text:
\section*{Introduction}
Interest in laser wake field acceleration (LWFA) of electrons \cite{Tajima} has rapidly grown over recent decades owing to notable results achieved by several groups \cite{Mangels,Geddes,Faure,WPL,WPLeeman,Gonsalves}. Production of 8 GeV electron bunches, in few tens of centimeters long plasma channel, with the charge around several $pC$ \cite{Gonsalves} demonstrates that LWFA may become a valuable branch in the electron accelerator family. Electron self-injection in the acceleration part of the laser wake field is a fundamental process for single-stage electron laser wake field acceleration \cite{Buck,Esarey,Ohkubo} as well as for a plasma cathode in multi-stage LWFA \cite{ Golovin,Sakai}. Presently, electron self-injection is considered to be the only way to generate electron bunches with characteristics suitable for their further acceleration in laser pulse wakes \cite{Buck,Sakai}. Therefore, investigation of the various mechanisms of electron self-injection is particularly important in the development of staging in LWFA.

So far plasma wave breaking mechanisms have been considered as the primary sources of electron self-injection. Several mechanisms such as wave breaking at density ramps \cite{Buck,Ohkubo}, parametric resonances \cite{Oguchi}, frequency chirp \cite{VBandhu,NPathak}, relativistic wave breaking \cite{Sheng,Bulanov}, and wave breaking provoked by external sources \cite{Faure2} have been proposed and studied both theoretically and experimentally. Recently, another mechanism of electron self-injection has been proposed; it is ionization injection \cite{Pak,Clayton,Ossa,Couperus,Kamperidis,Zeng2,Zheng2,Mirzaie,Thaury,Tomassini,Zhao,Mchen,
Mchen2,Mchen3}, which essentially differs from the common wave breaking process.

Ionization injection should occur in a low $Z$ gas with a high $Z$ dope; for example $He-N_{2}$, $He-Ne$ and so on. Optical field ionization of inner shell electrons of the high $Z$ dope in the vicinity of the maximum of the laser pulse field produces a number of low energy electrons moving with a phase different from that of the laser pulse wake \cite{Pak}. These electrons can be trapped and further accelerated.

Separation of ionization injection from the wave breaking injection can be done in rather low density plasma, which requires high power laser pulses in order to reach the self-focusing regime for essential electron acceleration. A laser pulse should have power equal to 2-3 times the critical power for self-focusing, $P_{cr}=1.7\times 10^{-2}N_{cr}/N_{e} \ [TW]$ \cite{EEsarey2}, where $N_{e}$ is the plasma density and $N_{cr}$ is the critical density corresponding to the laser wavelength. This implies that for $N_{e} < 10^{18}cm^{-3}$ and $\lambda=0.8 \ \mu m$, laser pulses with power of the order of petawatt class is required.

The principle of ionization injection and acceleration in a running wake wave can be illustrated by the simplest field structure as follows. A constant electric field with a negative strength $-E$, lasting from $V_{g}t$ to $L+V_{g}t$, where $t$ is the time, $L$ is the length of the wave moving with velocity $V_{g}$. If the initial position of an electron in this field at $t=0$ is $x=0$ (rear side of the wave), the electron, in order to be further accelerated or to move with the wave, must have a velocity, $v_{e}$ , such that $v_{e}>V_{g}$. This is the typical condition for the wave breaking process. In contrast, if an electron at $t=0$ has position $x=L$ (front of the wave), it can be trapped even if its velocity is initially zero. For this to happen the time $t_{0}$, over which the electron velocity becomes equal to the group velocity of the wave, should be such that the electron position must still exceed the position of the wave rear, $x_{0}=V_{g}t_{0}$ :

\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
v_{g} &=\frac{p_{0}+eEt_{0}}{mc\sqrt{1+\left( \frac{p_{0}+eEt_{0}}{mc} \right)^{2}}} \\
v_{g}t_{0} &\leqslant L+\frac{mc^{2}}{eE}\left[\sqrt{1+\left(\frac{p_{0}+eEt_{0}}{mc} \right)^{2}} - 1 \right]
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}

where $p_{0}$ is the initial electron momentum. The solution of Eq.(1) gives a rather soft condition: $U\geqslant mc^{2}\left(1-\frac{1}{\gamma_{g}}\right)-p_{0}v_{g}$, where $U=eEL$ is the potential difference and $\gamma_{g}$ is the relativistic factor for $V_{g}$.

In particular for a laser pulse wake, assuming $E=E_{L}\frac{\omega_{pl}}{\omega_{0}}$ \cite{EEsarey2}, $p_{0}=0$ and $\gamma_{g} \gg 1$, where $E_{L}$ is the strength of the laser pulse, $\omega_{pl}$ the plasma frequency, and $\omega_{0}$ the laser frequency, one can get the requirement for the trapping length $L > \frac{\lambda_{pl}}{2\pi a_{0}}$ with $\lambda_{pl}$  being the plasma wavelength and $a_{0}=\frac{eE_{L}}{mc\omega_{0}}$ \cite{EEsarey2}. The $t_{0}$ can be considered to be the injection time, $t_{0}=\frac{\gamma_{g}}{\omega_{pl}a_{0}}$. This time is not short; it is of the order of one picosecond even for this maximum plasma field. Moreover, an electron, appearing inside a laser pulse, is trapped by the laser pulse fields and is accelerated by the pulse for a rather long time acquiring momentum opposite to the laser propagation direction owing to the ponderomotive force. The soft condition for the length results in a stronger condition for ionization injection on the laser pulse length and plasma density: $c\tau < \lambda_{pl}-2L$, where $\tau$ is the pulse duration assuming that half of the laser pulse occupies half of the plasma wake wave. It is clear that ionization injection can occur for low plasma density and rather short laser pulses. This explains the similarity in the results of electron acceleration in pure $Ar$ and $He$ gases at high densities \cite{Kando}. However, for lower plasma density, several groups have reported a clear dependence of the results on the dope quantity \cite{Mirzaie}. Nevertheless, there is an alternative point of view that the dope may aid in the modulation of plasma density by low intensity laser pre-pulses \cite{Hosokai,Lemos} resulting in much better focus-ability of the laser pulses. All these facts require detailed analysis of the ionization injection and its efficiency via particle-in-cell simulation.

There are two main approaches in the calculation of plasma ionization in particle-in-cell methods. The first is the variable particle weight technique \cite{Zhidkov,Zhidkov2,Makito} in the Villasenor-Buneman method, and the second is the variable number of particles technique \cite{ Zhidkov3,Kato,Zhidkov4}. The first is easier practically and less time consuming while the second allows for satisfying of the initial conditions for the particles when they are born. Not obeying the initial conditions for newly produced particles may sometimes result in non-physical solutions, see for example Ref. \cite{Zhidkov3}. Unfortunately, ionization injection also requires obeying the initial conditions, $p_{L}=0$, where $p_{L}$ is the particle momentum in the direction of the laser pulse propagation, and the variable particle weight technique is not applicable in its simple form. However, the density of 'ionization' electrons is usually small compared to the plasma density, the parameter $\eta /Z \ll 1$ even for $\eta =1$ [here $\eta$ is the doping ratio and $Z$ is the dope element charge]. Direct use of the method of variable number of particles \cite{Kato} with the necessary accuracy becomes impractical also.  On the other hand the low density of 'ionization' electrons allows for the use of a perturbative approach in the solution of the problem of ionization injection.

According to the calculations in Ref. \cite{Makito}, propagation of a laser pulse in high $Z$ gas with optical field ionization runs similarly to that in a plasma without ionization, if the plasma density is properly determined. Again, the doping of a high $Z$ gas in a low $Z$ gas can be considered as a small perturbation for the plasma and laser field. It is clear that for such conditions ionization injection can be characterized by a few parameters: plasma density, plasma density surplus in the vicinity of the laser pulse maximum, laser pulse intensity, and, weakly, by the spatial distribution of the laser light. In the present paper analysis of ionization injection depending upon these parameters is performed in three parts. In the first part the kinetics of the ion states, including inner shells, is considered for $He-N_{2}$ and $He-Ne$ gas mixtures to understand the spatial distribution of the 'ionization' electron density. The second part is devoted to the investigation of 'ionization' electron trajectories in real wake fields depending on the initial position of the electrons. In the third part charge loading in the acceleration phase of laser pulse wake owing to the ionization injection for different doping concentrations and plasma density is investigated via a self-consistent particle-in-cell simulation with separated post-processing for 'wave breaking' and 'ionization' electrons. This allows for an estimation of the efficiency of the different mechanisms of electron self-injection in gas mixtures.

\section*{Charge states in $\rm He-N_{2}$ and $\rm He-Ne$ mixtures}
The ion charge distribution under the action of strong femtosecond laser fields can be calculated with the common balance equations. In the absence of recombination the set of equations is rather simple:
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\frac{\partial N_{0}}{\partial t} &= -S_{0}N_{0} \\
\frac{\partial N_{z}}{\partial t} &= S_{z-1}N_{z-1}
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}

and,

\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\frac{\partial N_{k}}{\partial t} &= S_{k-1}N_{k-1}-S_{k}N_{k} \\
k &= 1,....,Z-1 \nonumber
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}

where $N_{k}$ is the density of ions with charge $k$, $S_{k}$ is the optical field ionization rate, $Z$ is the nuclear charge of an element. There are several approximations for the ionization rate \cite{Popruzhenko}. We use the following form

\begin{equation}
S_{k}=4 \omega_{A} g_{k}\left(I_{k}/Ry \right)^{5/2}\left(E_{A}/E_{L}\right) \exp\left(-\frac{2}{3}\left(I_{k}/Ry \right)^{3/2}\left(E_{A}/E_{L}\right) \right) \ [s^{-1}] \nonumber
\end{equation}

with ionization potentials $I_{k}$ for $He$, $N_{2}$, and $Ne$ ions taking data from the most comprehensive calculations and experiments \cite{NIST}. Here $E_{A}=m^{2}e^{5}/\hbar^{4}$, $\omega_{A}=me^{4}/\hbar^{3}$, $Ry=m^{2}e^{4}/2\hbar^{2}$, and $g_{k}$ is a factor of the order of unity. For a gas mixture Eq. (2) should be calculated for each gas species. In Eq. (2) we implicitly assume that the density of ions with charge $n$ for which $(I_{n}/Ry)^{3/2}E_{A}/E_{L} \ll 1$ is already negligibly small.

Numerical solution of Eq. (2) with the conservative condition $$\sum_{0}^{Z} N_{k}=constant$$ is not difficult. It is clear that there is a saturation level of ion charge owing to the exponential dependency of the ionization rate on the ionization potential. In $He$ gas such a saturation occurs at the front of a powerful laser pulse. In the presence of a high Z dope; ionization of the outer shells and inner shell of the ions is different, because the ionization potential of the inner shell is essentially higher than those for the outer shells by the parameter $\xi = [2Z/(Z-2)]^{2}$; for $Z \gg 1$ it becomes equal to 4. This means that after a plateau there may be a density jump in the vicinity of the maximum of the laser pulse field strength.

In Fig.1 and Fig.2 typical distributions of the electron density produced by a Gaussian laser pulse with different intensities and a duration of $30 fs$ (such a pulse duration is typical for most of the existing high lower laser facilities) are presented for $He-N_{2}$ and $He-Ne$ gas mixtures. To make the jump more visible the concentrations of the dopes is chosen to be $5\%$ for $N_{2}$ and $10\%$ for Ne. Figs.1 (a,b,c) show the evolution of the electron density along the laser axis. In the case of the nitrogen dope essentially a density jump in the vicinity of the laser pulse maximum (clear in insets) is seen already for $a_{0}=1.5$ and vanishes for $a_{0}=3.5$. Within a distance of about $1 \ \mu m$ near the pulse maximum the density growth $\bigtriangleup N$ is less than $1\%$ for all sets of $a_{0}$. With an increase of $a_{0}$ the density jump apparently shifts towards the front of the laser pulse. However, along the periphery of the laser pulse there is a density jump for $a_{0}=3.5$ as seen in Fig.1(d). Such a jump has a ring like shape. Further dynamics of such electrons have to be investigated as well. The higher ionization potential of Ne results in a higher $a_{0}$ necessary to have a density jump in the vicinity of maximum of the laser pulse as seen in Fig.2 (a,b,c) (see insets). In the case of $a_{0}=6$ the density growth reaches several percent and exceeds that for nitrogen. For $a_{0}>8$ the density jump vanishes in the vicinity of the laser pulse field maximum and shifts towards its front. This is important for further electron dynamics as described in the next session. Again, there is a ring shape density jump in the periphery of the laser pulse even for $a_{0}=10$ as shown in Fig. 2(d).

The distributions of 'ionization' electrons which can be extracted for Fig.1 and Fig.2 are very important in understanding the dynamics of ionization injection into the laser pulse wake. To clarify the physical picture of the dynamics of such electrons we perform an investigation of electron trajectories in the realistic laser wake fields.

\section*{Probing particles in particle-in-cell simulations}
To understand how the position of 'ionization' electron influences its further dynamics we perform tests with probe particles during the propagation of a laser pulse in plasma using the particle-in-cell method. The simulations are performed in 2D geometry, using the moving window technique. The window has size $(100 \times 200) \ \mu m^{2}$; the spatial grid resolution is $\lambda / 36$. Laser pulses with duration of $30 fs$ propagate in a uniform plasma with a density of $N_{e}=1\times 10^{18}cm^{-3}$. The laser pulse intensity is varied from $I=1\times 10^{19} Wcm^{-2}$ to $I=3\times 10^{19} Wcm^{-2}$ and the laser spot size is $w_{0}=10 \ \mu m$. Probe particles with small charge are placed near the maximum of the laser pulse after $140 \ \mu m$ of pulse propagation and start moving. There are five sets of the test probe particles, which are distributed around the peak of the laser pulse. Each set has six particles located at different positions in the transverse direction. Two sets of the test particles are placed in front side of the laser pulse, and two sets are placed at the rear side. One set of particles is placed at the peak of the pulse. These positions mimic well the appearance of 'ionization' particles with initially zero momenta.

The resulting trajectories of the probe electrons for laser pulse intensity $I=3\times 10^{19} Wcm^{-2}$ are presented in Fig. 3 (a-d) at $t=3.5 \ ps$. Particles situated at the maximum of the laser pulse have the trajectories shown in Fig.3(a). Initially particles are trapped by the laser pulse $v \times B$ force and move along the laser pulse propagation direction. Then the particles, having been overrun by the laser pulse, are taken up by the wake field and accelerated. After approximately one picosecond all these particles are accelerated above the phase velocity of the plasma wave and, therefore, are injected. The evolution of their momenta can be seen in Fig.4(a): after short motion in the laser pulse the probe particles are accelerated to over $100 \ MeV$ after several picoseconds. The relativistic factor for the phase velocity corresponding to the plasma density is $\gamma_{ph}=\sqrt{\frac{N_{cr}a_{0}}{N_{e}}} \approx 70$. The particles reach this energy after about $1.5 \ ps$. The effect of side scattering by the ponderomotive force is illustrated in Fig.4(b) by the transverse momenta of the particles. The effect exists but is small for the particles, the geometrical emittance for them is within $3 \times 10^{-3} \ rad$.

A very different picture emerges in the case where the initial positions of the particles are before the maximum of the laser pulse field as shown in Fig. 3(b). One can observe no trapping of these particles in the first bucket of the wake. However, one particle is trapped and accelerated in the second bucket. The fact of trapping for this particle can be proved by particle momentum shown in Fig.4(c) where the velocity of this particle exceeds the phase velocity of the wave. The emittance for this particle is not small being of the order of $0.06 \ rad$. Particles situated further from the pulse field maximum cannot be trapped even in the second bucket; a portion of them move to the third bucket and can be trapped there. This effect strongly depends on the longitudinal momentum acquired by the particle after the laser pulse has overrun it. The simulation shows that particles in the front of the laser pulse get a larger momentum directed counter to the laser pulse motion. Moreover, we observe no trapping in the first bucket of the probe particles situated at the maximum of the laser field in the case of lower pulse intensity $I=1 \times 10^{19} Wcm^{-2}$ with the other conditions being the same. For higher intensity, some particles situated behind the maximum of the pulse field get almost zero momentum and can be efficiently trapped, as shown in Fig.4(d). However, the number of such particles is not high as seen From Fig.1 and Fig.2 where the increase in the number of the 'ionization' electrons after the peak of the laser pulse is small or negligible compared to the whole plasma density. In contrast most of 'ionization' electrons are born before the maximum of the laser field. This may result not only in continuous injection of 'ionization' electrons in the first bucket but quite efficient injection of them into consequent buckets. Since the ionization injection is more efficient in the absence of wave breaking the number of buckets can be large, which results in a long length for the final electron bunches of the order of picoseconds.

\section*{Ionization injection in low density plasma}
Effects of ionization injection including charge loading can be calculated only with the use of the particle-in-cell method. It is apparent that ionization of plasma should be included. Upon considering a lower intensity laser pulse $a_{0}<10$ we neglect ion motion and consider ionization processes using this approximation. Again, there are two methods to calculate plasma ionization in the framework of particle-in-cell simulation. The first is by the variable particle weight (VPW) method. In this method, particles emulating electrons are initially empty and are filled with electrons in time according with Eq. (1) \cite{Makito}. This method is not time consuming. However, it has a disadvantage: it is impossible to apply arbitrary initial conditions for the electrons. For example, in the problem of light scattering from an ionization wave the fact that the variable particle weight method results in unphysical solutions is explained in detail in \cite{Zhidkov3}. Another method is the variable number of particles (VNP) \cite{Kato,Zhidkov4}. $N$ particles per a cell have the same weights $W$. The value $N \times W$ represents the total possible electron density in the plasma. Initially all particles are immobile. With time the number of movable particles increases in accordance with Eq. (1). A new particle is involved in the motion with the necessary initial conditions for its momentum. The disadvantage of this approach is that large number of particles are necessary to make a smoother spatial electron density distribution. In the case of ionization injection the density jump, $\bigtriangleup N$,  is rather small and the use of VNP requires a resolution better than $\bigtriangleup N/N_{e}$ or the number of particles $N> \frac{N_{e}}{\bigtriangleup N}$.

There is an alternative approach allowing essential lessening of computing resources with a rather accurate evaluation of the ionization injection. The alternative is in the combination VNP and VPW.  For the case of $\bigtriangleup N/N_{e} \ll 1$ which is typical for experiments with doping it is reasonable to use two groups of electrons, see Fig.1(b). The first one serves as 'plasma' electrons. The dynamics of these electrons can be calculated both with the use of VPW or assuming a pre-ionized plasma \cite{Makito}. The second group consists of 'ionization' electrons for which the VNP method is applied. We use for this group $m$ slices with charges proportional to $\bigtriangleup N/m$ and with a motion parameter which switches from 'false' to 'true' when a $k$ immovable 'ionization' particle crosses (in the moving window) the vicinity of the laser field with strength $E_{Lk}$. With the motion parameter 'true' the 'ionization' particle is involved in self-consistent motion similar to 'plasma' particles.

The simplest case is the single slice of 'ionization' particles which start moving when crossing the 'maximal' strength of the laser field. We perform such alternative particle-in-cell simulations in two dimensions for gas mixtures using $N_{e}$ and $\bigtriangleup N$ as parameters for a plasma irradiated by a $30 fs$ laser pulse with $\lambda=0.8 \ \mu m$ and intensity $I=3\times 10^{19} Wcm^{-2}$ focused to $w_{0}=10 \ \mu m$. The moving box has size $(100 \times 200) \ \mu m^{2}$ and the spatial grid resolution $\lambda/36$. The number of slices for 'ionization' was one and five. We use a uniform plasma with a fixed density for easier control of the parameters. According to Ref. \cite{Makito} such an approach does not essentially change the plasma field distributions even for pure high $Z$ gas. The transverse distribution of the charges of the 'ionization' particles is Gaussian with size equal $0.5w_{0}$ centered around the laser propagation axis.

Momentum distributions for 'plasma' and 'ionization' particles for a plasma with density $Ne=1\times 10^{18} cm^{-3}$ are shown in Fig. 5 (a-d) at $t=4.1 \ ps$ pulse propagation and for $\bigtriangleup N=10^{-2}N_{e}$. Such a density jump corresponds to $5\%$ of $N_{2}$ according to the ionization balance in the laser pulse field. According to 'plasma' particles, see Fig 5(a,b), the wave breaking injection is rather weak and occurs in the third and fourth buckets. As for ionization injection, Fig.5(c,d), it starts in the first bucket and gradually appears in the other buckets. The energy of the injected electrons in the first bucket reaches $150 \ MeV$ after $4 \ ps$ and increases. The electron energy in the second, third, and fourth bucket also increases similarly with a clear time delay. The evolution of the total energy distribution taking into account the particle weights is shown in Fig. 6(a-c). One can see two parts separated by a peak in the figures. The lower energy part originates from the wave breaking while the higher energy part is from pure ionization injection. Both parts are flat without characteristic features. However, the wave breaking injection provided a larger charge of accelerated electrons than the ionization injection as seen in Fig. 6(c). We also have to separate out different sorts of electrons from the ionization injection. There are many electrons involved in the initial acceleration by the pulse wake. These electrons acquire certain energies around up to tens of $MeV$. However, they are not finally trapped in any bucket and form a sort of clouds with very low emittance. The number of such electrons far exceeds the number of injected electrons. Another negative feature of ionization injection is the lengthening of the total electron bunch after electron injection in consequent buckets. Since the wave breaking process is not strong, as seen in Fig. 7 (a,b), the number of buckets is quite large. All these buckets will be filled with injected electrons which are further accelerated. Such beams may have durations of several picoseconds.

The results presented in Fig. 5-7 have been obtained for a rather low concentration of high $Z$ gas. Fig. 8(a-d) illustrates what happens if the density of high $Z$ gas is increased by factor of 10. One can see that the ionization injection in this case becomes dominant. Moreover, it suppresses the electron self-injection by the wave breaking process as seen in Fig. 8(a,b). However, the maximal energy of the accelerated electrons is lower than that for the lower concentration of high $Z$ gas (also see Fig. 9). The most efficient injection and acceleration occur in the second bucket, which reflects upon the increase of the effect of the pre-accelerated but not injected electrons on the acceleration process. The number of such electrons essentially increases. It is important to note that the practical realization of such conditions requires much higher laser pulse power. Since now the electron density is formed by a high $Z$ gas, the power of the laser pulse should be equal to 2-3 times the critical power not for the maximum ionization plasma density but for the minimum, which is almost 10 times smaller. This is because as the laser pulse focuses the intensity is low enough so that initially the laser is only propagating in a singly ionized plasma. To insure relativistic focusing this requires higher laser power. For the present parameters $N_{2}$ gas requires a density of $N_{e}=1\times 10^{18} cm^{-3}$ for which the laser pulse power should be about petawatt levels. Otherwise the pulse diffraction will shorten the length of the higher density plasma. Working with high power may be critical to the ionization injection, however, this may restrict the process by itself.  For laser pulse intensities approaching $I=1 \times 10^{20} Wcm^{-2}$ relativistic wave breaking \cite{Sheng}, which occurs for $a_{0}\sqrt{2\left(\gamma_{ph}-1 \right)}$, along with transverse wave breaking \cite{Bulanov}, which occurs for $\lambda_{pl}a^{1/2}/w_{0} \gg 1$, may make the wave breaking injection dominant even for low density plasma.

The pure ionization injection case, which is at lower density than the previous cases, is illustrated in Fig. 10 (a-d). In a plasma with density $N_{e}=5\times 10^{17} cm^{-3}$ and $\bigtriangleup N=5 \times 10^{16} cm^{-3}$ irradiated by laser pulses with intensity $I=3 \times 10^{19} Wcm^{2}$ we observe no results of the wave breaking processes. It clearly seen in Fig.10 (a,b) where there is no visible self-injected plasma electrons. In contrast, one can see in Fig.10 (c,d) an efficient injection to the third bucket with continuous electron acceleration after $4 \ ps$ of laser pulse propagation. In the first and second buckets there are only pre-accelerated electrons. At this time, $t=4.1 \ ps$, it is impossible to say whether these electrons will be further accelerated or not. In Fig.11 spatial distributions of the total electron density and plasma electric field are shown. One can see a small channel-like structure appearing along the laser axis. We anticipate that this structure is formed by pre-accelerated electrons moving through the buckets. The evolution of the total distribution function is shown in Fig. 12. Even for $t=4.1 \ ps$ we observe no electrons with velocity exceeding the phase velocity of the plasma wave, which for this condition should be about $\gamma=100$.

\section*{Conclusion}
In conclusion, we have characterized the effect of ionization injection for the laser wake field acceleration of electrons in gas mixtures using self-consistent particle-in-cell simulations. First, we applied the technique of test probe particles to investigate the condition of particle trapping in the acceleration phase of the wake field. Second, we performed two dimensional particle-in-cell simulations splitting 'plasma' electrons and ionization' electrons, which allowed us to investigate the entire process of electron pre-acceleration, trapping, and further acceleration.

Direct simulations have shown the efficiency of continuous ionization injection in a low density plasma with low and high $Z$ components. Electrons, generated by optical field ionization of the ion inner shell in the vicinity of the maximum of the laser pulse field, after their propagation inside the pulse can be pre-accelerated by the wake field to energies high enough for their further acceleration. These electrons can form a high energy, low emittance beam. The total charge of the beam depends on the matching between the laser intensity and the high $Z$ component. Electrons appearing before the maximum of laser pulse field due to ionization of inner shell cannot be trapped in the first bucket and finally form a cloud of pre-accelerated electrons or are injected in wake buckets far behind the laser pulse. The later process results in the formation of a long electron bunch with a duration of several picoseconds. Optimal matching can provide a density jump equal $\eta N_{e}/Z$ with $\eta$ being the concentration of the high $Z$ gas. With plasma density increase the ionization injection cannot compete with the wave breaking injection. Moreover, when the laser pulse length exceeds the plasma wavelength, the ionization injection vanishes.

Typically in experiments the density of the high $Z$ gas is small being of the order of a few percent. For densities of ionization electrons $\bigtriangleup N=10^{15}-10^{16} cm^{-3}$ [$
(5-10) \ \%$ of high $Z$ dope] and a diameter of the injection section of about $5 \ \mu m$ (see Fig.1 and Fig.2) one can estimate the total charge per $mm$ of acceleration length to be $(40-400) \ pC/mm$. However, the low efficiency for trapped electrons, which is less than $10\%$ of the total pre-accelerated particles, essentially reduces the charge of accelerated electrons. The total charge may be considerably higher after ionization injection fills many wake buckets. However, such beams can be quite long with their duration being picoseconds.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
This work is funded by the JST-MIRAI program grant no. JPMJMI17A1, and was partially supported by the ImPACT R$\&$D Program of Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (Cabinet Office, Government of Japan). We are grateful to Prof. Yuji Sano for encouragement and helpful discussions. We also acknowledge the use of Mini-K computing facility at SACLA, RIKEN, SPring-8 Center.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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I adopted a 8 years old Yorkie Poo. she is such a loving dog for me, but she does not like men at all. should I introduce her to more men or not.
She really barks and growls and does not calm . she sales like she does not trust men at all.


Australia had a very rocky start to the tournament with a 1-0 loss to Jordan, who have ended up at the top of Group B. The Roos then clawed back some pride with a clinical 3-0 win over Palestine and a 3-2 win over Syria thanks to a 90th-minute winner from Tom Rogic. They finished second in the group with six points.
Ikonomidis has been outstanding for Australia with four assists and one goal, and there's been only one goal for the whole tournament he's not been involved in. He's been put at striker and attacking midfield for the Glory but has played on the wing for Australia.
If he is taken out of the game by the fullback from Uzbekistan, we are in deep trouble. Ikonomidis is our best crosser and linker, and by taking him out they would have to make Awer Mabil take on that job when Mabil is more of the 'faster goalscorer'-type player.
With through balls and getting into space. Four of Australia's six goals have came from through balls. In the 4-2-3-1 formation you've got three attacking midfielders, of which two are out wide, meaning one of the two wide midfielders can came in while one can stay put. Awer Mabil and Chris Ikonomidis are great at getting into space, while Tom Rogic and Ikonomidis are great at playing through balls. If we can continue that, we will be unstoppable.
Underestimation. The Socceroos have a long history of underestimating teams. Of our two games against Thailand in the World Cup qualifiers, one was a draw and another was a 2-1 win. There was the opening game of the 2015 Asian Cup in which we conceded first to Oman but then won 4-1. But the underestimation that may haunt us forever is the 1-0 loss to Jordan in the opening match of this Asian Cup. We don't want this to happen again.
The game against Palestine was the best for Australia, so why change it from there? Trent Sainsbury will return from suspension, so he will come in for Massimo Luongo, and Mark Milligan will go back into CDM. I don't think the formation should change at all.
Uzbekistan started the tournament with a 2-1 win over Oman and then thrashed Turkmenistan 4-0. They finished the group stage with a 2-1 loss to Japan. Like the Socceroos, they finished second in their group (Group F) on six points.
I don't know a lot about Uzbekistan, but I know Odil Ahmedov. He is a midfielder who has scored 18 goals in 92 games for his country and is known for his tough tackling and long shots, which is a great asset to any team.
Speed, I am speed. In their game against Turkmenistan all of their four goals came from players making runs that probably wouldn't have been goals if the players weren't fast enough. They will need to be on the jets again if they want to win this game.
Let's be realistic: Australia is just way better on paper. I have to basically start from scratch learning about this team. Not a single player from Uzbekistan plays in any of the top five European leagues or the leagues below those five leagues. But that could work in their favour as the Socceroos wouldn't know much about them either. It probably won't, though.
I always thought that playing the same formation as your opponent would favour the team with the better players, but it didn't seem like that in the game against Japan. I see them starting the same squad as the last game.
Australia has to win. There's too much pressure on the team – and on Graham Arnold.


text:
Corey Rogers
by Ryan Howe | Jul 1, 2007 | Our People
Minico High School's Corey Rogers wrapped up his high school rodeo career by finishing first in the all-around standings at the District VI rodeo finals. He picked up wins in steer wrestling and team roping, along with partner Kade Rogge. Rogers also finished second in bronc riding and fourth in calf roping.
Rogers will compete in calf roping at the National High School Rodeo Finals in Springfield, Illinois July 22-28. This fall, he will rodeo for Walla Walla Community College in Washington on a full-ride scholarship.
Photo © Jason Lugo
Q: What's your best event?
A: Steer wrestling is my favorite. It's a lot different than just swinging a rope. You're jumping off a perfectly good horse onto a set of horns. It's an adrenaline rush and it's a manly event.
Q: Why do you rodeo?
A: It's fun and it's a gamble. I have three older sisters and all of them rodeoed. Two of them rodeoed in college and they still do a lot of amateur rodeos. My dad (Dan Rogers) rodeoed his whole life and he was in PRCA (Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association) for quite a while. So I just kinda fell into it.
Q: What does it take to be the best all-around cowboy?
A: A lot of practice and a lot of hours. I've spent a ton of time in the arena. We go about 36 hours a
Photo © Calman Lugo
week, at least. It's fun because we make practices fun. If you get too serious, it kind of ruins it for everybody. And the best thing is to go and find someone to help you get better. We've been to (rodeo) school after school getting help from the big guys. Luck plays into it, too. If you draw a real bad steer on one of the gos and he takes you out of it, there's nothing you can do about it. There are things like drawing the right steer and having good weather, if your horse is good, if you're feeling good. It's just a big gamble.
Q: Have you had any major injuries?
A: Not lately. I had a few concussions last fall, but nothing too serious. I hurt my shoulder two months ago and it's been a constant battle trying to get it healed up. But I use it so much that there's no time for it to heal up.
Q: Why did you choose to attend college at Walla Walla?
A: It's one of the only colleges up here in this cooler area. I didn't want to go down to Texas like a lot of my friends because it's too hot down there. It's a lot cooler, but they still practice all year long. I like to rodeo all year long to keep me tuned up.
Q: What do you do when you're not rodeoing?
A: Work. And we go golfing, but I'm not very good at it. We do a little fishing and hunting when we can. I train horses; we've trained all of the horses we use here. I don't do a whole lot else. This is pretty much all I do. I love it.
Q: What are you looking forward to now?
A: I'm probably going to start the PRCA this summer and try pro rodeoing just a little bit. Hopefully within the next few years I'll start hitting the road hard. I'm going to try to make it to the NFR (National Finals Rodeo) in one of these years ahead of me. That's my main goal, as it is for about every cowboy, I think. We've got good
horses and they're all young, so we've got quite a few years to go on them. I'm going to put a lot ofmoney out there and hopefully get a lot of money back. But it doesn't always work that way.
"I'm going to try to make it to the NFR in one of these years ahead of me. That's my main goal, as it is for about every cowboy."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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by Central Saint Martins MA on 14 July 2016 .
In 2011 the Daily Mail spotlighted nineteen cases of 'celebrities' stepping out in public with their hair rollers in.
Hair rollers traditionally act as a symbol of the private and female space. In 2011 the Daily Mail spotlighted nineteen cases of 'celebrities' stepping out in public with their hair rollers in. The repeat offenders? Katie Price racked up the most mentions, while Johanna Lumley invited references to Hilda Ogden, the Coronation Street veteran hardly seen without her floral cleaning tabard and a row of three curlers.
To investigate the history of hair-rollers, Eleanor Kirby and Elly Wood speak to Beatrice Behlen, Curator of Decorative Arts at the Museum of London. The Museum is home to the Bassano collection, which contains 3,000 glass negative plates documenting clothing, fashion and accessories taken at the studios of Bassano Limited in London between c. 1912 and 1945.
EK: What do the images shown here tell us about processes of doing hair?
BB: I find hair really interesting because it's such an extensive topic. We have a box, which has hairpieces in it, a few wigs, some theatrical, we also have a Vidal Sassoon wig in our collection. I find it really interesting that these are the only traces, in a way, of what people did to their hair. Outside of photographs everything else sort of disappears and I think they're invaluable because hair is such an obvious part of your appearance. To have these is absolutely fantastic.
Throughout the past century, hair rollers have proved themselves invaluable. Starting with the beginning of the century, the idea of showing any process with your beauty regime was unheard of, and men were to have no idea what went on behind closed doors. Moving towards the twenties, and the advertisements in the Bassano collection, we see a shift in how women's private routines are being shown. The promotional images for Eugene Ltd, are a rare look into the routine of doing ones hair. The sequence featuring the famed Eugene Waver takes the viewer through the journey of getting your hair permanent waved by this extraordinary machine. Although this practice was still private, these photographs show how trade magazines would have promoted this machine, and how they would have learned to copy Eugene's techniques.
Move forward to the fifties and being the perfect housewife emerges. The use of curlers was seen everywhere - one of the perfect ways to spend your endless days indoors. There are numerous advertisements promoting various types of curlers, each claiming to be better than before. Roll around to the sixties and having big bouffant hair was the trend. You would use rollers to give your hair as much volume as possible then hair spray the rest. The seventies were a time for relaxed hair, with hippie culture taking over and people going back to their natural hairstyles.
Perms were bought back in the eighties, harking back to the curls of the twenties. With perming in salons taking up to 6 hours and another 28 hours to settle, this was another way to show how much leisure time you truly had. Skip forward to now and using rollers outdoors has somewhat become accepted as the norm, long gone are the times of hiding your beauty regime from everyone. Women are proudly displaying their rollers, maybe suggesting to everyone that they are going out tonight, and you most likely are not?
EW: What is the importance of allowing members of the public to see these images?
BB: I would quite happily spend the next three years researching them. What I like about them is they're for retail purposes - it's not for high-end fashion. The models are not the slim models you expect. The images are really a fantastic resource just to get more of an idea of the everyday person at that time and what was available to buy and how products were advertised to them. It's funny because they were so conscious of how different everything was and how modern, in the twenties. So you see a lot of juxtaposition between old and new.
EK: Do you think the technology says something about the time that they were taken? The images seem so metallic and machine heavy.
BB: I think it springs off a belief in machinery. Some people say that after the First World War there was also a lot of disgust in machinery and what it could do. On the other hand, between the wars, you get people developing obsessions with racing cars and being fast. It's quite a futuristic outlook; this idea that everything will be better in the future and you can solve everything with the right machine and the right equipment.
EK: Do you think Eugene Ltd capitalised on the process doing ones hair?
BB: There definitely is a shift from the ringlet curls you achieve from having your hair in rags, to the waves that almost clung to the head. There is a sense of making the style more permanent in terms of the shape and not having to redo it every night. It's almost like modifying your body rather than trying to modify what you wear. You could say that after the first world war there were less servants so you had to find ways to do it yourself. Life changed, it was a bit faster, a different life, less time to do your hair every night. I suppose women just wanted to wake up and have wavy hair.
EK: Was there a meticulous sense of hair having to stay in place?
BB: I think it was part of being considered to be proper and well dressed.
EW: Would you say this process was only available to the very wealthy?
BB: I don't think it was the very wealthy, I would think upper middle class. Those styles involve quite a lot of time investment. You have to consider how often it had to be done or how long they lasted.
EK: Do you think that it was risqué, at the time, to shed light on beauty regimes through advertising?
BB: I presume they were used in professional, specialist magazines for the trade. With corset advertising, you wouldn't get an undressed female, it's usually an illustration.
EK: Was there a specific catalyst that made beauty regimes go from being a private undertaking, to something very much brought to public spheres?
BB: There were some regimes that you didn't have before, for example you just wouldn't wear make up as a respectable person. I think what does change is mainly the cosmetics - that you can wear it and be proud put it on in public.
EK: It's interesting that one image shows hair being really undone and wild whereas the more modern style is shown to be very refined.
BB: There's always a reaction to whatever came before.


The villas was just as described, lovely and clean and spacious. This was a perfect villas for us and our three grown up children. We really enjoyed our two week stay and would recommend this villas without reservation.
Très belle location, spacieuse aussi bien à l'intérieur qu'à l'extérieur, située dans un coin calme. Avec tout le confort nécessaire.
Nous avons passé un agréable séjour à Rome grâce aux précieux conseils et à la disponibilité de Valeria. L'appartement est tout à fait conforme aux photos et à la description. Sa situation permet de rayonner sur les différents sites. Si nous revenons sur Rome, nous n'hésiterons pas à réitérer notre expérience chez Valeria.
La casa è molto accogliente,fornita di tutti i conforti,i prodotti della PUGLIA,numerosi molto buoni e molto graditi,la proprietaria molto attenta e disponibile. La consiglio vivamente a chi vuole visitare le Murgie,sperando di trovare migiore tempo di noi perché non abbiamo potuto approffitare del parco bellissimo.
Das Appartement ist wirklich so schön wie auf den Bildern. Die Matrazen im Doppelbett sind erstklassig (nicht zu weich oder zu hart). Valeria hatte etwas Verpflegung (Getränke, Kaffee, Kekse, Orangen) für das erste Ankommen schon bereitgestellt. Überhaupt war sie bei Bedarf sehr hilfsbereit und engagiert, damit die Gäste sich wirklich wohlfühlen oder zurechtfinden. Sogar Fön, Handtücher und Bügeleisen waren vorhanden.
The apartment is well located and easy access to the subway. Surrounding the apartment, you can have good grocery and good Italian restaurant. The owner Valeria is very nice and she will tell you all about in Rome.
Appartamento silenzioso e tranquillo in ottima posizione. Accoglienza ed assistenza durante il soggiorno super. Da consigliare assolutamente. ci torneremo sicuramente.
This was my very first time in an apartment as an hotel alternative, and what a success it was. This apartment is spacious and although we hit a cold spell in Rome we were quite warm. The apartment has all you could need and everything is in excellent condition. The experience was made even more pleasurable by the friendly presence of Valeria and her husband who we didn't need to call once in our ten-day stay as everything we needed was already provided… even a parking space which was extremely useful! I can't imagine a better situation.
I actually rent the place for my parents, my brother and my 4 years old niece for 6 nights and they had a really good time. The appartement is very nice and really spacious. Valeria was a great host since she provided them with everything also for my niece. There were toys, books, a small bed, a tiny armchair and a chair in the kitchen for her. The place is less than 10 minutes from a metro station and there is a supermarket directly at the metro station so perfect to buy food before going for the day in the city or coming back home to have dinner.
We arrived late on the 14th to be greeted by Giuseppe's mother, who showed us the house. She had laid a small fire and we were well provided with a basket of tasty local foods. We were able to make a snack and breakfast the next day. The living room was spacious and comfortable, the kitchen was very well stocked for cooking. We used two of the bedrooms (each with private bath) both were very comfortable and quiet. We visited several towns in the Puglia area, including Bari, Andria, Trani, and Matera. We had outstanding meals at Umami in Andria (Michelin starred) and Antichi Sapori in Montegrosso (very close to the house). The pool was not available, but the weather had become cool, so it wasn't an issue. If the pool is important to you, it is not adjacent to the house but a short walk away. Giuseppe was always available by text (although he was in Rome) My only issue was the remoteness (at least 30 minute drive to get anywhere except Castle del Monte worth a visit) . I would recommend this villa. The vineyards and olive orchards were spectacular.
Nous avons passé un excellent séjour à Rome, en partie grâce à l'appartement de Valéria et Giuseppe. Son emplacement proche de la gare Termini, nous a permis de prendre facilement tous les transports en commun et d'acheter les billets pour la visite des sites touristiques. La proximité des commerces et restaurants est idéale. Valéria et Giuseppe nous ont accueilli dans un appartement en excellent état et très bien équipé; nous avons même eu droit au panier garnit du petit déjeuner.
Nous avons eu beaucoup de plaisir à séjourner chez Valeria. Elle est une hôte très sympathique et souriante. Elle a pris du temps pour nous indiquer tout ce qui était nécessaire pour un agréable séjour à Rome. L'appartement est exactement comme sur les photos, assez grand et confortable. Le quartier est un peu éloigné du centre mais à 10 minutes d'une station de métro et surtout très tranquille.
Chez Antoinette is a beautiful villa in a lovely spot and obviously very recently refurbished to a high standard. All rooms had very nice en-suite bathrooms and the kitchen was very well equipped. The pool was brand new and very nice, although it could do with some extra paving surrounding it ,as the gravel is quite hard on the feet. It also didn't have any steps to get in and out which it needs. The villa is on a huge plot and there are 2 lovely verandas for outside eating and a large built in BBQ and PIzza oven on the main patio. The villa is very close to Castel del Monte and in a scenic, quiet location which is perfect if you want to relax, however it was a little remote for us as a youngish family and everywhere we wanted to visit involved quite a substantial drive, including supermarkets. This is not a problem if you plan ahead!
We were made very welcome at Chez Antoinette, the host's mother-in-law showed us around and told us all we needed. The welcome basket was very welcome indeed and had some real treats, even home-made jam. The villa is just as described and very well appointed – all new and modern/sleek. The kitchen is very well equipped and even there if a pizza oven and bbq. The garden was very large and more than enough space, we were lucky that the neighbouring villas were empty so we were completely isolated from anyone. There is good seclusion between the villas anyway, so privacy is possible. The neighbourhood is tucked away from the main road and nice and quiet. The pool was lovely if a little chilly, but it was end of September so wouldn't be that hot. Very refreshing to get into anyway. And a lovely orchard with various fruit trees to pick from. You really do need a car here, it is too far to walk, but that is not a problem at all. One can walk to the Castel Del Monte which is a must visit. Andria is a half hour drive away and offers lots of restaurants, some recommended by the host too. We recommend "Pentola Terrina" in Andria which had a lovely courtyard setting and wholesome homely food from many nations. The hosts left lots of useful information for local trips and excursions, and the bikes were good – we had a 20km cycle ride through cycle tracks which was great fun if a bit tiring as it was quite hilly. We liked our stay at Chez Antoinette very much.
We had a great time staying at Valeria's flat. My husband, myself and our one year old son started out trip of Italy in Rome and this was such a great location. Valeria was so accommodating even after our five hour flight delay plus the time to get our rental car and finally drive to her place! The place was all ready for us including a crib/cot for or son and a stroller if we didn't have one (we did but used hers and it was great). The lace was clean and really well taken care of. Not to mention that it's only at 15 minute walk to the metro station. The is a great choice for a young family or a couple. Grazie Mille to Valeria and her family for hosting us! Ciao!
We spent 10 days in this beautiful country house with our 3 kids. Valeria and Giuseppe have been very helpful providing us with everything we needed and beyond (Giuseppe's mother brought us many games for our kids). The house is neat, completely renovated and fully equipped. We enjoyed the garden and the new swimming pool as well as the bbq and pizza oven spot. The area is really worth the trip, having a car is mandatory to enjoy all its features at best. We look forward to have another opportunity to stay in this great place!
The listing description and photos were accurate but the place is much more beautiful than described. Castel del Monte dominates every vista when you are coming and going from the house including the stunning view as you leave the little road leading from the house. (I suggest reading the book in the house written by a Bari professor which provides, in both English and Italian, the most convincing explanation around for Frederic's weird building–a health spa for an aging ruler.) To get up to the Castel which is surrounded by a horrendous tourist apparatus during the workday, just drive up by 8:30 ignoring the barricades and park right in front. Walking around up there is wonderful and you will be the first ones in at 10:15. ) The interiors are luxuriously outfitted in the most contemporary high design and the surrounding garden and trulli are truly beautiful. You can pick your own figs and Mirabelle plums. The villa is immaculate and maintenance is clearly ongoing. The outdoor barbecue is huge and very easy to use. Eating on the back deck was one of the highlights of our day. Although this is a new property for Valeria and Giuseppe, they have a lot of experience renting apartments in Rome and we benefited greatly from their experience. The villa is in an isolated part of the countryside so it was particularly wonderful to arrive to find everything we needed in place from the mundane like coffee and milk and balsamic vinegar to spectacular local specialties like the onion taralli and Guiseppe's mother's home made preserves and the family's olive oil. We used nearby Ruvo di Puglia for shopping as we found it slightly more charming than Andria but both cities have ample shopping and we were thrilled to discover actual Andriese burratina this morning in NYC thus helping us capture some of the atmosphere of the villa once again. Giuseppe offered to help with finding restaurants, shopping etc. but my guess is that most travelers coming to this location will be experienced and will have their own agenda. We found it a great location for touring the middle and Northern parts of Puglia after having spent 10 days in Lecce focusing on the South. The highway connections are excellent and we were able to easily visit places like Matera, Martina Franca, Monopoli and Trani. We would recommend this place to anyone from age 0 to 105. The bathroom showers seem designed for accessibility and the house has a ramp for wheel chairs and strollers. Enjoy!
Très agréable séjour à Rome. L'appartement correspond exactement aux photos et descriptif qui en sont faits. Le plus : l'immeuble se trouve dans une résidence sécurisée pour les enfants et le stationnement de la voiture. Le moins : les voisins un peu bruyants mais, heureusement, les nuits sont calmes. Valéria nous y accueille avec un panier pour que le 1er petit déjeuner se passe sans le tracas des courses. Panier agrémenté d'une bouteille d'huile d'olives maison que nous n'avons pas pu emmener (à cause des consignes de sécurité pour les bagages cabine uniquement…). Valéria nous fait également découvrir le quartier et les commerces de proximité qui s'y trouvent et n'hésite pas à nous offrir encore un peu plus de temps pour que le premier passage à l'épicerie se passe au mieux. Nous recommandons sans problème.
Valerie and Giuseppe were the perfect hosts. Valerie met us at the apartment and walked us through how everything worked. She also showed me and my daughter a grocery store, a butcher shop (fantastic meat. We went there several times), fruit and vegetable shop and a restaurant she recommended (it was very good and very reasonable too). Their communication was great and very informative. The apartment was clean, spacious, and well decorated. It had everything we needed, including a fully stocked kitchen. Check in and check out went without a hitch. We would definitely recommend staying at their apartment. Thank you for a wonderful stay.
Our time in Rome was fantastic largely due to the fact that the apartment was everything we hoped for (exactly the same as the pictures provided). While Valeria and her husband Giuseppe were helpful, full of useful information, entirely reliable and punctual from the start (planning) to the end of our holiday. Giuseppe even picked us up from the Conca D'oro Metro station as we arrived in Rome. The welcome basket they provided was useful. It provided us with breakfast options as well as home-made olive oil and drinks. Throughout our stay Valeria stayed in contact with us and answered any queries, while also allowing us privacy as it expected by any excellent host. The apartment is situated in a quiet residential area which is secured with a security gate. Internally the apartment was clean, very specious, comfortable and provided us with all the facilities we needed for cooking and cleaning (including washing machine). The bathroom was appropriate for our needs. Despite the fact the apartment is not in the "Centre" of Rome, transport was never an issue. It's location benefits from excellent bus and Metro services as well as a collection of smaller local shops and food outlets which are all within walking distance from the apartment. In closing, as a young couple we would confidently recommend this apartment to our friends and family. We feel it would be appropriate for older guests and also small families perhaps with younger children. Valeria and Giuseppe were excellent hosts and contributed greatly to our fantastic week in Rome.
Nous avons passé un agréable séjour chez Valeria. L'appartement était bien tenu et conforme à nos attentes. La cuisine est bien équipée et la literie excellente. Giuseppe a été parfait : gentil et plein d'attentions pour nous simplifier le séjour. Le panier d'accueil pour les petits déjeuner est une très bonne idée. Attention pour les oreilles sensibles l'appartement est sonore et les voisins un peu bruyants… Mais cela reste correct. La résidence fermée et le parking privé sont très appréciables. On s'est toujours sentis en sécurité à Rome, même le soir.
This Appartement is amazing! It's more like a full equipped home. It's very cozy, clean and full of detailed accessories. The bed is nice, we slept on it like a rose.. The location is OK. Easy access with bus and metro 20-30 min max) to the city center (direct bus to piazza Venezia, it's beautiful) if you're traveling with a car, you can park the car on a safe private parking spot in front of the building. Valeria and her husband were extremely friendly. Her husband drove us the first day to the metro station to show us where it is and explained the map and all options for traveling. They did everything to make our stay lovely as possible.
Valeria is an adorable person and host! She received us with a delightful welcome basket with olive oil, bread, biscuits,jelly, juice and milk! The apartment is great! Very spacious and with all the amenities described. The neighborhood is very friendly with everything walking distance.
Valeria was the perfect hostess, picking us up from the airport and giving us a gift basket of fine olive oil and other treats. She was extremely helpful, making sure we knew where we were going. The flat was very clean, and the bed comfortable! It is located near a bus stop, which in turn is convenient to a metro station. It took about 20-30 minutes to get to the downtown area. We had a most enjoyable stay in Rome!
J'ai passé un séjour d'une semaine en famille dans cette maison, et nous sommes pleinement satisfaits. Valeria est d'une gentillesse et d'un accueil inimitables, présente, attentionée et disponible à n'importe quel moment. La maison propre, cuisine entièrement équipée et un poste de voiture disponible. La maison est à 2 minutes à pied de l'arret du Bus. Valeria nous a fourni toutes les informations nécessaires dont on avait besoin.Le quartier est calme et bien relié au centre. Pour le petit déjeuner, Valeria a mis à notre disposition tout le nécessaire (biscuits, lait, café, thé..). Merci Valeria qui a rendu le séjour de ma famille agréable!!!!!
The apartment is tidy and comfortable, it is very well located as you only need 30 to 40 minutes by bus and subway to reach the most known turistic places of Rome. It has a private parking place so we could confortably drive to Rome and leave the car parked while we could visit Rome using the public. Valeria is an excellent host, she showed the surrounding shops, the bust stops, gave us the instructions to get the bus / subway, as well as tips for the places to visit. (and her Tiramisu is absolutely delicious!).
La casa e' molto bella, pulita e moderna. Il posto auto e' proprio daanti al portone di casa. La zona e' tranquilla. La padrona di casa e' stata gentilissima e moto disponibile. Ci ritornerei sicuramente!


These are pictures from the martini bar at the Mohegan Sun Casino in CT.
Notice how the lemon in the martini was calling me. Had I requested an additional twist, I'm sure it would have neatly folded itself into a "J" . Oh you taunt me so.
I'm alllll about a good Martini, CJ. A Dirty one made with Tanqueray and a breath of Vermouth...mmmmm,mmmmm good!
I love it up there in the ice mountain looking at the stars. The alcoves are cozy too.
Nothing like sitting back and relaxing with a good martini Solo. I don't like olives - so I tend to go for the more "pseudo martinis" - the one in the picture is a pear flavored one.
Isn't that place cool Chewy? It's like you are up close to the stars. I really like having a cocktail there.


It is October and we all know what that means; 'tis the beginning of the wedding season! Wedding season translates to finding those incredible outfits, paying a visit to the salon and of course, the dance practices, It is time all put on our dancing shoes and get ready for what will inevitably be a festive season. Here are some of the mehndi songs we will simply love to dance on!
Teefa in Trouble was not only a great movie but it also had some amazing tracks. Item Number is a short but sweet one, by Ali Zafar and Aima Baig. It is guaranteed to turn some heads.


text:
Home Arts Art Seen
LB Indy Staff
Art Walk Awaits!
Geri Medway's "Sunflower" is included in the Art to Go exhibit.
Check out the next Artwalk on Thursday, June 2, by taking advantage of the pre-event reception for the Art-To-Go "Go Gold" exhibit at 5 p.m. at City Hall before taking a self-guided tour on foot and by trolley of gallery openings, artist demonstrations and receptions, live music and refreshments.
"Go Gold" is an exhibit of 40 original works donated by Festival of Arts exhibitors that all evoke gold in the palette, subject, frame or title. Attendees are encouraged to get in the spirit and wear gold to support the theme. The collection will be available on the Festival grounds after the City Hall show.
"Come and immerse yourself in the Laguna Beach art scene," said First Thursdays Art Walk president Rebecca Barber.
Artists will be demonstrating techniques and sharing insights at several locations. Some highlights include Elyse Katz at Sandstone Gallery, talking about her paintings inspired by the English countryside; Cheryl Ekstrom, sharing about her new series at Art Cube Gallery; and resident artists at Studio 7 north and south, who will offer painting demonstrations. At Joanne Artman Gallery, the works of Los Angeles mixed media artist Miles Regis will be showcased in a new exhibition entitled "Who He."
Performances by live musicians will add to the ambience at several venues. At Studio Arts Gallery, new glass sculpture by Melody Topping as well as the premiere of a signature technique in gouache by Fitz Maurice, right, will be displayed to the backdrop of music by Sasha Evans and Doug Miller. Live music and refreshments will also be on hand for DeRu's Fine Arts' new exhibition, "Impressionist Landscapes: California and Beyond."
AR4T Gallery is curating a show as part of a benefit for VH1 Save The Music Foundation. Twelve collaborative art works each representing an album cover will be on display during the June 2 Artwalk and the following weekend at 212 N. Coast Highway.
Saltfineart's "Panoramas" exhibit provides viewers with a visual conversation between the photography of critically acclaimed and aesthetic giants Cecilia Paredes, Cinthya Soto and Ana Mercedes Hoyos. And be sure to stop in at the Laguna Art Museum, where admission will be free for the evening to see popular works of the California Impressionists.
Get complete details at firstthursdaysartwalk.com.
Redfern Hosts Contemporary Impressionists, Sculptors
An example from the current Redfern exhibiton.
The Redfern Gallery presents "Contemporary Virtuosos," a special selection of original art by Kevin Macpherson, Gregory Hull, and John Cosby, along with sculptures by Mark Rossi and Carol Alleman, from June 2-30, with an opening reception from 6 p.m. to 8 p.m. on Thursday, June 2.
The Redfern Gallery is located at 1540 S. Coast Highway. For more information, contact the gallery at 949-497-3356 or [email protected], or visit redferngallery.com.
New Gallery Opens
Alexi Allens' work.
Galerie Alexi of Beverly Hills has relocated to Laguna Beach and reopens on Thursday, June 2, for Artwalk, featuring live music by singer-songwriter Raspin Stuwart at 1968 S. Coast Highway, in the Khyber Pass building, from 6-10 p.m.
Artist-owner Alexi Allens' work in oil includes examples on permanent display in the OMSI Museum in Portland, Ore., as well as commissioned paintings for film producer Robert Evans.
At the opening, she is featuring Susan Hannon, known for meticulous creations of wings created from vintage bibles.
Allens, determined to promote art and discover hidden talent, is delighted to relocate to a town where artists are supported and thriving, she said in a statement. She credits her own artistic inspiration from having lived in India.
Allens is producing a television show about artists and hopes to host groups that support the community and contribute aid to global issues.
Coast Highway
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Laguna Community Concert Band Celebrates its 23rd Season with "Songs From The Heart" at the Artists Theatre
Planned Parenthood Storytelling Project Makes Stop in Laguna Beach
Laguna Art-A-Fair Invites Local and Global Artists to Compete for a Chance to Exhibit at 2023 Festival


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Bill Targets Massage Parlors Used As Prostitution Fronts
By Kristy Totten
Published March 26, 2019 at 6:24 PM PDT
By Tony Webster from Portland, Oregon, United States/Wikimedia Commons
Massage parlors are everywhere in Las Vegas and Reno. There are 1,000 of them in Clark County alone, in addition to 400 reflexology shops.
Some of them are legitimate, but some are fronts for prostitution.
It's been an ongoing battle in our state, as the cities, counties and law enforcement work to shut down these nefarious operations, but so far it's been a losing fight.
Jill Tolles is an assemblywoman from Washoe County. She introduced a bill at the Nevada Legislature that would bring stiffer penalties to businesses that advance prostitution.
Under current Nevada law, the victims in the illicit parlors have to testify against the business owners, but very few people will because many are there under threat of violence. Assemblywoman Tolles said Assembly Bill 166 allows for other evidence to be presented in the case.
"What that does is close that loophole to allow law enforcement and the district attorneys to be able to bring forward that business owner with charges and still protect the victim from having to come forward against their captor," she said.
Sgt. Greg Everett is a vice investigator with Las Vegas Metropolitan Police. He said there are a lot of massage parlors that are fronts for prostitution in Southern Nevada. However, they can't know the actual number because they have no way to track it.
"It is not until we go in there with special investigations with Metro that we can actually learn how many people are actually in there," he said. "Sometimes they are packed in the back and they live there and work out of that business 24/7."
Sgt. Jeremy Melville is with Metro's special investigations unit. He said they often find the illicit massage parlors when someone looking for a legitimate massage go to one and are solicited for sex.
Officers also monitor places to look for signs that it might be a home for illegal prostitution. One indicator is taxis and ride-shares frequently dropping off and picking up people.
Melville also said that the majority of women in massage parlors are Asian women who are undocumented immigrants. So, when a parlor is busted by police, the victims don't talk to police because of their immigration status and because of the language barrier.
While there are women in the parlors that are there against their will, Melville said many women were prostitutes in their home country and are coming to the United States to make more money.
"They are normally working there willingly," he said. "They've been in a life of prostitution their entire lives. It normally started in whatever their home country was and then they are offered what they think is going to be a better situation by people in their home agency."
While many women are there willingly, Deputy District Attorney Jim Sweetin said they are still victims.
Sweetin said women in this situation don't know another lifestyle and don't see a way out. He said in his 25 years as a prosecutor he says he has never seen a happy sex worker.
Plus, he said the actual workers benefit very little from working. They are promised more money, but most of the money goes to the business owners, which is why Sweetin supports Assemblywoman Tolles' bill.
"The bigger problem here is the actual business itself," he said. "Because the actual women who are doing the work are pawns in a system that gives the folks who are establishing these businesses all the money essentially."
Sweetin said if the bill is passed into law, it will give police more power to prosecute the business owners. Under the law, business owners will have 30 days to make reasonable efforts to clean up their business of prostitution. If they don't, they could face a felony charge.
"That gives real teeth to the police at this point that they don't have," he said.
While Metro and the District Attorney's Office are working to stop illegal prostitution in Southern Nevada, outgoing Las Vegas City Councilman Bob Coffin has a different perspective.
"You cannot regulate. You cannot control. You cannot police what is illegal - if there is money involved," he said.
Coffin, who said he lost his virginity in a Nye County brothel when he was 16 years old, said the Legislature needs to allow for the regulation of prostitution.
He said there are simply not enough prosecutors or law enforcement officers to dismantle illegal prostitution in Nevada.
Greg Everett, vice investigations, Las Vegas Metropolitan Police; Jeremy Melville, special investigations, Las Vegas Metropolitan Police; Jim Sweetin, Chief Deputy District Attorney, Clark County District Attorney; Bob Coffin, City Councilman, Las Vegas
KNPR's State of Nevada clark countycity of las vegasbob coffinNevada & the Southwestmassage parlorillegal prostitutionkristine buistjim sweetin
Kristy Totten
Kristy Totten is a producer at KNPR's State of Nevada. Previously she was a staff writer at Las Vegas Weekly, and has covered technology, education and economic development for the Las Vegas Review-Journal. She's a graduate of the Missouri School of Journalism.
See stories by Kristy Totten


text:
Де Со́ла — сефардский род.

История рода
Согласно существовавшей в семье Сола традиции, первые представители этой семьи жили в Толедо и Наварре в VIII и IX веках. Особого положения она достигла в Наварре, где один из ее членов, Барух бен-Исаак ибн-Дауд (дон Бартоломе), играл крупную роль. Из Наварры Сола переселились в Андалусию, a затем представители этой семьи появились в Кордове (X век). Иные Сола жили и в Севилье; в Лусене некоторые Сола породнились с Ибн-Гайатами (или Ибн-Гиат). Особенно сильно поднялось значение Сола на юге Испании при Альморавидах, всячески поддерживавших их и назначавших некоторых членов этой семьи на ответственные и важные государственные посты. С переходом юга Испании в руки Альмохадов Сола снова переселились на север и во второй половине XII века начали играть важную роль в Туделе, Наварре, a также в Кастилии и Арагоне. Тогда, по-видимому, они и взяли фамилию Сола, называя себя до этого времени лишь еврейскими именами. Название рода происходит от названия имения, которым Сола владели в Северной Испании. В XII и XIV веках Сола дали ряд блестящих деятелей в Арагоне и Кастилии, но начавшиеся в конце XIV века гонения на евреев в христианской Испании принудили их переселиться в мусульманскую Гранаду. Здесь они оставались до окончательного изгнания евреев из Испании, отличаясь на многих поприщах.

После изгнании евреев из Испании Сола рассеялись по различным странам. Два брата, Исаак и Барух, бежали в Португалию, но когда и там начались гонения на евреев, они вынуждены были оставить Португалию. Прямые потомки Исаака Сола проживали в XVII веке в Голландии. Здесь в течение нескольких поколений Сола были известны как богатые и влиятельные купцы. Барух Сола спасся от преследований переходом в христианство. Марраны Сола вели обширную торговлю, в особенности с Ост-Индией. Впрочем, дети Баруха Сола переселились в Голландию и приняли опять иудаизм.

Коммерческие дела заставляли, однако, многих членов Сола тайно приезжать в Лиссабон и в португальские колонии, несмотря на опасность очутиться в тисках инквизиции. В начале XVIII века Давид Сола, глава старшей ветви Сола., под чужим именем, вместе с семьёй отправился в Лиссабон. Инквизиция арестовала их и подвергла пытке. Два младших его сына были сожжены на аутодафе, a старшему сыну, Аарону, удалось в 1749 году бежать из Португалии вместе с женой и семейством и поселиться снова в Голландии. Здесь они открыто стали исповедовать еврейскую религию. Внуки Аарона Сола оставили Голландию и стали селиться в Англии, Канаде, Соединённых Штатах и Вест-Индии.

Известные представители рода де Сола
Аарон бен-Шалом ибн-Дауд — врач в Кордове, читавший лекции в Медицинской коллегии, учрежденной Аль-Хакамом II.

Гaй бен-Михаил (XI век) — жил в Лусене, где был известен в качестве философа и теолога. Близкий друг Альфаси, породнившийся с Ибн-Гайатами; автор некоторых работ по Талмуду и философии, a также комментария к Мегиллоту.

Генох (Энох) бен-Гай (умер в Туделе) — сын предыдущего, автор труда по астрономии. Жил в Туделе, где был даяном.

Исаак бен-Элия ибн-Дауд де Сола (умер 1216) — внук предыдущего, раввин и глава еврейской общины Наварры. Комментатор, поэт и переводчик на еврейский язык арабских стихотворений.

Аарон Энрике де Сола(умер 1280, Саламанка) — автор учёных трудов по математике и астрономии. Кастильский король Альфонс Мудрый пригласил его к своему двору в Толедо.

Дон Барух (Бартоломе) де Сола — отличился на поле брани под руководством инфанта, будущего арагонского короля Альфонса IV. Участвовал в войнах: 1320—22 годов и 1325—30 годов и был возведен королём в рыцарское достоинство.

Соломон де Сола (XIV век) — известный сарагосский раввин, авторитет в религиозных вопросах.

Элиа Сола (1420, Γранада — ?) — раввин, написал несколько работ ο еврейской грамматике.

Исаак де Сола (1459, Гранаде — ?) — сын предыдущего, принимал деятельное участие в защите Гранады против войск Фердинанда и Изабеллы, бежал в 1492 году. в Португалию. Его потомки переселились в Голландию.

Давид де Сола (около 1670 — ?) — жил в Голландии, вёл обширную торговлю. Он часто бывал в Португалии, где жил под именем Бартоломе, выдавая себя за марана. Был арестован за принадлежность к иудаизму, подвергся пыткам, но потом был освобождён.

Аарон де Сола (конец XVII века — ?) — сын предыдущего. Так как два его брата были сожжены на аутодафе за приверженность к иудаизму, он в 1749 году бежал из Лиссабона на английском корабле. В Англии он стал открыто исповедовать иудаизм, затем переселился в Голландию.

Авраам де Сола (1737 или 1739) — ?), сын предыдущего. Принимал деятельное участие в делах амстердамской еврейской общины.

Давид де Сола (1727, Лиссабоне — 1797, Амстердам) — сын Аарона де Сола. Бежал от из Португалии от инквизиции в 1749 году. Автор ряда небольших религиозных трактатов и очерков, a также тома стихов.

 (1770—1821) — сын предыдущего. Знаток Талмуда и автор хронологического исследования.

Давид де Аарон де Сола (1796, Амстердам — 1860, Лондон) — сын предыдущего. Раввин и писатель.

Авраам де Cола (1825, Лондон — 1882, Нью-Йорк) — сын предыдущего. Профессор и религиозный деятель в Монреале, Канада.

Самуил де Сола (1839, Лондон — 1866) — брат предыдущего. В 1863 году был избран раввином общины Bevis Marks. Автор многих синагогальных и светских мелодий, получивших среди английских евреев большое распространение.

Аарон Давид Мелдола де Сола (1853, Монреаль — ?) — сын Авраама де Сола. Преподаватель Монреальского университета, активист еврейских организаций Канады и США.

Кларенс Исаак де Сола (1858, Монреаль — ?) — брат предыдущего. С 1899 года он состоял председателем федерации сионистских организаций Канады и с четвёртого Лондонского конгресса (1900) избирался в члены Actions-Comité.

Хуан (Исаак) де Сола (около 1795, Кюрасао, Вест-Индия — 1860) — деятель венесуэльского антиколониального движения, генерал.

Исаак де Сола (1675, Голландия — 1734, Лондон) — брат Давида. С 1695 по 1700 год состоял проповедником в Лондоне. Автор «Sermones fechos sobre diferentes asumptos» (1704, Амстердам), «Preguntas con sus respuestos» (там же, 1704). Кроме того, им было опубликовано на английском языке: «Expozitions of the Psalms».

Примечания

Литература

Еврейские фамилии

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In my work with children and their families, I notice that there are more and more grandparents raising their grandchildren. This has become a trend due to very unfortunate circumstances: parents in prison or with mental health problems that render them unable to care for a child, child abuse, substance abuse, financial difficulties, death.
When you have to embark in this journey of raising grandchildren, many emotions and feelings come to the surface. Some emotions are good and raising a grandchild might be a joy for you; but some emotions might be bad and bring you sadness, doubt, and resentment.
How Do Grandparents Who Are Parenting Feel?
Worry that you will not be able to provide your grandchild with all that he needs to grow up healthy and secure.
Guilt that you failed as a parent and now your child has failed, too, and you are left responsible for raising your grandchild (this is a very common sentiment).
Doubt that you will be able to raise your grandchild well when you possibly failed with raising your own child.
Fear that you might repeat the mistakes you made with your own child.
Grief that you can't retire and enjoy what you couldn't when raising your own child; grief as a result of the loss of your spouse, now leaving you the only grandparent in charge; grief that you can't just be a grandparent, have fun with your grandkid, love him, give him a lot of attention and then send him home to his parent(s).
Resentment toward your child for not being able to parent her child.
These are all very natural emotions to have, especially when your expectations for what your retirement would be and your role as a grandparent are ruined by the reality of becoming a parent to your grandchild. As much as you have these feelings, it is important to think that the grandchild might have similar feelings to your own.
How Do Adopted Grandchildren Feel?
He worries that you might not be there, maybe due to age or health or other reasons, and that scares him because sometimes all he has is YOU!
She is angry at her parents for not being able to be with her and love her like she deserves.
He feels guilty for showing love and attachment to you. He feels a split because he loves his parents no matter what.
She grieves the loss of her parents and her abandonment. She also grieves the loss of her grandparents (and all the fun involved with them as grandparents), as they have to play the parent role.
He is resentful because most of the kids at school have a mom and a dad who support them by attending their activities.
Set clear boundaries and household rules. When boundaries exist that means that you CARE!
Establish a routine that can be followed by your grandchild. This will help your grandchild feel safe and protected in your household.
Create predictability, which will keep your grandchild from living in the unknown. When your grandchild knows what to expect from you and when to expect it, they are less likely to develop hypervigilance, a state of constant alertness that prevents children from being able to relax, concentrate, and enjoy life.
Be consistent in what you do with/for your grandchild. Follow through with your consequences and rewards and reassure him that you will be there no matter what.
Offer unconditional love to your grandchild. Love her for who she is and not for what you would like her to be. Don't look at your grandchild and see in her your failure as a parent to your child. It is not her fault. Try to be a better parent to your grandchild and believe in that.
Don't talk negatively about his parents in front of your grandchild. He suffers as it is for not having his parents and he feels abandoned; he doesn't need to hear how horrible his parents are.
Assure your grandchild that she can come talk to you any time she has strong feelings and emotions and doesn't know what to do with them.
Find a therapist for your grandchild. He might be able to express feelings with a therapist better than with you and to reflect through play how he feels inside.
Find a confidante (friend, counselor, pastor) to talk to and process through your emotions and feelings.
Work on what makes you happy. Find time for your hobbies and interests, relax, and enjoy what feeds you. Don't feel guilty about taking time for yourself!
Find a grandparent support group where you can meet other people in your situation and share valuable resources, ideas. and feelings.
Take care of yourself and your health. You come first! If you are not healthy, you will not be able to look after your grandkid.
Connect with parents at your grandchild's school and form friendships so you can help your grandchild spend time with her friends from school. Even if sometimes the generation gap seems big, there will be people who will understand!
Always remember … even if you made mistakes the first time around, you probably learned from them and have a different perspective and more wisdom to take care of your grandchild. Even if sometimes you feel tired and beat up and you don't have enough energy to keep up with your grandchild, you might be the only one who can look after this child. He or she needs you, more than you can imagine.
Remember, when you want to give up, YOU are making a huge difference. Yes, YOU, you wonderful grandparent!
Lavinia Ball-Marian is a therapist with The Labyrinth Institute specializing in children and families. You can reach her at lavinia@lab-inst.com or 720-432-7475.


Winter stockings of rainbow trout will continue every two weeks through the winter. Trout average 11-12 inches in size and are stocked in generous amounts.
Stay on the lookout for golden alga, a microscopic organism that releases substances that are toxic to fish. Game and Fish is working with city park staff and lake consultants to regularly monitor for and control the unwanted algae. Please do your part to prevent the spread of golden alga by not moving water or wet objects or fishing equipment from lake to lake. Clean, drain and dry all equipment.
The 2013 Class U Urban Fishing license is now 50% off through December 31. Stop by a Game and Fish office or any of our sporting goods or retail license dealers and ask for your 2013 discount Urban license for $9.25.
Remember the Web... www.azgfd.gov for stocking schedules, the Fish&Boat Arizona webmap, outdoor events calendar, and other great fishing and outdoor information.
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The creation of the mold, began almost a month ago and it is interesting how it is now composed. After spending quite a bit of time on the 3D prototype part, it has started to look like it is in some ways real but in negative mode as it is a mold. Apparatus for the four parts will be integrated in the same mold therefore the size of this one is consistent.


This week we celebrate the life of Dr Martin Luther King Jr. Few Americans have achieved as much change for the good of the country. We can count on only one hand the Americans who have a national holiday dedicated to remembering their lives. Dr. King's legacy has grown each year since his tragic death. Each year we get a chance to rediscover anew the depth of his purpose, the truth of his message and the sacrifice of his actions. Dr. King sought to correct the course of our nation, he stood fast and he succeeded. We honor him with a special day to express our thanks for his clarion call to embrace change when it is needed.
"Everybody has the blues. Everybody longs for meaning. Everybody needs to love and be loved. Everybody needs to clap hands and be happy. Everybody longs for Faith. In music, especially that broad category called Jazz, there is a stepping stone to all of these.
Every year on Martin Luther King Jr Day we continue to honor the man and his words.
My mother's voice was always calm and soothing. She took time from her life to read to me. I still can curl up inside the memory of her pleasantness and the choice of her words.
My father had less time for extended warm moments. His voice was firm, authoritarian and final. It was also loving because he was loving which was reflected in his choice of words.
Martin Luther King Jr came along and just reinforced my appreciation for the spoken and written word.
Martin Luther King Jr had many gifts. He seemed to see truths clearly. He fearlessly shared these truths and directed us to take action. We are so lucky that one man seemed to know so much and also had such eloquence?
Martin Luther King Jr was challenged every day of his life, as many of his messages were inconvenient. Others dismissed him for being an inappropriate messenger. He may never be accepted by some, but the words that he chose will survive for many Martin Luther King Days to come.
Martin Luther King sought the truth before he spoke the truth. He listened. Maybe that is why he admired jazz musicians.
Most nights at the Dirty Dog Jazz Café jazz musicians listen to and speak truth to each other. When I look around at those gathered at this jazz club to listen to jazz, I hope it might make Dr. King smile. Let us keep in mind what he mentioned to us fifty years ago."Everybody has the blues. Everybody longs for meaning. Everybody needs to love and be loved. Everybody needs to clap hands and be happy. Everybody longs for Faith. In music, especially that broad category called Jazz, there is a stepping stone to all of these.
Steve Wood and Carl Cafagna, a couple of Detroit's finest artists, will bring their tenor saxes to the Dirty Dog. for four nights. They will help us celebrate MLK's life by listening and learning from each other. They are really good at that.