Interior Designers: Seven Haus Design Inc.
Unit Size: From 457 Sq. Ft. To 885 Sq. Ft.
Streetcar Developments is among the most notable professional condominium creators to be working in the Metro Toronto area, concocting premium urban condos based on a firm fundamental basis of ultramodern engineering, finely crafted characteristics, and the best possible fittings. The superlative towers built by Streetcar Developments encompass prime offerings such as the storied Corktown District Lofthouses on King West; the outstanding The Carnaby on Queen West; the alluring 8 Gladstone, also on Queen West, the beguiling Sync Lofts on Queen East; the impressive The Carlaw in Leslieville; and the remarkable Trinity Lofts next to the Distillery District which integrate the most ultramodern lofts created in a landmark eight storey curvilinear structure providing breathtaking panoramic views from a traditional Toronto historical setting where Corktown, the West Don Lands, and Downtown East intersect.


Thank you so much Kelly for our cupcakes! They were the perfect compliment to our wedding! Not only were they absolutely beautiful, but they were also delicious!!! You are the best!! Thanks again!
Your cupcakes are absolutely BEAUTIFUL! My roommate just sat here and drooled over all of them. They look delicious and your designs are delightful - bravo!


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William Riffee Dean's Endowment
This fund was established by Compass Knowledge Holdings, Inc., in honor of Dean William Riffee, to support teaching, research, academic programs and technology advancements for students and faculty in the College of Pharmacy.
William Riffee received his bachelor's degree in pharmacy from West Virginia University in 1967 and a doctorate in pharmacology in 1975 from Ohio State University. He moved through the academic ranks in the College of Pharmacy at the University of Texas at Austin. For many years, he served as the Director of the Learning Resources Center there and was active in curricular design.
Since 1990, Riffee has concentrated his research and teaching on distance education and educational technology and its utility in the classroom. He is a nationally-known innovator in the use of television and computer-based presentation technology. In 1997, Syllabus Press named him as one of five Syllabus Scholars charged with leadership in the organization's annual conference, the Syllabus Institute and various regional conferences on information technology and its use in education.
In June of 1996, Riffee was named Dean of the College of Pharmacy and a Professor for the Department of Pharmacodynamics at the University of Florida. Under his leadership, the College of Pharmacy developed the Working Professional Pharm.D. Program, a distance education program that provides professional doctoral education to pharmacists nationwide.
Other College of Pharmacy Giving Opportunities
Jacksonville Pharmacy Program Unrestricted Fund
Pharmacokinetics Fund
Earnest and Charlotte Campbell Unrestricted Fund

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Islahi, Abdul Azim (2008): Works of economic interest in the seventeenth century Muslim world. Published in: Thoughts on Economics , Vol. 18, No. 2 (April 2008): pp. 35-50.
In the 17th Century, the importance of Turkish and Persian increased because of being languages of rulers and receiving official patronage. Thus, along with writing on socio-economic problems in Arabic language, many works of economic interest appeared in those languages. While the focus of the paper is works in Arabic language accomplished in the Ottoman controlled territory of the Islamic world, it also introduces those written in other languages, provided that their translations were available.
Appleby, Joyce Oldham (1978). Economic Thought and Ideology in Seventeenth – Century England. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Ata-Allah, Mahmud Ali (1991). Watha'iq al-Tawa'if al-Hirfiyah fil'-Quds fi'l-Qarn sl-Sabi` `Ashar al-Miladi (Documentations of Guilds in Quds during the Seventeenth Century). Nabulus: Jami`at al-Najah al-Wataniyah.
Armajani, Yahya (1970). Middle East, Past and Present. Englewood Cliffs : New Jersey, Prentice-Hall Inc.
Bilimoria, Jamshid H. (Tr) (1972). Ruka'at-i-Alamgiri Or Letters of Aurangzeb (Translated from the Original Persian into English). Delhi : Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i-Delli.
Deny, J. (1934). "Timar" in Encyclopaedia of Islam. Lieden : E.J. Brill and London: Luzac and co. vol.4, pp.767-776, old edition.
Gibb, H. A. R. and Bowen, Harold (1965). Islamic Society and the West. London: Oxford University Press, First edition 1957. Reprint, Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2 volumes, (page references are to reprint edition).
Imber, C.H. (1986). "Koci Beg", in Encyclopaedia of Islam. Leiden: E.J. Brill, vol. 5, pp. 248-250.
Islahi, Abdul Azim (2009). Muslim Economic Thinking and Institutions in the 10th/16th Century. Jeddah : Deanship of Scientific Research, K. A. A.U.
Itzkowitz, Norman (1980). Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition, First published 1972. Reprint : Chicago and London : The University of Chicago Press. Phoenix Edition (page references are to reprint edition).
Lewis, Bernard (1968). The Emergence of Modern Turkey. Oxford : Oxford University Press, Second Edition.
al-Muhibbi, (n.d.). Khulasat al–Athar fi a`yan al-Qarn al-Hadi `Ashar (Summary of History of the Eleventh Century). Cairo : Dar al-Kitab al-Islami, 4 vols.
Naima (1973). Annals of the Turkish Empire, translated by Charles Fraser from Turkish. New York : Arno Press.
Nadwi, Mjibullah (2001). Fatawa-I Alamgiri aur uske Mu'allifin. New Delhi : Taj Company.
al-Ramli, Khayr al-Din ( 1311 AH). al-Fatawa al-Khayriyah. Cairo: 2 vols.
Rosenthal, F. (Tr.) (1967). Muqaddimah of Ibn Khaldum (An Introduction to History). New York : Princeton University Press, 3 volumes.
Seikaly, Samir M. (1984). "Land Tenure in 17th Century Palestine : The Evidence from the al-Fatawa al-Khairiyya" in: Tarif Khalidi (ed.). Land Tenure and Social Transformation in the Middle East. Beirut : American University of Beirut, PP. 397-408.
Sirhindi, Ahmad (1978). Maktubat-i-Hadrat Mujaddid Alf Thani. (Selected and summarized version, translated into urdu by Nasim Ahmad Faridi Amrohi). Lucknow : Kutubkhanah al-Furqan, 2 Volumes.
Zafarul-Islam (1990). Socio Economic Dimension of Fiqh Literature. Lahore: Research Cell, Dyal Singh Trust Library.


Uganda Cranes' official ambassador Bebe Cool has this evening wooed Fans as Uganda took on Comoros. The game ended 1:0 in favour of Uganda. It saw the Cranes book their place to AFCON 2017, the first time since 1978. Here are some photos of Bebe Cool at Namboole.


Apple = Window? – Krunk4Ever!
Well, I've already obtained my picture of the week, but won't be posted yet due to request of a special friend of mine, mechy. It'll be posted on Wednesday at the latest. Thanks to my loyal friends who come back and visit my website every so often.
That's all for tonite, need to start homework which is due tomorrow. Maybe will add some more tonite, but would most likely be posted tomorrow.


Get a peek inside restored and beautifully decorated homes during the Old Oak Cliff Conservation League 's annual home tour this weekend. The dwellings on the tour date from the early 1900s through the 1960s, including commercial space converted into a loft, a Craftsman bungalow with woodwork preserved since 1915 and a 1930s Tudor Revival with a whimsical playhouse on-site. The tour is self-guided, but volunteers at each home will point out specifics. Winnetka Heights, East Kessler, Kidd Springs and Wynnewood North are among the neighborhoods participating.
TOUR DE FORCE: The Old Oak Cliff Home Tour celebrates its 30th year this weekend from noon to 6 both days. The event features 10 homes and one commercial spot in seven neighborhoods, including East Kessler, Kings Highway and Wynnewood North. The area is rich in architectural history, with 1930s mansions, Craftsman style and midcentury homes. Advance tickets are available at the Nodding Dog and Oak Cliff Mercantile in the Bishop Arts District, and the day of at the Nodding Dog. The tour is sponsored by the Old Oak Cliff Conservation League . For more information, see the calendar on Page 9.
KNITTING PRETTY: With the knitting obsession hitting celebrities and ordinary mortals alike, there is no shortage of classes, such as the sweater-ornament class Saturday at the Shabby Sheep (214-953-0331) or the zillions of new books out on the subject, including Handknit Holidays ($27.50, Stewart, Tabori & Chang). The book even includes projects for Hanukkah and winter solstice.


There is also an even greater prevalence of men desiring to stay at home to care for their children. Thus, birth rate and death rate, both are quite high. Submitted By yetty Words 1070 Pages 5 Modern society overtaking traditional one with success. That includes his or her legal status, culture, and state policies toward the individual. The African marriage is full of deep-rooted culture that cannot be wished away. The Renaissance had massive effects on developements that led to todays society.
Here I am a moralist, and if I find more to my use in Mr. As with many other generic terms, there are many definitions of tradition. Twentieth century philosophy is often divided between an 'analytic' tradition, dominant in Anglophone and Scandinavian countries, and a 'continental' tradition, dominant in German and Romance speaking Europe. Where the citizens were guaranteed equality and opposed to a feudalist system with having king ruling over subjects. Tradition is used to indicate the quality of a piece of information being discussed. Below them was the lower class, which included the butchers, weavers, woodcarvers, tanners, and blacksmiths.
I have a certain sympathy with that view, because many features of our lives that we call traditions are meaningless, because we confuse with tradition external qualities which are now, in our rich American middle class, mere stage properties of a way of life than can no longer be lived. The thin line between modern architecture and traditional architecture is that Modern. But they used poor farming techniques to meet high demand following World War I. If the whole is nothing but a fraction of the success and the mass is still under duress, then where is the leadership of today and from the not so distant past?. This is the purpose of of my creation and during my tenure period of existence, I will search the aplomb inner self and make this world a better world by leaving a trail of creation I gathered from being a human active and intelligent. And honestly our society has allowed the child to rule the home now.
The dynasties of China, the civilization of the Middle East and the Mediterranean etc. There are many answers to these questions, but I have space for only one. Progress is usually limited and inconsequential in a traditional society compared to the fast-paced and massive development of a modern society in various aspects of living. The community is aware of who belongs in their given space and who doesn't. Tradition can also refer to beliefs or customs that are , with lost or origins, existing from. It is just abstract method—from which plain, abstract, inhuman history differs not by a hair. Tools to aid this process include such as and.
. Can you read this again out loud: over 5 Billion dollars for only 500 individuals? I use the term not in a strict sense, but in a very general sense, and perhaps not a wholly good sense. In both societies the ancestors have such a big role in their lives that they are dominated by the decisions they make. For example, wigs worn by lawyers were at first common and fashionable; worn by military officials were at first practical but now are both impractical and traditional. Islam was the religion of the bureaucrats and merchants and it fostered literacy in Arabic, the building of mosques in the cities and the spread of Islamic learning. Regardless of their generations, the slaves retained the low social status. No other civilization, I believe, has had this gift.
Men see themselves in the stern light of the character of Cato, but they can no longer see themselves under the control of a tutelary deity. Words: 1262 - Pages: 6. The funerals were very important because they symbolized the connection between the dead and the living. The similarity in The Woman Warrior and Interpreter of Maladies lies in how both authors turn attention to the immigrant experience in America. It can be seen in all the media outlets including those rated for adults only. Large, extended families may be common. Many of the West Africans lived in societies with no states, no government other that provided by extended families.
Advertising has the power to tap into the dreams every person has: to seem completely happy and enjoyable. In response to this, tradition-preservation attempts have now been started in many countries around the world, focusing on aspects such as traditional languages. They would figure out what interested them and where they wanted to go, and I would stay 20 feet behind them so that I could run up quickly if they got into trouble. Granted there are the situations where there is a single parent but if you truly want your children not to grow up to be what you fear you would purposely prevent it with every resource that you can find. What sort of childrearing practices did you adopt? The difference between a traditional and market economy is this: Traditional Economy- is an economy that is based on customs and traditions hense Traditional Economy Market Economy- an economy in which consumers help detemine what is to be produced by buying or not buying certain goods. If you buy a new car all your worries will melt away and you will be submersed into a completely different life of luxury. The concept of tradition, as the notion of holding on to a previous time, is also found in political and philosophical discourse.
Jefferson adapted to Virginia after a visit to the at Nimes. Words: 1470 - Pages: 6. Custis built Arlington, and Arlington is something to have built. Wellington: Alexander Turnbull Library Endowment Trust, assisted by the New Zealand Composers Foundation. The development of modern society has been taught throughout history to be associated with numerous historical events and processes such as the age of Enlightenment, Scientific Revolution, and Industrial Revolution. We can no longer discipline children in a way that we see fit and we have become scared to do so for fear of the child getting int trouble and blaming us as parents.


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«Народное ополчение» — ленинградская рок-группа, образованная в 1982 году Алексом Оголтелым. Стиль — ска-панк,  панк-джаз, ноу-вейв, бит, постпанк, ска.

Название группа получила по имени проспекта на юго-западе Ленинграда. За период 1983—1986 годов записала в домашней студии Begemotion Records 9 альбомов, участники коллектива тех лет — Алекс «Оголтелый» Строгачёв (вокал, басгитара, гитара, тексты, музыка), Дмитрий «Ослик» Пшишляк (фортепиано, бас, гитара, музыка), Фёдор «Begemot» Лавров (ударные, гитара, вокал, музыка, тексты, звукозапись), в некоторых записях участвовали такие известные ленинградские рок-музыканты, как Андрей «Свин» Панов, Георгий «Густав» Гурьянов, Александр «Рикошет» Аксёнов, Андрей Отряскин. Параллельно Алекс записывает «акустику» с друзьями, выпуская записи под названием «Народное ополчение». В 1986 Федя «Begemot» уходит из группы и перестаёт её записывать.

Несмотря на провокационные тексты и неформатное звучание, в 1986 году группе удалось выступить с одной песней в доме культуры на концерте, приуроченном XXVII съезду КПСС (в тот год группа временно сменила название на «Новый образ»). В рядах НО времён записи альбома "Война!" значились Оголтелый, Вадим Снегирёв (БЕГЛЕЦ), бас, Владимир "Узбек" Родин, клавишные, Константин "Копа" Капралов (экс-ЦВЕТНЫЕ СНЫ), барабаны, и саксофонист Вадим (фамилия утрачена). В 1988 году группа вступила в Ленинградский рок-клуб и выступила на VI фестивале клуба. В составе того времени были Алекс Оголтелый (вокал), Игорь Мотовилов (гитара), Вадим Снегирёв (бас) и Алексей «Микшер» Калинин (ударные). В 1989 Михаил «Надувной» Лысенко сменяет Калинина на барабанах. С 1989—1993 годы группа активно гастролировала, в том числе с турами по странам Западной Европы. Трек «Дядя Луиджи» с альбома «Икры!» был записан на студии в Копенгагене для сборника «Laika». В 1992 Строгачёв создал параллельный коллектив под названием «Израиль», но через некоторое время группы были объединены, и фактически новым составом «Народного ополчения» стали музыканты «Израиля».

Начиная с 1994 года, из-за прогрессирующего алкоголизма лидера, группа записывалась и выступала редко. Одним из периодов оживления стал 1997 год, когда коллектив записал альбом и выступил на двух фестивалях. Следующее восстановление активности приходится на 2002—2004 годы, когда группа пополнилась духовой секцией, дала концерт посвящённый своему двадцатилетию, дважды выступила на фестивале «Окна открой!», дала большой концерт в Москве и записала два студийных альбома. Среди участников коллектива в 2000-е годы — Алекс Оголтелый (вокал), Михаил Юсупов (гитара), Георгий Соловьёв (бас), Илья Козлов (ударные), Сергей Летягин (гитара), Алексей Рехалов (ударные), Станислав Костенко (труба), Андрей Комиссаров (саксофон), Виталий Бондарь (труба), Тимур Саетгалиев (тромбон).

После смерти Алекса Оголтелого в 2005 году коллектив несколько раз выступал в небольших петербургских клубах и записал два демо-альбома (вокал — Георгий Соловьёв). На студии Антроп остался незаконченным альбом, над которым группа работала, пока лидер был жив. В 2015 Фёдор Лавров открывает проект «Сумасшедшие Дни Народного Ополчения», посвященный реставрации и изданию каталога группы. В 2018 лейбл Maschina Records выпускает 2CD digipack панк-оперы «Новогодие» (1985). Другие релизы постепенно появляются в интернете и на Begemotion Records

Дискография
 Реквием по Л. И. Брежневу (акустика; 1982)
 Jah-мба (март 1983)
 Трупный Запах (1983)
 Эх, злоба, эх! (ноябрь 1983)
 Бит заел (январь 1984)
 Сумаcшедший день (ноябрь 1984)
 Новогодие (март 1985)
 Профилактика (акустика; 1985)
 Официальная версия (сборник; май 1985)
 А. Строгий Избранное (утрачен; лето 1985)
 Официальная диверсия (сборник; ноябрь 1985)
 Война (1986)
 Игрушечный мир и его кремация (1987)
 6 рок-фестиваль ЛРК (кассета; 1988)
 Брежнев жив (1989)
 Запись в НЧ/ВЧ (Алекс Оголтелый и группа «Меконий»; 1989)
 Концерт в Дании (1990 или 1991)
 Икры (1992)
 Израиль (1992)
 Концерт в Там-Таме (кассета; 1992)
 Пролежни (1998, изд. в 2001)
 Flashback (EP, 2002)
 49 лет в тюрьме, а расстрела не дают (Концерт в Б2; 2004)
 Черви (2004)
 АУ Слет #1, «Поживу — посмеюсь!» клуб Порт, СПб, 28.03.2004 (2004)
 Интервью на радио «Свободный голос» (2004)
 Наблеватель (2005)
 Запись для Вепрова (компиляция; 2005)

Примечания

Литература

 Сумасшедшие Дни Народного Ополчения - история группы, первый состав

Рок-группы России
Музыкальные коллективы Санкт-Петербурга

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Home USA Hofstra University
MS in Medical Physics, Pathway - 2 Semesters
Hofstra University, Hempstead | USA
Aug,Jan
MS in Medical Physics, Pathway - 2 Semesters is one of the best courses to choose from that offers in-depth learning in Health Policy. MS in Medical Physics, Pathway - 2 Semesters from Hofstra University offers exceptional education, high-end practical learning and career opportunities for international students. After receiving their MS in Medical Physics, Pathway - 2 Semesters from the Hofstra University, students will be able to pursue research work as well as work as a professional in the field.
Completing a master's degree increases your chances of employment and helps you earn more. Hofstra University offers exceptional education, high-end practical learning and career opportunities for international students. After receiving their MS in Medical Physics, Pathway - 2 Semesters from the Hofstra University, students will be able to pursue research work as well as work as a professional in the field.
The interactive curriculum, research opportunities and exceptional teaching faculty at Hofstra University provide students with a great learning experience. MS in Medical Physics, Pathway - 2 Semesters helps students become creative and independent researchers. Overall, an MS in Medical Physics, Pathway - 2 Semesters from the Hofstra University is an excellent choice for students who want to build a promising career. The employment rate of graduates from Hofstra University is high, and all its courses are structured to empower students for current and future industry requirements.
https://www.hofstra.edu/graduate/international-students.html
Know more about Hofstra University
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MS in Medical Physics, Pathway - 2 Semesters at Hofstra University is affordable for international students. Your tuition fee can be significantly lowered with the help of scholarships and other financial aid.Hempstead, where Hofstra University is located, offers a high quality of life, and it is easy to find inexpensive housing
Academic skills, as well as other achievements, are taken into consideration during the admissions process. An essential factor for admission is English language proficiency. Since MS in Medical Physics, Pathway - 2 Semesters is taught in English, you must be fluent in the language and meet their English language test requirements.
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Through scholarships, students can complete their education at a reduced cost. Scholarships are awarded based on factors such as merit and need or both. Here are some of the scholarships available for MS in Medical Physics, Pathway - 2 Semesters at Hofstra University for international students.
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MS in Medical Physics, Pathway - 2 Semesters in other countries
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Q: Under what conditions does correlation imply causation? We all know the mantra "correlation does not imply causation" which is drummed into all first year statistics students. There are some nice examples here to illustrate the idea.
But sometimes correlation does imply causation. The following example is taking from this Wikipedia page

For example, one could run an experiment on identical twins who were known to consistently get the same grades on their tests. One twin is sent to study for six hours while the other is sent to the amusement park. If their test scores suddenly diverged by a large degree, this would be strong evidence that studying (or going to the amusement park) had a causal effect on test scores. In this case, correlation between studying and test scores would almost certainly imply causation.

Are there other situations where correlation implies causation?

A: *

*Almost always in randomized trials

*Almost always in observational study when someone measure all confouders (almost never)

*Sometimes when someone measure some counfounders (IC* algorithim of DAG discovery in Pearl's book Causality)

*In non gaussian linear models with two or more variables but not using correlation as measure of relationship (LiNGAM)

Most of discovery algorithms are implemented in Tetrad IV

A: One useful sufficient condition for some definitions of causation:
Causation can be claimed when one of the correlated variables can be controlled (we can directly set its value) and correlation is still present.

A: A related question might be -- under what conditions can you reliably extract causal relations from data?
A 2008 NIPS workshop try to address that question empirically. One of the tasks was to infer the direction of causality from observations of pairs of variables where one variable was known to cause another, and the best method was able to correctly extract causal direction 80% of the time.

A: Correlation is not sufficient for causation. One can get around the Wikipedia example by imagining that those twins always cheated in their tests by having a device that gives them the answers. The twin that goes to the amusement park loses the device, hence the low grade.
A good way to get this stuff straight is to think of the structure of Bayesian network that may be generating the measured quantities, as done by Pearl in his book Causality. His basic point is to look for hidden variables. If there is a hidden variable that happens not to vary in the measured sample, then the correlation would not imply causation. Expose all hidden variables and you have causation.

A: I'll just add some additional comments about causality as viewed from an epidemiological perspective. Most of these arguments are taken from Practical Psychiatric Epidemiology, by Prince et al. (2003).
Causation, or causality interpretation, are by far the most difficult aspects of epidemiological research. Cohort and cross-sectional studies might both lead to confoundig effects for example. Quoting S. Menard (Longitudinal Research, Sage University Paper 76, 1991), H.B. Asher in Causal Modeling (Sage, 1976) initially proposed the following set of criteria to be fulfilled:

*

*The phenomena or variables in question must covary, as indicated for example by differences between experimental and control groups or by nonzero correlation between the two variables.

*The relationship must not be attributable to any other variable or set of variables, i.e., it must not be spurious, but must persist even when other variables are controlled, as indicated for example by successful randomization in an experimental design (no difference between experimental and control groups prior to treatment) or by a nonzero partial correlation between two variables with other variable held constant.

*The supposed cause must precede or be simultnaeous with the supposed effect in time, as indicated by the change in the cause occuring no later than the associated change in the effect.

While the first two criteria can easily be checked using a cross-sectional or time-ordered cross-sectional study, the latter can only be assessed with longitudinal data, except for biological or genetic characteristics for which temporal order can be assume without longitudinal data. Of course, the situation becomes more complex in case of a non-recursive causal relationship.
I also like the following illustration (Chapter 13, in the aforementioned reference) which summarizes the approach promulgated by Hill (1965) which includes 9 different criteria related to causation effect, as also cited by @James. The original article was indeed entitled "The environment and disease: association or causation?" (PDF version).

Finally, Chapter 2 of Rothman's most famous book, Modern Epidemiology (1998, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2nd Edition), offers a very complete discussion around causation and causal inference, both from a statistical and philosophical perspective.
I'd like to add the following references (roughly taken from an online course in epidemiology) are also very interesting:

*

*Swaen, G and van Amelsvoort, L (2009). A weight of evidence approach to causal inference. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 62, 270-277.

*Botti, C, Comba, P, Forastiere, F, and Settimi, L (1996). Causal inference in environmental epidemiology. the role of implicit values. The Science of the Total Environment, 184, 97-101.

*Weed, DL (2002). Environmental epidemiology. Basics and proof of cause effect. Toxicology, 181-182, 399-403.

*Franco, EL, Correa, P, Santella, RM, Wu, X, Goodman, SN, and Petersen, GM (2004). Role and limitations of epidemiology in establishing a causal association. Seminars in Cancer Biology, 14, 413–426.

Finally, this review offers a larger perspective on causal modeling, Causal inference in statistics: An overview (J Pearl, SS 2009 (3)).

A: Almost surely in a well designed experiment.  (Designed, of course, to elicit such a connexion.)

A: Suppose we think the factor A is the cause of the phenomenon B. Then we try to vary it to see whether B changes.
If B doesn't change and if we can assume that everything else unchanged, strong evidence that A is not the cause of B.
If B does change, we can't conclude that A is the cause because the change of A might have caused a change in the actual causation C, which made B change.

A: At the heart of your question is the question "when is a relationship causal?" It doesn't just need to be correlation implying (or not) causation.
A good book on this topic is called Mostly Harmless Econometrics by Johua Angrist and Jorn-Steffen Pischke. They start from the experimental ideal where we are able to randomise the "treatment" under study in some fashion and then they move onto alternative methods for generating this randomisation in order to draw causal influences. This begins with the study of so called natural experiments.
One of the first examples of a natural experiment being used to identify causal relationships is Angrist's 1989 paper on "Lifetime Earnings and the Vietnam Era Draft Lottery." This paper attempts to estimate the effect of military service on lifetime earnings. A key problem with estimating any causal effect is that certain types of people may be more likely to enlist, which may bias any measurement of the relationship. Angrist uses the natural experiment created by the Vietnam draft lottery to effectively "randomly assign" the treatment "military service" to a group of men.
So when do we have a causality? Under experimental conditions. When do we get close? Under natural experiments. There are also other techniques that get us close to "causality" i.e. they are much better than simply using statistical control. They include regression discontinuity, difference-in-differences, etc.

A: I noticed that 'proof' was used here when discussing the empirical paradigm.  There is no such thing.  First comes the hypothesis, where the idea is advanced; then comes testing, under "controlled conditions"[note a] and if "sufficient" lack of disproof is encountered, it advances to the stage of hypothesis...period.  There is no proof, unless one can 1) manage to be at every occurrence of said event [note b] and of course 2) establish causation.  1) is improbable in an infinite universe [note infinity by nature cannot be proven].  Note A; no experiment is taken under totally controlled conditions and the more controlled the conditions are the less the resemblance to the outside universe with apparently infinite lines of causation.  Note b; mind you, you have to have described said 'event' perfectly, which presumably means a perfectly correct language=presumably not a human language.  For a final note, all causation presumably goes back to the First Event.  Now go talk to everyone with a theory.  Yes, I have studied formally and informally.  At the end; no, proximity does not imply causation nor even anything other than temporary correlation.  The timespan of a mountain (given that they are alive; prove they aren't) and therefore the perception...is not that of a (wo)man.

A: There is also a problem with the opposite case, when lack of correlation is used as a proof for the lack of causation. This problem is nonlinearity; when looking at correlation people usually check Pearson, which is only a tip of an iceberg.

A: Your example is that of a controlled experiment. The only other context that I know of where a correlation can imply causation is that of a natural experiment.
Basically, a natural experiment takes advantage of an assignment of some respondents to a treatment that happens naturally in the real world. Since assignment of respondents to treatment and control groups is not controlled by the experimenter the extent to which correlation would imply causation is perhaps weaker to some extent.
See the wiki links for more information controlled / natural experiments.

A: In my opinion the APA Statistical Task force summarised it quite well

''Inferring causality from nonrandomized
  designs is a risky enterprise.
  Researchers using nonrandomized
  designs have an extra obligation to
  explain the logic behind covariates
  included in their designs and to alert
  the reader to plausible rival
  hypotheses that might explain their
  results. Even in randomized
  experiments, attributing causal
  effects to any one aspect of the
  treatment condition requires support
  from additional experimentation.''
  - APA Task Force

A: Sir Austin Bradford Hill's President's Address to the Royal Society of Medicine (The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation?) explains nine criteria which help to judge whether there is a causal relationship between two correlated or associated variables.
They are:

*

*Strength of the association

*Consistency: "has it been repeatedly
observed by different persons, in
different places, cirumstances and
times?"

*Specificity

*Temporality: "which is the cart and
which is the horse?" - the cause
must precede the effect

*Biological gradient (dose-response
curve) - in what way does the
magnitude of the effect depended
upon the magnitude of the (suspected) causal variable?

*Plausibility - is there a likely
explanation for causation?

*Coherance - would causation
contradict other established facts?

*Experiment - does experimental
manipulation of the (suspected)
causal variable affect the
(suspected) dependent variable

*Analogy - have we encountered
similar causal relationships in the
past?

A: In the twins example it is not just the correlation that suggests causality, but also the associated information or prior knowledge.
Suppose I add one further piece of information. Assume that the diligent twin spent 6 hours studying for a stats exam, but due to an unfortunate error the exam was in history. Would we still conclude the study was the cause of the superior performance?
Determining causality is as much a philosophical question as a scientific one, hence the tendency to invoke philosophers such as David Hume and Karl Popper when causality is discussed.
Not surprisingly medicine has made significant contributions to establishing causality through heuristics, such as Koch's postulates for establishing the causal relationship between microbes and disease.
These have been extended to "molecular Koch's postulates" required to show that a gene in a pathogen encodes a product that contributes to the disease caused by the pathogen.
Unfortunately I can't post a hyperlinks supposedly beCAUSE I'm a new user (not true) and don't have enough "reputation points". The real reason is anybody's guess.

A: Correlation alone never implies causation.  It's that simple.
But it's very rare to have only a correlation between two variables.  Often you also know something about what those variables are and a theory, or theories, suggesting why there might be a causal relationship between the variables.  If not, then we bother checking for a correlation?  (However people mining massive correlation matrices for significant results often have no casual theory - otherwise, why bother mining.  A counterargument to that is that often some exploration is needed to get ideas for casual theories. And so on and so on...)
A response to the common criticism "Yeah, but that's just a correlation: it doesn't imply causation":

*

*For a casual relationship, correlation is necessary.  A repeated failure to find a correlation would be bad news indeed.

*I didn't just give you a correlation.

*Then go on to explain possible causal mechanisms explaining the correlation...

A: I read all the answers. Some useful insight are given but no one answer seems me decisive, neither the accepted one (it can be correct but too vague).
I offered here (Under which assumptions a regression can be interpreted causally?) an answer about:

Under which assumptions a [linear] regression can be interpreted causally?

I think that it give a decisive answer to the question.
Now, it can be showed that any linear regression coefficients can be converted in a linear correlation (total or partial). As a consequence in my linked answer there is also the answer to the question:

Under what conditions does [linear] correlation imply causation?

Finally, if we are interested in in non linear relationships, the core of the answer remain the same but the math become harder.

A: If you want to determine whether $X$ causes $Y$, and you run the regression
$Y = bX + u$
Then $b$ is an unbiased estimator of the causal effect of $X$ on $Y$ (that is $\mathrm{E}(b)=B$) if and only if there is no correlation between $X$ and $u$, that is $\mathrm{E}(u|X)=0$. This is because $u$ can be thought of as anything else that causes $Y$. And so if this assumption holds, b is an unbiased estimate of the effect of $X$ on $Y$ ceteris paribus (other things being equal).
Being unbiased is a desirable property of an estimator, but you would also want your estimator to be efficient (low variance) and consistent (tends in probability to true value). See Gauss-Markov assumptions.

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text:
Experience Goa
Explore fascinating places to visit in Goa
The city of Goa, with its rich Portuguese heritage and fascinating places to visit, is a paradise for those who wish to explore this mystical land of spices and carnivals.
Museum & Culture
Religious Spots
Shopping Places
Sites & Landmarks
The Archeological Museum is housed in the great working of the deserted Convent of Francis of Assisi. This gallery contains ancient pieces from the Pre-Portuguese, early and late medieval period.
Art Chamber Calangute
Under the rich green of palm trees, and the paddy fields as the backdrop, the Art Chamber is a tribute to the one-of-a-kind Goan culture, with numerous religions and groups living in harmony with practically no grinding by any stretch of the imagination.
It was at first a home, however, due to the irregular and creative design it was later turned into the home of craftsmanship display – the Art Chamber, Galeria de BelasArtes.
Colva Beach
Colvá beach stretches for around 2.4 km. Part of the a beach consists of about 25 km of powder white sand, which is lined along its shore by coconut palms and extends from Bogmalo in the north to Cabo de Rama in the south. Colvá is a famous tourist destination, enjoyed for its beaches, beach shacks, food stalls, restaurants, pubs, and bars.
Palolem Beach
The initial footage in the movie gives a good idea of the natural beauty of the beach - the distinctive tree covered rocks at one end (known locally as Green Island - to which tours are run) and beach shacks.
At the top of the island adjoining Palolem beach, there is a stone sculpture created by an American conceptual and land artist Jacek Tylicki called "Give if you can – Take if you have to" also called the "Money stone".
Shantadurga
Shantadurga also known as Shanteri/Santeri is the form of the Goddess Durga, commonly worshipped in Goa, India. While most villages in Goa had a Shantadurga temple or at least a shrine dedicated to Shanteri, a famous Shanta Durga temple was present at Quellossim in Salsette. Many Goan Catholic families also continue to partake of worship in this temple due to their familial links with the temple and the Goddess.
Shree Mallikarjun
40 km south of Margao at Canacona, the southernmost Taluka of Goa, is believed to have been constructed during the middle of 16th Century by ancestors of the Kshatriya Samaj. It was renovated in the year 1778. The temple has massive wooden pillars with intricate carvings. There are 60 deities around the temple, Rathasaptami in February and Shigmotsav in March/April are the festivals of note, which draw large crowds.
Anjuna Flea Market
The liveliest of all business sectors in Goa, it is held each Wednesday in the shoreline town of Anjuna in North Goa. Anjuna Flea Market encounters more noteworthy footfalls on account of its area close to the acclaimed Anjuna shore of Goa.
Thronged by Indians and in addition non-natives, Anjuna Flea Market offers a plenitude of nearby handiworks, flavors, garments, footwear, shoreline wear, costume adornments and embellishments.
Calangute Market Square
The prevalent Calangute shoreline in Goa is fixed with multitudinous shacks and slows down making it one of the top markets of this shopping heaven. Purchase sarongs and knickknacks made of ocean shells as gifts from an impeccable shoreline occasion or treat yourself to seared prawns and brew at one of these slows down,, Calangute Market Square is one of the ideal shopping place in the Goa.
Cabo De Rama Fort
Inside the Cabo de Rama Fort, there is the church of Santo Antonio, which is in excellent condition and is still used by devotees. The white church and the black fort provide a photographic picture of stark contrast. People come here to pray and enjoy the mystical atmosphere of the fort. The cliffs drop steeply to the sea providing a panoramic outlook of the surrounding areas, at the western side of the fortress. The fort provides majestic views of the entire length of Colva beach and the Canacona stretch.
Margao (the Portugese spelling) is the second largest city in the Indian state of Goa, located 33 km from the state capital, Panaji. Goa's cultural and commercial capital, this South Goa city is also the second-largest (after Vasco da Gama) by population, but arguably the busiest. Being the administrative headquarters of South Goa might create a misleading picture. Margao too is close to the central coast. The long white-sand beach stretch was rated by an early-1970s UNDP study as potentially one of the ten best beaches in the world.
Raj Baga, Canacona, Goa 403702. India T: +91 832 266 7777 F: +91 832 266 7711 E: goaresv@thelalit.com


Our faculty trains prospective teachers who can foster their own students'' growth. We seek students who have a deep interest in contributing to their local communities.
We aim to be a community pillar for education and research. We train students in the latest technologies and help them to become well-rounded, highly ethical professionals.
Our aim, as a faculty with deep local roots and a global perspective, is to foster students who can respond to the challenges of a dynamic scientific and technological world.
Situated in the heart of Japan's agricultural base, our faculty contributes to development and fosters scientific leaders who can solve pressing local and global problems.
Our faculty aims to contribute to sustainable regional development. Students acquire knowledge from a range of academic disciplines, while gaining needed management skills.
with universities around the world.
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Despite what many in the scientific or New Age community would have us believe, man did not originate from a "big bang" or from an animal. Genesis tells us that God formed Adam from the dust of the ground, and Eve was formed from one of Adam's ribs. God lovingly formed mankind in HIS image. He creates each one of us with our own unique gifts and talents, in order to fulfill an ordained life purpose. When dealing with sin, God's will is to not destroy the body, but instead the impurities within the body. Once the house is built, someone has to dwell in it. If we allow the enemy to dwell in us, he will bring about sin. Sin will in turn contaminate/pollute the interior of the house. If not dealt with, the sin will spread to the exterior of the house, and ultimately destroy the building itself Which means the sin nature within us will cause us to lie, steal, commit adultery, use profanity, etc….
The awesome news is that Jesus has made provisions for us to receive a home makeover and have home security. When HE died on the cross, and rose again on the third day. HE defeated all of the powers of sin. When Jesus ascended to Heaven, HE left the Holy Spirit as our comforter and keeper. By accepting Jesus as our personal Saviour, and living by HIS word, we allow the Holy Spirit to dwell in the house. The Holy Spirit comes in and removes sin, and replaces it with God's love, power, and strength.
Jesus is our Saviour, and it is his will that no one should perish, but that all would repent of their sins and be saved. HE is a gentlemen, and will never force himself on us. When he knocks on the door of our hearts, we have the choice of either refusing to answer or of opening the door(our heart) and allowing Him to come in.
God does not require any off the wall request from us. We don't have to pray a certain number of times a day to be saved. We don't have to send all of our money to a specific organization to be saved. We don't have to make a pilgrimage to the Holy Land to get saved. We don't even have to be at church and have a preacher pray a long prayer to get salvation. All we have to do is accept Jesus as our personal Saviour, confess our sins, and repent which means we acknowledge that these sins are not pleasing in the sight of God, and we turn away from willfully doing these ungodly acts.
Even after we have accepted Christ into our heart, it is important to give the Lord full access to every portion of our lives. Any portion of the house that we don't give God access to, is a place where the enemy can regain access, and wreak havoc.
When we give God full access, His Spirit is then able to walk through every area of our life. God walks through our health, God walks through our finances, God walks through our marriage, God walks through our intellectual education, God walks through our work life. He cleans up every area of our life, and fills us with His love, wisdom, power, and glory. It is then at this time, when we are truly able to live a victorious Christian life.
Have you invited Jesus to move in? Have you given Him full access?


We are happy to help you with services to the dry cleaner, grocery shopping, post office, etc. Prices will vary depending on time and distance plus the cost of purchase. We also offer wait time service for utility repairs or home deliveries.


text:
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Writing an announcement of Work (SOW) is just about the most prominent things which an business does. Usually it is the first of all deliverable that your client views. It is vital that your SOW is revealing the individual a tale.fast paper editing com It begins with the "why", then shifts with the "how" and "what", and then the "when", and "how much". Anything should be cohesive using a stream so that it is easy to understand. Don't combat the SOW as a "form" that you just fill in the blanks. This particular blog post describes so what is covered using a SOW, and provide a SOW format you can acquire and utilize.
This article deals advice, guidelines, and types of APA 6 style and design depending on the Publication Hands-on from the Us citizen Physiological Correlation (6th version).


2.) The body devours an excessive number of sustenance's that nourish parasites. At the point when these two conditions are available, it gives a rearing establishing to the parasites, and enables them to increase at a fast pace. Thus, keeping in mind the end goal to wipe out the parasites, every one of the one need to do is supply the body with legitimate supplements, and wipe out the nourishments that sustain the parasites.
The main nourishment that parasites feast upon is sugar. This incorporates all types of handled sugar and counterfeit sweeteners. Soft drinks are out, alongside caffeinated drinks, economically bundled organic product drinks, confection, and prepared chocolate and different desserts.Prepared merchandise additionally contains sugar. These incorporate cakes, pies, treats and even breads. Pastas, oats and other basic carbs that effortlessly change over to sugar additionally sustain the parasifort opinie. Fundamentally, anything that is made with white flour will give a domain to the parasites to flourish in.
Unfortunate fats are nourishment that parasites love to feast upon. These fats are available in handled sustenance's, hydrogenated oils and in creature proteins. Handled nourishments, for example, chips, arranged solidified meats and French fries are frequently stacked with high measures of undesirable fats.All meats, dairy and dairy items and also eggs contain unfortunate fats that bolster parasites, and in this way ought to be dispensed with from the eating routine.Natural products likewise contain high measures of sugar, and subsequently they tend to sustain the parasites also. A few natural products are that as it may, for example, papaya, pineapple and tomatoes have been appeared to help take out parasites.Dispensing with these sustenance's alone, without including some other sound or hostile to parasitic nourishments, starts the way toward taking out parasites, as the parasites will never again have the capacity to feast upon the sustenance's they cherish.
Be that as it may, regardless one needs to eat, and expending supplement rich nourishments, for example, vegetables alongside herbs and flavors will oust the parasites at a decent rate. Are these sustenance's high in supplements, as well as numerous herbs and flavors will specifically assault the parasites and dispose of them from the body. Others won't not be so powerful at dispensing with them; in any case, they do make that condition that the parasites don't care for.


text:
Dong-Yo Da-Di var i kinesisk mytologi högste minister under Yu-Huang, känd som Härskare över den Östra Bergstoppen, och förknippades med Dong Wang Gong.

Källor

Gudar i kinesisk mytologi
WP:Projekt Kina


On Wednesday, June 25 at 6 p.m., Cahaba Brewing Company (2616 3rd Ave S, Birmingham) will team up with Filmmaker Craig Noble to host a beer dinner and the Birmingham exclusive screening of the film CRAFT.
Doors open at 6 p.m., first course of food will be served at 6:30 p.m., and the movie will begin at 7 p.m. (63 minute run time).
Tickets for this event are currently available for the low price of $40 per person (plus fees). That price covers both the movie screening and beer dinner. Seating is limited for this event, so click here to secure your ticket as soon as possible. Additional beers will be available for purchase during the event for an added cost.
Cahaba Brewing is hosting one of only seven events during CRAFT's East Coast film tour throughout the month of June, so this screening and beer dinner is quite the rare treat for beer lovers in Birmingham. Get your tickets soon to ensure that you do not miss this exclusive event. Prost!


President Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo, on Thursday, pledged his government's commitment to the exploration and discovery of oil in commercial quantities onshore, specifically in the Voltaian Basin.
In that direction, he commended the bold step taken by the Ghana National Petroleum Corporation (GNPC) to find oil and gas in the Voltaian Basin, saying that Government would lend all the support needed to make the endeavour a success.
President Akufo-Addo gave that assurance in Takoradi at a durbar of stakeholders in the Petroleum industry, government officials and traditional authorities in the Western Region, after turning on the valves on the Floating Production Storage and Offloading Vessel (FPSO) John Agyekum Kufuor to signal the formal production of oil in commercial quantities from the Sankofa oil and gas fields in the Cape Three Points.
The symbolic ceremony was done offshore by the President turning the production valve of the FPSO and opening a Subsea Well Choke.
The President stated that the efficient management of petroleum resources and its associated revenues was a national priority, as the oil industry had become an important contributor to the country's economy.
He said the Government would, therefore, ensure the judicious management of nation's oil resources in order to better the welfare of the Ghanaians, promote employment, improve the environment, and strengthen trade and industrial development in the country.
President Akufo-Addo recalled the pledge made by former President John Kufuor then a presidential candidate, to concentrate attention to discovering oil in commercial quantities.
"I believe God will be on our side once again under another NPP administration to strike more oil and gas; President J A Kufuor made it happen off shore, the focus now is also to explore opportunities on shore," he stated.
"That is why my Government is committed to intensifying efforts towards the discovery of oil and gas on shore in the Voltaian Basin," he said.
President Akufo-Addo gave the assurance that the Government would ensure that the petroleum sector remained a significant contributor to financing nationwide industrial development, and thus generate resources that could be used for rapid national development.
He said his Government was laying the basis for continued development of the petroleum sector by ensuring that the oil industry remained an attractive area for investment.
"The accomplishment of these policy objectives will help us fulfill our vision for the energy sector to become a modern, diversified, efficient, and financially sustainable 'Energy Economy' that will ensure that all Ghanaian homes and industries have access to adequate, reliable, affordable and environmentally-sustainable supply of energy, to meet their needs and to support the accelerated growth and development we all desire for the country," he said.
The OCTP integrated oil and gas development is made up of the Sankofa Main, Sankofa East and Gye-Nyame fields, which are located about 60 kilometers off Ghana's Western Region coast.
The fields has cumulatively, recoverable reserves of about 1.07 TCF of gas, 173 million barrels of oil and about 30 million barrels of condensate.
The Sankofa fields would produce altogether 45,000 BOPD of oil and 170MMSCFD through 18 wells, using the FPSO John Agyekum Kufuor.
A 63-kilometer submarine pipeline would transport gas to Sanzule's Onshore Receiving Facilities (ORF), where it would be received and transmitted for power generation.
The OCTP Project has achieved significant local content development and participation with the fabrication of module stools, risers, jumpers, among others, in Ghana.
Mango Sellers Association Calls For A National Mango Market In Somanya.


text:
Chapter: References
« Previous: 8 Conclusions and Recommendations
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2002. Munitions Manufacturing: A Call for Modernization. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10351.
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Frampton, N. and T.McWilliams, 2000. Difficult Munitions Manufacturing Processes. Presentation to NRC Committee to Evaluate the TIME Program, June 7.
GAO (General Accounting Office) 1996a. Ammunition Industrial Base: Information on DoD's Assessment of Requirements. GAO/NSIAD-96–133. GAO, Washington, D.C., May.
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Greenfeld, I., F.B.Hansen, and P.K.Wright, 1989. "Self-sustaining, Open-System Machine Tools," pp. 281–292 in the Proceedings of the 17th North American Manufacturing Research Institution, Vol. 17. North American Manufacturing Research Institution, Dearborn, Mich.
Halpern, M. 1998. "Pushing the Design Envelope with CAE." Mechanical Engineering Magazine, November, pp. 66–71.
Hazelrigg, G. 1999a. "An Axiomatic Framework for Engineering Design," Journal of Mechanical Design, Vol. 121, September, pp. 342–347.
Hazelrigg, G. 1999b. Validation of Engineering Design Alternative Selection Methods. Working paper, National Science Foundation, Arlington, Va.
HFMI (Highly Filled Materials Institute) (undated). Website of HFMI at Stevens Institute of Technology, Available online at http://www.hfmi.stevens-tech.edu, August 3, 2001.
HFMI (Highly Filled Materials Institute) 1998. "Mathematical Modeling of Processing of Energetics," Newsletter of HFMI at Stevens Institute of Technology, HFMI, Hoboken, N.J., March.
Hillaire, R., L.Marchetti, and P.K.Wright, 1998. "Geometry for Precision Manufacturing on an Open Architecture Machine Tool (MOSAIC-PC)", pp. 605–610 in the Proceedings of the ASME International Mechanical
Engineering Congress and Exposition, MED-Vol. 8, Anaheim, Calif., November.
Hillaire, R. 2000. "Whatever Happened to Open Controls?," Manufacturing Engineering, Vol. 124, No. 1 (June), pp. 80–88.
Hines, P. 1999. Value Stream Analysis: Strategy and Excellence in the Supply Chain, Financial Times/Prentice Hall, Paramus, N.J.
Hoeper P.J. 1998. "Industrial Base Policy Letter 98–1. Ammunition" (Policy letter from Assistant Secretary of the Army; Research, Development and Acquisition), June 30, 1998.
Huber, R.K., W.P.Cherry, T.J.Hodgson. 1999. "Planning the Ground Force for Operations in the Post-Cold War Era: A Systems Analysis Approach," Defense Analysis for the 21stCentury: Issues, Approaches, Models, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden, Germany.
Jones, Kenneth L. 1995. "The Implications and Risks of an Agile Manufacturing Industrial Base to U.S. Army Materiel Readiness for Rapid Reaction to Major Regional Contingencies." Ph.D. Dissertation, North Carolina State University, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Kamath, M., J.Pratt, and J.Mize. 1995. "A Comprehensive Modeling and Analysis Environment for Manufacturing Systems", pp. 759–768 in proceedings of the 4th Industrial Engineering Research Conference. Center for Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Stillwater, Okla.
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Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). 1999. DOE/OMAC Department of Energy Open Architecture Modular Controller Milling Machine Requirement, Version 1.0., LLNL, Livermore, Calif., January.
LCMS (Louisiana Center for Manufacturing Sciences) 1999. TIME Centralized Network Architecture, LCMS, Shreveport, La., May 5.
Lewis, R. 1997. "Sharing Professional Knowledge: Organizational Memory". International Journal of Continuing Engineering Education and Life-Long Learning, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 95–107.
ManTech. 1999. TIME ManTech Project, Version f (CD-ROM provided to NRC Committee to Evaluate TIME), ManTech Program Office. November.
Manufacturing News. 1999. "The Internet Presents Companies and Society with a Tangled Web of Difficult Cultural and Political Challenges," Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 1–7 in Manufacturing News, June 21.
McClelland, J.L, B.L.McNaughton, , and R.C.O'Reilly, 1995. "Why There Are Complementary Learning Systems in Hippocampus and Neocortex: Insights from the Successes and Failures of Connectionist Models of Learning and Memory". Psychological Review, Vol. 102, No. 3, pp. 419– 457.
McCormack, R. 1999. "Rockwell Provides its Customers with "Complete Automation", Manufacturing News, Vol. 6, No. 12 (June 21), pp. 10–12.
McWilliams, T. 1999. Totally Integrated Munitions Enterprise (TIME). Presentation to NRC Committee to Evaluate TIME, Dec. 9.
McWilliams, T. 2000a. Difficult Processes in Munitions Manufacturing, Presentation to Committee to Evaluate TIME, June 7.
McWilliams, T. 2000b. TIME Update. Presentation to NRC Committee to Evaluate TIME, February 10.
McWilliams, T. 2000c. TIME Update. Presentation to NRC Committee to Evaluate TIME, April 3.
MDSI (Manufacturing Data Systems, Inc.) 2000. OpenCNC. Advertising Brochure , MDSI, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Mezger, M. 2000. Manufacturing Technology Program for Energetics. Presentation at the Advanced Energetics Materials Workshop, Defense Systems Management College, Fort Belvoir, Va., February 1–4.
Miller, T. 1999. Totally Integrated Munitions Enterprise. Presentation to NRC Committee to Evaluate TIME, December 9.
Morris, E. 2000. Affordable Multi-Missile Manufacturing (AM3) Program. Oral Presentation to NRC Committee to Evaluate TIME, February 10.
NDU (National Defense University) 1996. Munitions Industry Study Report, NDU, Washington, D.C.
Neal, R. 2000. Technologies Enabling Agile Manufacturing (TEAM)—the Genesis of TIME. (Summary from DOE Report, An Overview of TEAM Strategies for Integrating the Product Realization Process—Rev. 1.0, June 1997)
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NRC (National Research Council) 1999. Defense Manufacturing in 2010 and Beyond. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
NRC (National Research Council) 2000. Surviving Supply Chain Integration: Strategies for Small Manufacturers. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
OMACUG (Open Modular Architecture Controller Users Group) 1994. Requirements of Open, Modular Architecture Controllers for Applications in the Automotive Industry. White Paper, Version 1.1, Chrysler Corporation, Ford Motor Company, and General Motors Corporation, December. OMACUG, Dedham, Mass.
OMACUG (Open Modular Architecture Controller Users Group) 1999. OMAC API Work Group. OMAC API Set, Version 0.23, Working Document, October 12, 1999. OMACUG, Dedham, Mass.
Osiecki, C. 1999. Introduction to the Totally Integrated Munitions Enterprise. (Briefing to Defense Manufacturing Conference 1999, Miami Beach, Florida. Also presented to NRC Committee to Evaluate TIME), November.
Perneski, A.J. 1992. "Beyond Individual Learning: Organizational Learning," pp. 223–224 in 1992 International Engineering Management Conference: Managing in a Global Environment, IEEE, New York.
PNNL (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) 1997. Recommended Strategy for Configuring and Managing the U.S. Munitions Industrial Base." PNNL, Richland, Wash., June.
Prytz, K., S.Y.Nof, , and A.Rolstadas 1997. "Organizational Memory and Learning in Manufacturing Enterprises," Research Memo, School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind.
Raybould, B. 1990. "Solving Human Performance Problems with Computers: A Case Study: Building an Electronic Performance Support System." Performance & Instruction, Vol. 29, No. 10, pp. 4–14.
Raytheon 1999. TIME Architecture for Product Realization Process of Mechanical Piece Parts, Revision 1.0. Raytheon Consulting Group, Arlington, Tex., September 30.
Raytheon 2000. Totally Integrated Munitions Enterprise: Enterprise Architecture. Raytheon Consulting Group, Arlington, Tex., January 21.
Reynolds, A. 1993. "The Top Five Questions About Performance Support Systems." Technical & Skills Training, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 8–11.
Richmond, O. 1995. "Concurrent Design of Products and Their Manufacturing Processes Based upon Models of Evolving Physicoeconomic State," p. 153–155 in Simulation of Materials Processing: Theory, Methods and Applications, eds. S.Shen and P.Dawson. Balkema, Rotterdam.
Rosenberg, S. 1999. "Totally Integrated Munitions Enterprise," Presentation to the National Defense Industrial Association Systems Engineering and Supportability Conference, Sept. 22.
Rosenberg, S., R.Burleson, and M.Poggio, (undated). TIME: The Road to Affordable Munitions Production for the 21stCentury. White Paper provided to NRC Committee to Evaluate TIME.
Senge, P.M. 1990. The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. Doubleday, New York.
STEP (STEP Tools, Inc.) 2000. STEP NC Overview. STEP Tools, Inc., Troy, N.Y. Available online at http://www.steptools.com/library/stepnc, August 3, 2001.
Stephens, E. 1999. Totally Integrated Munitions Enterprise—Web Integration (Presentation to NRC Committee to Evaluate TIME), December 9, 1999.
Stephens, E. 2000. TIME Web Enablement. Presentation to NRC Committee to Evaluate TIME, Feb. 10.
Tanzer, A. 1999. "Warehouses that Fly," Forbes, October 18th, pp. 120–124.
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TEAM (Technologies Enabling Agile Manufacturing) 1997. "Integrated Product Realization is Key Theme for 1997 TEAM Activities," in TEAMWORK, Quarterly Newsletter Published by TEAM Program Office, DOE Y-12 Plant, Oak Ridge, Tenn. July.
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Whitney, R. 1999. "Transitioning to 3-D" Manufacturing Engineering, August 1999, pp. 74–78.
Next: Appendix A: Totally Integrated Munitions Enterprise Man Tech Project »


A convent of the Franciscan order, it was erected in the 13th century .The bell tower was rebuilt in 1882 after the damage sustained during an earthquake in 1873. Inside there are two cloisters ( 15th and 16th century) with a central well from 1730. The convent was suppressed in 1807 and the building became the Liceo dipartimentale in 1810 and from 1834 the new Seminary. In the courtyard there is a fountain from 1562.


The latest news about New Zealand's student recruitment and international education business development. To receive our fortnightly E-News, sign up here.
ENZ has launched its latest global digital campaign, New Futures Need New Paths, highlighting how a New Zealand education provides students with the skills required to excel in their future.
As I sat in the audience at the APAIE conference in Kuala Lumpur at the end of March, it was very moving to hear the New Zealand singled out for the acts of great kindness, empathy, inclusivity and global citizenry that we showed.
New Zealand kindness, respect and inclusivity earned royal praise at the recent Asia-Pacific Association for International Education (APAIE) 2019 Conference and Exhibition in Kuala Lumpur.


These are the Answers for Word Link Level 2139 with Cheats, Solutions including Bonus Words for iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, Android, and other devices with screenshots for you to solve the levels easier. This game is developed by Zhou Jiaping (iOS) and Worzzle Games (Android).
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HuangZhou 9th Technology Co. Ltd.


"Why can't you just be happy?" my wife asked me recently.
I paused and thought about it for a moment. "But I am happy. I am very blessed." Then I preceded to give her a run down of all things I am grateful for including my marriage, kids, my business, health, friends etc.
"I am happy but I am never content. I don't think I will ever be content. It is simply not my nature." At that point I gave her a brief lesson on the nature of entrepreneurs.
Understand that true entrepreneurs are never content.
Stop fighting your nature. I have found over they years that virtually every entrepreneur struggles with being content or satisfied. They struggle because they believe that someday they will arrive and finally be content.
Sorry! It ain't going to happen. Entrepreneurs are problem solvers. Their radar is constantly up and observing things that aren't working or could be improved. We seek out opportunities to make things better and then hopefully take action to make things better.
We are always looking at things to improve. To the outside world this appears to be someone who is not happy with the way things are.
This nature extends beyond business. It shows up in our marriages, our health, our expectations of our children and so on.
Being an entrepreneur is a gift. We see things that most people don't. We drive progress. We innovate. We improve.
The moment we stop being content, we cease to operate within our gifting. We stop being an entrepreneur.
Being an entrepreneur REQUIRES that we are discontent. The struggle for many of us to to equate contentment with happiness.
You can be discontent and still be happy. In fact, when you accept that fact that your nature is to be discontent, that in itself should leave your feeling happy.
Why? Because you are operating from a place where you living your true self. Stop fighting it.
Now, there are instances where our nature can become an extreme. We can simply take it to far, especially in the eyes of the others. Like nothing is every good enough. Nothing. This is an unhealthy and unproductive place to be.
Here are some tips that will help you remain more grounded, feel more satisfied and connect with being happy as an entrepreneur.
1- Take time to celebrate your successes. Specifically, schedule time each month to reflect on the improvements and advances that you have made in your business and life. Celebrate privately and with others.
2- Be grateful. Remember to appreciate the things that you do have. Again, make it part of your daily practice. Whether it be a morning or evening prayer or periodic moments of reflection where you stop and observe the good things in your life and business.
3- Smile and have fun. Don't be so stinking serious and focused ALL the time. Have some fun. Take a break. Enjoy your life and YOUR work. You are most likely doing something that really is special and that you really like doing.
Now go be happy, be discontent and go make something better too!
The older I get, the more I am coming to recognize, and perhaps accept the idea, that I simply don't or won't fully understand everything that happens in life.
It used to give me comfort, perhaps some solace, in being able to interpret or explain why we encounter difficult or challenging situations.
I am an encourager. I strive to be a person who is brings hope to people who are experiencing challenging or painful situations.
Recently, I have come to a personal conclusion, that I simply can't explain why we sometimes get beat up by life.
Case in point. I had a conversation with a client yesterday. I won't mention any names, but over the last several months, she has been pummeled by some of the weirdest, trying and difficult circumstance related to a business – all at once.
Many people might have to deal with one or two of these challenges at once, but she is dealing with 5 or 6 issues that are literally consuming most, if not all, of her time.
Even in the midst of that I haven't ever heard her say, "Why me?" She has just kept plugging along.
In my hope to provide some encouragement to the situation, I offered a different perspective. My perspective comes from a lifetime of observation and over 20 years of coaching, mentoring, supporting and challenging business owners, leaders and people to become better at what they do.
I have witnessed this phenomenon working with business owners, employees and managers as they work to become better people and more effective in their roles.
In a situation where a person is growing, improving, building, changing, moving towards a goal, vision or desired action – when they've committed to something – they will encounter obstacles, challenges, opposition and resistance.
We simply don't experience resistance standing still. Unless it's gravity.
I've seen and experienced it myself over and over and over again. I can't explain why this phenomenon exists.
Why can't it just be smooth sailing? Why must we be punished for doing something good, for improving, I often ask?
Let me save you some time. Asking those questions will lead to a dead end. Stop worrying about why.
Rather, consider the resistance and challenges you are encountering as a sign.
The more resistance we experience often suggests the bigger and better the goal or direction you are pursuing.
What it really comes down to is whether or not we have to guts, determination and will to persevere through until we see a breakthrough.
Feeling like things are tough. GOOD!!!!! You are in the right place. Don't you dare quit! Don't even think about it.
I am sometimes accused of using too many cliques. Oh well. Here is one that I think appropriately applies.
Here are a couple strategies that I use when I am feeling challenged. Perhaps you can apply some yourself.
3- Get support. I turn to mentors, coaches (yes, I have a coach) and experts to help me navigate through situations.
4- Get into a community of people who are likeminded and challenging themselves too. This is one of the many reasons I've formed the Level 7 Community and I conduct the Level 7 Roundtable Events. I am amazing when my business clients gather and begin to see how their peers experience the same challenges and issues in their lives and businesses as they pursue their vision. It makes them feel like they are not alone.
5- Keep moving. Take some action. Don't get paralyzed. And don't retreat. Don't you dare!
6- Embrace the adventure and the challenge. Life is about ups and downs. The downs are good too. Yes, it pains me to say that. It is way easier said than lived. But it is a healthy perspective. Some of my most difficult challenges in life taught me massive lessons and, more importantly, made me a better person.
7- A good friend of mine, Bryan Hurd at www.bhurdinutah.com reminded me the other day that a motivated, focused and committed team will always accomplish more than one person possible can. Engage your team. Show them the vision. Ask them to join you and fight for the vision and dream too.
How do you cope? I'd love to hear your thoughts.
There are good things, greatness within you. If you are battling – then good. Battle on. I am right there with you.
Jesus told Peter to come to Him. So Peter got out of the boat and walked on the water. It wasn't until Peter took his eyes off Jesus that he began to sink.
Peter noticed and was distracted by the wind and the waves around him. He lost focus.
When we stay focused on our goals and vision, we will accomplish extraordinary things. However, the world around us is filled with distractions, wind and waves if you will, that want to take your eyes off your target. The wind and waves of life will always be there. Let's accept that fact.
The solution is simple. Identify your target. Acknowledge that distractions are going to be all around you. However, never take your focus off your target.
Do you know what your target is? Is it so clear to you in your mind (and on paper) that when you focus you can see exactly what you are going for?
If you don't have a clear target, coupled with laser focus, chances are you won't be walking on water.


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Why do some species change sex?
by Molly Edmonds
The clownfish's ability to change biological sex was shockingly omitted from the film "Finding Nemo." See more pictures of saltwater fish.
iStockphoto/Thinkstock
In high school biology, we're taught that biological sex is a game of X and Y. Women have two X's, and men have one of each, X and Y. In recent decades, though, scientists have learned that things might not be so clear-cut. There are people whose biological sex can't be easily determined because they're born with both genitals or because the female presents with an XY and the male presents with the XX. People with congenital abnormalities that leave them unable to be classified as male or female are considered intersexual, a term which has come to replace the word "hermaphrodite" in humans.
In the plant and animal world, though, hermaphrodites aren't the atypical abnormalities they are in the human world. These species are evidence that there's more to biological sex than just genes and chromosomes -- sometimes, all it takes is an environmental factor to alter your sex and gender.
There are two kinds of hermaphrodites in the plant and animal world: simultaneous hermaphrodites and sequential hermaphrodites. Fish and gastropods make up the bulk of both types. Simultaneous hermaphrodites have both male and female reproductive parts for their entire life and can mate with any other member of their species they should find. That can be a huge reproductive advantage, because it's easy to have a large number of children -- your mating options are doubled, compared to humans.
Sequential hermaphrodites are born as one sex, but change completely into the other sex during the course of their lives. When something is born as a male, but becomes a female, it's called protandry, while protogyny refers to a female becoming a male. Anemonefish, or clownfish, are one of the most prominent examples of sequential hermaphrodites. These fish live with an anemone for most of their lives in a very hierarchal structure in which the sole female and the largest male do all the mating. When the female dies, the largest fish becomes a female, and she begins mating with the next male. Just as with the simultaneous hermaphrodites, this mating strategy is advantageous for reproduction, particularly since this fish never ventures very far from home.
Reproductive success and continued survival are the main reasons that species change sex. The change could also occur due to environmental factors or chemical triggers that scientists don't understand yet. Another thing scientists don't understand is why more species don't undergo the process of changing sex. In 2009, Yale researchers established that the benefits of sex change far outweighed the biological costs, for while rewiring a human to become the other sex would be tricky, it's quite simple for fish, frogs and plants [sources: Yale University, Tidwell]. However, it's possible that more species will start changing sex due to environmental factors. A 2004 report detailed the ways in which manmade pollution could affect the endocrine system of creatures like polar bears and alligators [source: Owen]. Because of the hormones in human waste and chemicals, these animals have experienced abnormal sex changes that have made breeding difficult.
Why would a female athlete fail a gender test?
Is gender just a matter of choice?
How Gender Identity Disorder Works
How Gender Reassignment Works
How fluid is gender?
"Hermaphroditic Fish." MarineBiology.org. (Sept. 27, 2010)http://www.marinebiology.org/fish.htm
Owen, James. "Animals' Sexual Changes Linked to Waste, Chemicals." National Geographic News. March 1, 2004. (Sept. 27, 2010)http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/03/0301_040301_genderbender.html
Sample, Steven D. "Frogs That Change Sex." Newton Ask a Scientist. (Sept. 27, 2010)http://newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/bio99/bio99128.htm
Tidwell, John. "The Wilder Side of Sex." National Zoo. 2004. (Sept. 27, 2010)http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/2004/2/wildersideofsex.cfm
Yale University. "Why Don't More Animals Change Their Sex?" ScienceDaily. Feb. 4, 2009. (Sept. 27, 2010)http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090203110326.htm
What is the most violent species?
Are humans the smartest animal?


Summertime is here! For many families summer is a sweet time of lazy days and icy juice pops, swimming and reading and sleeping in. My boys have a few summer camp adventures this summer, and we have a couple of camping trips planned. It's shaping up to be a lovely time.
Right now, my coauthor, Eileen Straiton of Little Acorn Learning, and I are offering a sale on our Midsummer Festival E-Book. From now through June 30, if you buy the Midsummer Festival E-Book at the sale price of $19.99, you'll also get the Summer Festivals Cookbook! Together these two e-books provide wonderful ideas for filling summertime with festivities, food, and delightful Waldorf-inspired crafts, songs, poems, and more. Please tell a friend!
Midsummer Festival E-Book Is Now ON SALE!
Our labor of love will bring the magic of summer into your home and help you keep celebrating throughout the season! It is packed full of Waldorf songs, stories, verses, crafting tutorials and much more to help you celebrate Midsummer and the Summer Solstice with the children in your home, classroom, or childcare environment.
Here are some teaser pics from the e-book. We hope they ignite your interest and inspire you to fill your days with sweet sunshine!
Wishing you delicious, sweet moments all summer long!


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Libya: Who Runs This Place?
A power struggle between tribes, militias, and the state is tearing Libya apart
October 23, 2013 - ... Mohammed bin Saiid, a security official in Tripoli, told Asharq Al-Awsat via telephone that the recent short-lived abduction of Libya�s prime minister Ali Zeidan was merely "a minor incident compared to the terror experienced by the majority of Libyans everyday at the hands of the endless array of militias. This is especially true for the middle class and government workers, and even more so for army and security personnel."...
Hussein, a local official from southern Tripoli, counts himself among those who worked to advance the revolution against Gaddafi, but recently fled the country to escape the militias� purges and assassinations. He claims to have joined an initiative to integrate revolutionaries into Libyan television channels, the army, and the ministry of the interior. The next day he received a letter saying that he was targeted for elimination. He said, "I feared them because they had carried out similar threats against my colleagues in Benghazi and Tripoli. It is a very serious and dangerous situation, and who you think is protecting you could likely be the one who betrays you to the militias."...


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4 people sign up to live in a locked bunker for 200 days to experience space travel
They will live off recycled resources in the container.
By Yvette Tan on July 11, 2017
Student volunteers are seen inside the Lunar Palace 1, a laboratory simulating a lunar-like environment, in Beijing on May 10, 2017. Chinese students will live in the laboratory simulating a lunar-like environment for up to 200 days as Beijing prepares for its long-term goal of putting humans on the moon. Four postgraduate students from the capital's astronautics research university Beihang entered the 160-square-metre (1,720-square-foot) cabin -- dubbed the "Yuegong-1", or "Lunar Palace" -- on May 10, state media reported. / AFP PHOTO / STR / China OUT (Photo credit should read STR/AFP/Getty Images) Credit: AFP/Getty Images
> Science > Space
For the better part of the next year, these students will have a taste of the rigours of being onboard a space station.
On Sunday, four students from the Beijing's University of Aeronautics and Astronautics embarked on a 200-day stay in a space station simulator.
SEE ALSO: Chinese spacecraft returns after flying around the moon
The students will live in the locked bunker named the Lunar Palace, which measures 160 square meters (1,720 square foot), and is meant to simulate living conditions in a space-based laboratory.
The students will live solely on the resources in the bunker, getting oxygen from plants and recycling urine to produce drinking water.
"We've designed it so the oxygen [produced by plants at the station] is exactly enough to satisfy the humans, the animals, and the organisms that break down the waste materials," Liu Hong, the project's principal architect told Reuters.(Opens in a new window)
The team will also have to deal with the mental challenge of being locked out from the rest of the world.
"They can become a bit depressed," said Liu. "If you spend a long time in this type of environment it can create some psychological problems."
Four student volunteers take an oath before entering the Lunar Palace 1, a laboratory simulating a lunar-like environment, for an initial 60-day stay, in Beijing on May 10, 2017. Four postgraduate students from the capital's astronautics research university Beihang entered the 160-square-metre (1,720-square-foot) cabin -- dubbed the "Yuegong-1", or "Lunar Palace" -- on May 10, as Beijing prepares for its long-term goal of putting humans on the moon. / AFP PHOTO / STR / China OUT (Photo credit should read STR/AFP/Getty Images) Credit: AFP/Getty Images
"We did this experiment with animals...we want to see how much impact it will have on people," Liu added.
For now, the Beijing students appeared upbeat about the project.
"I'll get so much out of this," Liu Guanghui, a PhD student(Opens in a new window) said. "It's truly a different life experience."
Student volunteers wave from inside the Lunar Palace 1, a laboratory simulating a lunar-like environment, in Beijing on May 10, 2017. Chinese students will live in the laboratory simulating a lunar-like environment for up to 200 days as Beijing prepares for its long-term goal of putting humans on the moon. Four postgraduate students from the capital's astronautics research university Beihang entered the 160-square-metre (1,720-square-foot) cabin -- dubbed the "Yuegong-1", or "Lunar Palace" -- on May 10, state media reported. / AFP PHOTO / STR / China OUT (Photo credit should read STR/AFP/Getty Images) Credit: AFP/Getty Images
The station is part of China's bid to cement its position as a space-faring nation.
China announced last year(Opens in a new window) that it planned to be the first country to land a probe on the far side of the moon, adding that it wanted to launch its first Mars probe by 2020. The nation also hopes to send people to the moon by 2036.
China's big, beautiful, green 'vertical forests' will suck up toxic smog
Yvette Tan
Yvette is a Viral Content Reporter at Mashable Asia. She was previously reporting for BBC's Singapore bureau and Channel NewsAsia.
More in Science


Qatar has announced at Dubai Air Show 2003 that it would start awarding tenders worth more than US$ 2.5 billion for the construction of the new Doha International Airport.
Qatar has announced at Dubai Air Show 2003 that it would start awarding tenders worth more than US$ 2.5 billion for the construction of the new Doha International Airport. Akbar Al Baker, chief executive officer of Qatar Airways, which operates Doha International Airport, announced on the sidelines of the air show that as a first step, global consultancy, Bechtel, has completed the master plan for the new Doha International Airport. "Not only Qatar and the Gulf, but the entire world has been inquiring about details of the project since it was formally announced at the World Travel Market in London on the 10th November. Interest has been overwhelming and gratifying - especially from construction majors who have been clamouring for information about the progress of the signature development in Qatar," Al Baker says. "Construction companies will soon be able to bid for more than US $2.5 billion worth of tenders for the first phase of Qatar's new signature Doha International Airport, which will be developed as a major aviation hub for traffic between Far East-Australasia and Europe-North America, with an ultimate capacity of 50 million passengers. "The US-based construction and engineering company Bechtel has just completed the masterplan and once tendered, will be split into 18 construction packages during the next 60 months," Al Baker says. Al Baker also announced that the UK-based BAE Systems will be advisor to the airline during the masterplan phase. He says that during the 60-month Phase One period of the new development, the airport, half of which will be reclaimed from the sea, will have a capacity of 12 million passengers. Phase one of the project will be complete by 2008, with the full project scheduled to be finished by 2015. Detailed design work will continue throughout 2004 and 2005, as the site is reclaimed and prepared. Construction of the new airport's major facilities will begin from 2005, says the airline's CEO. "There is ongoing negotiation with Bechtel to conclude the design and project management component of this development. This project will be Qatar's most spectacular first impression for tourist and business visitors," Al Baker says. The new airport will be the hub for Qatar's flag carrying airline. "It will be critical to the ambitions of Qatar Airways to become a global airline. The new airport will allow us to offer our passengers fast and efficient connections as we build a route network of over 60 destinations by 2005-end," the airline chief says. The kind of facilities on offer will make it almost a logical choice for major airlines to use the new airport — like Qatar Airways — as a hub. "It is, after all, astride East-West global connections," Al Baker points out. "Our new airport will set the benchmark for future airport development - you cannot expect any less as a passenger. It will be a global signature of the vision of Qatar," Al Baker says. Construction will start next year. The futuristic airport will have two parallel runways. The terminal will have 80 contact gates and will be able to accommodate six A38 Super Jumbos when fully developed. The complex will also include three high classification hotels for the convenience of visitors.


CurlyTop Tees is a collection of original artwork screen printed on to casual clothing. It includes pieces for men, women and children. These playful designs delight people of all ages.
The artist, Aidan, is a young man living with Autism who loves to draw. Challenged by conventional language, art gives Aidan a voice. The view you'll most often see of Aidan is his headful of curls as he works on his latest creation. It is that view that inspired our name, CurlyTop.
This collection is an opportunity for a differently abled young man to design his future, and to create his notion of a meaningful day. Our logo features his "handsome" self-portrait. We hope that you enjoy Aidan's voice and as much as we love sharing it with you!
CurlyTop Tees donates 10% of it's profits to help the differently abled. We hope that you will join us in our mission.
Be Curly ~ Be Cause.
Glendale – Aidan Dow may have difficulty communicating with his words, but his drawings speak volumes about his personality.
A junior at Nicolet High School, Dow is on the autism spectrum and unable to string more than a couple sentences together at a time. When he's not learning life skills through Nicolet's special education department, he spends most of his free time drawing pictures of elephants, cows and other animals.
By breaking figures down to their simplest form, the 17-year-old self-trained artist uses geometric shapes to depict animals with smiling faces. His mother, Connie Lopez, said the drawings are representative of her son's positive worldview.
Aidan started drawing when he was 5 years old, and in the last 12 years, he has spent so much time crouched over drawing that his mother Connie is more familiar with seeing the top of his curly hair than his face.
As Aidan nears high school graduation, Connie decided to start printing his drawing onto t-shirts through a company called Curly Top Tees. She said she has no idea what to expect from the venture, but she hopes the business will allow Aidan to turn his passion for drawing into a career.
Connie invested several thousand dollars to print 300 shirts with alligators, elephants, bulls, cows and Aidan's self-portrait. She said she feels like Aidan's drawings are similar to the "Life is good" t-shirts, so there may be a market for them.
Aidan and Connie sold the t-shirts for the first time during Nicolet's Autumn Artisan Fair on Saturday, Nov. 5. The fair is organized by students in the special education program, but Aidan was the only student from the program to sell products at the fair. Proceeds from the event go to the Nicolet special education department's community-based apartment, which students use to learn life skills such as cooking, cleaning and living life independently.
Aidan's t-shirts are available for sale at www.curlytoptees.com. Ten percent of the proceeds go to organizations that help people with disabilities.
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