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Failure to Protect from HIV-Positive Prisoner Negates Qualified Immunity Defense
Loaded on June 15, 2005 published in Prison Legal News June, 2005, page 29
Filed under: Retaliation for Filing Grievances, Prison Labor, Medical, HIV/AIDS, Failure to Protect (General), Qualified Immunity. Location: South Dakota.
The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has held that prison officials are not entitled to qualified immunity in a civil rights action filed by three prisoners at South Dakota's Mike Durfee State Prison. The prisoners alleged that prison officials failed to protect them from Paul Soyars, an HIV-positive prisoner. Plaintiffs Richard Nei and Alvin King also alleged they were retaliated against for filing the suit and denied access to the prison law library. After the district court denied prison officials motion for summary judgment based upon a qualified immunity defense, prison officials filed an interlocutory appeal.
The facts of the complaint show that Soyars admitted to prisoners and prison staff that he was infected with AIDS. He often threatened to infect other prisoners with the virus. While cleaning the prison restrooms, Soyars urinated on the floor, spit in the sinks and water fountains, and smeared fecal matter on the floor. After King reported to Unit Manager Lisa McFletcher that he disapproved of the way Soyars cleaned" the bathroom, Soyars and King got into a fight. Soyars spit in King's face. Soyars cut his lip, and his blood came into contact with an open wound on King's hand.
A few days later, Soyars got into a fight with another prisoner and threatened to infect him with AIDS. King and Nei told McFletcher and Special Security Head Sally Boyd about Soyars fights, threats, and manner of how he would clean" the restrooms. After they took no action, King filed a grievance and began obtaining signatures from several prisoners to initiate a class action lawsuit. Four days later, King's grievance was denied because prison policy prohibits segregating infected prisoners outside the general population. [Editor's Note: The prison appears unusual though in that it does not segregate prisoners who routinely fight with other prisoners, damage state property and, if the complaint is accurate, constitute a walking health hazard.]
On May 1, 2000, McFletcher received an anonymous note stating Soyars was improperly cleaning the toilets, Soyars admitted he was HIV positive, and threatened the note's author. McFletcher reported to Boyd, who was told by Soyars he was HIV positive. The next day, Soyars pushed Nei and threatened to infect him with AIDS. Some of Soyars blood went into Nei's mouth, on his body, and on his clothing.
Two days later, after prison officials received a copy of the complaint in this action, King and Nei were placed in segregation. Their grievances were responded to as being under investigation. Once released from segregation, King, Nei and plaintiff Paul Amundson were denied access to the law library to draft documents for this case.
The Eight Circuit held the district court correctly denied prison officials qualified immunity because of evidence that Soyars fought with King, Nei, and Amundson, which involved fluid exchange, threats of infection, or both. Viewing the facts in a light most favorable to the prisoners, the officials did not respond in an objectively reasonable way. Indeed, they did little to address the situation for months after being made aware of the circumstances.
The court found there was a genuine issue of material fact about whether prison officials retaliated against the prisoners or placed them in segregation to investigate whether they were soliciting signatures in violation of prison rules. The district court's denial of summary judgment to prison officials was affirmed in all respects. See: Nei v. Dooley, 372 F.3d 1003 (8th Cir. 2004).
Nei v. Dooley
372 F.3d 1003, 28 NDLR P 154
United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.
Bryan Richard NEI; Alvin King; Paul Leo Amundson, Plaintiffs-Appellees,
Robert DOOLEY, Warden, Mike Durfee State Prison, Springfield, SD; Lisa
McFletcher, Unit Manager, Mike Durfee State Prison; Sally Boyd, Head of
Special Security at Mike Durfee State Prison, all in their individual
capacities and not their official capacities; Defendants-Appellants,
Paul Soyars, Defendant.
No. 03-3261.
Submitted: June 18, 2004.
Filed: June 25, 2004.
Background: Inmates brought civil rights action against warden and other prison officials claiming that their Eighth Amendment rights were violated by exposure to HIV-positive inmate who assaulted and threatened to infect them. The United States District Judge for the District of South Dakota, Karen E. Schreier, J., denied defendants' motion for summary judgment that was based upon qualified immunity. Defendants appealed.
Holdings: The Court of Appeals held that:
(1) fact issue existed as to whether prison officials knew that inmate was infected with AIDS, that inmate was threatening to infect other inmates and was engaging in assaultive behavior towards other inmates, and that they failed to respond to that risk reasonably;
(2) fact issue existed as to whether prison warden knew that inmate had AIDS, that inmate threatened to infect other inmates through assault, and that he failed to respond reasonably to risk in violation of prison's own policy;
(3) inmates stated claim that they were retaliated against for filing civil rights lawsuit; and
(4) fact issue existed as to whether prison officials retaliated against inmates for filing civil rights lawsuit against them.
*1005 Counsel who represented the appellant was James E. Moore of Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Also appearing on the brief was Jennifer L. Wollman.
Counsel who represented the appellee was David M. Hosmer of Yankton, South Dakota.
Before MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, FAGG, and RILEY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM.
Bryan Richard Nei, Alvin King, and Paul Leo Amundson, current or former inmates at the Mike Durfee State Prison in Springfield, South Dakota, brought this civil rights action against the warden, Robert Dooley, and other prison officials, Unit Manager Lisa McFletcher and Special Security Head Sally Boyd. The inmates claimed the prison officials violated their Eighth Amendment rights by failing to protect them from an HIV-positive inmate, Paul Soyars, who assaulted and threatened to infect his fellow inmates. The inmates also asserted McFletcher and Boyd retaliated against Nei and King for bringing the lawsuit by placing them in segregation, and against Nei, King, and Amundson by denying them access to the prison law library. The district court [FN*] denied the prison officials' motion for summary judgment based on qualified immunity. The prison officials appeal.
FN* The Honorable Karen E. Schreier, United States District Judge for the District of South Dakota.
We explain the relevant facts in the light most favorable to the inmates, who opposed the officials' motion for summary judgment. Pagels v. Morrison, 335 F.3d 736, 738 (8th Cir.2003). While incarcerated at the Mike Durfee State Prison, Soyars admitted to inmates and prison staff that he was infected with AIDS. He often threatened inmates that he would infect them with the virus. While cleaning the prison restrooms, Soyars urinated on the floor, spit in the sinks and water fountains, and smeared fecal matter on the floor. In early April of 2000, King approached McFletcher to report he disapproved of the way Soyars "cleaned" the bathroom, *1006 and he did not want to live with someone who threatened to expose people to AIDS. Soyars and King got into a fight afterwards. Soyars spit in King's face. Soyars cut his lip, and his blood came into contact with an open wound on King's hand. A few days later, Soyars got into a fight with another inmate and threatened to infect the inmate with AIDS. King and Nei told Boyd and McFletcher about Soyars's threats, fights, and how he would "clean" the restrooms. Nei and King asked the officials to remove Soyars from the prison. Because prison officials took no action, King filed a grievance later that month asking for Soyars removal. The same day, King obtained signatures from several inmates to initiate a class action lawsuit. Boyd and McFletcher accused King and Nei of initiating an illegal petition drive. Four days later, King received a response from his grievance stating that prison policy prohibited the segregation of infected inmates outside the population. The next day, King filed an appeal. On May 1, King filed a federal complaint asking that Soyars be removed from the prison. McFletcher received an anonymous note the same day, stating Soyars was improperly cleaning the toilets, Soyars claimed he was HIV positive, and Soyars had threatened the note's author. McFletcher concluded either Nei or King wrote the note, and reported to Boyd, who was told by Soyars that he was HIV positive. The next day, during a fight, Soyars pushed Nei and threatened to infect him with AIDS. Some of Soyars's blood went into Nei's mouth, on his body, and on his clothing. Two days later, after the prison received a file stamped copy of the complaint in this action, King and Nei were placed in segregation. Nei filed a grievance asking why he had been placed in the hole. The prison responded he was under investigation and would be in segregation until the investigation was completed. King filed an appeal demanding a explanation for his placement in the hole. King and Nei were released from the hole the next day. In mid June, Soyars got into a fights with Amundson, during which Soyars threatened infection, and a fight with another inmate involving bloodshed. Prison staff were advised of the fights. In late October, Boyd sent an e-mail to other prison officials acknowledging that Soyars admitted he is HIV positive to staff, and during an October fight, Soyars started to bleed, so the other inmate involved would be tested for AIDS because of possible blood exchange. Beginning in the fall of 2000, King, Nei, and Amundson requested access to the inmate law library to research and draft documents for their written complaint. Boyd and McFletcher denied them access. In December, the inmates again requested access to draft a response to the inmates' answer. Boyd and McFletcher again denied them access to the law library.
Qualified immunity protects government officials from lawsuits for their performance of discretionary functions unless their conduct violates a clearly established constitutional right of which a reasonable person would have known. Id. at 739-40. The Eighth Amendment requires prison officials to take reasonable measures to guarantee the safety of inmates and to protect them from violence by other prisoners. Id. at 740. To prevail on their Eighth Amendment failure-to-protect claim, the inmates must show they are incarcerated under conditions posing a substantial risk of serious harm and the prison officials subjectively knew of and disregarded that safety risk. Id.; Smith v. Arkansas Dep't of Correction, 103 F.3d 637, 644 (8th Cir.1996).
In this case, the district court concluded the inmates had articulated facts that would establish they were incarcerated under conditions posing a substantial *1007 risk of harm to them of contracting the AIDS virus. The district court also concluded that although Boyd and McFletcher denied they knew Soyars was infected with AIDS, the inmates provided affidavits suggesting otherwise. Indeed, in Boyd's October e-mail, she stated Soyars readily admitted he was HIV positive to staff and documented that while fighting with another inmate, Soyars began to bleed. The district court found that at the very least, Boyd and McFletcher knew Soyars might have AIDS. The court concluded that, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the inmates, there was sufficient evidence from which a jury could find that Boyd and McFletcher knew Soyars was infected with AIDS, that Soyars was threatening to infect other inmates and was engaging in assaultive behavior towards other inmates, and that Boyd and McFletcher failed to respond to that risk reasonably. As for the warden, the district court found that because he read and responded to the grievances, a jury could find the warden knew Soyars had AIDS, knew Soyars had threatened to infect other inmates through assault, and failed to respond reasonably to the risk in violation of the prison's own policy.
The officials argue none of the prison officials had subjective knowledge that Soyars posed a substantial risk of harm to each inmate. Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the inmates, we disagree. There was evidence that Soyars fought with King, Nei, and Amundson, and the fights involved fluid exchange, threats of infection, or both. Besides, "[w]e must accept the summary judgment facts as described by the district court because evidentiary determinations are not presently appealable." Moran v. Clark, 359 F.3d 1058, 1060 (8th Cir.2004). The officials also contend they acted reasonably as a matter of law and thus did not violate the inmates' Eighth Amendment rights. Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the inmates, we conclude the officials did not respond to the threat of harm in an objectively reasonable way. Indeed, the officials did little to address the situation for months after being made aware of the circumstances.
As for the inmates' claim that they were retaliated against for filing their lawsuit by being denied access to the prison law library, the officials contend the district court should have construed the claim as one of denied access to the courts, requiring proof of actual injury, rather than one of retaliation. We disagree. "Conduct that retaliates against the exercise of a constitutionally protected right is actionable, even if the conduct would have been proper if motivated by a different reason." Cody v. Weber, 256 F.3d 764, 770-71 (8th Cir.2001). To be actionable, the retaliatory conduct itself need not be unconstitutional because the constitutional violation lies in the intent to impede access to the courts. Id. The district court applied the proper standard to the inmates' retaliation claim based on denial of access to the law library.
Regarding the inmates' claim that the officials retaliated against the inmates for filing their lawsuit by placing them in segregation, the officials argue they merely transferred the inmates, and did so to investigate whether they were soliciting signatures in violation of prison rules, rather than in retaliation for filing their lawsuit. Because the inmates' allegations create a genuine issue of material fact about whether the officials retaliated against them, the district court properly denied summary judgment on this claim. Id. We reject the officials' argument that the issue of fact triggers application of the retaliatory transfer standard rather than the retaliatory discipline standard. See Goff v. Burton, 7 F.3d 734, 736- 39 (8th Cir.1993) (comparing claims of retaliatory *1008 transfer of inmate to a different, maximum security facility and claim of retaliatory discipline).
Having carefully considered all of the officials' assertions, we affirm the district court's denial of qualified immunity.
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Tag Archives: Assumption Church
Church Buildings Attacked in Malaysia Following Court Decision
Posted on January 19, 2010 by particularkev
Muslim groups angered by ruling to allow Catholic newspaper to use word 'Allah.'
KUALA LUMPUR, Malaysia, January 11 (CDN) — In unprecedented acts that stunned Christians in Malaysia, suspected Islamists have attacked eight church buildings since the country's High Court ruled that a Catholic weekly could use the word "Allah."
Firebombs were thrown into the compounds of four churches in Kuala Lumpur and neighboring Petaling Jaya on Friday (Jan. 8); three more attacks occurred on Sunday (Jan. 10) in Taiping, Melaka and Miri; and another church building was hit today in Seremban. There were no reports of injuries.
Judge Lau Bee Lan delivered the controversial court ruling on Dec. 31, arguing that the Herald had a constitutional right to use the word "Allah" for God in the Malay section of its multi-lingual newspaper. The ruling caused an uproar among many Muslim groups widely reported to have called for nationwide protests after Friday prayers, asserting that "Allah" can be used only in the context of Islam. Among groups calling for protests were the Muslim Youth Movement and the National Association of Muslim Students.
Inflammatory rhetoric has emerged in the escalating conflict; at a protest in Shah Alam since protests began on Friday, a speaker at one rally urged listeners to "burn churches," according to the online news site Malaysian Insider. The crowd reportedly stood in stunned silence.
Malaysia's Home Ministry filed an appeal against the High Court decision on Jan. 4. Two days later, the court allowed a freeze on the decision to permit the Herald to use the word "Allah" pending hearing in the Court of Appeal.
The attacked churches were Metro Tabernacle (Assembly of God) in Kuala Lumpur, and three churches in Petaling Jaya: Life Chapel (Brethren), Assumption Church (Catholic) and Good Shepherd Lutheran Church (Lutheran); also damaged were All Saints' Church (Anglican) in Taiping, Melaka Baptist Church in Melaka (vandalized but not firebombed), Good Shepherd Church (Catholic) in Miri (pelted with stones) and Sidang Injil Borneo (Evangelical Church of Borneo) in Seremban.
Though there were no casualties, a number of the church buildings were damaged in the attacks. Metro Tabernacle suffered the worst damage, with the ground floor of its three-story building, which housed its administrative office, completely gutted. The main door of the church in Seremban was charred.
The Rev. Ong Sek Leang, senior pastor of Metro Tabernacle, reportedly said that the church harbors no ill feelings toward the culprits and would forgive those responsible, but that it does not condone the acts.
Most of the other church buildings suffered minor damage, though the Assumption Church was spared when the Molotov cocktail thrown into its compound failed to go off. The Melaka Baptist Church building was splashed with black paint, while stones were thrown into the Good Shepherd Church building in Miri.
The Malaysian Insider reported on Friday (Jan. 8) that two other churches received telephone threats from unknown sources.
Christian leaders, government and opposition leaders, and Non-Governmental Organizations have condemned the attacks. Police have promised to increase security around church buildings, but Inspector-General of Police Musa Hassan told the Malaysian Insider that churches must beef up their own security since there is a shortage of police personnel.
Malaysia's population is about 60 percent Muslim, 19 percent Buddhist and 9 percent Christian. About 6 percent are Hindu, with 2.6 percent of the population adhering to Confucianism, Taoism and other traditional Chinese religions.
The spate of church attacks shocked the Christian community and nation, as acts of violence on places of worship are unprecedented in Malaysia.
Ramon Navaratnam, Chairman of the Centre of Public Policy Studies, said in a press statement on Friday (Jan. 8) that the attacks marked a "troubling trend" and "a low point in our nation's history."
The same day, Malaysian Bar Council Chairman Ragunath Kesavan said in a press statement that the attacks were "shocking and offensive" and that "all right-minded Malaysians must condemn it as indecent and unacceptable."
Christian leaders strongly denounced the attacks and have asked the government to safeguard the community and its places of worship. They have also called on the government to take firm steps against the perpetrators while paving the way for greater understanding between the different religious communities.
The Rev. Dr. Hermen Shastri, general secretary of the Council of Churches Malaysia, called on the government to "show zero tolerance for the use, threat or incitement, of violence as a means to pressure the decision of the court." The Rev. Eu Hong Seng, chairman of the National Evangelical Christian Fellowship, called on the government "to take the necessary steps to educate those who lack understanding and are 'easily confused' to be mature-minded in a progressive democratic society."
Leaders on both sides of the political divide have also denounced the attacks, while a number of opposition leaders – including Anwar Ibrahim, adviser to the People's Justice Party – put the blame on the United Malay National Organization (UMNO), the leading partner in the ruling coalition government. Anwar reportedly accused UMNO-owned newspaper Utusan Malaysia of having incited Muslims over the court decision.
A number of local commentators have also criticized Prime Minister Najib Abdul Razak and Home Minister Hishammuddin Hussein for not defusing rising tensions in the initial days of the court ruling. They have also come under fire for saying they would allow public demonstrations by Muslim groups to proceed, and that they would take action "only if things got out of hand."
Despite the attacks, a check with parishioners of several churches in the Klang Valley showed Christians were undeterred by the acts of violence and continued to gather for worship yesterday.
Urging Christians to pray, Sam Ang, secretary-general of the National Evangelical Christian Fellowship, told Compass, "We see this as an opportunity to trust in the Lord and to revitalize our faith, especially for second-generation Christians."
Posted in Anglicans, Assemblies of God, Baptist, Brethren (Church), Buddhism, Christianity, Church of England, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, Lutheran, Malaysia, Roman Catholicism, Taoism | Tagged action, Acts, adhering, administrative, adviser, against, All Saint's Church, Allah, allow, allowed, angered, Anglican, Anwar Ibrahim, appeal, arguing, Assembly of God, asserting, Assumption Church, attacked, Baptist, Bar Council, black, blame, brethren, Buddhist, building, buildings, burn, called, casualties, caused, Centre of Public Policy Studies, chairman, charred, check, Chinese, Christian, Christianity, Christians, church, churches, Coalition, commentators, communities, community, completely, compunds, condemned, condone, conflict, Confucianism, confused, constitutional, context, continued, controversial, Council of Churches Malaysia, court, Court of Appeal, criticized, crowd, culprits, damage, damaged, decision, defusing, delivered, Democratic, demonstrations, denounced, different, divide, door, Dr, easily, educate, emerged, escalating, Eu Hong Seng, Evangelical Church of Borneo, failed, feelings, filed, firebombed, firebombs, firm, floor, following, forgive, freeze, Friday, gather, General Secretary, God, Good Shepherd Lutheran Church, government, greater, ground, groups, gutted, harbors, hearing, Herald, Hermen Shastri, high court, Hindu, Hishammuddin Hussein, History, hit, Home Minister, Home Ministry, housed, ill, incited, incitement, including, increase, indecent, inflammatory, initial, injuries, Inspector General of Police, Islam, Islamists, judge, Klang Valley, Kuala Lumpur, lack, Lau Bee Lan, leaders, leading, Life Chapel, listeners, local, Lord, low, Lutheran, main, Malay, Malaysia, Malaysian, Malaysian Insider, marked, mature-minded, means, Melaka, Melaka Baptist Church, Metro Tabernacle, minor, Miri, Molotov Cocktail, multi-lingual, Musa Hassan, Muslim, Muslim Youth Movement, muslims, Najib Abdul Razak, nation, National Association of Muslim Students, National Evangelical Christian Fellowship, nationwide, necessary, neighboring, news, newspaper, Non-Governmental Organizations, offensive, office, Ong Sek Leang, online, opportunity, opposition, paint, parishioners, partner, pelted, pending, People's Justice Party, permit, perpetrators, Persecution, personnel, Petaling Jaya, places, point, police, political, pray, prayers, press statement, pressure, Prime Minister, proceed, progressive, promised, protests, public, Ragunath Kesavan, rally, Ramon Navaratnam, religions, religious, reports, responsible, Rev, revitalize, rhetoric, right, right-minded, rising, Roman Catholic, Roman Catholicism, Roman Catholics, ruling, safeguard, Sam Ang, second-generation, section, security, senior pastor, Seremban, Shah Alam, shocked, shocking, shortage, showed, Sidang Injil Borneo, silence, site, Society, sources, spared, speaker, splashed, steps, stones, stood, strongly, stunned, suffered, suspected, Taiping, Taoism, telephone, tensions, threats, three-storey, thrown, traditional, trend, troubling, trust, UMNO, unacceptable, understanding, undeterred, United Malay National Organization, unknown, unprecedented, uproar, urged, use, Utusan Malaysia, vandalized, violence, weekly, Word, worship, worst, zero tolerance | Leave a comment
NEPAL: CHRISTIANS INCREASINGLY VULNERABLE IN SECULAR STATE
Posted on August 9, 2009 by particularkev
As law and order breaks down, Christians come under attack.
KATHMANDU, Nepal, July 30
(Compass Direct News) – Three years after a pro-democracy movement led to the proclamation of Nepal as a secular state, some Christians say they are in greater peril than ever.
They are now being targeted by militant Hindu organizations that blame the church for the abolition of Hinduism as the state religion and the end of monarchy. A little-known, shadowy organization that claimed to be building an army of suicide bombers has achieved notoriety with two brutal attacks on Catholics in two years.
Since May, when the Nepal Defense Army (NDA) – which claims to have links with militant Hindu organizations across the border in India – struck one of Kathmandu valley's oldest and biggest churches, the group has threatened to drive all Christians from the country. And now a group claiming to be the parent organization of the NDA has warned that on Aug. 10 it will start a "Save the Hindu nation" movement.
Police say Ram Prasad Mainali, the elusive NDA chief, hired a local woman to plant a bomb at the Assumption Church on May 23 during mass. Two women and a schoolgirl were killed in the attack. The NDA also claimed responsibility for killing a Catholic priest, John Prakash Moyalan, in southern Nepal last year.
Though police have issued an alert for his arrest, Mainali continues to evade capture, and it is murmured that he has political connections. Undeterred by the hunt, he continues to threaten the Christian community.
Last month, the Rev. Pius Perumana, a senior Catholic priest, received a phone call.
"The caller said he was in charge of the NDA in Kathmandu valley," said Perumana of Ishalaya Catholic Church, located in Godavari on the southern rim of the capital. "However, I recognized the voice. It was Ram Prasad Mainali himself."
Godavari is an important Catholic hub that includes a Catholic pastoral center, a shelter for destitute, HIV-infected women and homeless children, a day care center and a small clinic.
Perumana said he has received at least five threatening calls from the Hindu supremist ordering him to close all Christian organizations and leave Nepal, he said. The NDA leader has also been calling Protestant pastors, demanding money. In districts outside Kathmandu, where security is weak, some pastors are said to have paid up out of fear.
Mainali's success has spawned at least one copycat extortion attempt.
"At least one pastor in Kathmandu has received an extortion letter," said Chirendra Satyal, spokesman of the Assumption Church. "The writer claimed to be the vice-president of a Hindu group, the National Defence Party (NDP), calling it the mother organization of which Mainali's NDA was the military arm. The pastor was asked to pay 7.5 million Nepalese rupees [US$98,190]."
The letter warned that starting on Aug. 10, the underground organization will start a "Save the Hindu nation" movement.
No Christian Corpses
Until three years ago, Nepal used to be the only Hindu kingdom in the world where Christians faced discrimination by the state, ostracization by society and imprisonment if found guilty of preaching Christ.
Things officially changed in 2006 after a pro-democracy movement led to the ouster of the army-backed regime of Hindu King Gyanendra, and Parliament proclaimed the Himalayan kingdom a secular, federal state.
But three years later, nothing has changed in reality, said the Rev. Nayaran Sharma, bishop of the Protestant Believers' Church.
"We bought a plot of land in a forest in Gorkha district in western Nepal so that we could have an official graveyard," Sharma told Compass. "But when the locals heard of it, they made us return the land, saying they did not want corpses in their midst as they would attract evil."
Even three years after Nepal became secular, Christians have to be buried clandestinely on private property with the danger of graves being dug up, he said.
"Churches have not yet been registered by the government, and so we don't get state assistance like the Hindu temples and Muslim mosques do," Sharma said. "Temples are provided free land, electricity and water; the madrassas – the Muslim schools – receive state funding, and the government subsidizes the annual Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca."
Christians make up about 2.5 percent of Nepal's 25 million population. Nearly 75 percent of the population in Nepal is Hindu.
Christians are said to be both angered and disheartened by the new, 601-member constituent assembly mandated to draft a new constitution by May 2010.
"There's not one Christian among the 601, though the government had the power to nominate members from unrepresented communities," Sharma said. "Though Christianity has been in Nepal for almost 350 years, Christians are still like orphans. There is no one to speak for us, and we are discriminated against beyond imagination."
Soft Targets
Political instability and the subsequent lawlessness and impunity leave Christians vulnerable to violence, as Sanjay Ekka, a Catholic priest from India's impoverished Jharkhand state, learned on Monday (July 27).
Ekka came to Nepal in 2000 to teach at St. Xavier's School, a Jesuit-run school in eastern Jhapa district. Five years ago, he was brought to the capital city of Kathmandu to run the Loyola Students' Home, a hostel for boys from the Tamang community of Nepal, who, like Ekka's own tribe, the Oraons, are among the poorest, least educated and most oppressed groups in Nepal.
Despite the similarities of the two tribes, the 40-year-old Ekka was subjected to a savage attack on Monday (July 27) by an expelled student that left his left arm severely slashed and deep gashes on his hip.
"It's another sign of the growing lawlessness in the country," says the Rev. Lawrence Maniyar, former principal of St. Xavier's School in Kathmandu valley, which was founded in 1951. "With crimes soaring, Christians are being targeted as they are seen as soft targets."
Another factor endangering Christians in Nepal is the tension in the nascent republic's relations with its southern neighbor and largest trading partner, India. As the smaller neighbour, Nepal has lived in fear of being annexed since 1975, when the kingdom of Sikkim decided to abrogate monarchy and become part of India after a controversial referendum.
Tensions worsened in 1989, when India imposed a virtual blockade of Nepal, hitting the fragile economy of the land-locked kingdom. A substantial number of Christian priests in Nepal are from India.
"The heads of three Catholic organizations have been asked to leave Nepal," said Bishop Anthony Sharma. They are the Rev. Boniface Tigga, principal of St. Xavier's School in Kathmandu valley, the principal of St. Mary's Higher Secondary School, identified only as Sister Nancy, and Sister Teresa Mandassery, who heads the Navjyoti Day Care Center for the mentally challenged in Kathmandu. All three are from India.
"Now the animosity is out in the open," said Maniyar of St Xavier's in Kathmandu valley. "There has been growing union trouble in St. Xavier's School. While we were holding talks with the union representatives, they told us to our face, 'You priests from Kerala [in southern India] think you can run the school the way you want."
Maniyar said it is useless trying to explain reality to such people.
"We are in Nepal not because we are Indians," he says. "We are here because we are Jesuits. It is an international organization with an administrative structure of its own, and we have to follow our superiors and go where ever they want us to."
Posted in Christianity, Hinduism, India, Islam, Nepal, Nepal Defense Army, Roman Catholicism, Sikkim | Tagged 1951, 1975, 1989, 2006, abolition, abrogate, achieved, administrative, alert, angered, animosity, annexed, annual, arm, army, army-backed, arrest, asked, assembly, assistance, Assumption Church, attack, attacks, attempt, attract, beyond, biggest, bishop, blame, blockade, bomb, bombers, Boniface Tigga, border, bought, boys, breaks, brought, brutal, building, buried, call, caller, calling, capital, capture, center, challenged, changed, charge, chief, children, Chirendra Satyal, Christ, Christian, Christianity, Christians, church, churches, claimed, claiming, claims, clandestinely, clinic, close, communities, connections, constituent, constitution, continues, controversial, copycat, corpses, country, crimes, danger, day care, decided, deep, demanding, destitute, discriminated, Discrimination, disheartened, districts, down, draft, drive, dug, eastern, economy, educated, electricity, elusive, end, endangering, evade, evil, expelled, explain, extortion, face, faced, factor, fear, federal, follow, forest, former, found, founded, fragile, free, funding, gashes, Godavari, Gorkha, government, graves, graveyard, greater, group, growing, guilty, Gyanendra, heads, heard, Himalayan, Hindu, Hinduism, Hindus, hip, hired, hitting, HIV, holding, homeless, hostel, hub, hunt, identified, imagination, important, imposed, impoverished, imprisonment, impunity, increasingly, India, Indians, infected, instability, international, Ishalaya Catholic Church, Islam, issued, Jesuit, Jesuits, Jhapa, Jharkhand, John Prakash Moyalan, Kathmandu, Kerala, killed, killing, king, Kingdom, land, land-locked, largest, law, lawlessness, Lawrence Maniyar, leader, learned, least, leave, led, left, letter, Links, local, located, Loyola Student's Home, madrassas, mandated, mass, Mecca, member, members, mentally, midst, militant, monarchy, money, mosques, mother, movement, murmured, Muslim, muslims, Nancy, nascent, nation, National Defence Party, Navjyoti Day Care Center, Nayaran Sharma, NDA, NDP, neighbor, Nepal, Nepal Defense Army, Nepalese, new, nominate, notoriety, officially, oldest, only, open, oppressed, Oraons, order, ordering, organization, organizations, orphans, ostracization, ouster, paid, parent, Parliament, part, pastoral, pastors, pay, people, peril, Persecution, pertner, phone, pilgrimage, Pius Perumana, plant, plot, police, political, poorest, power, preaching, priest, principal, private, pro-democracy, proclaimed, proclamation, property, Protestant, Protestant Believers Church, provided, Ram Prasad Mainali, reality, received, recognized, referendum, regime, registered, relations, religion, representatives, Republic, responsibility, return, Rev, rim, Roman Catholic, Roman Catholicism, Roman Catholics, run, rupees, Sanjay Ekka, savage, save, school, schoolgirl, schools, secular, security, senior, severely, shadowy, shelter, sign, Sikkim, similarities, Sister, slashed, small, smaller, soaring, Society, soft, southern, spawned, speak, spokesman, St. Mary's Higher Secondary School, St. Xavier's School, start, starting, state, struck, structure, student, subjected, subsequent, subsidizes, substantial, success, suicide, superiors, supremist, talks, Tamang, targeted, targets, teach, temples, tension, Teresa Mandassery, threatened, trading, tribe, trouble, undeterred, Union, unrepresented, useless, valley, Vice President, violence, virtual, voice, vulnerable, warned, water, weak, western, woman, women, world, worsened, writer | Leave a comment
NEPAL: CHRISTIANS LITTLE CONSOLED BY ARREST IN CHURCH BOMBING
Posted on June 7, 2009 by particularkev
Militant group threatens more attacks unless non-Hindus leave country within month.
KATHMANDU, Nepal, June 2 (Compass Direct News) – Vikash and Deepa Patrick had been married for nearly four months before the young couple living in Patna in eastern India managed to go on their honeymoon here. The decision to come to Nepal for four days of fun and sight-seeing would be a choice the groom will rue the rest of his life.
Vikash Patrick's 19-year-old bride died while praying at the Assumption Church in Kathmandu valley's Lalitpur district, the largest Catholic church in Nepal, in an anti-Christian bombing on May 23, the day they were to return home. Claiming responsibility for the violence was the Nepal Defense Army (NDA), a group wishing to restore Hinduism as the official religion of Nepal.
Patrick and two of his cousins also were injured in the explosion that ripped through the church, where nearly 400 people had turned up for a morning service.
A dazed Sun Bahadur Tamang, a 51-year-old Nepali Christian who had also gone to the church that day with his wife and daughter, pieced together the incident while awaiting treatment in a private hospital.
"We were in the prayer hall when a woman who looked to be in her 30s came and sat down next to my wife," Tamang told Compass. "Then she got up and asked us where the toilet was. We said it was near the entrance, and she left, leaving her blue handbag behind. A little later, there was a stunning bang, and I fell on my daughter. People screamed, there was a stampede, and I couldn't find my wife. I also realized I had lost my hearing."
Deepa Patrick and a 15-year-old schoolgirl, Celeste Joseph, died in the explosion while 14 others, mostly women and teenagers, were injured. Another woman, Celeste's mother Buddha Laxmi Joseph, died of a hemorrhage yesterday.
In the church hall, police found remains of the handbag as well as a pressure cooker. From 1996 to 2006, when Nepal's underground Maoist party fought a guerrilla war against the state to overthrow monarchy and transform the world's only Hindu kingdom into a secular republic, pressure cookers became deadly weapons in guerrilla hands. Packed with batteries, a detonator, explosives and iron nails, pressure cookers became lethal home-made bombs.
Also found scattered in the hall and outside the church were hundreds of green leaflets by an organization that until two years ago no one knew existed. Signed in the name of Ram Prasad Mainali, a 38-year-old Hindu extremist from eastern Nepal, the leaflets claimed the attack to be the handiwork of the NDA.
"A day after the explosion, a man called me up, saying he was the vice-president of the NDA," said Bishop Narayan Sharma of the Protestant Believers' Church in Nepal. "Though he was polite and expressed regret for the death of innocent people, he said his organization wanted the restoration of Hinduism as the state religion."
Soon after the phone call, the NDA sent a fresh statement to Nepal's media organizations with a distinctly militant tone. In the statement, the NDA gave "Nepal's 1 million Christians a month's time to stop their activities and leave the country" or else it would plant a million bombs in churches across the country.
"There is fear in the Christian community," said Chirendra Satyal, spokesman for the Assumption Church. "Now we have police guarding our church, and its gates are closed. People coming in are asked to open their bags for security checks. It's unheard of in the house of God."
Suspect Arrested
An unexpected development occurred today as last rites were performed at the church on Joseph, the mother of the 15-year-old girl who also died in the explosion.
"At around 3 a.m. Tuesday, we arrested the woman who planted the bomb in the church," Deputy Inspector-General of Police Kuber Rana told Compass.
Rana, who was part of a three-member police team formed to investigate the attack, identified the woman as a 27-year-old Nepalese, Sita Shrestha nee Thapa. Thapa allegedly confessed to police that she was a member of an obscure group, Hindu Rashtra Bachao Samiti (The Society to Save the Hindu Nation), and had planted the bomb inspired by the NDA.
The NDA made a small splash in 2007, a year after Nepal's last king, Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah, who had tried to seize absolute power with the help of the army, was forced to step down after nationwide protests. The cornered king had to reinstate a parliament that had been dissolved several years ago, and the resurrected house promptly decided to end his pretensions as the incarnation of a Hindu god by declaring Nepal to be a secular country.
Soon after that, a man walked into the office of a Nepalese weekly in Kathmandu and claimed to have formed the NDA, a group of former army soldiers, policemen and victims of the Maoists. Its aim was to build up an underground army that would wage a Hindu "jihad." The man, who called himself Parivartan – meaning change – also claimed the NDA was nurturing suicide bombers.
According to police, Parivartan is the name assumed by a 38-year-old man from Morang district in eastern Nepal – Ram Prasad Mainali. The NDA began to acquire a reputation after it set off a bomb in 2007 at the Kathmandu office of the Maoists, who had laid down arms and returned to mainstream politics. In 2008, it stepped up its pro-Hindu war, bombing two mosques in southern Nepal and killing two Muslims at prayer.
It also targeted a church in the east, a newspaper office and the interim Parliament on the day the latter officially announced Nepal a secular republic.
Though police began a half-hearted hunt for Mainali, the NDA struck again last July, killing a 62-year-old Catholic priest, the Rev. John Prakash, who was also the principal of the Don Bosco School run in Sirsiya town in southern Nepal by the Salesian fathers.
"Extortion and intimidation are the two prime motives of the NDA," said a Catholic church official who requested anonymity for security reasons. "Father Prakash had withdrawn a large sum of money to pay salaries as well as for some ongoing construction. Someone in the bank must have informed the NDA. It has good contacts, it knows who we are and our phone numbers."
Small churches in southern and eastern Nepal, which are often congregations of 40-50 people who worship in rented rooms, have been terrified by threats and demands for money, said representatives of the Christian community. Some congregations have reportedly paid extortion sums to avert attacks from the NDA.
"Though the NDA does not seem to have a well chalked-out strategy, its activities indicate it receives support from militant Hindu outfits in India," said Bishop Sharma of the Protestant Believers' Church. "It has been mostly active in the south and east, in areas close to the Indian border. Bellicose Hindu groups from north India are likely to support their quest for a Hindu Nepal."
While Thapa has been charged with murder, Rana said police are also hunting for NDA chief Mainali. And the arrest of Thapa has not lightened the gloom of the Christian community nor lessened its fears.
"There have been instances galore of police arresting innocent people and forcing them to confess," said Bishop Sharma. "Look at the case of Manja Tamang."
Tamang, a Believers' Church pastor, was released this week after serving nine years in prison for murder that his co-religionists say he did not commit. Tamang staunchly protests his innocence with his church standing solidly behind him, saying he was framed.
Posted in Christianity, Hinduism, India, Nepal, Roman Catholicism | Tagged absolute, acquire, active, activities, aim, allegedly, announced, anonymity, anti-Christian, arms, army, arrest, arrested, asked, assumed, Assumption Church, attack, attacks, avert, awaiting, bags, bang, bank, batteries, behind, bellicose, bishop, blue, bombing, bombs, border, bride, Buddha Laxmi Joseph, build, called, case, Celeste Joseph, chalked-out, change, charged, checks, chief, Chirendra Satyal, choice, Christian, Christianity, Christians, church, churches, claimed, claiming, closed, co-religionists, commit, community, confess, confessed, congregations, consoled, construction, contacts, cornered, country, couple, cousins, daughter, dazed, deadly, decision, declaring, Deepa Patrick, demands, Deputy Inspector General of Police, detonator, development, died, dissolved, distinctly, district, Don Bosco School, down, east, eastern, end, entrance, existed, explosion, explosives, expressed, extortion, extremist, fathers, fear, fears, forced, formed, former, fought, found, framed, fresh, Fun, galore, gates, geath, gloom, God, good, Green, groom, group, guarding, guerrilla, Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah, half-hearted, hall, handbag, handiwork, hands, hearing, help, hemorrhage, Hindu, Hindu Rashtra Bachao Samiti, Hindus, Hinuism, home, homemade, honeymoon, hospital, house, hunt, hunting, identified, incarnation, incident, India, Indian, indicate, informed, injured, innocence, innocent, inspired, instances, interim, intimidation, investigate, iron, Jihad, John Prakash, Kathmandu, killing, king, Kingdom, Kuber Rana, laid, Lalitpur, large, largest, last, last rites, leaflets, leave, leaving, left, lessened, lethal, life, lightened, little, living, lost, mainstream, man, managed, Manja Tamang, Maoist, Maoists, married, meaning, media, member, militant, monarchy, money, Morang, morning, mosques, mother, motives, murder, nails, name, Narayan Sharma, nationwide, NDA, nee, Nepal, Nepal Defense Army, Nepalese, Nepali, newspaper, non-Hindus, north, numbers, nurturing, obscure, office, official, officially, ongoing, open, organization, organizations, outfit, overthrow, packed, paid, Parivartan, Parliament, party, Pastor, Patna, pay, people, performed, phone, phone call, pieced, plant, planted, police, policemen, polite, Politics, power, prayer, praying, pressure cooker, pretensions, priest, prime, principal, prison, private, pro-Hindu, promptly, Protestant Believers Church, protests, quest, Ram Prasad Mainali, realized, reasons, regret, reinstate, released, religion, remains, rented, representatives, Republic, reputation, requested, responsibility, rest, restoration, restore, resurrected, return, returned, Rev, ripped, Roman Catholic, Roman Catholicism, Roman Catholics, rooms, rue, salaries, Salesian, scattered, schoolgirl, screamed, secular, security, seize, service, serving, sight-seeing, signed, Sirsiya, Sita Shrestha, small, soldiers, solidly, southern, splash, spokesman, stampede, standing, state, statement, staunchly, step down, stepped, strategy, struck, stunning, suicide bombers, sum, sums, Sun Bahadur Tamang, support, suspect, targeted, team, teenagers, terrified, Thapa, The Society to Save the Hindu Nation, threatens, threats, toilet, tone, town, transform, treatment, tried, underground, unexpected, unheard, valley, Vice President, victims, Vikash Patrick, violence, wage, walked, War, weapons, weekly, wife, wishing, withdrawn, woman, women, worship, young | Leave a comment

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Tariq Ramadan has thus far denied any wrongdoing, but the Paris prosecutor's office is investigating the allegations, the Associated Press reported.
The Swiss national has taken a leave of absence from his professorship at Oxford University as a result of the investigation. According to the professor's website, he teaches contemporary Islamic studies at Oxford.


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Investor demand for credit rising
Gwen Greenberg & Paul White
Head of Debt Capital Markets Australia & Head of Capital Markets, ANZ
Australia's capital markets were given a boost by the Reserve Bank of Australia's (RBA) stimulus program in March, which mirrored action by other central banks around the world in the wake of the COVID-19 crisis.
To date, the RBA has purchased more than $A50 billion in government and semi-government bonds to boost market liquidity. It has also lowered the official cash rate to a record low of 25 basis points, in line with other central banks globally, and provided a $A90 billion credit facility targeted at small-and-medium businesses.
These initiatives have buoyed credit markets in Australia, with year-to-date bond volumes jumping 44 per cent from the corresponding period in 2019.
According to ANZ data, total bond volume has now hit $A58.9 billion in the calendar year. Corporate issuance, however, has fallen 73 per cent to $A1.2 billion, compared to the $A4.5 billion issued in the same period in 2019 as issuers stay on the sidelines.
On the supply side, the Australian government announced plans to issue around $A5 billion of bonds weekly via tender, culminating in a jumbo $A13 billion four-year bond in April, the largest-ever new syndicated government bond.
There has also been a lot of investor demand for semi-government issuance with over $A25 billion from semi-governments, whether it be new issues, private placements, or floating rate notes.
"Supply is expected to be dominated in volume by the public sector, although we would expect primary credit issuance to also increase going forward."
Dominate
Supply is expected to be dominated in volume by the public sector, although we would expect primary credit issuance to also increase going forward.
There is also good interest from investors in corporate issuance, particularly in non-cyclical, non-discretionary sectors such as technology, communications and consumer staples.
The investment-grade market will be the market of choice, particularly issuers that have a credit rating of between BBB to single A and the preferred tenor is between three to 10 years.
US and European markets are also at record levels, bolstered by quantitative easing as companies scramble to access capital to help deal with the crisis. US bond issuance to date is up by around 80 per cent while volumes in Europe are also buoyant, up around 40 per cent.
Only select issuers in certain defensive sectors could access the capital markets when they first reopened. However, markets are now receptive to issuers irrespective of sector - it is more a matter of price. Spreads continue to contract and are around 120 basis points wide of pre-COVID levels reached earlier in the year.
One significant difference in the US since the onset of the crisis is the flatness of credit curves. While the US Treasury curve steepened credit spreads for five, 10 and even 20 or 30 years were relatively flat, reflecting approximately five to 10 basis point difference; however, that has changed and the credit curve has begun to steepen across tenors.
The new issue concession price premium continues to compress, while oversubscription levels remain robust. New issues on average are trading well in the secondary market, another positive sign.
Issuance in the US private placement market continues to be steady with about $US1 billion of bonds priced each week. April issuance totalled $US6.4 billion, outpacing March ($US4.1 billion) and February ($US5.2 billion).
Gwen Greenberg is Head of Debt Capital Markets Australia and Paul White is Head of Capital Markets at ANZ
This story is an edited version of comments given by Greenberg and White in an ANZ customer call in April.
PODCAST: how long is a crisis?
Shane White
NZ & the eventual recovery
Sharon Zollner
PODCAST: the shape of the recovery


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Chroma Squad Adds Episode Creation Tool
by Alex Fuller · Published January 21, 2018 · Updated January 25, 2018
Behold Studios has released a free beta version of its new episode creator tool for tactical RPG Chroma Squad. The creator is currently available through Steam, with instructions on how to add the tool posted on the game's Kickstarter and Steam pages. The episode creator lets players create their own episodes very similar to the ones in the game and share them via Steam Workshop.
Chroma Squad is heavily inspired by tokusatsu series such as Power Rangers and Kamen Rider, and was funded through Kickstarter in 2013. The game itself was released for PC, Mac, and Linux through Steam in 2015, and later released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One by Bandai Namco in 2017. Chroma Squad sees a group of five stunt actors splitting from their current employer to develop their own series and features multiple story routes as well as management sim aspects as players upgrade their studio equipment.
Tags: Behold StudiosChroma SquadPC
Xuan-Yuan Sword VII Release Date Announced
by Alex Fuller · Published October 13, 2020
Sword Art Online: Alicization Lycoris Gets New Gameplay Trailer, Screenshots
The Magister Switch Version Announced
by Andy Mangrum · Published October 12, 2020


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Pardon White Stevens (* 4. September 1815 in Newport, Newport County, Rhode Island, Vereinigte Staaten; † 19. April 1875 ebenda) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1868 und 1872 war er Vizegouverneur des Bundesstaates Rhode Island.

Über Pardon Stevens gibt es so gut wie keine Quellen. Sicher ist, dass er auch nach seiner Geburt zumindest zeitweise in Newport lebte. Im Jahr 1868 wurde er an der Seite von Ambrose Burnside zum Vizegouverneur von Rhode Island gewählt. Dieses Amt bekleidete er zwischen 1868 und 1872. Dabei war er Stellvertreter des Gouverneurs und Vorsitzender des Staatssenats. Seit 1869 diente er unter dem neuen Gouverneur Seth Padelford. Nach seiner Zeit als Vizegouverneur verliert sich seine Spur wieder.

Literatur
 J.H. Beers & Co.: Representative men and old families of Rhode Island genealogical records and historical sketches of prominent and representative citizens and of many of the old families .... J.H. Beers & Co., Chicago, 1908, S. 583.
 Rhode Island. State Board of Education: Annual Report of the State Board of Education. E.L. Freeman & Son, Providence, 1920, S. 104

Weblinks

Vizegouverneur (Rhode Island)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1815
Gestorben 1875
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Whether you're hungry for one of our popular breakfast items or looking for lunch, dinner, or late night dining ideas near you, your IHOP® location at 8222 E 103rd St South in Tulsa is just around the corner and ready to serve.
Known for being a favorite American family-style restaurant serving delicious breakfast and brunch, we now proudly offer take out and delivery options (through delivery partners) in most areas. Call (918) 970-4776 and ask about IHOP 'N GO.


We sat down with Jackson Crawford to ask him about his fitness journey.
How and when did your fitness journey begin?
I didn't really start working out seriously until about three years ago. I trained and ran a half marathon. I fell in love with the "Buzz" working out gives you. I notice when I miss a day.
What is your current workout routine?
Not as much as I would like, but I try to at least get to the evening classes.
What keeps you motivated to continue your exercise routine?
The classes, I really enjoy Turbo Kick and Body Pump. I love the instructors and everyone there. Shout out to Joe Chianakas for encouraging me to try them for the first time.
Do you have advice for those just getting started?
Find a workout partner, or at least have someone who encourages you and you can encourage. When I first began working out at ICC in the morning I met Steve. I know I wouldn't have completed my goal without his encouragement. Also, try the classes, they will change your life!
What's the greatest benefit you get from exercise?
Strength, you know that box that you could barely lift a month ago? Now it's easy! Also not getting winded as easily when walking the dog, or just living life.
I love how much better I feel overall, I don't know why I dreaded it so much.
What's your greatest accomplishment since you've started working out?
I can do a pull up. It sounds small, but I've never been able to do them. I ran 2 full tough mudders. Planning for a third later this year and I ran a half marathon.


text:
Qalab Abbas
Assistant Professor, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health
Aga Khan University, Karachi
Saba Arbab
Fellow NeonatalMedicine,
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health
Anwar Ul Haque
The Indus Hospital
The Indus Hospital, Karachi
Khadija Nuzhat Humayun
Home > Vol 34, No 1 (2018) > Abbas
Spectrum of complications of severe DKA in children in pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Qalab Abbas, Saba Arbab, Anwar Ul Haque, Khadija Nuzhat Humayun
Objectives: To describe the spectrum of complications of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) observed in children admitted with severe DKA.
Methods: Retrospective review of the medical records of all children admitted with the diagnosis of severe DKA in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of the Aga Khan University Hospital, from January 2010 to December 2015 was done. Data was collected on a structured proforma and descriptive statistics were applied.
Results: Total 37 children were admitted with complicated DKA (1.9% of total PICU admission with 1.8% in 2010 and 3.4% in 2015). Mean age of study population was 8.1±4.6 years and 70% were females (26/37). Mean Prism III score was 9.4±6, mean GCS on presentation was 11±3.8 and mean lowest pH was 7.00±0.15. Complications observed included hyperchloremia (35.94%), hypokalemia (30.81%), hyponatremia (26.70%), cerebral edema (16.43%), shock (13.35%), acute kidney injury (10.27%), arrhythmias (3.8%), and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (5.4%), while one patient had myocarditis and ARDS each. 13/37 children (35%) needed inotropic support, 11/37 (30%) required mechanical ventilation while only one patient required renal replacement therapy. Two patients (5.4%) died during their PICU stay.
Conclusion: Hyperchloremia and other electrolyte abnormalities, cerebral edema and AKI are the most common complications of severe DKA.
How to cite this:Abbas Q, Arbab S, Anwar ul Haque, Humayun KN. Spectrum of complications of severe DKA in children in pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Pak J Med Sci. 2018;34(1):106-109. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.341.13875


What happens when your entire family gets treated by a chiropractor? We're guessing that your family smiles a lot! 🙂 At Higgins Chiropractic, we believe that families of all sizes need better access to drug-free options when it comes to pain management. Take a look at the Hyatt family's story.
Why do they love about visiting Higgins Chiropractic? The family replies, "The relaxed caring atmosphere, and of course the staff!" Take it from the Hyatt family, anyone that wants improved body mechanics can use chiropractic care!


Paper artist and collector, Jaime Bennati examines a humans' relationship with material consumption. By collecting and gathering materials that are often overlooked, she makes the viewer question our relationship to things we keep and discard daily. She creates meticulous, obsessive relief sculptures and installations that reference forms in nature. A large part of her work is based on processes and has begun to work on community-based projects since becoming a teaching artist in 2009.
In 2008 she graduated from The Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA) with her B.F.A. in Interdisciplinary Sculpture specializing in Installation, Sculpture, and Graphic Design. Following her graduation she began showing her work locally as well as internationally. She lived abroad in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 2009-2010 traveling, learning Portuguese and spending time with her Brazilian relatives. In 2011 she returned to Mica to graduate with a Masters of Arts in Teaching. She was an Artist in Residence with the Wexner Center for the Arts in Columbus, Ohio from 2013-14. She currently teaches at The Wellington School as an Upper School Visual Arts Teacher located in Upper Arlington, Ohio. She has exhibited in Baltimore, Maryland, Columbus, Ohio, Brooklyn, New York, Richmond, Virginia, and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. She resides in Columbus and was born and raised in Westerville, Ohio.


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text:
El Universo è un quotidiano ecuadoriano fondato nel 1921 a Guayaquil.

È uno dei principali quotidiani dell'Ecuador. È membro della Società interamericana della stampa e della World Association of Newspapers.

Premi
 Premio Maria Moors Cabot: 2012

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Quotidiani ecuadoriani
Vincitori del Premio Maria Moors Cabot
Periodici fondati nel 1921
Periodici ecuadoriani in lingua spagnola


Boys and mens loungewear includes comfy pull on pants or shorts with elastic waist, drawstring bag and knit baseball top with neck band and long or short raglan sleeves. Neck band and sleeves can be made in contrast fabric for a sporty look. Simplicity Easy to Sew sewing pattern.


text:
Home >> Event Listing
Int'l Ballet Season kicks off in Beijing
The fourth China International Ballet Season has kicked off in Beijing, with 33 performances in 20 ballet plays to be staged during the three-month event.
World Wushu Championship kicks off in Shanghai
The ongoing 15th World Wushu Championship, which comprises 26 Wushu and 18 Sanda events, have attracted more than 1,100 athletes, coaches and referees from 102 countries and regions.
Beijing Music Festival opens with overnight concert at Great Wall
An eight-hour concert was staged at the foot of the Great Wall from Friday night to Saturday morning, marking the opening of the 22nd Beijing Music Festival.
Exhibition opens to showcase China's retrieved cultural relics
An exhibition showcasing China's achievements in cultural relic retrieval opened to the public at the National Museum of China on Tuesday.
Handicrafts displayed at fourth China-Arab States Expo
Handicrafts from different countries and regions are displayed at the fourth China-Arab States Expo, which is being held in Yinchuan, capital of Northwest China's Ningxia Hui autonomous region.
Cultural events to be held to mark 70th anniversary of China-Mongolia ties
A series of cultural events marking the 70th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and Mongolia will be held here on Sept.2-6, organizers said Wednesday.
Hangzhou Theatre Festival presents global and home-grown creativity
From September 11 to 29, the Hangzhou International Theatre Festival will play host to 24 plays from China and abroad, including five uniquely immersive theater productions.
Art exhibit honoring moon landing is out of this world
A weeklong event in Shanghai celebrating the 50th anniversary of the historic moon landing offered visitors a new perspective of their home planet, Zhang Lei reports.
Literary character gets new lease of life
Yun from Shen Fu's autobiography Six Chapters of a Floating Life, was recently brought to life in a Kunqu Opera.
Taiwan painter shown at national art museum
Scenes from the Belt and Road, an exhibition now on at the National Art Museum of China through Aug 11, shows Chiang's colored ink paintings. His works depict breathtaking natural landscapes as he journeys at home and across the world.
French musical based on Edith Piaf revives sweet memories for Chinese audiences
Now, a French musical, entitled Piaf! Le Spectacle, is touring Chinese cities with 47 shows, enabling Chinese audiences to enjoy the song La Vie En Rose again.
Beijing Music Festival to feature 8-hour concert at Great Wall
The 22nd Beijing Music Festival, slated for Oct. 4 to 28, will feature an 8-hour concert by German-born British composer Max Richter at the Great Wall.
Beijing restaurant celebrates Chinese New Year traditions
Bonsai exhibition brightens Summer Palace
Festive China: Spring Festival
Happy Chinese New Year Grand Parade held in Dubai
Hot words
Confucianism TCM Animation Beijing Cultural Center Ethnic Groups Booming Culture
Folklore performances presented across China ahead of Lunar New Year
Several art groups from Wuhan bring performances to Belgium
Disney celebrates Chinese New Year as 'Year of the Mouse'
Performers who made their mark last year


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Staff Picks - State of Wonder by Ann Patchett
State of Wonder (M) by Ann Patchett would make a great book club selection. There are lots of meaty themes and ideas here to sink your teeth into and to stimulate a terrific discussion.
Marina Singh appears to be a most unlikely hero. Having failed as a medical doctor, Singh works as researcher for a pharmaceutical company. She is in her forties, single and involved in a relationship, although a rather cool one - she only refers to him as Mr. Fox - with her employer. She is just the right demographic to be interested in the company's most exciting project - a potential new fertility treatment. The company is sponsoring the research of Dr. Swenson who is in the Brazilian rain forest working with the Lakashi tribe, who are amazingly able to bear children into their seventies. Marina's colleague tracks Swenson down to report back on her progress and mysteriously dies. Somewhat inexplicably Mr. Fox sends Marina to the rain forest to report back on Swenson's progress. Even more inexplicable is the fact that Marina meekly agrees to go.
Obedient Marina embarks on a Heart of Darkness (M) quest to find the Kurtz-like Swenson and ultimately determine what happened to her friend and colleague. Although she appears to lack the street smarts necessary to care for herself on such an epic journey, she is very open, welcoming and internalizes new experiences. Her inclination is to take the safe route and to examine facts and data to make decisions. In this new environment, she must now confront larger human issues and make the messy choice to save one by betraying another.
This is a novel about big ideas. Humans have an intense desire to pass on their genetic makeup. The North American assumption that it a person's right to reproduce has become big business. Lakashi women can bear children into their seventies and this appears to work for them. In their dangerous world the infant mortality rate is high and an elderly Lakashi woman would pass the care of the infant onto her daughter or granddaughter. How would this work in North American society? Just because an elderly woman can give birth, is it right that she does?
State of Wonder started out a bit slowly, but really picks up pace once Marina reaches the rainforest, almost as if she was sleepwalking a bit until this point. The novel has shades of magic realism and would certainly appeal to someone who enjoys character-driven stories and a strong sense of place. Thoroughly enjoyable!
If you have enjoyed State of Wonder you might also like The White Mary (M) by Kira Salak. "Marika Vecera, a seasoned war reporter at thirty-two, is on assignment in the Congo when she's captured by rebel soldiers and nearly killed. Making it home to Boston, she finds herself drawn into a relationship with Seb, a psychologist who offers her glimpses of a kinder world. But when she learns about the suicide of her hero, Robert Lewis, the famous Pulitzer-winning journalist, she doesn't know if she'll ever recover from the loss. She begins writing his biography, only to receive a shocking letter from a missionary who claims to have seen Lewis alive in a remote jungle in Papua New Guinea. She can only wonder, What if Lewis isn't really dead? Marika is determined to find out if the letter is true. Leaving Seb, she embarks on a grueling journey through one of the most dangerous places on earth. She is guided by Tobo, a witch doctor who shows her a magical world of tribal custom and taboo, where people live in fear of spirits coming for them in the night." publisher
Posted by Maureen at 6:00 AM
Labels: fiction, Maureen, staff picks
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Dueling Magicians, or What to Read while You're Waiting for Jonathan Strange and Mr. Norrell
If you're anything like me, you might be inclined to skepticism towards movie adaptations of your favourite novels. For every stellar Gone ...
We're Taking a Break!
You may have noticed it's been a while since our last post—we're taking a little break from writing to get some of our own sum...
We're Bringing Sexy Back
With a rough tongue : femmes write porn edited by Amber Dawn and Trish Kelly. There is a certain ick factor to borrowing erotica from ...
Staff Pick - The Heart Goes Last by Margaret Atwood
I think I've mentioned this on The Reader before but I, like many Canadian readers, am a huge fan of Margaret Atwood . I am a particular...
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Welcome to The Reader, a blog from the Readers' Services staff at Halifax Public Libraries.
Our goal is to create a forum for book news and related discussion among leisure readers. A place for Halifax leisure readers to interact with their library and the larger community of leisure readers.
Please interact and enjoy.
Readers' Services Team,
Ashlee Norton
Dave MacNeil
Jannaya
KWuu
Kristina P.
Kristine L.
froddard


Po-Motion is a cutting edge motion graphics and software company located in Winnipeg. They specialize in interactive floor and wall projections. Their clients range from up-scale businesses, museums to schools. We created a website that focused on user experience and is easy to use for any age group. Since the launch of the website they reposted a higher number of on-line sales and traffic.


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Trasch
Murray Cammick
Wellington trio Trasch were local electronic music pioneers, built around the synth and programming skills of two moonlighting Radio NZ audio engineers, Evan Roberts and Mike Young. Vocals were provided by Arthur Tauhore, formerly of Wellington band Bump'n Ugly and also known to Roberts and Young, as the man who cut their hair.
The "Trasch Production Company" letterhead identified the team as "Myke & Evin & Artha". Their music found its way to an audience via friend and manager Andrew Armitage, who released their November 24, 1989 debut album Flourish and Decay on his indie label Intellect Records (via EMI), from an Aro Street address.
Flourish and Decay included covers 'Who Killed Mr. Moon Light' (Bauhaus) and 'Papa Was A Rolling Stone' (The Temptations). The Wellington filmmaker Richard Gibson won the 1990 Flying Fish Video Award for Trasch's 'Half Man Crazy' from the Flourish And Decay album.
In 1991 Andrew Armitage offered their second, self-funded, album to Wildside Records to release. The group's first single for the label, 'The Reason Rhyme' (on cassingle only) was released early in 1992. The video for the new single was once again made by Wellington filmmaker Richard Gibson with the benefit of an early NZ On Air video grant.
Eyes opened very wide when Arthur turned away from the audience, revealing that his leather pants were incomplete.
Early 1992 Mike Young moved to Auckland to work for radio station 89X. The single 'The Reason Rhyme' achieved the No.5 position on 95bFM's "Alternative Top Ten" on April 15, 1992 after seven weeks on the listener-voted chart, just as their debut CD album Chemikaze was released by Wildside. The single 'Reason Rhyme' was also released in Australia on Wildside, via Festival Records on March 16, 1992.
In an unusual move, Trasch's Auckland appearance was with rock bands Rumblefish, Second Child and 7 Dials at Ponsonby's Gluepot on Friday March 20, 1992. Trasch's performance that night won over the Gluepot crowd but eyes opened very wide when Arthur turned away from the audience, revealing that his leather pants were incomplete.
"Arthur will dress outrageously to give people something to look at and we just put a lot of energy into it," Mike Young told RipItUp (April 1992). "I think people are surprised by how much energy a keyboard band can have."
When Trasch played Wellington's Paisley Park, they called the venue to say they'd be an hour late as they'd been in an accident. "They announced it over the PA and everybody said, 'oh no'," said Young. "We'd been with a friend of ours who does latex makeup for films and we turned up with open cuts and gashes all over our faces and Arthur's bald head had a bit of brain poking out."
Young reflected on their recording process: "We'd sample a whole riff rather than a sound and then fuck around with it so it sounded completely different. On Chemikaze we didn't want to be machine music so everything's played manually – so some things go out of time."
"The vocals, Evan's and Arthur's turned out quite masculine, quite butch," said Young. "That's probably because of the way we record them, do heaps of processing, squash the sound up so it's really condensed and then do about 10 tracks singing the same thing, so it sounds like an army of people. Front 242 are like that – you can imagine an army of people singing."
In 1995 Evan Roberts remixed two Shihad tracks that appeared as bonus tracks on the CD single 'Gimme Gimme'. They were 'Silvercup' (remix) and 'Clapperloader' (remix).
Trasch ceased to function when vocalist Arthur Tauhore became unwell. He died on 28 November 1993 of an Aids-related illness.
Arthur Tauhore, Mike Young and Evan Roberts, 1991
Photo credit: Photo by Alistair Howes
The Chemikaze CD cover, 1992
Who Killed Mr Moonlight
Evan Roberts, Arthur Tauhore and Mike Young
Evan Roberts, Mike Young and Arthur Tauhore
Pluck Out The Eyes (Extended Mix)
Photo credit: Photo by Chris Mauger
Reason Rhyme
Evan Roberts, Mike Young, Arthur Tauhore
While working at Wellington's Broadcasting House, Evan Roberts developed his production skills on the children's radio show Ears, that was fronted by Dick Weir, father of musician Barnaby Weir.
Arthur Tauhore - vocals
Mike Young - keyboards, percussion, production, engineering
Evan Roberts - keyboards, programs, production, engineering
Intellect Records


From super-tough G-SHOCK comes a new collection of GA-400 with a large rotary switch for intuitive operation.
Basic G-SHOCK black is accented in gold to create a HIP-HOP artist or B-BOY fashion item motif. Black with gold, which are employed in a large number of accessories, is used on the case, band, and face, for a boldly cool design.
First purchase & Followed their Shipping policy & paid nominal advance which was adjusted later on.


I am not quite sure what problems you are having?
Are you using Cross DJ for Android, iOS or PC/Mac? If PC/Mac please register your serial number to your user profile. Let me know if you need some help with this.


With its simple adornment and smooth finish, this beaded ball pull chain goes well with most decors. The oil rubbed bronze finish ball handle is bisected by a beaded accent line for an artistic touch. An ideal replacement for broken pull chains and a perfect decorative accent for any existing ceiling fan.


This offers page lists the great offers from our listed bookmakers. To take advantage of these promotions click the offer to be directed to the bookmaker's site.
RaceBets are offering 100/1 on any horse to new customers. This is a Grand National special, an alternative to their standard £50 free bet.
Winnings are paid out as bonus cash. You must wager this bonus cash 3 times prior to withdrawal but for the sake of £1 why not?!
You can place more than £1 on a horse, the rest will be paid at the standard odds.
If you are using Bet Victor for the first time, you can also get £25 of Free Bets! Bet Victor are one of the only bookmakers that are keeping their normal sign-up offer on Grand National day.
What's even better is the Bet Victor are an excellent bookie that consistently offer the best odds on football betting, so open your account today!
Coral are paying out on each way bets for the top 5 places.
New Customers will also get a £5 free bet - Coral are one of the only bookies that are giving new customers a free bet on Grand National day.
Ladbrokes are paying out 5 places for the Grand National.
You can also get £50 of Free Bets, but note that this is not available on Grand National Day (Saturday 9th April) - make sure you open your account early to take advantage.
Winner Sports are paying out on the top 6 places for each way bets.
For new customers they are also offering up to £200 of bonus bets, but you will need to sign-up before 5pm on Friday - as for many of the bookies, Winner will not be offering any bonuses over Grand National Day.
Freebet acts as an intermediary comparing the best betting deals available in the market. If you choose to set up an account with one of our featured betting providers then terms and conditions specific to that provider will apply. Promotions are available to those over 18 years of age only. Please gamble responsibly. For more information see www.gambleaware.co.uk and www.gamcare.org.uk.


1. Catfish Farming being a Lucrative Business.
Nigerian farming startup Premium Aquaculture Limited has targeted catfish and tilapia volumes at 4,500 metric tons per year. The Nigerian farming startup has established two fish farming operations in the country, one in Epe, Lagos State, and another in Abeokuta, Ogun State, which will take off in April this year.
Catfish is a high density aquaculture industry, the yield is more than 5000kg per acre. That means pure profit of breeding catfish is generally remained between $900,000-1,200,000 per acre. Furthermore, catfish growth cycle is short, basically in 80 days -90 days, it can culture two quarters a year.
Domesticated catfish has the advantage of good nutrition, well processed feed pellets, protection from predators a controlled breading environment and time. Catfish is in great demand and it is consumed as a good source of protein, low fat omega 6 fatty acid and vitamin D.There are many species of catfish ranging into the 100 but just a few will be highlighted bellow.
2. Does Catfish have People that will Consume it in Nigeria?
Yes. Nigeria is a country with an estimated population of over 160 million people, and this population is estimated to overtake that of the United states by year 2050. Now what does this mean for catfish farmers? The truth behind this statistics is that there is a ready market for fish and the demand for fish cannot be met by local producers alone.
Catfish is one of the cheapest sources of protein and a best substitute for meat. It is a delicacy and can be bought fresh whole, fillets strips or smoked no mater how it is processed for sale catfish farming is very lucrative.
Fresh catfish is a delicacy. It is widely enjoyed as catfish pepper soup in homes. Catfish pepper soup is popularly called 'point and kill' in bars and restaurants.Fresh catfish is also great for cooking stews. There is also processed catfish. The processing in our farm is a systematic smoking and drying of fresh catfish in brick ovens using firewood and charcoal. The catfish that emerges at the end of the process is a tasty delight. It will transform your soups and stews. You can also use it to cook jollof rice, beans, yam porridge and other meals. Expectant mothers love pepper soup cooked with dried fish. Some Nigerians even use the processed catfish to drink garri.
Olawale Tajudeen, the chairman of the Catfish Farmers' Association of Nigeria (CAFAN) has urged youth to engage in fish farming, calling it a 'lucrative business', and under the federal government's scheme 760 farmers have benefited.
Delta state government in Nigeria said four big fish feed factory is under construction, the project is expected to cost 550 million naira ($3.4 million). Four major fish feed producers are Ubeji fish feed Co., Ltd., IKA fish feed Co., Ltd., Asaba Co., Ltd. and Uvwie to feed the fish Co., Ltd., the four fish feed producers are parts of that ten feed factories built by the state government. Industrial and Commercial Association of the Commissioner said that the construction of the fish feed plant will help to ensure that the country's aquaculture farmers have sufficient fish feed, which help improve the fish production. Commissioner added that the fish feed processing plant has become a necessary facility, because many aquaculture farmers involved in the large-scale aquaculture, feed supply must be sufficient. The state government will soon set up 22 Commodity committees to help the sale of locally produced fish feed products.
How to Start a Catfish Farm?
As we can see from the first section that Nigeria people's demand for catfish is beyond doubt. In the month of December 2013, the federal government of Nigeria implemented and enforced a law banning the importation of frozen fish. This move was made to encourage the local production of fish. Now the truth is that the demand for fish cannot be met by local producers alone, so there is presently a market gap waiting to be filled by smart entrepreneurs who can be bold enough to venture into fish farming.
Then choose your fish species, the most common species found in Nigeria are: Clarias gariepinus, Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Clarias X Heterobranchus hybrid (Heteroclarias) and Clarias nigro-digitatus. Heterobranchus sp are very common in the south eastern part of Nigeria with clarias spp dominating in the west.Despite the popularity of catfish farming in Nigeria, the fish farming industry can best be described as being at the infant stage when compared to the large market potential for its production and marketing.
The volume of capital needed depends on the scale of your proposed farm. The bigger the scale, the bigger the capital needed. Here suggest to you start small and expand as you get better understanding of catfish farming. It would not be a bad idea to start from your backyard container in order to obtain basis of catfish farming through practice. The knowledge obtained can now be transferred to real catfish farming. So, keep your money and learn how to profit through it.
The space needed can be leased or bought out-rightly depending on the available capital. The kind of space needed is the one with tangible source of water (borehole, stream, river, etc). Whether earthen, concrete, containers, or synthetic rubber ponds, water is needed on a regular basis.
Stock your pond with fingerlings, baby catfish about 4 to 6 inches long. It's common for catfish farms to stock ponds to a level of 1,500 fish per acre, but fewer fish will need less dissolved oxygen. With a smaller than maximum population, you save yourself the cost of aerating the ponds. After a time, gather some breeding-age catfish and place them in a separate pond to spawn. Select two males for every three females, and keep the population density of the breeding pool between 800 and 1,200 pounds of fish per acre.
Catfish can eat almost anything, because they are omnivorous in nature. For greater yield fish farmers should buy ready made feed. The feed comes in pellet form of various sizes ranging from 0.9-15 mm. You feed them once or twice daily. Over feeding can affect the pH level of the water and could kill them, any evenness food in the water should be removed.
The pellet sizes of catfish food varies according to the size of the fish it ranges from 0.5 mm, 2- 3 mm, 4 – 5 mm, 6 -7 mm, 9 -10 mm. The grange is starter, grower, grower, grow out. The nutritional properties of the feed are crude protein, moisture, crude lipids min, crude fiber max, calcium max, phosphorus min, vitamins.The feed also contain soya beans,corn, shrimps and protein.
The raw material: fish meal, shrimp meal, soybean, yeast powder, strong flour, fish oil, lecithin, special multi-dimensional, trace elements etc.
(1)According the fish size to determine the feed type, in order to meet the nutritional needs of catfish in different growth stages.
(2)"timing, fixed-point, quantitative, qualitative" should be achieved, and adjust feeding amount according to the weather, water temperature, water quality and feeding condition, avoiding excessive wastage of the feed.
(3)If owner want to add medicine or additives, firstly dissolved them in appropriate amount water, and then spray on the pellet, then use them after drying.
Cleaning of raw materials before crushing it. Impurities in feed raw materials, not only affect the quality of feed products and directly related to the feed processing equipment and personal safety, serious when can cause the whole equipment was destroyed, affecting the smooth production of feed, it should be promptly removed.
The most common machine for grinding is the hammer mill. The pellet size directly effects the efficiency of pellet making. Once feeding into the crushing chamber, materials are smashed under the high-speed rotation of hammers. With the high pressure and rapid-moving of airflow, the smashed raw materials are further reduced into particle size or very small pieces for further processing. There are different capacities of hammer mills for your demands.
Screen sizes recommended are as follows: for 2mm pellets, 0.75mm; for 3-5mm pellets, 1.0mm; for bigger pellets, 1.0-1.25mm.
Next, place all the ingredients in a blender, and then add about a teaspoon of garlic powder before blending the whole mixture. They should also measure the total yield of the feed mixture using a measuring cup. This allows keepers to know the exact number of pellets they can make out of a specific amount of ingredients. They should then place the mixture in a mixing machine.
Owners should take the total amount of feed yielded, and then put 20 to 25 percent of that amount of flour into the mixture. The flour acts as an adhesive to keep the mixture together, and it dries it nicely into pellets. Keepers can use any type of flour, like rice flour or plain flour. At this stage, owners can also add additional ingredients, such as fish or krill meal for added nutrition, and then mix thoroughly.
Fish feed extrusion process is a key step, after mixing, feed pellet extruder will compress feed powder into sized pellets. There are 2 kinds of fish feed extruding machine for choose: one is Dry Type Fish Feed Extruder, the other being Wet Type Fish Feed Extruder with a conditioner suitable to manufacture high quality fish pellets in large capacity.
The difference between those two types of extruder: Dry extruder use friction heat as the heat source to make the pellet aging and dehydration. While the wet type fish feed extruder, the raw material should first to be preconditioning, injecting of steam, water and other liquids in the material to make it preheating and curing. The wet type fish feed extruder machine has character of high yield, good quality and long service life of wearing parts. Generally speaking, the service life of wet type is about twice than that of the dry type fish feed extruder. Dry type extruder machine is suitable for small manufacture and fish farm.
Final pellets from fish feed extruder are moist in high temperature, the pellets temperature can be 90℃ and moisture about 18%, so they can not be transported and stored immediately and require to be dried first, the temperature must be reduced quickly to ambient and moisture to 8%-12% for storage. Here the mesh belt fish feed dryer is recommended for best drying quality.
For acquiring better smell and taste, oil spraying machine can be used to spraying oil to the surface of fish feed pellets coming out of the dryer. To add plam oil etc to fish feed is a very important part for feed production. the animal feed added with oil is looks much more smoother and easy to absorb by animal. Fish feed oil spraying machine is designed to add oil to aniamal feed, fish feed pellet with good result and high efficiency, which has been widely used in fish feed making.
Pellet cooling process is often taken for granted in pellet production line. Hot pellets from pellet making machine are still soft and easily broken, which can result in a high percentage of fines. By cooling pellets can be harden. Counter flow cooler is cooling type that commonly used in pellet industry currently with the direction of the air and product of pellets in opposing directions.
The fish feed pellets are packaged in bags for further transporting and storage. Here you can opt pellet packing machine which is suitable for weighing and bagging pellets.
The above processes, the main steps of making fish feed pellets, are suitable for other fish feed production. With quality fish feed extruder and right feed formulation, you can make feed pellets your wanted depending on the production procedure.
Fish farming in Nigeria is an untapped goldmine based on the fact that there is an ever increasing need for it as the best alternative to meet the protein need of the people. It is business and there is an opportunity. Catfish grown in ponds are now competing with imported fish.


Alaska High Altitude Aerial Photography - AHAP 4936 files found on 165 pages.
This is an index we use to locate AHAP photography. Flight lines are E/W or W/E, every 6' of latitude, for most of the state, but there are also some N/S and some at an angle in SE. The longitude is a range.