Early officers sometimes encountered brutal opposition.
Drive 'em into the harbour, or else into hell. Take their flag, and tie it round their necks and hang 'em!" This was the order of the mayor of Folkestone, England, when the Army corps in the town was only a few months old. Unfortunately for the pioneer Salvationists, many toughs did their best to carry out his instruction.
John Knox provoked rulers, incited riots, and inspired a reformation in Scotland.
This article is from Issue 26 of the Christian History archive.


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Robert Zvonek Shelby Township, MI 48:10 11/12/15
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Amanda Bradshaw Medina, OH 54:52 5/20/17
Shea Donato Astoria, NY 54:55
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Rebecca DeBell Panama City Beach, FL 1:06:13 8/31/16
Annette Weber Monaca, PA 1:06:16 10/9/16
Nicole Johnson FPO, AP 1:06:20 12/20/15
Sandi Scrimgeour Prescott, AZ 1:06:32 11/30/15
Todd Huegel Cincinnati, OH 1:06:33 11/28/15
Brian Temple Canton, MI 1:06:35 11/26/15
Angela Selesky Twentynine Palms, CA 1:06:48 11/17/15
Diane Butterworth Murrieta, CA 1:06:51 11/22/15
Amanda Maciejewski Stafford, VA 1:06:52 11/22/15
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Kris Stolpa Green Bay, WI 1:08:00 11/24/15
Jennifer Butler Yorktown, VA 1:08:00 11/11/15
Bryan Gaither Kansas City, MO 1:08:01 11/7/15
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Jennifer Domire Brocket, ND 1:11:19 11/1/15
Robert Lyle Racine, WI 1:11:23 11/7/15
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Christine Socea Lancaster, CA 1:11:45 11/15/15
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Elizabeth Dickson Milwaukee, WI 1:11:49 11/22/15
Martha Davidson Palmdale, CA 1:11:59 11/15/15
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Chrissy Young Bakersfield, CA 1:12:00 11/14/15
Lauren Farley WATSONTOWN, PA 1:12:00 10/1/18
Beth DeVries Fruitport Charter Township, MI 1:12:04 11/8/15
Georgia odonnell Bellevue, NE 1:12:07 11/26/15
Dianne Liesen Bolivar, MO 1:12:15 11/21/15
George Carrasquillo Jacksonville, FL 1:12:17 11/12/15
Emily Chow Long Beach, CA 1:12:27 12/1/16
Tiffany Manoly Safety Harbor, FL 1:12:28 1/21/17
Nina Sellers San Antonio, TX 1:12:28 11/8/15
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Jennifer OHara Sanford, ME 1:12:38 11/11/15
Chad Eshelman BOTHELL, WA 1:12:46 12/22/16
James Capone Salem, OR 1:12:48 11/9/15
Juan Garcia Columbus, GA 1:12:54 11/14/15
Ernest Ankamah Royal Oak, MI 1:13:00 11/22/15
Leann Harris Portland, OR 1:13:00 4/3/16
Sheila Echols Pearland, TX 1:13:14 11/29/15
Cathy Galle Biloxi, MS 1:13:14 11/25/15
Holly McNeal Canton, MS 1:13:18 11/8/15
Linda K Williams Henderson, NV 1:13:31 11/21/15
Jeramie Jackson Oxnard, CA 1:13:38 9/2/18
Michelle Arbogast Columbus, OH 1:13:45 11/11/15
Jennifer Buhac West Covina, CA 1:13:56 11/15/15
WILLIAM THOMAS La Mirada, CA 1:13:57 11/10/15
Debra Nichols Brenham, TX 1:14:08 11/15/15
Alphonso Graves Inglewood, CA 1:14:20 11/12/15
Alex Burns Bixby, OK 1:14:20 11/22/15
Christopher Mason Winter Haven, FL 1:14:46 11/11/15
Christine Hudgens Freedom, WY 1:14:47 11/14/15
Cecelia Doney Hanford, CA 1:14:52 11/9/18
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Timothy Miles Roanoke, VA 1:15:00 11/7/15
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Julie Nicholson Ft knox, KY 1:15:12 5/2/17
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Sometimes I almost forget that I was an elementary ESL teacher in Camden City Public Schools for more than nineteen years. Three and a half years of retirement… It's very good. To say, the least. Ha ha. Sorry for laughing, but it's just so good.
When my husband brought home two pastelitos de pollo, fried turnovers with chicken, early this morning, my mind jumped to the little store across from my former school. I bought these delicious and probably unhealthy snacks for lunch on days that I didn't bring a sandwich from home.
I opened the newspaper at my dining room table and I bit into the first hot pastelito, the delicious grease ran down my chin and I remembered eating this treat at the classroom table that served as my desk.
However, the newspaper articles about the shootings of school children brought me back to a much less fond memory–those days of drills where another teacher or I would herd the third-graders into a corner during an emergency drill. I "knew" it was a practice. But, when I heard the principal's voice calling out a code over the loudspeaker and saying, "There is a shooter in the building," it was enough to make me wet my pants. I didn't, though. Almost.
In all seriousness, I'd thank God when the drill was over and I knew for super sure that it was a drill.
I had shoved most memories of teaching to the back of my mind after I retired.
The pastelito and newspaper yanked out those memories, one happy, one frightening.
← Who should be celebrated on my birthday?
Yes, that's a good word for them. Thank you.


text:
T h e A r a b W e e k l y The Arab Weekly
Occupied West Bank at core of Israeli vote
Yousef Alhelou
The two-state solution is dead and the possibility of establishing a viable and contiguous Palestinian state has vanished.
Severe restrictions. Palestinian pupils and teachers wait by a closed iron gate as an Israeli soldier gets an authorisation to open it near al-Shuhada street in the West Bank town of Hebron, September 4. (AFP)
"With God's help, we will apply Jewish sovereignty over all communities as part of the land of Israel and the State of Israel. We will not uproot anyone [Jewish settlers] here," said Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu.
Netanyahu made his vow to impose Israeli sovereignty on the occupied West Bank as a whole September 1 during a visit to the settlement of Elkana.
The statement came when Israel was already destroying Palestinians houses, neighbourhoods and villages, revoking residency permits of Palestinians in Jerusalem and ignoring racist settler attacks.
This means the Palestinian Authority is not needed anymore as a "peace partner" to resolve the ongoing decades-long conflict.
Netanyahu's words came two weeks before Israelis vote in a general election. Such remarks show he hopes to win the votes of the extreme trends in various settler groups and political factions. He affirmed on several occasions that he won't allow the establishment of a Palestinian state.
After each announcement of building or expanding settlements, Palestinian officials express their condemnation and call on the international community to react.
"Israel's PM is announcing further annexation of occupied territory. Enough impunity: There's an international responsibility to impose sanctions on Israel after decades of systematic crimes," Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat posted on Twitter.
The European Union or the United Nations can only denounce the move and remind Israel of its violations to international law but does that mean anything other than for Israel to continue to act with impunity?
The European Union rejected the idea of Israeli sovereignty in the West Bank and stated that it would create chaos and violence in the Middle East when Netanyahu made his first promise last April.
"The EU does not recognise Israeli sovereignty over any of the territories occupied by Israel since June 1967, in line with international law and with UN Security Council resolutions 242 and 497," said the EU foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini.
It is important to know that the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, which has been sliced into isolated Bantustans and surrounded by a 750km illegal separation wall is inhabited by about 3 million Palestinians, while about 700,000 Israeli settlers live in settlements and protected posts connected by a network of roads.
Netanyahu also made a rare visit to the occupied West Bank city of Hebron, in what seems to be an attempt to gather public support among settlers there.
"Netanyahu is a serial offender, at times stealing from the public and giving to his tycoon friends and at other times pushing the State of Israel towards committing the war crime of annexation that will lead to the death of countless Palestinians and Israelis," said Chairman of Joint List at the Israeli Knesset Ayman Odeh.
Only the end of the occupation will give both sides — Israelis and Palestinians — hope for the future. The peace process was undermined by relentless Israeli policies designed to strangle any chances for stability and peace in the region.
Netanyahu hopes to boost his popularity ahead of the September 17 elections, following the blow to his dignity after he failed to form a viable coalition government last April. That failure cost him dearly even at the external front: The American-proposed Deal of the Century was put on hold and is expected to be published after the Israeli elections.
It's not known how the international community would react to the annexation of the West Bank but the Trump administration is likely to accept it.
Israel in August approved construction permits for 715 new units in Palestinian towns in Area C in the West Bank. This decision was a move to prepare the ground for extending Israeli sovereignty to the West Bank and to prevent the founding of a Palestinian state.
The two-state solution is dead and the possibility of establishing a viable and contiguous Palestinian state has vanished, so what other options are left for Palestinians if the West Bank becomes part of Israel?
Written By Yousef Alhelou
Yousef Alhelou is a Palestinian journalist living in London. You can follow him on Twitter: @YousefAlhelou
© 2015-2019 The Arab Weekly. All rights reserved.


I am back just today!! Still a little tired!
I can not tell you what a great trip I had! It was more than amazing. Everything about it was perfect! The hotel was incredible, the cooking classes were so fun and our excursions were outstanding!
Thank you so much for your time in planning my trip! I can't wait to go again. I highly recommend this trip!!


University District Councilman Rasheed NC Wyatt suggested that the Buffalo Police Department consider reconstituting its recently disbanded Strike Force in response to shootings in the Fruit Belt, and BPD is apparently taking steps toward doing so.
Kudos to Michele Marconi, vice chairwoman of the Amherst Iduntrial Development Agency, who tendered her resignation last month in response to the Amherst IDA's approval of $1.2 million in tax breaks for a proposed $14.4 million hotel project by Uniland Development adjacent to the town-owned Northtown Center ice rink complex. State law says that hotel and retail projects do not qualify for IDA tax incentives, but the board voted 6-1 to grant Uniland its tax breaks anyway, under a loophole that allows incentives for projects that might bolster tourism. (Which, of course, the town-owned ice rink might conceivably do, while the hotel will merely benefit from those out-of-town hockey players and their families.) In an interview with the Buffalo News, Marconi called the project "blatantly ineligible" and said the board approves far too many incentive packages for similarly unsuitable projects. "It was a pattern of behavior that I was unable to change," Marconi told the News. There is something to be said for fighting from within the system, but there is also an argument, when the system is intractable, for publicly walking away in protest. Marconi says she resigned five minutes after the vote on the Uniland project was taken.
In response to the reported detente between the warring South Buffalo and filial factions of Carl Paladino and Brian Higgins, in service to their mutual support of Assembly incumbent Erik Bohen, a grassroots campaign on behalf of Erie County legislator and Bohen challenger Patrick Burke led by Cheektowaga councilman Brian Nowak raised more than $2,000 in small dollar contributions. "This isn't big money, but it sends a big message: People are tired of the pay-and-play politics and they're taking action to elect the voice they want to represent them, instead of allowing the rich and powerful to chose," Burke said in a press release. Burke is the endorsed Democrat in the race; in April, he lost a special election for the seat, vacated by Mickey Kearns, to Bohen, a registered Democrat who ran on the Republican and Conservative lines with assistance from Paladino and other right-wing conservatives.
It's been a heartbreaking summer in terms of violent and brazen crimes in Buffalo, especially those directly impacting young children. It's made some city officials itchy, including University District councilman Rasheed Wyatt, who wants the city to consider reconstituting the Strike Force Unit, which was disbanded earlier this year, is the subject of a class-action lawsuit, and remains of interest to the state's Attorney General's office due to allegation of a persistent pattern of unconstitutional and discriminatory policing. Lost in the reactive emotion of the moment is the fact that Buffalo police are bad at solving violent crime. The city's homicide clearance rate in the past five years is right around 25 percent—so bad that the BPD took the yearly charts off of its website. During that five-year stretch, of course, the Strike Force was otherwise occupied, writing tickets for garbage tote placement and setting up traffic checkpoints in minority neighborhoods. The question Wyatt ought to be asking is what is going on with new commissioner Byron Lockwood's signature community policing program, and how is that aimed at addressing the obvious distrust in Buffalo between citizens and police? Councilman Wyatt, we don't need yesterday's solution, which put us in this mess to begin with: where citizens feel so angry and frankly abused by police that they see them as the enemy.


text:
Home » Recreation-and-Sports
Summer Chess Camp New York City
Published: 18th May 2020
Richard Castle, role played by Nathan Fillion, is a television fictional character who's a novelist exploring his following book. Eventually, these pieces evolved into the Pawns, Bishops, Knights and Rooks that we know as Chess pieces today. http://https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pcLgrckfXI Chess is a board game, which is also known mind game. The Moon moves fastest of all planets, so does the Queen on the chessboard. The game is a way of life for many of its dedicated participants, who play in clubs and tournaments regularly.
The aim of the game is to make it impossible for the opponent to move without leaving his King (the King of opposing colour) in check, i. Although learning and playing a tactical game like this is said to improve memory skills and so on, there are just as many bright people in the world who don't play. The chess game is not for dull, unsociable people, who have nothing better to do. Really she has deduced the meaning of the missing word: "The heir who wins the windfall will be the one who finds the Fourth. The aforementioned and a lot more openings are listed in several openings books, databases and internet websites.
Meanwhile, Turtle has her cavity filled by Sandy's dentist, who explains that dentures are often made crooked and chipped to look realistic. But I also think it doesn't hurt that I've played games and sort of battled with people over boards and across felt tables. King: Moves only one square at a time, but in any direction. The Rook moves forward, backward, left or right across any number of squares. The problem with this is that you don't always know if they are real customers posting comments.
Also make sure you have a good picture that shows your beautiful face and smile. High quality luxury themed chess sets often become part of the family heritage. Some of these may already exist at your school, and if they don't, suggest them to the teachers. Also it will take quite some time to grasp it fully. The game features a database of 'personalities' according to rank, some just mere beginners, some on the way to grand-mastership; these 'virtual-chessers' also have a personality, some liking to attack early on whilst others being more conservative.
Each square is now its own path, so you can change them to alternate between red and black. The judge decides to hire a private investigator, and is shocked when she recognizes the name at the top of the phone book. ' Directed by Edward Zwick, the movie takes us back to the days of the Cold War where Russia and America were constantly facing down one another. Recent scholarship on the history of chess would indicate that the Chinese emperor, Wu Ti (560-578), developed a game of divination called, hsiang ch`i , which is the ancient Chinese word for chess. Children will only pay attention to things that interests them, if they find a subject boring then they would not focus all their attention to learning about it, and unfortunately history is one of the subjects that most children find boring.
Some people take this game seriously while others play it for fun - either way, having a nice board with pieces that you enjoy can make the game even more enjoyable.
by NathanPuggaard
<!- END OF TAG FOR SLOT Recreationsportrectangle -->
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text:
L'aérodrome de Bourges est un aérodrome situé à Bourges, dans le département du Cher, en France. Code OACI : LFLD. Il doit être classé dans la catégorie des aéroports, dans la mesure où il accueille des vols commerciaux et propose des services aux professionnels : AFIS, SSLIA, assistance en escale...

Cet aérodrome est ouvert au trafic (intra Shengen) commercial, régulier ou non, aux avions privés, aux IFR et aux VFR.

Propriété de l'État, la gestion a été confiée pour 25 ans à Bourges Plus, la communauté d'agglomération, en 2011. Il est géré par la Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie du Cher jusqu'au 31 décembre 2016. Le  janvier 2017, l'exploitation est confiée à une société privée, Edeis, par une convention de Délégation de Service Public. Edeis crée à cet effet la Société d'exploitation de Bourges Aéroport (SEBA), devenue Edeis Aéroport Bourges en mars 2018.

Histoire
La création de l'aéroport remonte à 1928. Il est né de la volonté d'un pilote, Marcel Haegelen, œuvrant au profit d'un constructeur d'avions, cherchant à implanter une école de pilotage au sud de la Loire. Il rencontre à Bourges, en novembre 1927, Henri Laudier, maire de la ville à l'époque. Enthousiasmé par le projet, le Maire multiplie les rencontres et les démarches pour recueillir les fonds permettant la création de l'aéroport.

L'histoire de l'aéroport et de son quartier, ainsi que celle de l'industrie aéronautique liée, a été relatée par Roland Narboux.

Compagnies et lignes

Il n'y a actuellement pas de vols réguliers desservant l'aéroport. Une liaison vers le hub de Clermont-Ferrand a été envisagée à la fin des années 1990. L'aérogare avait été réaménagée dans ce but, mais la ligne n'a jamais vu le jour. Des vols charters vers le Maroc ont eu lieu au milieu des années 1990.

L'aérodrome accueille de l'aviation d'affaires, du taxi aérien, des opérateurs de travail aérien (surveillance de gazoduc et de lignes électriques, prises de vues, études thermographiques...) et des vols d'entrainement militaires et civils ainsi que de l'aviation de tourisme.

Évolution du trafic
L'activité aérienne oscille entre 12 et  mouvements par an. Des pics à 25 000 mouvements ont été enregistrés dans les années 1990.

Industrie
L'aéroport de Bourges n'accueille pas de site industriel. Une société locale, SC Aéro, dont le siège social est situé à Saint-Doulchard (commune de Bourges Plus), loue un hangar sur le site. Pendant de nombreuses années, une usine de construction aéronautique, aujourd'hui MBDA, a contribué à l'activité aéroportuaire.

Utilisateurs basés
L'UAC (Union Aéronautique du Centre), est une fédération d'associations :

 vol moteur Bourges (Aeroclub Vol Moteur Bourges)

 vol à voile (Bourges Planeurs)
 aéromodélisme (BAM)

L'aéromodélisme est également présent avec le club du comité d'entreprise de MBDA, qui utilise les installations.

L'école d'ULM de Lurcy-Lévis a monté une antenne à Bourges, elle propose des cours de pilotage.

Bourges Voltige : école de voltige.

Accès

L'aéroport est desservi par les lignes 8 et 4 du réseau AggloBus (transports urbains de Bourges). Moyennant une marche d'approche, il est aussi possible d'emprunter la ligne 5 qui passe plus souvent.

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Bourges
 Transports dans le Cher

Bourges
Transport à Bourges
Bourges
Bourges

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text:
The Consolidation of Patriarchy in Kerala as a Consequence of British Colonial Influence
Posted byAUSINSpire February 10, 2020 May 23, 2021 Posted inINSpire Journal, Issue 1, Spring 2020Tags:british, Colonial, history, patriarchy
By Ashwati Kartha
"Women… always had a voice; and in Kerala, a woman knew how to make herself heard" (Jeffrey, 1992). The rise of feminist consciousness in India has sparked new tangents within the discourse about the conditions of women within the subcontinent. Kerala, located in Southeastern India, currently boasts of exemplary statistics in gender parity indicators, such as highest female literacy rate, longest life expectancy, and lowest infant and maternal mortality rates. Most notably, Kerala boasts of a sex ratio of 1084 females per 1000 males, as opposed to the national average of 946. Kerala's developmental processes has been rather unique, as displayed by excellent performance in Human Development Indicators despite persistently low GDP per capita (Jeffrey, 2004). Further research on the "Kerala model" of development allows researchers to delve into the rich culture of matrilineal inheritance followed by large sections of the Keralite population. Within the context of feminist consciousness, Keralites, particularly Nair families, describe their matrilineal system with great pride.
The joint-family matrilineal inheritance system, called the marumukkatayam system, is a practice in which family property is passed down through the female line. It is markedly different from the rest of Kerala, which followed patrilineal and patrilocal systems of family governance. However, the significance of the system diminished sharply under British colonial rule. Today, the system has been abolished legally, and the joint family system is rarely ever practiced. This paper contends that British influence led to the decline of matriliny through shifting legal, economic, and social systems away from pre-colonial modes of governance, and through popularizing the patriarchal family structures. The paper begins by throwing light on the functioning of the matrilineal system, thereby establishing a base upon which the rest of the argument stands. The second section of the paper describes the reasons for the shift away from the marumukkatayam system towards a patrilineal inheritance system. Finally, the paper traces the legal reforms which led to the breaking up of joint families and the dissolution of matrilineal practice in Kerala.
The matrilineal system in Kerala, according to some historians, grew out of the martial significance of the Nair (Kshatriya) caste. It is hypothesized that this unique system of family governance grew out of an extended war between the Chola and Chera dynasties (11th century CE) (Jeffrey, 2004). The Kshatriyas gained training in the art of warfare from the age of eight until their (preferred) demise on the battlefield, which left little time for familial engagements. The men would conduct visits purely for sexual purposes (called sambandhams) and become fathers while continuing to focus on their military training. As a result, the children would be under the sole care of the mother, and property would thus be passed down through the generations through the female line (Jeffrey, 2004; Pillai, 2016).
This marumukkatayam system meant that the freedom experienced by women in Kerala was unlike any other community or region in India. Women possessed the unique ability to manage their affairs largely independent of male influence. Women were not dependent on their husbands and were not considered transient members of their families, as they had the security of their familial home (their mother's house) throughout their lives (Saradamoni, 1999). They were further allowed a degree of sexual freedom, as displayed by the acceptance of polyandry and termination of sambandhams (Jeffrey, 2004).
The system followed in Kerala, however, was not matriarchal. The karanavan (the senior male of the family) controlled the assets of the joint family as though he was the sole owner (Menon, 2012). Originally, the broader decision-making authority was often split between the senior women of the family and the karanavan. Age was the determining factor in shaping the power relations within the family. If the karanavan was the son or younger brother of a senior woman, she would be the head of the family (or the karnavatti); otherwise, it would be the male (Gough, 1961; Pillai, 2016). The karanavan, in this case, was extremely important to the family structure and exercised extensive social and economic control over his nieces and nephews (Menon, 2012). The karanavan's children, however, lived with their mother, outside the realm of his influence. However, this system was in no way limited to Nair families. In an effort towards upward social mobility in the caste system, people of lower castes would also imitate higher castes. Prior to colonization, the matrilineal system had turned into a cultural tradition of the Malabar region, followed by a diverse group of individuals, including Muslims, such as the Mapillas[1] (Jeffrey, 2004; Menon, 2012). The matrilineal system was thus seen as a Malabar custom, largely free of religious affirmation (Saradamoni, 1999). "At the end of the nineteenth century, … 56 per cent of all families in Travancore, regardless of religion, were matrilineal. The proportion in Cochin and Malabar would have been at least that high. Obviously, the majority of Hindu families were matrilineal" (Jeffrey, 1992). Christians, however, exclusively followed the patriarchal system.
Pre-Conditions for the Shift to a Patrilineal Structure
This section of the paper traces the history of matriliny in Kerala's society, particularly in the case of Hindu Nair families, and the systematic destruction of the marumukkatayam system as a result of shifting familial structures brought about under British rule. It first describes the way in which British influence led to rigidity in political and social structures that were previously fluid and dynamic, thereby causing issues that may have naturally been circumvented. Next, it describes the economic reasons for the decline of the matrilineal system, owing to British policies of development and economic administration. Finally, this section discusses the effect of cultural imperialism by the British in shifting popular opinion in favor of a patriarchal system, similar to that of England between the 18th and 20th centuries.
Rigid Legal System
British theories of jurisprudence that gained significance during the Enlightenment were in stark contrast to the pre-colonial Indian legal system. While the British focused on rationality and a codified system of rules and regulations, Indians focused on a more contextual and discretionary approach (Jeffrey, 2004). The Malabar region of India was governed primarily by the Houses of Cochin and Travancore, where the rulers, internal administration committees in each village, or people of higher castes would be involved in the arbitration of disputes and provision of justice. This was done on a case-by-case basis, keeping in mind the unique cultural traditions of each family (Jeffrey, 2004; Pillai, 2016; Galanter & Dhavan, 1989). The British, in turn, attempted to centralize the earlier modes of dispute arbitration into a multi-tiered judicial system. British rule, as well as British influence in the princely states, worked towards the systematic codification of laws pertaining to the governance of Indians, which was to be used in dispute arbitration along with customary law. In fact, it is theorized that a written legal text may not have come about if not for colonial perceptions of proper jurisprudence (Derrett, 1968). As a consequence, a series of changes were made in the Kerala joint families' modus operandi. For example, as described in A Treatise on Malabar and Aliyasantana Law (1922),
While the law of property among the marumakkatayis was based entirely on usages, British exponents of the law allowed little weight to the views of the people and were guided by their own notions of a perfect system of marumakkatayam law. (p.13)
Thus, this codification led to rigidity in legally accepted methods of functioning. An example of this rigidity was the colonial-era law related to the division of the joint family. Prior to the law, large taravads (matrilineal joint families)would split into fragments as the number of members grew to a point where family affairs became difficult to control. The new law, however, required that matrilineal joint families are "impartible" units, where "no member can claim any specific part or share of it as his own". This put immense pressure on taravads, as all members of the family had to agree unanimously upon the mode of division of assets (Jeffrey, 2004). This made the matrilineal joint-family system highly impractical, as such issues could easily be circumvented by a shift towards a nuclear family system.
Further, the codification was often done within the context of British ideals of gendered power differences and "morality," which changed the power relations within the taravad. During the latter half of the 19th century, the Madras High Court issued a decree legitimizing only male control of the taravad, effectively stripping karnavattis of their authority. This was done as a testament to Western ideals of the "natural dominance of males." In fact, according to Arunima (1995),
A landmark judgement of 1855 argued that it would be a "violent interference" on the part of the court to "allow a precedent for women" to head households, as there was insufficient proof to determine the authority of a female over a male. (p.160)
Arunima further explains that this law served as an avenue for exploitation, in which "petty disputes flared up into legal cases". Thus, this decree led to turbulence in the natural functioning of the taravad system where custom and legislation were in opposition to each other. Thus, the new rigid laws about the "perfect" matrilineal joint family system made the rather contextual working of this system difficult, which facilitated a shift towards the patrilineal system of inheritance.
New Economic System
The shifting economic structures further highlighted the futility of the matrilineal system, owing to the preponderance of salaried administrative jobs (Jeffrey, 2004). There were two primary modes of income for Nairs: military service and land revenue. Nair men would often be paid in cash by kings in exchange for military service. Landed income was also crucial to the maintenance of the joint family system. Traditionally, Nairs derived most of their income as land managers (long- term, non-cultivating tenants of land), who would receive rent from agricultural laborers and pay a smaller sum as rent to land owners, often Nambudiri Brahmins or kings. They would sometimes be outright owners of land. In this way, the economic situation of Nairs mandated that all members were jointly dependent upon the karnawan (or the karanavatti) and land for their material needs. However, there was a significant shift to a capitalist structure in the 19th century, due to British efforts to expand their centers of manufacturing, and to increase their trade. This period was characterized by wage occupations and a variety of jobs in the rising industrial and agricultural occupations. These forms of salaried occupations allowed multiple people within the taravad to earn an income, which facilitated the split to smaller nuclear families. Nairs often found jobs in different towns, and their sole income allowed them to buy or rent houses and land, where they would live with a small section of the family that was dependent on them as the sole provider (Gough, 1952). The joint taravad system no longer held the same level of significance.
Further, a shift in Nair males' primary modes of employment from warriors to salaried occupations allowed them to live with their families and raise their children. The earlier need for a matrilineal system of property inheritance had declined considerably. Men now wanted their share of the ancestral property, as well as their individual property, to go to their children rather than their sisters' children. This was carried out in practice from time to time, but the idealized British notions of the marumakkatayam system considered this to be "against the law" (Jeffrey, 2004). This, particularly in cases of disputes, symbolized a new need for the legal recognition of patriliny in the Malabar region.
Cultural Imperialism
Finally, this period was characterized by an imposition of Enlightenment-era reasoning of correct family structures onto the Indian population. Enlightenment thinkers in Europe believed strongly in the natural dominance of males, which automatically put female-headed households in an inferior position. They also believed strongly in monogamy and the consecration of marriage, which was in direct contrast with Kerala women's sexual freedom, and the practices of polyandry and "divorce" (termination of sambandhams), followed by pre-colonial Keralites. There was also intense discourse about the proper place of women, which was believed to be in service of the surrounding males, which directly contrasted with Kerala women's independence (Hawkesworth, 2012). These schools of thought were brought to Kerala through the aid of Christian missionaries, who had grown in prominence and had begun to conduct sermons in an attempt to bring patriarchal family structures into the "backward" Keralite system of family governance. Their influence cannot be discounted as being aimed towards a select portion of Kerala's population, as they had set up schools which were attended by a large section of the people. Literacy had always been an integral part of Kerala's society, as even women received an education. It was in these schools that children were taught that matriliny is an abomination which would earn its practitioners a place in hell (Jeffrey, 1992). Thus, the blow to the matrilineal system through Christian influence in schools had been severe. However, matriliny was not only ridiculed by those under British influence. Hindus from other states and provinces who followed a patriarchal system were also highly critical of the marumukkatayis. Nairs were forced to deal with criticism from other caste-Hindus as well, who would say that "[Nairs'] wives are concubines and [their] sons are bastards" (Jeffrey, 1992).
Colonial influence in Kerala, in combination with the influence of other Hindus, constructed contemporary notations of morality and barbarity, which were slowly integrated into Nairs' identities. By the end of the 19th century, the Nairs' matrilineal kinship system began to take on negative connotations to the Nairs themselves. In line with the English ideology, Nair men too began to believe strongly in the importance of the family as a conjugal unit, characterized by control of female sexuality. Within the context of a newfound significance of women's chastity and consecration of monogamous marriage, women also supported a shift towards the patrilineal structure, asserting that this would improve the "self-respect" of the Kerala woman (Jeffrey, 1990). The patrilineal inheritance system became popularly accepted as the proper method of kinship, and significant efforts were made to shift from the "barbaric" matrilineal system towards the "modern" and "progressive" patrilineal system (Arunima, 1995). In fact, one of the main goals for the Nair Service Society, a caste-based advocacy group, was the abolition of the matrilineal system in Kerala (Jeffrey, 1990). Thus, Christian European influence, combined with the other factors, served to convince large sections of the young population of the need to shift away from matrilineal systems to the system of patriarchy.
Legal Dissolution of Matriliny
Even after Indian independence in 1947, the rigid legal system and the negative attitudes towards marumukkatayis persisted. Numerous efforts had been made, by the Nair elites as well as the courts of Independent India, between the 19th and 20th centuries to reform Kerala's family law. As the matrilineal system came under scrutiny within the context of the larger system of family structure, efforts were made to "legitimize" sambandhams. One of the earliest instances of legal reform can be traced back to 1896, when the Malabar Marriage Act was passed, which allowed couples to register legally their marriage. However, this Act had little impact, as less than 100 marriages were actually registered (Arunima, 1995; Jeffrey, 1990). Those who practiced matriliny had little reason to begin registering their sambandham, except for particular cases of legal dispute. Thus, the Nair elites' effort to make matriliny "respectable" again had failed. The Travancore Marumakkattayam Act, or Nair Regulation Act I of 1912 was the next legal step towards the propagation of a nuclear, patrilineal family system, against the marumukkatayam system of bequeathal of assets in the princely state of Travancore. It describes laws for marriage as recognized by the state, the children's right to the succession of their father's separate or self-acquired property, and legal guardianship of the father to his minor children, and husband to his minor wife (Puthenkalam,1966). In 1914, Mannath Padmanabhan founded the aforementioned Nair Service Society (NSS), which advocated for further action on legal recognition of patriliny, legal rights to family property, and the abolition of the "evils" of the matrilineal practice. The NSS served as an organized front for the Nair community to engage in activism, particularly in a legal context. A second bill was set to be passed as per the request of what seemed to be the "community as a whole." As a result, the Nair Regulation Act II of 1925 was passed in Travancore, which facilitated the partition of the joint family into smaller units. Every adult member was now guaranteed a right to individual partition, with safeguards such as separate shares based on the number of children per nuclear unit. This Act was extremely successful to their cause. During the period of 1925 to 1947, over 100,000 partition deeds had been registered in Travancore (Puthenkalam,1966). The Malabar Marumakkatayam Act of 1933 then allowed men to claim their share of the ancestral property in the rest of the Malabar region. On 1st December 1976, the Kerala Joint Hindu Family System (Abolition) Act was passed, which considered joint families as simply co-tenants of land (Jeffrey, 2004). Thus, patriarchy in Kerala was fully consolidated.
It is crucial to reiterate the point that legislation passed during the British rule only solidified and consolidated this decline. It was not an imposition of legislation that signaled the customary end of the matrilineal system. Rather, the legal consolidation of the patriarchy was a consequence of Hindu efforts to counteract the negativity surrounding the matrilineal system, by shifting to the more widely accepted (and respected) system of patriliny (Jeffrey, 1990). Further, perhaps as a natural succession to matriliny, daughters were given the same right as sons to be inheritors of their father's property – a privilege unavailable to a large proportion of women in the rest of India until 2005.
In conclusion, this paper explains the ways in which British influence led to the systematic destruction of the matrilineal system in Kerala. First, British rule led to the imposition of rigid codified laws of the ideal type of the taravad system, which highlighted, if not created, impracticalities of a matrilineal kinship system. Further, the British expansion of their economy into Kerala had the effect of changing economic systems from joint income to individual salaried occupations, which allowed taravad systems to break down into smaller nuclear units. Finally, cultural imperialism by the British shifted public opinion away from matriliny towards the system of patrilineal kinship. In an effort to reform the system of family governance in Kerala, Nairs began to advocate for the legal dissolution of matriliny. Gradual systematic reforms were passed by the concerned legislative bodies, both in. Travancore and Malabar prior to independence and by the Kerala High Court after independence. These factors contributed to the consolidation of the patriarchy in Kerala, as Nair families today follow a patrilineal inheritance system.
[1] Mapillas are members of the native Muslim community in Kerala.
Aiyar, S R. R. (1922). A Treatise on Malabar and Aliyasantana Law. Madras: Madras Law Journal Office, 1-19.
Arunima, G. (1995). Matriliny and its Discontents. India International Centre Quarterly, 22(2/3), 157-167.
Derrett, J. D. M. (1968). Religion, law and the state in India (pp. 242-263). London: Faber & Faber.
Galanter, M., & Dhavan, R. (1989). Law and society in modern India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Gough, E. K. (1952). Changing kinship usages in the setting of political and economic change among the Nayars of Malabar. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 82(1), 71-88.
Gough, C. (1961). "Nayar: Central Kerala." Matriilneal Kinship. 298-384.
Hawkesworth, M. (2012). Political worlds of women: Activism, advocacy, and governance in the twenty-first century. Westview Press.
Jeffrey, R. (1990). Matriliny, Women, Development-and a Typographical Error. Pacific Affairs, 63(3), 373-377.
Jeffrey, R. (1992). Politics, women and well-being: How Kerala became "a model." Springer.
Jeffrey, R. (2004). Legacies of matriliny: The place of women and the "Kerala model". Pacific Affairs, 647-664.
Menon, V. (2012). Matriliny, Patriliny and the Postmodern Condition: Complexities of "Family" in Kerala. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 43(1), 41-51.
Pillai, M. S. (2016). Ivory Throne: Chronicles of the House of Travancore. Harper Collins.
Puthenkalam, J. (1966). The Family Organisation in the South-West of India. Sociological Bulletin, 15(2), 1-26.
Saradamoni, K. (1999). Matriliny Transformed: Family, Law and Ideology in Twentieth Century Travancore. London: Sage and Altam
Women's Political Representation in Lebanon: An Ongoing Struggle Amid a Consociational State and a Patriarchal Society
UN International Women's Day Panel


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Home GK Questions and Answers From 1906 to 1920, the role of Md. Ali Jinnah during freedom struggle of India was -
From 1906 to 1920, the role of Md. Ali Jinnah during freedom struggle of India was -
a. separatist
b. fundamentalist
c. nationalist
d. nationalist and secular
Solution-
Muhamaad Ali Jinnah was barrister, politician and the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah served as the leader of the all India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistan's creation on 14 August 1947, and then Pakistan's first governor -General until his death. He is revered in Pakistan as Quad-i - Azam and Baba -i-Quam. His birthday is a national holiday in Pakistan.


Welcome to Pod7A! We are Mrs. Adams (Social Studies), Mr. McBride (Math),Mr. Kasser (English), and Mrs. Tabor (Life Science). Please use this page to find classroom expectations, homework, and additional resources for these classes.


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Chevy Tahoe And GMC Yukon: Are They The Same?
Written by Kern Campbell in CHEVY,GM,GMC,Tahoe,Yukon
The Chevrolet Tahoe and the GMC Yukon are full-size SUVs from car manufacture General motors, making these two corporate cousins. Initially, Chevy and GMC sold different-sized SUVs called Blazer and Jimmy, respectively, when they were first produced in the early 1990s. All this changed when GMC rebranded the Jimmy to the Yukon in 1991, which also provoked Chevrolet to offer a full-sized SUV in order to compete with the Yukon. This gave birth to the Tahoe a few years later, in 1994. Since then, models of the Tahoe and the Yukon being produced have always shared plenty of similarities. But are these two models entirely the same? That is why I sought to find out if they are indeed cut from the same cloth, and below were my findings.
Are Chevy Tahoe And GMC Yukon The Same?
So, are Chevy Tahoe and GMC Yukon the same? Yes and No. Here is why. Initially, these models used to be like twins, with the only differences coming from the badges and the prices. However, recently General Motors has made significant strides to differentiate the Tahoe and the Yukon, which offer bigger models: the Suburban and the Yukon XL, respectively.
When you compare newer models of these two cars, you will find small differences in their styling and additional features, highlighted below, but the mechanicals will always be the same.
To evaluate the differences between the two models, I shall be comparing them in different categories and shall be using the newest 2021 models. For the trim levels' specificity, I shall be using the Tahoe Premiere Four-wheel drive Versus the GMC SLT, which will be a popular choice for most buyers if the trend from previous years continues.
First up, I will be comparing both the exterior and the interior, features that you will get from them and whether they have value for your money. When you approach the Tahoe Premiere, you will first notice that it comes with modern standard 20-inch polished wheels and assist panels that ease access to the truck.
On the top, these are roof-mounted side rails that will further enhance this vehicle's cargo capabilities. When you head back to the sides, you will see the beautifully designed side-view mirrors that come with a driver's side auto-dimming feature that will prevent the driver's blinding but bright lights from the back. They are also power-folding for convenience and heated to increase visibility when they mist up in cold conditions.
There is a power liftgate at the back of the vehicle that allows opening and closing through hands-free access. This can be activated by moving your foot below the rear bumper with the key in your pocket, and the tailgate will open.
The height to which the tailgate opens can be adjusted according to your preference. All the lighting from the exterior of the Tahoe uses LED lighting, including the headlights, taillights, and daylight running lights. Tahoe's wipers come with a rain-sensing feature that automatically turns on when the vehicle detects that it is raining.
Getting into the Tahoe is easy with a smart keyless entry system that provided access to the car or locks it by pressing a button on the door handle when the key is in your pocket.
Heading to the interior, it comes with leather trim around the vehicle. The front two chairs offer a luxurious first-class sitting experience and are 12-way power-adjustable to help you find the perfect sitting position all the time. They also come with four-way lumbar support to support your back during long trips.
Heating and ventilation in three steps is also available to warm you are during those cold winter days and cool you during the summer for the front two seats. The second row of seats is not left out as it offers heating for the two outboard seats.
The new Tahoe offers plenty of technology, including the Chevy infotainment 3 premium system displayed on a 10.2-inch color touchscreen that is strategically placed high in the middle of the dashboard.
It comes with Apple Car Play and Android Auto that provides seamless integration with your phone. Additionally, it also has Bluetooth SiriusXM and connection navigation. The Tahoe offers premium audio through its strategically placed ten-speaker Bose system that ensures you get crisp music.
As for the GMC Yukon SLT with the luxury plus package, it shares plenty of features with the Tahoe. It comes with the same sized 20-inch six-spoke polished aluminum wheels.
It also comes with the same roof-mounted side rails and the same hands-free power liftgate. The rain-sensing wipers are also shared on both models. Exterior lighting is also still exclusively LED on the DRLs, headlamps, fog lights, and taillights. The luxury plus package offers the same power-folding, driver's side dimming, and heating functions such as the Tahoe.
Getting into the interior is also similar to the Tahoe with a smart keyless entry system. The interior is finished in leather all around, similar to the Tahoe. The seat features are identical to the Chevy, except the heating on the second row of seats is included on the added package and not on the base model.
2021 Chevrolet Tahoe High Country
The technology inside is similar to the Tahoe but not entirely the same. The infotainment screen sizes are identical and feature the same technology, but there isn't navigation included in the Yukon SLT model.
This can be bypassed by adding some cash that will add navigation and a rear seat media system. Sound quality is the same as the Tahoe, only that it is projected through a nine-speaker system instead of 10.
What are the engine options on the Yukon and the Tahoe come?
Both engines on the Yukon and the Tahoe come in a ten-speed automatic transmission that can be married with three available engine options. The base is a 5.3-liter V8 engine that is capable of producing 355 horsepower with 385 lb-ft of torque.
The second engine is a 6.2-liter V8 option that is capable of producing a massive 420 horsepower and 460 lb-ft of torque. Both these engines are the ones that were used in the previous generation but now come with cylinder deactivation technology that is smarter. A stop-start feature is also included.
The third available engine is a 3.0 liter inline-six turbo-diesel option that has previously been used on the Sierra and Silverado trucks. This smaller capacity engine produces an impressive 277 horsepower with an even remarkable 460 lb-ft of torque, which is the highest among the three. This engine is the most fuel-efficient, posting a 30 miles per gallon rating when on the highway.
Are the new Tahoe and Yukon models bigger than previous generations?
Both the new Tahoe and Yukon models are based on the new T1 platform that is also the same that is used on the GMC Sierra and the Chevrolet Silverado pickup trucks. This means that the Tahoe and Yukon models get to be bigger on the exterior for a bolder look and bigger on the inside for a spacious interior.
Even the smaller Tahoe and Yukon models boast an increase on their wheelbase by nearly 5 inches to 120.9 inches up from 116.0 inches. The length of these two SUVs is also increased from 204 inches to 210.7 inches, which means passengers sitting in the second and third-row seats will experience more legroom, ensuring that every passenger is comfortable.
Cargo space is also increased to 122.9 cubic feet up from 94.7 inches. The main reason for the jump in cargo space is mainly due to the switch to a rear independent suspension.
Which is better between the Tahoe and Yukon in terms of traction and off-road capabilities?
The GMC Yukon is a better vehicle when it comes to off-roading, and here is why. The Yukon comes in an Active Response 4WD system that is a more advanced drive system than that in the Tahoe.
It works by managing power distribution and traction to the wheels depending on the driving situation that you are in by using an electronic limited-slip differential.
The electronic limited-slip differential is mainly used in performance vehicles to maintain grip in the tires. Its application on the Yukon enables it to perform better in off-road situations and places with low grip causing cars to slide.
Both the Chevrolet Tahoe and the GMC Yukon are excellent vehicles, with both having their personality and strengths.
The one you pick will ultimately be based on how they appeal to you aesthetically, as that is the main difference. The 2021 Yukon comes in 3 trims, while the Tahoe comes in 5 trims, making it easy to find the ones that suit your needs.
Kern Campbell
I've had a passion for four-wheel-drive vehicles since I was a kid riding in the back seat of my Grandfather's Jeep Grand Wagoneer. I have owned a lot of vehicles over the years. They each have their pros and cons and I look forward to sharing my knowledge with you so you can find the vehicle that's just right for your needs.
link to Do Toyota 4Runners Have A Timing Belt or Chain?
Do Toyota 4Runners Have A Timing Belt or Chain?
Different Toyota 4Runners have varying engines. Some engines have timing belts (also known as cambelts), while others have timing chains. Most 4runner engines are either equipped with timing...
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Do Ram Trucks Have Wi-Fi?
If you are a big fan of the Dodge Ram, then we are sure that you have many reasons to be. A lot of customers compare their Dodge Ram 1500 to the Ford F-150 (which if you did not know, is a constant...


With the new year in full swing, K-Major is not taking his foot off the gas. Fresh off of releasing his most recent single "Nobody," the acclaimed singer-songwriter has also been hard at work with Nipsey Hussle, Serarayh of FOX's Empire, as well as frequent collaborator Jacquees. In between putting the finishing touches on his forthcoming album and lending his pen to other artists, K-Major was also very active in his community, launching his #ThankfulForMusic campaign this past October, which focuses on music education in schools.


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U.S., 95m, DCP
Mon January 30
Tue January 31
Wed February 1
Thu February 2
In a virtuoso solo performance, Academy Award nominee David Strathairn portrays Jan Karski in this genre-defying true story of a reluctant World War II hero and Holocaust witness. After surviving the devastation of the Blitzkrieg, Karski swears allegiance to the Polish Underground and risks his life to carry the first eyewitness reports of war-torn Poland to the Western world, and, ultimately, the Oval Office. Escaping a Gestapo prison, bearing witness to the despair of the Warsaw ghetto and confronted by the inhumanity of a death camp, Karski endures unspeakable mental anguish and physical torture to stand tall in the halls of power and speak the truth. Strathairn captures the complexity and legacy of this self-described "insignificant, little man" whose timely story of moral courage and individual responsibility can still shake the conscience of the world. An Abramorama release
Official Selection: Woodstock Film Festival, Montclair Film Festival, St. Louis International Film Festival
A film by Jeff Hutchens Derek Goldman
Past Appearances
Fri January 27
Q&A will be hosted by Father Leo J. O'Donovan, S.J. Emeritus president of Georgetown University and director of mission at Jesuit Refugee service/USA, with Jeff Hutchens, co-director, and Eva Anisko, producer
Q&A will be hosted by Ambassador Cynthia Schneider, Co-Director, Laboratory for Global Performance & Politics, Georgetown University, followed by a panel discussion with Iain Levine, Senior Human Rights advisor, Meta and Adjunct Professor, SIPA, Columbia University; Deborah Amos, NPR International Correspondent and Ferris Professor, Princeton; and Eva Anisko, Producer


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This just in! Sperm gets retracted! Er, I mean, a paper on sperm creation gets retracted...
Today's Science Headline Standouts
Progress in the hunt for dark matter.
A tree in New Zealand still harboring genes it really hasn't needed ... for 500 years.
A look at a new approach to do-it-yourself microevolution.
I grow increasingly worried about Scott Carson. Facebook is sucking him away from his blog and, as a result, I have no direct way to link to various gems of his, such as this one:
Like a stopped clock that's right twice a day, Nietzsche hit the nail on the head in Beyond Good and Evil when he wrote "It is perhaps just dawning on five or six minds that physics, too, is only an interpretation and exegesis of the world...and not a world-explanation." The word "physics" here may stand for any of the empirical sciences, including psychiatry.
Come back, Scott! Before it's too late....
The Possibility of Impossible Cultures
Imagine Finnegan's Wake written in an impossible language. I imagine many people who've tried to read it have already concluded that it was written in an impossible language. But in fact what makes the book so nerve-wracking is that it was written in syntactically recognizable English, but with a slew of invented names, places and verbs occupying the place of more familiar subjects, predicates and adjectives, and no punctuation anywhere in sight.
No, what I mean is: imagine a language that, for example, mandates placing a particular word in a fixed position in the sentence, no matter when it is used. Or a language in which a statement of fact can be converted into a question by reversing the order of the words. (What kind of logic would follow from such a language?)
Marc Hauser, professor in the Departments of Psychology, Human Evolutionary Biology and Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard has a fascinating article (registration required) in the July 9th issue of Nature on the contraints placed on human cultural evolution. Or rather the possibility of getting around what have been observed to be the constraints on cultural evolution.
The article is detailed and I don't want to just cut and paste chunks of it here. But I do want to look briefly at Hauser's discussion of the sharp differences between animals and humans when it comes to various reflections of intelligence, and how it has been assumed that these differences between animals and our own species amount to a matter of degree, and not kind. Brain science has a lot to say about this.
The simple use of tools, for example, was long considered a significant distinction between us and other animals, until research of primates and other species showed that chimpanzees make use of natural items, like branches, for use as tools, as do some species of birds. But making use of tools for one thing, and making use of them for several different things...is something else.
Although anthropologists disagree about the timing of the human cultural revolution... many researchers point to fundamental changes starting some 800,000 years ago in the Early Palaeolithic, with a crescendo of change at around 45,000–40,000 years ago in the Late Palaeolithic. This period is associated with the generation of symbols (mathematical, artistic and ritualistic), controlled fire for use in cooking and other forms of environmental transformation, and tools with multiple components and functions (for example, tools used for expressing both aggression and music). Given that this interval of several thousand years is barely noticeable on an evolutionary timescale, and that such cultural expressions emerged rapidly, the parallel with the Cambrian is striking: that is, something similar to a genetic revolution must have occurred during this period, providing humans with an unprecedented set of capacities for generating novel cultural expressions in language, morality, music and technology.
The human brain, Hauser goes on, changed from a system with a high degree of modularity with few interfaces to one with 'numerous promiscuous and combinatorially creative interfaces.' These interfaces are what bestowed on humans a set of abilities to generate novel cultural expressions in language, morality, music and technology.
At this point in the article, Hauser really brings the distinction into a fine relief (to borrow an art term) by pointing out the limits of other animals' intelligence.
Although many vertebrates have evolved brains with reciprocal connections or loops between different cortical areas (for example, basal ganglia to the cortex and back), these loops are restricted to particular functions....At the most general level, it is clear that the motor systems of all animals must involve recursive operations to allow organisms to take a discrete set of motor options and generate a vast range of functionally meaningful motor acts or sequences in novel environments. For example, whether an organism flies or runs, its legs must repeatedly lift and fall or its wings must repeatedly beat. However, because an organism's habitat and climate is constantly changing, the iterative or recursive rule of cycling through leg lifts or beating the wings must be flexible so that the animal's response can vary in response to environmental change.
That said, the recursive properties of the motor system seem to be locked into motor function in all animals but humans. For example, in striking contrast to the recursive operations in human language, with its unrestricted use of different content or classes of words, the looping circuitry that is necessary for song acquisition in songbirds only supports singing and, in some cases, mimicry of other biological and non-biological sounds. This circuitry is not, however, used when they acquire the calls that constitute their repertoire more generally, including the sounds used in social interactions, food discovery and alarm calls.
Another example of generative computation comes from the domain of artefacts, in particular the creation and diversity of human tools. Unlike many of our simplest tools, such as the pencil, animal tools consist of a single material, never include more than one functional component, are typically dispensed after their first use and are never used for functions other than the original one. The first two features reveal that, unlike human tools, the representation of animal tools is not combinatorial. A pencil can combine four materials (graphite, wood, metal and rubber) to create four functions (graphite for writing, wood for holding the graphite, metal for attaching the rubber to the wood, and rubber for erasing). Moreover, each material can be used for a variety of other functions: for example, rubber can be a component of chewing gum. As experiments reveal, if a young child is asked what she can do with a pencil other than write, she will immediately offer such functions as holding up her hair, puncturing a plastic cover and poking a friend...Only humans think of artefacts as being designed for a particular function but, as a result of promiscuous interfaces, entertain many other possible functions. [emphasis mine]
I realize this may not be news exactly, but I like how Hauser has drawn such careful attention to these distinctions, which I think do tend to be overlooked in general science writing on evolution. It isn't just a matter of degree.
His article goes on to discuss what kinds of research might more clearly map out, for lack of a better term, the blind spots in human cultural evolution, what kinds of cultural expressions have not become evident either because they are impossible for us to evolve, given the constraints on our evolution, or because they would be so complicated as to not survive and take root.
Labels: brain science, evolution
It's not just about the Science
Astrophysicist Giovanni Bignami reflects on the importance of thinking big for the benefit of science's future in space.
Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, it was à la mode in Europe to join US scientists in shouting that the planned station was robbing us of precious space science. I joined in wholeheartedly — but in the late 1980s began to have doubts. My misgivings were triggered by the advice of a learned friend, whom I won't name in deference to his modesty.
This man was my mentor when I started working as an adviser for the European Space Agency in 1984. He instilled in me the idea that governments — of all stripes — will never part with the huge sums space demands for just 'doing science'. He helped me grasp that the funding of space science, such as the building of satellites for astronomy, happens because projects such as the station and its astronauts are easy for politicians to understand, and hugely attractive to industry. So if the whole lumbering station-plus-astronauts machine was kept rolling, then space science could ride smoothly on its back, more or less unnoticed. And it did so very well for two decades.
As the millennium turned, I saw that the already ageing International Space Station was not enough. You can't sell the future, especially in a time of crisis, on something that is decades old. You need a new mission to spark enthusiasm — such as sending people to Mars.
Which brings us to today. The Alpini captain was right: it is just ordinary people doing science that drive progress. Occhialini was wrong to pit science against astronauts. Forty years after the first Moon landing, it is clear that only a great new programme of space exploration, robotic and manned, will carry us forwards. It is the only way to keep improving on the beautiful technologies we've swiftly turned into services, from telecommunications to Global Positioning System navigation satellites.
"Do it, ass%$le!"
Outstandng SNL spoof of mucho annoying kids cartoon Dora the Explorer.
Houghton Fills a Gap
According to the latest Publishers Lunch:
In what many may view as a sign of at least temporary stability for Houghton Mifflin Harcourt's adult trade lines, the unit has filled the vacant position of publisher. (Adult trade publisher Becky Saletan resigned last December and was not replaced.)
Bruce Nichols--who saw his position as publisher of the Collins imprint diminished in the reorganization at HarperCollins in February that left him as publisher of the smaller Collins reference line and executive editor at Harper--will take the role as svp, publisher of of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Adult & Reference Group on August 3.
HMH trade & reference president Gary Gentel says, "Nichols is widely recognized in the industry for his leadership, innovation and keen editorial judgment, and his ability to find topics and writers that attract national attention. We want to build on our legacy, but also look to the future, and I'm thrilled to have Bruce guide our Adult and Reference programs." And he adds, "In a happy historical coincidence, it turns out Bruce's grandfather, Stephen W. Grant, spent his entire career at Houghton Mifflin, from 1931-1973, serving as the company's president from 1963 - 1973."
Over at Streaming Media, Dan Rayburn is excited about Sorenson's new Sorenson 360 video platform.
After being hands on with the offering for the past three months, I've come to the conclusion that it's one of the most well thought out platforms on the market for small and medium sized customers.
While the company markets their new service as a "Video Delivery Network", the new SaaS based offering is really a video platform that has been built specifically for those who may not need all the bells and whistles of more complex platforms like Brightcove or Ooyala. Sorenson's new 360 system was designed for the needs of small and medium sized businesses and bundles in transcoding, storage, management, player design, delivery and analytics all in one easy to use system, all hosted by Sorenson.
While I've personally used a lot of video platforms myself, many of them are designed for content owners who have a lot of complex needs or are trying to monetize their content. As a result, many platforms have all sorts of functionality for ad insertion and monezitation which makes the platforms quite difficult to learn and use. While there's nothing wrong with these systems and are valuable for content owners who need that functionality, there's also another large segment of the market who simply needs to get their content online quickly and easily without all the bells and whistles. That said, I found the Sorenson 360 platform to be not only easy to use, but also rich in functionality.
I just upgraded to Squeeze 5.1 which includes an invitation to try out 360. Going to have to check it out....
It looks like a big Fall for the publishing industry (at least in fiction) in spite of the economy.
Humor Dept.
The Progression of 'New' Atheism:
1. Jason Rosenhouse: It's all "a glorious accident."
2. PZ Myers: "Life is what you make of it..."
3. Steven Weinberg: "The more the universe seems comprehensible, the more it seems pointless..."
4. Barefoot Bum: "...it's all useless bullshit."
Guess which of these gents is the most objective and rational.
Morale is still low in the publishing industry, according to Publisher's Weekly:
While there are many statistics to chose from, three stand out as a testament to the issues confronting industry members.
As the chart shows, 35% of workers did not receive any raise last year, while another 21% received a raise of less than 3%. That combination was a major factor in limiting the average raise in 2008 to just 3.3%, the lowest in more than five years. The percentage of industry members who didn't receive a raise in 2008 seems likely to increase in 2009 as 70% of respondents to the survey—e-mailed this spring—reported that their company had instituted a salary freeze, with 63% saying there was also a hiring freeze. Sixty-one percent of industry members said their companies have had layoffs. Only 10% of publishers had not taken any action to control personnel costs in the 18-month period. Given the drumbeat of bad news, it is not surprising that publishing employees have never felt less secure about their jobs. Only 13% of workers say they feel very secure in their jobs, an all-time low, while 11% feel very insecure, an all-time high. Editorial employees had the highest rate of insecurity, with 38% saying they are worried about their jobs.
Excellent interview with Terry Eagleton.
Michael Reiss, Anglican priest and scientist (the latter first, it should be added), discusses how he was booted from the Royal Society for not being sufficiently dogmatic about creationists.
HT.
Amy Welborn has been blogging from Sicily these past few weeks. Check out her entries for great pictures and insights.
St. Patrick's First Church
This is a just a quick view of what we saw on Inchagoill Island in the middle of Lough Corrib. Flirting with the usual cliches to say so, nevertheless, standing on the very ground where over 1,500 years ago St. Patrick built his first church and laid the grave marker of his trusty oarsman does put things in perspective.
Especially when one considers that so long ago, Christianity was already centuries old....
John Scalzi, articulating what many writers have been thinking for years now: how utterly pathetic is it that the three major science fiction magazines, Asimov's, Analog and Fantasy and Science Fiction, still don't accept electronic submissions.
HT: Chad Orzel.
Pat Buchanan, still giving ammunition to his opponents.
The inimitable Thony C. (who has been an invaluable resource for this writer on more than one occasion) has started his own blog. (The words 'finally' having been exhaled from more than one blog quarter.)
Check him out when you get a chance.
Ireland in June
County Clare. Dromoland Castle dates back to Brian Boru in the late 16th century. Not far from Shannon Airport and a convenient spot from which to launch day trips to visit the relatives....
Well, you know you're in the country in Ireland, when your relatives live on roads with no names like this.
(Bag End)
Glanworth is near Fermoy. One road through the town with a convenience store named O'Flynn's.
Memo to famous science fiction author: we may be related.
Labels: Ahearns, Glanworth, Ireland
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