text:
This webpage reproduces one of
published in Vol. X
Parallels:
Caius and Tiberius Gracchus
(Vol. X) Plutarch, The Parallel Lives
p3 The Life of Agis
795 1 1 Not without rhyme or reason is the supposition of some writers that the tale about Ixion — how it was the cloud that he embraced instead of Hera and begat from thence the Centaurs — has an application to lovers of glory. For such men, consorting with glory, which we may call an image of virtue, produce nothing that is genuine and of true lineage, but much that is bastard and monstrous, being swept now along one course and now along another in their attempts to satisfy desire and passion. The herdsmen of Sophocles say,1 in speaking of their flock:—
"Of these, indeed, though masters, we are yet the slaves,
And to them we must listen even though they're dumb."
2 And this, in truth, is the experience of public men who act in conformity with the desires and impulses of multitudes, making themselves attendants and slaves in order that they may be called popular leaders and rulers. For just as a ship's lookout, who sees what lies ahead before the ship's captain does, nevertheless turns to him for orders and does what he ordains, so the public man whose eyes are fixed on glory is a servant of the multitude, although he has the name of ruler.
p5 2 1 The man, indeed, whose goodness is complete and perfect will have no need at all of glory, except so far as glory gives him access to achievement by reason of the confidence men have in him; but a man who is still young and is fond of honours may be allowed to plume and exalt himself somewhat even upon glory, provided that glory is the outcome of noble deeds. For virtues, which are incipient and budding in the young, are confirmed in their proper development, as Theophrastus says, by the praises of men, and complete their growth under the incentive of pride. 2 But excess is everywhere harmful, and in the case of men who cherish political ambitions, it is deadly; for it sweeps them away into manifest folly and madness as they grasp after great power, when they refuse to regard what is honourable as glorious, but consider that what is glorious is good. Therefore, what Phocion said to Antipater, who demanded from him some dishonourable service, "Thou canst not have Phocion as thy friend and at the same time thy flatterer," this, or something akin to this, must be said to the multitude: 3 "Ye cannot have the same man as your ruler and your slave." Since in this case also one certainly can apply the fable of the serpent whose tail rebelled against its head and demanded the right 796to lead in turn instead of always following; so it took the lead, and by the folly of its progress got itself into mischief and lacerated the head, which was compelled, contrary to nature, to follow a part that had neither eyes nor ears. 4 This, as we see, has been the experience of many of the men whose whole political activity is directed towards the winning of popular favour; they made themselves dependent on the multitude, which is borne p7 about at random, and then could neither recover themselves nor put a stop to the progress of disorder.
These remarks upon the glory which comes from the favour of the multitude I have been led to make because I was reminded of its great influence by the fortunes of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. They were men of most generous natures, and had a most generous rearing, and adopted most generous political principles; and yet they were ruined, I will not say by an immoderate desire for glory, but rather by a fear of losing it. 5 For after they had enjoyed great kindness from their fellow citizens, they were ashamed to leave it unpaid, like a debt of money; and so they were forever striving by the excellence of their political services to surpass the honours conferred upon them, and were honoured all the more in consequence of their grateful political services. In this way, after kindling an equal ardour in themselves towards the people and in the people towards themselves, they engaged in enterprises wherein, though they knew it not, it was no longer honourable for them to persist, and already disgraceful for them to stop.
6 As to this matter, however, my reader will judge for himself from my narrative; and I shall compare with the Gracchi a pair of popular leaders in Sparta, Agis and Cleomenes the kings. For these also tried to exalt the people, just as the Gracchi did, and tried to restore an honourable and just civil polity which had lapsed for a long time; and like the Gracchi they incurred the hatred of the nobles, who were unwilling to relax their wonted greed. It is true that the p9 Spartans were not brothers; still, they adopted political courses which were kindred and brother to one another. The occasion was as follows.
3 1 When once the love of silver and gold had crept into the city, closely followed by greed and parsimony in the acquisition of wealth and by luxury, effeminacy, and extravagance in the use and enjoyment of it, Sparta fell away from most of her noble traits, and continued in a low estate that was unworthy of her down to the times when Agis and Leonidas were kings. 2 Agis was of the Eurypontid royal house, a son of Eudamidas, and the sixth in descent from the Agesilaüs who crossed into Asia and became the most powerful Greek of his time. For Agesilaüs had a son Archidamus, who was slain by the Messapians at Mandurium in Italy;2 Archidamus had an elder son Agis, and a younger son Eudamidas, who, after Agis was slain by Antipater at Megalopolis3 leaving no issue, became king; Eudamidas was succeeded by Archidamus, Archidamus by another Eudamidas, and Eudamidas by Agis,4 subject of this Life. 3 Leonidas, on the other hand, the son of Cleonymus, was of the other royal house, the Agiad, and was eighth in descent from the Pausanias who defeated Mardonius at Plataea. For Pausanias had a son Pleistoanax, and Pleistoanax a son Pausanias, upon whose exile and flight from Sparta to Tegea5 his elder son Agesipolis became king; Agesipolis, dying without issue, was succeeded by a younger brother Cleombrotus, 4 and Cleombrotus, in turn, had two sons, Agesipolis and Cleomenes, of whom Agesipolis reigned only a short time and left no sons, while Cleomenes, who became king after him, lived to p11 lose his elder son Acrotatus, but left behind him a younger son Cleonymus; Cleonymus, however, did not come to the throne, but Areus,6 who was a grandson of Cleomenes and son of Acrotatus; Areus fell in battle at Corinth,7 and his son Acrotatus came to the throne; 7975 Acrotatus also was defeated and slain at Megalopolis, by the tyrant Aristodemus, leaving his wife with child; and after she had given birth to a son, Leonidas the son of Cleonymus was made the child's guardian. But the young king died before reaching manhood, and the kingship therefore devolved upon Leonidas,8 who was altogether unacceptable to the people. 6 For although the destruction of the constitution had already led to a general decline in manners, there was in Leonidas a very marked departure from the traditions of his country, since for a long time he had frequented oriental courts and had been a servile follower of Seleucus, and now sought to transfer the pride and pomp which prevailed abroad into Hellenic relations and a constitutional government, where they were out of place.
4 1 Agis, on the contrary, far surpassed in native excellence and in loftiness of spirit not only Leonidas, but almost all the kings who had followed the great Agesilaüs. Therefore, even before he had reached his twentieth year, and although he had been reared amid the wealth and luxury of women, namely, his mother Agesistrata and his grandmother Archidamia (who were the richest people in Sparta), he at once set his face against pleasures. He put away from his person the adornments which were thought to p13 befit the grace of his figure, laid aside and avoided every extravagance, prided himself on his short Spartan cloak, observed sedulously the Spartan customs in his meals and baths and general ways of living, and declared that he did not want the royal power at all unless by means of it he could restore the ancient laws and discipline.
5 1 And here I may say that the Lacedaemonian state began to suffer distemper and corruption soon after its subversion of the Athenian supremacy filled it with gold and silver. However, since the number of families instituted by Lycurgus9 was still preserved in the transmission of estates, and father left to son his inheritance, to some extent the continuance of this order and equality sustained the state in spite of its errors in other respects. 2 But when a certain powerful man came to be ephor who was headstrong and of a violent temper, Epitadeus by name, he had a quarrel with his son, and introduced a law permitting a man during his lifetime to give his estate and allotment to any one he wished, or in his will and testament so to leave it. 3 This man, then, satisfied a private grudge of his own in introducing the law; but his fellow citizens welcomed the law out of greed, made it valid, and so destroyed the most excellent of institutions. For the men of power and influence at once began to acquire estates without scruple, ejecting the rightful heirs from their inheritances; and speedily the wealth of the state streamed into the hands of a few men, and poverty became the general rule, bringing in its train lack of leisure for noble pursuits and occupations unworthy of freemen, along with envy and p15 hatred towards the men of property. 4 Thus there were left of the old Spartan families not more than seven hundred, and of these there were perhaps a hundred who possessed land and allotment; while the ordinary throng, without resources and without civic rights, lived in enforced idleness, showing no zeal or energy in warding off foreign wars, but ever watching for some opportunity to subvert and change affairs at home.
6 1 Agis, therefore, thinking it a noble achievement, as it was, to equalize and restore to full numbers the body of citizens, began to sound the inclinations of people. The young men, as he found, quickly and beyond his expectations gave ear to him, and stripped themselves for the contest in behalf of virtue, like him casting aside their old ways of living as worn-out garments in order to attain liberty. 2 But most of the older men, since they were now far gone in corruption, feared and shuddered at the name of Lycurgus as if they had run away from their master and were being led back to him, 798and they upbraided Agis for bewailing the present state of affairs and yearning after the ancient dignity of Sparta. Lysander, however, the son of Libys, Mandrocleidas the son of Ecphanes, as well as Agesilaüs, approved of the king's aspirations and supported him in them. 3 Lysander was in the highest repute among the citizens, and Mandrocleidas was the ablest Greek of his time in setting schemes on foot, and his sagacity and craft were mingled with daring; Agesilaüs, who was the king's uncle on his mother's side, and a powerful orator, though otherwise effeminate and avaricious, was openly urged on and encouraged by his son p17 Hippomedon, who had won fair fame in many wars, and had great influence because he stood in favour with the young men. 4 But what really induced Agesilaüs to take part in the king's enterprise was the multitude of his debts, of which he hoped to rid himself by changing the constitution. As soon, then, as Agis had won over Agesilaüs, he straightway sought with the aid of his uncle to persuade his mother, who was a sister of Agesilaüs, and owing to the multitude of her retainers, friends, and debtors, had great influence in the state and took a large part in public affairs.
7 1 When she heard her son's plea, she was at first amazed, and tried to stop the young man from attempting what she thought was neither possible nor profitable; but Agesilaüs tried to show her that the king's project would be feasible and its accomplishment advantageous, and the king himself besought his mother to contribute her wealth for the advancement of his ambition and glory. For in the matter of property, he said, he could not equal the other kings 2 (since the servants and slaves of the satraps and overseers of Ptolemy and Seleucus had larger possessions than all the kings of Sparta put together); but if in self-restraint, simplicity, and magnanimity he should surpass their luxury, and thereby establish equality and community of possession among the citizens, he would win the name and fame of a really great king. The women, lifted up by the young man's high ambition, were so changed in their purposes, and possessed, as it were, by so great an inspiration to take the noble course, 3 that they joined in urging and hastening on the projects of p19 Agis, sent for their friends among the men and invited them to help, and held conference with the women besides, since they were well aware that the men of Sparta were always obedient to their wives, and allowed them to meddle in public affairs more than they themselves were allowed to meddle in domestic concerns.
Now, at this time the greater part of the wealth of Sparta was in the hands of the women, and this made the work of Agis a grievous and difficult one. 4 For the women were opposed to it, not only because they would be stripped of the luxury which, in the general lack of higher culture, made their lives seem happy, but also because they saw that the honour and influence which they enjoyed in consequence of their wealth would be cut off. 5 So they had recourse to Leonidas, and besought him, since he was an older man, to withstand Agis and hinder what he was trying to accomplish. Leonidas, accordingly, was desirous of aiding the rich, but he feared the people, who were eager for a revolution. He therefore made no open opposition to Agis, but secretly sought to damage his undertaking and bring it to nought by slandering him to the chief magistrates, declaring that he was purchasing a tyranny by offering to the poor the property of the rich, and by distribution of land and remission of debts was buying a large body-guard for himself, not many citizens for Sparta.
8 1 However, Agis procured Lysander's election as ephor, and at once employed him to introduce a bill into the senate,10 the chief provisions of which were that debtors should be relieved of their debts, and that the land should be divided up, that which lay between the water-course at Pellene and Taÿgetus, p21 Malea, and Sellasia, into forty-five hundred lots, and that which lay outside this into fifteen thousand; 7992 that this larger land should be apportioned among those of the provincials who were capable of bearing arms, and the smaller among the genuine Spartans; that the number of these Spartans should be filled up from the provincials and foreigners who had received the rearing of freemen and were, besides, of vigorous bodies and in the prime of life; and that these should be formed into fifteen public messes by four hundreds and two hundreds, and should practise the mode of life which the ancient Spartans had followed.
9 1 The "rhetra" was introduced in the senate, and the senators were divided in opinion. Lysander therefore called together a general assembly and discussed the matter himself with the citizens, and Mandrocleidas and Agesilaüs begged them not to suffer the insolent opposition of a few to blind them to the prostration of Sparta's dignity, but to call to mind the earlier oracles which bade them beware of the love of riches as a fatal thing for Sparta, as well as the oracles which had lately been brought to them from Pasiphaë.
2 Now there was a temple of Pasiphaë at Thalamae, and her oracle there was held in honour. Some say that Pasiphaë was one of the daughters of Atlas, and the mother of Ammon by Zeus, and some that Cassandra the daughter of Priam died at Thalamae, and was called Pasiphaë because she declared her oracles to all. Phylarchus, however, says that she was a daughter of Amyclas, Daphne by name, and that, fleeing the embraces of Apollo, she was changed into the tree of like name, after which she was honoured by the god with the gift of prophetic power. 3 Be p23 this as it may, it was now said that the oracles brought from this goddess ordained that all Spartans should be on an equality according to the original law made by Lycurgus. And finally, King Agis came forward and after a brief discourse said that he offered very large contributions to the constitutions which he was trying to establish; for in the first place he put into the common stock his own estate, which included extensive tillage and pasture, and apart from this six hundred talents in money; and, besides, his mother and his grandmother did likewise, together with their relatives and friends, and they were the wealthiest among the Spartans.
10 1 The people, accordingly, were filled with amazement at the magnanimity of the young man, and were delighted, feeling that after a lapse of nearly two hundred years a king had appeared who was worthy of Sparta; but Leonidas, now more than ever, strove in opposition. For he reasoned that he would be compelled to do as Agis had done, and that he would not get the same gratitude for it among the citizens, but that if all the rich alike made their property a part of the common fund, the honour for it would be given to him alone who had led the way. He therefore asked Agis if he thought that Lycurgus had shown himself a just and worthy man, 2 and when Agis said that he did, "When, then," said Leonidas, "did Lycurgus either grant abolition of debts or admit foreigners into citizenship — a man who held that the state was in no healthy way at all if it did not practise expulsion of foreigners?"
But Agis replied that he was not astonished to find Leonidas, who had been reared in foreign lands and p25 had children by an oriental marriage, ignorant that Lycurgus had banished from the state debts and loans along with coined money, 3 and that foreigners in the cities were held by him in less displeasure than men to whom the Spartan practices and ways of living were not congenial; these, indeed, he sought to drive away, not because he was hostile to their persons, but because he feared lest their lives and manners should contaminate the citizens, and breed in them a love of luxury, effeminacy, and greed; for certainly Terpander and Thales and Pherecydes were foreigners, and yet, because the teachings of their songs and philosophy always accorded with those of Lycurgus, they were held in surpassing honour at Sparta. 4 "Thou praisest Ecprepes," said Agis, "who, as ephor, cut out with an adze two of the nine lute-strings of Phrynis the musician,a and likewise the magistrates in the time of Timotheus, who did the same thing in their turn, 800but thou blamest me for trying to remove luxury, extravagance, and ostentation from Sparta, as if those magistrates also were not on the watch to prevent the pompous and superfluous in music from making such advances as our lives and manners have come to, whose excess and discord has made the city dissonant and out of tune with itself."
11 1 After this, the common people took sides with Agis, but the men of wealth entreated Leonidas not to abandon them. And by prayers and arguments with senators, whose power lay in their privilege of presenting all measures to the people, they so far prevailed that by a single vote the proposed rhetra was rejected. 2 Lysander, however, who was still ephor, set on foot an indictment of Leonidas by virtue of p27 an ancient law which forbade any descendant of Heracles to beget children by a foreign woman, and ordained that anyone who left Sparta to settle among foreigners should be put to death.11 After instructing others to spread these charges against Leonidas, he himself, with his colleagues, proceeded to observe the traditional sign from heaven.
3 This is observed as follows. Every ninth year the ephors select a clear and moonless night, and in silent session watch the face of the heavens. If, then, a star shoots across the sky, they decide that their kings have transgressed in their dealings with the gods, and suspend them from their office, until an oracle from Delphi or Olympia comes to the succour of the kings thus found guilty.
4 This sign Lysander now declared had been given him, and indicted Leonidas, and produced witnesses showing that he was the father of two children by a woman of Asia who had been given him to wife by one of the lieutenants of Seleucus; and that owing to the woman's dislike and hatred of him he had come back home against his own wishes, where he had assumed the royal dignity, to which there was then no direct successor. 5 Besides bringing this indictment, Lysander tried to persuade Cleombrotus to lay claim to the royal dignity. Cleombrotus was a son-in‑law of Leonidas, and one of the royal line. Leonidas, accordingly, took fright, and fled as a suppliant to the temple of Athena of the Brazen House. His daughter also forsook Cleombrotus and became a suppliant with her father. When Leonidas was summoned to the trial and did not appear, he was p29 deposed, and Cleombrotus was made king in his place.12
12 1 At this point, Lysander's term expired and he went out of office. The new board of ephors encouraged Leonidas to leave his suppliant's asylum, and brought an indictment against Lysander and Mandrocleidas for violating the law in proposing an abolition of debts and a distribution of land. 2 Thus put in legal peril, Lysander and Mandrocleidas persuaded the two kings to act together and disregard the edicts of the ephors; for that board of magistrates, they said, derived its power from dissension between the two kings, by giving their vote to the king who offered the better advice, whenever the other was at variance with the public good; but when the two kings were in accord, their power was indissoluble, and it would be unlawful for the ephors to contend against them, although when the kings were in contention with one another it was the privilege of the ephors to act as arbiters between them, but not to interfere when they were of one mind. 3 Persuaded by these arguments, both the kings went with their friends into the market place, removed the ephors from their seats, and appointed others in their stead, one of whom was Agesilaüs.13 Then they armed a large body of young men and set free all who were in prison, thus striking fear into their opponents, who thought they would put many of them to death. 4 No one, however, lost his life at their hands; on the contrary, when Agis learned that Agesilaüs had plotted to make away with Leonidas as he was trying to withdraw to Tegea, and had sent men to assault him on the road, he sent out another company of p31 trusted followers who took Leonidas under their protection and brought him safely to Tegea.
801	13 1 Thus the enterprise of the kings was making good progress and no one tried to oppose or hinder them, when one man, Agesilaüs, upset and ruined everything. He allowed a most shameful disease of avarice to wreck a most noble and most truly Spartan plan. 2 For since he was an exceedingly large owner of valuable land, but owed huge sums of money, being unable to pay his debts and unwilling to give up his lands, he persuaded Agis that if both his projects should be carried through at the same time the resulting convulsion in the state would be great; but that if the men of property should first be won over by a remission of their debts, they would afterwards accept the distribution of land contentedly and quietly. 3 This was also the opinion of Lysander, who was deceived in like manner by Agesilaüs. So they caused mortgages (the Spartans call them "klaria," or allotment pledges) to be brought into the market-place, heaped them altogether, and set fire to them. As the flames rose, the men of wealth and the lenders of money went away with heavy hearts; but Agesilaüs, as if in mockery of them, declared that his eyes had never seen a brighter or purer flame than that.
4 And now the multitude demanded also that the land should at once be divided, and the kings gave orders that this should be done; but Agesilaüs would always interpose some obstacle or make some excuse, and so consumed time until it became the duty of Agis to head a military expedition, when the Achaeans, who were their allies, sent p33 for aid from Sparta. For the Aetolians were expected to invade Peloponnesus by way of Megara; and Aratus, the general of the Achaeans, in an effort to prevent this, was assembling a force and wrote a letter to the ephors.
14 1 These at once sent out Agis, who was exalted in spirit by the ambition and ardour of the soldiers under him. For being young men for the most part and poor, and having now immunity from their debts and absolution, and expecting that they would receive allotments of land if they returned from the expedition, their devotion to Agis was astonishing. 2 And they were a spectacle to the cities as they marched through the Peloponnesus without doing any injury, without rudeness, and almost without noise, so that the other Greeks were amazed and asked themselves what must have been the discipline of a Spartan army under the command of the great Agesilaüs, or the famous Lysander, or Leonidas of old, since towards a stripling who was almost the youngest of the whole army so great reverence and fear were felt by his soldiers. 3 And indeed the young man himself, owing to his simplicity, his love of hardships, and the pride he took in clothing and arming himself with no more splendour than a common soldier, won the admiration and devotion of the multitudes; for to the rich, certainly, his innovating ways were not pleasing, owing to a fear that they might prove a disturbing force and set a bad example among the common people everywhere.
15 1 Aratus, when Agis joined him near Corinth, was still deliberating whether or not to meet the enemy in open battle. Here Agis displayed great ardour, and courage which was sane and calculating. p35 For he declared that in his opinion it was best to fight a decisive battle and not to abandon the gate of the Peloponnesus and suffer the enemy to pass inside: "However," he said, "I will do as seems best to Aratus, for Aratus is an older man, and is general of the Achaeans; I did not come hither to be their leader or to give them orders, but to give them aid and share their expedition."
2 Baton of Sinopé, however, says that Agis himself was unwilling to give battle although Aratus urged it; but Baton has not read what Aratus wrote about this matter,14 urging in self-defence that he thought it better, now that the husbandmen had gathered in almost all their crops, to suffer the enemy to pass by, instead of risking everything in battle.
3 When, therefore, Aratus decided not to give battle, and dismissed his allies with praises for their proffered aid, Agis, who had won universal admiration, 802led his forces back to Sparta, where there was already much commotion and a revolution.
16 1 For Agesilaüs, who was one of the ephors, being now freed from what had kept him in restraint before, shrank from no injustice that brought him money, nay, contrary to the customary arrangement of the calendar, and when the time for it had not yet come, he inserted a thirteenth month15 and exacted taxes for it. Moreover, in fear of the victims of his injustice and hated by all men, he kept an armed bodyguard, and would go down to his magistracy under their protection. 2 And as for the kings, he wished men to think that he utterly despised the one, p37 and held Agis in some slight honour more because of his near relationship than because he was king. He also spread reports that he was going to be ephor again.
For this reason his enemies lost no time in taking the great hazard, and banding together, openly brought home Leonidas from Tegea to exercise the royal power. Even the common people were glad to see this done, for they were incensed at their deception in the promised division of the land. 3 Agesilaüs, accordingly, was taken out of the country and saved by his son Hippomedon, who entreated his fellow-citizens, and was beloved of all because of his valour; and as for the kings, Agis fled for refuge to the temple of Athena of the Brazen House, while Cleombrotus went as a suppliant to the sanctuary of Poseidon;16 for Leonidas was thought to be more bitter against him, and in fact he left Agis unmolested and went up against Cleombrotus with soldiers. And when he arrived he denounced Cleombrotus angrily because, though a son-in‑law, he had plotted against him, robbed him of the royal power, and helped in driving him from the country.
17 1 Cleombrotus, on his part, had naught to say for himself, but sat perplexed and speechless; Chilonis, however, the daughter of Leonidas, who before this had felt herself wronged in the wrongs done to her father, and when Cleombrotus was made king had left him and ministered to her father in his misfortunes, — sharing his suppliant life while he was in the city, and in his exile continually grieving for him and cherishing bitter thoughts of Cleombrotus — at this p39 time changed back again with the changed fortunes of the men, and was seen sitting as a suppliant with her husband, her arms thrown about him, and a little child clinging to her on either side. 2 All beholders were moved to wonder and tears at the fidelity and devotion of the woman, who, touching her robes and her hair, alike unkempt, said: "This garb, my father, and this appearance, are not due to my pity for Cleombrotus; nay, ever since thy sorrows and thine exile grief has been my steadfast mate and companion. Must I, then, now that thou art king in Sparta and victorious over thine enemies, continue to live in this sad state, or put on the splendid attire of royalty, after seeing the husband of my youth slain at thy hands? 3 That husband, unless he persuades and wins thee over by the tears of his wife and children, will pay a more grievous penalty for his evil designs than thou desirest, for he shall see me, his most beloved one, dead, before he is. For with what assurance could I live and face the other women, I, whose prayers awakened no pity in either husband or father? Nay, both as wife and as daughter I was born to share only the misfortune and dishonour of the men nearest and dearest to me. 4 As for my husband, even if he had some plausible excuse for his course, I robbed him of it at that time by taking thy part and testifying to what he had done; but thou makest his crime an easy one to defend by showing men that royal power is a thing so great and so worth fighting for that for its sake it is right to slay a son-in‑law and ignore a child."
18 1 Uttering such supplications Chilonis rested her face upon the head of Cleombrotus and turned p41 her eyes, all melted and marred with grief, upon the bystanders. 803Then Leonidas, after conference with his friends, bade Cleombrotus leave his asylum and go into exile, but begged his daughter to remain, and not to abandon him, since he loved her so much, and had made her a free gift of her husband's life. 2 He could not persuade her, however, but when her husband rose to go she put one of her children in his arms, took up the other one herself, and went forth in his company after an obeisance to the altar of the god; so that if Cleombrotus had not been wholly corrupted by vain ambition, he would have considered that exile was a greater blessing for him than the kingdom, because it restored to him his wife.
After removing Cleombrotus from his asylum, Leonidas expelled the officiating ephors from their office, appointed others in their place, and at once began to lay plots against the life of Agis. 3 To begin with, he tried to persuade Agis to leave his asylum and share the royal power with him, because, being a young man and ambitious, he had been one of those who Agesilaüs had completely deceived. But Agis continued to be suspicious and would not leave his asylum. So Leonidas himself stopped trying to cheat and play tricks upon him, but Amphares, Damochares, and Arcesilaüs did not. They were wont to go up to the temple and converse with Agis; and once they actually took him in charge and brought him down from the temple for a bath, and after he had bathed, restored him again to the temple. 4 They were all comrades of his, but Amphares had also borrowed recently some p43 costly vestures and beakers from Agesistrata, and therefore plotted to destroy the king and the women, that he might not have to return what he had borrowed. And he, certainly, more than anyone else, as we are told, followed the counsels of Leonidas and embittered the ephors, of whom he was one, against Agis.
19 1 Now Agis spent most of his time in the sanctuary, but was wont to go down from time to time to his bath. There, then, they determined to seize him, when he was outside the sanctuary. So they waited till he had finished his bath, and then came to meet him with friendly greetings, and walked along with him, conversing and jesting with him after the manner of youthful comrades. 2 But at a certain point the road branched off towards the prison, and when they were come to that place, Amphares, by virtue of his office, laid hands on Agis and said: "I shall lead thee, Agis, to the ephors, to answer for thy measures of state"; and Damochares, who was tall and robust, threw his cloak about the king's neck and dragged him along. 3 Others pushed him along from behind, as had been agreed, and since he had no helper but was without a friend, they thrust him into the prison. At once Leonidas was at hand with a large band of mercenaries and surrounded the prison, while the ephors went in to Agis. After sending for those of the senators who were of the same mind as themselves, as though the king were to have a trial, the ephors ordered Agis to defend his conduct of affairs. 4 The young king laughed at their dissimulation, whereupon Amphares threatened that he would rue the day and be punished for his temerity; but another ephor, as p45 though plainly offering Agis a way of escape from the charges against him, asked him if he had done what he did under compulsion from Lysander and Agesilaüs. 5 And when Agis answered that he had suffered compulsion from no one, but that in admiration and imitation of Lycurgus he had adopted the same public policy as his, the same ephor asked again if he repented of what he had done. But the young king declared that he had no repentance for what he had most excellently planned, and would not have, even if he saw that he was to suffer the extremest penalty. So they condemned him to death, and ordered the officers to lead him into the "Dechas," as it was called. 6 This is a chamber of the prison in which they strangle those who are under sentence of death. But Damochares, when he saw that the officers did not dare to lay hands on Agis, and likewise that even the mercenaries who were there shrank from the deed and were loth to do it, feeling as they did that 804it was contrary to the laws of God and man to lay hands upon the person of a king, heaped threats and abuse upon them and himself dragged Agis into the chamber of death. 7 For already many people were aware of the arrest, and there was a noisy throng at the door and many torches, and the mother and grandmother of Agis were there, with cries and prayers that the king of the Spartans should have a hearing and a trial before the citizens. For this reason especially the ephors hastened on the king's execution, believing that he would be taken out of their hands in the night if the concourse should increase.
20 1 Agis, then, on his way to the halter, saw one of the officers shedding tears of sympathy for him. p47 "My man," said he, "cease weeping; for even though I am put to death in this lawless and unjust manner, I have the better of my murderers." And saying these words, he offered his neck to the noose without hesitation. 2 But Amphares went to the door of the prison, where Agesistrata fell at his feet in an appeal to his friendship and intimacy. Amphares lifted her up and assured her that Agis was not to suffer violence or death; and he bade her, if she wished, go in to her son. And when Agesistrata begged that her mother might go in with her, Amphares said there was nothing to prevent. 3 So he admitted both the women, and after ordered the door of the prison to be locked again, delivered Archidamia first to the executioners. She was now a very aged woman, and had lived all her days in very high repute among her countrywomen. After she had been put to death, Amphares ordered Agesistrata to enter the chamber of execution. 4 So she went in, and when she saw her son lying dead upon the ground, and her mother's dead body still hanging in the noose, with her own hands she helped the officers to take her down, laid her body out by the side of Agis, and composed and covered it. Then, embracing her son and kissing his face, she said: "My son, it was thy too great regard for others, and thy gentleness and humanity, which has brought thee to ruin, us as well." 5 Then Amphares, who stood at the door and saw and heard what she did and said, came in and said angrily to her: "If, then, thou hast been of the same mind as thy son, thou shalt suffer the same fate." And Agesistrata, as she rose to present her neck to the p49 noose, said: "My only prayer is that this may bring good to Sparta."
21 1 When tidings of the sad event had been carried to the city and the three bodies were carried forth for burial, the fear felt by the citizens was not so strong as to prevent them from manifesting sorrow over what had been done, and hatred for Leonidas and Amphares. It was thought that nothing more dreadful or heinous had been done in Sparta since the Dorians had dwelt in Peloponnesus. 2 For against a king of the Lacedaemonians, as it seems, not even their enemies would willingly raise their hands if they met him in battle, but they would spare him, out of fear and reverence for his dignity. And for this reason, although there had been many conflicts between Lacedaemonians and other Greeks, only one Spartan king had been slain up to the time of Philip of Macedon, namely, Cleombrotus, who was smitten by a spear at Leuctra.17 The Messenians, however, say that Theopompus also fell in battle, at the hands of Aristomenes; but the Lacedaemonians deny this, and say that their king was only wounded. 3 This matter may be disputed; but Agis was certainly the first king of Sparta to be put to death by the ephors. And yet he had chosen a line of conduct that was noble and worthy of Sparta, and was of an age in which men are usually pardoned for their errors, and his friends could with more justice blame him than his enemies, because he spared the life of Leonidas, and, most mild and gentle man that he was, put faith in his other foes.
1 Probably in the lost "Poimenes," or Shepherds (Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag.2, p249).
2 In 338 B.C.
5 In 395 B.C. See the Lysander, xxx.1.
6 See the Pyrrhus, xxvi.8 ff.
7 In 265 B.C., in battle with Antigonus Gonatas.
8 About 256 B.C.
9 See the Lycurgus, viii f.
10 About 243 B.C.
11 Plutarch here merges two separate laws. Cf. the Lycurgus, xxvii.3.
13 See chapter vi.3 f.
14 In his "Commentaries." See the Aratus, iii.2.
15 This was regularly done thrice during a period of nine years, but in distinctly specified years. The object was to equalize the lunar and solar years.
16 On the promontory of Taenarum. See the Cleomenes, xxii.5.
17 See the Pelopidas, xxiii.
Thayer's Note:
a Plutarch repeats this story several times; see the editor's footnote to Apophth. Lac., Ecprepes (220C) which collects the citations, and adds one in Boethius; I add one in Cicero.
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\begin{document}

\title{Electronic spin precession and interferometry from spin-orbital entanglement in a double quantum dot}
\author{P. Simon$^{a)}$ and D. Feinberg$^{b)}$}
\affiliation{$^{a)}$ Laboratoire de Physique et Mod\'elisation des  Milieux
    Condens\'es, CNRS and Universit\'e Joseph Fourier, BP 166, 38042
Grenoble, France}
\affiliation{$^{b)}$ Institut N\'eel, CNRS, associated to Universit\'e Joseph Fourier, BP 166,  38042
Grenoble, France}

\date{\today}
\begin{abstract}
A double quantum dot inserted in parallel between two metallic leads can entangle the
electron spin with the orbital (dot index) degree of freedom. An Aharonov-Bohm orbital phase
can be transferred to the spinor wavefunction, providing a geometrical control of the
spin precession around a fixed magnetic field. A fully coherent behavior
occurs in a mixed orbital/spin Kondo regime.
Evidence for the spin precession can be obtained, either using spin-polarized metallic leads
or by placing the double dot in one branch of a metallic loop.
\end{abstract}

\pacs{72.15.Qm, 85.35.Gv, 85.75.-d}

\maketitle

Control of the electron spin is important for the realization of novel
nanoelectronic devices for spintronics or for quantum information processing. In
the latter case, manipulation of individual spins is necessary. The use of time-dependent gates,
put forward some years ago \cite{loss-divincenzo}, has seen considerable progress
\cite{expt-spinqubits}. Yet another possibility is to build
single or two-spin operations (gates) into a given device geometry, with static control parameters only.
This may allow faster processing speed and facilitate integration into more complex devices.
One way of controlling the
spin in quantum dots is through energy filtering by applied gate voltages, as proposed for
spin entanglement \cite{entangler}, teleportation \cite{teleportation}, and
spin filtering \cite{spin-filter}. Spin precession has also been  put forward in metallic rings, due to spin-orbit (Rashba) interaction \cite{precession}.

In the present Letter, we explore means of achieving individual spin precession in quantum dots,
which allows fully transparent operation (unitary transmission). It also paves the way for  fundamental
tests of quantum mechanics which have not yet been realized with single electrons. The basic unit is a
double quantum dot in parallel, coupled to metallic leads.
As previously shown in \cite{apl}, combining a strong magnetic field with well-chosen gate voltages allows
a Zeeman splitting in each dot, such that spins "up" travel through dot $1$ while spins "down"
travel through dot $2$. The splitting of a non-polarized incoming current into two oppositely polarized
currents was proposed by us in a three-terminal geometry as an electronic Stern-Gerlach splitter \cite{apl}.
Here we show that closing the set-up in a loop enclosing an Aharonov-Bohm (AB) flux $\phi$ (
Figure 1) gives rise to new physics.
Indeed, an incoming state $a|\uparrow\rangle + b|\downarrow\rangle$ becomes $a|1\rangle\bigotimes|\uparrow\rangle +
be^{i\varphi}|2\rangle\bigotimes|\downarrow\rangle$, then $a|\uparrow\rangle + be^{i\varphi}|\downarrow\rangle$ at the output
where $\varphi=2\pi\frac{e}{h}\phi$ is
the AB phase between the two branches.
The intermediate state
involves entanglement between spin and orbital degrees of freedom, thus applying an orbital phase
causes a rotation of the spinor around the fixed magnetic field. This permits a purely geometrical control of
the spin precession angle, by static parameters such as the gate voltages and the AB flux. This set-up  indeed belongs to the class of "Stern-Gerlach interferometers", first considered as gedanken experiments \cite{SGI}, then realized with neutron interferometry \cite{SGI-expt}.
The success of spin precession relies on quantum coherence between the two branches, and no "which-path" information being gained. Thus our proposal based on a nanoelectronic device  provides a
very sensitive test of decoherence effects.

\begin{figure}[h]
\label{Fig:interfero}
\epsfig{figure=fig1a.eps,width=5.5cm,height=3.cm,angle=-0}
\epsfig{figure=fig1b.eps,width=2.cm,height=2.cm,angle=-0}
\caption{Left: Schematic representation of the proposed setup:
two small quantum dots coupled by a capacitance $C_0$ and connected to
left and right partially polarized reservoirs. Depending on the choice of
gate voltages,  the upper branch filters spins up and the lower one spins
down, or vice versa. A magnetic flux $\phi$ threads the whole device.
Right: The polarization axis $\vec n_L$ and $\vec n_R$ make an
angle $\theta/2$ with the $\vec e_x$ axis and $\vec B= B \vec e_z$.}
\end{figure}

Let us consider two small quantum dots in parallel, keeping only one orbital level,
with charge number states $0,1,2$  in each of them. Under an applied Zeeman field,
it has been shown \cite{spin-filter} that a single dot may filter
spins "up" or "down", depending on the applied gate voltage $V_{g \nu}$ ($\nu=1,2$) via
the capacitances $C_{g \nu}$. Indeed, in a resonant regime, transitions  between
number states $0,1$ involve spins $\uparrow$ only (states $0,\uparrow$),
while transitions between number states $1,2$ instead involve spins $\downarrow$ only (states $\uparrow,\uparrow\downarrow$). We assume the two dots to be coupled by a large capacitance $C_0$, and label the double-dot
(DD) states as ($\Psi_1,\Psi_2$).
The gate voltages are chosen such that the lowest-lying states be $(\uparrow,\uparrow)$ and $(0,\uparrow\downarrow)$ and be
degenerate. Single-electron transitions from (to) the leads involve higher-energy states such as
$(0,\uparrow)$, $(\uparrow,\uparrow\downarrow)$. One can achieve a Kondo regime where the resonance between states
$(\uparrow,\uparrow)$ and $(0,\uparrow\downarrow)$ involves spin-up transitions in dot $1$ and spin-down transitions
in dot $2$. This is an orbital/spin Kondo effect entangling spin and orbital degrees of freedom.
It achieves a novel sector of the Kondo physics, completing
the already existing pure spin Kondo \cite{spin-Kondo} and pure orbital Kondo \cite{orbital-Kondo,expt} ones.
Here, both dots are connected to the same left and right lead with tunneling  hopping
parameters $t_{L \nu}$ and $t_{R \nu}$. In view of a direct detection
of the spin precession, we allow for spin-polarization in the leads.
The corresponding tunnel junctions capacitances are  $C_{L}$
(left), $C_{R}$ (right). A magnetic field $B$, oriented in the plane of the setup,
is applied to each dot. The optimum Kondo regime
is reached at the symmetric point where the lowest-lying excited states
$(0,\uparrow)$, $(\uparrow,\uparrow\downarrow)$ involve the same charge excitation energy
$E_c=\frac{e^2 C_0}{2C(C+2C_0)}$ where $C=C_L + C_R + C_g$ (we assume
$C_g=C_{g1}\approx C_{g2}$). The isolated DD system may be
described \cite{borda} at low energy by
\begin{equation}
H_{dot}=-\delta E T^z-t T^x-g\mu_B (B_1 S^z_1+ B_2 S^z_2),
\end{equation}
where we have defined the orbital pseudospin  $T^z=(n_1-n_2+1)/2=\pm
1/2$ from the charge occupations $n_{\nu}$.
Here $\delta E=\frac{e}{C+2C_0}[C_g(V_{g2}-V_{g1})-e]$. The second term in $H_{dot}$ represents a
small parasitic tunneling amplitude between the dots \cite{apl}. The last term
expresses the effective Zeeman splitting. Due to exchange contributions with the leads \cite{konig}, the
local fields $B_{\nu}$ in the dots may be different. Notice that a large level spacing
$\delta\epsilon$ (or equivalently
small quantum dots) is  necessary
 to eliminate the triplet states  $(0,t)$ \cite{spin-filter}. Under the condition $\delta E=\frac{1}{2}g\mu_B
(B_{1}+B_{2})$, the states $(\uparrow,\uparrow)$
and $(0,\uparrow\downarrow)$ are degenerate. The total spin
$S^z=S^z_1+S^z_2-\frac{1}{2}$ is entangled with the orbital pseudospin $T^z$,
e.g. a  spin flip is locked to an orbital pseudo-spin flip.
Therefore the Kondo screening of the spin involves spin-up electrons in
branch $1$ and spin-down electrons in  branch $2$. Notice that  the gate voltage difference
compensates for the Zeeman splitting between spins up in dot $1$ and down in dot $2$,
and no splitting of the Kondo zero-bias conductance peak occurs.

The system Hamiltonian is $H=H_{leads}+H_{tun}+H_{dot}$.
The leads are described by
$H_{\rm leads}=\sum\limits_{k,\gamma,\pm}\varepsilon_{k\pm} c^\dag_{k,\gamma,\pm}
c_{k,\gamma,\pm}$,
where $ c^\dag_{k,\gamma,\pm}$ creates an electron with energy
$\varepsilon_{k\pm}$ in lead
$\gamma=L,R$ with  spin along $\pm \vec n_\gamma$. Spin polarization in the leads would result in
 a spin asymmetry
in the density of states $\rho_{\gamma\pm}(\omega)$. We further neglect the
energy dependence
in the density of states and also suppose $\rho_{\gamma\pm}\approx \rho_{\pm}$.
The ratio $p=(\rho_{+}-\rho_{-})/(\rho_{+}+\rho_{-})$ denotes the degree of
spin polarization in the leads, which may have a noncollinear
polarization.
The tunneling junctions between the leads and the dots are described  by
$H_{tun}=\sum\limits_{k,\gamma,s=\pm,\nu} (t_{\gamma \nu}  c^\dag_{k,\gamma,s}
d_{\nu,s}+H.c.)$ where $d_{\nu,s}$
destroys an electron in dot $\nu=1,2$ with spin $s=\pm$.

In addition to the applied field, the polarized electrodes may also generate effective magnetic
fields $B_{eff,\nu}$. They depend on $p$, on the dot internal parameters and gate
voltages, and on the tunnel-coupling strength
$\Gamma_{\nu}=\Gamma_{L\nu}+\Gamma_{R\nu}$ where
$\Gamma_{\gamma \nu}=\pi \sum_{k s=\pm} |t_{k\gamma \nu}|^2 \rho_{s}$.
An explicit mean-field calculation of $B_{eff,\nu}$ is derived in
\cite{konig} where it was shown that $B_{eff,\nu}$ is zero
for a particle-hole symmetric situation. In what follows, we assume that the fields $B_{eff,\nu}$ can be neglected.
We suppose that the lead
magnetization axis lies in the dot plane $(\vec e_x,\vec e_y)$, with a relative angle $\theta$ (see Fig. 1).
Following \cite{konig}, it is convenient to quantize the dot spin
along the B axis corresponding to $\vec e_z=(\vec n_L\times \vec n_R)$, the
other vector coordinates being $e_x=(\vec n_L+\vec n_R)/|\vec n_L+\vec n_R|$,
$e_y=(\vec n_L-\vec n_R)/|\vec n_L-\vec n_R|$.
In this rotated basis, the tunneling Hamiltonian then reads\cite{konig}
\begin{eqnarray}
H_{tun}&=&\sum\limits_{k,\nu} \left(t_{L \nu}\;e^{i(-1)^{\nu} \varphi/4}
c^\dag_{k,L,\sigma}d_{\nu,\sigma}+H.c.  \right)\\
&+&\left(L\to R,\varphi\to -\varphi\right).\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
The $c^\dag_{k,L,\pm}$ are linear combinations of the $c^\dag_{k,L,\uparrow/\downarrow}$ and are related by
$(c^\dag_{k,L/R,+},c^\dag_{k,L/R,-})=(c^\dag_{k,L/R,\uparrow},c^\dag_{k,L/R,\downarrow})\,e^{\pm i\theta\sigma^z/4}\,\frac{(\sigma^x+\sigma^z)}{\sqrt{2}}$.
In order to determine the effective coupling between the double dot and  the
leads,
we consider virtual excitation to both excited states $(0,\uparrow)$ and  $(\uparrow,\uparrow\downarrow)$
generated by $H_{tun}$. Using a Schrieffer-Wolf (SW)
transformation, the Kondo Hamiltonian $H_K$ is obtained:
\begin{eqnarray}\label{hk1}
H_{K}&=&\frac{1}{2}T^{-}(J_{LL}^\perp  e^{-i\varphi/2}\psi^\dag_{L\uparrow}\psi_{L\downarrow}
+J_{RR}^\perp e^{i\varphi/2}\psi^\dag_{R\uparrow}\psi_{R\downarrow})\nonumber\\
&+&\frac{1}{2} T^{-}(J_{LR}^\perp\psi^\dag_{L\uparrow}\psi_{R\downarrow}+
J_{RL}^\perp\psi^\dag_{R\uparrow}\psi_{L\downarrow})+H.c.\nonumber\\
&+&\frac{1}{2}T^z(J_{LL}^{z\uparrow}\psi^\dag_{L\uparrow}\psi_{L\uparrow}-
J_{LL}^{z\downarrow}\psi^\dag_{L\downarrow}\psi_{L\downarrow})\\
&+&
\frac{1}{2}T^z(J_{RR}^{z\uparrow}\psi^\dag_{R\uparrow}\psi_{R\uparrow}-
J_{RR}^{z\downarrow}\psi^\dag_{R\downarrow}\psi_{R\downarrow}) \nonumber \\
&+&  \frac{1}{2}T^z\left(e^{-i\varphi/2}
J_{LR}^{z\uparrow}\psi^\dag_{L\uparrow}\psi_{R\uparrow}-e^{i\varphi/2}J_{LR}^{z\downarrow}\psi^\dag_{L\downarrow}\psi_{R\downarrow}
+H.c.\right),\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $\psi_{L/R,\sigma}=\sum_k c_{k,L/R,\sigma}$ and
$T^-=d^{\dag}_{2\downarrow}d_{1\uparrow}$ flips both
the spin and the orbital pseudo-spin.
We have introduced several Kondo  couplings
$J_{\beta,\gamma}^\perp\approx \frac{t_{\beta,1}t_{\gamma,2}}{E_C}$ and
$ J_{\beta,\gamma}^{z,\uparrow/\downarrow}\approx
\frac{t_{\beta,1/2}t_{\gamma,1/2}}{E_C}$ with $\beta,\gamma=L,R$.
As usual the $k$-dependence of
the Kondo couplings is neglected.
The $J_{\beta\gamma}^z$ Kondo couplings are in general spin-dependent, due to intrinsic asymmetries in the
two branches, except when
$t_{\gamma 1}\sim t_{\gamma 2}\sim t_\gamma$.
However, due to the entanglement
of orbital and spin degrees of freedom, a geometrical asymmetry is easily compensated
 with an  orbital
field, {\it i.e.} with a fine-tuning of the dot gate voltages  $V_{g1}$ and
$V_{g2}$. If not stated, $t_{\gamma 1}\sim t_{\gamma 2}\sim  t_\gamma$ is therefore
assumed in the following. Other cotunneling terms  involving
higher energy states like $(\uparrow\downarrow,\uparrow)$,
turn out to be irrelevant under renormalization group (RG) in the low-energy limit
and thus do not spoil the spin filtering.
In the unitary limit, the spin $\vec S$ or equivalently the pseudo-spin  $\vec T$ is completely screened and an entangled spin/orbital singlet  is formed
with the left and right electrodes. We can get rid of the  phase in the
Hamiltonian in eq. (\ref{hk1}) by defining the new rotated basis
$(\tilde \psi^\dag_{L/R\uparrow}\tilde\psi^\dag_{L/R\downarrow})=(\psi_{L/R\uparrow}^\dag\psi^\dag_{L/R\downarrow}){\cal R}^z(\pm\varphi/2)$.
In this spin-rotated  basis, the Kondo Hamiltonian takes the
simpler form:
$
H_K=\sum\limits_{\beta,\gamma}\sum\limits_{s,s'=\pm} J_{\beta\gamma}\tilde  \psi_{\beta
s}^\dag\vec T\cdot {\vec \tau}_{s s'}\tilde \psi_{\gamma s'}.
$
The AB phase $\varphi$ has disappeared from the the Kondo Hamiltonian and  has been
swapped onto the spin direction in the source and lead. In this basis the angles
$\theta$ and $\varphi$ therefore play a similar role \cite{equiv}.

For weak polarization, the Kondo temperature is well approximated by
$T_K\approx\Delta\exp(-\frac{1}{\rho(J_{LL}+J_{RR})})$ with $\Delta\approx
\delta\epsilon$ the  dot level spacing \cite{cornaglia}.
At $T\ll T_K$, the system reaches the unitary limit \cite{spin-Kondo} and  the
$T=0$ transmission amplitude ${\cal T}_\sigma$
reads:
\begin{equation}
{\cal
T}_\sigma(\epsilon_F)=2i\frac{t_Lt_R}{t_L^2+t_R^2}e^{i\delta_\sigma(\epsilon_F)}\sin(\delta_\sigma(\epsilon_F)),
\end{equation}
where $\delta_\uparrow(\epsilon_F)= \delta_\downarrow(\epsilon_F)=\delta\sim\pi/2$ is the  Kondo
phase shift and $\epsilon_F$ the Fermi energy.
Assume one prepares an incoming state $|\eta\rangle_{in}$ in a  superposition
of $\uparrow$ and $\downarrow$ states,
$|\eta\rangle_{in}=a |\uparrow\rangle_{L}+b|\downarrow\rangle_{L})$,
the outgoing state reads
\begin{equation}
|\eta\rangle_{out}  =2i\frac{t_Lt_R}{t_L^2+t_R^2}e^{i(\delta-\varphi/2)}
\left( a|\uparrow\rangle_{R}+e^{i\varphi}b |\downarrow\rangle_{R}\right).
\end{equation}
One sees that by manipulating the AB flux, one can perform a coherent
precession of the spin of the
incoming wave function around the magnetic field axis.
This effect has a signature in the low-temperature conductance
through the DD:
\begin{equation}\label{conduc1}
G_1=G_0\left(1-\frac{2p^2}{1+p^2}\sin^2\frac{(\theta-\varphi)}{2}\right),
\end{equation}
where
$G_0=\frac{e^2}{2h}\frac{4\Gamma_L\Gamma_R}{(\Gamma_L+\Gamma_R)^2}(1+p^2)$ is
the maximum conductance obtained
for parallel lead polarization.
In Eq. (\ref{conduc1}), the conductance reaches its maximum value
for $\varphi=\theta$, showing that a small
AB flux compensates the mismatch of non-collinear polarizations.

The above results were derived assuming $T=0$ and
neglecting environmental fluctuations inherent to any mesoscopic setup.
While the DD operates close to the unitary regime $T\ll  T_K$,
inelastic processes induced by a finite $T$
are rather small and their main effects are to reduce the amplitude of  the
outgoing wave vector
and give a dephasing time $\tau_\phi^{-1}\sim T^2$ \cite{nozieres}.
Another source of decoherence is brought by the circuit  electromagnetic
fluctuations, that couple to tunneling events to and from  each of the dots.
We have used an equivalent circuit  representation of our Stern-Gerlach interferometer (SGI) following Ref.
\cite{IN}. By modeling the environment by an external impedance $Z$, we have shown
using a RG analysis that only a large impedance
of order $R_K$ is able to destroy the global coherence of the electronic SGI.
This will be detailed elsewhere \cite{simon06}.

The above proposal of detecting the precession directly by spin filtering the source
and drain electrodes
is similar to polarized neutron interferometry experiments \cite{SGI-expt}.
Still, it might be difficult to control the spin filtering in the leads, as high Zeeman fields are necessary for the orbital/spin Kondo effect. These fields can be estimated as
$B \sim $ few $T$ for GaAs-based dots, and one order of magnitude less for InAs dots owing to the much larger g-factors.

\begin{figure}[h]
\label{Fig:doubleinterfero}
\epsfig{figure=fig2.eps,width=5.5cm,height=3.cm,angle=-0}
\caption{
The double dot is embedded into a larger AB interferometer.
Two AB flux $\Phi$ and $\phi$, corresponding to the large and small loops, have been introduced.}
\end{figure}

Alternatively,
there exists another way of detecting the precession.
Suppose one inserts the DD in the branch (II) of a larger loop including a flux $\Phi$ \cite{choi00}(Figure 2).
The whole loop is supposed to be phase-coherent. The transmission through the upper branch (I), as well as the
scattering matrices at the loop extremities do not involve any spin dependence.
AB interference in the large loop
amounts to adding a spin-conserving amplitude in branch (I) and a spin-precessing amplitude in branch (II).

Consider first for simplicity an open AB interferometer (ABI) realizing the equivalent of
Young's double-slit
experiments (see Ref. \cite{heiblum} for an experimental realization) and assume perfect transmission probability in both branches (this implies $t_L=t_R$ and
$\delta_\sigma=\pi/2$).
The conductance then reads
\begin{equation}\label{gphi}
G=\frac{e^2}{h}(1+\cos(\varphi/2)\sin(2 \pi e\Phi/h)).
\end{equation}
Two different periodicities appear with the orbital field $B_o$ responsible for the fluxes.
First, a fast oscillation, of period $\frac{h}{eS}$, is mainly due to the flux in the section
$S$ of the large loop.
Second, a slow one comes from the flux in the small DD loop of area $s$.
Its period is $\varphi=4\pi$ instead of $2\pi$, owing to the
spinor nature of the wavefunction. This results in slower (beating) oscillations,
with period $\frac{2h}{es}$.
Notice that the visibility of the fast AB oscillations is minima for
a rotation of $\varphi=2\pi$, for which the spinor changes its sign.
This very striking consequence
of quantum mechanics was proposed \cite{change-sign-theo} and verified \cite{change-sign-exp} with neutron interferometry.
Let us for example compare this result to the situation in which the dots are
not capacitively coupled and are tuned independently in  the Kondo regime.
The conductance then reads $G=e^2/2h(1+\cos^2(\varphi/2)+2\sin(2\pi e\Phi/h)\cos(\varphi/2))$.
The conductance is also $4\pi$-periodic in $\varphi$
but here the $4\pi$ period can be traced back to the spin-independent
interference between the upper arm of the large ABI and both branches in
the lower arm. Nevertheless, this expression of the conductance is clearly different from the one in Eq. (\ref{gphi}) and precession can in principle be detected.
Another striking consequence of precession in branch II is
the spin polarization in the output, even when the incoming electrons are not polarized. Indeed
one finds that $\langle 2S_z \rangle=-\cos(\pi e(2\Phi)/h)\sin(\varphi/2)$ while $\langle S^z\rangle=0$
without spin precession.
Maximum polarization comes from a destructive interference
occurring for one spin direction only. Testing the latter prediction requires spin filtering
only in the output and should be easier than the previous test based on Fig. 1.

For a closed interferometer, one may also try to compare the conductance in the large ABI obtained
when the spin is precessing (with a SGI in the lower arm) to a reference case where no such precession is present (like for
two independent quantum dots in the Kondo regime). We have described both forks of the large ABI by $3\times3$ S-matrices as in Ref. \cite{gefen}.
Nevertheless, one does not observe clear signatures through the conductance. Furthermore, the latter strongly depends on our choice of parameters entering  the S-matrices and we did not find any universal feature able to unambiguously distinguish between the two situations. It is therefore preferable to use an open large ABI.

Let us briefly discuss the feasibility of this proposal.
Concerning the first experiment, one possibility is to use ferromagnetic semiconductors (Ga,Mn)As as lead
electrodes coupled to InAs quantum dots \cite{awschalom}.
Another promising route is to use carbon nanotube (CN)
quantum dots where Kondo effects have been shown \cite{kondocn}. They can be coupled to ferromagnetic electrodes and large magnetoresistance
effects have been observed recently \cite{takis}.
Concerning the second experiment, two dots in  parallel
can be fabricated and inserted in an AB-loop
\cite{exptAB}, and a strong mutual capacitive coupling could be  achieved (the
residual tunneling amplitude  only needs to be smaller  than the Zeeman
energy\cite{apl}). This does not
require any lead polarization if one searches for beating effects in the AB interferences.
This latter experimental proposal is achievable and may be easier than the first one.

In summary, we have shown how spin interferometry can be performed using orbital/spin entanglement in a
double dot. The unitary transmission obtained in the Kondo regime is accompanied by spin
precession, leading to a novel periodicity in an AB experiment.
The authors acknowledge useful discussions with G. Zar\'and, P. Nozi\`eres, C.
Balseiro and T. Kontos.
This work was partially supported by  the contract PNano ``QuSpins'' of Agence Nationale de la Recherche.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


*start with 3 groups of 8, two groups spread out evenly spaced along on end of the field, the other group of 8 at the other end.
*the ball will start with the person at the corner flag, one group of 8 will go at a time.
*his 4th touch will be a pass to the person next to him, and so on, and so on.
*the last person should be taking his 4th touch as they reach the other side of the field.
*once all 3 groups have been up and down a few times and have the hang of it, you reduce the touches to 3 touches each, then 2 touches each then finally 1 touch each.
*Obviously, the less touches each person has the faster they are forced to run the length of the field and the accuracy of the pass has to be better.
*number of people per group.
It's a good drill to use that will have guys blowing good at the end of it, but still using the ball, which I always found was better than just running, which I really hated¦ hahaha.


Thanks for reaching out! After you complete the form we will process your request and reply with a schedule confirmation, a quote (in the form of an invoice) and an inspection aggreement. Please note: Due to size of home and distance we may make slight adjustments in the start time of the inspection. Thanks for your understanding.


text:
POPULATION (2020 estimate): 31,155,262
AREA (UN 2006): 238,533 sq km
CAPITAL: Accra
CURRENCY: Ghana cedi (GHS)
HEAD OF STATE AND GOVERNMENT: President Nana Akufo-Addo
FORM OF GOVERNMENT: constitutional republic
PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM: unicameral
STATE STRUCTURE: unitary
LANGUAGES: English (official); Akan, Dagaare, Dagbani, Dangme, Ewe, Ga, Gonja, Kasem, Nzema (government-sponsored)
NATIONAL ELECTIONS:
last: 2016; turnout: 69.3%; next: 2020
WOMEN IN PARLIAMENT (2016): 12.7%
LOCAL ELECTIONS: last: 2019; turnout: data unavailable at the time of publication; next: 2023
WOMEN COUNCILLORS: 4.7% (2015)
LOCAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE as a percentage of total government expenditure 2020: 1.8%
Ghana is a constitutional republic with two spheres of government: national and local. Local government is enshrined in the constitution, as is decentralisation, and the main relevant legislation is the Local Government Act 2016 (Act 936). The country is divided into ten administrative units or regions, each headed by a regional minister appointed by the president. There are three types of assemblies at the higher levels of local government: metropolitan, municipal and district. There are also sub-structures that do not hold any legislative or rating powers and undertake activities delegated to them by the assemblies: sub-metropolitan, district, urban, town, zonal and area councils and unit committees. Following the 2015 local elections 4.7% (276/5,930) of councillors in Ghana were women, down from 6.7% in 2010. The district assemblies are responsible for the setting and collecting of local revenue. There are also numerous grants transferred from national to local government, the most important of which is the District Assemblies Common Fund which provides for an allocation of no less than 5% of total government revenue to district assemblies annually. The assemblies are responsible for the overall development of the district, including the promotion of local economic development, basic education and public health, environmental protection and sanitation, and the improvement and management of human settlements.
The local government association is the National Association of Local Authorities of Ghana (NALAG).
The government is currently consolidating all local government legislation into one major law to be called the Consolidated Local Government Act.
Local government elections took place in 2015 and national elections are expected to take place at the end of 2016 and campaign focus on the need to have locally elected municipal and district chief executives has been strong. This could have significant on the system of local government if followed through post election.
CLGF activities in Ghana
CLGF is working with the National Association of Local Authorities of Ghana (NALAG), the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development and three local governments (two district assemblies and one municipality) on an LED pilot project focused on practical implementation of the National LED policy as part of the wider DFID funded programme supporting local governance and local economic development.
At the local level CLGF is working in Asunafo North Municipality in the Brong Ahafo region, Nadowli-Kaleo District Assembly in Upper West region and Ayensuano District Assembly in the Eastern Region. To date, at the local level the projects have focused on building the capacity to municipal staff to undertake local economic assessments, establish local business forums with the private sector, community trainings on business and entrepreneurship skills. In addition the each pilot is taking forward a catalytic project supporting existing local sectors, ranging from community coordinated vegetable gardens, palm oil production, soap making, to a small and medium enterprises trade fair.
CLGF is working with the National Association of Local Authorities of Ghana (NALAG) to support the re-development and implementation of their strategic plan. CLGF will continue to work with NALAG as it takes forward the EC funded project "Strengthening local government's role as a partner in development" focused on the role for local government and other local and national actors in localising and implementing the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Case study report on Achieving the SDGs through LED in Ghana
CLGF members in Ghana
Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development
National Association of Local Authorities of Ghana (NALAG)
Search the West Africa section of the knowledge hub
West Africa regional office
Contact CLGF's office in West Africa
Board members in West Africa
Hon Isaac A Odamtten
Hon Jules D Ndongo
News from CLGF West Africa
Latest CLGF local government news and information from West Africa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Help from an experienced drug possession attorney in Fullerton CA is just a phone call away.
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This course is a study of a body of film chosen to represent the range and variety of work in major film-producing countries (other than the United States). Emphasis is placed on developments since 1945. (sem 4) cr 6. Crosslisted with FILM 2815. Students may not retain credit for both ENGL/FILM 2815 and FILM 2105.


text:
America's Coming Manufacturing Revolution – Atlantic Mobile
April 21, 2014 sean Uncategorized
http://m.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/04/americas-coming-manufacturing-revolution/360931/
America's Coming Manufacturing Revolution
Robots weld Ford Mustangs in Michigan. (Reuters/Rebecca Cook RC)
Hardly a day goes by without an article predicting, lamenting, or celebrating America's decline. The turmoil in Crimea and Syria, the polarized and frequently gridlocked U.S. political system, the deepening income and wealth inequalities in the United States, and the growing clout of rivals like China and Russia are all offered as proof of waning American power.
These weaknesses surely exist, and some—like mounting economic inequality—are truly alarming. But the doomsayers often fail to see the ways in which America is gaining rather than losing global influence. And nowhere is this truer than the manufacturing sector. The combination of lower energy prices, innovative information technologies, and advances in robotics and materials science are powering a manufacturing revolution that will reinvigorate the U.S. economy and make many of its industrial sectors the most competitive in the world.
According to Martin Baily and Barry Bosworth of the Brookings Institution, for the past 50 years industrial production in the U.S. has grown at the same rate or even faster than the economy as a whole. This means that contrary to conventional wisdom, manufacturing has not lost ground in terms of its importance in the U.S. economy. Until 2011, when China inched slightly ahead, the United States boasted the world's largest manufacturing sector, and it continues to be an industrial powerhouse. The general impression that factories in America are disappearing may be true for some sectors and in some regions and cities, but it is inaccurate in the aggregate. We perceive an industry in decline because the great strides that have been made in efficiency and productivity have not generated a proportional increase in jobs. More is being produced, and fewer workers are needed. Between 2000 and 2010, the United States lost 5.7 million manufacturing jobs.
One reason for these job losses is the economic crisis that began in 2008. But another, more fundamental explanation is the manufacturing industry's uneven growth. Most of the expansion of U.S. manufacturing has taken place in one specific sector: computers and electronics, while the 90 percent of manufacturing outside this branch—automobiles, aviation, appliances or chemicals, for example—is showing slower growth.
Another issue is the trade deficit. Since the early 1980s, the United States has been importing more manufactured goods than it exports. And in the past decade, most of these imports have come from Asia, and mainly from China. The numbers are striking. In 2000, more than 75 percent of the total U.S. trade deficit in manufactured goods was comprised of the gap between what it imported and exported to Asia. By 2012, this difference represented roughly 100 percent of the deficit—meaning that Asia is the only region in the world from which the U.S. imports more manufactured goods than it exports. Furthermore, while in 2000 trade with China accounted for one-third of America's manufacturing trade deficit with Asia, by 2012 that share had ballooned to an enormous 72 percent.
The good news is that American manufacturing is on the verge of dramatic change. According to Baily and Bosworth, major revolutions are underway in energy, robotics, materials, and applied information technology.
The changes taking place in the energy sector are huge. The United States has the second-largest shale-gas reserves in the world and has pioneered the development of new technologies to exploit it. Fracking, in which gas and oil is extracted from shale rocks by fracturing them, is driving an energy boom in the U.S. that will soon lower natural-gas prices to well below the world average, thus giving American manufacturers a unique competitive advantage.
The automation and robotization of manufacturing plants will further increase efficiency and precision. As robotic capabilities continue to expand, the cost to produce them is shrinking. The downside, of course, is that this will have serious repercussions for job creation, as these machines are likely to displace many workers. America's dominance in computing and electronics gives it a unique edge in the automation of manufacturing processes.
The emergence of new materials that combine nanotechnology and biotechnology offer the promise of products and production processes that other countries cannot easily replicate. As Baily and Bosworth write: "Applying the technology to carbon nanotubes and graphene has allowed the creation of high-performance transistors and ultra-strong and light composite materials. Fluorescent nano-particles are used in biological labeling and solar cells. In biotechnology, nanoenabled technologies allow more rapid diagnosis of illnesses, detect contaminants, and provide glucose monitoring and many other applications."
And finally, innovative uses of the Internet and other information technologies (Big Data, 3-D printing, and growing communication between devices, also known as the "Internet of things") are poised to transform the manufacturing industry. Companies like General Electric are already relocating operations from Asia to Silicon Valley to take advantage of the proximity to information-technologies clusters. And they'll reap great savings in transport costs from Asia in addition to benefiting from lowered energy costs at home.
Not everything is on the right track in the United States. But in some areas, it's a mistake to describe America as a power in decline.
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Can you use a 128GB MicroSD card on go pro?
Discussion in 'Digital Video' started by richwoodrocket, Mar 18, 2015.
Can you use a 128GB MicroSD card on go pro? I have a Hero 3 white. Ive seen online on some websites that you can, even though the maximum supported size by the go pro is 64GB. I currently have a 64GB MicroSD card, but am finding its not big enough for my needs. I would like to get a 128GB one for convenience of not having to swap between two 64GB cards, as most of my go pro use is when skiing, and fumbling around with MicroSD cards outside in the cold and trying not to lose one is not my cup of tea.
Has anybody tried using a 128GB MicroSD card on the go pro? Did it work? Thanks.
From what Ive seen the Lexar 633x 128GB works fine.
I have one and it works great. I have a class 10 U3 type. Not U1.


Moot Moot by Rosana Cade and Ivor MacAskill is to be included in the British Council's 2019 Edinburgh Showcase. Moot Moot is one of 30 productions included.
Moot Moot by Cade & MacAskill will be presented in association with Take Me Somewhere as part of Edinburgh Festival Fringe 2019 and produced by Independent Arts Projects.
We are thrilled to be working with Rosana, Ivor and the team behind Moot Moot at the Fringe.
Details and production information to be announced this May.


text:
Tag archive for 'Batman v Superman'
By Red Diogenes On Sunday, March 17th, 2019
'The Flash' Movie will film in the fall, star Ezra Miller
Ezra Miller's The Flash standalone film might begin production this November as news dropped the Miller is writing a script for the Warner Bros. project with Grant Morrison, the acclaimed comics author. The More...
By Red Diogenes On Thursday, January 17th, 2019
Leah Butler details Zachary Levi's costume in 'Shazam' which cost $1 million, inspired by New 52
The DCCU gets a bit bigger with the upcoming Shazam! film, starring Zachary Levi and costume designer Leah Butler spoke with Total Film about the design elements and the hefty price tag of $1 million each….there More...
By The Dispatch On Friday, October 19th, 2018
Ezra Miller's 'Flash' film delayed until 2021 as the 'Fantastic Beasts 3' sets to film next year
The Flash may be the fastest man alive in the comic books and on the CW Network, but a big screen adaptation is taking longer and longer to get moving. Variety reports that The Flash solo movie has been delayed More...
By Red Diogenes On Saturday, September 15th, 2018
Henry Cavill exits Superman role in DCCU, may get woke and focus on Supergirl
Warner Bros and their DC Comics Cinematic Universe continues to spiral into chaos, with Ben Affleck in rehab and now news that Henry Cavill will no longer play Superman. According to The Hollywood Reporter, no More...
By The Dispatch On Tuesday, September 11th, 2018
Casey Affleck says Ben Affleck will 'get things back on track'
"Extra" caught up with Casey Affleck at the Toronto Film Festival, where the actor debuted his film "The Old Man and the Gun." Casey shared an update on how his brother Ben is doing after checking into rehab More...
By Brandon Jones On Thursday, August 9th, 2018
'Justice League' concept art reveals Batplane details, carries three Batmobiles
When Justice League rolls around this November, Ben Affleck's Batman won't just be driving around in his same-old Batmobile we saw in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. This time Batman's got wings. A More...
By Red Diogenes On Sunday, August 5th, 2018
'The Batman' script nears completion, Matt Reeves quiet on cast, Ben Affleck and filming in 2019
The news surrounding The Batman, a solo film within the DCCU, has been muddled at best and negative most of the time. Now Slash Film reports an update from director Matt Reeves. "We are working on getting our More...
By Brandon Jones On Tuesday, July 31st, 2018
'Wonder Woman 1984': First look at Pedro Pascal sparks Max Lord rumors
After a tease at SDCC, fans get their first look at Pedro Pascal in Warner Bros.' Wonder Woman 1984, courtesy of writer-director Patty Jenkins. The 1980s look reminds some fans of a Donald Trump, but sparked More...
By Brandon Jones On Sunday, July 22nd, 2018
'Shazam' trailer confirms the 'Big' meets Superman plot
It has been teased Big and Superman and the first Shazam! trailer certainly lived up to the billing. The first tease, debuting at SDCC, is for the DC adaptation of a 14-year-old boy named Billy who, when he shouts More...
First look at 'Aquaman,' praised by WB, 'Wonder Woman 1984, Geoff Johns to write 'Green Lantern Corps,' Affleck rumored out as Batman
The shakeup at Warner Bros/DC Comics continues as they attempt to deliver commercial and critically successful adaptations of the legendary DC characters. President and Chief Creative Officer of DC Entertainment, More...
By Red Diogenes On Tuesday, March 6th, 2018
Joss Whedon exits 'Batgirl' and now it moves to Warner Bros' backburner
Director Joss Whedon is making a sudden exit from Batgirl, a shift which directly impacts the movie's priority to Warner Bros. "Batgirl is such an exciting project, and Warners/DC such collaborative More...
By Taylor Reed On Saturday, February 3rd, 2018
MegaCon 2018: Justice Leagues's AQUAMAN comes to Orlando!
As fans prepare for the return of one of Southeast's largest fan conventions, the first announcement of this years Orlando con, Jason Momoa, has excited many! The American actor, is best known for his television More...
By Brandon Jones On Tuesday, November 21st, 2017
Joss Whedon can't rescue 'Justice League' as DC Comics' heroes don't mesh yet
With the exit of director Zack Snyder, fans were curious if the 15-20% of Joss Whedon (Firefly, Avengers) could rescue a film and franchise delivering big screen versions of the DC Comics icons. Justice League, More...
By Butter Bracco On Wednesday, November 1st, 2017
Danny Elfman confirms 'Justice League' will have iconic Batman music
Fans learned that Joss Whedon had enlisted the Danny Elfman to score Justice League, and fans of the composer's iconic theme for Tim Burton's Batman will be pleased to hear that's also making More...
By Brandon Jones On Saturday, October 14th, 2017
'Wonder Woman 2' moves ahead, filming in 2018, will be set in 1980s
Warner Bros. will reportedly begin production on Patty Jenkins' Wonder Woman 2 in June 2018, with the new synopsis confirming the film's 1980s setting. The studio officially launched their DC cinematic universe More...
By Stephen Nevets On Monday, July 3rd, 2017
'The Batman': Director Matt Reeves discusses Alfred Hitchcock influences, Bruce Wayne as a 'tortured soul'
Matt Reeves' work on War for the Planet of the Apes is complete and the promotion will surely reveal more on his vision for the first standalone Batman film starring Ben Affleck: The Batman. Reeves has been More...
By Stephen Nevets On Thursday, June 29th, 2017
'Wonder Woman 2': Geoff Johns says he's writing the treatment with director Patty Jenkins
Warner Bros hasn't made it official, but it does appear Patty Jenkins will be back to direct Wonder Woman 2 and Geoff Johns talked about working with Jenkins on the new script. Variety reports that Warner More...
Geoff Johns: 'Wonder Woman' has caused Warner Bros to makes 'movies fun' with 'optimism at the base'
Warner Bros hasn't really struck acclaim with their first few DC Comics adaptations until Wonder Woman. Now creator, DC head Geoff Johns confessed that this has led to a change in "philosophy" for the More...
By Zach Jones On Tuesday, June 6th, 2017
'Wonder Woman' breaks box office records with $100.5 million opening
It is now official: Patty Jenkins' Wonder Woman has scored the top domestic opening of all time for a female director. Warner Bros reported that the DC Comics heroine's first solo adventure has taken More...
By Zach Jones On Monday, June 5th, 2017
'Aquaman' will be set after the events in 'Justice League'
In the DCEU continuity, there has been a clear progression so far in its contemporary setting. While Wonder Woman centered on World War I through a flashback, it is clearly after the events of Batman v Superman: More...


Genesis 9:9-17: A Covenant with Man and Animals from Randy Alcorn - EPM on Vimeo.
The command to observe the Sabbath in Exodus 20:9-10 includes animals. Even they are to rest, demonstrating God's care for all living creatures. In fact, historically, Christianity has held the view that animals have souls though Randy Alcorn explains their souls are very different from human souls. Only man is made in the image of God. This video clip was excerpted from Randy's Eternity 101 DVD class.
From the book of Jonah, Randy Alcorn shows that God delights in all living creatures including animals. In fact, the Bible talks about animals praising God simply by the fact that they bring pleasure to Him as living creatures. This video clip was excerpted from Randy's Eternity 101 DVD class.


I live in UAE, many of you know how is summer here. There is a change in the season now. Its getting better. As the season changes, comes the Seasonal Flu. My Son is due for his Flu shot next week.
At home i have started with what we call the Paati Vaithiyam (Grandma's Medicine).
This Tomato-Garlic Rasam is excellent to have when u have those cold symptoms. It brings great relief.
I dont say it substitutes your regular medicines, but definitely brings a great relief in those cranky/nagging/achy whatever!!!! time.
Works well with the kids tooo. Kids now-a-days are genereally picky eaters, and with those cold symptoms , no need to say at all!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Grind them all together to a fine powder. No need to dry roast them.
Cube the tomatoes and Grind it to a fine paste withe other given ingredients. no need to add water while grinding. the tomatoes will take care of it.
Transfer the contents to another vessel and wash the mixie jar with a cup of water and take that too.
In a kadai, heat oil/ghee, splutter mustard seeds, add hing and add the tomato -garlic paste. Add rasam powder and salt.
Let it boil, Keep the flame low, If the rasam is very thick add another 1/2 cup of water.Let it boil for 10 minutes in low flame. Take it off the flame. Garnish with a dash of pepper powder and serve.
You can have it with Rice or just a soup.
Hot clear broth does wonders during winter. Nicely presented.
Rasam..wow..I simply love it..do you dry roast the spices for the Rasam powder?
Rasam, nei,hot rice and papadam - that's the ultimate comfort food.


text:
Grammy-nominated Hozier coming to El Paso
The popular singer Hozier has announced the dates for his North American fall tour and El Paso is on the list.
Grammy-nominated Hozier coming to El Paso The popular singer Hozier has announced the dates for his North American fall tour and El Paso is on the list. Check out this story on ElPasoTimes.com: http://www.elpasotimes.com/story/mobile/2015/04/20/grammy-nominated-hozier-coming-el-paso/31269813/
ElPaso Published 12:50 p.m. MT April 20, 2015
The Grammy Award-nominated singer just off back-to-back performances at the Coachella Valley Music & Arts Festival will be performing at 8 p.m. Oct. 8 at the Abraham Chavez Theatre, officials announced today.
Tickets will cost $32.50 and $47 and will go on sale at 10 a.m. April 24 at the Plaza Theatre Box Office, all Ticketmaster outlets, by phone at 800-745-3000 and online at ticketmaster.com.
Hozier's fall tour will kick off in Aspen on Sept. 4 and close out Oct. 23 in Berkeley. He is currently on a tour that will conclude May 10 in Florida. On May 17, Hozier, behind his hit song "Take Me to Church," will perform in Las Vegas at the 2015 Billboard Music Awards, which will be televised live on ABC.
He then will take on a short European tour, which begins in England on May 22.
Information: 231-1100; elpasolive.com.
Read or Share this story: http://www.elpasotimes.com/story/mobile/2015/04/20/grammy-nominated-hozier-coming-el-paso/31269813/


text:
Q: Cannot find package for shared library I am trying to use a shared library in go-lang, I am following this blog post: http://blog.ralch.com/tutorial/golang-sharing-libraries/
But when I hit build I get back an error:
simo@simo:~/gopath$ go build -linkshared -o app effe/prova
src/effe/prova/prova.go:3:8: cannot find package "libmath" in any of:
/usr/local/go/src/libmath (from $GOROOT)
/home/simo/gopath/src/libmath (from $GOPATH)

I am pretty new to go, so I will show also my environment...
simo@simo:~/gopath$ pwd
/home/simo/gopath
simo@simo:~/gopath$ echo $GOPATH
/home/simo/gopath
simo@simo:~/gopath$ tree
.
├── pkg
│   └── linux_amd64_dynlink
│       ├── effe
│       │   ├── libmath.a
│       │   └── libmath.shlibname
│       └── libeffe-libmath.so
└── src
    └── effe
        ├── libmath
        │   └── libmath.go
        └── prova
            └── prova.go

7 directories, 5 files
simo@simo:~/gopath$ cat src/effe/libmath/libmath.go
// filename: libmath.go
package libmath

func Sum(x, y int) int {
    return x + y
}
simo@simo:~/gopath$ cat src/effe/prova/prova.go
package main

import "libmath"
import "fmt"

func main() {
    fmt.Printf("5 op 10 => %d", libmath.Sum(5, 10))
}
simo@simo:~/gopath$ go install -buildmode=shared -linkshared effe/libmath
simo@simo:~/gopath$ go build -linkshared -o app effe/prova
src/effe/prova/prova.go:3:8: cannot find package "libmath" in any of:
    /usr/local/go/src/libmath (from $GOROOT)
    /home/simo/gopath/src/libmath (from $GOPATH)

What am I doing wrong ?

A: The import path for "libmath" is "effe/libmath".
Try to get your build working in the standard build mode before experimenting with more complicated build and execution modes.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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