Escape-Central - ESCAPE 4x2 or 4x4 ???
Escape-Central > ESCAPE TRIBUTE FORUMS > General Chat > ESCAPE 4x2 or 4x4 ???
Which is better to own, a 4x2 or 4x4 & Why?
Posts: 13 4x2 or 4x4?
What do you own, a 4x2 or 4x4 and why?
I'm trying to make up my mind between the two and need a tie breaker.
I live in northern Canada and the 4x4 is nice in the winter.
I am in the same boat as Canadian Scape, lots of snow and ice in these northern canadian winters, that and we do a lot of backwoods 4x4ing into lakes around our place for camping, swimming and quading. I find it's really versatile.
I say go for the 4x4 if cost is not an issue. It handles better in all weather, does not decrease fuel economy, and it always there just in case. Plus, take away the all wheel drive and you are driving a tall wagon with front wheel drive. If you are going to buy an SUV, go all the way and get the 4x4.
4X4 - You got to be able to play in the mud and snow.
When I traded in my Ranger, one of the big dings was no 4x4. I figure the 4x4 on the 'Scape will pay off at trade in time.
Canada here. 4 snow Blizzaks DMZ-02s with the locked 4x4 = unbelivable traction last winter...wow.
Where in Canada are you danno?
Canadian Scape and I are from northern alberta.
Sunroof, MACH Stereo. Leather, etc.
I live in Wisconsin, we do get a hefty amount of snow and ice, but not as much as Canada. I have the 4X2. As long as it's not rear wheel drive, most cars work fine in the car. To be honest, I don't think I would have turned the four wheel drive on mor than a few times. The dealer tried to sucker me into it, "But it'll raise the resale value." Yeah, but I did my homework, and it doesn't raise it more than what you pay for it in the first place. So far my 'Scape is doin good, no snow yet, but when there is, the skiis go in, and it'll get its test.
"Almost only counts in horseshoes and hand grenades"
"If it aint broke, don't fix it, If it's broke, buy a new one."
"How fast do you want to go....how much money you got?"
"There IS no replacement for displacement!"
I agree, you might not even get the value out of the 4x4 for resale but i think you would have an easier time selling it over a identical 2wd.
In Austin, Texas we don't have much snow or dirt roads. I got the 4X4 for foul weather driving safety. And from some of the floaters that were experienced this summer, I'm really glad I chose the 4X4.
Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Idiocy.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I've been waiting since last week for updates and not heard anything. Our cluster server died again and we really need to get this resolved ASAP. I tried calling, but they couldn't reach the assigned engineer and wouldn't escalate it for me either.


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text:
Kerr pulling out of XMRV research
Thread starter Esther12
Invest in ME to fund WPI study of XMRV in UK/European patients
Mar 5, 2010 - In December 2009 Invest in ME (www.investinme.org) announced its plans to attempt to fund research by Dr. Jonathan Kerr. This was in conjunction with the charity ME Solutions, and we wished to maximise the opportunities to fund research into ME/CFS. The research project was:
The role of XMRV in modulation of NK cell cytotoxicity and NK cell gene abnormalities in ME/CFS patients and normal blood donors
Recently Dr Kerr informed us that he was withdrawing the grant application, as a study in which he was involved has shown no XMRV in ME/CFS patients.
This now means that the fund-raising for this particular project will be halted.
Invest in ME have contacted those supporters who have donated funds specifically to aid this particular project and we have offered to refund the donations. We are happy to announce that all our supporters have requested that we retain the funds donated and use them for biomedical research.
The supporters of IiME, those who fund and those who provide moral and other support, are the finest in the ME community. These supporters remain, for the most part, anonymous yet they continue to be the source of our determination to continue to campaign for biomedical research and raise awareness and improve education about myalgic encephalomyelitis.
Therefore, we are planning on helping the Whittemore-Peterson Institute directly by offering to fund some important work on XMRV in UK/European patients.
We know this may not be a massive contribution in the grand scheme of things but we feel it is important to give as much financial support, and all the moral support that we can at this time to the WPI and their research colleagues.
We hope to have more news soon.
Invest in ME will continue to campaign for biomedical research into ME and we hope to be able to fund more such work in the future.
http://www.prohealth.com/library/sh...ium=SiteTracking&utm_campaign=home_LatestNews
Sounds like Kerr was convinced by the earlier paper he was involved with. I was looking foreward to the Kerr/Mikovits one.
Hope123
It's still possible that Mikovits and Kerr are still working together, just that Kerr will no longer be exploring the XMRV and NK cell connections. He're returning grant money for this particular project but the big one, $1.6 million over 5 years from NIH, is more about infections and pathophysiology in general in CFS and not just XMRV. Time will tell. As long as he's not pulling entirely out of CFS research, I wil be satisfied with that.
Frickly
With all due respect....I think your way off base to include "WPI going it alone" in the title of your thread.
ukxmrv
I think that the title is wrong and I would ask the poster or one of the moderators to change this.
The email doesn't support the title. Sad to see that "spin" put on it.
Having spoken to Invest in ME I can clarify that Dr Kerr has ONLY pulled out of this one research project. He was hoping to use the same subjects for his NK cells as per the Bishop et al paper. They didn't find XMRV in their CFS cohort so he could not carry out this project.
Hope123 said:
I wonder what will happen with that one. It sounded to me as if Kerr had decided against XMRV research at this point - UKXMRV says that it was only this one XMRV project though.
re title: I see what people mean, but I never meant the WPI were the ONLY people doing XMRV research, just that they were now going it alone with an Invest in ME project rather than working with Kerr. I'm happy to have it changed if others prefer though. I can't edit the title.
Esther12 said:
Hi Esther - thanks for agreeing to change the thread title.
You can change the thread title. I just experimented on a thread that i| started. Click 'edit post', then 'go advanced'. At the very top there's a box that says 'reason for edit', and under it is the title box, which is changeable.
<You can change the thread title. I just experimented on a thread that i| started. Click 'edit post', then 'go advanced'. At the very top there's a box that says 'reason for edit', and under it is the title box, which is changeable. >
Thank you IslandFinn ! you have solved one of the great mysteries of the universe for me!
Orla said:
Indeed. Job done.
edit: I don't think I changed it to this title? Did someone else? Oh well - it looks fine to me.
Thanks again Esther. Looks like you got lucky to me. My guess is that an administrator saw
and pitched in to help you out.
Orla - isn't it nice when you find one of the missing puzzle pieces!
Phoenix Rising Founder
Arizona in winter & W. North America otherwise
I wish Invest in ME would get their act together! They way they put sounds like Kerr doesn't believe XMRV exists! If he's doing it because he doesn't have samples that an entirely different story.
I can believe Invest in ME would be so boneheaded! Kerr's loss would be a big blow. The way the first email is likely read could lead one to believe that a well respected researcher doesn't believe that there's a chance that a real replication study will turn up XMRV. I sent INVEST an e-mail.
usedtobeperkytina
Clay, Alabama
Cort, without an explanation, and linking him to the UK study that didn't find it, leaves people to draw conclusions, some of which will not be correct.
I thought that possibly, he didn't believe it is linked to CFS, or he might know he doesn't have what he needs to find it (lack of resources), or he isn't getting what he needs from WPI (as rumors have been circulating that they aren't releasing the reagents).
I find the last option not likely, seems if WPI was open to anyone in UK having their reagents, it would be Kerr.
I understand why Kerr may not want to give a reason why. People's careers are going to fall on this issue. The line has been drawn. Best thing a researcher can do is to keep his thoughts to himself until more studies show which side is right.
Perhaps invest in ME do know why Kerr has pulled out. It may be that because he is associated with one study, he feels it is unprofessional to start another. I have know idea. However Kerr has not publicly said. I didn't read it to mean he felt XMRV will not be found.
This study was to be done in conjunction with a Dr Bansal whose clinic does CBT and GET.
I think a lot of people were suspicious about donating.
Could be that he got funding for another XMRV study, and wasn't quite enough for this one, so he committed to doing the one he had funding for and let the other one go. Didn't think he could do two at once.
Just speculating here.
Who knows...its an obscure message.
I sent Invest in ME an email -I asked did he pull out because he doesn't believe XMRV is in CFS in the UK or because he doesn't have the samples to the do the study? Two very different scenario's.
Until they explain I'm going to assume the first - because that's what the tenor of the message lends me to believe - however the second could certainly be true. Whatever, they get my vote for worst press release of the year.
starryeyes
Mithriel said:
Thanks for letting us know Mithriel. I'm glad Kerr pulled out of that.
Countrygirl
Cort;54305]Who knows...its an obscure message.
I've had an e-mail from Dr Judy to say that she now has several hundred UK people to test for XMRV. She says this is to convince the UK researchers (including Kerr?) that XMRV is here in high numbers. She believes this particular research will persuade researchers and governments to take the ME/XMRV association seriously, providing the replication study faithfully follows the methodology used in the Science study.
Dr Judy has all the patients she needs now.
Thanks Mithriel, that would explain a lot. Do you have a link to any info about the study that was proposed?
Aristocrat Extraordinaire
Cort said:
Cort I spoke to Dr Kerr on Friday, and he gave no indication to me that he doesn't believe XMRV is in CFS in the UK. He seemed genuinely open-minded on the issue and as keen to know the answer to XMRV as the rest of us. I didn't see anything wrong with the InvestinME press release.
fds66
One scenario that occured to me is that maybe Kerr was going to use the testing methods that turned out to be negative in the previous study and now doesn't have access to a reliable test method to detect XMRV in whatever samples he was planning on using? I agree the announcement is vague.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
\section{Introduction \label{intro}}

Even though magnetic monopoles remain unobserved experimentally, they have attracted interest for decades both experimentally and theoretically.
In 1931, Dirac \cite{Dirac} showed for the first time that the existence of a magnetic monopole would imply the quantization of electric charge. This, along with the duality-like symmetry of Maxwell's equations, are a major motivation for the study of monopoles. The DQC,
\begin{equation}
{2ge\over \hbar c} = \mathrm{integer} = N,
\label{Diraccond1}
\end{equation}
is a topological property of space. In 1975, the singular potentials that Dirac's derivation results in, were better understood when Wu and Yang \cite{WuYa} rederived the DQC by a new method based on singularity-free gauge transformations.

In this paper we study the validity of the DQC in noncommutative space-time using the Wu and Yang approach. The motivation for such a study is that since the noncommutativity of space-time is expected to affect the very
short distances, the singularity structure could also be affected.  We consider the noncommutative (NC) Weyl-Moyal space-time defined by the commutator:
\begin{equation}
[\hat{x}^\mu ,\hat{x}^\nu]=i\theta^{\mu \nu}\\, \label{nccom}
\end{equation}
where $\theta^{\mu\nu}$ is a constant antisymmetric matrix (not a Lorentz tensor).

The study of different types of noncommutative space-time models is mainly motivated by open string theory with a constant background field \cite{SeiWitt} and the attempt to combine quantum mechanics with classical gravity \cite{DopFredRob}. In this work we only consider the so-called space-space noncommutativity, i.e. $\theta^{0i}=0$, because of the issues of unitary \cite{GM} and causality \cite{SST} which appear when time does not commute with space.

The use of the commutator \eqref{nccom} has interesting consequences, most notably the breaking of Lorentz invariance. However, the corresponding noncommutative space-time has a richer symmetry than the subgroup to which the Lorentz group is broken, the so-called twisted Poincar\'e symmetry \cite{ChaKuNiTu}, which has the same representation content as the usual Poincar\'e symmetry.
In addition, UV and IR divergences are mixed in noncommutative field theories \cite{MinRaaSei}. This mixing is the manifestation of the fact that the short and long distance effects in such theories are intimately related.
Thus, it is interesting to
explore the DQC in the noncommutative case, since it probes the singularity structure of the theory.

For noncommutative field theories we shall use the well-known Weyl-Moyal star product and the fact that the gauge group $U_\star(1)$ is
non-Abelian and thus the form of the gauge transformations of fields will differ from the commutative $U(1)$ theory \cite{Haya}.  In this work we shall use the asymptotic expansion of the Weyl-Moyal $\star$-product:
\begin{equation}
(\phi \, \psi) (x)\rightarrow \left(\phi \star \psi\right)(x) \equiv
\left[\phi(x)e^{\frac{i}{2}\theta_{\mu \nu} \label{star}
\frac{\overleftarrow\partial}{\partial x _\mu}
\frac{\overrightarrow\partial}{\partial y_\nu}}
\psi(y)\right]_{x=y}\,.
\end{equation}
Since we shall be working outside of singularities and with continuous functions we are free to use \eqref{star} which is defined for smooth functions.

The paper is arranged as follows: In section 2 the approach to the DQC of Wu and Yang \cite{WuYa} in commutative space is briefly reviewed. In section 3 we discuss the modifications needed when considering the DQC in noncommutative space-time. In section 4 we study the NC gauge transformations to first order in $\theta$ and in sections 5 and 6 we define and solve the noncommutative Maxwell's equations to first order in $\theta$ and discuss how the DQC can be kept valid to this order. In section 7 we make our concluding remarks.

\section{DQC in the Wu-Yang approach}\label{WuYang}

When describing a magnetic monopole in the Dirac approach \cite{Dirac}, one is led to a singularity in the gauge potential $A_\mu$ for the magnetic field -- the Dirac string.
The string is rotatable by a gauge transformation and thus cannot be observed, but the gauge transformations used for the rotation are also singular. This could be somewhat troubling.
In the approach of Wu and Yang \cite{WuYa}, the singularity problem is circumvented by dividing the whole space into two overlapping hemispheres and by defining a singularity-free potential in each hemisphere.
In the original paper the space R is divided as:
\begin{eqnarray}
R^N: & 0 \leq \theta < \pi/2 + \delta, \hspace{5pt} r > 0, \hspace{5pt} 0 \leq \phi < 2\pi, \hspace{5pt} t \in (-\infty, \infty) \nonumber \,, \\
R^S: & \pi/2 - \delta < \theta \leq \pi, \hspace{5pt} r > 0, \hspace{5pt} 0 \leq \phi < 2\pi, \hspace{5pt} t \in (-\infty, \infty)
\label{regionsab}
\end{eqnarray}
and the two gauge fields $A_{\mu}^N$ and $A_{\mu}^S$ are taken to be:
\begin{eqnarray}\label{potentials}
A_t^N = A_r^N = A_{\theta}^N = 0, & A_{\phi}^N = {g\over r\sin\theta}(1 - \cos\theta), \nonumber \\
A_t^S = A_r^S = A_{\theta}^S = 0, & A_{\phi}^S = -{g\over r\sin\theta}(1 + \cos\theta).
\end{eqnarray}
The conditions the potentials need to satisfy are the following:
\begin{enumerate}
\item{In the overlapping region they are gauge transformable to each other;}
\item{Their curls give the magnetic field;}
\item{Both potentials are singularity-free in their respective regions of validity.}
\end{enumerate}
For the potentials \eqref{potentials}, the gauge transformation is given by
\begin{equation}
S = S_{ab} = e^{-i\alpha} = e^{{2ige\over \hbar c}\phi}.
\label{gaugetrans}
\end{equation}
This gauge transformation remains single-valued only if the condition
\begin{equation}
{2ge\over \hbar c} = \mathrm{integer} = N
\label{Diraccond}
\end{equation}
is satisfied. Equation \eqref{Diraccond} is exactly the quantization condition due to Dirac \cite{Dirac}.

\section{Wu-Yang procedure in Moyal space-time \label{repstar}}

To check the validity of the Dirac quantization condition in NC space-time, we shall use a slightly modified version of the Wu-Yang procedure. In commutative space-time, Wu and Yang looked for a gauge transformation from one hemisphere to the other and required that the potentials in each hemisphere give the magnetic field. In NC space-time the situation is modified since the $U_\star(1)$ group is non-Abelian and it is not clear what the magnetic field is in this case.
Therefore we shall look for a potential in each hemisphere, $A_\mu^N(x)$ and $A_\mu^S(x)$, such that:
\begin{enumerate}
\item{The potentials are gauge transformable to each other in the overlap region of the potentials. For the non-Abelian group $U_\star(1)$ this means that we require:
\begin{equation} \label{gaugetransform}A_{\mu}^{N/S} (x)\rightarrow U(x)\star A_{\mu}^{N/S}(x)\star U^{-1}(x) - iU(x)\star\partial_{\mu}U^{-1}(x)=A_{\mu}^{S/N}(x)\,.\end{equation}}
\item{Both potentials satisfy Maxwell's equations with an appropriate source for the magnetic charge.}
\item{The potentials remain singularity-free in their respective regions of validity, i.e., Maxwell's equations are solved in such a way that noncommutativity does not produce
new singularities into the potentials.}
\end{enumerate}
The analogy between these conditions and the conditions in the commutative case (see section \ref{WuYang}) is apparent.

Requiring these three conditions, we may then consider which types of sources would be compatible with the DQC. This follows because from both equations we are able to solve for the difference in the potentials $A_\mu^N(x)-A_\mu^S(x)$ (perturbatively) and since both equations need to be satisfied simultaneously we get an equation relating the source term contained in Maxwell's equations and the gauge transformation parameter $\lambda(x)$.

We shall treat the problem as a perturbation series to first order in $\theta$. We use a notation where the NC gauge field $A_\mu$ is expanded as $A_\mu = A^0_\mu+A^1_\mu+A^2_\mu+O(\theta^3)$. Here the upper index corresponds to the order in $\theta$. In this notation, the gauge transformation parameter is (symbolically) expanded as $\lambda =\lambda^0+\lambda^1+ \lambda^2+O(\theta^3)$. To preserve the DQC we require that the $\theta$-corrections to $\lambda$ can be put to zero (or a constant), i.e. $\lambda =\lambda^0+C$, while satisfying the three above requirements. We begin by calculating the finite gauge transformations of the fields to first order in $\theta$.

\section{Noncommutative gauge transformations}\label{NCGT}

The noncommutative gauge transformations under the group $U_\star(1)$, with group elements $$U^{-1}(x) = e_{\star}^{i\lambda(x)} = 1 + i\lambda(x) + {i^2\over 2!}\lambda(x)\star\lambda(x) + \dots,$$ are given by
\begin{equation}
A_{\mu}(x) \rightarrow U(x)\star A_{\mu}(x)\star U^{-1}(x) - iU(x)\star\partial_{\mu}U^{-1}(x). \label{GT}
\end{equation}
There will be $\theta$-contributions from the non-trivial gauge group element $U(x)$, as well as from the $\star$-products between the factors of \eqref{GT}.

Using the result
\begin{equation}
\theta^{ij}\partial_i\lambda(x)\partial_j\lambda(x) = 0\,, \label{stuff}
\end{equation}
we see that the gauge group element in first order in $\theta$ remains unmodified:
\begin{eqnarray}
e_{\star}^{i\lambda(x)} & = & 1 + i\lambda(x) + {i^2\over 2!}\lambda(x)\star\lambda(x) + {i^3\over 3!}\lambda(x)\star\lambda(x)\star\lambda(x) + \dots \nonumber \\
& = & e^{i\lambda(x)} + \mathcal{O}(\theta^2) \label{final}.
\end{eqnarray}

Next, we go back to \eqref{GT} and calculate the full expression for the gauge transformation in first order. Writing the noncommutative field $A_i(x)$ as $A_i(x) = A_i^0(x)+A_i^1(x)+A_i^2(x)+ \dots,$
we can calculate the gauge transformation \eqref{GT} to
first order in $\theta$. It is given by
\begin{eqnarray} \label{gaugetransexpansion}
A_i(x) & \rightarrow & e^{-i\lambda}\star(A_i^0(x) + A_i^1(x))\star e^{i\lambda} - ie^{-i\lambda}\star\partial_ie^{i\lambda} + \mathcal{O}(\theta^2) \nonumber \\
& = & A_i^0(x) + A_i^1(x) + \theta^{kl}\partial_k\lambda\partial_lA_i^0(x) + \partial_i\lambda + {\theta^{kl}\over 2}\partial_k\lambda\partial_l\partial_i\lambda + \mathcal{O}(\theta^2) \label{a:s}.
\end{eqnarray}
From this we have the following gauge transformations in the zeroth and first order in $\theta$
\begin{eqnarray}
A_i^0(x) & \rightarrow & A_i^0(x) + \partial_i\lambda \label{crap23} \,,\\
A_i^1(x) & \rightarrow & A_i^1(x) +  \theta^{kl}\partial_k\lambda\partial_lA_i^0(x) + {\theta^{kl}\over 2}\partial_k\lambda\partial_l\partial_i\lambda. \label{crap24}
\end{eqnarray}

To conclude, due to the first requirement in section \ref{repstar}, we require up to first order that the following equations hold:
\begin{eqnarray}
A_i^{N_0}(x) & = &A_i^{S_0}(x) + \partial_i\lambda  \label{1stord}\,,\\
A_i^{N_1}(x) & = &A_i^{S_1}(x) +  \theta^{kl}\partial_k\lambda\partial_lA_i^{S_0}(x) + {\theta^{kl}\over 2}\partial_k\lambda\partial_l\partial_i\lambda \,.\label{2ndord}
\end{eqnarray}
Next we shall move on to consider the second requirement of section \ref{repstar}, i.e. that the potentials satisfy Maxwell's equations.

\section{Noncommutative Maxwell's equations in first order \label{1st}}

In Weyl-Moyal space Maxwell's equations for a static monopole are:
\begin{align}
\epsilon^{\mu\nu\gamma\delta} D_\nu\star\mathcal{F}_{\gamma\delta} &= 0  \label{theother}\,, \\
D_\mu\star\mathcal{F}^{\mu\nu} &= J^\nu \,, \label{sourceeqn}
\end{align}
where $\mathcal{F}_{\mu\nu}= {1\over 2}\epsilon^{\mu\nu\gamma\delta}F_{\gamma\delta}$ is the dual field strength tensor. The NC $U_\star(1)$ field strength tensor and the covariant derivative are given by
\begin{align}
F_{\mu\nu} &= \partial_\mu A_\nu - \partial_\nu A_\mu - ie[A_\mu , A_\nu]_{\star}\,, \\
D_\nu &= \partial_\nu - ie[A_\nu,\cdot]_{\star} \,.
\end{align}
We shall look at the equations \eqref{theother} and \eqref{sourceeqn} as a perturbative series in $\theta$ and check whether we can find solutions for them perturbatively. For the source we have $J^i=0$ and $J^0 \equiv \rho(r) = 4\pi g\delta(r) + \rho^{1}(r) + \rho^2(r) + \mathcal{O}(\theta^3)$, where the superscript denotes the order of $\theta$. In this way the total noncommutative magnetic charge is defined as
\begin{equation}
g_{NC} = \int J^0(x)d^3x
\end{equation}
and it is therefore
gauge invariant. Observe that $g_{NC}$ becomes a perturbation series in $\theta$ and consequently $g$ from the commutative Maxwell's monopole equations becomes a coupling constant which coincides with the definition for magnetic charge in the commutative limit.

We should mention that we have the additional consistency condition for eq. \eqref{sourceeqn},
\begin{equation}
D_{\mu}\star J^{\mu} = 0.
\end{equation}
We do, however, not need to consider this condition separately because the source and monopole equations are static, $J^i = 0$, and all electric fields are set to zero (i.e. $A_0 = 0$, in the static case).

Because of the static case we consider, the other two Maxwell's equations contained in  \eqref{theother} and \eqref{sourceeqn}
are identically satisfied, and consequently we shall refer to equation \eqref{theother} as Amp\`ere's law and to equation \eqref{sourceeqn} as Gauss's law. In the following, we shall use units in which $\hbar = c = g = e = 1$ throughout,
but the units will be restored whenever we return to discussing the DQC.

The gauge covariant form of the equations does make one worry about the existence of gauge invariant noncommutative electric and magnetic fields. This problem can be
overcome if we take the view that the electric and magnetic fields are gauge invariant combinations of the potentials. That is, if we can find gauge invariant combinations of
the noncommutative potential that reduce to the electric and magnetic fields in the $\theta \rightarrow 0$ limit, it is very well justified to call these combinations
the noncommutative electric and magnetic field respectively. These combinations can be found by the use of Wilson lines as in \cite{Gross2}, where gauge invariant operators
in noncommutative gauge theory were constructed. These operators are given in momentum space, but by a usual, \emph{commutative} inverse Fourier transformation they can be transformed back
to coordinate space. Using that result, one may define a gauge invariant object constructed from the $U_{\star}(1)$ field strength tensor $F^{\mu\nu}$ as:
\begin{equation}
G^{\mu\nu} = \int d^4ke^{-ikx}\Big[\int d^4 x  F^{\mu\nu} \star W(x,C) \star e^{ikx}\Big] \,,\label{GIObs}
\end{equation}
where $W(x,C)$ is the noncommutative $U_{\star}(1)$ Wilson line:
\begin{equation}
W(x,C)= P_{\star} \exp \left(i g \int_0^1 d \sigma {d \zeta ^{\mu} \over
d \sigma} A_{\mu}(x+\zeta(\sigma))\right),
\end{equation}
and where $C$ is the curve which is parameterized by $\zeta^{\mu}(\sigma)$ with
$0\leq \sigma \leq 1$, $\zeta(0) = 0$. $\zeta(1)=l$ and satisfies the condition $l^{\nu}=k_\mu \theta^{\mu\nu}$,  $l$ being the length of the curve.  $P_{\star}$ denotes
path ordering with respect to the star product:
\begin{equation}
W(x,C)= \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (ig)^n
\int_0^1 d\sigma_1 \int_{\sigma_1}^1 d \sigma_2 ...
\int_{\sigma_{n-1}}^1 \!\!\!\!\!\! d \sigma_n \
\zeta^{'}_{\mu_1}(\sigma_1) ... \zeta^{'}_{\mu_n}(\sigma_n)
A_{\mu_1}(x+\zeta(\sigma_1))\star ... \star A_{\mu_{n}}(x+\zeta(\sigma_n)).
\end{equation}
Equation \eqref{GIObs} is a gauge invariant combination of the noncommutative potential, that reduces to the
commutative field strength in the limit $\theta \rightarrow 0$. Therefore the $F^{0i}$ and $F^{ij}$ parts of the noncommutative field strength may be attributed
to the noncommutative electric and magnetic fields, such that $G^{0i}$ is the noncommutative electric field and $\epsilon_{ijk}G^{jk}$ is the noncommutative magnetic field.

One should point
out that the shape of the curve $C$ gives rise to different gauge invariant objects, and therefore the definition of the magnetic and electric fields in \eqref{GIObs} is ambiguous. It may
be that straight Wilson lines are the best choices as then the point of attachment of $F^{\mu\nu}$ to the Wilson line does not matter as argued in \cite{Gross2}. However, the definitions of the
gauge invariant fields are only given here for a better understanding of the noncommutative Maxwell's equations and as we shall not need them in the following, we do not discuss this ambiguity
further.

\noindent{\large {\bf Amp\`{e}re's law}: \normalsize We start by investigating \eqref{theother}}:
\begin{equation}
\epsilon^{\mu\nu\gamma\delta} D_\nu\star\mathcal{F}_{\gamma\delta} = \frac 12 \epsilon^{\mu\nu\gamma\delta}\epsilon_{\gamma\delta\alpha\beta} D_\nu\star F^{\alpha\beta} = 2 D_\nu\star F^{\mu\nu} = 0 \,,
\end{equation}
in the first order in $\theta$. Since the electric field is set to zero, $F^{0i}=E^i=0$, and all time derivatives vanish, the indices $\mu$ and $\nu$ run over the spatial coordinates only. Consequently, we have
\begin{align}
D_k\star F^{ik} =& \partial_k (\partial^i A^k_1-\partial^k A^i_1) + \partial_k (\partial^i A^k_0-\partial^k A^i_0)\notag\\
&-i\partial_k[A^i_0 , A^k_0]_\star -i [A_k^0,\partial^i A^k_0-\partial^k A^i_0-i[A^i_0 , A^k_0]_\star]_\star + \mathcal{O}(\theta^2) \notag\\
=& \epsilon^{ikp} \partial_k B^1_p+\epsilon^{ikp} \partial_k B^0_p
+\theta^{pq} \{\partial_k(\partial_p A^i_0 \partial_q A^k_0) +\partial_p A_k^0 \epsilon^{ikp}\partial_q B^0_p \}+ \mathcal{O}(\theta^2)\,,
\end{align}
where we have denoted $(\partial^i A^k_1-\partial^k A^i_1)$ by $\epsilon^{ikp} B^1_p$.
Hence we find Amp\`{e}re's law up to first order in $\theta$ to have the form:
\begin{align}
(\nabla \times \vect{B}^0)^i &=0\,,\notag\\
(\nabla \times \vect{B}^1)^i &= -\theta^{\gamma\delta} \left[ \partial_j(\partial_\gamma A_0^i \partial_\delta A_0^j) + \partial_\gamma A_j^0 \epsilon^{ijk}\partial_\delta B^0_k   \right] \,, \label{amper}
\end{align}
where
$i,j,k = 1,2,3$.

\vspace{10pt}

\noindent{\large {\bf Gauss's law:} \normalsize Next we shall do the same for Gauss's law:
\begin{align}
D_\mu \star \mathcal{F}^{\mu\nu} &= \frac 12  \epsilon^{\mu\nu\alpha\beta}D_\mu \star F_{\alpha\beta} = J^\nu \,.
\end{align}
Since $J^i=0$, we set $\nu=0$ and as in the above the indices run over the spatial coordinates only.
Separating again the relevant term
$\nabla \cdot \vect{B_1}$ and using $$\frac 12  \epsilon^{i 0 jk} \partial_i (\partial_j A^0_k- \partial_k A^0_j)=-\frac 12  \epsilon^{ijk} \partial_i (\partial_j A^0_k- \partial_k A^0_j)=-\nabla\cdot \vect{B_0} = 4\pi\delta(r),$$ we obtain:
\begin{align}
D_i \star \mathcal{F}^{i0} - 4\pi\delta(r) =&\, \frac 12  \epsilon^{i0jk} \partial_i (\partial_j A^0_k- \partial_k A^0_j)- 4\pi\delta(r)+\frac 12  \epsilon^{i0jk} (-i)[A_i, \partial_j A^0_k- \partial_k A^0_j]_\star \notag \\
 &+\frac 12\epsilon^{i0jk} \partial_i (-i)[A_j^0,A_k^0 ]_\star +\frac 12  \epsilon^{i0jk} \partial_i (\partial_j A^1_k- \partial_k A^1_j) - \rho^1(x) \notag\\
=&\, i \frac 12 \epsilon^{ijk} \left( [A_i, \partial_j A^0_k- \partial_k A^0_j]_\star+ [\partial_i A_j^0,A_k^0 ]_\star+[A_j^0,\partial_i A_k^0 ]_\star \right)
 - \frac 12  \epsilon^{ijk} \partial_i \epsilon_{jkl} B_1^l-\rho^1(x)  \notag \\
 =&-\frac 12  \epsilon^{ijk} \partial_i\epsilon_{jkl} B_1^l - \rho^1(x) \,.
\end{align}
Since $-\frac 12  \epsilon^{ijk} \partial_i\epsilon_{jkl} B_1^l=\nabla \cdot \vect{B}_1 $, we find the simple result:
\begin{align}
\nabla \cdot \vect{B}_0 &= -4\pi\delta(r)\notag\,,\\
\nabla \cdot \vect{B}_1 &= -\rho^1(x) \,.
\label{gaush}
\end{align}

\vspace{10pt}

\noindent{\large {\bf Combining Amp\`{e}re's and Gauss's laws:}} \normalsize We combine the equations of motion of Gauss \eqref{gaush} and Amp\`ere \eqref{amper} in the usual way, with the help of the identity from vector calculus $\nabla^2 \vec{B} = \nabla(\nabla \cdot \vec{B})+\nabla \times (\nabla \times \vec{B}) $.
Since the form of Gauss's law is so simple, we obtain:
\begin{align}
(\nabla^2 B_1(A_1))^i &= -\partial^i \rho^1-\theta^{pq}\epsilon^{ijk} \partial^j  \left[ \partial^l(\partial^p A_0^k \partial^q A_0^l) + \partial^p A^l_0 \epsilon^{klm}\partial^q B_0^m   \right] \notag \\
&=-\partial^i\rho^1-\theta^{pq} \{ \epsilon^{ijk} \partial^j \partial^l(\partial^p A_0^k \partial^q A_0^l) + \partial^m (\partial^p A^i_0 \partial^q B_0^m )- \partial^m (\partial^p A^m_0 \partial^q B_0^i ) \} \notag \\
&=-\partial^i \rho^1-\theta^{pq} \{\epsilon^{ijk} \partial^l(\partial^p A_0^k  \partial^j\partial^q A_0^l)- 2\partial^m (\partial^p A^m_0 \partial^q B_0^i ) - \partial^m (\partial^p B_0^m \partial^q A^i_0) \}\,. \label{lapb1}
\end{align}

\section{Solution of the noncommutative Maxwell's equations \label{crud}}

To complete criterion 2 for our potentials in section \ref{repstar}, we need to solve equation \eqref{lapb1}. We do this by choosing a frame of reference, i.e. fix $\theta^{pq}$. We will first choose $\theta^{12}=-\theta^{21}$, whilst all other components of $\theta$ are set to zero. Furthermore, we use the original potentials of Wu and Yang \eqref{potentials} in cartesian coordinates:
\begin{align}
A_1^{N_0}  = & {-y (r - z)\over (x^2 + y^2) r},\quad A_2^{N_0}  =  {x (r - z)\over (x^2 + y^2) r},\quad A_1^{S_0}  =  {y (r + z)\over (x^2 + y^2) r},\quad \;A_2^{S_0}  =  {-x (r + z)\over (x^2 + y^2) r}\,,\label{potstuff}\\
& \hspace{2.5cm} A_3^{N_0}  =  A_3^{S_0} = A_0^{N_0} = A_0^{S_0} = 0. \nonumber
\end{align}
Here $N_0$ and $S_0$ denote the zeroth order terms in $\theta$ in the northern and southern hemispheres, respectively, and $r=\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}$.

Since the potentials \eqref{potstuff} are only defined outside the origin, the expression \eqref{lapb1} contains two problematic terms. For all components $i$, there is a term $\theta^{pq}(\partial_p \nabla \cdot \vect{B}_0)\partial_q A^i_0$ and when $i=3$ we have the additional term $\theta(\nabla \cdot \vect{B}_0)^2$.
These are somewhat ambiguous in our construction since for the Maxwell's equations the origin is included but for
the zeroth order potentials $A^i_0$, this point is removed. This implies that once we expand the noncommutative field as $A^i_{NC} = A^i_0 + A^i_1 + A^i_2 + ...$,
the origin is not included in the range of values that $A^i_{NC}$ can take. Consequently, we can ignore any contribution to the total noncommutative field $A^i_{NC}$ that contributes only at the origin, making the
theory more singular.
Therefore, terms such as $\nabla^2 B_i^1 = \theta^{pq}(\partial_p \delta^3(r))\partial_q A^i_0$ can be considered to
contribute to $B_i^1$ only at $r=0$ and consequently ignored. The same goes for terms of the form $\theta( \delta^3(r))^2$.
In Maxwell's equations we need to keep these terms, for the consistency of the perturbative approach.

By using
the components \eqref{potstuff} and \eqref{lapb1} for $\theta = \theta^{12}$, we get the following Laplace equations for the difference in $\vec{B}_1$ in the overlap of the
two potentials:
\begin{align}
\nabla^2(B^{N_1} - B^{S_1})_1 & =  {12\theta x(3r^2 - 5z^2)\over (r^2-z^2)r^7} - \partial_1\rho^{N_1} + \partial_1\rho^{S_1} \label{b1eq} \,,\\
\nabla^2(B^{N_1} - B^{S_1})_2 & =  {12\theta y(3r^2 - 5z^2)\over (r^2-z^2)r^7} - \partial_2\rho^{N_1} + \partial_2\rho^{S_1} \label{b2eq} \,,\\
\nabla^2(B^{N_1} - B^{S_1})_3 & =  {4\theta z(45(r^2 - z^2)^3 + 70(r^2 - z^2)^2z^2 + 56(r^2-z^2)z^4 + 16z^6)\over (r^2-z^2)^3r^7} - \partial_3\rho^{N_1} + \partial_3\rho^{S_1}.  \label{b3eq}
\end{align}
In these equations the vector index $0$ for the source term from equation \eqref{gaush} has been dropped. The superscript $N_1$ in $\rho^{N_1}$ means the northern hemisphere and the first order noncommutative correction to
the source; similarly, $S$ denotes the southern hemisphere.

The homogenous part ($\rho^{N_1}=\rho^{S_1}=0$) of these equations is solved by:
\begin{align}
(B^{N_1} - B^{S_1})_1 &= {2\theta x(2r^2-3z^2)\over (r^2-z^2)r^5}\,, \label{soln1} \\
(B^{N_1} - B^{S_1})_2 &= {2\theta y(2r^2-3z^2)\over (r^2-z^2)r^5}\,, \label{soln2} \\
(B^{N_1} - B^{S_1})_3 &= {2\theta z(6(r^2-z^2)^2 + 5(r^2-z^2)z^2 + 2z^4)\over (r^2-z^2)^2r^5}\,.\label{soln3}
\end{align}
The solutions to these equations are given by:
\begin{eqnarray}
A^{N_1}_1 - A^{S_1}_1 & = & {2\theta yz(2r^2-z^2)\over (r^2-z^2)^2r^3} \label{solnA1} \,,\\
A^{N_1}_2 - A^{S_1}_2 & = & -{2\theta xz(2r^2-z^2)\over (r^2-z^2)^2r^3} \label{solnA2}\,,\\
A^{N_1}_3 - A^{S_1}_3 & = & 0\,. \label{solnA3}
\end{eqnarray}
Now we would like to compare these equations with those coming from the gauge transformation \eqref{gaugetransform}. That is, we try to satisfy
criterions 1 and 2 from section \ref{repstar} simultaneously. More specifically, to first order in $\theta$ we use the explicit formula \eqref{2ndord}:
\begin{equation}
A_i^{N_1}(x) - A_i^{S_1}(x) =  \theta\left(\partial_1\lambda\partial_2A_i^{S_0}(x) - \partial_2\lambda\partial_1A_i^{S_0}(x)\right) + {\theta\over 2}(\partial_1\lambda\partial_2\partial_i\lambda -
\partial_2\lambda\partial_1\partial_i\lambda).
\end{equation}
Inserting the potentials of Wu and Yang \eqref{potstuff} and $\lambda=\lambda_0+\mathcal{O}(\theta^2)=\frac{2ge}{\hslash c }\phi+\mathcal{O}(\theta^2)$, where $\phi = \arctan\left({y\over x}\right)$, we recover exactly the equations \eqref{solnA1}, \eqref{solnA2} and \eqref{solnA3}.
In other words, there exist potentials $A_\mu^{N_1}$ and $A_\mu^{S_1}$ that are gauge transformable to each other and satisfy the equations of motion
 as long as the
first order contribution to the source term does not change the solution of the equations \eqref{soln1}, \eqref{soln2} and \eqref{soln3}. As these can be solved with the Green's function for the Laplace equation, we have the following condition:
\begin{equation}
B^{N_1(source)}_i - B^{S_1(source)}_i = -\int{\partial'_i(\rho^{N_1}(r')-\rho^{S_1}(r'))d^3r' \over \mid r'-r\mid} = 0\,. \label{slpp}
\end{equation}

 The symmetries of the equations will further constrain the form of a possible source term. It turns out that the ordinary delta-function source is not compatible with these symmetries and thus needs to be modified. This will be discussed below, in subsection $\ref{creed}$. First, we will check that our results are not sensitive to the choice
of the noncommutative plane.

Since we chose our noncommutative plane to be parallel with the overlap, i.e. the $(x,y)$-plane, we should check the above result for another choice of $\theta$
as the results might differ when the two planes are not parallel.

We should therefore do the same calculation for either $\theta^{13}$ or $\theta^{23}$. Which one of these does not matter because they are symmetric with respect to the plane of overlap. We choose $\theta^{13} = \theta'$.

We begin the analysis in $\theta'$ to first order from equations \eqref{lapb1}. With this choice of $\theta'$, the equations become
\begin{eqnarray}
\nabla^2(B^{N_1} - B^{S_1})_1 & = &   {12\theta'xyz(3r^2 - 5z^2)\over (r^2-z^2)^2r^7} - \partial_1\rho^{N_1} + \partial_\rho^{S_1} \label{t13nab1} \,,\\
\nabla^2(B^{N_1} - B^{S_1})_2 & = &  {12\theta'z(-x^2(3r^2 - 5z^2)+(r^2 - z^2)(4r^2-5z^2))\over (r^2-z^2)^2r^7} - \partial_2\rho^{N_1} + \partial_2\rho^{S_1} \label{t13nab2} \,,\\
\nabla^2(B^{N_1} - B^{S_1})_3 & = &  -{12\theta'y(3r^2 - 5z^2)\over (r^2-z^2)r^7} - \partial_3\rho^{N_1} + \partial_3\rho^{S_1}, \label{t13nab3}
\end{eqnarray}
 where we have used the potentials \eqref{potstuff}. The solutions, again neglecting the source, to these equations are
 \begin{eqnarray}
 (B^{N_1} - B^{S_1})_1 & = &  {6\theta'xyz\over (r^2 - z^2)r^5}, \label{solnt131} \\
 (B^{N_1} - B^{S_1})_2 & = &  {6\theta'y^2z\over (r^2 - z^2)r^5}, \label{solnt132} \\
 (B^{N_1} - B^{S_1})_3 & = &  {2\theta'y(-2r^2+3z^2)\over (r^2-z^2)r^5}. \label{solnt133}
 \end{eqnarray}
The potentials in the overlap can then be chosen as
\begin{eqnarray}
A^{N_1}_1 - A^{S_1}_1 & = & -{2\theta'y^2\over (r^2-z^2)r^3} \label{solnA1t13} \,,\\
A^{N_1}_2 - A^{S_1}_2 & = & {2\theta'xy\over (r^2-z^2)r^3} \label{solnA2t13}\,,\\
A^{N_1}_3 - A^{S_1}_3 & = & 0. \label{solnA3t13}
\end{eqnarray}
These potentials are exactly the same as when we calculate \eqref{2ndord} for the $\theta' = \theta^{13}$-case, and we can conclude in the same fashion as for $\theta^{12}$ that
the DQC holds to first order in $\theta^{13}$, provided condition \eqref{slpp} is satisfied and the correction $\rho^1(r)$ is gauge covariant.

We should make a brief comment on the uniqueness of the above solutions. The solutions are not unique, as we can always add a gradient term $\partial_if(x,y,z)$ to them without changing the equations of motion \eqref{b1eq}, \eqref{b2eq} and \eqref{b3eq}.
However, as we are looking for potentials satisfying the equations of motion and transforming in the right manner under gauge transformations such that the DQC remains unmodified, we are free to choose $\partial_if(x,y,z)$ as we wish, and indeed need to take $\partial_if(x,y,z)=0 $ to preserve the DQC. Therefore we choose $\partial_if(x,y,z)=0 $ and consider the potential differences given by \eqref{solnA1}, \eqref{solnA2} and \eqref{solnA3}.

 At this point we can conclude that there exist potentials $A_\mu^{N_1}$ and $A_\mu^{S_1}$ that are gauge transformable to each other and satisfy the equations of motion as long as the first order contribution to the source term does not change the solution of the equations of motion in the overlapping region in the first order of $\theta$. As was already mentioned above, the symmetries of the equations constrain the source term further and as will be shown in the next subsection we cannot use the ordinary $\delta^3(r)$-function source.

\subsection{Noncommutative corrections to the source term \label{creed}}

In this subsection we consider in general which types of sources are possible  in order to retain the DQC and have
noncommutative Maxwell's equations consistent with their gauge symmetry.

The requirement that the first order correction to the source should not affect the solutions of the equations of motion (condition \eqref{slpp}) constrains the form of the source but is not stringent enough to forbid a correction term entirely. Also, equation \eqref{sourceeqn} transforms as $U(x)\star D_\mu\star\mathcal{F}^{\mu0}\star U^{-1}(x)$ on the left-hand side. Namely, it is gauge covariant. Therefore, the source must also transform this way.
Moreover, the left-hand side in equation \eqref{sourceeqn} is $O(1,1)\times SO(2)$ symmetric and consequently, the source must also be that. We shall also, as a correspondence principle, require that we recover the Dirac delta-function for the source when $\theta \rightarrow 0$.

A possible source up to first order in $\theta$, satisfying all the symmetry requirements, is
\begin{equation}
J^0 =4\pi g \left(\delta^3(r) +\frac{ie}{2\hbar c}\theta^{kl}\partial_k \left(A_{l}\delta^3(r)\right)  \right) +\mathcal{O}(\theta^2)\,. \label{crap}
\end{equation}
This source was found in \cite{dqc} where it was shown that within a specific
quantum mechanical model for noncommutative space-time, the DQC holds to first order in $\theta$. Since the first order source term needs to be a scalar, the above first order part of the source is unique up to a change in the position of the derivative
$\partial_k$ and a change of the constant factor. Since the source is proportional to a delta function $\delta^3(r)$ and derivatives of it, it is easy to convince oneself that its only contribution in first order of the perturbation is to make Maxwell's equations
gauge covariant.

\subsection{Singularity-free potentials}

We should still convince ourselves that the potentials remain singularity-free when the first order corrections are included.
To really speak of singularity-free gauge potentials
we need to solve for the potentials $A^{N_1}$ and $A^{S_1}$ (not just their difference) in first order.

If we choose $\theta = \theta^{12}$ as our Moyal plane, we obtain the equations for $B^{N_1}_i$ from \eqref{lapb1} as
\begin{align}
\nabla^2 B^{N_1}_1 & =  {6\theta x(3(r^2-z^2)^2 +(r^2-z^2)z(z-5r) + 2z^3(r-z))\over (r^2-z^2)r^9} \label{BN_1tot} \,,\\
\nabla^2 B^{N_1}_2 & =  {6\theta y(3(r^2-z^2)^2 +(r^2-z^2)z(z-5r) + 2z^3(r-z))\over (r^2-z^2)r^9} \label{BN_2tot} \,,\\
\nabla^2 B^{N_1}_3 & =  2\theta \Big(-{16 \over (r^2-z^2)^3}+{21(r^2-z^2)\over r^8}-{13\over r^6}+{z\over r}\big[{15\over r^6}+{6\over (r^2-z^2)r^4}+{8\over (r^2-z^2)^2r^2} + {16\over (r^2-z^2)^3}\big]\Big) \label{BN_3tot}\,.
\end{align}

The solutions to the previous equations are given by
\begin{eqnarray}
B^{N_1}_1 & = & {\theta x (2 (r^2-z^2)^2 + (r^2-z^2) z (z-6r) + z^3 (r-z))\over (r^2-z^2) r^7} \label{B1}\,,\\
B^{N_1}_2 & = & {\theta y (2 (r^2-z^2)^2 + (r^2-z^2) z (z-6r) + z^3 (r-z))\over (r^2-z^2) r^7}  \label{B2}\,,\\
B^{N_1}_3 & = & \theta \Big(-{2\over (r^2 - z^2)^2} - {7 z^2\over r^6} + {5\over 2r^4} + {6 (r^2 - z^2)^2 z + 5 (r^2 - z^2) z^3 + 2 z^5)\over (r^2 - z^2)^2 r^5}\Big)\,.\label{B3}
\end{eqnarray}
We then proceed to integrate out the potentials for $B^{N_1}_i$. One choice, not introducing new singularities according to requirement 3 in section \ref{repstar}, is e.g.
\begin{eqnarray}
A^{N_1}_1 & = & \theta\Big({-2x\arctan({x\over y})\over (r^2-z^2)^2}+{y\over 4}\Big[{7\over r^4} - {2\over (r^2-z^2)r^2} + {4z(2r^2-z^2)\over (r^2-z^2)^2r^3}\Big]\Big) \label{a1whole1} \,,\\
A^{N_1}_2 & = & -\theta\Big({2y\arctan({x\over y})\over (r^2-z^2)^2}+{x\over 4}\Big[{7\over r^4} - {2\over (r^2-z^2)r^2} + {4z(2r^2-z^2)\over (r^2-z^2)^2r^3}\Big]\Big) \label{a1whole2} \,,\\
A^{N_1}_3 & = & 0. \label{a1whole3}
\end{eqnarray}
 From these potentials it is straightforward to obtain the expression for $A^{S_1}_i$, using \eqref{solnA1}, \eqref{solnA2} and \eqref{solnA3}.
It is clear that the potentials are singularity-free on the manifold $\mathbb{R}^3\setminus\{0\}$. We have thus found potentials that remain singularity-free over the manifold $\mathbb{R}^3\setminus\{0\}$ and our
 construction is complete.
 We may note that from the form of equations \eqref{B1}-\eqref{B3} it is clear that the large $r$ limit gives us the commutative theory when we consider only the leading order terms.

\section{Discussion and conclusions \label{conclrem}}

In this paper we have introduced a modified version of the method of Wu and Yang to accomodate noncommutativity of space-time when considering magnetic monopoles. The method is based on perturbation theory with the expansion parameter $\theta$. Using this method we have studied the Dirac quantization condition (DQC) to first order in $\theta$ and found that the condition remains unmodified for a class of sources, that reduce to the Dirac delta function in the commutative limit. Our result serves to clarify the relation between Maxwell's equations and the quantum mechanical model used in \cite{dqc}.

There have been many interesting studies devoted to noncommutative BPS-
monopoles (see \cite{U2, U1, nonpert, lecht} for a non-exhaustive list of references). The works include
perturbative studies of the $U_{\star}(2)$  \cite{U2} and $U_{\star}(1)$  \cite{U1} BPS-monopoles, as well as
nonperturbative
studies of the $U_{\star}(1)$ \cite{nonpert} BPS-monopoles, generalized to other groups in \cite{lecht}. These
constructions share the assumption that the definition  of magnetic charge in the
BPS-limit
may be taken over, without change,  to the noncommutative case. The legitimacy of this
assumption  is still an open question,  since the BPS-gauge field should reduce to the
solution of noncommutative Maxwell's equations, with a magnetic monopole, in order to
justify the
very name magnetic charge in this context. It should be stressed that,
with a constant $\theta$-matrix, the noncommutativity is  present  everywhere in space
and thus  the  effect of noncommutativity  can not be assumed to vanish even
asymptotically far away from the monopole. Although the BPS-constructions \cite{U2, U1, nonpert, lecht} do have
a topological charge,  it is not
necessarily the same as the noncommutative magnetic charge considered in the present work.

To find out what the noncommutative magnetic charge is, one must first solve Maxwell's equations in noncommutative space for a magnetic monopole to know how the noncommutative magnetic monopole solution looks in order to speak of a magnetic monopole within noncommutative field theory. The aim of this work has therefore been to begin to fill in this gap. The analysis to second order in $\theta$ will be the subject of \cite{usinsecond}.

We would additionally like to mention the fact that although noncommutative QED is known to be CPT invariant \cite{CPT} (see also \cite{Spinstat}), symmetry arguments alone do not rule out the existence of a first order $\theta$-correction term in the DQC.

\noindent {\large \bf Acknowledgments}

We are indebted to Masud Chaichian for illuminating discussions and comments on the manuscript. We also wish to thank Claus Montonen for useful remarks. The support of the Academy of Finland
under the projects no. 136539 and 140886 is gratefully acknowledged.

\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1}\selectfont

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Wygoninki – osada leśna kociewska w Polsce, położona w województwie pomorskim, w powiecie starogardzkim, w gminie Kaliska.

Osada wchodzi w skład sołectwa Bartel Wielki.

Leśniczówka Wygoninki jest położona nad południowym brzegiem jeziora Wygonin, na granicy z gminą Stara Kiszewa. Jest to jedyna miejscowość o takiej nazwie w Polsce, choć występują wsie o podobnych nazwach, jak: Wygoniska, Wygony, Wygon.

Nazwa Wygoninki pochodzi zapewne od słowa wygon, czyli miejsca, gdzie wyganiano bydło na wypas.
Nieznana jest data powstania zabudowań leśniczówki Wygonin. Było to prawdopodobnie około 1880 roku. W 1905 r. Wygoninki były określane jako Oberförsterei Grünwalde z jednym domem mieszkalnym i 7 mieszkańcami, które podlegało Nadleśnictwu Okonin.

Granica między gminą Kaliska a gminą Stara Kiszewa przecina jezioro Wygonin w poprzek, pozostawiając około 1/3 południowo-wschodniej części jeziora po stronie gminy Kaliska a resztę posiada gmina Stara Kiszewa.

W latach 1975–1998 miejscowość administracyjnie należała do województwa gdańskiego.

Zobacz też
 Wygonin
 Wygonin (jezioro)

Przypisy

Bibliografia
 Krzysztof Kowalkowski - Z dziejów GMINY KALISKA oraz wsi do niej należących, Wyd. Region, Gdynia 2010 -
 Milewski Józef - Kaliska. Informator o gminie w województwie gdańskim, Kaliska 1992

Kaliska (gmina)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Esencja wermutowa – esencja, którą dodaje się do wina w celu stworzenia wina typu wermut. Uzyskuje się ją poprzez zalanie mieszaniny ziół wódką lub spirytusem. Najczęściej do produkcji esencji wermutowej stosuje się następujące rodzaje ziół: piołun alpejski, miętę pierzową, kozłek lekarski, goździki, gałkę muszkatołową, tatarak, fiołek, arcydzięgiel, majeranek, kolendrę, tysiącznik, jałowiec, imbir, tatarak oraz skórkę pomarańczową i cytrynową.

Bibliografia
 Ewa Kwapisz, Domowy wyrób wina i piwa domowego moim hobby, .

Wino


text:
Dunja Eleonore Angelika Kreiser (* 27. Juni 1971 in Wolfenbüttel) ist eine deutsche Politikerin der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands (SPD). Seit dem 26. Oktober 2021 ist sie Mitglied des 20. Deutschen Bundestages. Zuvor war sie von November 2017 bis November 2021 Mitglied des Niedersächsischen Landtages.

Leben
Von 1987 bis 1990 absolvierte Kreiser eine Ausbildung zur Ver- und Entsorgerin. Kreiser war als Abwassermeisterin bei der Stadt Wolfenbüttel tätig, bis sie bei der Landtagswahl 2017 für den Wahlkreis Wolfenbüttel-Nord in den Niedersächsischen Landtag gewählt wurde. Sie ist verheiratet und hat ein Kind. Kreiser ist evangelischer Konfession.

Abgeordnete
Bei der Bundestagswahl 2021 trat Dunja Kreiser als Direktkandidatin im Wahlkreis Salzgitter – Wolfenbüttel und auf Platz 12 der SPD-Landesliste an. Sie konnte ihren Wahlkreis mit 38,6 % der Erststimmen gewinnen. Daraufhin legte sie ihr Landtagsmandat nieder. Für sie rückte Maximilian Schmidt in den Landtag nach.

Im Bundestag ist Kreiser ordentliches Mitglied im Ausschuss für Inneres und Heimat. Zudem gehört sie als stellvertretendes Mitglied dem Sportausschuss und dem Wirtschaftsausschuss an.

Weblinks

 Website von Dunja Kreiser

 Landtag Niedersachsen: Dunja Kreiser

Einzelnachweise

Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Bundestagsabgeordneter (Niedersachsen)
Landtagsabgeordneter (Niedersachsen)
SPD-Mitglied
Deutscher
Geboren 1971
Frau


It was a Spring evening in Istanbul, about 36 years ago, when my dad invited me to a business dinner he was planning to have with one of his clients from Germany. I was 15 then.
The reason for the invitation was that I spoke German – I was going to German High School in Istanbul then and I guess my dad wanted me to practice my German.
I was like .. what .. hmmm… what kind of question is that for a teenager?
Instead .. I said ..nein..niemals.. nope, never..
Well.. I was a shy young man at the time and didn't want to reveal all of my cards..
Now let me ask you the same question ..
How many times have you fallen in love? .. and how many times of falling is enough to find the one?
I hope you have as many as you could have, as there lies the beauty of life.. where you feel the love in every cell in your body .. and sense that jubilant, exuberant electricity running through your veins .. raising you to the clouds of heaven .. and its bliss making you feel invincible against the mighty threat of any daring ..
11 – Exploring the System of Life for Happiness!


text:
<img alt="dcsimg" id="dcsimg" width="1" height="1" src="//www.qsstats.com/dcs0hqs4610000ou3mn7tu0uc_5l6j/njs.gif?dcsuri=/cloud/salesforce-sees-another-healthy-revenue-jump-in-q1-earnings&dcsipa=1&WT.js=No&WT.tv=10.4.1&dcssip=www.eweek.com&WT.qs_dlk=XiKJvwrIhEQAAC@R0HEAAAJc&">
Salesforce Sees Another Healthy Revenue Jump in Q1 Earnings
By: Chris Preimesberger, eWEEK | May 18, 2017
The world's largest cloud-services business application provider has shown impressive double-digit revenue growth in each of the last three quarters.
Salesforce turned in another solid quarterly earnings report May 18, showing a comfortable 25 percent jump in year-over-year revenue in Q1 2018 to $2.39 billion to exceed Wall Street estimates of $2.35 billion.
The world's largest cloud-services business application provider has shown impressive double-digit year-over-year revenue growth in each of the last three quarters, including 25 percent in Q3 2017 and 27 percent in Q4 2017.
After adjustments for stock-based compensation and other effects, the company banked a profit of 28 cents per share.
Investors in Salesforce will be happy to note that the company said its earnings for the year would be higher than previously estimated. The company increased its revenue guidance for the full 2018 fiscal year to a range of $10.25 billion to $10.3 billion; previous guidance called for sales of $10.15 billion to $10.2 billion.
"With our outstanding first quarter results, we are thrilled to be raising our fiscal 2018 revenue guidance by $100 million and raising our GAAP and non-GAAP earnings per share expectations for the year," Chairman and CEO Marc Benioff said in a press statement. "Salesforce has once again been named the CRM market leader, and we continue to grow our share in CRM--the fastest-growing enterprise software market."
Deferred revenue is playing a big part for Salesforce these days. Deferred revenue is income under contract but either not yet billed or billed but not yet received. Because Salesforce has a cloud-service subscription business model, its revenue is not banked when a customer signs a contract but only after the service is delivered or paid for.
Salesforce reported deferred revenue of $5.04 billion as of April 30, up a solid 26 percent year-over-year. Unbilled deferred revenue, which are sales contracted but off the balance sheet, totaled about $9.6 billion at the end of the quarter, which also was up 26 percent year-over-year.
The $9.6 billion includes about $450 million related to unbilled deferred revenue from Demandware. Salesforce bought Demandware and its e-commerce platform for $2.8 billion last June 1 in the most expensive acquisition of its 18-year history.
Salesforce stock gained 2 percent in value in after-hours trading, but it soon fell to a slight loss after closing at $87.75.
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text:
Stone Canoe 16
A Journal of Arts, Literature and Social Commentary
Number 16, Downtown Writers Center, Syracuse, NY, MAR 2022, illustrated
Pepper, Jen, Shari Urquhart, A catalogue of the fiber works on contemporary artist Shari Urquhart (American, 1940 - 2020).132 pages. 2nd Edition MAY 2021.
Pepper, Jen, ArtSpiel.org, Shari Urquhart: Selections from The Fuzzy Museum & Other Warm Worlds, MAR 8, 2021, digital art publication
Fritsch, John & Jen Pepper, Two-Coats of Paint.com, 2020's Grim Atmosphere of Loss: Shari Urquhart and Others, DEC 31, 2020, NYC digital art publication
Number 15. Downtown Writers Center, Syracuse, NY MAR 2021, illustrated ink drawing 'Selkirk Grid' 2019
Number 14, Downtown Writers Center, Syracuse, NY 2020, illustrated Icelandic photographs p. 194+195
Cæsura, The Journal of the Poetry Center San José, To be Determined
www.pcsj.org ISBN 978-0-9850301-6-2 Library of Congress Number: 2018959562
illustrated p. vii, viii, 3, 6 DEC 2018
50 Haikus
Volume 1, Issue 13 . 2018
Prolific Press, Johnstown, PA
Number 12, Downtown Writers Center, Syracuse, NY 2018, illustrated
Skagaströnd Review, editor Andrea Webster, Paris /
Skagaströnd, ICELAND MAR 2016, illustrated
Number 10, Downtown Writers Center, Syracuse, Syracuse, NY 2016
cover image photograph
Stone Canoe 8
A Journal of Arts, Literature and Social Commentary Number 8, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, NY 2014, illustrated
TONY 2012 The Other New York
The Everson Museum of Art, Syracuse, NY
guest curator, Stone Quarry Hill Art Park, and catalogue essay p. 88
Fundación Casa Museo SOLAINA DE PILOÑO Biennial exhibition catalogue, Galicia, SPAIN NOV 2008 illustrated
Galichnik Biennial exhibition catalogue, published by MALA STANICA National Galleries of Macedonia, Skopje, MACEDONIA, 2007, illustrated
Pepper, Jennifer. Charles W. Goolsby: Sfumato: Italian Landscape Monotypes, authored exhibition catalogue essay: "Liminal Ports: Italian Landscape Monotypes by Charles W. Goolsby," 1912 Gallery, Emory & Henry College, Emory, VA MAR 2003
Dobie, Elizabeth Ann, Body of Experience, McIntosh Gallery, The University of Western Ontario, 1997, London, Ontario, Canada, illustrated
Kahn, Robin, editor, Time Capsule, Creative Time & SOS International Inc., 1995, New York, NY contributing artist illustrated exhibited at The Paula Cooper Gallery and The International Women's Conference, Beijing, China 1995, illustrated
Kahn, Robin & Mimi Somerby, editors, PROMOTIONAL COPY, contributing artist illustrated, D.A.P. Publishers, 1993 New York, NY. Exhibited at The Guggenheim Downtown Museum of Art, illustrated
Braid, Bernice & Cris Gleicher, editors, Orientation Seminar 1: The University – Discovery and Change, Long Island University, Brooklyn Campus, Copley Publishing Group, 1993 Acton, MA, photographic contribution, cover illustration
Space Questions: art + nature + culture, site specific installations in South Carolina, 2004 Sumter, SC Served as art director of catalogue and obtained publication granting funds, illustrated
Hill, Kate, Eagle News Online, Financial difficulties force Cazenovia College to announce plans to close, DEC 12, 2022, online + print https://eaglenewsonline.com/new/schools/2022/12/12/financial-difficulties-force-cazenovia-college-to-announce-plans-to-close/
Hill, Kate, Eagle News Cazenovia Republic, Cazenovia College Art Gallery's Group Exhibition Celebrates the Natural Landscape, OCT 24, 2022 on-line + print
https://eaglenewsonline.com/things-to-do/arts/2022/10/24/cazenovia-college-art-gallerys-group-exhibition-celebrates-the-natural-landscape/
Hill, Kate; Caz College Art Gallery begins fall semester with multi-media group exhibition, Eagle News Cazenovia Republican, online + print, SEP 7, 2022, p. 2, illustrated https://eaglenewsonline.com/things-to-do/arts/2022/09/06/cazenovia-college-art-gallery-begins-fall-semester-with-multi-media-group-exhibition/
Schweinfurth Art Center, The Post Standard, Syracuse, NY, "Upstate Art Time for Central New York fall exhibits," Sun, SEP 11, 2022, p. 17
Pepper, Jen, "Shari Urquhart: Selections from The Fuzzy Museum & Other Warm Worlds," ArtSpiel.org, MAR 8, 2021 digital publication
Fritsch, John & Jen Pepper, TWO COATS OF PAINT.com, digital journal "2020s Grim Atmosphere of Loss: Shari Urquhart and Others" DEC 31, 2020
https://www.twocoatsofpaint.com/2020/12/2020s-grim-atmosphere-of-loss.html
Two Coats of Paint, NYC digital journal, "Grim Atmosphere of Loss"
Hill, Kate "Local artists selected for the 'Made in NYC juried exhibition, Eagle Newspapers, Cazenovia, NY, 07-27-2020
"L'obra d'artistes dels Estats Units, a Sant Pere," Julián Vásquez, El 9 Nou, 3 June, 2019, Catalan, SPAIN
Cazenovia College, "Associate Professor Jen Pepper Finds Artistic Enrichment in Norway, Iceland and Denmark," Faculty Profile pages, Cazenovia, NY, June 23, 2016, illustrated
http://www.cazenovia.edu/academics/faculty- profiles/art-design/jen-pepper
Collins, Jane, "'Aurora Sojourn' captures essence of Scandinavia", The Item, July 18, 2015, p.A3, illustrated
Moore, Ivy, "Gallery presents 'Aurora Sojourn,' The Item, Sumter, SC, July 12, 2015, p.A1 + C17, illustrated
Grimelid Oppedal, Vilde, "Kledde seg i fjorden", Hordaland Folkeblad, Norheimsund, NORWAY, June 19, 2015, p.10, illustrated
Grimelid Oppedal, Vilde, "Strikkar fjorden," Hordaland Folkeblad, Norheimsund, NORWAY, April 7, 2015, p.10, illustrated
Moore, Ivy, "Magnolia, homage to S.C., opening at FAC," The Item, Sunday, January 15, 2012, Sumter, SC, p. C6, illustrated
"A busy year at the Reisman gallery," by Pierce Smith, Editor © The Cazenovia Republican, Eagle Newspapers, illus. Vol.203, No. 40, Oct 05, 2011, pg. 3, Syracuse, NY Print & web
"A Way with Words, Visual Artist Jen Pepper Molds and Shapes Language"
by Katherine Rushworth, photos by Michelle Gabel, Central New York Magazine, March/April 2011, illus. p.139-148
© 2011 The Post-Standard. All rights reserved. Used with permission of The Post-Standard, Syracuse New York
Sculpture magazine, March 2011, Vol. 30 No. 2, a publication of the International Sculpture Center, Washington, D.C. illustrated p. 68-69
Carbone, Audra, The WILTON PATCH.com
"Weir Farm Artist In Residence Jen Pepper presents her work." June 02, 2010
Kern, Steven, "New Everson show features Parrish," The Post-Standard / Stars, page 2, Sunday, April 4, 2010, Syracuse, NY
Rushworth, Katherine, "Compelling New Everson exhibition," The Post-Standard / Stars, Sunday, March 14, 2010, Syracuse, NY
Kern, Steven, "New Everson exhibits grows out of Impressionists," The Post-Standard / Stars, Sunday, February 07, 2010 Syracuse, NY
Moore, Ivy, The Item "Wunderkammers: Why do we Collect?" DEC 7, 2008 Sumter, SC illustrated
Dufort, Jon, "The Object and Beyond," Syracuse New Times AUG 13, 2008 Syracuse, NY, illustrated
Mellor, Carl, "Made to Order," Syracuse New Times, AUG 13, 2008 Syracuse, NY
Rushworth, Katherine, "2008 Everson Biennial Stellar," The Post-Standard, Sunday JUN 22, 2008 Syracuse, NY illustrated
Johnson, Melinda, "2008 Everson Biennial, The Object and Beyond," The Post-Standard, Sunday JUN 8, 2008 Syracuse, NY illustrated
Ordonez, Frank, "Chrome on a Bumper Crop," The Post Standard, OCT 20, 2007 Syracuse, NY illustrated
Moore, Ivy, Sculpture magazine – NOV 2005 Washington, D.C. Vol. 24 No. 9, p. 73 illustrated
Allen, Jane Ingram, Sculpture, "Inspiration and Renewal: Sculpture Residencies," Vol. 17 No.2, Washington, D.C., 1998 illustrated
Bishop, Phillip, The Orlando Sentinel, "Artistry Multiplied," Sunday MAY 4 1997 illustrated
Birke, Judy, New Haven Register, "Pepper's Works Adds Zest to Erector Square Exhibit," Sunday MAY 14 1995, illustrated
Scalora, Sal, "Regional Reviews: Connecticut; Jennifer Pepper Recent Work," Art New England, JUN-JUL 1992
Rousseau, Rita, "Art Show Looks at the Fabric of Women's Lives," News-Star, Chicago, IL 1992
Scalora, Sal, "Car Parts, Body Parts," Hartford Advocate, Hartford, CT MAR 1992
Schindler, Richard, "Regional Reviews: CT, Slater Memorial Museum/Jennifer Pepper," Art New England APR 1990
Two Coats of Paint, NYC artblog, "2020s Grim Atmosphere of Loss: Shari Urquhart and others," DEC 31, 2020.
Selected Website Listings
Knitting Project in Alvik, NORWAY, APR 10, 2015
Knitting Project in Alvik, NORWAY
ART DAILY.org - The first art magazine on the net - Everson Presents Jen Pepper: That Which Cannot be Held as Part of Artist Series, FEB 15 . 2010
Paul Laster "Brooklyn Spice" ARTnet.com
2008 artist in residence project
Chilcutt, Booth "Art that defines a community"


Joseph Weeks is a PGA Apprentice in Lake Buena Vista, FL. The PGA of America comprises nearly 29,000 PGA Professionals with one singular goal in mind - to make the game of golf more enjoyable for you.
Home » Golf Courses » Florida » Orlando » » Joseph D Weeks Jr.


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New Mini-Mutations! A New Podcast! And A New Postcard!
Austin Rich Mail, Mini-Mutations, Podcasts, Postcards 1 March 2021 1 Minute
It must be March.
This month, Mini-Mutations has a new 30 minute EP that you can only hear via the new postcard that is being mailed out to mailing list subscribers AT THIS VERY MOMENT. This EP, "Five Hundred Thousand," is a three part exploration of new material, new ideas, and new experiments that is at the heart of all that Mini-Mutations does. I'm excited to have the EP out, and would love to share it with you.
Which brings me to these postcards. Every month, original content that is not available any other way is available for you to enjoy, directly sent to your mailbox. It's a musical postcard that combines old-fashioned Postcard technology with new-fangled QR-code technology, to offer you new music in the privacy of your own mailbox. Join the mailing list, and receive each new postcard when they are made! These were recently written up by the Eugene Weekly, and are now an international sensation! (Cards have landed in Canada, Germany and Taiwan.) We've hit almost 30 states, too, so help me make it all 50, and join the mailing list, today!
As an incentive: this month's postcard comes with some bonus material, in addition to the new Mini-Mutations EP. On March 21st, a new podcast is launching. 20 Minutes Into The Future: A Max Headroom Podcast is a show where we watch Max Headroom, and talk about it. With this postcard, we offer a chance to hear the first episode before the show officially launches. You can find out more information about the show at 20minutesintothefuture.org. We officially launch on March 21st. Our second episode, where we discuss the UK Telefilm, will coincide with the 36th Anniversary of the original broadcast. Keep your eyes on the website, as we will be hosting a watch party on Zoom, the details of which will be on our site. In the meantime, you can enjoy our first episode via the postcard, before anyone else can hear it.
March is going to be a great month, and. It all starts with this new postcard. Get yours, now!
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text:
Editing A-421
== History ==
'''A-421''' was an Italian Fiat Cr.42 "Falco" (Hawk) fighter that was captured in January 1941 by No. 3 squadron RAAF (Royal Australian Air Force) at Martuba. It had been the intention to preserve this trophy of war and later have it taken back to Australia for presentation to the War Museum in Canberra, but it was destroyed when the Germans took the offensive again. From 3 Squadron Royal Australian Air Force History, "3 Squadron at War", a note written early April, 1941 (during the Squadron's first retreat in front of Rommel): "To the great regret of the Squadron, an Italian CR42 captured in January 1941 at Martuba, which had been flown by several pilots in the intervening months, had to be destroyed".<ref>http://www.adf-gallery.com.au/wwiicaptured.htm</ref><ref>https://www.awm.gov.au/index.php/collection/C1370756</ref>
<gallery>file:3SqnRAAF-cr42.jpg|Obviously the CR.42 quoted in the note above is the plane of this photograph. Note the Savoia's emblem in the white cross on the rudder removed by a souvenir's hunter.</gallery>
file:3SqnRAAF-cr42.jpg|Obviously the CR.42 quoted in the note above is the plane of this photograph. Note the Savoia's emblem in the white cross on the rudder removed by a souvenir's hunter.
{{Airframe_info |name='''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' |image = [[file:3Sqn-RAAF-A-421.jpg|thumb|300px]] |caption = Italian Fiat Cr.42 fighter, El Adem, Libya, 1941. (This image is from the collection of VX16310 Corporal Roland Griffiths-Marsh, 2/8 Battalion.) |designation = [[:Category:Fiat CR.42|Fiat CR.42]] }} == History == '''A-421''' was an Italian Fiat Cr.42 "Falco" (Hawk) fighter that was captured in January 1941 by No. 3 squadron RAAF (Royal Australian Air Force) at Martuba. It had been the intention to preserve this trophy of war and later have it taken back to Australia for presentation to the War Museum in Canberra, but it was destroyed when the Germans took the offensive again. From 3 Squadron Royal Australian Air Force History, "3 Squadron at War", a note written early April, 1941 (during the Squadron's first retreat in front of Rommel): "To the great regret of the Squadron, an Italian CR42 captured in January 1941 at Martuba, which had been flown by several pilots in the intervening months, had to be destroyed".<ref>http://www.adf-gallery.com.au/wwiicaptured.htm</ref><ref>https://www.awm.gov.au/index.php/collection/C1370756</ref> <gallery>file:3SqnRAAF-cr42.jpg|Obviously the CR.42 quoted in the note above is the plane of this photograph. Note the Savoia's emblem in the white cross on the rudder removed by a souvenir's hunter.</gallery> ==Sources== <references /> [[Category:World War 2]] [[Category:Fiat CR.42]] [[Category:Original serial unknown]]
Please note that all contributions to the Captured Wings Wiki are considered to be released under the CC-BY-SA
Template:Airframe info (view source)


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text:
Board.=[F/US/00/Agt/Startup/YCombinator/SeriesAA/Form/BoardConsent_v01.md]

R1={Board.R1}

R2={Board.R2}

Doc.Ti={Co.Name.Full} Action By Written Consent of Stockholders

0.Ti=

0.sec=In accordance with Section 228 of the Delaware General Corporation Law and the Bylaws of {Co.Name.Full}, a Delaware corporation (the "Company."), the undersigned stockholders of the Company hereby take the following actions and adopt the following resolutions:

1.Ti=Authorization of Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation

Note=Referencing the text of the resolutions in the Board Consent to assure consistency.

1.1.sec={Board.1.1.sec}

Note=Overriding two.

Board.1.1.0.sec={R1} That the Certificate of Incorporation of the Company be amended and restated in its entirety to:

Board.1.1.4.sec=make certain other changes, as set forth in the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation substantially in the form attached hereto as Exhibit A (the "Amended Certificate")

1.2.sec={R2} That the Company's Certificate of Incorporation as currently in effect be amended and restated to read as set forth in the Amended Certificate.

1.3.sec={R2} That the appropriate officers of the Company are hereby authorized and directed to execute the Amended Certificate and take all such action as such officers deem necessary or desirable to file the Amended Certificate with the Delaware Secretary of State and to cause the Amended Certificate to become effective.

1.=[G/Z/ol/s3]

2.Ti=Omnibus Resolutions

2.1.sec={R2} That the proper officers of the Company be, and each individually is, hereby authorized and directed to do and perform any and all such acts, including the execution, delivery and filing of any and all instruments, documents and certificates, as such officers deem necessary or advisable, to carry out and perform the purposes and intent of the foregoing resolutions.

2.2.sec={R2} That any actions taken by such officers prior to the date of the foregoing resolutions adopted hereby that are within the authority conferred thereby are hereby ratified, confirmed and approved as the acts and deeds of the Company.

2.=[G/Z/ol/s2]

00.sec={Sign.Witness}
{US.Frame.Sign.Block}

Sign.Witness=IN WITNESS WHEREOF, by executing this Action by Written Consent of Stockholders, each undersigned stockholder is giving written consent with respect to all shares of the Company's capital stock held by such stockholder in favor of the above resolutions. This Action by Written Consent of Stockholders may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall constitute an original and all of which together shall constitute one action. {Board.Misc.CopyIsGold}
Dated:

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{Co.US.Frame.Sign.Block}	{Inv.1.US.Frame.Sign.Block}

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Understanding the Purpose Public Diplomacy
March 15, 2008 ~ Matt Armstrong
Marc Lynch's comments this week on my "powerful and pointed case" sparked a much needed discussion on what I see as the most significant piece of ignored legislation in all the reports and conversations on public diplomacy and strategic communications. My response is in two parts. This post looks at the definition and purpose of the thing called "public diplomacy" sparked by a statement by one of Marc's readers. A second post responds directly to Marc's "mixed feelings" of my critique of Smith-Mundt.
To start, Marc opened his post with a statement from Donna Marie Oglesby, a former counselor for the United States Information Agency in the Clinton Administration:
McCain appears less interested in public diplomacy than in what we used to call advocacy and is now called strategic communication. His interest is in the "war of ideas" and advancing American objectives in the global information battle-space."
While Public diplomacy is a nebulous concept without an agreed upon definition, a central tenant has always been to influence foreign audiences. At its heart, public diplomacy, and its precursors, has always been about advocating a position, inhibiting or preventing the adoption of adversarial positions, and is by nature a tool of national security, American or otherwise.
Ms. Oglesby's statement is unremarkable in the context of what public diplomacy had become by the 1980s and 1990s, and even until very recently. American public diplomacy had devolved from a comprehensive effort to both understand and affect the behavior of individuals and groups through engagement and discourse to one of (almost immensely) passive "soft power." The soft power approach of "winning hearts and minds" amounted to a neutered beauty contest reliant on cultural exchanges and press releases in a naïve hope that increased knowledge and understanding would breed love for the United States. "If they only knew us…" went the mantra. American public diplomacy looked more like domestic political campaigns, but with a softer touch lest it be considered influence, and correspondingly failed to resonate with foreign audiences.
As a tool of national security, and whether called public diplomacy or not, public diplomacy is useful for more than combating terrorism, despite the emphasis of the many American reports on the subject. Public diplomacy, as practiced by most Western industrialize democracies, including the United States, is also a tool of economic security. Countries use grassroots efforts to shape and manage their "brand," to protect and expand trade, and facilitate business (home) to business (foreign) connections to encourage foreign business to pressure their government to lower trade barriers. Simply put, public diplomacy is the very definition of advocacy.
Simultaneously, public diplomacy is about creating awareness. Beyond the economic example above, the most commonly thought of tool of public diplomacy is cultural exchange programs. Exchanges like Fulbright are about learning another society and culture and, whether intended or not, exposing your own culture and society to the host. In other words, awareness through cultural exchange is really an intelligence exercise by both parties to know the other.
Once a country has contact with the world beyond its borders, it must engage in public diplomacy to grow and be competitive in regional and global markets. This is especially true today as globalization increases physical accessibility and New Media creates virtual accessibility, eroding but not eliminating the autonomy of government bureaucracies.
Finding a definition of public diplomacy can be challenging. It's been removed from the website of the Undersecretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs, probably as a result of the transition from Karen Hughes to Jim Glassman. There is no definition, despite frequent mentions, in the 2008 Defense Sciences Board Report on Strategic Communication (pdf). In the oft-cited 2003 public diplomacy report by the Advisory Group on Public Diplomacy for the Arab and Muslim World titled "Changing Minds, Winning Peace," more commonly referred to as the Drerejian Report, a definition of public diplomacy appears thirteen pages in:
Public diplomacy is the promotion of the national interest by informing, engaging, and influencing people around the world.
An expanded definition from the United States Information Agency (USIA) is given another seven pages into the report, which added a broad "how-to":
broadening dialogue between American citizens and institutions and their counterparts.
Perhaps one of the most expansive and best characterizations of public diplomacy I've found is in the 2005 GAO report titled U.S. Public Diplomacy: Interagency Coordination Efforts Hampered by the Lack of a National Communication Strategy:
According to State Department officials, the goal of public diplomacy is to increase understanding of American values, policies, and initiatives and to counter anti-American sentiment and misinformation about the United States around the world. This includes reaching beyond foreign governments to promote better appreciation of the United States abroad, greater receptivity to U.S. policies among foreign publics, and sustained access and influence in important sectors of foreign societies. Public diplomacy is carried out through a wide range of government programs and activities that employ person-to-person contacts and attempts to reach mass audiences through print, broadcast, and electronic media. Coordinating these various efforts is critical to the short- and long-term success of U.S. public diplomacy efforts. As noted by the Defense Science Board in its 2001 review of U.S. public diplomacy efforts, coordinated information dissemination is an essential tool in a world where U.S. interests and long-term policies are often misunderstood, where issues are complex, and where efforts to undermine U.S. positions increasingly appeal to those who lack the means to challenge American power. Effective communications strategies and well-coordinated information systems can shape perceptions and promote foreign acceptance of U.S. strategic objectives.
The intent was to influence and inoculate in what presidential candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower said in a 1952 campaign speech was a "psychological struggle for the minds and wills of men." This was a central focus of his foreign policy and
As an ardent supporter of Smith-Mundt, twice testifying for its passage, Eisenhower consistently stressed the importance of disseminating the truth. In his campaign speeches, the "real psychological warfare" was to include
diplomacy, the spreading of ideas through every medium of communication, mutual economic, assistance, trade and barter, friendly contacts through travel and correspondence and sports.
He continued to argue that "every significant act of government" should be planned and coordinated to produce "maximum effect" and pledged to make this "psychological strategy" the focus of his administration. In August 1953, now President Eisenhower created USIA. It would be another dozen years before the term "public diplomacy" would come into being.
In 1965, Edmund Gullion coined "public diplomacy" even though he, in his words, "would have liked to call it 'propaganda'" because "it seemed the nearest thing in the pure interpretation of the word to what we were doing." Public diplomacy's connection to propaganda was not accidental. As Christina Meyer wrote later, "Propaganda grants authority to its makers [and] once a group has the people's ears and eyes, it can manipulate their minds."
It is remarkable Ms. Oglesby suggests that public diplomacy is not about advocacy not about competing in the "war of ideas". This is even more remarkable because of her tenure with USIA, but it reinforces a point I've made previously that the USIA we romanticize of the 1980s and 1990s was but a distant relative of the USIA of the 1950s.
If the purpose of public diplomacy, American or otherwise, is not to influence and to be a voice, passive or active, in the psychological struggle for minds and wills, also known as the battle of hearts and minds and the "war of ideas", then what is the purpose? Public diplomacy, and the concepts that preceded it, were always part of a "global information battle-space."
Talking about the Principles Smith-Mundt
Not Afraid to Talk: our adversaries aren't, why are we?
Synchronizing Information: The Importance of New Media in Conflict
What the SecDef Didn't Call For, But Should Have
In-sourcing the Tools of National Power for Success and Security
Targeting Public Opinion is not new
Measuring "Public Diplomacy"?
Elvis and the Psychological Struggle
and a brief book review of Kenneth Osgood's Total Cold War: Eisenhower's Secret Propaganda Battle at Home And Abroad
Posted in Public Diplomacy public diplomacyStrategic Communication
‹ PreviousLight blogging for the next week
Next ›Strategic Information Operations, an example


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text:
Rabbi Judith Schindler
Rabbi Judith Schindler is the Sklut Professor of Jewish Studies and Director of the Stan Greenspon Center for Peace and Social Justice at Queens University of Charlotte. She helped to establish the center in 2016 to create bridges of multicultural understanding and collaboration that support human rights through education, advocacy, and action. She is also a contributing editor for the Charlotte Observer.
Rabbi Schindler was named Rabbi Emerita of Temple Beth El in Charlotte, North Carolina after serving as Senior Rabbi for thirteen years and as Associate Rabbi for five years. Prior to coming to Charlotte, she was an Associate Rabbi at Westchester Reform Temple in Scarsdale, New York.
She received her BA in Clinical Psychology from Tufts University (magna cum laude), her MA from the Hebrew Union College in Los Angeles, and her rabbinic ordination at the Hebrew Union College in New York.
Rabbi Schindler serves on the Executive Committee of the Charlotte Clergy Coalition for Justice, is co-chair of the Rabbinic Council of the Association of Reform Zionists of America, and a Trustee of the Reform Pension Board. She is also past Co-Chair of the Women's Rabbinic Network.
Rabbi Schindler has contributed chapters and articles to more than ten books, is the co-author with Judy Seldin-Cohen of Recharging Judaism: How Civic Engagement Is Good for Synagogues, Jews, and America, which was the finalist of the 2018 National Jewish Book Award in Contemporary Jewish Life and Practice and author of A Book of Chai: A Book of Life – A Collection of Rabbi Judith Schindler's Sermons (Charlotte, North Carolina: Temple Beth El, 2016). On behalf of Temple Beth El, Rabbi Schindler envisioned and led the creation of four social justice documentaries being utilized across the country. "Souls of Our Students: Appreciating Differences" and "Souls of our Students: A Transgender Focus" address diversity in schools. "Souls of Our Teachers" addresses urban education and "Souls of our Neighbors" explores the value of creating affordable housing. Three of the documentaries earned Telly Awards. She was the consulting editor of Deepening the Dialogue: Jewish-Americans and Israelis Envisioning the Jewish-Democratic State, published by CCAR Press in 2019.
Rabbi Schindler was named Charlotte Woman of the Year in 2011. Among the many other awards she has received are the 2008 Humanitarian Award from the Charlotte Coalition for Social Justice and the 2008 Mecklenburg Ministries Interfaith Clergy Award. She was recently named the 2017 Outstanding Champion of Diversity by the Association of Fundraising Professionals NC Charlotte Chapter.
Rabbi Schindler is married to Chip Wallach and they have two sons, Maxwell and Alec. She is the daughter of the late Rabbi Alexander Schindler who was president of the Union for Reform Judaism for more than two decades.
Listen to Rabbi Schindler's Ten Minutes of Torah, "Courageous Leadership," with Rabbi Rick Jacobs
Recharging Judaism: How Civic Engagement is Good for Synagogues, Jews, and America Honoring Tradition, Embracing Modernity: A Reader for the Union for Reform Judaism's Introduction to Judaism Course Deepening the Dialogue: Jewish-Americans and Israelis Envisioning the Jewish-Democratic State


text:
APA Style for Papers, Presentations, and Statistical Results: The Complete Guide
Larry Hatcher
Shadow Finch Media LLC, 2018 - Psychology - 578 pages
APA Format: Quick, Simple, and Comprehensive
This is the user-friendly--and comprehensive--guide for preparing research papers, posters, and slide presentations according to the guidelines of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010)
Detailed guidelines for writing research manuscripts in correct APA style--from the title page to the appendices and every section in-between.
Step-by-step instructions for formatting APA-style papers in Microsoft Office Word(R). Separate chapters show how to create research posters and slide presentations with Microsoft Office PowerPoint(R).
Best-practices for reporting results from statistical analyses: frequency tables, boxplots, descriptive statistics, t tests, ANOVA, correlations, chi-square, and more. Ten chapters cover these widely-used statistical procedures, and each is packed with easy-to-understand sample write-ups.
Correct APA format for listing journal articles, books, online videos, and other sources in the References section; a separate chapter shows how to cite those sources in the body of the report.
Each topic is illustrated with clear, easy-to-understand examples: a complete 40-page sample paper, sample research posters, a complete PowerPoint(R) slide presentation, and multiple examples of statistical results presented in text, tables, and figures.
Larry Hatcher, Ph.D. is Professor of Psychology at Saginaw Valley State University in Saginaw, Michigan. He is author or co-author of six textbooks on statistics and data analysis, including Advanced Statistics in Research: Reading, Understanding, and Writing Up Data Analysis Results, A Step-by-Step Approach to Using SAS(R) for Univariate & Multivariate Statistics and the widely-cited A Step-by-Step Approach to Using the SAS(R) System for Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling.
Title APA Style for Papers, Presentations, and Statistical Results: The Complete Guide
Author Larry Hatcher
Publisher Shadow Finch Media LLC, 2018
Psychology / Reference
Social Science / Reference
Social Science / Statistics