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Category Archives: Norway
Paintings and Graphic Art of EDVARD MUNCH (1863-1944), Norway's Symbolist Artist who made "The Scream" and First Expressed in Art the Individual's Anguish in Modern Society.
FEATURE image: Edvard Munch, The Scream, 1895, pastel on cardboard, private collection.
By John P. Walsh
Edvard Munch, Self-portrait, oil on canvas, 1886.
Edvard Munch (1863-1944) was a Symbolist and Expressionist artist from Norway.
In the 1890s, anti-naturalism mainly took the form of Symbolism – that is, the fascination with many types of literature and the inclination to draw upon these sources for inspiration in dreams and visions. This movement informed the art of Edvard Munch throughout that decade and into the twentieth century. Inspiration from literature, however, was not illustration. By the 1890s the younger generation of modern artists saw that by giving the artist an example of constructing an irrational logic, the artist's dream, or more specific to Munch, psychology, had been freed not only from the restrictions of nature in terms of form, line, color and subject but also its potentially literary or ideological sources. It manifests as a style of drawing that the imagination has liberated from the concern of natural details in order that it might freely serve only as the representation of conceived things.
For Edvard Munch, this resulted in the creation of several fantastic scenarios which are designed and constructed as the artist deems them necessary to be. The distinction between Impressionism and Symbolism is the difference emanating from the tradition of naturalism and the expression of ideas by means of its symbol that is searching beyond naturalism.
Edvard Munch, The Scream, crayon, 1893.
Edvard Munch is a precursor and practitioner of Expressionism. Although the major portion of Munch's artwork lies outside this classification, his expressionist paintings are some of his best-known works.
The Scream is Munch's most famous work, and is widely interpreted as representing the universal anxiety of modern man. It is one of modern art's most iconic paintings along with Whistler's mother (Arrangement in Grey and Black, Number One, D'Orsay), Da Vinci's Mona Lisa (Louvre), and Grant Wood's American Gothic (Chicago).
Expressionism was a movement that was a combination of Symbolism, ideals of the human spirit, often confined in solitude, and poetical lyricism laced with emotion.1
1870's, 1880's KRISTIANIA (OSLO): MUNCH'S FIRST ARTWORK AND "THE SEEDS OF MADNESS"
In an artistic career that spanned from the early 1880s until his death in 1944 at 80 years old, Edvard Munch experimented within painting, graphic art, drawing, sculpture, photography and film.
Growing up in Kristiania (today's Oslo) Munch decided at 17 years old that he was going to be a painter. Munch's family encouraged his artistic pursuits so that in 1880 Munch enrolled at the Royal School of Art and Design in Kristiania where he expanded his drawing repertoire to include live models and en pleine aire (out of doors).
Often ill as a child, Munch believed that in his experiences growing up, "…I inherited the seeds of madness. The angels of fear, sorrow, and death stood by my side since the day I was born."
In his career, Munch painted mania in several pictures, including Melancholy (1901). It depicted his younger sister Laura who suffered from schizophrenia, and was hospitalized regularly for what was diagnosed as "hysteria" and "melancholia."2
Edvard Munch, Melancholy, Laura, 1901.
Edvard Munch, Self-portrait, 1882, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Interior Pilestredet, oil on canvas, 1881, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Still Life with Jar, Apple, Walnut and Coconut, 1881, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, From Saxegårdsgate, c. 1882, oil on canvas, Lillehammer Art Museum.
Edvard Munch, Laura, both 1882, oil on paper (top) and oil on cardboard (below), Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Andreas Studying Anatomy, 1883, Oil on Cardboard, Munch Museum, Oslo.
SOUL PAINTING: MUNCH'S FIRST ARTISTIC BREAKTHROUGH
Between 1884 and 1889 young Munch made a range of drawing and paintings that was extensive and meaningful. His portfolio included landscapes, domestic environments, portraits, self-portrait, still life, and fictional motifs. Munch's drawings included industrial sites along the Akerselva River, and promenading denizens and local farmers at work.
In Munch's early work there is a hint of his wrestling with eros and the nature of woman that became a lifelong obsession.
In Kristiania Munch began to live a bohemian life under the influence of anti-establishment writer Hans Jaeger (1854-1910). Jaeger urged Munch to paint his own emotional and psychological state called "soul painting."
Munch's first "soul painting" was The Sick Child (1886). The artist produced five versions over decades. Munch's freedom of treatment and color – also found in the painting Tête-à-Tête in 1885 – is largely owed to Impressionism. In 1886, Munch participated in the Artists' Autumn Exhibition in Kristiania and exhibited The Sick Child. It met with very negative reaction. The motif of the sick was popular but Munch's hasty Impressionistic treatment was seen as insensitive. It was the first breakthrough for Munch's art.
Edvard Munch, Tête-à-tête, oil on canvas, 1885, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, The Sick Child (original version), 1885-86, National Gallery, Oslo. Other versions are in the Konstmuseet Gothenberg (1896), Tate London (1907), Thiel Gallery (1907) and Munch Museum (1925).
Munch later painted Hans Jaeger's portrait in Oslo in 1889 after Jaeger lost his job and had to flee Norway one step ahead of the law. This was after Jaeger published a novel about local Bohemian life that the authorities considered inflammatory. Young Munch began to explore in his art personal situations, emotions, and states of mind. He wrote in his "soul" diary: " I attempt In my art to explain life and its meaning to myself."3
Edvard Munch, Hans Jæger, 1889, National Gallery, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Night on the Beach, 1889, Bergen Art Museum. Known also as Inger on the Beach, it was painted in the summer of 1889 at Åsgårdstrand. The sitter is Munch's youngest sister Inger. The artwork created a storm of confusion and controversy. Its simplified forms, thick outlines, contrasting colors and shades, and subtle emotional content signaled the direction of Munch's developing style.
Edvard Munch, Self Portrait, c. 1888, Munch Museum, Oslo.
PARIS AND ÅSGÅRDSTRAND IN 1885: MUNCH ENCOUNTERS OLD MASTERS, MODERNIST ÉDOUARD MANET—AND HAS HIS FIRST LOVE AFFAIR
With friends, Munch rented a studio in Kristiania. His mentor, established artist Christian Krohg (1852-1925), encouraged Munch to conform to his own artistic vision.
In 1885, 22-year-old Munch traveled to Paris for the first time to explore the world's art capital. During his three-week stay in Paris Munch visited the Louvre and the Salon and was particularly impressed by French Modernist painter, Édouard Manet (1832-1883). Munch began to incorporate those ideas and techniques of French Modernism into his artistic vision. In the same year Munch produced his full-length Portrait of the Painter Jensen -Hjell to the derision of critics in Kristiania. The penchant for Manet's artwork continued for Munch into the new century with a full-length portrait called The Frenchman (Monsieur Archimard) in 1901.
In summer of 1885 Munch had his first love affair which affected him deeply. It occurred in the coastal resort town of Åsgårdstrand when Munch met Milly Thaulow (1860-1937), a fashion model and singer.
Milly had been married since 1881 when she met Munch and they had a passionate affair. The short, secret relationship filled Munch with mixed feelings of love and shame. Its inevitable ending produced melancholy that affected Munch's artmaking.
Milly Thaulow remained active in the arts, translating Maurice Maeterlinck's French play, Pelléas et Mélisande, into Norwegian in 1906. She went on to divorce her husband in 1891 and remarry that same year. Her second marriage ended in divorce. In the end, Munch justified his experience with Milly as part of radical bohemian artist culture which Hans Jaeger preached where love is free and self-expression is paramount.
Edvard Munch, Portrait of the Painter Jensen -Hjell, 1885, National Gallery, Oslo.
PARIS IN 1889-91: MUNCH'S MODERNIST VISION AND TECHNIQUE
In 1889 Munch rented exhibition space in Kristiania to display 110 of his artworks. His entrepreneurship resulted in receiving state grant funds that led to a second, yet back and forth, stay to Paris whose time amounted overall to about two years.
In Paris, Munch took drawing lessons, explored art galleries, and networked with expatriate artists, especially at the venerable 17th-century Café de la Régence near the Palais-Royal.
In his study, Munch became inspired by the rhythmical and decorative art of Paul Gauguin (1847-1903), several of the Nabis, Japonisme, and the Symbolist drawing of Odilon Redon (1840-1916).
Though Munch rejected Realism in art, he embraced Impressionism, particularly the technique of Claude Monet (1840-1926) and Camille Pissarro (1830-1903) and Thomas Couture (1815-1879). Munch was particularly impressed by Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890) and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901) and their unnatural use of color to express sensory perception and emotion. In this milieu Munch painted Rue Lafayette (1891).
The 26-year-old Munch had just arrived into Paris when his father died, an event which devastated the artist. Running low on money, Munch left the city and, with Danish poet Goldstein, rented a small apartment in the suburb of St. Cloud.
Munch's experiences of relative poverty and the death of a loved one offered new insights and impetus for his art in terms of seeking to understand and express the memory of his human existence.
He painted Night In St. Cloud (1890) and Evening on the Karl Johan (1889) in this time period. Munch also conceived the idea of The Frieze of Life, a series of paintings exploring human existence from a range of pathos, terror, desire, dread, nightmare, and anxiety, to other fascinations, so to include The Dance of Life, The Scream, The Vampire, Madonna, and Death and the Maiden.
In 1891 Munch had exhibitions in Kristiania, Berlin, and Munich. He returned to Paris several times in the next decade for short term visits as in 1899 which included a trip to Italy.4
Edvard Munch, Night In St. Cloud, 1890, oil on canvas, National Gallery, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Evening on the Karl Johan, 1889, oil, Bergen Art Museum.
Edvard Munch, Kiss by the Window, 1891, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Evening Melancholy, 1891, oil, crayon, pencil on canvas, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Rue Lafayette, 1891, oil on canvas, National Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Rue de Rivoli, 1891, oil on canvas, Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Edvard Munch, Inger in a White Blouse, 1891, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Pleine-aire, 1891, oil on canvas, 60 x 120 cm, Munch Museum, Oslo.
BERLIN 1892-1895: MUNCH'S ARTISTIC POWER REACH MATURITY
In 1892, Munch's pictures were again exhibited at the Autumn Exhibition in Oslo (it was his final time)–and led to the 29-year-old artist being invited to exhibit at the Verein der Berliner Künstler (Association of Berlin Artists) in Germany in November 1892 for a one-man exhibition.
Munch's exhibition of Melancholy (1891) in Oslo was called Norway's "first Symbolist painting." His exhibition of 55 pictures in Berlin proved another breakthrough for Munch's reputation in Europe: it made him infamous. The critical reaction to his artwork was divided. Critics described Munch's art as "repugnant, ugly and mean." As it shocked the Berlin public, German artists Max Liebermann (1847-1935) and Ludwig von Hofmann (1861-1945) setting up a dissident "Group of XI" that led to the establishment of the Berlin Secession later on May 2, 1898.
The government of Kaiser Wilhelm II (1859-1941) set the mood for the public reaction in that art which "presumes to overstep the limits and rules" which Wilhelm had set, "is no longer art." In the eyes of German society, Munch's artwork "misused the word 'freedom' and (with) a total loss of restraint and excess of self-esteem."
Later, by around 1910, that same Emperor in his constant pursuit of cultural influence, mostly supported the Berlin Secession. Yet the Secession's public and financial success which Wilhelm II eventually helped to build, came at the price of a benevolent autocrat's constant interference, particularly in the modern art group's jury process.
Munch stayed in Berlin until 1895. In the Berlin exhibitions of 1893 and 1895 Munch presented a sequence of pictures he called Man's Life, From the Modern Life of the Soul and, simply, Love. These all contained artwork that contributed to The Frieze which Munch intended to be a symbolic expression of reality and not a mere symbol of or for reality.
Munch's bohemian circle in Berlin included editors of the magazine Pan, the German arts publication analogous to France's La Revue Blanche. It also included Swedish avant-garde writer, August Strindberg (1849-1912) who would soon provide Munch with influential introductions to the Berlin and Paris art worlds. In 1890 Strindberg broke with naturalism and was in his own artistic and personal crisis as he sought new art forms within an emerging Symbolism. Munch met German art critic Julius Meier-Graefe (1867-1935) and socialized with Polish decadent naturalist and Symbolist novelist, dramatist, and poet Stanisław Przybyszewski (1868-1927) along with Przybyszewski's paramour and later short-term wife, Dagny Juel (1867-1901). Munch painted both of these friends' portraits.
Munch's Berlin friends understood what Munch was doing with symbolism though the German critics did not. Przybyszewski wrote: "The old kind of art and psychology was an art and psychology of the conscious personality, whereas the new art is the art of the individual. Men dream and their dreams open up vistas of a new world to them."
In addition to exhibiting in Berlin in both 1893 and 1894, Munch exhibited in Copenhagen, Dresden and Munich in 1893 and in Stockholm in 1894.
Working on the Frieze of Life, Munch created painting with turbulent, ambiguous and morose themes with titles such as Despair (1892), The Girl and Death (1893), Stormy Night (1893), The Voice (1893), Anxiety (1894), The Three Stages of Woman (1894), Ashes (1894), Death Struggle (1895), and Jealousy (1895). Aspects of Symbolism extended to romantic aspects of nature in paintings such as Coastal Mysticism (1892), Evening (Melancholy) (1893), Moonlight (1893), Starlit Night (1893), Sunrise at Åsgårdstrand (1893) and The Evening Star (1894). He painted many portraits in this period, in addition to those in his Berlin Bohemian circle, including Sister Inger (1892). Other iconic, overtly anecdotal Munch paintings were created such as Self Portrait in Hell (1895), Self Portrait under a female mask (1892), and Self portrait with Burning Cigarette (1895).
Other paintings, including casino scenes, showed Munch's simplification of form and detail. The artist favored shallow pictorial space and a minimal backdrop for his foreground figures. Poses, forms, colors, lines and subjects were carefully constructed images that expressed psychological and emotional states, and often appear monumental as if they were playing a role on the stage of life.5
Edvard Munch, Melancholy, 1893, oil, Munch Museum.
Edvard Munch, Melancholy (The Yellow Boat), 1891, oil, National Gallery, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Kiss by the window, 1892, oil, National Gallery, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, The Kiss, 1892, oil, Private Collection.
Edvard Munch, The Girl by the Window, 1893, oil, Art Institute of Chicago.
Edvard Munch, Separation, 1893-94, Gouache, watercolor and crayon on paper, Munch Museum.
Edvard Munch, Parting, 1894, oil on canvas, 67 x 128 cm, Munch Museum.
Edvard Munch, Three Stages of Women (Sphinx), c. 1894, Bergan. Munch painted woman as dreaming, hungry for life, and as a nun.
Edvard Munch, Puberty, 1894–1895, oil on canvas, 151.5 x 110 cm, National Gallery, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Anxiety, 1894, Munch Museum. Art critics see the painting as closely related to The Scream (1893). The faces show despair and the colors impress a depressed state showing emotions of heartbreak and sorrow.
Edvard Munch, Despair, 1893, oil on canvas, Munch Museum.
Edvard Munch, Inger in Black and Violet, 1892, oil on canvas, National Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, The Storm, oil on canvas, 1893, Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Edvard Munch, Summer Night's Dream The Voice, 1893, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts.
Edvard Munch, Coastal Mysticism, 1892.
Edvard Munch, Sketch of the Model Posing, 1893, pastel on cardboard, The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York.
Edvard Munch, The Hands, 1893, oil on canvas, 91 x 77 cm, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, At the Roulette Table in Monte Carlo, 1892, oil, Munch Museum.
Edvard Munch, Self-Portrait Under the Mask of the Woman, 1893, oil, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Self Portrait with Burning Cigarette, 1895, oil, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Self-portrait in Hell, c. 1895, oil on canvas, 82 x 60 cm, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Stanislaw Przybyszewski,1895, pastel, 62x55cm, Munch Museum.
Edvard Munch, The Scream, 1893, oil, tempera, pastel on cardboard, National Museum, Oslo.
PARIS IN 1895 TO 1897: MUNCH ADOPTS "IDEA" PAINTING. THE SCREAM
Until 1870, young artists from Norway went to Dűsseldorf to study and pursue an art career though sometimes to Berlin, Paris, Munich and Karlesruhe. By 1880, Paris was the center of the art world and Munch returned to Paris in 1895, 1896, and 1897 for extended visits (he also visited Nice in 1897).
Thadée Nathanson's La Revue Blanche published Munch's lithograph The Scream in December 1895. The Scream exists in four versions: two pastels (1893 and 1895) and two paintings (1893 and 1910). There are several lithographs of The Scream from 1895 and later.
With The Scream, Munch met his stated goal in his diary of his art expressing "the study of the soul, that is to say the study of my own self." Philippe Jullian argues that it had been the combination of influences of Strindberg, Redon, and Gauguin that explained Munch's conversion from Naturalism and Impressionism to "Idea" painting expressed in Symbolism. Munch was the first to express the individual's anguish in modern society and facing death. He was an inventor of the ectoplasm line ("ectoplasm" is a spiritualism term first used in 1894). Munch's figures, including The Scream, emerges from pastel, oil, or ink like an apparition, yet to be identified with the "souls" of ordinary persons.
Anxiety, jealousy, loneliness; Munch illustrates people who pictorially express Symbolism's darkest visions and themes.
Edvard Munch, The Scream, 1895. Ink.
In Paris Munch exhibitions were organized at the Salon des Indépendents and Siegfried Bing's Salon de L'Art Nouveau. Young avant-garde art dealer Ambroise Vollard (1866-1939) included Munch in his first Album des Peintres Graveurs. Munch was commissioned by the Cent Bibliophiles to illustrate Baudelaire's Flowers of Evil. Like young Nabis Édouard Vuillard (1868-1940) and Pierre Bonnard (1867-1947), Munch designed programs for Symbolist theatre (Ibsen's Peer Gynt at the Théâtre de l'Oeuvre). He did portraits of Symbolist poet Stéphane Mallarmé (1842-1898) and August Strindberg. Munch created some of his most iconic motifs, including The Scream (pastel version), Vampire (a woman seductive and destructive), Puberty (an anxious girl seated naked on a bed), and Madonna (a synthesis of the mystical and erotic).
MUNCH MASTERS MODERN EXPERIMENTAL PRINTMAKING
In Berlin in 1894 Munch had produced his first dry point etchings. In Paris in 1896, following the explosion of color printing in the 1890's, Munch produced his first color lithographs and woodcuts (Vampire was his first woodcut). Influenced by Gauguin and Max Klinger (1857-1920), printmaking allowed Munch to be highly experimental in the creation of an image. Particular to Munch as an artist, the subject of the artwork determined which of the various styles to be deployed. At his death Munch retained over 15,000 prints in his Oslo studios. During his lifetime, inspired importantly by his work in mid-1890's Paris, Munch became a master of all graphic techniques, such as color, volume, and line. Munch's production of an immense portfolio of graphic art sought to create images which are subordinated to the experiences of the self's impulses and drives.
Munch's attempts to market his new artwork in Paris as he did in Berlin to acceptance and fame resulted in relative failure in the world's art capital. His parting milestone in Paris in this period was in the 1897 Salon des Artistes Indépendants where Munch displayed in the main hall his ever-augmenting Frieze of Life. The cycle was characterized by continuous reworkings as new paintings; versions that replaced paintings which had sold; and, new compositions added to the series.
In terms of public acclaim, the effort appeared for naught. French resistance to Munch's "repugnant, ugly and mean" art endured. French critics decried Munch's art as "violent and brutal" and, when they weren't chastising him, they ignored him—and this attitude lasted deep into the 20th century. However, another exhibition in Munch's native Oslo of 85 paintings was well received.6
Edvard Munch, The Scream, 1895, pastel on cardboard, private collection.
Edvard Munch, The Kiss, 1895, Dry-point and aquatint, 34.8 x 28 cm, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, The Kiss, woodcut, n.d., 44.7 x 44.7. cm, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Jealousy, 1896, Lithograph, 46.5 x 56.5 cm, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Death and the Maiden, 1894, Dry-point, 30.2 x 22 cm, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Melancholy (Evening),1896, woodcut, 37.6 x 45.5. cm, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Attraction, 1896, Lithograph, 47.2 x 35.5 cm, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, The Sick Child, 1896, Lithograph, 42.1 x 56.5 cm, The Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Evening, Melancholy I, woodcut, 1896.
Edvard Munch, Stéphane Mallarmé, 1896, lithograph.
Edvard Munch, August Strindberg, 1896, lithograph.
Edvard Munch, Self-portrait, 1895, Lithograph, 45.5×31.7 cm, Museum of Modern Art, New York. Munch was 31 years when he produced this self-portrait. It is a memento mori – a reminder of death. The bones at the bottom of the image are paired with the artist's name and the date of the lithograph's creation at the top. The floating head in a sea of darkness was a familiar motif in art in the 1890's expressing in part the cosmic and ontological realities of humanity.
Edvard Munch, Lady From the Sea (detail), 1896, oil on canvas. 100 cm × 320 cm, The Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, The Voice Summer Night, 1896, 90 cm × 119 cm, Munch Museum, Oslo
Edvard Munch, Paris Boulevard, 1896, oil on canvas, 96.5 x 130 cm, Munch Museum, Oslo.
MUNCH'S AMBIVALENCE IN LOVE AND OBSESSION WITH DEATH
In 1898 Munch met Tulla (Mathilde Larsen) and they became lovers. Munch continued a productive period of art-making as he continually refused to marry Tulla. Munch portrayed many artworks displaying his view of life and death and the destructive force of love where both man and woman suffer– Madonna (1893), Salome, The Maiden and the Heart (1896), Under the Yoke (1896), Cruelty, The Woman and the Urn (1896), and, later, his Alpha and Omega lithograph series (1909). Munch remained fascinated by women as expressed in The Kiss (1892), The Three Stages of Women (1894), and The Dance of Life (1900).
One explanation of the ambivalent relationship of Munch the artist and Woman as artistic subject may be understood through the Symbolist art aesthetic. Symbolism connoted the idea of a desirable union of the human being with a philosophic ideal. In its view, Woman, though called real is a false appearance, and thereby not ideal. Further, Woman acts mainly as a temptress, the then-popular notion of a femme fatale, as she reveals man's animal nature which obscures and prevents the desirable union to the ideal. Woman must be avoided and, if engaged by man, done so with peril.
Munch was an idealist before he became a Symbolist, and, as Christian Krohg ominously wrote about him in 1892: "dares to subordinate Nature, his model, to the mood."
In 1899 Munch exhibited at the Venice Biennale and in Dresden. The Berlin Secession held its first exhibition in 1899 on its own premises but did not invite Edvard Munch. Though the Berlin group invited no foreigners that year, Munch's art continued to be viewed by status quo cognoscenti as "undesirable." Yet, at the same time, Munch's art was beginning to influence young Expressionist artists in Germany. In artworks such as The Voice and Summer's Night, Munch appealed to these younger avant-garde artists for his illustrating the upsurge and resonance of raw emotion.
Edvard Munch, The Inheritance, 1897-99, oil on canvas, 141 x 121 cm, The Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Two people, 1899, oil on canvas, 175 x 143 cm, Munch Museum, Oslo
Edvard Munch, Amor and Psyche, 1907, oil on canvas, 118 x 99 cm, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Marat's death, 1907, oil on canvas, 151 x148 cm, Munch Museum.
Edvard Munch, The Murderess, 1906, Munch museum.
Edvard Munch, Death of Marat I, 1907, 150 x 199 cm, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Kiss by the Window, 1897, oil on canvas, 99 x 80.5 cm, The Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Death and the Maiden, 1893, oil on canvas, 128 x 86 cm, The Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Man and Woman, 1898, oil on canvas, Bergen.
Edvard Munch, Stanislaw Przybyszewski (The Vampire), Oil and/or tempera on unprimed cardboard, 1893.
Edvard Munch, Weeping Nude, 1913–1914, 110 cm × 135 cm, Munch Museum, Oslo.
MUNCH IN THE NEW CENTURY; THE FRIEZE OF LIFE
Little is known about Munch's personal relationships with individual women that would greatly enlighten the artist's overall character and how these relationships' impacted his artwork in his adult years. Fantastic stories are told. How, in his room at Åsgårdstrand with an unknown woman (likely Tulla), did a gunshot go off in Fall 1902 from a revolver that injured Munch's hand? Munch successfully chased Tulla out of his life, though after she married another man, the artist felt betrayed by Love and brooded over it. Even as Munch had numerous short-lived affairs with beautiful women who wanted to marry him, he fled them all and verbally expressed no known regrets. Throughout his life, Edvard Munch never married.
Munch started the year 1900 in Gudbrandsdalen and moved on to Berlin. In 1901 he painted in Nordstrand and in 1902 returned to Berlin. Along with artwork of Édouard Manet, Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944), and Claude Monet, Munch exhibited at the Berlin Secession in 1902. He had continually worked at the Frieze of Life, the group of images representing human existence, a subject that fascinated the artist. He exhibited 22 paintings from the completed Frieze at that year's Berlin Secession. Though the Berlin critics began to appreciate Munch's art, the public continued to view him as warped and weird. In 1902 he met ophthalmologist Dr. Max Linde (1862-1940), an art collector and author of a Munch study while Hamburg judge and art collector Gustav Schiefler (1857-1935) started a catalogue of Munch's voluminous graphic art that year.
Edvard Munch, Self Portrait Against a Green Background and Caricature Portrait of Tulla Larsen, 1905.
Edvard Munch, Ashes, 1893,
Edvard Munch, The Dance of Life, 1899-1900.
Edvard Munch, Madonna, 1894, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Gustav Schiefler, 1906/06, Ketterer Kunst, Munich. A judge and avid print collector, Gustav Schiefler compiled a catalog on the prints of Edvard Munch as well as Emile Nolde (18967-1956), Max Liebermann, and Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880-1938).
In 1903 Munch visited Dr. Max Linde in Lübeck and painted a frieze for his house though Dr. Linde ended up rejecting Munch's work. Munch exhibited in Berlin at Paul Cassirer modern art gallery.
EVA MUDOCCI'S PREGNANCY AND MUNCH'S NERVOUS BREAKDOWN
In 1903 Munch met British violinist Eva Mudocci (1872-1953) in Paris where Munch had an exhibition. Fully aware of his commitment only to art, Eva Mudocci reportedly became Munch's mistress and Munch soon immortalized her in The Woman with the Brooch.
In this period, Munch received several commissions for portraits and prints. In 1904 the German rights to his graphic art and paintings was sold to two prominent galleries. Munch exhibited in Vienna and Paris and became a member of the Berlin Secession. In 1905 Munch exhibited 75 paintings in Prague at the Manés Gallery and in 1906 was invited to exhibit with the Fauves in Paris. In Berlin, Munch painted stage sets for Henrik Ibsen plays (Ghosts and Hedda Gabler) at the Max Reinhardt Theatre. A frieze that was commissioned for the Reinhardt Theatre was sold by its director before the frieze was unveiled to the public.
In 1907 Munch summered in Warnemünde as he turned his attention to human figures and situations. He exhibited with Henri Matisse and Paul Cézanne at Cassirer Gallery, the purchaser of the German rights to Munch's graphic art. In November 1907 Eva Mudocci went on a concert tour in Norway for three weeks where She and Munch spent time together in Åsgårdstrand and Oslo. In early 1908 Eva Mudocci was pregnant and gave birth to twins in Denmark at the end of the year. Friends insisted that Munch must have been the father but Mudocci never said who the father was.
Almost simultaneous with Mudocci's pregnancy, 45-year-old Edvard Munch had a nervous breakdown. In December 1908 he checked himself into a clinic in Copenhagen for several month's treatment for alcoholism and exhaustion. Munch later wrote: "My condition was verging on madness—it was touch and go."
In 1909, Mudocci and Munch parted ways though they stayed in touch for the next 18 years, until 1927. At the clinic, Munch painted portraits of his doctor (Dr. Daniel Jacobsen, 1909) and a nurse as well as close friends and a self-portrait using short, thick, and forceful brushstrokes—it was a watershed moment in Munch's life and art.7
Edvard Munch, The Brooch, 1903, lithograph, 60×46 cm.
Edvard Munch, Salome, 1903, lithograph.
Edvard Munch, Fertility, 1898, woodcut, 42 x 51.7 cm, The Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Women on the Beach, 1898, woodcut, 45.5 x 50.8 cm, The Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Red and White, 1899–1900, 93 cm × 129 cm, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Portrait of Friedrich Nietzsche, 1906, Thiel Gallery, Stockholm.
Edvard Munch, Red Virginia Creeper, 1900, oil on canvas, 120 x 120 cm.
Edvard Munch, Young People on the Beach, 1902, oil on canvas, 90 x 174 cm.
Edvard Munch, On the beach, 1905, oil on canvas, 81x 121 cm.
Edvard Munch, Bathing Boys, c. 1904, oil on canvas, 194 x 294 cm.
Edvard Munch, Shore with Red House, 1904, oil on canvas, 69 × 109 cm, Munch Museum.
Edvard Munch, Train Smoke,1900, 84 cm × 109 cm, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, At The Sign of the Sweet Girl, 1907, oil on canvas, 85 x 130 cm.
Edvard Munch, Nude by the bed, c. 1907, oil on canvas, 120×121 cm
Edvard Munch, Nude by the bed, c.1907, oil on canvas 120×121 cm
Edvard Munch, Four Girls Åsgårdstrand, 1905, oil on canvas, 87x111cm
Edvard Munch, Avenue in the snow, 1906, oil on canvas, 80 x100 cm,
Edvard Munch, Self-Portrait with Brushes, 1904, 197×91 cm, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Self-Portrait with a Bottle of Wine, 1906, 110 cm × 120, The Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Jealousy, 1907, oil on canvas, 75 x 98 cm, The Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Deathbed, 1900, oil on canvas, 100 x 110 cm.
Edvard Munch, Village Street, 1905, oil on canvas, 100×100 cm.
Edvard Munch, Prayer, 1902, woodcut, 45.8 x32.5 cm.
Edvard Munch, Dr. Daniel Jacobson, 1909, oil on canvas, 204 x 112 cm.
Edvard Munch, Nurse, 1909, dry point, 20.5×15.2 cm.
NORWAY 1909: MUNCH COMES HOME
Following his recuperation at the clinic, Munch was sober for the first time in years. In 1907 and 1908 he created Bathing Men, a scene of cleansing by immersion reminiscent of Paul Cézanne (1839-1906). Suddenly the totality of Munch's art of the 1890's and early 1900's, where he explored his dark and tormented feelings, thoughts, and experiences, became passé for the artist. With the same vigorous brushwork and unnatural, expressionistic colors, Munch turned to painting everyday subjects.
Renting a house in Kragerø, a fishing village in Norway, Munch permanently settled in his homeland. In 1912 he exhibited in Cologne at the Sonderbund exhibition where he was ranked with Van Gogh, Gauguin and Cézanne. That year Munch had his first American exhibition In New York City. In 1913, the 50-year-old artist traveled extensively, had tributes paid to him, and rented larger quarters at Jeløya.
Munch turned to landscapes and large-scale art projects as he continued the murals for Oslo University which were, after lengthy controversy, finally accepted in 1914. Already a Knight of the Royal Order of St. Olaf since 1909, the Oslo National Gallery began buying some of Munch's most important works – The Day After, Ashes, Puberty, Two Girls at the Verandah, and The Frenchman. The State museum received gifts from collectors as well. Olaf Schou (1861-1925) gave them Madonna, The Sick Child, Mother and Daughter, Girls on the Bridge and, later, The Scream, Death in the Sick Chamber, The Dance of Life, Girl at her Toilet, Betsy, Moonlight in Nice, and others.
Meanwhile, Munch decided to turn for inspiration to some of the outward obsessions of a new 20th century: its advancing technologies, mass media, high-speed transportation and urban life. 8
Edvard Munch, The Scream, 1910, oil, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Self Portrait Bergen, 1916, oil on canvas, 90 x 60 cm.
Edvard Munch, Bathing Men, 1907–1908, oil on canvas, 206 x 227.5 cm, Atheneum, Helsinki.
Edvard Munch, The Day After, 1894/5, oil on canvas, National Gallery, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Moonlight in Nice, 1895, oil, National Gallery, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Death in the Sickroom, 1893, pastel on canvas, Munch Museum.
Edvard Munch, Girls on the Bridge,1899-1901, National Gallery, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Mother and Daughter, 1897, Thyssen-Bornemisza National Museum, Madrid.
Edvard Munch, Crouching Nude, 1919, oil on canvas, Munch Museum.
Edvard Munch, Artist and his Model, 1919-1921, Thyssen-Bornemisza National Museum, Madrid.
GLOBAL FAME, LAST EXHIBITIONS, OLD AGE AND DEATH
From 1914 until his death in January 1944, Munch sold nearly nothing but pictures bought by museums and new, commissioned work. Until then Munch had to sell pictures to live though he was reluctant and made replicas for himself. He did not sell works closely aligned to his emotional life. In 1916, Munch, now a famous artist, had finished the murals in the assembly Hall of Oslo University and purchased Ekely at Skøyen just outside the city. The artist constructed fences, let hedges and weeds grow tall, and closed off his residence to onlookers. Not strictly a misanthrope, Munch chose to live in glorious isolation. He hardly stayed in contact with family or relatives and permitted few friends to visit.
At Ekely Munch constructed interior and exterior studio spaces where, situated among works, Munch stored The Frieze of Life. At his death in January 1944 at Ekely, Munch bestowed all works in his possession to the city of Oslo– more than 1000 paintings, 15,000 prints, and about 500 watercolors and drawings. There was also some sculpture. These artworks comprise most of today's Munch Museum – see https://www.munchmuseet.no/
In 1922 Munch painted 12 murals for a chocolate factory in Oslo. In the 1920's and 1930's he exhibited his art frequently— in Zurich, Basel, Berne, Berlin, Mannheim, Dresden. In 1936 and 1937, he exhibited in London, Amsterdam and Stockholm. There were major shows and retrospectives.
LAST PAINTINGS RETURN TO EARLIER DARKER SUBJECTS AND THEMES
Besides monumental work for public projects, Munch late paintings included almost genre-type scenes such as horses and workers in the field, fishermen, an elm forest, fruit trees and a garden. While the main mural for Festival Hall at Oslo University is mostly decorative, The Sun (1909-11) recalls aspects of Symbolism that Munch depicted in his darker pictures of the 1890s. Some late pictures stirred with the memory of past, darker experiences such as The Death of the Bohemian (1926) and The Bohemian's Wedding (1926). In 1915 he painted a new version of the Death Struggle from 1895.
After contracting Spanish Flu in 1919, Munch painted his self-portrait as a convalescent from sickness and death. Twenty years later the artist painted a self portrait as an insomniac in The Night Wanderer (1939). Munch produced paintings and graphic work in great number. There are self-portraits; portraits; beach motifs; motifs from life of workers, fishermen, and farmers; garden scenes; nudes; landscapes; the theme of Faust, etc.
When Norway was invaded by Nazi Germany in April 1940 during World War II, Munch's exhibitions outside Norway ceased by 1942. In 1937 the Nazis had labeled 37 of Munch's paintings as "degenerate art" and they were removed and sold. After the invasion of Norway, Munch refused to have anything to do with the German occupiers. Munch stayed in Norway where he died at Ekely on January 23. 1944, at 80 years old.9
Edvard Munch, Uninvited Guests, 1932-1935, oil on canvas, 75 x 101 cm, Munch Museum, Oslo.
1. Odilon Redon, To Myself, translated by Mira Jacob and Jeanne L. Wasserman, New York: George Braziller, Inc., 1986, p. 23.
Quoted in Martha Kapos, The Post-Impressionists: A Retrospective, London: Beaux Arts Editions, 1993, pp. 175-180.
Jean Selz, Edvard Munch, New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1974, p. 6 and 24
2. Sue Prideaux, Edvard Munch: Behind the Scream, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005, p. 2.
https://munch.emuseum.com/objects/5801/laura-munch – retrieved September 4, 2021.
3. Fra Kristiania-Bohêmen is a novel from 1885 by Norwegian writer Hans Jaeger.
J.P. Hodin, Edvard Munch, Thames & Hudson, 1972, p 41.
Sue Prideaux, Edvard Munch: Behind the Scream, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005, p. 35.
Jean Selz, Edvard Munch, New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1974, p. 12
4. J.P. Hodin, Edvard Munch, Thames & Hudson, 1972, p 45 and p.50-52.
Arne Eggum, Edvard Munch: Paintings, Sketches, and Studies, , New York: C.N. Potter, 1984, p.61 and p. 305.
Jean Selz, Edvard Munch, New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1974, p. 93.
Robert L. Delevoy, Symbolists and Symbolism, New York: Rizzoli, 1982, p. 100.
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/hansjaeger.html -retrieved September 4, 2021.
5. Wolf-Dieter Dube, Expressionism, New York: Oxford University Press, 1972, p.157.
J.P. Hodin, Edvard Munch, Thames & Hudson, 1972, p .55; p. 61; p. 70. Pp. 51, 61, 70
Arne Eggum, Edvard Munch: Paintings, Sketches, and Studies, , New York: C.N. Potter, 1984, p.47 and p. 75.
Nancy Mowll Mathews, Paul Gauguin: An Erotic Life, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2001, p. 207.
Robert L. Delevoy, Symbolists and Symbolism, New York: Rizzoli, 1982, p. 98.
Robert Goldwater, Symbolism, New York: Westview Press, 1998, p.227.
Peter Paret, The Berlin Secession, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980, pp.79-80.
6. Arne Eggum, Edvard Munch: Paintings, Sketches, and Studies, , New York: C.N. Potter, 1984, p.10 and p. 152.
J.P. Hodin, Edvard Munch, Thames & Hudson, 1972, p 169.
https://theibtaurisblog.com/2012/08/06/the-graphic-works-and-prints-of-edvard-munch/ – retrieved September 4, 2021.
Jean Selz, Edvard Munch, New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1974, pp. 18, 37, 45.
Philippe Jullian, Dreams of Decadence: Symbolist painters of the 1890s, New York: Praeger Publishers, 1971. Pp 88-91
Michael Gibson, Symbolism, Cologne: Taschen, 1999, p.144.
Rodolphe Rapetti, Symbolism, Paris: Flammarion, 2005.p. TBA
7. Robert Goldwater, Symbolism, New York: Westview Press, 1998, p.216. and 279.
J.P. Hodin, Edvard Munch, Thames & Hudson, 1972, p. 81; 88-89; 103; 123. .
https://www.nrk.no/urix/korrespondentbrevet-30.-mars-1.10964285 – retrieved September 3, 2021.
Arne Eggum, Edvard Munch: Paintings, Sketches, and Studies, , New York: C.N. Potter, 1984, pp. 196, 203, 228, 236.
Edward Lucie-Smith, Symbolist Art, Thames & Hudson, 1972, p. 189.
8. J.P. Hodin, Edvard Munch, Thames & Hudson, 1972, pp. 127-128.
Sue Prideaux, Edvard Munch: Behind the Scream, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005, p. 373.
9. J.P. Hodin, Edvard Munch, Thames & Hudson, 1972, p. 167.
Munch, Langarred, Johan H., Revold, Residar, New York: Universe Books, 1964, p. i-ii; 1.
Bischoff, Ulrich, Edvard Munch 1863-1944, Cologne: Taschen, 2000.
Delevoy, Robert L., Symbolists and Symbolism, New York: Rizzoli, 1982.
Dube, Wolf-Dieter, Expressionism, New York: Oxford University Press, 1972.
Eggum, Arne, Edvard Munch: Paintings, Sketches, and Studies, New York: C.N. Potter, 1984.
Gibson, Michael, Symbolism, Cologne: Taschen, 1999.
Goldwater, Robert, Symbolism, New York: Westview Press, 1998.
Hodin, J.P., Edvard Munch, Thames & Hudson, 1972.
Jullian, Philippe, Dreams of Decadence: Symbolist Painters of the 1890s, New York: Praeger Publishers, 1971.
Kapos, Martha, The Post-Impressionists: A Retrospective, London: Beaux Arts Editions, 1993.
Langarred, Johan H., Revold, Residar, Munch, New York: Universe Books, 1964.
Lucie-Smith, Edward, Symbolist Art, Thames & Hudson, 1972.
Mathews, Nancy Mowll, Paul Gauguin: An Erotic Life, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2001, p. 207.
Paret, Peter, The Berlin Secession, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980.
Prideaux, Sue, Edvard Munch: Behind the Scream, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005.
Rapetti, Rodolphe, Symbolism, Paris: Flammarion, 2005.
Redon, Odilon, To Myself, translated by Mira Jacob and Jeanne L. Wasserman, New York: George Braziller, Inc., 1986.
Selz, Jean, Edvard Munch, New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1974.
LIST OF WORKS BY EDVARD MUNCH
Edvard Munch, Melancholy, Laura.
Edvard Munch, Laura, 1882, oil on paper (top) and oil on cardboard, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, The Sick Child (original version), 1885-86, National Gallery, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Night on the Beach, 1889, Bergen Art Museum.
Edvard Munch, Separation, 1893-94, Gouache, watercolor and crayon on paper, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Parting, 1894, oil on canvas, 67 x 128 cm, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Three Stages of Women (Sphinx), c. 1894, Bergan.
Edvard Munch, Anxiety, 1894, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Despair, 1893, oil on canvas, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, At the Roulette Table in Monte Carlo, 1892, oil, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Stanislaw Przybyszewski,1895, pastel, 62x55cm, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Auguste Strindberg, 1896, lithograph.
Edvard Munch, Self-portrait, 1895, Lithograph, 45.5×31.7 cm, Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Edvard Munch, Two people, 1899, oil on canvas, 175 x 143 cm, Munch Museum, Oslo.
Edvard Munch, Amor and Psyche, 1907, oil on canvas, 118 x 99 cm
Edvard Munch, Nude by the bed, c. 1907, oil on canvas, 120×121 cm.
Edvard Munch, Four Girls Åsgårdstrand, 1905, oil on canvas, 87x111cm.
Edvard Munch, Avenue in the snow, 1906, oil on canvas, 80 x100 cm.
Edvard Munch, Death in the Sickroom, 1893, pastel on canvas, Munch Museum, Oslo.
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Artist – Kramer Brothers Company Dayton OH
Artist – Le Rosso
Artist – Lorado Taft
Artist – Mariano Fortuny
Artist – Michel Anguier
Artist – Oskar Kokoschka
Artist – Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Artist – Pompeo Batoni
Artist – Robert Fagan
Artist – William Glackens
Arts Center - The Peabody Institute Baltimore
Artwork - Adephi Club Belfast (1783) (Joseph Wilson)
Artwork - African Chief (1870) (Mariano Fortuny)
Artwork - Allegory of Peace and War (1776) (Pompeo Batoni)
Artwork - Allegory of Venus and Cupid (c. 1600) (Titian imitator)
Artwork - Birth of the World (1980) (Bill Reid)
Artwork - Boats at Rest (1895) (Arthur Wesley Dow)
Artwork - Bunworth Harp (1734) (John Kelly)
Artwork - Cloudgate ("The Bean") (2006) - Anish Kapoor
Artwork - Dorothea and Francesca (1898) (Cecilia Beaux)
Artwork - Eternal Springtime (1884) (Auguste Rodin)
Artwork - Flamingo (1974) (Alexander Calder)
Artwork - Flying Dragon (1975) (Alexander Calder)
Artwork - Four Seasons (1974) (Marc Chagall)
Artwork - Geraniums Before Blue Mountain (1911) (August Macke)
Artwork - Here (2012) (Ruth Aizuss Migdil)
Artwork - John Belushi... (1979) (Mary Ellen Mark)
Artwork - Kirche von Reidhausen (1908) (Gabriele Münter)
Artwork - Lady In Red (1911) (Oskar Kokoschka)
Artwork - Large Interior Form (1953) (Henry Moore)
Artwork - Les Sapeurs (2018) (Bisa Butler)
Artwork - Moose Bubblegum Bubble (2014) (Jacob Watts)
Artwork - Muddy Waters King of the Blues (2017) (Eduardo Kobra)
Artwork -Mädchen mit Puppe (1908) (Gabriele Münter)
Artwork - Noh Mask (1550) (Japanese)
Artwork - oil jar (450 BCE) (Greece)
Artwork - Over the Top to Victory "Doughboy" (1921) (John Paulding)
Artwork - Oviri (1895) (Paul Gauguin)
Artwork - Paris Street A Rainy Day (1877) (Gustave Caillebotte)
Artwork - Portrait of Lady as Hibernia (1798) (Robert Fagan)
Artwork - Portrait Young Woman (1909) (Gabriele Münter)
Artwork - Saint Francis Kneeling in Meditation (1595) (El Greco)
Artwork - Sea of Flags (2004) (Gamaliel Ramirez)
Artwork - Self-portrait (1865) (Frédéric Bazille)
Artwork - Spanish dance (1883) (Edgar Degas)
Artwork - Still Life with Game (1741) (Charles Collins)
Artwork - The Artist in his Studio (1865) (James McNeill Whistler)
Artwork - The Café (1882) (Fernand Harvey Lungren)
Artwork - The Chicago Picasso (1967) (Pablo Picasso)
Artwork - The Dressing Table (1922) (William Glackens)
Artwork - The Fountains (1787) (Hubert Robert)
Artwork - The Scream (1893) (Edvard Munch)
Artwork - The See-Saw (1775) (Clodion)
Artwork - The State Ballroom Saint Patrick's Hall Dublin Castle (1845) (F. J. Davis)
Artwork - Triton Fountain (1926) (Carl Milles)
Artwork - Venus de Milo (150 BCE). (Greek)
Artwork - Warhol Holding Marilyn Acetate 1 (1964) (William T. Kennedy)
Artwork - Winged Figure (1889) (Abbott Handerson Thayer)
Artwork - Winged Victory (200 BCE) (Greek)
Artwork - Woman in a Garden (1882) (Berthe Morisot)
Artwork - Woman seated in an armchair (1901) (Edgar Degas)
Artwork - Woman with Cat (1908) (Kees van Dongen)
Artwork - Young Man (2012) (Charles Ray)
Artwork – Acrobats at the Cirque Fernando (Francisca and Angelina Wartenberg) (1879) (Pierre-Auguste Renoir)
Artwork – Adam (1881) (Auguste Rodin)
Artwork – Adoration of the Magi Columba Altarpiece central panel (1455) (Rogier van der Weyden)
Artwork – Amphitrite (1684) (Michel Anguier)
Artwork – Arabesque (1885) (Edgar Degas)
Artwork – Carolan the Irish Bard (1844) (James C. Timbrell)
Artwork– Chrysanthemums (1881) (Pierre-Auguste Renoir)
Artwork –Crowning of thorns of Christ (1616) (Valentin de Boulogne)
Artwork – Danae (1527) (Jan Gossaert)
Artwork – Four Apostles (1526) (Albrecht Dürer)
Artwork – Fruits of the Midi (1881) (Pierre-Auguste Renoir)
Artwork– headdresses (1895) (Africa)
Artwork – Head of an Old Woman (1563) (Pieter Brueghel the Elder)
Artwork – Herminia among the Shepherds (1630) (Valentin de Boulogne)
Artwork – History Cycle Battle of Alexander Battle of Issus (1529) (Albrecht Altdorfer)
Artwork – Idyllic Landscape in the Setting Sun (1670) (Claude Lorrain)
Artwork – Intimism (2015) (Frances Stark)
Artwork – Loutrophoros (350BCE) (Italy)
Artwork – Lucie Berard (Child in White) (1883) (Pierre-Auguste Renoir)
Artwork – Madonna with Child St. Mary Magdalene and Donor (1522) (Lucas van Leyden)
Artwork – Mao (1972) (Andy Warhol)
Artwork – Meeting of Sts. Erasmus and Maurice Martyrs (1522) (Matthias Grünewald)
Artwork – Nymph Central Figure for the Three Graces (1930) (Aristide Maillol)
Artwork – Pearl of Brabant Adoration of the Kings (1465) (Dieric Bouts)
Artwork – Quai Venice (1921) (Kees van Dongen)
Artwork – Robbery and Melon Eaters (1645) (Bartolomé Esteban Murillo)
Artwork – Seaport at Sunrise (1674) (Claude Lorrain)
Artwork – Seascape (1879) (Pierre-Auguste Renoir)
Artwork – Self-Portrait (1520) (Albrecht Dürer)
Artwork – The Land of Cockaigne (1567) (Pieter Brueghel the Elder)
Artwork– Truth (1900) (Daniel Chester French)
Artwork – Venus (165 CE) (Roman)
Billboard Music Charts
BUILDING (Chicago) - 55 W. Monroe (Xerox Center) (1980)
BUILDING (Chicago) - Charles A. Stevens & Bros. (1912)
BUILDING (Chicago) - Chicago Harbor Lighthouse (1893)
BUILDING (Chicago) - James R. Thompson Center (1985)
BUILDING (Chicago) - One South Wacker Drive (1982)
BUILDING (Chicago) - Oriental Theatre/Ford Center for the Performing Arts (1926/1997)
BUILDING (Chicago) - Park Tower Condominium (1973)
BUILDING (Chicago) - Rowe Village (2003)
BUILDING (Chicago) - The Cobden (1892)
BUILDING (Chicago) - The Mentor (1906)
BUILDING (Chicago) – Sofitel Chicago Magnificent Mile (2002)
BUILDING (Milwaukee WI) - Iron Block (1861/1899)
BUILDING (Paris) (7th) - La Pagode (1895)
BUILDING (Princeton University) - Charter House (1903)
BUILDING (San Diego) - Lomo Theatre (1945)
Business (enterprise) - McDonald's Corp.
Business (Entrepreneur) - Ray Kroc
Businessperson - James B. Martin (1814-1878)
Cars & Trucks - 1939 Chevrolet Coupe
Cars & Trucks - 1940 Plymouth Deluxe Sedan 201 CI 3-Speed
Cars & Trucks - 1954 Chevrolet 210
Cars & Trucks - 1963 Dodge Truck
Cars & Trucks - 1967 Kaiser Jeep M-725
Cars & Trucks - 1970 Chevy Impala
Cars & Trucks - 1970 Ford Mustang Mach 1
Cars & Trucks - 1970 Oldsmobile Delta 88 Convertible
Cars & Trucks - 1970-1972 Chrysler Newport Royal
Cars & Trucks - 1974 Volkswagen Beetle (1938-2003)
Cars & Trucks - 2014–23 Dodge RAM ProMaster 3500
Cars & Trucks - BMW Mini Cooper Hatch
Cars & Trucks - Chevrolet Camaro
Cars & Trucks - Chevrolet Camaro SS
Cars & Trucks - Chevrolet Corvair Sport Coupé 2nd generation 1965-1969
Cars & Trucks - Chevrolet Corvette
Cars & Trucks - Chevrolet Impala SS Fourth Generation 1965
Cars & Trucks - Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD
Cars & Trucks - Dodge Challenger
Cars & Trucks - Dodge Ram 1500
Cars & Trucks - Ford Expedition (1997-present)
Cars & Trucks - Ford F-150
Cars & Trucks - Ford Falcon
Cars & Trucks - Ford Mustang
Cars & Trucks - Honda S2000 (1999-2009)
Cars & Trucks - Kenworth Truck
Cars & Trucks - Lamborghini
Cars & Trucks - Mitsubishi 3000GT (1990-2000)
Cars & Trucks - Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Convertible
Cars & Trucks - Toyota MR2 Spyder convertible
Cars - muscle
Chicago - Loop
Composer - Brian Wilson
Composer - John Farrar
Composer - Mike Pinera
Composer Frank "Skip" Konte
Dance (ballerina) - Marie Taglioni
Dance (ballerina) - Olga Preobrajenska
Dance (ballerina) - Pierina Legnani
Dance (ballet) - Coppélia (1870)
Dance (ballet) - Giselle (1841)
Dance (ballet) - Mayerling (1978)
Dance (ballet) - Onegin (1965)
Dance (ballet) - Paquita (1846)
Dance (ballet) - The Dream (1964)
Dance (choerographer) - Joseph Mazilier
Dance (choreographer) - Arthur Saint-Léon
Dance (choreographer) - Frederick Ashton
Dance (choreographer) - Jean Coralli
Dance (choreographer) - John Cranko
Dance (choreographer) - Jules Perrot
Dance (choreographer) - Kenneth MacMillan
Dance (instructor) - Marie Rambert
Drama & Literature
Drama & Literature (actor) - Armande Béjart
Drama & Literature (actor) - Madeleine Béjart
Drama & Literature (French writer) Paul Anthelme Bourde
Drama & Literature (group) - Cent Bibliophiles
Drama & Literature (Norwegian writer) - Dagny Juel-Przybyszewska
Drama & LIterature (novel) - Madame Bovary (1856)
Drama & Literature (novelette) - Good Morning Miss Dove! (1954)
Drama & Literature (novelist) - Anne and Serge Golan
Drama & Literature (novelist) - Frances Gray Patton
Drama & Literature (novelist) - Gustave Flaubert
Drama & Literature (novelist) – E.M. Forster
Drama & Literature (novelist) – Henry Miller
Drama & Literature (play) - Don Juan (1665)
Drama & Literature (play) - Tartuffe (1664)
Drama & LIterature (play) - The MIsanthrope (1666)
Drama & Literature (play) - The School for Husbands (1661)
Drama & Literature (play) - The School for Wives (1662)
Drama & Literature (playwright) - Jean Anouilh
Drama & Literature (playwright) - Molière
Drama & Literature (poet) - Stéphane Mallarmé
Drama & Literature (poet) – John Keats
Drama & Literature (poet) – Lord Byron (George Gordon)
Drama & Literature (poet) – Paul Laurence Dunbar
Drama & Literature (Polish writer) - Stanisław Przybyszewsk
Drama & Literature (publisher) - Katharine Graham
Drama & LIterature (Swedish writer) - August Strindberg
Drama & Literature (theatre) – Empire Theatre (1893 41st Street New York)
Drama & Literature (theatre) – Garrick Theatre (1890 West 35th Street New York)
Drama & Literature (theatre) – Hudson Theatre (1903 West 44th Street New York)
Drama & Literature (theatre) – Longacre Theatre (1913 West 48th Street New York)
Drama & Literature (theatre) – Maxime Elliot's Theatre (1908 West 39th Street New York)
Drama & Literature (theatre) – The Ethel Barrymore Theatre (1928 West 47th Street New York)
Drama & Literature (theatre) – The Lyceum Theatre (1903 West 45th Street New York)
Drama & Literature (writer) - Hans Jaeger
Educational Institution - Tuskegee University
Educator- Booker T. Washington
Educator - Francis James Child
Exhibition - 2nd Impressionist Art (1876)
Exhibition - 3rd Impressionist Art (1877)
Exhibition - 4th Impressionist Art (1879)
Exhibition - Expo Chicago (2013)
Exhibition -Expo Chicago (2014)
Exhibition - Picasso and Chicago (2013)
Exhibition - Van Gogh's Bedrooms (2016)
Fashion - Wedding Dresses
Film (cinematographer) - Robert Burks
Film (costume designer) - Mary Wills
Film (costume designer) - Valles
Film (costume designer) - Walter Plunkett
Film (costume designer) Edith Head
Film (editor) - Rudi Fehr
Film (make-up) - Ben Nye
Film - A Foreign Affair (1948)
Film - Angélique series (1964-68)
Film - Boom Town (1940)
Film - Charade (1963)
Film - Dial M for Murder (1954)
Film - Father Goose (1964)
Film - Father of the Bride (1950)
Film - Field of Dreams (1989)
Film - Francesco giullare di Dio (The Flowers of St. Francis) (1950)
Film - Golden Earrings (1947)
Film - Good Morning Miss Dove (1955)
Film - Green Fire (1954)
Film - High Noon (1952)
Film - High Society (1956)
Film - I Confess (1953)
Film - Madame Bovary (1949)
Film - Mogambo (1953)
Film - Rear Window (1954)
Film - River of No Return (1954)
Film - Saturday Night Fever (1977)
Film - That Touch of Mink (1962)
Film - The Bridges at Toko-Ri (1954)
Film - The Country Girl (1954)
Film - The Swan (1956)
Film - They Won't Forget (1937)
Film - To Catch a Thief (1955)
Film - Virtual JFK (2008)
Film - Walk Don't Run (1966)
Film - Ziegfeld Girl (1941)
Film Director - Alfred Hitchcock
Film Director - Bernard Borderie
Film Director - Billy Wilder
Film Director- Henry Koster
Film Director - Otto Preminger
Film Director - Roberto Rossellini
Film Director - Vincente Minnelli
Films Motion Pictures Cinema
Firearms and Guns - crime
Firearms and Guns - mass shootings
Firearms and Guns - regulation
Firearms and Guns - safety
Flowers & Gardens
Historian - Pascal Ory
Historical Period - Jazz Age
Historic Figure - Fr. Jacques Marquette (1637-1675)
Historic Figure - Hugues Bardoul
Historic Figure - Kaskaskia Native American
Historic Figure - Louis Jolliet (1645-1700)
Historic Site - San Salvatore delle Pareti (leper hospital)
Historic Site - The Chicago Portage National Historic Site
History (award/citation) - Presidential Medal of Freedom (2013)
History (chaplain) - Eugene Carson Blake
History (Chicago Mayor) - Richard J. Daley
History (Civil Rights leader) - Rev. Dr. Martin Luther KIng Jr.
History (Current Event) - April 2019 Notre Dame Cathedral Fire Paris France
History (Event) - 1916 Easter Rising Dublin Ireland
History (Event) - 2016 U.S. Presidential Election
History (Event) - Chicago Freedom Movement 1966
History (Event) - Council of Trent (1545-1563)
History (Event) - Cuban Missle Crisis 1962
History (Event) - Great Chicago Fire October 1871
History (Event) - March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom August 1963
History (Historian) - Alexis de Toqueville
History (Historian) - Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
History (Historian) - Doris Kearns Goodwin
History (Historian) - François-René de Chateaubriand
History (Historian) - Michael Beschloss
History (Journalist) - George Abell and Evelyn Gordon
History (Journalist) - P.J. O'Rourke
History (labor union leader) - A. Philip Randolph
History (labor union leader) - Walter Reuther
History (mass media journalist) - Walter Cronkite
History (NAACP leader) - Roy Wilkins
History (Nazi Resistance) - Christoph Probst
History (Nazi Resistance) - Hans Scholl
History (Nazi Resistance) - Helmuth James Graf von Moltke
History (Nazi Resistance) - Kreisau Circle
History (Nazi Resistance) - Kurt Huber
History (Nazi Resistance) - Marianne Hapig
History (Nazi Resistance) - Sophie Scholl
History (Nazi Resistance) - White Rose (Weiße Rose)
History (Nez Percé leader) - Chief Joseph
History (object) - death mask
History (person or persons) - Alice Roosevelt Longworth
History (person or persons) - Charles Lindbergh
History (person or persons) - Coretta Scott King
History (person or persons) - Franziska Jägerstätter (née Schwaninger)
History (person or persons) - Mayans
History (place or site) - Château de Versailles (Versailles France)
History (place or site) - El Castillo ( Chichén-Itzá)
History (place or site) - El Escorial Site (Madrid Spain)
History (place or site) - El Palacio Real de Pardo (Madrid Spain)
History (place or site) - Kilmainham Goal Dublin Ireland
History (place or site) - Palazzo Vecchio (Florence Italy)
History (place or site) - Sacred Well (Chichén-Itzá)
History (place or site) – Chichén-Itzá (Yucatán Mexico)
History (SNCC leader) - John Lewis
History (U.S. Civil Rights leader) - Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
History (U.S. First Lady) - Eleanor Roosevelt
History (U.S. First Lady) - Grace Coolidge
History( U.S. Politician) - Alben W. Barkley
History (U.S. Politician) - Alexander Hamilton
History (U.S. Politician) - Bernie Sanders
History (U.S. Politician) - Hillary Clinton
History (U.S. Politician) - Michael Bloomberg
History (U.S. Politician) - Robert F. Kennedy
History (U.S. President) - Donald J. Trump
History (U.S. president) - Harry Truman
History (U.S. president) - John Adams
History (U.S. president) - John F. Kennedy
History (U.S. president) - Thomas Jefferson
History (White House staff) - Colonel Edmund W. Starling
History (White House staff) - Michael K. Deaver
History (White House staff) - Traphes Bryant
HOUSE (Evanston IL) -1005 Michigan Avenue (1913)
House (Evanston IL) - 1035 Ridge Avenue (1914)
HOUSE ( Glencoe IL) – Mr. Mrs. Charles A. Stonehill (1911)
HOUSE (Lake Bluff IL) – Mr. Mrs. Ralph H. Poole Lake Bluff Illinois (1912)
HOUSE (Lake Forest IL) – Mr. Mrs. Alfred E. Hamill (1917)
HOUSE (Lake Forest IL) – Mr. Mrs. Charles B. Pike (1916)
HOUSE (Mill Run PA) - Fallingwater (1935)
House (Naperville IL) - 15 S. Sleight (1883)
House (Plainfield IL) - Flanders House (1841)
HOUSE (St. Helena) - Longwood House (1815)
HOUSE of Worship (Chicago) - Holy Trinity Orthodox Cathedral (1903)
HOUSE of Worship (Chicago) - St. Michael Church Old Town (1869)
HOUSE of Worship (Chicago) - St. Nicholas Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral (1915)
HOUSE of Worship (Chicago) - Sts. Volodymyr and Olha Church (1975)
HOUSE of Worship (Chicago) - The Shrine of Our Lady of Pompeii (1923/2004)
HOUSE of Worship (Haarlem Netherlands) - Cathedral of Saint Bavo (1895-1930)
HOUSE of Worship (München-Bogenhausen) - St. Georg (1766)
HOUSE of Worship (Naperville IL) – Saints Peter and Paul Church (1927)
House of Worship (Naples
House of Worship (Naples IT) - S. Martino
House of Worship (Naples IT) - Sant' Angelo a Segno
House of Worship (Paris) - Église Saint-Nicolas-des-Champs
House of Worship (Paris) - Église Saint Merri
HOUSE of Worship (Paris France) - Notre Dame Cathedral (1163-1345)
House of Worship (Rome) - Basilica of St. Lawrence in Lucina
House of Worship (Rome) - Basilica of St. Peter's
House of Worship (Rome) - S. Francesco a Ripa
House of Worship (Wailuku) - Kaʻahumanu Church (1876) (Maui Hawaii)
HOUSE of Worship (Wilmette IL) - St. Francis Xavier Church (1939)
Mass media - CBS News
Military Figure - Lieutenant-General Thomas Howard 2nd Duke of Norfolk Earl of Surrey (1443-1524)
Motion Picture Studio - Columbia Pictures
Motion Picture Studio - Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Motion Picture Studio - Paramount Pictures
Motion Picture Studio - Twentieth Century-Fox
Motion Picture Studio - Universal Pictures
Motion Picture Studio - Warner Bros.
Movie Studio - Columbia Pictures
Movie Studio - Warner Bros.
Municipality - Assisi Italy
Municipality - Chicago IL
Municipality - Des Plaines Illinois
Municipality - Downers Grove IL
Municipality - Evanston IL
Municipality - Florence (Firenze) Italy
Municipality - Hillside Illinois
Municipality - Joilet IL
Municipality - Milwaukee WI
Municipality - Montfort L'Amaury France
Municipality - Naperville IL
Municipality - Paris France
Municipality - Plainfield IL
Municipality - Rockford IL
Municipality - St. John IN
Municipality - St Radegund Austria
Municipality - Wheaton IL
Municipality - Wilmette Illinois
Museum - Alte Pinakothek Munich Germany
Museum - Borghese Gallery Rome
Museum - Carnegie Museum of Art Pittsburgh
Museum - Cleveland Museum of Art
Museum - Denver Art Museum
Museum - Galleria d'arte moderna Ricci Oddi Piacenza.
Museum - Galleria D'Arte Moderna Firenze
Museum - Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica Palazzo Barberini Rome.
Museum - Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria Perugia
Museum - Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden
Museum - J. Paul Getty Museum Los Angeles California
Museum - Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum Glasgow
Museum - Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna
Museum - Le Petit Palais de Genève
Museum - Liechtenstein Vienna
Museum - Los Angeles County Museum of Art
Museum - Milwaukee Museum of Art
Museum - Montreal Museum of Fine Arts
Museum - Munchmuseet (Oslo)
Museum - Museo della Venerabile Arciconfraternita della Misericordia Florence Italy
Museum - Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza Madrid
Museum - Museum of Anthropology (Vancouver British Columbia CN)
Museum - Museum of Fine Arts Boston
Museum - Musée Carnavalet Paris
Museum - Musée d'Orsay
Museum - Musée de Berry (Bourges)
Museum - Musée de Cambrai
Museum - Musée de Laon
Museum - Musée des Augustins Toulouse
Museum - Musée des Beaux-Arts Bordeaux France
Museum - Musée des Beaux-arts de Lyon
Museum - Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rennes
Museum - Musée des Beaux-Arts Strasbourg
Museum - Musée du Louvre
Museum - Musée du Luxembourg Paris
Museum - Musée d'Arts de Nantes
Museum - Musée Fabre Montpellier
Museum - Musée Jacquemart-André Paris
Museum - Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique
Museum - Nasjonalmuseet (Oslo)
Museum - National Gallery London
Museum - National Gallery of Art Washington D.C.
Museum - Petit Palais Paris
Museum - Philadelphia Museum of Art
Museum - Prado Madrid
Museum - Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts Moscow
Museum - Renaissance Society (Chicago)
Museum - Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp
Museum - Smith College Museum of Art Northampton MA
Museum - Snite Museum of Art
Museum - Staatliche Museum Berlin
Museum - State Hermitage Museum St. Petersburg Russia
Museum - The Art Institute of Chicago
Museum - The Barber Institute of Fine Arts University of Birmingham UK
Museum - The Getty Museum Los Angeles
Museum - The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
Museum - The Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University
Museum - The Metropolitan Museum of Art New York
Museum - The Musée Condé Chantilly
Museum - The Phillips Collection Washington D.C.
Museum - The Prado (Madrid)
Museum - Toledo (OH) Museum of Art
Museum - Ukrainian National Museum (Chicago)
Museum - Vatican Museums
Museum Director - M. Olivier Le Bihan
Museum Director - Robert Harshe
Music (bandleader) – Ray Anthony
Music (singer) - Gillian Fenton
Music (singer) - Marco Beasley
Music (singer) - Marvin Gaye
Music - Baroque
Music- Billboard charts
Music - Choral
Music- Country
Music - Folk
Music - Irish
Music - Modernist
Music - monophonic chant
Music - Opera
Music-Pop
Music- Pop
Music - rock
Music- Soul
Musical Artist - Olivia Newton-John
Musical Composition (album) (Bee Gees/various) - Saturday Night Fever soundtrack (RSO 1977)
Musical Composition (album) (Marvin Gaye) – What's Going on (Motown 1971)
Musical Composition (album) (The Beach Boys) - Little Deuce Coupe (Capitol 1963)
Musical Composition (album) (The Beach Boys) – Holland (Warner Bros. 1973)
Musical Composition (album) (The Beach Boys) – Surfin' U.S.A. (United Western Recorders 1963)
Musical Composition (B. Wilson-T. Almer-V.D. Parks-J. Rieley-R. Kennedy) – Sail On Sailor (1972)
Musical Composition (Baroque) - Messe et Motets Pour La Vierge (1702)
Musical Composition (Beethoven) - 6 String Quartets Opus 18 (1800)
Musical Composition (Beethoven) - Fourth Symphony in B Flat Major (1806)
Musical Composition (Beethoven) - Piano Sonata No. 12 in A flat major Opus 26
Musical Composition (Beethoven) - Piano Sonata No. 13 in E flat major: "Sonata quasi una Fantasia" Opus 27 (1801)
Musical Composition (Beethoven) - Piano Sonata No. 14 in C sharp minor Moonlight Sonata Opus 27 (1801)
Musical Composition (Beethoven) - Piano Sonata No. 15 in D major: "Pastorale" Opus 28 (1801)
Musical Composition (Beethoven) - Piano Trio No. 1 in E flat major Opus 1 (1792)
Musical Composition (Beethoven) - Sonata for Piano and Violin no. 6 no. 7 no. 8 Opus 30 (1801-02)
Musical Composition (Beethoven) - Sonata No. 5 for Piano and Violin in F major Opus 24 Frühlings-Sonate (1800)
Musical Composition (Beethoven) - Symphony No. 1 in C major Opus 21 (1801)
Musical Composition (Beethoven) - Symphony No. 2 in D major Opus 36 (1802)
Musical Composition (Brian Wilson/Roger Christian) - Shut Down (1963)
Musical Composition (Guido Morini) - Vivifice Spiritus Vitae Vis (Revive the Life Force Spirit)
Musical Composition (Irish traditional) - Bríd Óg Ní Mháille /Young Brigid O'Malley
Musical Composition (Irish traditional) - Weile Weile Waila
Musical Composition (Konte/Pinera)– Ride Captain Ride (1970)
Musical Composition (Muddy Waters) - Rollin' Stone (1950)
Musical Composition (single) (Bee Gees) – How deep is You Love (RSO 1977)
Musical Composition (single) (Marvin Gaye) – Inner City Blues Make Me Wanna Holler (Motown 1971)
Musical Composition (single) (Ray Anthony) - Marilyn (1952)
Music Composer - Adolphe Adam
Music Composer - Anton Diabelli
Music Composer - Benjamin Britten
Music Composer - Edouard Deldevez
Music Composer - Felix Mendelssohn
Music Composer - Florence B. Price
Music Composer - Franz Liszt
Music Composer - Guido Morini
Music Composer - Harry T. Burleigh
Music Composer - Heino Eller
Music Composer - John Rutter
Music Composer - Lepo Sumera
Music Composer - Ludwig van Beethoven
Music Composer - Léo Delibes
Music Composer - Marc-Antoine Charpentier
Music Composer - Mary Lou Williams
Music Composer - Maurice Ravel
Music Composer - Miklós Rózsa
Music Composer - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Music Composer - William Grant Still
Music Composer - William L. Dawson
Music Composition (album) Blues Image – Open (Alco 1970)
Music Director - Daniel Barenboim
Music Director - Dr. Wayne Anthony Barr
Music Director - Fritz Reiner
Music Director - Jean Martinon
Music Director - Riccardo Muti
Music Director - Richard Hynson
Music Director - Sir Georg Solti
Music Figure (producer) - Robert Stigwood
Music group (Baroque) - Ensemble Accordone Ensemble
Music Group (choir) - Angeles Chorale Los Angeles CA
Music Group (choir) - Bel Canto Chorus Milwaukee WI
Music Group (choir) - Euterpe
Music Group (choir) - Helicon
Music Group (choir) - St. Bavo Cathedral Choir Haarlem Netherlands
Music Group (choir) - Tuskegee University Golden Voices Choir
Music Group (funk rock) - Band of Gypsys
Music group (Irish traditional) - The Dubliners
Music group (Orchestra) - Chicago Symphony Orchestra
Music group (Period Orchestra) - Le Concert des Nations
Music group (pop) - Bee Gees
Music group (pop) - The Beach Boys
Music group (Progressive Rock) - Supertramp
Music group (rock) – Blues Image
Music group (soul rock) - Electric Flag
Music group - Stained Glass Brass
Musician (drummer) - Buddy Miles
Musician (French horn) - Jan Václav Stich/Giovanni Punto (1746-1803)
Musician (Irish harp) - Fiachra O' Corragáin
Musician (saxophonist) - Gato Barbieri
Musician - Jordi Savall
Musician - Matthew E. White
Musician - Muddy Waters
Musician - Rick Davies
Musician - Roger Hodgson
Musician and Singer - Flo Morrissey
My Photography - Architecture & Design
My Photography - Art
My Photography - Cars & Trucks
My Photography - Flowers and Gardens
My Photography - Motorcycles
My Photography - Nature
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My Photography - U.S. Midwest Roads
My Travel
Nature (parks & gardens) - Sinnissippi gardens Rockford IL
Nature (seasons) - Autumn automne otoño autunno Herbst
Nature (seasons) - Springtime Printemps Primavera Frühling
Nature (seasons) - Summer Été Verano Estate Sommer
Nature (seasons) - Winter Hiver Invierno Inverno
Nature - Hookipa Beach (Maui Hawaii)
Nature - Hāna (Maui Hawaii)
Nature - Iao Needle (Maui Hawaii)
Nature - Iao Valley State Monument (Maui Hawaii)
Nature - Iao Valley State Park (Maui Hawaii)
Nature - Kaanapail Beach (Maui Hawaii)
Nature - Mount St. Helens WA
Nature - West Maui Mountains (Maui HawaiiI
Nature - Yucatán (Mexico)
Organization - Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Organization - Urban Training Center (UTC) for Christian Mission
Palace (Genoa IT) - Palazzo Bianco
Palace - Palazzo Corsini Rome
Palace - Versailles
Palace - Villa Lante Rome
Parades/Protests - Black Lives Matter
Parades/Protests - July 4th
Parks & Gardens - Shrine of Christ's Passion (St. John IN)
Photographer - A.L. "Whitey" Schafer
Photographer - Berenice Abbott
Photographer - Eugène Atget
Photographer - Hymie Fink
Photographer - László Willinger
Photographer - Melbourne Spurr
Photographer - Nadar (Gaspard-Félix Tournachon)
Photography - publicity
Publication (novel) - A Room With A View (1908)
Publication (spiritual counsel) - Introduction to the Devout Life (1608)
Publication - Black Power and the American Myth
Public Figure (athlete) - Tommie Smith
Public Figure (journalist) - Walter Cronkite
Public Figure - George Floyd
Religion (Anglican Bishop of Liverpool) - David Sheppard
Religion (Bible) - Book of Joshua
Religion (Catholic Archbishop of Liverpool) - Derek Worlock
Religion (Christianity) (pope) - Urban II (1035-1099)
Religion (Christianity) - Advent
Religion (Christianity) - Alfred Delp S.J.
Religion (Christianity) - Archbishop Derek Worlock of Liverpool
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Religion (Christianity) - Major Archbishop Josyf Slipyj
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Religion (Christianity) - Miracles Signs
Religion (Christianity) - Our Lady of Pochaev
Religion (Christianity) - Portiuncula (plenary) indulgence
Religion (Christianity) - Queen of Heaven Cemetery
Religion (Christianity) - Redemptorist Order
Religion (Christianity) - The Rosary
Religion (Christianity) - The Stations of the Cross
Religion (encyclical) - Mit brennender Sorge (1937)
Religion (Judaism Christianity Islam) - angels
Religion (Saint) - Alphonsus Ligouri
Religion (Saint) - Azélie-Marie "Zélie" Martin
Religion (Saint) - Brigid of Ireland
Religion (Saint) - Cardinal John Henry Newman
Religion (Saint) - Francis de Sales (1567-1622)
Religion (Saint) - Francis of Assisi
Religion (Saint) - Francis Xavier
Religion (Saint) - Franz Jägerstätter
Religion (Saint) - Gertrude of NIvelles
Religion (Saint) - Ita of Metz
Religion (Saint) - Jeanne de Chantal (1571-1641)
Religion (Saint) - Joan of Arc
Religion (Saint) - Joan of Valois
Religion (Saint) - Louis Martin
Religion (Saint) - Margaret Mary Alacoque
Religion (Saint) - Maximilian Kolbe O.F.M Conv.
Religion (Saint) - Michael the Archangel
Religion (Saint) - Nicholas of Myra
Religion (Saint) - Nikolaus Gross
Religion (Saint) -Olha or Olga of Kyiv
Religion (Saint) - Pope John XXIII
Religion (Saint) - Thérèse of Lisieux
Religion (Saint) - Titus Brandsma O. Carm.
Religion (Saint) - Virgin Mary
Religion (Saint) - Volodymyr of Kyiv or Vladimir of Kiev
Religion (Theologian) - Dietrich Bonhoeffer
Royals & Nobles
Royals & Nobles (Duke of Savoy) - Charles Emmanuel I (1562-1630)
Royals & Nobles (King of France) - Charles IX (1550-1574)
Royals & Nobles (King of France) - Charles VIII (1470-1498)
Royals & Nobles (King of France) - Henry II (1519-1559)
Royals & Nobles (King of France) - Henry IV (1553-1610)
Royals & Nobles (King of France) - Louis VI (1081-1137)
Royals & Nobles (King of France) - Louis VIII (1187-1226)
Royals & Nobles (King of France) - Louis XII (1462-1515)
Royals & Nobles (King of France) - Louis XIII (1601-1643)
Royals & Nobles (King of France) - Philippe II Auguste (1165-1223)
Royals & Nobles (Queen of France) - Anne of Brittany (1477-1514)
Royals & Nobles (Queen of France) - Catherine de Medicis (1519-1589)
Royals & Nobles (Queen of France) - Marie de' Medici (1575-1642)
Royals & Nobles - Baroness Josephine von Braun
Royals & Nobles - Baron Gottfried van Swieten
Royals & Nobles - Baron Gottfried van Swieten (1833-1803)
Royals & Nobles - Bertrade de Montfort (1070-1117)
Royals & Nobles - Bohemian Prince Ferdinand Lobkowitz (1772-1816)
Royals & Nobles - Count Moritz Christian von Fries
Royals & Nobles - Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich
Royals & Nobles - Henry III Holy Roman Emperor
Royals & Nobles - Joseph II Holy Roman Emperor
Royals & Nobles - King Louis XIV of France
Royals & Nobles - Landgravine Josepha of Fürstenberg-Weitra Princess of Liechtenstein
Royals & Nobles - Maria Theresia Josepha Princess Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst
Royals & Nobles - Pepin of Landen
Royals & Nobles - Philip I of France (1052 -1108)
Royals & Nobles - Philippe d'Orléans Le Monsieur
Royals & Nobles - Prince Ferdinand Lobkowitz
Royals & Nobles - Prince Karl von Lichnowsky (1761-1814)
Royals & Nobles - Simon de Montfort V (1208-1265)
Royals & Nobles - Simon IV Lord of Montfort (1175-1218)
Royals - Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536)
Royals - James IV of Scotland (1473-1513)
Royals - James V of Scotland (1512-1542)
Royals - King Henry VIII of England (1491-1547)
Royals - Madeleine of Valois (1520 –1537)
Royals - Margaret Tudor (1489-1541)
Royals - Mary of Guise (1515 - 1560)
Royals - Mary Queen of Scots (1542-1587)
Science (Archeology)
Science (Vulcanology)
Science (Vulcanology) - pyroclastic flow
Science (Vulcanology) - stratovolcano
Society - Clothes
Society - U.S. Child Hunger
Theme- sailing seafaring sailor
Trains - Engine 5071 GE C30-7
Trains - Engine 5795
Trains - F40PHM locomotives
Trains - General Motors Electro-Motive Division plant La Grange IL
Trains - Metra 417 MPI MP36PH-3S
Trains - Metra Locomotive 129
Trains - Progress Rail plant Patterson Georgia
War & Peace (French Emperor) - Napoleon Bonaparte
War & Peace (Russian General) - Mikhail Kutuzov
War & Peace - Battle of Anghiari (1440)
War & Peace - Battle of Borodino (1812)
War & Peace - Battle of Flodden Field (1513)
War & Peace - Battle of Friedland/Treaty of Tilsit (1807)
War & Peace - Battle of Smolensk (1812)
War & Peace - Battle of Stalingrad (1942-1943)
War & Peace - Brandenburg-Görden Prison (Berlin Germany)
War & Peace - Cold War (12 March 1947 – 26 December 1991)
War & Peace - Conscientious Objectot
War & Peace - Dachau (Germany) Concentration Camp (1933-1945)
War & Peace - First Crusade (1096-1099)
War & Peace - Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)
War & Peace - nuclear weapons
War & Peace - Operation Torch (1942)
War & Peace - Stadelheim Prison (Munich Germany)
War & Peace - Tegel Prison (Berlin Germany)
War & Peace - Third Crusade (1189-1192)
War & Peace - War of 1812 (1812-1815)
War & Peace - World War I (1914-1918)
War & Peace - World War II (1939-1945)
Wisdom Literature
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text:
IndyCar details their efforts to improve concussion diagnosis on and off-track
By Jordan Groves
Credit: Chris Owens / Courtesy of IndyCar
In a fascinating video posted on various social media sites, the IndyCar Series has gone into detail explaining it's recent improvements regarding the diagnosis of concussion in drivers following accidents.
In the latest in the 'IndyCar 101' series of videos, viewable below, former racer and long-term IndyCar pundit Jon Beekhuis talks about a device that was created to help aid the process of diagnosing a concussion. The device known as I-PAS (I-Portal Portable Assessment System), was created by Neuro Kinetics and tested by the University of Miami in conjunction with IndyCar.
The device uses infrared technology and cameras to examine the ocular and neuro functions of a patient, with the individual being made to complete a number of tests. The tests – which cover both audio and visual reaction times and much more – can help to make concussion diagnosis more accurate.
The example given in the video where the I-PAS device could have made an impact in IndyCar was when Will Power crashed in practice for the 2016 Grand Prix of St. Petersburg. The incident occurred on the Friday of the event when Will hit the wall toward the end of the lap. The incident looked to be just a standard street circuit incident, but when Will returned to the race track on Saturday, he was complaining of nausea.
Despite not feeling well, Power soldiered on and duly dominated qualifying to take pole position; beating his own track record three times in the process. Clearly, Will had speed despite not feeling one hundred per cent, but his condition would worsen in the run-up to the race. Power displayed symptoms that led to him being diagnosed with a concussion by the IndyCar medical director.
Power thus withdrew from the race after the diagnosis, with Oriol Servia being enlisted as his substitute in the #12 car for the season-opener. It was a tough way for Will's season to begin, damaging his hopes of taking a championship victory right away.
After the event, however, it was announced that Will had been falsely diagnosed with a concussion. It turned out that Power had been suffering from an inner-ear infection, that he had already been undergoing treatment for prior to the race weekend. This infection and it's subsequent effects would have made it nigh-on impossible for Power to pass the previous concussion test known as SCAT (Sports Concussion Assessment Test.)
"Given the nature of his inner-ear infection, it would have been extremely difficult for Will to pass the SCAT, which is what ultimately led to the concussion diagnosis," said the IndyCar safety consultant, Dr Terry Trammell, at the time. "At the University of Miami, they conducted a week's worth of testing in one day, and Will was seen by multiple physicians. The doctors concluded definitively that Will had not sustained recent head trauma."
This incident of a false diagnosis led many to begin to doubt IndyCar's concussion protocol at the time. As a result, IndyCar began their partnership with Neuro Kinects and the University of Miami to help aid the development of the I-PAS device, which has ultimately proven to be a much more accurate method of diagnosing a concussion.
Since the development of I-PAS, the device is now used far more frequently within IndyCar. Prior to a season taking place, every driver is mandated to complete the I-PAS tests; more so that they can get used to the equipment should they need to be tested following an accident.
The I-PAS device has now been approved for use in clinical diagnosis in the United States, with the device being yet another great example of how improvements in safety in the world of Motorsport can have a positive impact on wider society.
The full video – INDYCAR 101: Concussion Diagnosis – which goes into greater detail of the tests performed by the I-PAS device, is available to view below courtesy of IndyCar's YouTube channel:
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