyrone', Giornale di agricoltura, industria e commercio del regno d'Italia, 1885, 22, 263
(a) S. Doldi, 'Michele Peyrone e il suo sale', La Chimica e l'Industria, 1995, 77, (11), 989; (b) also inA. Strucchi, "Biografie di insigni agronomi piemontesi"[Biographies of famous agronomists of Piedmont], Casanova, Turin, 1885, 43
M. Chaigneau, "Jean-Baptiste Dumas: Sa vie, son oeuvre, 1800–1884", Guy Le Prat, Paris, 1984
(a) D. Marotta, "Raffaele Piria: lavori scientifici e scritti vari", Tipografia Editrice Italia, Rome, 1932; (b) A. Focà and F. Cardone, "Raffaele Piria: Medico, Chimico, Patriota, Innovatore della Chimica in Italia", Laruffa, Reggio Calabria, Italy, 2003
L. J. Klosterman, Ann. Sci., 1985, 42, (1), 1 LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00033798500200101
J. B. Dumas and J. B. Boussingault, "Essai de statique chimique des êtres organisés", 3rd Edn., Fortin, Masson, et Cie., Paris, 1844
W. H. Brock, "Justus von Liebig: The Chemical Gatekeeper", Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997
(a) J. von Liebig, "Die Organische Chemie in ihrer Anwen dung auf Agricultur und Physiologie", F. Vieweg, Braunschweig, Germany, 1840; (b) "Organic Chemistry in Its Applications to Agriculture and Physiology", edited and translated from the manuscript of the author byLyon Playfair, Taylor and Walton, London, 1840
G. B. Kauffman, Platinum Metals Rev., 1976, 20, (1), 21 LINK http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v20-i1-021-024
(a) G. Magnus, 'Ueber einige Verbindungen des Plat inchlorürs', Poggendorff's Ann. Phys. Chem., 1828, 80, 239; LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.18280901009 (b) translated into English as:'Some Compounds of Platinous Chloride', in G. B. Kauffman, "Classics in Coordination Chemistry, Part 2: Selected Papers (1798–1899)", Classics of Science, Volume 7, Dover Publications, New York, NY, 1976, 7–20
J. E. Jorpes, "Jac. Berzelius: His Life and Work", translated from the Swedish byB. Steele, Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm, Sweden, 1966
(a) M. Peyrone, 'Ueber die Einwirkung von Ammoniak auf Platinchlorü: Zweite Abhandlung', Ann. Chem. Pharm., 1845, 55, 205; LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.18450550206 (b) translated into French as:'De l'action de l'ammoniaque sur le protochlorure de platine', Ann. Chim. Phys., Sér. 3, 1846, 16, 462
(a) M. Peyrone, 'Ricerche comparative sopra alcuni isomeri del sal verde di Magnus'[Comparative researches upon some isomers of Magnus' green salt], Atti della Reale Accademia delle scienze di Torino, 1847, 10, (2), 171; (b) translated into German as:'Ueber einige dem grünen Magnus'schen Salze isomere Körper', Ann. Chem., 1847, 61, 178 LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.18470610208
M. Peyrone, 'Dell'azione dell'acido nitrico sopra il sal verde di Magnus'[Of the action of nitric acid on Magnus' green salt], Il Nuovo Cimento, 1856, Tomo II, 387
(a) M. Peyrone, 'Discorso per l'apertura delle Scuole di Chimica e Mecanica Applicate alle Arti in Genoa'[Speech for the opening of the Schools of Chemistry and Mechanics Applied to the Arts in Genoa], Antologia Italiana, Giornale di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, 1848, Anno II, Tomo IV, 437; (b) See alsoS. Doldi, 'Le prime scuole tecniche genovesi'[The first technical schools in Genoa], La Berio Servizio Biblioteche del Comune di Genova, 1996, XXXVI, (2), 3
M. Peyrone, 'Analisi di quattro acque minerali di Valdieri fatte in unione al Professore Brugnatelli'[Analyses of four mineral waters of Valdieri carried out with Professor Brugnatelli], in "Valdieri e le sue acque", G. Garelli, Tipografia Scolastica, Turin, Italy, 1855, 48
M. Peyrone, (a) "Lezioni sulla chimica-agraria"[Lessons on agricultural chemistry], C. Favale, Part 1, 1869, Turin, Italy; (b) F. Bocca, Part 2, 1871, Turin, Italy
F. Sestini, 'Chimica Agraria', Annuario scientifico ed industriale, 1870, 6, 317
M. Peyrone, 'Dei bisogni della vegetazione dedotti dalle leggi di natura'[Of the needs of vegetation deduced from the laws of nature], Annali della Reale Accademia d'Agricoltura di Torino, 1857, 10, 53; read at the meeting of the Reale Accademia d'Agricoltura di Torino on 14th May, 1857
M. Peyrone, 'Prelazione al Corso di chimica agraria che si dette in Torino nell'anno scolastico 1862–1863'[Preemption to the Agricultural Chemistry course given in Turin in the scholastic year 1862–1863], Economia rurale, 1862, 620
M. Peyrone, 'Sul vino incerconito – Notizia letta alla Reale Accademia d'Agricoltura nella adunanza del 26 marzo 1863'[On turbid wine – Notice read to the Reale Accademia d'Agricoltura in the meeting of 26th March, 1863], Economia rurale, 1863, 188
M. Peyrone, "La produzione rurale presunta e i mezzi di realizzarla"[Supposed rural production and the means of achieving it], brochure published by Paravia, Turin, Italy, 1865
M. Peyrone, 'Guano Fino' [Refined guano], Economia rurale, 1866, 483
M. Peyrone, 'La silice solubile e la potassa nei loro rapporti colle piante'[Soluble silica and potash and the effect of silica and potash on plant growth], Economia rurale, 1867, 49
(a) M. Peyrone, 'Arature profonde'[Deep ploughing]. Economia rurale, 1870, 613; (b) Rivista di Agricoltura, Industria e Commercio di Firenze, 1870; (c) Annuario Scientifico ed Industriale, 1870, 6, 360
M. Peyrone, 'Rapporto sull'industria dello zucchero di barbabietole'[Report on the sugar beet industry], Inchiesta industriale, 1872
George B. Kauffman is Professor of Chemistry Emeritus at California State University, Fresno, USA. He has received numerous awards and honours for his work in teaching, research, public outreach and the history of chemistry. He has been the author, coauthor or editor of sixteen books and more than 2200 papers (with 70 student coauthors) and has been awarded 58 research grants. He and his students have published many experimental and historical articles on the platinum group metals and on significant historical chemists.
Raffaele Pentimalli has been a professor of chemistry, headmaster and inspector of science. From 1999 to 2006 he was Adjunct Professor of Chemistry Education at the Universities of Pavia and Aosta, Italy, and the Genoa Secondary Education Specialisation School, Italy. He is currently Adjunct Professor of Science Education in the Faculty of Primary Education at the University of Aosta. His primary interests are science education and the history of chemistry.
Sandro Doldi (1908–2001) was a chemist, researcher and industrial and university professor who believed that research should attain results useful for all humanity. He achieved national and international recognition for his studies of water in all its aspects. His teaching served as a model for the mastery of theoretical and practical knowledge rarely seen in a single scholar. In his "Ricordi di un tecnico" (Edizione Portalupi, Casale Monteferrato, 2002) he described the long path of his daily life as an indefatigable scholar and researcher, interspersing the episodes of his personal life with Italian history.
Matthew D. Hall earned his BSc in 2000 and his PhD in 2004 at the University of Sydney, Australia, under Professor Trevor W. Hambley. He is currently a Research Fellow in Dr Michael M. Gottesman's laboratory at the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, and he has worked on the mechanism of action and cellular fate of platinum anticancer complexes and the cellular resistance that develops towards them.
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