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Now an Indo-Myanmar gas pipeline
November 29, 2004 14:31 IST
Petroleum Minister Mani Shankar Aiyar will visit Dhaka and Yangon in January to explore the possibility of laying a natural gas pipeline from Myanmar to India via Bangladesh.
"I will be going to Bangladesh on January 8-10 and from there visit Yangon. Obviously, on my agenda will be the Myanmar-India gas pipeline," he told reporters in New Delhi.
The pipeline is one of the several options being considered by India to bring gas reserves at Shwe field in Block A-1 in offshore Myanmar, as well as volumes that are expected to be discovered in its adjacent block A-3.
In both the blocks, ONGC Videsh Ltd has 20 per cent stake and GAIL (India) 10 per cent. South Korea's Daewoo is the operator of the two blocks.
Bangladesh will earn about $125 million annually as transit fee for the pipeline, that would run through Arakan (Rakhine) state in Myanmar to the Indian states of Mizoram and Tripura before crossing Bangladesh to Kolkata.
Sources said Dhaka had agreed in-principle for the export pipeline proposal and a tripartite deal could be sealed as early as January 2005.
Dhaka, however, wants the pipeline to be laid along Bangladesh's existing roads and highways and that the project be jointly managed by it and India. It also wants New Delhi to agree to allow it to use the pipeline to export gas to India or import it from Myanmar.
India would build the $1 billion 290-km gas trunkline while Bangladesh's state-owned Gas Transmission Company would be responsible for managing the stretch in its country.
A $3 billion liquefied natural gas project to bring A-1 and A-3 gas was also under evaluation, sources said.
GAIL has commissioned Italian contractor Snamprogetti to conduct a feasibility study for the LNG project.
An appraisal campaign recently started at Shwe, which has estimated recoverable reserves of between 4 trillion and 6 trillion cubic feet of gas. Reserve potential at the A-1 block is put at up to 24 Tcf.
First gas from A-1 block is expected in 2009, sources said.
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Mark Ridley
Mark Ridley works in the Department of Zoology at Oxford University. He previously held posts at Emory University, Atlanta, and at Cambridge University. His books include the standard college text Evolution, and Mendel's Demon. He has also edited A Darwin Selection.
How To Read Darwin
'There is grandeur in thsi view of life' Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin's permanent legacy are his broad, abstract theories of evolution and natural selection, theories which he tested against an astonishing array of natural-history evidence in his writing. Mark Ridley uses a question-and-answer approach to explain how Darwin carefully tackled problems, and shows how the reader can understand Darwin's arguments by first working out what question Darwin had implicitly set himself to answer. Mark Ridley concentrates on extracts from Darwin's two most important books, The Origin of Species and The Descent of Man, and also introduces us to Darwin's lesser-known works, on topics as diverse as animal domestication and earthworms, and his writing on the human condition.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Elevating Work Platforms are also referred to as EWPs or Mobile Elevating Work Platforms (MEWPs). The use of EWPs has been a major factor in the reduction of falls accidents in the workplace, and in many cases, the use of an EWP is the safest solution to enabling temporary work at height.
However, the use of EWPs is not risk free. There are many potential hazards associated with the use of EWPs.


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A dose-ranging, parallel group, split-face, single-blind phase II study of light emitting diode-red light (LED-RL) for skin scarring prevention: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Julie K. Nguyen1,2,
Jeremy Weedon3,
Jeannette Jakus1,
Edward Heilman1,
R. Rivkah Isseroff4,5,
Daniel M. Siegel1,2 &
Jared R. Jagdeo1,2
Skin fibrosis is a significant global health problem that affects over 100 million people annually and has a profoundly negative impact on quality of life. Characterized by excessive fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition, skin fibrosis underlies a wide spectrum of dermatologic conditions ranging from pathologic scars secondary to injury (e.g., burns, surgery, trauma) to immune-mediated diseases. Effective anti-scarring therapeutics remain an unmet need, underscoring the importance of developing novel approaches to treat and prevent skin fibrosis. Our in vitro data show that light emitting diode-red light (LED-RL) can modulate key cellular and molecular processes involved in skin fibrosis. In two phase I clinical trials (STARS 1 and STARS 2), we demonstrated the safety and tolerability of LED-RL at fluences of 160 J/cm2 up to 480 J/cm2 on normal human skin.
CURES (Cutaneous Understanding of Red-light Efficacy on Scarring) is a dose-ranging, randomized, parallel group, split-face, single-blind, mock-controlled phase II study to evaluate the efficacy of LED-RL to limit post-surgical skin fibrosis in subjects undergoing elective mini-facelift surgery. Thirty subjects will be randomly allocated to three treatment groups to receive LED-RL phototherapy or temperature-matched mock irradiation (control) to either periauricular incision site at fluences of 160 J/cm2, 320 J/cm2, or 480 J/cm2. Starting one week post-surgery (postoperative days 4–8), treatments will be administered three times weekly for three consecutive weeks, followed by efficacy assessments at 30 days, 3 months, and 6 months. The primary endpoint is the difference in scar pliability between LED-RL-treated and control sites as determined by skin elasticity and induration measurements. Secondary outcomes include clinical and photographic evaluations of scars, 3D skin imaging analysis, histological and molecular analyses, and adverse events.
LED-RL is a therapeutic modality of increasing importance in dermatology, and has the potential to limit skin fibrosis clinically by decreasing dermal fibroblast activity and collagen production. The administration of LED-RL phototherapy in the early postoperative period may optimize wound healing and prevent excessive scarring. The results from this study may change the current treatment paradigm for fibrotic skin diseases and help to pioneer LED-RL as a safe, non-invasive, cost-effective, portable, at-home therapy for scars.
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03795116. Registered on 20 December 2018.
Skin fibrosis, or scarring, represents an exuberant wound healing response following tissue damage due to stimuli such as infection, autoimmune reaction, and mechanical injury [1, 2]. Characterized by excessive fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition in the dermis, skin fibrosis is the histopathologic hallmark of a wide spectrum of dermatologic diseases, including scleroderma, chronic graft-versus-host disease, and restrictive dermopathy [3, 4]. Localized skin fibrosis can also develop as a sequela of dermal injury (e.g., burns, surgery, trauma), manifested clinically as hypertrophic scars or keloids [5, 6].
Skin fibrosis is a significant global health problem with an estimated incidence of greater than 100 million persons affected per year in the developed world [7, 8]. Cutaneous scars have a profoundly negative impact on patients' quality of life due to associated pain and pruritus, functional impairment, cosmetic disfigurement, and psychosocial distress [7, 9, 10]. As such, there is high demand for therapeutic modalities that prevent, reduce, or remove scars, as evidenced by an estimated $12 billion annual market for scar treatment in the US [11]. Despite the substantial socioeconomic burden associated with skin fibrosis, few effective and durable anti-scarring therapeutics are available, making scar treatment a major unmet medical need [12,13,14]. Furthermore, current scar management strategies may be invasive, cause undesirable side effects, or lack high-level evidence to support their use [12]. Therefore, it is important to research and develop novel approaches to treat and prevent skin fibrosis.
Visible light (400–700 nm) is ubiquitous in the environment and comprises 44% of total solar energy, yet its biological effects on the skin have not been fully elucidated [15, 16]. Visible light therapy delivered by light emitting diode (LED) devices is a therapeutic modality of increasing clinical importance in dermatology, as different wavelengths can alter skin physiology and produce beneficial effects such as in wound healing and skin rejuvenation [17,18,19]. Due to the significant advances in LED technology in recent years, LED phototherapy has become a valuable and effective treatment for a wide variety of medical and aesthetic conditions [20]. In 2017, members of the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery performed more than 3.2 million procedures using lasers, lights, and energy-based devices [21]. Furthermore, LED devices are commercially available and have US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for various dermatologic conditions including acne vulgaris and photoaging [19, 22]. Red light (630–700 nm) has the deepest tissue penetration depth of the visible light colors, reaching the entirety of the dermis where skin fibrosis occurs [18, 23, 24]. Recently published clinical observations indicate that red light in combination with other modalities, such as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, can decrease skin fibrosis [25,26,27].
According to our in vitro data, light emitting diode-red light (LED-RL) at high fluences (defined as equal to or greater than 160 J/cm2) can exert anti-fibrotic cutaneous effects by decreasing cellular proliferation, collagen production, and migration speed of human skin fibroblasts [28,29,30,31]. Prior to our studies on the anti-fibrotic properties of LED-RL, limited data existed regarding red light photobiomodulation of skin fibroblasts. In two phase I clinical trials, Safety Trial Assessing Red-light on Skin (STARS 1 and STARS 2), we demonstrated the safety and tolerability of LED-RL administered at fluences up to 480 J/cm2 on normal forearm skin in healthy individuals (n = 115 in both trials combined) [32]. Adverse events (AEs) included post-treatment erythema, hyperpigmentation, and localized bulla formation, all of which were mild and resolved without permanent sequelae (unpublished data).
CURES (Cutaneous Understanding of Red-light Efficacy on Scarring) is a phase II randomized controlled trial to evaluate the anti-fibrotic effects of LED-RL in subjects who will undergo elective mini-facelift surgery, using the periauricular skin incisions as the treatment sites. To our knowledge, no clinical trials have been performed to determine the safety and efficacy of LED-RL for skin fibrosis. Developing LED-RL as a modality for skin fibrosis would represent an important advance in scar therapy as it would offer many advantages over current therapeutic strategies. For example, LED-RL lacks serious systemic side effects associated with immunomodulatory agents, is non-invasive and avoids the need for painful injections with anti-fibrotic agents, requires no downtime for the patient, and does not generate procarcinogenic DNA damage associated with ultraviolet light therapy [31, 32]. The potential health impact of this study is significant, as successful demonstration of the clinical efficacy of LED-RL to limit post-surgical skin fibrosis may shift the current treatment paradigm for various types of scars. Therefore, we intend to study LED-RL as a standalone therapeutic modality for skin fibrosis, with the goal of pioneering LED-RL as a safe, cost-effective, non-invasive, portable, at-home treatment to reduce scarring.
LED-RL phototherapy is a safe and effective therapeutic modality to limit post-surgical skin fibrosis.
Primary outcome measure
Difference in quantitative scar pliability, as determined by skin elasticity and skin induration, between the treated and control incision sites.
Secondary outcome measures
Difference in the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) scores between the treated and control incision sites
Difference in the photograph-based Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores between the treated and control incision sites
Difference in the objective measurements of key scar characteristics (collagen and water concentration, texture, volume, pigmentation, vascularity) between the treated and control incision sites
Histological and molecular analyses of treated and control skin specimens
Incidence of AEs
The study will be conducted at SUNY Downstate Medical Center. A total of 30 subjects will be enrolled. Individuals of any sex, ethnicity, and age who plan to undergo elective mini-facelift surgery may be eligible to participate in the study. The clinical research team will screen potential subjects (through interviews and physical examination) and determine eligibility according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria (Table 1). All mini-facelift procedures will be performed by the same surgeon. Prior to enrollment, a screening photosensitivity test will be conducted, wherein the potential subject will be exposed to LED-RL for 20 min on the non-dominant upper forearm, and then evaluated in clinic 24 h later for evidence of photosensitivity [32,33,34]. Criteria for photosensitivity include, but are not limited to, warmth, erythema, edema, rash, pain, or discomfort lasting more than 24 h. If no photosensitive reactions are noted, the subject will be eligible to enroll in the study.
Table 1 Eligibility criteria for the CURES trial
This is a dose-ranging, randomized, parallel group, split-face, single-blind, mock-controlled, phase II study to evaluate the efficacy of LED-RL in reducing skin fibrosis in subjects who will undergo elective mini-facelift surgery. Refer to Fig. 1 for a schematic of the study design. Starting one week after surgery (defined as postoperative days 4 to 8), subjects will receive LED-RL phototherapy to the periauricular skin incision sites. Beginning scar reduction therapy one week after surgery is a validated intervention time point for limiting surgical scars [35]. The maximum recommended starting dose of 160 J/cm2 is based on previously published maximum doses of LED-RL that demonstrated safety with no AEs in clinical studies [36, 37]. The highest dose to be tested is 480 J/cm2, which was found to be the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in our phase I studies (unpublished data). The MTD is defined as the dose level below the dose producing unacceptable but reversible toxicity and is considered to be the upper limit of subject tolerance.
Study design for the CURES trial. LED-RL light emitting diode-red light, POD postoperative day
A total of 30 subjects will be randomly allocated to three treatment groups of ten subjects each to receive LED-RL phototherapy at the following fluences (doses): 160 J/cm2, 320 J/cm2, or 480 J/cm2. The treatment side (right face versus left face) will also be randomized to control for possible effects of uneven sun exposure. The untreated side will receive temperature-matched mock irradiation via a mock device that looks, sounds, and feels similar to the treatment device, but does not produce light. Subjects will receive their treatment sessions in-office three times weekly, a standard phototherapy regimen, for three consecutive weeks (i.e., a total of nine treatment sessions) [38,39,40]. This treatment schedule reflects the regimen implemented in our phase I studies [32]. Following the study intervention period, subjects will have follow-up assessments for outcome measures on approximately postoperative days (POD) 30, 90, and 180.
Study devices
The LED-RL source is the Omnilux handheld LED system (GlobalMed Technologies, Glen Ellen, CA, USA). This LED-RL array device is commercially available as the Omnilux clear-U and Omnilux new-U, which are FDA-cleared for the treatment of facial acne and periorbital rhytides, respectively [33, 34, 41, 42]. The treatment device has a 4.7 cm × 6.1 cm rectangular array of LEDs and emits visible red light (633 ± 6 nm) at a power density of 360.2 W/m2 at room temperature and a distance of 10 mm from the target surface [30, 33, 34]. The mock therapy device is designed to sound, look, and feel identical to the LED-RL treatment device (i.e., has the same physical components and thermal output), except it does not emit visible red light [32]. The use of mock irradiation as a control ensures that any measured clinical effect is a result of LED-RL treatment and not due to ambient light, environment, or temperature [31]. The LED-RL treatment and mock therapy devices will be tracked using the manufacturer's serial numbers.
Study treatment
At the start of every treatment session, the subject's periauricular skin on both sides of the face will be cleaned with alcohol pads and the treatment area will be outlined with a surgical marking pen, then photographed prior to device placement. The LED-RL treatment device and mock therapy device will be positioned in close contact with the periauricular skin (maximum distance of 10 mm from the skin surface), securely held in place for the duration of the treatment. LED-RL phototherapy and mock therapy will be administered simultaneously. Subjects will wear safety goggles during the treatment sessions, as recommended by Omnilux for comfort; there are no known ocular sequelae to LED-RL irradiation and the Omnilux devices have been tested to international standards to ensure that the outputs are safe for the eyes [33, 34]. The research coordinator will observe the treatment and monitor for any AEs or safety issues that may arise. Since the power density of LED-RL will remain constant across all treatment groups, the total fluence of LED-RL delivered depends on the exposure time to phototherapy [43]. The duration of the treatment administration for each treatment group is as follows:
Group 1: LED-RL 160 J/cm2 and mock therapy (30 min)
Concomitant therapy
A review of concomitant medications will be performed at each study visit. The concurrent use of photosensitizing medications is a contraindication to LED phototherapy [18, 44]. Therefore, during the three-week intervention period, the following medications that are known to have photosensitizing properties will be prohibited: amiodarone, azathioprine, chlorpromazine, gold, griseofulvin, isotretinoin, lithium, melatonin, methotrexate, phenothiazine antipsychotics, tetracycline antibiotics, and quinolone derivative antibiotics. For the entire duration of the study, subjects will be asked to avoid scar treatments to both periauricular incision sites (with the exception of topical agents recommended for routine postoperative wound care), as to not confound the results of the study. Scar treatments include, but are not limited to, silicone gels/sheets, intralesional corticosteroids, 5-fluorouracil, laser therapy, radiotherapy, cryotherapy, bleomycin, mitomycin C, imiquimod, pressure therapy, adhesive microporous hypoallergenic paper tape, onion extract, massage therapy, over-the-counter topical emollients for scars, laser therapy, and surgical revision [13].
Efficacy assessments
Efficacy assessments for outcome measures will be conducted at baseline (i.e., at the first treatment session, prior to initiation of LED-RL phototherapy) and at follow-up visits on approximately POD 30 (1 month), POD 90 (3 months), and POD 180 (6 months). The evaluations at multiple time points will allow comparison of the difference between treated and control sites over time as the post-surgical scars heal and mature.
Primary outcome measures
The primary endpoint is the difference in quantitative scar pliability between the treated and control incision sites at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery. The time point of primary interest is the final assessment at 6 months. Skin elasticity and skin induration are two separate indices for scar pliability and will be objectively measured using the ElastiMeter and the SkinFibroMeter (Delfin Technologies, Kuopio, Finland), respectively, which have been shown to be accurate and reliable to assess skin fibrosis [45,46,47]. These non-invasive instruments have an indenter and force sensors to measure the force resisting vertical deformation of the skin surface [48]. Scar tissue is thicker than normal skin and therefore is expected to be firmer and less compliant (i.e., more stiff) [49, 50]. The measurements will be taken at the midpoint of width and length of each scar to ensure that recurrent measurements will be in the same anatomic location.
Standardized scar evaluations using the POSAS will be performed by the same investigator (who is blinded to the treatment or control site) in conjunction with the subject at baseline and each follow-up visit. The POSAS is a validated tool to evaluate post-surgical linear scars and is commonly used in clinical trials to assess scar quality in response to treatment [51,52,53,54]. The two subscales of the POSAS each consist of six items rated from 1 to 10, where 1 is "normal skin" and 10 is the "worst imaginable scar". The observer (i.e., investigator) evaluates scar vascularity, pigmentation, thickness, relief, pliability, and surface area while the patient assesses pain, itching, color, stiffness, thickness, and irregularity. The scores of each of the six items are summed for a total score (range 6 to 60). Importantly, the POSAS incorporates the patient's judgment of scar appearance and includes subjective symptoms of pain and pruritus, allowing for a more comprehensive evaluation of treatment response and patient-reported outcomes [50, 55].
Standardized digital photographs of the incision sites will be taken at baseline and each follow-up visit. The scar images will be rated by two independent, blinded dermatologists using a visual analogue scale (VAS). The VAS is presented as a 10-cm horizontal line, where the extreme ends of 0 indicates "normal skin" and 10 corresponds to the "worst possible scar", for each of the following scar attributes: pigmentation, vascularity, observer comfort, contour, and overall severity [49, 56]. The evaluators will also be presented with paired scar images (i.e., LED-RL-treated scar paired with its matched control site) and asked to rank which scar appears better. The photographic-based VAS scoring and ranking system has been shown to be consistent, reliable, and valid for linear scar assessment [57].
Secondary outcome measures will also include objective measurements of important scar characteristics such as physiological properties, dimensions, and color. A non-invasive, handheld diffuse reflectance probe will be used to measure collagen and water concentration in the dermis at the midpoint of the scars [58]. A 3D digital imaging system will be used to construct 3D images of the scars for skin profilometry and colorimetric analyses, including quantitative measurements of texture, pigmentation, vascularity, surface area, and tissue volume [59,60,61].
Histological and molecular studies
The histological and molecular changes that occur in vivo in response to LED-RL phototherapy will be evaluated by examination of pre- and post-treated skin tissue. Skin specimens will be obtained via optional 2 mm punch biopsy on POD 0 (from excised periauricular skin on the day of surgery) and POD 30 (post-treatment incision sites at the first follow-up visit). Subjects will have the option to decline biopsies and remain in the study. Histological examination of skin specimens will be conducted to quantify the number of Ki-67 positive fibroblasts and to assess collagen content [62]. High-throughput assays will be performed, including RNA sequencing, microRNA arrays, and quantitative real-time PCR, to screen for molecular effects (e.g., changes in gene expression) associated with LED-RL exposure.
Subjects will be provided with a daily diary to record any AEs experienced during the 3-week intervention period, and will also be called weekly to monitor for AEs. Treatment sessions will be monitored closely for the occurrence of any safety issues or AEs, as reported by the subject or observed by the clinical research team. The incision sites will also be photographed before and after each treatment administration for visual documentation of the subject's initial presentation and any subsequent changes. All AEs will be documented in the appropriate case report form (CRF) with details including the event description, time of onset, severity, relationship to the study intervention, and outcome. An AE is defined as any untoward medical occurrence associated with the use of the study intervention, whether or not considered to be causally related [63]. All AEs will be followed for outcome information until adequate resolution or stabilization. Common expected post-treatment side effects, including warmth, redness, and swelling, are expected to be transient (i.e., last less than 24 h) and will be recorded, but will not be considered AEs in safety data reports [32]. The study may be halted or a subject may be withdrawn from the study if necessary for safety reasons, such as the occurrence of serious AEs (e.g., second-degree or higher skin burning, severe blistering, persistent swelling or pain, ulceration, change in sensation, muscle weakness, worsening of scar).
All subjects will be assigned to the treatment group and LED-RL treatment side simultaneously as they are enrolled by the research coordinator. A block randomization scheme will be used to ensure balanced allocation of subjects to the study arms, such that ten subjects are assigned to each treatment group (i.e., allocation ratio 1:1:1) and such that equal numbers receive LED-RL to the right face and left face (Fig. 1). The block sizes will not be disclosed to ensure concealment. The allocation sequence will be generated by a research assistant not involved in enrolling participants or assigning interventions, using a computer-based random number generator [64]. Individual assignments to Group 1 (LED-RL 160 J/cm2), Group 2 (LED-RL 320 J/cm2), or Group 3 (LED-RL 480 J/cm2) as well as the LED-RL treatment side (right versus left) will be concealed together in sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes until the time of enrollment.
Blinding
Subjects will be blinded to the study intervention (LED-RL phototherapy versus mock therapy) as the treatment area is outside of the range of view and the study devices are indistinguishable. Clinicians involved in subjective efficacy assessments will be also be blinded. This includes the investigator performing the POSAS, the two independent dermatologists evaluating the scar photographs, and the dermatopathologist examining the skin specimens. The principal investigator (PI), along with the research coordinator who administers the LED-RL phototherapy, will be aware of each subject's treatment assignment. Unblinding may occur at the discretion of the PI in exceptional circumstances, such as when knowledge of the study intervention is needed to treat a serious AE.
This study is designed to conclude in 12 months, which includes subject screening and enrollment, study intervention, follow-up for efficacy assessments, and data analysis. The full schedule of clinical trial activities is available in accordance with SPIRIT guidelines (Additional file 1).
Sample size justification
This clinical trial is intended to be a pilot study to obtain estimates of feasibility and outcome variability, as there is a paucity of background data in the literature. These precise estimates will aid in the planning of a larger, sufficiently powered efficacy trial. We estimate that a difference of 15% in scar pliability will be clinically meaningful, based on the minimum decrease in fibroblast number in response to LED-RL irradiation from our in vitro data [29]. A sample size of 30 subjects (with the split-face, intra-individual comparison design) will allow for a precise estimate of the variance in scar pliability change in this population.
SAS version 9.4 statistical package (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) will be used for intention-to-treat analysis (for all available data) and per-protocol analysis (for subjects with complete data). The primary outcome measures will be used separately as dependent variables (DVs) in mixed linear models. Fixed factors in each model will be treatment group, whether treated, side of face (left versus right), and time (three follow-up assessments post-baseline). Baseline DV measure will be introduced as a scored covariate, with subject identification as a random factor. The Akaike information criterion will be used to assess what intra-subject covariance structure might be optimal. Tests of interaction among fixed factors will be conducted and the utility of polynomial terms in the baseline DV investigated. Model residuals will be examined for skew and for outliers; the DV will be power-transformed if necessary to maximize normality of residuals. Secondary outcomes will be presented as descriptive statistics tabulated by whether treated, treatment group, and time. No inferential analyses will be conducted in order to minimize the multiple testing problem.
Summary statistics of safety data will be presented as number of subjects who experienced AEs in each treatment group and a breakdown of the event types. Descriptive statistics of relevant subject characteristics (age, gender, race, and ethnicity) of the study population will be tabulated by treatment group. Continuous variables will be presented as median and range. Categorical variables will be presented as proportions. Significance tests will not be applied. To determine if any differential effects of LED-RL are associated with demographics, a linear regression or robust linear regression with adjustment for treatment group effect on scar pliability will be performed.
Data management and monitoring
All individual subject data required by the study protocol will be recorded in the appropriate CRFs as well as in a 21 CFR Part 11-compliant data capture system, in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines. All source documents will be de-identified, securely maintained, and protected for confidentiality in accordance with the SUNY Downstate Institutional Review Board (IRB) policies. Research records will be accessible to the research coordinator, investigators, and data/safety monitoring personnel as required.
A data monitoring committee (DMC) composed of three board-certified dermatologists, independent from the study conduct and free of conflict of interest, will be responsible for safety oversight and clinical monitoring. The DMC will convene on a quarterly basis to review any AEs and safety issues. All AEs and serious AEs will be reported to the IRB and DMC within the timelines specified in the SUNY Downstate IRB policy for human research protections. The PI will have access to interim results and be able to make the final decision to terminate the study.
To our knowledge, no prior clinical trials have been performed to determine the safety and efficacy of LED-RL phototherapy for the treatment or prevention of skin fibrosis. This study may provide important data on LED-RL phototherapy as a therapeutic modality for post-surgical skin scarring, and help to facilitate future clinical trials to further evaluate the efficacy of LED-RL in comparison to existing anti-fibrotic therapeutics for various types of tissue fibrosis.
While scar formation is an expected outcome of wound healing after cutaneous injury, it can range from faint scarring to severe thickening and tightening of the skin [65]. Scar prevention is a key consideration in postoperative wound management, as scarring has significant aesthetic and functional consequences for patients [66, 67]. While scar revision (i.e., treatment of existing scars) has been the mainstay of therapy, recent advances in the understanding of wound healing mechanisms have inspired innovative strategies to prevent scar formation [68,69,70]. As in vitro data show that LED-RL can attenuate profibrotic cellular processes that contribute to skin fibrosis, LED-RL is a promising strategy to minimize scar formation after surgery [29, 31]. In this study, LED-RL phototherapy will be initiated within one week post-surgery (defined as POD 4–8), coinciding with the early proliferation phase of wound healing, which will help to answer important questions about the impact of intervention time on final scar outcomes [71,72,73].
The methodology described in this protocol offers several advantages compared to other clinical trials that evaluate scar management strategies. The split-face study design allows each subject to serve as his or her own control, such that comparisons of clinical efficacy between treated and control scars are within-subject (i.e., intra-individual). Therefore, any measured changes in scar characteristics can be attributed to the treatment, eliminating the confounding factor of inter-individual differences in wound healing. It is important to note that in the prospective evaluation of scar reduction therapy, it is assumed that, if left untreated, the bilateral facelift incisions would heal with identical scars. Since wound healing and scar formation are influenced by many variables, a self-controlled study design is favorable to allow detection of true treatment effects. Furthermore, the treated side of the face will be randomized to account for possible differences in the laterality of photodamaged skin (e.g., asymmetry of sun exposure in automobile drivers) [74].
A dose-ranging study design is implemented as the safety of LED-RL phototherapy in a facelift scar model may differ from the safety in normal skin. For example, LED-RL fluences determined to be safe in normal forearm skin (the treatment site in STARS 1 and STARS 2) may have different effects on the face, as physiological properties of skin vary depending on anatomic location [75, 76]. Thus, the MTD established in our phase I studies serves as the upper limit of treatment dose in this study.
This study may have several potential limitations. There may be a bias in age toward middle-aged and elderly individuals, as the majority of facelift patients are over the age of 50 years (mean 59 years) [77, 78]. Increased age is associated with reduced collagen turnover due to a decrease in fibroblast collagen synthesis; therefore, the penetration of LED-RL may be affected and certain fluences that result in AEs may vary among different age groups [79, 80]. Furthermore, since cell turnover is a major contributor to the development of scar tissue in a healing wound, elderly individuals tend to have better outcomes for scar cosmesis and are less susceptible to exuberant, pathologic scarring [81,82,83,84].
Limited data exist regarding the cutaneous effects of LED-RL on different skin types and ethnicities. Based on the safety data generated in our phase I studies, we hypothesized that LED-RL may exhibit differential biologic effects depending on ethnicity, with skin of color individuals being more photosensitive to LED-RL compared to Caucasian non-Hispanic individuals. To further explore this observation, this study will test the MTD of 480 J/cm2 in all subjects regardless of skin type, and subgroup analyses will be performed to assess any differences in AEs based on demographics.
There is a large unmet need for innovative therapeutic strategies to manage skin fibrosis, such as excessive scar formation after surgery [85]. Despite the substantial healthcare burden of skin fibrosis, there is no "gold standard" or universally effective scar therapy, and current treatment options have limited clinical efficacy [12, 67, 86]. Therefore, successful demonstration of the efficacy of LED-RL phototherapy in limiting skin fibrosis may revolutionize the current treatment paradigm for fibrotic skin diseases. Future studies may extend beyond scar prevention and investigate the use of LED-RL to treat existing scars.
The final protocol version is 4.1 and dated 4 April 2019. This study began recruiting subjects on 18 March 2019 at SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA. We expect all participants to be enrolled by 1 July 2019.
The datasets generated during this study will be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. On completion of the trial, the data will be analyzed and a final report of study findings will be prepared for submission to a scientific journal.
AE:
Adverse event
CRF:
Case report form
DV:
Dependent variable
FDA:
GCP:
International Conference on Harmonisation
LED-RL:
Light emitting diode-red light
MTD:
Maximum tolerated dose
POD:
Postoperative day
POSAS:
Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale
VAS:
Visual analog scale
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Jagdeo J, Austin E, Mamalis A, Wong C, Ho D, Siegel DM. Light-emitting diodes in dermatology: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Lasers Surg Med. 2018;50(6):613–28.
Ablon G. Phototherapy with light emitting diodes: Treating a broad range of medical and aesthetic conditions in dermatology. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2018;11(2):21–7.
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Hession MT, Markova A, Graber EM. A review of hand-held, home-use cosmetic laser and light devices. Dermatol Surg. 2015;41(3):307–20.
Sakamoto FH, Avram MM, Anderson RR. Lasers and Other Energy-Based Technologies - Principles and Skin Interactions. In: Bolognia J, Schaffer J, Cerroni L, editors. Dermatology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2018. p. 2354–63.
Jagdeo JR, Adams LE, Brody NI, Siegel DM. Transcranial red and near infrared light transmission in a cadaveric model. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):1–10.
Campbell SM, Tyrrell J, Marshall R, Curnow A. Effect of MAL-photodynamic therapy on hypertrophic scarring. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther. 2010;7(3):183–8.
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Sakamoto FH, Izikson L, Tannous Z, Zurakowski D, Anderson RR. Surgical scar remodelling after photodynamic therapy using aminolaevulinic acid or its methylester: A retrospective, blinded study of patients with field cancerization. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166(2):413–6.
Lev-Tov H, Mamalis A, Brody N, Siegel D, Jagdeo J. Inhibition of fibroblast proliferation in vitro using red light-emitting diodes. Dermatol Surg. 2013;39(8):1167–70.
Mamalis A, Jagdeo J. Light-emitting diode-generated red light inhibits keloid fibroblast proliferation. Dermatol Surg. 2015;41(1):35–9.
Mamalis A, Jagdeo J. High-fluence light-emitting diode–generated red light modulates the transforming growth factor-beta pathway in human skin fibroblasts. Dermatol Surg. 2018;44(10):1317–22.
Mamalis A, Koo E, Garcha M, Murphy WJ, Isseroff RR, Jagdeo J. High fluence light emitting diode-generated red light modulates characteristics associated with skin fibrosis. J Biophotonics. 2016;9(11–12):1167–79.
Ho D, Kraeva E, Wun T, Isseroff RR, Jagdeo J. A single-blind, dose escalation, phase I study of high-fluence light-emitting diode-red light (LED-RL) on human skin: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2016;17(1):1–7.
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Sadick NS. A study to determine the efficacy of a novel handheld light-emitting diode device in the treatment of photoaged skin. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2008;7(4):263–7.
Sadick NS. Handheld LED array device in the treatment of acne vulgaris. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008;7(4):347–50.
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Calzavara-Pinton PG, Sala R, Arisi M, Rossi MT, Venturini M, Ortel B. Synergism between narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy and etanercept for the treatment of plaque-type psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2013;169(1):130–6.
Anderson KL, Feldman SR. A guide to prescribing home phototherapy for patients with psoriasis: The appropriate patient, the type of unit, the treatment regimen, and the potential obstacles. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;72(5):868–78.
Food and Drug Administration. 510(k) Summary of safety and effectiveness for the Photo Therapeutics Limited Omnilux New-U. 2008. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf7/K072459.pdf. Accessed 9 Aug 2018.
Food and Drug Administration. 510(k) Summary of safety and effectiveness for the Photo Therapeutics Limited Omnilux Plus. 2009. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf8/K081307.pdf. Accessed 5 Dec 2018.
Huang Y-Y, Sharma SK, Carroll J, Hamblin MR. Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy – an update. Dose Response. 2011;9(4):602–18.
Photo Therapeutics Inc. Omnilux medical treatment protocols; 2009. p. 1–13.
Sun D, Yu Z, Chen J, Wang L, Han L, Liu N. The value of using a SkinFibroMeter for diagnosis and assessment of secondary lymphedema and associated fibrosis of lower limb skin. Lymphat Res Biol. 2017;15(1):70–6.
Kim MA, Kim EJ, Lee HK. Use of SkinFibrometer® to measure skin elasticity and its correlation with Cutometer® and DUB® Skinscanner. Skin Res Technol. 2018;24(3):466–71.
Virén T, Iivarinen JT, Sarin JK, Harvima I, Mayrovitz HN. Accuracy and reliability of a hand-held in vivo skin indentation device to assess skin elasticity. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2018;40(2):134–40.
Iivarinen JT, Korhonen RK, Jurvelin JS. Experimental and numerical analysis of soft tissue stiffness measurement using manual indentation device - significance of indentation geometry and soft tissue thickness. Skin Res Technol. 2014;20(3):347–54.
Fearmonti R, Bond J, Erdmann D, Levinson H. A review of scar scales and scar measuring devices. J Plast Surg. 2010;10:e43.
Vercelli S, Ferriero G, Sartorio F, Stissi V, Franchignoni F. How to assess postsurgical scars: A review of outcome measures. Disabil Rehabil. 2009;25(31):2055–63.
Van De Kar AL, Corion LUM, Smeulders MJC, Draaijers LJ, Van Der Horst CMAM, Van Zuijlen PPM. Reliable and feasible evaluation of linear scars by the patient and observer scar assessment scale. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116(2):514–22.
Truong PT, Lee JC, Soer B, Gaul CA, Olivotto IA. Reliability and validity testing of the patient and observer scar assessment scale in evaluating linear scars after breast cancer surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;119(2):487–94.
Draaijers LJ, Tempelman FRH, Botman YAM, Tuinebreijer WE, Middelkoop E, Kreis RW, et al. The Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale: A reliable and feasible tool for scar evaluation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;113(7):1960–5.
Bae SH, Bae YC. Analysis of frequency of use of different scar assessment scales based on the scar condition and treatment method. Arch Plast Surg. 2014;41(2):111–5.
Liu X, Nelemans PJ, Van Winden M, Kelleners-Smeets NWJ, Mosterd K. Reliability of the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale and a 4-point scale in evaluating linear facial surgical scars. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(2):341–6.
Micomonaco DC, Fung K, Mount G, Franklin J, Yoo J, Brandt M, et al. Development of a new visual analogue scale for the assessment of area scars. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;38(1):77–89.
Duncan JAL, Bond JS, Mason T, Ludlow A, Cridland P, O'Kane S, et al. Visual analogue scale scoring and ranking: A suitable and sensitive method for assessing scar quality? Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118(4):909–18.
Nappez T, Immonen A. Development and validation of a non-invasive spatially resolved spectroscopy probe for collagen and water determination. San Diego: International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin Meeting; 2018.
Zhang N, Shi K, Hong L, Zhao J, Yu J. Antera 3D camera: A novel method for evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of fractional CO2 laser for surgical incision scars. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2018; Epub ahead of print.
Linming F, Wei H, Anqi L, Yuanyu C, Heng X, Sushmita P, et al. Comparison of two skin imaging analysis instruments: The VISIA®from Canfield vs the ANTERA 3D®CS from Miravex. Skin Res Technol. 2018;24(1):3–8.
Matias AR, Ferreira M, Costa P, Neto P. Skin colour, skin redness and melanin biometric measurements: Comparison study between Antera 3D, Mexameter and Colorimeter. Skin Res Technol. 2015;21(3):346–62.
Cuttle L, Nataatmadja M, Fraser JF, Kempf M, Kimble RM, Hayes MT. Collagen in the scarless fetal skin wound: Detection with Picrosirius-polarization. Wound Repair Regen. 2005;13(2):198–204.
Food and Drug Administration. Code of federal regulations: Investigational new drug application, 21 CFR 312.32. 2018.
Urbaniak G, Plous S. Research randomizer. 2013. http://www.randomizer.org.
Jagdeo J, Shumaker PR. Traumatic scarring. JAMA Dermatol. 2017;153(3):364.
Son D, Harijan A. Overview of surgical scar prevention and management. J Korean Med Sci. 2014;29(6):751–7.
Block L, Gosain A, King TW. Emerging therapies for scar prevention. Adv Wound Care. 2015;4(10):607–14.
Kerwin LY, El Tal AK, Stiff MA, Fakhouri TM. Scar prevention and remodeling: A review of the medical, surgical, topical and light treatment approaches. Int J Dermatol. 2014;53(8):922–36.
Marshall CD, Hu MS, Leavitt T, Barnes LA, Lorenz HP, Longaker MT. Cutaneous scarring: Basic science, current treatments, and future directions. Adv Wound Care. 2018;7(2):29–45.
Barnes LA, Marshall CD, Leavitt T, Hu MS, Moore AL, Gonzalez JG, et al. Mechanical forces in cutaneous wound healing: Emerging therapies to minimize scar formation. Adv Wound Care. 2018;7(2):47–56.
Karmisholt KE, Haerskjold A, Karlsmark T, Waibel J, Paasch U, Haedersdal M. Early laser intervention to reduce scar formation – a systematic review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018;32(7):1099–110.
Karmisholt KE, Wenande E, Thaysen-Petersen D, Philipsen PA, Paasch U, Haedersdal M. Early intervention with non-ablative fractional laser to improve cutaneous scarring—A randomized controlled trial on the impact of intervention time and fluence levels. Lasers Surg Med. 2018;50(1):28–36.
Song H, Tan J, Fu Q, Huang L, Ao M. Comparative efficacy of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injection during early and static stage of pathological scarring. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2018; Epub ahead of print.
Butler ST, Fosko SW. Increased prevalence of left-sided skin cancers. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63(6):1006–10.
Wa CV, Maibach HI. Mapping the human face: Biophysical properties. Skin Res Technol. 2010;16(1):38–54.
Kleesz P, Darlenski R, Fluhr JW. Full-body skin mapping for six biophysical parameters: Baseline values at 16 anatomical sites in 125 human subjects. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2011;25(1):25–33.
Gupta V, Winocour J, Shi H, Shack RB, Grotting JC, Higdon KK. Preoperative risk factors and complication rates in facelift: Analysis of 11,300 patients. Aesthetic Surg J. 2015;36(1):1–13.
American Society of Plastic Surgeons. 2017 Plastic surgery statistics report. https://www.plasticsurgery.org/news/plastic-surgery-statistics. Accessed 8 Sept 2018.
Farage MA, Miller KW, Eisner P, Maibach HI. Functional and physiological characteristics of the aging skin. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2008;20(3):195–200.
Varani J, Dame MK, Rittie L, Fligiel SEG, Kang S, Fisher GJ, et al. Decreased collagen production in chronologically aged skin. Am J Pathol. 2006;168(6):1861–8.
Thomas DW, Hopkinson I, Harding KG, Shepherd JP. The pathogenesis of hypertrophic/keloid scarring. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994;23(4):232–6.
Sgonc R, Gruber J. Age-related aspects of cutaneous wound healing: A mini-review. Gerontology. 2013;59(2):159–64.
Bond JS, Duncan JAL, Sattar A, Boanas A, Mason T, O'Kane S, et al. Maturation of the human scar: An observational study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121(5):1650–8.
Marcus JR, Tyrone JW, Bonomo S, Xia Y, Mustoe TA. Cellular mechanisms for diminished scarring with aging. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105(5):1591–9.
Mokos ZB, Jović A, Grgurević L, Dumić-Čule I, Kostović K, Čeović R, et al. Current therapeutic approach to hypertrophic scars. Front Med. 2017;4:1–11.
Gold MH, McGuire M, Mustoe TA, Pusic A, Sachdev M, Waibel J, et al. Updated international clinical recommendations on scar management: Part 2 - Algorithms for scar prevention and treatment. Dermatol Surg. 2014;40(8):825–31.
The project described is supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under award number K23GM117309. No funding or sponsors were involved in the preparation of this manuscript.
Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
Julie K. Nguyen, Jeannette Jakus, Edward Heilman, Daniel M. Siegel & Jared R. Jagdeo
Dermatology Service, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, USA
Julie K. Nguyen, Daniel M. Siegel & Jared R. Jagdeo
Statistical Design & Analysis Research Division, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
Jeremy Weedon
Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA, USA
R. Rivkah Isseroff
Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
Julie K. Nguyen
Jeannette Jakus
Edward Heilman
Daniel M. Siegel
Jared R. Jagdeo
JRJ is the principal investigator. All authors contributed to the design and development of the study protocol. JKN and JRJ were responsible for receiving ethics approval and writing the original study protocol. JKN wrote the first draft of this manuscript; all authors were involved in critically revising the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
JRJ is an Associate Professor of Dermatology, Director of the Center for Photomedicine, and Director of the Laser, Aesthetics & Body Institute at SUNY Downstate.
Correspondence to Jared R. Jagdeo.
The clinical trial protocol (version 4.0), informed consent forms, and all other study documents were approved by the SUNY Downstate IRB on 21 November 2018 (reference # 1304108). The protocol was written in accordance with SPIRIT guidelines (Additional file 2). Any amendment to the protocol will require review and approval by the IRB before the changes are implemented to the study. Written informed consent will be obtained from all subjects by the clinical research team prior to enrollment and any study-related procedures. Additional consent will be obtained for the collection and use of optional skin biopsies. Subjects will be given sufficient opportunity to consider participation in this study before signing the consent form. Study participation is voluntary and can be withdrawn at any time. This study will be conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, ICH GCP, and applicable regulatory requirements.
Study participant schedule of activities and procedures. (DOCX 13 kb)
SPIRIT Checklist. (PDF 1055 kb)
Nguyen, J.K., Weedon, J., Jakus, J. et al. A dose-ranging, parallel group, split-face, single-blind phase II study of light emitting diode-red light (LED-RL) for skin scarring prevention: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 20, 432 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-019-3546-6
Skin fibrosis
Hypertrophic scar


April 24 has been commemorated in Istanbul as a public event since 2010, and the commemoration will expand on the 100th anniversary of the Genocide. Jointly organized by DurDe, one of Turkey's leading civil and human rights organizations, working to combat racism, nationalism and hate crimes, and the Project 2015 group, a US-based network formed to commemorate 24 April, the organizations are working to ensure that a large contingent of Armenians come to Turkey for the historic centennial commemoration.
As in previous years, the commemmoration will begin in Taksim, and will also include a memorial service at Şișli Armenian Apostolic Cemetery, where Sevag Şahin Balıkçı is buried. Balıkçı was murdered on April 24, 2011 while serving in the Turkish military.
Click here for the web site of Project 2015.
Click here for the web site of DurDe.


It is a good idea to take care of insurance of any type of vehicle you have, whether it is a regular car, bike, caravan, or van. The dangers awaiting you on the streets are greater and greater with every passing day. That is due to the fact that there are more vehicles that make our roads crowded. With more vehicles, there is a bigger chance of a road accident, which in result might cost you some money. I know of people who never purchase any car insurance such as car insurance Ireland and do not plan to do so. I disagree with their decision. I had a road accident once, and if it were not for my insurance that I purchased in advance, I would have had to spend a lot more money that I spent. Thanks to my insurance policy, it was not that bad. It is no different in case of most cars. I believe that cars are such vehicles that especially need to be insured. Looking for car insurance quotes does not have to be difficult and it is actually pretty easy if you know where to look. You can always ask your friends for advice. You can also look for friendly advice on the Internet. Anyway, car insurance is extremely important, as cars are often on the roads for many hours per week. Should anything happen to a car, insurance bought in advance will be very helpful. There is cheap car insurance and the best part of it that it can help you save money when something happens to your car. Even if you drive carefully, that does not mean that other drivers drive carefully as well. Make sure to take every precaution in order to avoid a car accident. You don't want to lose money or even risk injuring yourself.
This entry was posted in Main Category on December 27, 2010 by Webber.


text:
Paul Wunderlich
Paul Wunderlich was a German artist best known for his Surrealist paintings and erotic sculpture, which secured his reputation as one of the most important members of the Magic Realist circle of artists. Wunderlich's early representational subject matter included recent scenes of Germany's oppressive history during World War II, but his imagery later turned towards Surrealist-influenced works, featuring sexual imagery and fantastic, floating forms. He was born on March 10, 1927 in Eberswalde, Germany and studied graphic art at the Landeskunstschule in Hamburg before becoming an art teacher there. During that time, he learned printmaking techniques from the well-known artists Emil Nolde and Oskar Kokoschka. Wunderlich also began painting using the free-form, Expressionist style of Tachism, but later abandoned it for more figurative imagery. In 1960, he moved to Paris and lived there for three years while working in the Deskjoberts workshop as a lithographer. From 1951 to 1960, he taught as a professor at the University of Fine Arts in Hamburg and from the 1970s on, his energies turned to sculpture. He lived between Hamburg and France before his death on June 6, 2010, in Provence, France.


text:
package bio.terra.janitor.db;

/**
 * The state of the {@link TrackedResource}.
 *
 * <p>This is persisted as a string in the database, so the names of the enum values should not be
 * changed.
 */
public enum TrackedResourceState {
  // The initial state where no cleaning has happened to a resource yet. May not have expired.
  READY,
  // The resource is in the process of being cleaned up.
  CLEANING,
  // The resource was cleaned up successfully. There is nothing else to be done.
  DONE,
  // The resource could not be cleaned up. Manual intervention is required.
  ERROR,
  // The resource was manually abandoned and should not be cleaned up any more.
  ABANDONED,
  // The resource was duplicated by another tracked resource with the same cloud unique id.
  // Nothing else needs to be done for this resource.
  DUPLICATED,
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Someone may say that the Lord's pastimes are manifestations of material illusion and they only appear to be spiritual under the influence of devotion to the Lord. But that is not true. The Lord's pastimes are spiritual. The foolish with skill in jñāna or yoga cannot know the transcendental nature of the forms, names and activities of the Lord, who is playing like an actor in a drama. Nor can they express such things, neither in their speculations nor in their words. The Absolute Truth is beyond the expression of one's mind and speech.
To the layman the Lord and His activities are mysterious. The fruitive workers have no information of the Absolute Truth, and the mental speculators try to know Him by their own minds. And for all these men, the Lord is a mystery. Being deceived by the jugglery of the Lord, the non devotees remain always in ignorance. The mental speculators are a little more progressive than the fruitive workers, but because they are also within the grip of illusion, they take it for granted that anything which has a form, name and activities is but a product of material energy. Thus in ignorance they think that the Supreme is formless, nameless and inactive. The ignorant men consider the Lord simply as one of the great personalities of the world, and are thus misled by illusion. The person ignorant of drama cannot understand the names and forms indicated by the actor thru theatrical gestures of the hands and poetic words indicating the moon or the lotus. Thus he does not appreciate the drama and says there is no rasa. The person in knowledge directly experiences rasa, which pervades all his senses and heart.


text:
Jones still believes in Jervis after striker moves to Dons
Town striker Jake Jervis
Published: 08:10 Saturday 01 September 2018
Luton boss Nathan Jones still has plenty of belief in striker Jake Jervis despite agreeing to let the forward move to AFC Wimbledon on loan for the rest of the season yesterday.
The 26-year-old signed for the Town on transfer deadline day last January, but has failed to score in 13 appearances since, his most recent coming in the 1-0 Carabao Cup defeat at West Bromwich Albion.
Jervis could make his Dons debut at Burton Albion this afternoon, but will not be eligible to play in the two games against the Town later this season.
Although allowing him out in the hope of getting first team football, Jones hasn't closed the door on the ex-Plymouth man making an impact at Kenilworth Road, saying: "Jake was frustrated with his lack of first team opportunities here, so we felt it was best if he went out and did a loan and got some game time.
"We had a number of interested parties, but we felt this was the right move for him.
"We believe in Jake, but with the quality and competition we have here with the strikers, we just felt that his game time would be limited.
"We wish him all the best because he's still our player and we want to one, protect the asset, but also ensure that he's moving forward."
Meanwhile, Dons boss Neal Ardley added: "We've played against Jake loads of times and when we looked at what we felt we needed he was one that ticked a lot of the boxes.
"He's got great legs in terms of his running on and off the ball and we felt his attributes complemented the strikers we currently have here.
"James Hanson is great in the air and a good hold-up player, Joe Pigott can do the all-round stuff, and Kwesi has got great movement and is sharp in behind.
"Jake can also play on the right, so he could give us that quality there as well.
"Jake has got good pedigree too and his goals record from games started is one in three, even though he has spent time playing on the right.
"He will go straight into the squad for tomorrow's game."
Lee happy to be on the goal trail for the Hatters again
Luton man and woman charged with terrorism offences after alleged plot on London Pride
Elderly woman robbed outside her home in Luton
In demand Van Crombrugge confirms interest from Luton


In the face of GDPR, many companies are looking for ways to process and utilize personal data without violating the new rules.
This is all quite difficult, as GDPR significantly limits the ways in which personal data can be collected and processed. One of the biggest challenges is the high bar the regulation sets for acquiring a visitor's consent.
1) under GDPR, consent has to be freely given, specific, informed and an unambiguous indication of the data subject's agreement to the processing of personal data relating to him or her to serve as a valid basis for processing user data.
2) GDPR has no grandfather provision allowing for the continued use of data collected using non-compliant methods prior to the date of GDPR's entry into force. In practice, this means that all data collected before GDPR should be removed from databases if it doesn't meet all the requirements (and most probably it doesn't).
What Is PII, non-PII, and Personal Data?
Another option is seeking other legal bases allowing us to process data and use historical analytics databases without going into a gray area.
One of the most favorable methods seems to be data anonymization. It may prove a good strategy for retaining the benefits while mitigating the risks involved in dealing with user data.
Companies that use this technique can benefit from one very important fact – anonymous data is not personal data for the purposes of GDPR.
According to Recital 26 of GDPR: The principles of data protection should therefore not apply to anonymous information, namely information which does not relate to an identified or identifiable natural person or to personal data rendered anonymous in such a manner that the data subject is not or no longer identifiable.
In other words, you can use it freely for virtually every purpose you want to.
Learn how to recognize PII and Personal Data to stay away from privacy issues.
These advantages, however, result from one fact – anonymisation is a very complicated and demanding process. It requires a lot of preparation and the use of specialized techniques. The benefits you receive are more like reward for your hard work than a low-hanging fruit.
What exactly is data anonymization?
Data anonymization is the use of one or more techniques designed to make it impossible – or at least more difficult – to identify a particular individual from stored data related to them.
According to London's Global University, Anonymisation is the process of removing personal identifiers, both direct and indirect, that may lead to an individual being identified.
An individual may be directly identified from their name, address, postcode, telephone number, photograph or image, or some other unique personal characteristic.
An individual may be indirectly identifiable when certain information is linked together with other sources of information, including, their place of work, job title, salary, their postcode or even the fact that they have a particular diagnosis or condition.
In the case of anonymization performed to align with the demands of GDPR, that would mean anonymizing every piece of information that can be classified as personal data.
What's particularly important in the case of anonymization is that, according to the Article 29 Working Party's Opinion 05/2014 on Anonymisation Techniques, it shouldn't be treated as a single unified approach to data protection. It's rather a set of different techniques and methods used to permanently mask the original content of the dataset.
There's also a very limited list of techniques that could be considered as providing sufficient level of security. Among the approved anonymization techniques, the Article 29 Working Party lists two types of procedures: randomization and generalization.
Here you can find a short description of techniques encompassed by their scope.
Noise Addition: where personal identifiers are expressed imprecisely (for instance, height is expressed inaccurately).
Substitution/Permutation: where personal identifiers are shuffled within a table or replaced with random values (for instance: a zip code is replaced with a word).
Differential Privacy: where personal identifiers of one data set are compared against an anonymized data set held by a third party with instructions to employ a noise function and an acceptable amount of data leakage is defined.
Aggregation/K-Anonymity: where personal identifiers are generalized into a range or group (for instance: an age of 30 is generalized to 20-35).
L-Diversity: where personal identifiers are first generalized, then each attribute within an equivalence class is made to occur at least l times (for instance, properties are assigned to personal identifiers, and each property is made to occur with a dataset, or partition, a minimum number of times).
The possibility to deduce, with significant probability, the value of an attribute from the values of a set of other attributes.
Is Singling Out still a risk?
Is Linkability still a risk?
Is Inferrence still a risk?
For these reasons, it's highly advisable to use not one but a combination of several anonymization in concert to prevent your data set from being re-identified. However, even that approach doesn't necessarily translate into total data security.
Because there are now so many different public datasets available to cross-reference, any set of records with a decent amount of information on someone's actions has a good chance of matching identifiable public records.
Latanya Sweeney demonstrated in 2000 that 87% of the American population can be uniquely identified by a combination of just their ZIP code, gender, and date of birth!
That's why, even when applying anonymization processes, it's important to limit the amount of anonymized data disclosed to the public and to stick to the data minimization approach. In this way you minimize the risk of this data set being matched with any kind of public records.
We hope they'll prove useful!
Although data anonymization has some very strong advantages, don't forget about its drawbacks.
It's important to remember that if you want to anonymize new data collected from your website, then you'll either need to obtain consent to collect personal data (like cookies, IP addresses, and device ID) and then apply anonymization techniques, or only collect anonymous data from the start. In the latter case, this data would be limited to pageviews, as most other analytics metrics and reports requires personal data like unique pageviews, unique visitors, user location, etc.
However safe this approach may sound, it also deprives you of all the valuable insights you can gain with more detailed information about your customers. Stripping every common identifier from your data makes it impossible to cultivate a more personalized approach towards your clients and visitors – for instance, by serving them with tailored messaging and dedicated offers or recommendations.
That's why it's worth sacrificing your historical data set in some cases and going the extra mile to provide your users with enhanced levels of security and transparency. This will help them be relaxed about sharing their personal details with you. Then you can use this data to provide them with level of personalization and customer experience they desire.
You can do it by asking your users for consent to process their data and storing all the information received in alignment with the new EU data privacy law – something we've written a lot about on our blog in the GDPR section. Be sure to check it out!
Anonymization is definitely one of the greatest ways to ensure the safety of data you collect. This extra measure of security lets you freely exploit your data collection in ways that wouldn't be legally allowed when it comes to non-anonymized data. However, there are also some considerable benefits of using personal data in its pure (original) form. That's why you really need to think through the pros and cons of each option before making a final decision.
But no matter what method you choose, remember that storing your data in a safe environment is also of paramount importance.
For instance, Piwik PRO Analytics allows you to store your data at a location of your choice – using your own infrastructure, in a third-party database, or in our own secure private cloud with servers located in EU and the USA. What's more, our software enables you to apply additional security measures to your data, like SAML Authentication or Audit Log, and you can take advantage of professional data security advice and support.
If you'd like to learn more, feel free to contact us anytime!
The post The Ultimate Guide to Data Anonymization in Analytics appeared first on Piwik PRO.
Next Refugee migration: Where are people fleeing from and where are they going?


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Сэйлом Иу Кам Шин (, , родился 4 февраля 1988 года в Гуандуне) — гонконгский регбист, выступающий на позиции защитника за клуб «» и за сборную Гонконга.

Биография
Окончил школу Фун Кай Лю Ман Ши Тон в 2008 году, в том же году был впервые приглашён на Гонконгскую серию по регби-7 как зритель, что и подтолкнуло его к выступлениям в регбийных командах. В 2009 году дебютировал на Восточноазиатских играх в составе сборной по регби-7, став серебряным призёром и повторив этот результат на Азиатских играх 2010 года в Гуанчжоу (оба раза гонконгцы уступили японцам).

Дебютную игру за команду по регби-15 Сэйлом провёл 22 мая 2010 года в Токио против сборной Японии. С апреля 2013 года стал профессионалом после официального признания сборной по регби-7 Гонконгским спортивным институтом, в том же году в составе сборной Гонконга стал серебряным призёром Спартакиады народов КНР. В 2014 году стал серебряным призёром Азиатских игр в Инчхоне, через 4 года выиграл и Азиатские игры в Джакарте, и чемпионат Азии, принеся Гонконгу первые золотые медали по регби-7 и регби-15 на азиатском уровне.

Выступал в составе сборной Гонконга по регби-15 в репечаже — финальном утешительном отборочном турнире к чемпионату мира 2019 года, однако гонконгская сборная не смогла пройти на чемпионат (прошла сборная Канады). Неоднократный участник этапов Мировой серии.

Примечания

Ссылки

Регбисты Гонконга
Игроки РК «Тайгерс»
Игроки сборной Гонконга по регби
Игроки сборной Гонконга по регби-7

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This island country in the Indian Ocean is packed with history, culture and wildlife! Go on a 7 day trip across Sri Lanka to truly explore this beautiful country. The trip will take you across Kandy, Nuwara Eliya, Galle and Colombo.
Upon arrival in Colombo, be transferred to your hotel in Kandy. This charming city in central Sri Lanka is often regarded as the Cultural capital of this island country.
Check-in to the hotel and post a quick afternoon siesta, visit the Sri Dalada Maligawa Temple (The temple of the Tooth Relic) in the evening. The temple is one of the most sacred Buddhist sites in the world and also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Later on, experience a traditional Kandyan cultural dance show.
Post breakfast; Enjoy a sightseeing tour of Kandy.
The ancient city of Kandy is dotted with religious shrines, cultural landmarks, royal garden, and palace surrounded by tropical hills and exotic wildlife. Kandy is a city like no other.
This morning, be transferred to Nuwara Eliya post breakfast. En route to Nuwara Eliya, visit a tea factory to catch a glimpse of how the iconic "Ceylon Tea" is made. Tea cultivation is not only a major part of the Sri Lankan economy but also of the Sri Lankan way of life, especially in the Central Highlands, where each region's tea has its own distinctive character.
The tea from Kandy is acclaimed to be intensely full-bodied while the tea of Nuwara Eliya is regarded as one of the finest teas and is termed as delicately fragrant. Once you reach Nuwara Eliya, check-in to the hotel and later, enjoy a sightseeing tour of the city. Nuwara Eliya is lovingly called Sri Lanka's Little England due to its unique climate and colonial architecture.
Start your day early with a packed breakfast and visit the Horton Plains which has a unique montane zone, home to several endemic species. Visit the World's End within this National Park which is a sheer precipice and a famed natural sight. After this visit, proceed to Nuwara Eliya. En route, visit a New Zealand Farm & Strawberry Farm.
Start the day early and after breakfast, head to Bentota. En route, experience the coastal city of Galle with a sightseeing tour. The quaint town is well known for Galle Fort, a UNESCO World Heritage Site built in 1663. The promontory of this fort is covered on three sides by the ocean. The fort snakes its way around what is now the commercial district lending a feeling of Dutch colonial times. In addition to its historic charm, Galle proves to be quite an intriguing destination with colourful markets, bustling lanes, beautiful temples, and a shimmering ocean. Upon arrival in Bentota, check-in to the hotel and the rest of the day is at leisure.
Today, explore Bentota on your own. You can try out the various water sports (Optional-Cost not included) or just relax on the beach.
Today, be transferred to Colombo Airport for your flight home. If time permits, you can do a brief sightseeing tour of Colombo City.


The Monroe-West Monroe Convention & Visitors Bureau is pleased to assist you in sharing the story of our destination. Here you will find press releases, news coverage and a media inquiry form.
The Communications Department looks forward to working with you by providing interviews, photography, and video, as well as assistance in organizing a press trip. Please fill out our media inquiry form and let us know what your needs are.
View recently distributed press releases here.
Keep up with the latest coverage on Monroe-West Monroe.
Need help with a story? We'd love to assist you.


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Andrew Schneider Announces his Candidacy for HD 48 Seat
Laura Saul Edwards
Contact: Laura Saul Edwards
Community Leader Andrew Schneider
Announces Candidacy to Succeed Delegate Bob Brink (D-48)
Arlington, VA-Andrew Schneider announced today his candidacy to replace Delegate Bob Brink (D-48) in the Virginia House of Delegates.
"I will bring passionate, effective leadership and advocacy to the House of Delegates, " said Schneider, who is known in community and professional circles for listening to all views, and resolving challenges with balance and common sense to achieve meaningful results.
"The 48th District is vibrant and growing because of our shared progressive values, such as equality, pragmatism and innovation. These core values unite our many diverse citizens living and working in North Arlington, Crystal City and McLean," and according to Schneider, "these values will guide my service in Richmond."
Pledging to build on Delegate Brink's legacy, Schneider points out that "however, we must do better in Virginia by fighting for full equality for LGBTQA citizens, a woman's control of her own reproductive decisions, expansion of health care coverage and stronger gun laws. I'm eager to continue this fight."
Schneider, 39, raised in Arlington, graduated from Arlington public schools (Tuckahoe, Swanson, Yorktown), and earned a BA in History and Government from the College of William & Mary and an MBA from University of Maryland (where his peers chose him to deliver the commencement address). His political experience has taken him from Capitol Hill working for Senator Bob Kerrey (D-NE) to the White House working for Vice President Al Gore (D-TN) to promoting U.S. business opportunities as the Executive Director of the American Chamber of Commerce in Skopje, Macedonia.
Schneider is currently serving in a number of leadership roles in Arlington, including president of the Yorktown Civic Association, where he is working to update Chestnut Hills Park and has taken an active role in the Lee Highway Revitalization Project; as vice chairman of Community Residences, a non-profit founded in Arlington serving over 500 disabled adults; and was treasurer of the Overlee Community Association when it undertook a $4 million renovation. An avid swimmer and swimming coach at the Overlee, Donaldson Run and York swim clubs, Schneider also is a proud graduate of the Leadership Arlington Class of 2011.
In a rapidly changing world, Schneider has a proven record of seizing a challenge and developing effective and profitable solutions, as he has done for The Washington Post and as he is doing now as the director of William & Mary's Washington Area Alumni Business Alliance (WAABA). Schneider's effort on behalf of more than 16,000 alumni encompasses voters in all precincts of the 48th District. He vows to "bring the same practicality and high energy that guides these efforts to my work in Richmond on behalf of the people of the 48th District."
Schneider had this to say about why he is running and why now: "Now is the time for putting my years of civic engagement to good use in Richmond, on behalf of the 48th District."
Authorized by Friends of Andrew Schneider
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Next articleBlue Virginia 48th House of Delegates District Q&As: Andrew Schneider
Speaker Nancy Pelosi Endorses Terry McAuliffe for Governor
Some good photos from the Virginia state capitol this morning, courtesy of Sen. @ssurovell https://bluevirginia.us/2021/01/friday-news-the-covid-19-death-toll-is-even-worse-than-it-looks-four-rules-that-should-guide-bidenomics-trump-wont-say-the-one-thing-that-could-really-calm-down-his-followers#comment-5228215565


INSTRUMENTAL DIAGNOSTICS AND TREATMENT - forum with Physicians !
Medical diagnosis (often abbreviated dx or Dx) is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs. It is simply called diagnosis when the medical context is implicit. The information required for diagnosis is typically collected from a history and physical examination of the person seeking medical care. Often, one or more diagnostic procedures, such as diagnostic tests, are also done during the process.
Diagnosis is often challenging, because many signs and symptoms arenonspecific. For example, redness of the skin (erythema), by itself, is a sign of many disorders and thus doesn't tell the physician what is wrong. Thusdifferential diagnosis, in which several possible explanations are compared and contrasted, must be performed. This involves the correlation of various pieces of information followed by the recognition and differentiation of patterns. Occasionally the process is made easy by a sign or symptom (or a group of several) that is pathognomonic.


On February 28, 2019, European Medicine Agency (EMA) (hereafter referred as 'Agency') published the first guidance on new rules for certain medical devices - the first of a series of guidance documents to help applicants to prepare for compliance with these new rules. The first guidance introduces new roles and responsibilities for EMA and national competent authorities (NCAs) in relation to certain types of medical devices and in-vitro diagnostics, demands efforts from the Agency with stakeholders including pharmaceutical and medical device industries, and notified bodies, to ensure a smooth transition to the new regulatory framework.
The new guidance document has been developed jointly by EMA and the Co-ordination Group for Mutual Recognition and Decentralised Procedures - Human (CMDh) in close collaboration with the European Commission.


Property for sale in Alanya, Turkey.
This fantastic two bedroom apartment for sale is just 100 meters from the sea and within walking distance of the nearby shops, restaurants and cafes. The complex was completed in 2017 and is a modern complex with a good size communal swimming pool and terrace area. A perfect property for either residential use, a great holiday home or a sound investment into Turkish Real Estate. The area of the apartment for sale is 115 sqm and comprises of a spacious open plan living room and a modern fitted kitchen with sliding doors taking you out onto a large terrace with views over the town. The apartment has two good size bedrooms and a modern high quality fitted bathroom. This is a competitively priced apartment in a lovely area and is priced to sell quickly.


Are you a business owner or you run some organization? Are your customers a vital part of your business? Are you looking forward to give best possible experiences to your customers and want them to engage with you or your organization? If you answered to all the above questions in affirmation, all you need is a set of right tools that will give best experience to your customers. And none other than Sugar CRM will help you the best. It is not only a feature rich platform to build a site on but also a most user-friendly Customer Relation Management Software.
We, at Adaptative, love our customers and do our very best to provide them with best possible experiences and understand how very important your customers are for your business and overall growth. Thus, we recommend our SugarCRM services which are especially designed to help you have better relation with your customers. It is an amazing tool that requires low investments but offers high end results and we know how essential it is to save on your resources when all the economies of the world feel a bit of recession hit. This is why our team of most skillful developers and designers look forward to help you set one of the finest CRM tools that will use quite a less of your resources without compromising with the quality and standards.
Sugar CRM is a popular open source Customer Relation Management solution that works just the best for the companies of every shape and size. The best part about it is that it can easily be integrated with other software and customization doesn't require much effort. It helps organizations to create a flexible system that can easily be maintained. With this wonderful open source tool you get best of CRM features like marketing campaigns, project management, sales force automation, support cases, leads, accounts, opportunities and so much more.
Our solutions will help you grow your sales better, create remarkable client business applications, execute the finest marketing programs and of course have better ways to retain your clients. Our expert team not only specializes in Sugar CRM development but also offers world class consultation, systems integration as well as special managing services. Whether you're looking for simpler modifications or an entire setup to be build or it is as big a project like enterprise engagement, our team has done it all and with its vast knowledge and experience it is ever ready to help you.
We, at Adaptative, look forward to help you with latest and greatest techniques like creating shared workspaces which works incredibly well in working collaboratively with your partners, clients or employees. There are still some other niftier solutions like document editing, contract signing or even the faxing of your agreements to others in your network and so on.


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Identifying the 'primary activity' on-site – Engie…
Identifying the 'primary activity' on-site – Engie Fabricom UK Ltd v MW High Tech Projects UK Ltd [2019] EWHC 1876 (TCC)'s Tags
In Engie Fabricom UK Ltd v MW High Tech Projects UK Ltd, the Court refused to enforce an adjudicator's decision because it found that the Defendant had reasonable prospects of showing that the primary activity of the site in question was power generation, and consequently that the parties' sub-contract fell within the section 105(2) exclusions in the Housing Grants Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 ("the Act").
The Defendant was the main contractor appointed to construct a fluidised bed gasification power plant in Hull. The Defendant appointed the Claimant under a sub-contract to perform the works.
A dispute arose between the parties in relation to payments under the sub-contract. There was an issue before the adjudicator as to whether she had jurisdiction to determine the dispute. The adjudicator's non-binding decision was that the sub-contract was a construction contract as defined in the Act, and consequently she had jurisdiction to determine the dispute. The adjudicator ordered that the Defendant pay the Claimant the sum of £27,062.25 plus interest and VAT, and that the Defendant pay her fees and expenses and the fixed charge in respect of her appointment.
The Claimant sought to enforce the adjudication decision before the TCC by way of summary judgment application. The Defendant resisted the Claimant's application on the basis that: a) the adjudicator's decision was wrong; b) alternatively, that it had a real prospect of success of establishing that the decision was wrong; c) alternatively, that there was some other compelling reason for trial of the issues.
Issues in dispute
It was common ground between the parties that, if the primary activity of the site was power generation, then, pursuant to section 105(2)(c)(ii) of the Act, the works were not "construction operations" and there was no legal right or entitlement to adjudicate, so that the adjudicator's decision was without jurisdiction and unenforceable.
The Court reviewed the legal principles relating to determination of the primary activity on site. In summary:
There is a distinction between the primary purpose and the primary activity on site. While the former is a relevant consideration, it may be the primary activity of a site is different (for example, because of the scale or output of the activity);
The exclusions in s 105(2) of the Act should be construed narrowly.
The meaning of "the site" is determined by the overall impression rather than a detailed examination of particular documents or obligations.
The Claimant contended that the primary activity on site was the disposal and thermal treatment of waste by incineration/gasification as an alternative to landfill, and that power generation was merely a secondary activity. It relied on documents prepared for the Employer for the purposes of attracting investment for the project, which explained that the driver of the project was the high rate of waste generated in England and stringent EU requirements to reduce the amount of waste going to landfill. The Claimant also relied on EU legislation, as well as the terms of the permit which was granted by the Environment Agency, to show that the primary activity was thermal treatment of waste. The Claimant also submitted that only a small amount of energy was generated by the plant.
The Defendant argued that it was necessary to look at the nature and purpose of the whole site. It relied on a number of factors to argue that the primary activity was power generation, including that planning permission for the site referred to power generation, that the wording of the main contract and subcontract was consistent with power generation, and that the site generated electricity for export to the National Grid (not just for the plant itself). The Defendant also argued that it was wrong in principle for the Claimant to look to EU legislation concerned with the protection of the environment and public health in order to construe domestic UK construction legislation.
The Court was "entirely satisfied" that the Defendant had shown it had a real prospect of successfully demonstrating that the primary activity on site was power generation. Interestingly, the Court also agreed with the Defendant that there was a reasonable prospect that the Claimant's emphasis on EU legislation was irrelevant to the construction of the sub-contract in the context of the Act. In any event, the Court was satisfied that more documentary evidence and expert evidence was required to assist the Court to determine the issue.
Lessons for the industry
The matter will now proceed to a trial on the issue of the primary activity on site and, while the sums in dispute in this proceeding may be considered modest, it is likely that the ultimate decision will have implications for more significant disputes on the same types of project.
More broadly the decision illustrates the difficulties with interpreting the exclusions under s 105(2) of the Act, and shows why the exclusions have been the subject of confusion and criticism in the past. It remains to be seen whether there will be any reform in this area. The proposed amendments to the Construction Act did consider removing this exclusion.
Mark Roach
mroach@dacbeachcroft.com
DAC Beachcroft's Construction Risks Newsletter features topical issues in construction. Welcome to the August version of DACB's construction risks newsletter…


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Ludwik IX Bogaty (ur. 23 lutego 1417 w Burghausen, zm. 18 stycznia 1479 w Landshut) – książę Bawarii-Landshut, panujący w latach 1450–1479, syn Henryka XVI Bogatego i Małgorzaty Habsburżanki (siostry króla Albrechta II).

Dzieciństwo i młodość spędził na zamku Burghausen. Po śmierci ojca w 1450 objął rządy, mając 33 lata. W niecałe pół roku po rozpoczęciu rządów nakazał wygnać wszystkich Żydów z terenu księstwa. W grudniu 1450 zawarł umowę z Albrechtem III, księciem Bawarii-Monachium, potwierdzającą jego pozycję.

Bogactwo Ludwika opierało się na kopalniach w Rattenbergu i Kitzbühel. Posiadanie znacznych środków pozwalało mu nie tylko na utrzymanie sprawnej armii, ale i na prowadzenie wystawnego trybu życia, z czego był znany w Rzeszy.

Ingerował w sprawy miast Rzeszy. W październiku 1458 zajął Donauwörth, czym naraził się cesarzowi Fryderykowi III. Cesarz w następnym roku wyjął go spod prawa, jako burzyciela pokoju i wysłał na niego margrabiego Albrechta Achillesa. Ludwik poprosił wówczas biskupa Eichstätt Johanna III von Eycha o pośrednictwo w sporze. Jednak, gdy biskup wydał orzeczenie niekorzystne dla Ludwika, ten w marcu 1460 wypowiedział wojnę zarówno biskupowi, jak i margrabiemu. Złupił Eichstätt, księstwo biskupie oraz miasto Roth. Tam doszło w czerwcu 1460 do ugody.

Jednak 13 lipca 1461 cesarz wypowiedział wojnę Ludwikowi, powołując Albrechta Achillesa ponownie na wodza. Konflikt między Ludwikiem a Albrechtem przeszedł do historii pod nazwą wojny bawarskiej (1459–1463). 19 lipca 1462 Ludwik pokonał swojego przeciwnika w bitwie pod Giengen (Giengen an der Brenz). 23 sierpnia 1462 zawarto w Norymberdze rozejm, a wojnę zakończył pokój praski w 1463. Potwierdzono wówczas status Donauwörth, jako miasta cesarskiego.

Ludwik w 1472 założył uniwersytet w Ingolstadt, późniejszy Uniwersytet Ludwika i Maksymiliana w Monachium. W 1474 wydał pokój ziemski. Doprowadził w 1475 do zawarcia małżeństwa swojego syna Jerzego z Jadwigą Jagiellonką. Na przypomnienie tego wydarzenia organizowany jest festyn Wesele w Landshut.

Ożenił się w 1452 z 18 lat młodszą księżniczką Amalią Saksońską (1435–1502), córką elektora saskiego Fryderyka II i Małgorzaty Habsburżanki. Mieli czwórkę dzieci:
 Elżbietę (1452–1457)
 Jerzego Bogatego (1455–1503)
 Małgorzatę (1456–1501) – żonę księcia Filipa z Palatynatu
 Annę (1462).

Zmarł w 1479, mając 62 lata. Pochowano go w klasztorze Seligenthal Landshut.

Urodzeni w 1417
Wittelsbachowie
Władcy Bawarii
Zmarli w 1479


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ARTVISITS
ARTTRAVEL
ARTPROGRAM
ARTEVENTS
Pop-Up Dinner Antibes
Artsoirée à la Villa Rothschild
Soirée musique in Monaco
Pop-Up Dinner Côte d'Azur
Leonardo da Vinci at the Louvre in Paris
On December 12th, 2019
Private visit of the Leonardo da Vinci exhibition at the Louvre in Paris
An exceptional exhibition on Leonardo da Vinci will be presented at the Musée du Louvre. A unique group of artworks that only the Louvre could bring together, in addition to its outstanding collection of paintings and drawings by the Italian master.
The year 2019 has a special significance for the Louvre, as it will mark the fifth centenary of the artist's death at Amboise, in the Loire Valley. When his patron Giuliano de' Medici died, Leonardo da Vinci left Italy for France at the invitation of the new French king, François I. Probably around November 1516, he arrived at the Château du Clos Lucé, a stone's throw from the king's residence at Amboise.
This château was the splendid home provided by François I for Leonardo, whom he appointed "First Painter, Engineer and Architect to the King," a position for which the artist received a princely allowance. This is where he spent the last three years of his life, compiling notes on various scientific and artistic subjects with a view to publishing treatises, and working on the paintings he had brought with him to France, such as Saint Anne, the Mona Lisa and Saint John the Baptist. Some remarkable drawings from this period, done on French-made paper, illustrate his work on hydraulic projects, festivities for the king and a monumental equestrian sculpture.
On May 2, 1519, the great Italian Renaissance genius died at the Château du Clos Lucé. This is why the Louvre holds almost a third of his corpus of paintings: those he brought to France were purchased by François I and entered the royal collections, which probably already included The Virgin of the Rocks and La Belle Ferronnière, acquired by Louis XII. This outstanding set of paintings, which formed the beginning of the Louvre's collections, was supplemented by twenty-two of the artist's remarkable drawings.
The fifth centenary of the Italian master's death is therefore a unique opportunity for the Louvre to bring as many as possible of the fourteen to seventeen paintings now attributed to Leonardo, according to specialists, to join the five large paintings in the Paris museum. The exhibition will include a large selection of drawings and a small but significant group of paintings and sculptures that will provide some tangible context.
This international retrospective will present the latest research findings, critical editions of key documents and the results of the latest analysis carried out in laboratories or during recent conservation treatment by the Louvre.
Reservation & information
Price and detailed program on request. As we have only limited number of places, thank you for contacting us as per email at cotedazur@la-visite.eu
Dali. Une histoire de la peinture
Joan Miro at the Maeght Foundation & artist's studio in Saint Paul
XXVe Biennale de la Céramique à Vallauris
Thème : Illdy. © La Visite | art culture côte d'azur 2019. All Rights Reserved.