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The effect of forced-air warmer, ondansetron or their combination on shivering in pregnant women coming for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: A prospective, randomized controlled comparative study
KS Ram Kiran, Kalyani Surya Dhana Lakshmi Sangineni
Department of Anaesthesiology, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Date of Web Publication 7-Mar-2019
Kalyani Surya Dhana Lakshmi Sangineni
Department of Anaesthesiology, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Sanathnagar, Hyderabad - 500 038, Telangana
Context: Perioperative shivering can occur in up to 85% of patients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. It has many detrimental effects and disrupts early mother-child bonding. Therefore, it should ideally be prevented by either pharmacologic or nonpharmacological means. Aims: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of intraoperative forced-air warming, ondansetron or their combination in preventing perioperative shivering in patients undergoing elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Settings and Design: A prospective randomized controlled comparative study done at the tertiary care center. Subjects and Methods: A total of 120 patients undergoing elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia were randomly assigned to three groups. Group O received ondansetron 4 mg intravenously (i.v.) after giving block with no forced air warming. Group W received forced-air warming intraoperatively. Group C received ondansetron 4 mg i.v. after giving block plus intraoperative forced-air warming. Core temperature (tympanic membrane) and the arm skin temperature were measured and shivering was graded simultaneously. Statistical Analysis Used: Parametric data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Student's paired t-test where ever appropriate. Nonparametric data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis and the Chi-square test. Values of P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Shivering incidence was higher in Group O and Group W being 17.5% and 20%, respectively, and least in Group C being 5%. The incidence of Grade ≥3 shivering requiring rescue drug was lower in Group C (2.5%) compared to that of the Groups W (5%) and O (10%) but was not statistically significant (P = 0.21). Conclusions: Combined use of ondansetron and forced- air warmer was more effective in reducing the incidence of shivering in pregnant women during elective cesarean section than when used individually.
Keywords: Anesthesia, cesarean section, ondansetron, shivering, spinal
Ram Kiran K S, Sangineni KS. The effect of forced-air warmer, ondansetron or their combination on shivering in pregnant women coming for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: A prospective, randomized controlled comparative study. Anesth Essays Res 2019;13:19-24
Ram Kiran K S, Sangineni KS. The effect of forced-air warmer, ondansetron or their combination on shivering in pregnant women coming for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: A prospective, randomized controlled comparative study. Anesth Essays Res [serial online] 2019 [cited 2019 Jul 19];13:19-24. Available from: http://www.aeronline.org/text.asp?2019/13/1/19/252897
Lower segment cesarean section (LSCS) is a common surgical procedure that is most often performed under neuraxial anesthesia. Hypothermia during regional anesthesia is the common side effect and is a cause of shivering.[1] Perioperative shivering can occur in up to 85% of patients undergoing LSCS under spinal anesthesia.[2]
Perioperative shivering has many detrimental effects, including increased oxygen consumption, hypoxemia and also impedes monitoring techniques wherein it is imperative that early hypoxia is determined.[3] It is especially important that preemptive measures are taken to reduce shivering, associated with perioperative hypothermia, during LSCS as it may impair the mother's ability to hold her newborn and also postoperatively where it can interfere with bonding and the instigation of breastfeeding.[4]
Several pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods have been studied to prevent shivering perioperatively. A study showed a combined effect of tramadol and forced-air warmer in reducing the incidence of shivering in pregnant women undergoing LSCS.[5] Ondansetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist, is a widely used antiemetic, showed its anti-shivering effect following neuraxial anesthesia.[6],[7] In the present study, we chose to study the effect of ondansetron, forced-air warmer and their combination on the incidence of shivering. Core and skin temperatures and the presence and grade of shivering were recorded.
After obtaining the Institutional Ethics Committee approval and informed consent from the patients, 120 patients belonging to the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Classes I and II, 22–32 years old, full-term pregnant women scheduled for elective LSCS were enrolled into the study.
Pregnant women having contraindication to spinal anesthesia, gestational hypertension, placenta previa, and twin pregnancy, weight was <50 kg or >100 kg, cardiopulmonary disease, psychological disorder, and uncontrolled thyroid disease, anemia requiring blood transfusion intraoperatively, those who were febrile were excluded from the study.
The study was conducted in the operation theater complex, Department of Anesthesia in our Institute. The study was conducted for 6 months.
The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of intraoperative forced-air warming, ondansetron or their combination in preventing the perioperative shivering in patients undergoing elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia.
Secondary aims being:
To evaluate the incidence and grade of shivering among three groups.
To record skin and core temperatures intraoperatively and relate them to shivering incidence.
To assess hemodynamics and the presence of nausea and vomiting intraoperatively.
Parturients who were eligible to participate in the study were allocated randomly using a closed envelope technique into one of the three groups. The flow diagram is given in [Figure 1].
Figure 1: Flow diagram showing randomization
Group O (n = 40): Received injection ondansetron 4 mg intravenously (i.v.), just after subarachnoid block (SAB).
Group W (n = 40): Received upper body intraoperative forced-air warming (Bair Hugger, Model 750 warming unit) set at 43°C immediately after SAB and warming device was continued till the end of surgery.
Group C (n = 40): Received injection ondansetron 4 mg i.v., and immediate forced-air warming after SAB till the end of surgery.
All patients were kept fasting for at least 6 h before surgery. Baseline blood pressure, pulse rate, SpO2, electrocardiograph, skin temperature, and core temperature (tympanic membrane) were recorded preoperatively in all patients. The operation room temperature was adjusted at 21°C–22°C throughout the surgery by monitoring Operating theater (OT) room temperature display.
After placing i.v. cannula, patients were co-loaded with Ringer's lactate at room temperature at around 10 mL/kg. SAB was achieved under strict aseptic precautions in the sitting position using a 26 G (Quincke's) needle introduced in the L3–L4 intervertebral space. After obtaining free flow of clear cerebrospinal fluid, 10 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine was injected in the subarachnoid space. The patients were made supine and the wedge was kept under the right hip immediately and forced-air warmer was placed on the upper body of the patient belonging to Group W and Group C. While patients belonging to Group O and Group C were given 4 mg ondansetron i.v. immediately after SAB. Routine surgical draping was the same in all three groups. Surgery was commenced after achieving sensory block to dermatomal level of minimum T6.
Shivering was graded during cesarean section using an existing scale:[8]
Grade 0 = no shivering
Grade 1 = one or more of the following: piloerection, peripheral vasoconstriction, or peripheral cyanosis without other cause, but without visible muscular activity
Grade 2 = visible muscular activity confined to one muscle group
Grade 3 = visible muscular activity in >1 muscle group; and
Grade 4 = gross muscular activity involving the whole body
Grades 3 and 4 shivering for at least 2 min were considered positive, and prophylaxis was regarded as ineffective. An i.v. bolus of tramadol 1 mg/kg was used as a rescue drug.
The incidence of hypotension, bradycardia, nausea, and vomiting was recorded. Hypotension was defined as fall in blood pressure by 20% from the baseline or an absolute mean arterial pressure <60 mmHg; which was managed by increments of i.v. mephentermine 6 mg. Bradycardia defined as absolute heart rate (HR) <50 beats/min; which was managed by 0.6 mg i.v. bolus of atropine. Patients with refractory nausea or vomiting were treated with 10 mg metoclopramide i.v.
Maternal data and parameters such as noninvasive blood pressure, HR, SpO2, and skin and core temperatures were recorded in immediate preoperative, after entering into the operation theater, immediately after the establishment of SAB and every 3 min for the initial 15 min, followed by every 15 min until the end of surgery.
Core temperature was measured at tympanic membrane (dewaxed ear and same ear throughout surgery) using tympanic temperature probe (Beurer FT 58 device with disposable protective caps), and the skin temperature of the upper arm was measured using skin probe at the same time durations.
Sample size and statistical analysis
The sample size was calculated based on the results of the previous study which showed that ondansetron can reduce the incidence of postspinal shivering to 8% compared to the control group.[7] A sample size was calculated based on these findings, with a value of α = 0.05 and power (1-β) of 0.80. It was calculated that 36 patients were required per group. We included forty patients in each group (total of 120 patients) for better validation of results and any other causes for attrition.
Data values are presented as mean (standard deviation), median (range), or number (percentage). Parametric data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the Student's paired t-test where appropriate. Nonparametric data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis and the Chi-square test. A value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS windows version 19 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) windows version 19 by IBM Corporation).
Maternal demographic and obstetric data were comparable among all three groups as mentioned in [Table 1]. There was no difference among the groups with regard to the median level of age, height, weight, duration of surgery, and sensory level of SAB attained. There was no change of anesthetic plan due to inadequate level of block in the study period.
Table 1: Demographic data among the three groups
In the present study, we found that the incidence of postspinal shivering was less in all three groups compared to the incidence which was up to 85% as observed in a previous study.[2] Incidence and severity of shivering among three groups are mentioned in [Table 2]. It was observed that the incidence of shivering in Group C (5%) was less than Group W (20%) and Group O (17.5%). ANOVAs among groups showed P = 0.12. However, the incidence of shivering when compared between groups showed an absolute t value of 2.06* between Group W and C which is statistically significant. Whereas t value was 1.78 (Group O vs. C), and 0.28 (Group O vs. W) was not statistically significant.
Table 2: Incidence and severity of shivering in Group O, Group W, and Group C along with patients requiring rescue drug
Despite the incidence of shivering being more in Group W, greater incidence of Grade 3 shivering (10%) was present in Group O compared to that of the Group W (5%) and Group C (2.5%). Patients in Group O required more rescue drug (tramadol i.v.) than that of the Group C and Group W.
Core and skin temperatures of all the three groups at baseline and at 30 min interval are mentioned in [Table 3]. The changes in core temperature in each group are given in [Figure 2]. Initial core temperatures were comparable in all the three groups. The mean core temperatures decreased from baseline in all three groups and the least recorded value was in Group O (35.78 ± 0.2) at 30 min, relative to the other two groups where forced-air warming was used (Group W 35.85 ± 0.14, Group C 35.99 ± 0.176).
Table 3: Mean core and skin temperatures preoperatively (baseline) and at 30 min and their difference
Figure 2: Graph representing the core temperature changes over time in Group O, Group W, and Group C
The changes in skin temperature in each group are given in [Figure 3]. Initial skin temperatures were similar and comparable in all the three groups. Initial mean skin temperatures in Group O were 33.9 ± 0.2 which decreased to 33.75 ± 0.15 at the end of 30 min, whereas in Group W (35.04 ± 0.21) and Group C (35.35 ± 0.35), they increased from their baseline values.
Figure 3: Graph representing changes in skin temperature changes over time in Group O, Group W, and Group C
Number of patients with core temperature <36°C, 30 min after SAB were 37% in Group C, 75% in Group W, and 82% in Group O, with P < 0.05 between Group C and Group W, and not being statistically significant between the warmer and ondansetron groups (P = 0.448).
Mephentermine dose between three groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.27). Tramadol dose (as rescue drug for Grade ≥3 shivering) between groups showed a P = 0.21, which was comparable. Average time spent inside the operation theater was comparable with P being 0.9. Nausea and vomiting were observed in one patient in Group O, three patients in Group W, and one patient in Group C. APGAR scores were comparable, and none of the newborn required neonatal intensive care unit admission.
Shivering is a spontaneous, involuntary, and unpredictable muscular activity.[9] General theory assumes the cause of shivering to be a classic thermoregulatory response against core or skin hypothermia caused by the perioperative heat loss.[10] However, some of it is believed to be nonthermoregulatory because it is also observed in normothermic patients.[11] The neurotransmitter pathways involved in the mechanism of shivering are complex and still poorly understood.[3]
The perioperative hypothermia is defined as core temperature <36°C.[12] Intraoperative hypothermia during neuraxial anesthesia is triggered by various mechanisms such as redistribution of body heat from core to periphery, inhibition of central thermoregulatory control, and even the shivering threshold is reduced by about 0.5°C during neuraxial anesthesia.[13]
The best way to avoid the intraoperative and postoperative shivering-induced complications is to prevent it. Ondansetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist, is a widely used antiemetic, showed its anti-shivering effect following neuraxial anesthesia.[6] Although the mechanism of action of ondansetron as anti-shivering is not clear, it is proposed to act centrally at the level of the preoptic anterior hypothalamic region by the inhibition of serotonin reuptake.[7]
Ondansetron besides being antiemetic, was found to reduce the incidence of shivering in various studies performed on lower abdominal and orthopedic surgeries under regional anesthesia.[6],[7],[14] The incidence varied between 8% and 15% in above-mentioned studies, which is less compared to the present study where the incidence was 17.5%. This difference can be rationalized by the facts that our study group was limited to pregnant women where the incidence of shivering is higher and even physiological changes of pregnancy with volume overload may affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the studied drug. Another recent study showed that ondansetron when used in LSCS reduced the incidence of shivering to 10%. This result differed from our incidence which was 17.5%. This can be attributed to use of higher dose of ondansetron (8 mg i.v.) and use of warm fluids in the above mentioned study.[15]
Study done on different doses of Ondandetron on shivering stated that the higher dose (8mg) was more effective.[16] We wanted to study the effectiveness of 4 mg of ondansetron which is routinely used as an antiemetic dose in our everyday practice. This is also based on several other works which showed the effectiveness of 4 mg ondansetron on reducing the incidence of shivering.[6],[17],[18]
In Group W, the incidence of shivering was 20%. This result is in concordance with a meta-analysis which concluded that active warming for elective cesarean delivery decreases the incidence of hypothermia and shivering.[19] There was study showing that active forced-air warming device when started preoperatively itself and continued intraoperatively decreased the incidence of shivering and their results were comparable to this study.[20] A study also recommended necessary time for effective prewarming between 30 and 60 min.[21] However, such long periods of active prewarming for patients before surgery may lead to significant organizational delays in hospitals with higher load of LSCS like ours. Recent ERAS protocol for obstetric surgery recommends forced-air warmer should be routinely practiced for LSCS.[22]
This was the only study to our knowledge assessing the effectiveness of the combination of i.v. ondansetron 4 mg and intraoperative forced-air warming on shivering. The results inferred that the lower incidence of shivering was about 5% in the Group C compared to that of the Group O (17.5%) and Group W (20%) further reiterating the other effects of ondansetron besides the antiemetic properties. Group C also showed reduced incidence of Grade 3 shivering wherein only one patient required rescue drug. A study used the combined effect of i.v. tramadol and preoperative forced-air warming which reduced shivering incidence to 0%.[5] Combined interventions, including warmer and drug, could affect both thermoregulatory aspects and neurotransmitter pathways of shivering thus having additive effects in reducing the incidence of shivering.
In this study, core temperatures decreased from base line in all three groups at the end of 30 min, the decrease being more in Group O. Skin temperature at the end of 30 min was also decreased in Group O. While Group W and Group C showed an increment from their baseline, which can be attributed to the use of forced-air warmer in both the groups. Although the difference between core and skin temperature at the end of 30 min was more in Group O compared to that of the Group W, the incidence of shivering was less in Group O. This underlines the multifactorial causes of shivering and proposing a central effect of ondansetron in reducing the shivering. However, the incidence of Grade 3 shivering was higher in Group O (10%) compared to the Group W (5%), which required further management with rescue drug. This can be attributed to wider margin in the difference between core and skin temperatures in Group O.
According to the definitions of hypothermia, the incidence of the drop in core temperature was least recorded in the Group C (37%) which was statistically significant (P < 0.05), adding further evidence to the use of two techniques acting synergistically than the individual techniques themselves.
Combined use of ondansetron and forced-air warmer was more effective in reducing the incidence of shivering than when used individually in pregnant women undergoing elective cesarean section.
Limitations in this study are that warm fluids were not used and warmer could only be started inside the OT due to logistic issues. Blinding could not be done.
Further research should be carried out to bring evidence regarding the use of ondansetron, forced-air warmer or their combination as part of the protocol in obstetric practice in reducing the incidence of shivering.
We would like to thank our fellow colleagues and other operation theater staff who laid their helping hand in completion of this study. We would like to thank Mr. Murali statistician who helped us in statistical data analysis.
Frank SM, Beattie C, Christopherson R, Norris EJ, Rock P, Parker S, et al. Epidural versus general anesthesia, ambient operating room temperature, and patient age as predictors of inadvertent hypothermia. Anesthesiology 1992;77:252-7.
Roy JD, Girard M, Drolet P. Intrathecal meperidine decreases shivering during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2004;98:230-4, table of contents.
Sessler Daniel I. Temperture monitoring. In Anesthesia; Roland D. Miller 5th edition. Philadelphia, Pa; Churchill living stone;2000.
De Witte J, Sessler DI. Perioperative shivering: Physiology and pharmacology. Anesthesiology 2002;96:467-84.
Yousef GT, Elsayed KM. Effect of forced air prewarming, tramadol or their combination on prevention of hypothermia and shivering during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. ZUMJ 2013;19;304-10.
Shakya S, Chaturvedi A, Sah BP. Prophylactic low dose ketamine and ondansetron for prevention of shivering during spinal anaesthesia. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2010;26:465-9.
Kelsaka E, Baris S, Karakaya D, Sarihasan B. Comparison of ondansetron and meperidine for prevention of shivering in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2006;31:40-5.
Wrench IJ, Cavill G, Ward JE, Crossley AW. Comparison between alfentanil, pethidine and placebo in the treatment of post-anaesthetic shivering. Br J Anaesth 1997;79:541-2.
Kongsayreepong S, Chaibundit C, Chadpaibool J, Komoltri C, Suraseranivongse S, Suwannanonda P, et al. Predictor of core hypothermia and the surgical intensive care unit. Anesth Analg 2003;96:826-33.
Feldmann ME. Inadvertent hypothermia: A threat to homeostasis in the postanesthetic patient. J Post Anesth Nurs 1988;3:82-7.
Horn EP, Sessler DI, Standl T, Schroeder F, Bartz HJ, Beyer JC, et al. Non-thermoregulatory shivering in patients recovering from isoflurane or desflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1998;89:878-86.
Polderman KH, Herold I. Therapeutic hypothermia and controlled normothermia in the intensive care unit: Practical considerations, side effects, and cooling methods. Crit Care Med 2009;37:1101-20.
Matsukawa T, Sessler DI, Christensen R, Ozaki M, Schroeder M. Heat flow and distribution during epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1995;83:961-7.
Safavi M, Honarmand A, Negahban M, Attari M. Prophylactic effects of intrathecal meperidine and intravenous ondansetron on shivering in patients undergoing lower extremity orthopedic surgery under spinal anesthesia. J Res Pharm Pract 2014;3:94-9.
Nallam SR, Cherukuru K, Sateesh G. Efficacy of intravenous ondansetron for prevention of postspinal shivering during lower segment cesarean section: A double-blinded randomized trial. Anesth Essays Res 2017;11:508-13.
Powell RM, Buggy DJ. Ondansetron given before induction of anesthesia reduces shivering after general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2000;90:1423-7.
Asl ME, Isazadefar K, Mohammadian A, Khoshbaten M. Ondansetron and meperidine prevent postoperative shivering after general anesthesia. Middle East J Anaesthesiol 2011;21:67-70.
Tie HT, Su GZ, He K, Liang SR, Yuan HW, Mou JH, et al. Efficacy and safety of ondansetron in preventing postanesthesia shivering: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Anesthesiol 2014;14:12.
Sultan P, Habib AS, Cho Y, Carvalho B. The effect of patient warming during caesarean delivery on maternal and neonatal outcomes: A meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 2015;115:500-10.
Chung SH, Lee BS, Yang HJ, Kweon KS, Kim HH, Song J, et al. Effect of preoperative warming during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Korean J Anesthesiol 2012;62:454-60.
Horn EP, Schroeder F, Gottschalk A, Sessler DI, Hiltmeyer N, Standl T, et al. Active warming during cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 2002;94:409-14.
Caughey AB, Wood SL, Macones GA, Wrench IJ, Huang J, Norman M, et al. Guidelines for intraoperative care in cesarean delivery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Society Recommendations (Part 2). Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018;219:533-44.
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
Ram Kiran K S
Sangineni KS
cesarean section
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Online since 1st June, 2010


Two drivers escaped injury Tuesday when a semitruck, using the right lane to pass a snowplow on his left, collided with the plow on Interstate 84. Both vehicles crashed east of Pendleton near Cabbage Hill.
Police ticketed the semitruck driver for unsafe passing. Oregon law prohibits passing a snowplow on the right while it's plowing.
I can understand a driver's frustration at being delayed behind a slow-moving plow. But it's always smart, not just legal, to stay behind. The road behind a snowplow is always clearer and safer than what lies ahead.
What's also frustrating, and perceived as illegal by many drivers, is getting stuck behind a semitruck struggling to pass another. Are trucks legally allowed to pass one another on a two-lane freeway?
Envision this: You're driving on a rural stretch of freeway. It's a four-lane highway, two lanes in each direction. As you approach an incline, the semitruck ahead of you turns on its blinker and moves into the left lane, revealing another truck just ahead of it in the right lane.
Both trucks slow as they struggle up the hill, and even though you're going the speed limit you quickly close ground. Now you're stuck behind two trucks lumbering side-by-side uphill. It takes a full minute or longer for the truck in the left lane to finish passing and move over.
Was it legal for that driver to pass?
The Washington State Patrol's FAQs say that a vehicle or combination over 10,000 pounds shall be driven only in the right-hand lane except when passing, traveling faster than the traffic flow, allowing traffic to merge, or preparing for a legal left turn.
Washington law also says drivers should move left, if safely possible, when approaching police or emergency vehicles parked on the shoulder. In Oregon, this is called the Move Over or Slow Down Law.
However, when there are three or more lanes in one direction, commercial vehicles cannot travel in the left lane at all. They can legally use the right two lanes.
Sgt. James Prouty, WSP Government & Media Relations, confirmed and summarized this in an email today.
"When there are three or more lanes traveling in the same direction, vehicles pulling trailers (commercial or not) are prohibited in the far left lane," Sgt. Prouty wrote. "If there are only two lanes traveling in the same direction, vehicles pulling trailers are allowed to travel in the left lane. As with all vehicles, if there are two or more lanes traveling in the same direction, they are required to keep right except when passing."
So if you get stuck behind two lumbering semitrucks, don't gesture at the passing driver, thinking he or she is a lawbreaker. Discourteous, perhaps, but not illegal.


Apacer SDM5 7P/90D LP(H)(SATA Disk Module 7-pin/90 Degree /with housing)is one of the smallest SSDs in the market. With SATA interface and only 12% of the size of a 2.5"hard disk, the SSD is 90% lighter than traditional hard disks. The unique hook design of the product,along with the innovative concept of ridding of power cables, fully demonstrates the advantages of the shockproof feature and built-in power supply. Its slim size enables a compact design space that prevents mechanical interference and also conforms to the trend of product "miniaturization", and Apacer Inc. takes a positive view on its application in the 1U enterprise server market that requires slim chassis design.
Technology Wide Temperature / Power Cable-less / S.M.A.R.T.


Twenty-six GBS Spanish students went on an exchange trip to Orihuela, Spain from March 25 to April 6.
The trip was led by Spanish teachers Matthew Johlie, David Franson and Mark Bauman. Bauman explained that most days, the group went on short trips to do fun activities and visit nearby places such as Alicante, Valencia, and Granada. The students would spend the night with their exchange partner and family. The trip mirrored the trip exchange students from Spain took to GBS in the fall.
According to the teachers, the Spanish exchange program has happened seven times so far and occurs every other year. They have learned to make the most of the day trips and to bring an appropriate number of students while also reducing the total cost of the trip. The most important part for the teachers, however, is the students.
Bauman and Franson described one day when GBS students spent at school in Spain with the Spanish students. The group followed an example schedule of classes that included math, science, and poetry. The Spanish school band also performed the Titan fight song for the students. According to Bauman and Franson, the Spanish school was different from GBS in that it was much smaller and was more educationally focused. The school did not offer extracurriculars such as clubs and sports.
Senior Reagan Trapp, who went on the trip, says her favorite part was the food, which was much more fresh than American food. Trapp and her Spanish family went to a bread store every day for fresh bread to make dinner. Her favorite food was called bocadillo, which was made up as bread, olive oil and meat.
Trapp recalls that another interesting part of the trip–the experience of living in a Spanish household. According to her, the people walked everywhere they went, including school, the train station and social places. The homes were different from American homes in that they were almost all apartments or townhomes instead of full houses. Sharing one shower was also quite different for Trapp.
Trapp says that some of her most memorable experiences from the trip included go-karting, making a falla (a paper-mache sculpture), visiting a beach and creating a finsta for the trip with three of her friends. The finsta account, @gordosamericanos, which was created by Trapp, senior Kate Frankiewicz and juniors Ben Thomas and Sam Dale, was used to post pictures and hashtags from the trip.
"We post funny pictures of people who fell asleep on the bus, or […] two people on the exchange were dating and so we gave them a hashtag, […] different funny pictures making fun of ourselves," Trapp said.
Another important part of the trip for Trapp was that she grew much closer with the 25 other GBS students who also went on the trip. The Americans, many of whom Trapp barely knew at the beginning of the trip, became very close over the course of the week because of the long bus rides and free time they shared. Trapp recalls that they planned to continue to hang out once in America.
Bauman and Franson enjoy seeing the impact the trip had on the students. They agreed that it is important for the students to make connections with people different from themselves and experience the contrasting food, language and culture of Spain.
"For me, the most impactful part is seeing students from previous exchanges on the street and having them tell me about how the exchange impacted their lives," Bauman said.
Trapp agrees and says that the trip changed her perspective on the world and made her more grateful for her life in Glenview.


Jason Lisle vs. Eugenie Scott on CNN!
On 29 November, there was a nationally televised mini-debate/interview on creation vs. evolution—Dr Jason Lisle, a creationist astrophysicist, debated leading anti-creationist Dr Eugenie Scott, an anthropologist and ardent atheistic humanist and executive director of the pretentiously named National Center for Science Education. This has nothing to with real science such as physics and chemistry, as will be shown, and everything to do with promoting materialistic philosophy and suppressing dissent.
We also have some hyperlinks to articles for more information, and footnotes to further comments from CMI's Dr Jonathan Sarfati, since Dr Lisle properly confined himself to key points in the time limit, and could not say everything that could be said.
Paula ZAHN (moderator): Joining me now to debate this: Eugenie Scott, director of the National Center for Science Education. She joins us from San Francisco tonight. And from Cincinnati, Jason Lisle. He has a Ph.D. in astrophysics and works with a pro-creationism group called Answers in Genesis.
Jason, let's start with you tonight. If you were to teach creationism in a classroom, what would you teach?
Jason LISLE, Answers in Genesis: Well, I would show that the scientific evidence, when you understand it, is consistent with what the Bible has to say about creation.
If I had the—if I had the legal right to talk about the Bible,1 I would use that. If I didn't, I would at least show that the evidence is consistent with there being a creator, with design.
For example, we see created kinds—we see different kinds of organisms in the world and we see them reproducing after their kinds. We don't see one kind of organism turning into [an]other kind of organism. That's not something that we actually observe in nature. And that's something that evolution—evolutionists say is required.
ZAHN: So Eugenie, how would you explain that?
The way evolution is taught at the university level is the way it should be taught at the high school level. And that's really what we're talking about here. It's not between evolution and science.
ZAHN: What do you mean by that?
And that's what should be done at the high school level.
ZAHN: Jason, I want to share with you a result from the latest CBS/New York Times poll, which shows that 65 percent of those people polled were in favor of teaching both creation and evolution in public school classrooms. Do you appreciate these numbers?
ZAHN: So you don't have a problem with both being taught side by side?
LISLE: Not at all. In fact I encourage people to actually teach evolution. But teach it warts and all. Show the problems with it, as well, and then show what the creationist interpretation of the evidence is. Because we feel that the creationist interpretation of the evidence makes a lot more sense when you understand it.
ZAHN: What about the argument Eugenie made that you can teach it in a more neutral way, and I'll let you expand on that in a moment, Eugenie?
LISLE: Well, there's no neutral ground, is there? I mean, you're ultimately either for what God has said as word or against it. And that's what the real issue is here.
But you know, his version of creation, which is everything was created all at one time in six days, 10,000 years ago,7 is not what Catholics believe.8 It's not what Episcopalians believe,9 and it's certainly not what Hopi believe or what Navajo believes. So you can't say teach both, because there's more than two alternatives.
ZAHN: So Jason, would you support the idea of moving that into a religion class?
LISLE: I have no problem with creation, evolution being taught in a religion class, as well. But it would be nice if the scientific aspects of the creation models, just the idea that there is an intelligent creator, would be brought up in a science classroom.
ZAHN: Eugenie, there's a lot of, you know, strong words that are used when it comes to this debate that creationism is actually being censored out of the curriculum.
Look, the fact of the matter is that science is not a fair process. I mean, it's not a democratic system. The creationists have the same right that I have to make their position to the scientific community and convince them that there is evidence supporting the idea that everything was created all at one time. The problem is, there are no data. They haven't made the case. But what they want to do is make an end-run around the scientific community14 and go directly to the school district, as opposed to the normal process of having these ideas filter down from the scientific community.
LISLE: A real scientist would not squelch the evidence.
SCOTT: Don't make it to a—don't make it to a high school teacher.
And yet, most students will never hear about that, because we're not allowed.
SCOTT: And there's—and there's a very good reason for that.
ZAHN: All right, Eugenie, you get the last word tonight in the debate.22 The very good reason for that is what, Eugenie?
SCOTT: The very good reason for that is that he has to fool around with some constants that completely violate the laws of physics, which is why these arguments are not made in the scientific literature. They're made—they're made politically at the local school board. And that's not the place for them.
ZAHN: Eugenie Scott, Jason Lisle, thank you for educating us tonight. Appreciate it.
SCOTT: Thank you for asking us.
By the way, I thought Dr Lisle won the debate. He looked sharp and well-informed, which he is.
D. Russell Humphreys, Ph. D.
The first amendment of the US Constitution says "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof". It actually says nothing about what states or teachers can do, but activist courts have twisted it to expunge God from the classrooms. They even refer to "separation of church and state" and a "wall of separation", which is not in the constitution. Return to text.
This seems rather hypocritical, considering that Scott has often tried to tell Christians what they should believe about evolution, although her religion is practically identical to O'Hare's. Her humanist-founded-and-operated organization even had the gall to recruit a liberal churchian to write a "Congregational Study Guide" for the PBS Evolution series—see Atheists—infiltrating churches! Scott is not the only antitheist to co-opt theistic evolutionists as what Lenin called "useful idiots", while in reality having little but contempt for those who try to "run with the hare and hunt with the hounds". Return to text.
Dr Lisle's definition was perfectly fair and is consistent with that of evolutionary biologist Dr Gerald Kerkut. And Scott has actually approved a definition so broad that it would make all of CMI evolutionists too! She approvingly cited a teacher whose pupils said after her "definition": "Of course species change with time! You mean that's evolution?!" (Dealing with anti-evolutionism, Reports of the National Center for Science Education 17(4):24–28; quote on p. 26, with emphasis in original, 1997.) But of course, Scott doesn't intend to claim that we are evolutionists; rather this is equivocation with the word, which is deceitful in effect. She clearly aims to portray creationists as ignorant hillbillies who have to deny that things change at all to be consistent. Of course, creationists believe in plenty of change, but just not that which crosses the kind boundary. That is the point of debate, not whether things change. Also, evolution from goo to you via the zoo requires changes to increase information content, whereas the observed changes that evolutionists often tout as "proof" are going in the wrong direction. See Beetle bloopers: Even a defect can be an advantage sometimes and The evolution train's a-comin' (Sorry, a-goin'—in the wrong direction). Return to text.
This is disingenuous. The "science" Scott advocates is really a view of history where God, if He even exists, did not perform miracles to create things. Return to text.
Actually, that's the way it is. It's simply the Law of Excluded Middle in elementary logic. Either things were made or they weren't! As shown in note 10, there are many religious subdivisions of both, but in the broadest senses of each, creation and evolution exhaust the possibilities. Other evolutionists have had no problem with this simple logic, e.g., Professor D.M.S. Watson wrote: "evolution [is] a theory universally accepted not because it can be proven by logically coherent evidence to be true, but because the only alternative, special creation, is clearly incredible" (Adaptation, Nature 124:233, 1929). Return to text.
I.e., the version of creation taught in the Bible determined by the normal rules of its grammatical and historical context, and understood by most exegetes throughout church history. It is dishonest to claim that this biblical understanding is something only recently invented by CMI or 20th century creationists. Return to text.
More like 6,000 years—see Biblical chronogenealogies. Return to text.
Note our previous comment about an atheist telling church groups what they believe. In fact, there are Catholic creationists such as those featured on Evolution: Fact or Belief? (VHS), and many of those the church regards as "saints", such as Basil the Great. Return to text.
Once again, we have been to conservative Episcopalian (Anglican) churches who do believe. In fact, the majority of Anglicans in the world are conservative Anglicans, not heretics like Spong. Return to text.
If Scott really wants to split up the scientific notion of creation into its various religious understandings, then she should do the same with evolution. Not only is evolution a religion in itself, as leading evolutionary philosopher Dr. Michael Ruse argues cogently (see quote), but it can be subdivided just as Scott has done with creation. E.g., there are atheistic evolutionists, theistic evolutionists, New Age evolutionists, astrology-believing evolutionists (New Age astrologers nearly all have an evolutionary mindset), crystal-power–invoking evolutionists, Raëlian evolutionists, Marxist evolutionists, Nazi evolutionists … Return to text.
Of course—we claim that creation and evolution are not views of operational science, but really views about history, which might be called origins science. No scientist observed God create the universe or life, and no scientist has seen the big bang "bang" or life being spontaneously generated from nonliving chemicals. Rather than observation, origins science uses the principles of causality (everything that has a beginning has a cause) and analogy (e.g., we observe that intelligence is needed to generate complex coded information in the present, so we can reasonably assume the same for the past). And because there was no material intelligent designer for life, it is legitimate to invoke a non-material designer for life. Creationists invoke the miraculous only for origins science, and as shown, this does not mean they will invoke it for operational science. See Naturalism, Origin and Operation Science. Return to text.
Scott evidently thinks so, at least in her heart of hearts, because she said, "In my opinion, using creation and evolution as topics for critical-thinking exercises in primary and secondary schools is virtually guaranteed to confuse students about evolution and may lead them to reject one of the major themes in science." (cited in Where Darwin Meets the Bible—by anti-creationist Larry Witham, Oxford University Press, 2002). I.e., we can't have kids learning about problems with evolution, because then they might not believe it! Return to text.
Incredible ipse dixit. She has also claimed, in all seriousness, that there are no problems with evolution. That would be news to evolutionary researchers who claim that science is about solving problems, such as Dr Scott Todd (note 19). Return to text.
What Dr Scott really means is the evolutionary science establishment. But all this nonsense that "creationists don't publish in refereed journals" is really the last refuge of those who can't refute the arguments. And they know perfectly well that overtly creationist papers are almost always censored. One "intelligent design" paper that slipped through the "paper curtain" was Dr. Stephen Meyer's one on the origin of basic types in the Cambrian explosion, published in the peer-reviewed journal, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. However, groups like NCSE wrote to the journal railing that the article was substandard—before they'd even read it (not reading things may be no deterrent for Dr Scott—consider her closing comments about Dr. Humphreys' paper). Then the Biological Society's governing council backtracked, claiming that had they known about it beforehand, they "would have deemed this paper inappropriate for the pages of the Proceedings," and promised that "Intelligent Design … will not be addressed in future issues of the [journal]." So it's ironic for evolutionists like Scott to pontificate that a scientific movement must publish a peer-reviewed article in order to be considered legitimate, and then turn around and complain that it wasn't legitimate for a journal to publish any peer-reviewed article from that movement! Return to text.
Rather, evolutionary activists, liberal lawyers from groups like the ACLU (the misnamed American Civil Liberties Union) and activist judges are doing their best to suppress dissent. Return to text.
That must have been galling for Scott—a moderator singling out a creationist opponent as a real scientist, which of course he is. She has probably had it her own way for far too long with the secular media that exhibits so much leftist liberal bias and arrogance (the titles of books by former CBS journalist Bernard Goldberg that thoroughly document this). Return to text.
No he wasn't, actually. CMI is not a lobby group, and we oppose legislation for compulsion of creation teaching [see Textbook wars: a different angle]. For one thing, one school of thought is that sending kids to public schools is in any case like Moses sending the Israelite children to Canaanite schools. But mainly, why would we want an atheist forced to teach creation and give a distorted view? But we would like legal protection for teachers who present scientific arguments against the sacred cow of evolution such as staged pictures of peppered moths and forged embryo diagrams. Return to text.
Of course. For example, good chemistry professors will teach their students about Thompson's "plum-pudding" model of atomic structure, followed by Rutherford's "solar system" model and Bohr's model of quantized orbits—and about problems with all these models. Only then will they get onto atomic orbital theory, which solved all the problems and was refined with experimental data. Return to text.
Exactly. So she should cease complaining when there is competition for evolution. Even the evolutionary immunologist Dr Scott Todd of Kansas State University said: "Additionally, one must question the interpretations of the observed phenomena and discuss the weaknesses of the model. Honest scientists are far more inspiring than defensive ones who scoff arrogantly at the masses and fear that discussing the problems of macro-evolutionary theory will weaken general acceptance of it. On the other hand, free debate is more likely to encourage the curious to seek solutions" (correspondence to Nature 401(6752):423, 30 September 1999). Return to text.
One is tempted to say: "And you wait your turn!" Even here, Scott can't stand to see any dissenting views, so has to rudely interrupt her opponent. Return to text.
See The earth' magnetic field: evidence that the earth is young for explanation. Return to text.
And Scott immediately breaks a major rule of debating—a closing statement must not bring up new material that the opponent will have no chance to rebut. But we should not be too surprised whenever someone who denies an absolute moral Lawgiver chooses to trangress moral/ethical bounds. As the Russian writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821–1881) puts in the mouth of the Grand Inquisitor in The Brothers Karamazov, "Without God, everything is permissible; crime is inevitable." So when Christians debate atheists, we should heed the warning of the 18th century British statesman and philosopher Edmund Burke: "There is no safety for honest men but by believing all possible evil of evil men" [meant inclusively in those days] (Reflections on the Revolution in France, p. 249). Return to text.
Humphreys, D.R., The Creation of Planetary Magnetic Fields, Creation Research Society Quarterly 21(3):140–149. Return to text.


text:
/* -*-C++-*-
******************************************************************************
*
* File:         ComSafePrinter.cpp
* Description:  Safe versions of some sprintf-style functions. They are
*               "safe" in the sense that they prevent writing beyond the
*               end of the target buffer. Some platforms, but not OSS,
*               provide similar functions in the stdio library.
*
* Created:      June 2003
* Language:     C++
*
*
*
******************************************************************************
*/

#include "ComSafePrinter.h"
#include <limits.h>

#define FILENO _fileno

THREAD_P FILE *ComSafePrinter::outfile_ = NULL;

ComSafePrinter::ComSafePrinter()
{
}

ComSafePrinter::~ComSafePrinter()
{
}

Int32 ComSafePrinter::vsnPrintf(char *str, size_t n,
                              const char *format, va_list args)
{

  if (!str || n == 0 || !format)
  {
    return 0;
  }

  Int32 targetLen = (n > INT_MAX ? INT_MAX : (Int32) n);
  Int32 result = -1;

  // Otherwise we buffer data in a temporary file
  if (!outfile_)
  {
    outfile_ = tmpfile();
#ifdef NA_DEBUG_C_RUNTIME
    if (!outfile_)
    {
      fprintf(stderr,
              "*** WARNING: ComSafePrinter temp file could not be created");
    }
#endif
  }

  if (outfile_)
  {
    rewind(outfile_);
    result = vfprintf(outfile_, format, args);
  }

  if (result > 0)
  {
    Int32 totalLength = result;
    Int32 numWritten = 0;

    if (totalLength < targetLen)
    {
      numWritten = vsprintf(str, format, args);
      if (numWritten == totalLength)
      {
        result = numWritten;
      }
      else
      {
        result = -1;
      }
    }
    else
    {
      rewind(outfile_);
      numWritten = (Int32) fread(str, sizeof(char), targetLen - 1, outfile_);
      if (numWritten == (targetLen - 1))
      {
        str[targetLen - 1] = 0;
        result = numWritten;
      }
      else
      {
        result = -1;
      }
    }
  }

  return result;

} // ComSafePrinter::vsnPrintf()

Int32 ComSafePrinter::snPrintf(char *str, size_t n, const char *format, ...)
{
  va_list args;
  va_start(args, format);
  Int32 result = vsnPrintf(str, n, format, args);
  va_end(args);
  return result;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


They're mischievous, but they're oh so cute and clever! The cute part of that statement certainly applies to this extremely real-looking Wild Life Raccoon Collectible Figure that measures about 3-inches long x 1 1/2-inches tall. For even more fun, collect and play with all the finely detailed Schleich Wild Life playsets and figures. They encourage children to play and learn at the same time! Each sold separately. Raccoons are small but intelligent predatory animals. They learn very quickly and have a good memory. Active at night, they feed on small animals such as insects, beetles, worms, and fish, but also on plants, fruits, and nuts. They'll also have fun with your garbage can if you don't watch out! As winter approaches, raccoons eat enough to put on a thick layer of body fat.
Whether you call these guys lynx or bobcat, they're magnificent, and so is this hyper-realistic Wild Life Lynx Collectible Figure! It measures roughly 3 1/2-inches long x 2-inches tall. For even more fun, collect and play with all the finely detailed Schleich Wild Life playsets and figures. They encourage children to play and learn at the same time! Each sold separately. The lynx is best known for the striking tufts of hair on its ears. These do not protect the ears of this predatory cat from the cold but help it to hear better. Lynx that live in colder areas have larger and more heavily padded paws. Like snowshoes, they help the animals keep from sinking into the snow.
A mother's love knows no species boundaries. The Wild Life Mother Wolf with Pups Set features mama and her two offspring in amazing detail and authenticity! She measures about 5 1/3-inches tall x 3 1/2-inches long. Ages 3 to 8. For even more fun, collect and play with all the finely detailed Schleich Wild Life playsets and figures. They encourage children to play and learn at the same time! Each sold separately. Wolf pups are blind and deaf at birth and therefore dependent upon their mother. Only after two weeks do they first open their eyes, and after about ten weeks, they begin to explore the world around them. The little rascals like to play hide-and-seek, roll around in the grass, and hunt small insects. However, as soon as they're two years old, they leave the pack to start one of their own.
If you love animals as much as we do, you're gonna love this beautifully realistic and irresistible Wild Life White-Tailed Doe Collectible Figure. She measures approximately 3 1/3-inches tall x 3 1/3-inches long. For even more fun, collect and play with all the finely detailed Schleich Wild Life playsets and figures, including the Wild Life White-Tailed Buck Collectible Figure and Wild Life White-Tailed Fawn Collectible Figure (each sold separately). They encourage children to play and learn at the same time! White-tailed does can see and hear very well but rely mainly on their sense of smell and their speed. They're very agile and can sprint up to 30 mph. Their grey-brown winter coat isn't just camouflage against predators. Because its hairs are hollow, they also store body heat very efficiently.
Ride along with Ranger Tom! The dinghy in this cool Dinghy with Ranger Set actually floats on water! There's also a rotating steering wheel and a box and hinged compartment for storing equipment. This expansion set for the CROCO jungle research station (sold separately) includes a CROCO dinghy, a motor, Ranger Tom, 3 fish, a roll bar, a flag, binoculars with carrying strap, an aluminum-colored box, and a sticker sheet. Plus, additional accessories to perfectly equip the dinghy are available separately! There are also other playsets (sold separately) based on the CROCO research station for you to discover so you can complete your jungle world. Ranger Tom and his team are on an exciting mission, and the CROCO jungle research station is the central base camp from which explorers set out on wild adventures. Mary the vet and Tom and Alex the rangers depart on their expeditions from there, either on the quad bike or in the dinghy.
Are you hungry? Look what I brought you! Mama bear in this almost too realistic Wild Life Grizzly Bear Mother with Cub Set measures roughly 5 1/3-inches long x 3 1/2-inches tall, and the two together are amazing. The set includes a mother bear, a bear cub, and two fish. For even more fun, collect and play with all the finely detailed Schleich Wild Life playsets and figures. They encourage children to play and learn at the same time! Each sold separately. Grizzly bears give birth to their young during the hibernation months. In the cozy warm cave, they're well protected from the cold and other predators. The bear cub first leaves the cave in spring. It follows its mother step by step to search for berries and roots or hunt fish with her.
These adorable little rascals are sure to bring a smile to any animal lover's face! The same is true of this Wild Life Quokka Collectible Figure that measures roughly 2-inches long x 1 3/4-inches tall. For even more fun, collect and play with all the finely detailed Schleich Wild Life playsets and figures. They encourage children to play and learn at the same time! Each sold separately. Quokkas are peaceful little marsupials. They belong to the family of kangaroos and are therefore also called short-tailed kangaroos. Quokkas live in a small area in the southwest of Australia and are often referred to as the 'happiest animals in the world,' because they seem to smile all the time. due to the shape of their mouth.
If you love animals as much as we do, you're gonna love this beautifully realistic – not to mention, totally adorable – Wild Life White-Tailed Fawn Collectible Figure. It measures approximately 2-inches tall x 2-inches long. For even more fun, collect and play with all the finely detailed Schleich Wild Life playsets and figures. They encourage children to play and learn at the same time! Each sold separately. White-tailed fawns have lots of small white spots on their fur. These serve as camouflage since the dots make them harder to spot in high grass and trees. When its mother is off looking for food, the white-tailed fawn hides in the tall grass. It stretches out flat on the ground, even laying its head and neck down flat. Pretty smart, huh?
Do you know what an Okapi is? Well, it's a small forest giraffe, and you can own one (kinda) in the form of this very realistic Wild Life Okapi Collectible Figure measuring approximately 4 1/3-inches long x 4-inches tall. For even more fun, collect and play with all the finely detailed Schleich Wild Life playsets and figures. They encourage children to play and learn at the same time! Each sold separately. Particularly remarkable is the Okapi's striped fur on its hindquarters, which resembles a zebra. Okapis live in a small area in the African rainforest and eat leaves, fruits, ferns, and mushrooms. The animals are very shy and were therefore not discovered by the Western world until 1890.
You probably don't want to meet this fine fellow and his friends on the trail, but this uber-realistic Wild Life Wolf Collectible Figure makes a terrific addition to your desk or toybox! It measures roughly 4-inches long x 2-inches tall. For even more fun, collect and play with all the finely detailed Schleich Wild Life playsets and figures. They encourage children to play and learn at the same time! Each sold separately. It's said that wolves howl at the moon, but their sounds actually serve to communicate with each other. By howling, they want to draw the attention of the other pack members to something important, call them to hunt together, or try to drive away wolves that don't belong to the pack. Their cries can be heard for miles.


text:
Riese & Müller Delite e-bike features dual batteries, belt drive, and full suspension
Green is the new green
Derek Markham derekmarkham
© Riese & Müller
This electric bike is packed with features, including a mid-drive Bosch motor, a rear rack and dual fenders, an onboard lock, and front and rear lights.
While some e-bike companies are focusing on building 'stealth' electric bikes that look almost exactly like a conventional bicycle, others are looking at e-bikes as an entirely new breed of bicycle, and one that needs to be built as such from the ground up. And one of those manufacturers, Germany's Riese & Müller, has just launched a new e-bike model that looks to be a serious contender, as it's packed to the gills spokes with all of the e-bike bells and whistles.
The Delite series of electric bikes from Riese & Müller, which ranges from the basic touring model to the decidedly burly GX Rohloff HS model with an internal hub 14-speed gearset and top of the line motor, are referred to as "eAdventure" bikes, and are said to be the first dual battery bikes, which allow for double the riding range. The bikes are all built around mid-drive electric motors made by Bosch, which is one of the leading electric motor brands, and which can deliver higher performance and torque than hub motors (although some claim that this additional strain on the chain and gearset can lead to a shorter lifespan of individual components).
The Delite series is available in variations ranging from the 25 kph (~15.5 mph) touring model with the Bosch Performance CX motor and 500 Wh battery pack to models capable of 45 kph (~28 mph) with the Performance Speed motor, and dual batteries are an option on all of them. Some of the models feature a Gates carbon belt drive paired with an internal hub gearset, while others are chain-driven and incorporate either a Shimano derailleur or a Rohloff hub gear, and all models have both front and rear suspension for a smoother ride.
The bikes also come with a rear cargo rack, front and rear fenders (mudguards), a front LED headlight and rear light, hydraulic disc brakes, and an Abus Bordo folding lock that mounts behind the seat so that securing the bike is as seamless as possible. And considering the investment necessary to get in the saddle of these Riese & Müller eAdventure bikes, which starts at about £4,300 (~$5300), securing the bike when you're not riding it is a high priority. However, when it comes to the cost of one of these e-bikes, which could enable some people to either ditch the car completely, or to only drive occasionally, any discussion of price should include the potential money-saving aspect of reduced or avoided gas, insurance, registration, and vehicle maintenance costs.
The Delite series comes in several color variations, and in three frame sizes, and more information about Riese & Müller e-bikes, including this sweet e-cargo bike, is available on the company website.
These powerful electric bikes offer a massive dose of old school style
Recon is offering its 50-mile range MONO electric bike for under $800
UrbanX drop-in e-bike wheel takes a minute to install, and promises...
Tern's new folding bike folds up 30 percent smaller than other fold...
7 easy ways to make home-cooked food healthier

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Often, our minds are overloaded by the busy daily activities and yearn for some relaxation time. Meditation focusses on letting your mind go and directs your attention inwards, leaving the world behind. Meditation sessions from Tarot on Top are highly effective in giving you the sense of tranquillity that you need.
Our learned meditation therapists will guide you to a relaxed state of mind, where you are finally one with yourself. With time and focus, you will succeed in relaxing your mind to great effect.
At Tarot on Top, we focus on creating an environment conducive to meditating in a hectic lifestyle. You are trained to focus on your breathing and, over time, free your mind. With repeated sessions, we have helped countless individuals master the art of meditation and achieve a strong measure of inner calm. Trust us to help you as well. All our sessions are completely private and confidential.
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of engraved memorial bricks surround majestic oaks and a reflecting pond among lush plants. Bricks are available for the public to purchase.
programs for children at the Winter Garden Heritage Foundation. Bloom and Grow has contributed to the Winter Garden Community Garden; has given scholarships and monetary support to Wekiva Youth Camp; purchased birch trees for the new Jessie Brock Community Center in Winter Garden and contributed to the educational programs for students at the Winter Garden Heritage Museum.
The Club has also awarded over $40,000 in scholarships to horticulture students in state university and community colleges.
co-hosted a Louis Comfort Tiffany event in Winter Garden and decorated the History Center, the Winter Garden Heritage Museum and the Central Florida Railroad Museum for the holidays. The club has donated environmental books to 12 area elementary schools and 5 middle schools and participated in Reading Reindeer. Husbands of Bloom and Grow members built 30 Wood Duck nesting boxes to be placed around area lakes. This was co-sponsored by Oakland Nature Preserve. The club has built and planted a Sensory Garden for the United Cerebral Palsy School in Winter Garden.
establishing a Junior Garden Club at Windy Ridge Elementary School. The funds raised through the annual 'Spring Fever in the Garden' make it possible for this club to accomplish all these projects.


The connection of wind farms to the national electricity grid requires over EUR 500 M of investment, money Transelectrica does not have, therefore some production capabilities will have to operate with restrictions unless financing sources are identified, Mediafax reports.
'We are being told we should come up with solutions. Those solutions cost more than EUR 500 M as investment. Transelectrica doesn't have the funds. We are now discussing with the National Regulatory Agency in the Field of Energy (ANRE) to propose legislative initiatives that would allow us to raise the investment. Without such investment, all wind farm connection permits will be issued with operation restrictions. Currently more projects are being assessed than we can attract, we feel the absence of a legislation to make wind farm developers guarantee their completion', Transelectrica Deputy General Manager Octavian Lohan told a press conference on energy yesterday. According to Lohan, part of the investment could be provided by selling minority Transelectrica stocks.
'We have identified sources of financing, now we need the legislation and a hierarchy of projects according to the capacity of accomplishing them. For example, companies from Russia, China, USA or UK have expressed an interest in buying Transelectrica shares. Then we have proposed to ANRE other methods, including financial guarantees wind energy developers should be required to pay when projects are selected,' Lohan said. The Government plans to sell by secondary offering 15 per cent of Transelectrica shares together with a 12 per cent injection of capital.
Lohan says that, although Transelectrica has received requests to authorise a total of 30,000 MW wind installations, many developers do not have the money to finalise their projects. 'Unfortunately, Transelectrica cannot reject any such project unless it wants to jeopardise the security of the national grid. We cannot have more than 5,000 MW wind energy. Therefore, it seems that we are not doing well,' Lohan continued.


just download the latest version from the same link.
The problem is due to MySQL version.
First version which I have submitted was compatible for MySQL 5.x.
Later version I have changed to BLOB, so it will be compatible for any MySQL version.
The updated version works perfectly. Thanks for this great component!


Sarah Woulfin is an associate professor in Neag's department of educational leadership who studies the relationship between education policy and equitable instruction. Using lenses from organizational sociology, she investigates how policies and organizational conditions influence the work of teachers, coaches, principals, and district administrators in reform. Dr. Woulfin's work has been published in AERJ, AJE, EAQ, EEPA, Urban Education, and other outlets. In her doctoral work at the University of California-Berkeley, she focused on policy implementation and institutional theory.
Dr. Woulfin is an associate editor for Elementary School Journal. She is on Reading Research Quarterly's editorial review board and reviews for AERJ, AJE, and EPAA. She is the co-chair of AERA's Districts in Research in Reform SIG. In Neag's department of Educational Leadership, she is the lead instructor for the UCAPP PLUS program, which develops aspiring leaders in Hartford Public Schools.
As a former urban public school teacher and reading coach, she was dedicated to strengthening students' literacy skills to promote educational equity. As a scholar, her commitment to raising the quality of instruction motivates her research on how policy influences—and is influenced by—administrators, coaches, and teachers.


text:
Journal of Women's Health and Gynecology (JWHG)
Journal of Women's Health and Gynecology (JWHG) is an international journal aims to provide a platform for physicians, health researchers and academicians of all over the world to promote, share and discuss various new issues and developments in health related problems.
Publishing Areas:
Gynecology and Obstetrics
Reproductive toxicology
Women's health behaviors and health promotion
Vagina, Uterus, Oviduct, and Placenta Pathology
Reproductive health and Diabetes in Pregnancy
Breast cancer and Ovarian Cancer
Advances in Ultrasonography
Perinatal Infections
Publication of article types:
Original research articles: Describes original research within the scope of the journal.
Case reports: Reports of clinical presentations describing a diagnostic or therapeutic dilemma followed by evaluative studies.
Editorial comments: Introduce current research and comment on major advances and developments in the field.
Methodology: Present a new experimental method, test or procedure. The methods described may be completely new or a better version of already existing one. The method should demonstrate all the possible tests and results.
Rapid communications: Short papers presenting highly significant and original material.
Review articles: To review the progression of a research in the field and make suggestions for future work includes authoritative, comprehensive, descriptions of any subject within the scope of Women's Health and Gynecology Journal.
Letters to the editor: Letter consisting of comments directly on publications of journal which are already published or introduces a specific issue of a general interest.
As Journal of Women's Health and Gynecology follows the Creative Commons Attribution License and Scholars Open Access publishing policies, readers can freely access the published articles through online and JWHG will be kept up to date with latest advances in the field of health issues and medicine. All published articles will be assigned with unique Digital Objective Identifier provided by Cross Ref.


Hi! I'm back from my much-needed getaway to Vegas. I regret not photographing all my outfits throughout our four day stay, but I'm happy to at least have one to share with you. I wore this look on Saturday. It was a relaxing day, so the Lane Bryant floral chiffon maxi dress and J. Crew panama hat were the perfect items to wear. A dress like this is always no-fuss, easy to accessorize, and beyond comfortable. If you're in the market for a spring/summer dress, I highly recommend this one!


text:
package com.airbnb.epoxy;

public class ModelWithPrivateFieldWithStaticSetter extends EpoxyModel<Object> {
  @EpoxyAttribute private int valueInt;

  @Override
  protected int getDefaultLayout() {
    return 0;
  }

  public int getValueInt() {
    return valueInt;
  }

  public static void setValueInt(int valueInt) {

  }
}


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Just some selected quotes and musings from HExL, Inc. founder and CEO Richard A. Kimball, Jr. lifted from some of his interviews and discussions.
"When you decide to forego necessary medical treatment because you're worried about costs, you're putting your health and maybe your life, at great risk," said Kimball.
"Teleheath is changing the way patients and families experience the continuum care. Healthcare providers will increasingly need to create effective and convenient home based, high touch and high tech solutions that work in a value based reimbursement or capitated environment," said Richard Kimball, Co-Founder and CEO of healthcare technology start up HEXL.


text:
The Decade Of The Century Essay
The Super Bowl is the most exciting part of the year. This event keeps the world on their toes as if a ballerina dancing to perfection. The Super Bowl is not only the most exciting event of the year, it is also the most competitive event of the year. The Super Bowl only has one winner, and the victor will always be remembered in history. Nobody remembers the team that lost the Super Bowl. The only teams remembered in Super Bowl history are the teams that can call themselves the victor. The 1990s are the most competitive, important, and exciting years of American history as seen in the professional team, the 49ers, computer search engines, and corvettes.
The beginning of the 1990s is led with the first major event, the Super Bowl. This is the year that the 49ers start the decade with a world championship with two of the greatest players of all time. The year of the great Super Bowl victory won by the 49ers, head coach Bill Walsh quit his job. The head coach to lead the great 49er attack to the championship in 1990 is George Seifert. During this legendary season by San Fran, Joe Montana has one of his best seasons as a quarterback. Joe Montana this year has the best passer rating of any quarterback of 112.6. This same season wide receiver Jerry Rice broke the all time record of receiving touchdowns in a season. Jerry Rice later in the decade (1995) also breaks the receiving yards all time record by any player and is the receiver to have the most one thousand yard receiving seasons (Italia 52, Fleder 221). The incredible season by the 49ers led by two hall of famers go to the 1990 Super Bowl with a record of fourteen wins and two losses. Joe Montana receives the Super Bowl MVP in the year of 1990. After winning the Super Bowl again the next year, the 49ers become the first back-to-back national champions since the Steelers in the 1970s (Italia 38-39). The Niners in 1990 was just the beginning of the greatest decade ever as well as technology rising and receiving an enormous amount of focus by America.
Technology is getting major attention in the 1990s because of the next greatest search engine and internet providers. In 1991, Microsoft introduced the ballpoint mouse designed for laptop computers (Musolf 30). A full service internet provider entered the age of Microsoft in 1995. Toward the end of '95, Microsoft had made a new twenty-four hour channel called MSNBC and a new online service. Microsoft also has introduced a new version of MSN named Microsoft Internet Explorer (Musolf 32). Not only was Microsoft hot in business, but Google had began its long journey of success. The name Google is actually misspelled of the original name googolplex. Googolplex is the number ten raised to the power googol. It represents the number one followed by one hundred zeros (Gilbert 13). Google is a world wide web used by over thousands of people at an early birth. Google is founded by Page and Brin who in 1998 sold $1.67 billion worth of stock from Google. Page and...
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Editorial | Off the News
Off the News
By Star-Advertiser staff
[ AD HAS BEEN REMOVED FROM THIS STORY ]
Slom's up, a party of 1
That state senator wearing the black cowboy hat?
No, no, not Clayton Hee. It was self-styled "Lone Ranger" Sam Slom, the sole Republican in the Senate, addressing his colleagues and visiting dignitaries during yesterday's opening session of the Legislature. Slom's message: Government needs to get smaller, spend less and encourage individual achievement, especially since the state has little money.
"We have encouraged an entire generation to shelve their self-reliance and become government dependent," he said. The government listened politely and applauded. After all, with a nearly $800 million budget deficit, Slom had a point.
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3-ton rocket that can smash into the moon Friday is from China, astronomer argues
7 March 2022 by hub
A 3- ton (2.7 metric tons) discarded rocket stage will smash into the moon Friday (March 4), however its origins are nonetheless disputed. A number of astronomers who've been monitoring the piece of house junk say it's from China, though Chinese language officers disagree.
The discarded rocket stage shall be touring at a blistering 5,771 mph (9,288 km/h) when it hits the Hertzsprung crater on the moon's far facet at 7:25 a.m. EST (1225 GMT) Friday. The vitality from the collision is anticipated to punch out a shallow crater and ship a plume of moon mud a whole bunch of miles excessive.
The occasion will mark the primary time that any house junk has by chance collided with the lunar floor. Many consultants now suppose that the junk, which has been hurtling round house for greater than seven years, is the spent higher stage of a rocket launched throughout one in every of China's first forays to the moon, in 2014. However Chinese language officers declare that their higher stage burned up in Earth's environment years in the past. As a result of the impression will happen on the moon's far facet, it may take scientists weeks, and even months, to search out the crater and any lingering proof which may settle the case of the rocket's controversial origins.
Associated: 5 strange, cool things we've recently learned about the moon
Invoice Grey, a U.S. astronomer and the developer of the asteroid-tracking software program Challenge Pluto, mentioned he's assured that the "moon crasher" is China's rocket.
"I am pretty satisfied that there is not any method it may be anything," Grey informed Stay Science. "At this level, we hardly ever get something fairly this sure."
Grey was the primary astronomer to foretell that the particles would collide with the moon after it was first noticed tumbling by way of house in March 2015. The article (which had been given the short-term identify WE0913A) was picked up by the Catalina Sky Survey, a mission that makes use of telescopes in Arizona to scan the sky for harmful asteroids that might smash into Earth. However WE0913A wasn't orbiting the solar like an asteroid would. It was orbiting Earth, main Grey to suspect that the thing was human-made.
Grey initially recognized the errant house junk because the higher stage of a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, despatched to house in February 2015 to ship the Deep House Local weather Observatory (DSCOVR), a satellite tv for pc designed to watch each photo voltaic storms and Earth's climate, to a gravitationally secure Lagrange level between the solar and Earth. Grey thinks that, after finishing its activity, the rocket's second stage ran out of gasoline and commenced tumbling round Earth and the moon in an unpredictable orbit.
The rocket particles was recorded throughout an commentary window by the Digital Telescope Challenge. (Picture credit score: Gianluca Masi/Digital Telescope Challenge)
However after being contacted by Jon Giorgini, an engineer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory who tracks lively spacecraft, Grey realized he was improper. The DSCOVR spacecraft's trajectory did not take that object very near the moon and, subsequently, made it unlikely {that a} piece of the craft would find yourself hurtling into Earth's lunar neighbor. Going again to his data, Grey found one other spacecraft which fitted far more intently with the trajectory of the moon-bound particles: the higher stage of China's Chang'e 5-T1 mission, which launched in October 2014 as a part of a preliminary mission to ship a take a look at capsule to the moon and again.
Chinese language international ministry officers deny that the house junk is theirs, insisting that the Chang'e 5 rocket already burned up on re-entry to Earth's environment. However U.S. consultants imagine that Chinese language officers might be mixing up the 2014 rocket with the rocket from a 2020 mission, and that the previous would be the object that hits the moon Friday. Additional proof got here Tuesday (March 1), when the U.S. Division of Protection's House Command, which tracks low Earth orbit house junk, launched a press release confirming that China's 2014 rocket had by no means deorbited.
"It is on the orbit that an terrible lot of lunar missions take; its inclination implies that, prior to now, it was headed out over China; it was going east in the way in which Chinese language lunar missions do; and its estimated launch time falls inside 20 minutes of the Chang'e 5-T1 rocket," Grey mentioned.
An newbie radio satellite tv for pc was hooked up to the Chang'e 5-T1 for the primary 19 days of its flight, Grey mentioned, and the trajectory information despatched again from that satellite tv for pc matches the rocket particles' present trajectory completely. Others have additionally discovered vital clues, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Heart for Close to Earth Object Research reran Grey's orbital evaluation, confirming its accuracy, and a College of Arizona staff even seemed on the spectrum of the daylight being mirrored by the distant, moon-bound object's paint, confirming that it matched the paint of the Chang'e 5-T1.
The house junk is projected to hit the moon's equator on its far facet, that means that the impression will go unobserved from Earth. Satellites orbiting the moon, comparable to NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and India's Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft, is not going to be in the best spot to seize the collision however will almost certainly be used to establish the ensuing impression crater. It may take many months for scientists to identify the brand new lunar gap, however many are hoping the photographs may assist them higher perceive the moon's subsurface contents.
Though this would be the first piece of house junk to unintentionally collide with the moon, it is not the primary time a human-made satellite tv for pc has crashed there. In 2009, NASA's Lunar Crater Commentary and Sensing Satellite tv for pc was deliberately fired into the moon's south pole at 5,600 mph (9,000 km/h), unleashing a plume that enabled scientists to detect the important thing signatures of water ice. The Saturn V rockets of NASA's Apollo missions had been additionally intentionally disposed of by being fired into the moon.
Grey mentioned the confusion surrounding the thing's id highlights an actual want for space-faring nations and firms in all places to higher observe the rockets they ship into deep house — not simply so they are not mistaken for Earth-threatening asteroids but additionally to maintain the house round Earth clear from particles.
"From my egocentric standpoint, it could assist us to trace asteroids higher," Grey mentioned. "The care that is given to low Earth orbit satellites has not been utilized to these in excessive Earth orbits as a result of folks figured it actually would not matter. My hope is that, with the U.S. now contemplating a return to the moon and different nations sending stuff there too, that angle may change."
Initially printed on Stay Science.
Categories Science Tags 3ton, argues, astronomer, China, Friday, moon, rocket, Smash Post navigation
Gold: Info, historical past and makes use of of essentially the most malleable chemical factor
The closest black gap to Earth isn't any extra — in truth, it by no means existed


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Q: Converting binary string from java back into a signed integer I am using java's built in Integer.toBinaryString(myInt) to convert to a binary string and then I am converting that 32-bit string into an 8-bit string.
My issue lies in that when converting the number back into a signed-integer I lose the sign.
Example:
My Int = -5.
Binary representation = 11111011.
Converting back to integer: 251.
Some of my code:
//Converts an integer to 8-bit binary.
public static String convertTo8BitBinary(int myNum){
    String intToConv = Integer.toBinaryString(myNum);
    //the number is less than 8-bits
    if(intToConv.length()<8){
        String append="";
        for(int i = 8 - intToConv.length(); i>0;i--){
            append += "0";
        }
        intToConv = append+intToConv;
    //the number is more than 8 bits
    }else {
        intToConv = intToConv.substring(intToConv.length() - 8, intToConv.length());
    }
    return intToConv;
}

//Converts an 8-bit binary string to an integer.
public static int convertToIntegerFromBinary(String b){
    return Integer.parseInt(b,2);
}

Any ideas how I can retain the sign? Does the Integer.parseInt(b,2) not work for signed integers? Is there a radix that does work for signed binary?

A: While representing singed integers, basic machine architecture would consider the uppermost bit for sign.  When the uppermost bit set to '1', then its a negative number, otherwise positive number, more accurate integer instead of number.  In you case you would be considering the least 8 bits out of 32 bits. But sign bit present at 32nd position hence loosing the sign
You could do bit AND operation as follows:
my_32_bit_number & covert this to int (1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1111 1111)
will give you required 8 bit-number

A: You should manage the most significant bit which is a marker for the sign.
The code below do exactly what you do, but works on (N-1) bits (for 8bits strings, N = 8), then appends 0 or 1 at the start of the result string in order to keep the sign.
//Converts an integer to n-bit binary.
public static String convertToNBitBinary(int myNum, int nBitSigned){
   int nBitUnsigned = nBitSigned -1;

   if(myNum > Math.pow(2,nBitUnsigned) || myNum <= -Math.pow(2,nBitUnsigned) ){
      return "OutOfBound";
   }

   String intToConv = Integer.toBinaryString(Math.abs(myNum));

   //the number is less than nBitUnsigned
   if(intToConv.length()<nBitUnsigned){
      String append="";
      for(int i = nBitUnsigned - intToConv.length(); i>0;i--){
         append += "0";
      }
      intToConv = append + intToConv;
   }else { //the number is more than 8 bits
      intToConv = intToConv.substring(intToConv.length() - nBitUnsigned);
   }
   intToConv = (myNum <0?"1":"0") + intToConv;
   return intToConv;
}

The second method has to be corrected for the same reason :
//Converts an N-bit binary string to an integer.
public static int convertToIntegerFromBinary(String b){
   String number = b.substring(1);

   return (b.charAt(0) == '0'?1:-1)*Integer.parseInt(number, 2);
}

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