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Review Essay: History and Hybrid Warfare
Williamson Murray and Peter R. Mansoor, eds., Hybrid Warfare: Fighting Complex Opponents from the Ancient World to the Present, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. 329 pgs, maps, $29.99 (paperback).
The U.S. Army Chief of Staff, General Raymond Odierno, wrote in a recent issue of Foreign Affairs that the Army needed to come to grips with "one of the most costly lessons it has learned over the last decade: how to deal with the challenge of hybrid warfare." He went on to note that it "will be increasingly common for the army to operate in environments with both regular military and irregular paramilitary or civilian adversaries, with the potential for terrorism, criminality and other complications."
This new book will help the U.S. Army and the entire Joint warfighting community think about this challenge. The hole in our comprehension of the history of hybrid adversaries has been fleshed out by Hybrid Warfare. This anthology has been edited by two superb scholars, Williamson Murray of the U.S. Naval War College and Dr. Peter Mansoor, holder of the Mason Chair of Military History at The Ohio State University. These highly-qualified historians have assembled a diverse team of subject matter experts and practitioners to detail nine cases of varying degrees of hybrid conflict. The challenge posed by hybrid threats has been discussed for the past few years, but has lacked a deep professional historical assessment. Mankind, Dr. Murray writes, too frequently "marches ever forward into the future sure that everything is new and thus fills body bags with dead soldiers rather than reaching back into the past for the lessons others have learned at such great cost."
Hybrid Warfare reaches back with great depth to avoid those costs, but may introduce some terminological clouds of confusion. It is founded on a broad characterization of hybrid conflict, as a conflict that has both regular and irregular forces in the war. These forces need not be present at the same time or place, nor centrally directed by this team's definition. Others in the literature have referred to this as compound warfare.[1]
This is also at odds with how the U.S. Army defines such threats. The Army's conception of this threat as defined in FM 3-0 Operations is a "diverse and dynamic combination of regular forces, irregular forces, criminal elements, or a combination of these forces and elements all unified to achieve mutually benefitting effects." Some hybrid theorists depict the category as reflecting more blending or blurring of forces or modes of war, in time and place than this (see Hoffman's Conflict in the 21st Century, pp. 14, 58). Notable authorities, including Colin Gray, Max Boot and John Arquilla (p. 472) have noted a distinctive blurring of regular and irregular modes of conflict.
In Hybrid Warfare, the editors have chosen not to make a distinction about the fusion of different forces or different modes in the same battlespace. Nor have they explicitly incorporated terrorism and criminality as part of the operational mode or force composition. Their range of cases bring out various combinations in time and space. As there is no universally accepted definition of hybrid threats or warfare, the editors are free to establish their own framework. However, crafting too broad a definition allows everything to be included and diminishes utility of the concept. From Hybrid Warfare, World War II campaigns like the Allied drive into France with the OSS and resistance movements could be included. This broader definition leads some scholars to plausibly argue that hybrid warfare is ubiquitous and thus not useful. Indeed, Dr. Murray concluded that "the historical record suggests that hybrid warfare in one form or another may well be the norm for human conflict rather than the exception."
The editors explain, correctly, that hybrid threats are not novel. General Mattis and this reviewer once claimed that hybrid adversaries posed an "unprecedented synthesis." However, that term was based on the inclusion of "catastrophic terrorism" and criminality in the battlespace not the rather common admixture of conventional forces and irregulars hundreds of miles apart. We are joined by many others today that depict emerging forms of conflict that include criminal behavior or transnational criminal organizations.[2] Many veterans in Iraq and Afghanistan will understand this.
While the definitional debate is not irrelevant to current force planning challenges, Hybrid Warfare's impressive historical insights are worth the risk of definitional confusion, and welcome to the future warfare debate.
The nine case histories represent a broad swath of military history across time and civilizations. These are preceded by Dr. Mansoor's introduction which establishes a framework for the long history of hybrid warfare; and identifies the complications of proliferating weapons, the difficulties of extended hybrid conflicts in time and space, the critical importance of good leadership, as well as the challenge of winning the battle of narratives in an information saturated world.
The first case, penned by Dr. James Lacey of the Marine Corps War College, offered a fascinating exploration into Rome's difficult efforts to pacify Germania, especially the lost legions of Varus who was defeated by Arminius in 9 AD. Lacey's notes that Arminius and his people had fought against and for Rome as auxiliaries and adapted their mode of fighting to offset the Legion's disciplined tactics with a cohesive counter of their own. This has been noted previously, as true for the Boer's against the British, the Chechens against the Russians, and Hezbollah against the Israeli Defense Force. Each was familiar with and exploited gaps in their opponent's doctrine and approach to war. Yet, one is still left wondering if Arminius's perfidy or Varus' incompetence has more to do with Rome's comeuppance than the devious combination of regular and irregular means in the Teutoburg forest.
Dr. Murray's chapter on the American Revolution is first rate and highlights the predicament that Washington's Regulars and Fabian style presented to British generals, while partisans in New Jersey or Nathan Greene's irregulars in South Caroline harassed them to frustration. The author/editor notes that hybrid war should not be foreign to American policy makers since the United States was born out of classical examples (both the French and Indian War and the U.S. war for independence).[3] This is certainly true at the strategic level and Murray's coverage of Bunker Hill suggests that hybrid combinations can be effective at lower levels as well, at least against rigid opponents that are arrogant in the face of determined resistance.[4]
The Franco-Prussian War was a surprising case study, as most histories focus on Von Moltke's staff planning for mobilization, use of railroads, and technology like Krupp breech-loading artillery or French chassepot rifles. Readers will be familiar with the rapid captures of Metz and Sedan that led to the capture of Napoleon and the collapse of the French army. The subsequent messy investiture of Paris and the swarming franc tireurs are too often ignored. Authored by Marcus Jones of the U.S. Naval Academy, this case is not hybrid in character at the tactical level but offers insights on why policy aims and military ways need to be integrated. This would have been an excellent case study for the policy shop in the Pentagon or General Franks and the CENTCOM staff to have read prior to their drive to Baghdad in 2003. It might have opened their eyes to Phase IV complexities just a bit more.
Richard Sinneich, retired Army planner and well-regarded operational artist, details the complex challenge that hybridity posed to Napoleon's forces in Spain in the Peninsular campaign. In a war well known for introducing the term guerrilla, France found itself confronting British and Spanish conventional forces, and its lines of communication in Spain harassed by militia and various irregular elements (and many brigands). Colonel Sinnreich does not address how Wellington sought to deliberately exploit from the application of hybrid war. Dr. Murray latter argues convincingly that the irregular aspects of the campaign certainly enabled Wellington's conventional success.
Dan Sutherland, author of A Savage Conflict: The Decisive Role of Guerrillas in the American Civil War, contributes a chapter on Union counter-guerrilla operations. His work forces us to consider the brutal reality of the American civil conflict beyond the iconic battles of Antietam, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg. This chapter works within the framework of the book as partisan warfare was an aspect of Confederate strategy at time, and the under-appreciated influence it had on the war. Sherman's "March to the Sea" might have been a better case study of combinations and a unique case of State-based hybrid forces on the offensive (while some Northern scholars might disagree with the inclusion of terrorism and criminal behavior).
One of the most intriguing chapters was John Ferris' contribution which covers nearly three centuries of British experience. It's a fascinating read, peppered with positive comments about British adaptation from conflict to conflict. Most of these campaigns were not hybrid combinations, instead they were traditional colonial policing missions against local tribes, reflecting classical Small Wars covered by C. E. Callwell. However, Dr. Ferris' evaluation of the second Anglo-Boer war is instructive but not convincing. He is largely dismissive of Boer leadership, despite their early success and overlooks their unique pre-war adaptation. He is a bit too positive on British efforts, and overlooks Kitchner's overwhelming superiority and the relative cost ratios for Great Britain over the nascent Boer republics. Ferris' positive depiction of British counterinsurgency success in the Imperial era should be compared to the negative evaluation of David French, from a much narrower and more recent time frame. French's point that the British were slow at learning lessons and sharing across theaters in the post-imperial era is just as relevant to Ferris's chapter.
The former director of the Joint Advanced Warfighting Program at the Institute for Defense Analyses, Karl Lowe, has penned a superlative essay about Vietnam. A U.S. Army veteran, Lowe notes the complexity of Vietnam where the United States and the host nation confronted both NVA regulars and black pajama-clad Viet Cong in different regions. He also noted how the Viet Cong evolved tactically, forming larger and more conventionally armed formations up to Division scale. It would have been interesting to detail the effectiveness of this formation and how it fared against U.S. or ARVN forces (and what approaches were used to neutralize it). Lowe's chapter is particularly valuable as it incorporates North Vietnamese sources.
More insights from non-Western sources are found in the next essay. Noboru Yamaguchi, a retired Japanese Ground Self-Defense Force general, offers a unique chapter covering Japanese counter-guerrilla and stability operations in northern China. Yamaguchi notes Japan's sophisticated understanding of how to deflect Communist guerrilla forces, except for their lack of an alternative ideology. This case study is particularly valuable as it brings in insights from non-Western sources. Classical Chinese writings often refer to mixing orthodox and unorthodox forces (Cheng and Ch'i) in battle, and hybrid threats are not inconsistent with some elements of Mao's Revolutionary Warfare. Modern Chinese authors have written about hybrid concepts like "Unrestricted Warfare" which go beyond traditional military means, and incorporate political, financial and information components at the strategic level.[5] The study of hybrid approaches within Chinese strategic culture is certainly worth examining, at least as much as the PLA's vaunted "carrier killer" missile or its new aircraft carrier.
These cases have been judiciously selected and edited with care to underscore key issues related to hybrid threats, largely at the strategic level. The insights brought out hold relevance to contemporary conflict, but more might have been derived considering the operating environment that U.S. forces will face in the next decade. Discontinuities from the past, in terms of the empowerment of smaller actors with more lethal means could make hybrid threats more formidable in the future, and the increasingly rapid rate of change could foment more dangerous hybrids.
There is a no overwhelming consensus about U.S. strategy in the emerging security environment. Some argue that COIN and stability operations are "dead," and others want to focus on high-end threats and/or the Western Pacific. History suggests that betting on point predictions or single scenarios is imprudent.[6] If we learned anything over the past decade, the enemy always gets a vote. Hybrid Warfare avoids the oversimplified reductionism that our future is contested by conventional or irregular modes. This team of scholars embraces the "and" of hybrid threats. They understand that adversaries seek to exploit seams in our understanding by combining methods and means at the strategic level. They conclude that hybrid wars are complex, difficult to resolve, and "the most likely conflicts of the 21st century."
Hybrid Warfare is an outstanding start if we are to increase our understanding of this form of warfare. Hybrid threats may not be novel but this book shows they pose higher risks. As Professor Murray notes in his conclusion, hybrid wars "may well be the most difficult conflicts to win." Judging from the cases in this well-crafted assessment, understanding the challenges of hybrid threats and being prepared for them would be very novel.[7]
The scholarship of Hybrid Warfare is an exemplary demonstration of how to use history in breadth, depth, and context. One can quibble with definitions and some conclusions drawn from its broad conception or these specific cases, but not Dr. Mansoor's point that hybrid warfare "is a useful means of thinking about war's past, present, and future." Future efforts should build upon this work and assess hybrid wars at the operational level, and ascertain Clio's lessons about defeating modern hybrids. More research is warranted in order to tease out relevant insights to our operating environment—one in which adversaries mix and meld advanced technologies and multiple modes of conflict into the same fight. Special attention should be paid to critical issues about doctrine (the viability of the Comprehensive Approach?), operational art for campaign design, force protection, training, and force design.
Hybrid Warfare is a deep dive on this subject, but it is highly readable, cohesively organized, and enthusiastically recommended as an invaluable guide for understanding how previous antagonists have sought advantage with strategic combinations. It is suitable for serious students of military history, analysts of contemporary conflict, and professionals at the command and general staff college level.
[1] Dr. Thomas Huber's term. See F. G. Hoffman, "Hybrid vs. Compound War," Armed Forces Journal, October 2009.
[2] Max Manwaring, A Contemporary Challenge to State Sovereignty, Gangs and Other Illicit Transnational Criminal Organizations (TCOs) in Central American, El Salvador, Mexico, Jamaica, and Brazil, Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, January 2008; Dr. Robert J. Bunker, "Criminal (Cartel & Gang) Insurgencies in Mexico and the Americas," Testimony before the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, 13 September 2011; Robert Killebrew, "A New Kind of War," Armed Forces Journal International, March 2012. Also see the work of John Sullivan and Colonel G. I Wilson, USMC (ret.).
[3] A point first made by John Grenier, The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, Cambridge, 2005.
[4] The Americans would reverse roles when the United States was the global hegemon, and stubbornly throw their own battalions figuratively up hill in Vietnam.
[5] Qiao Liang and Wang Xiangsui, Unrestricted Warfare, Beijing: PLA Literature and Arts Publishing House, 1999. See the reviews of this book by Robert Bunker and Dean Cheng at Small War and Insurgencies, Vol.11, No. 1, Spring 2000.
[6] I am indebted to Dr. Colin Gray, who has urged the cardinal principles of prudence and adaptability for modern policymakers, on this point.
[7] For more complete and modern assessments, see Hybrid Warfare and Transnational Threats, Robert Tomes, Paul Brister, and William Natter, eds., Washington, DC: Council on Emerging National Security Affairs, 2011.
Categories: Islam - insurgency - hybrid war - hybrid threats - counterinsurgency - COIN - China - Britain
Frank Hoffman
Frank Hoffman is a retired Marine infantryman and veteran Pentagon policy and program analyst. The comments in his articles reflect his own positions and not those of the Department of Defense.
Carol1107
I am grateful that you…
I am grateful that you shared this story, do you have any examples of biology articles on your site? I just can't write it myself, I even turned to the writers https://buybiologyessay.com/buy-biology-paper.html for help.
Dave Maxwell
I concur with Frank. This is a good book worth reading. I bought it when it came out (just based on the title and the authors/editors!) and I think it provides some valuable historical insights with continued relevance. Key excerpt:
Indeed, Dr. Murray concluded that "the historical record suggests that hybrid warfare in one form or another may well be the norm for human conflict rather than the exception."


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Trailer and transport coverage Interestingly enough, when your boat is out of the water and on a trailer, it is still covered. It isn't covered if your boat is being towed on a trailer, and the trailer causes damages to third party property. This would not be covered by your boat insurance but would need to be included under your motor policy.
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(b) to land that, under an environmental planning instrument that is not made as provided by section 3.20 (2) of the Act, is in a land use zone in which equivalent land uses are permitted to those permitted in the named land use zone.
(1A) Land identified as "Deferred matter" on the Land Application Map within the meaning of Warringah Local Environmental Plan 2011 is, for the purposes of this Policy, taken to be in Zone E3 Environmental Management.
a reference in this Policy to a lot or land in a named land use zone is a reference to a lot or land specified in such a zone in the last such draft environmental planning instrument that was the subject of such community consultation.
(1C) In subclause (1B), community consultation means community consultation under clause 4 of Schedule 1 to the Act or public exhibition under section 66 of the Act (as continued on by clause 12 of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Regulation 2000).
equivalent land uses, in relation to land in a named land use zone, means uses equivalent to the permitted land uses shown opposite that named land use zone in the table to this clause.
(3) If the Director-General, by order published in the Gazette, determines that a land use zone in a specified environmental planning instrument that is not made as provided by section 3.20 (2) of the Act is a land use zone in which equivalent land uses are permitted to those permitted in a named land use zone, that certification is conclusive for the purposes of this clause.


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Georgia Finishes No. 1 In Recruiting
Tyson Campbell, from the football team at American Heritage High School, announces that he's going to the University of Georgia on national signing day, Wednesday, Feb. 7, 2018, in Plantation, Fla. (Taimy Alvarez/South Florida Sun-Sentinel via AP)
Georgia loaded up in the new early signing period and came into Wednesday's start of the traditional signing period with the top-rated class, according to 247 Sports' composite rankings. MORE HERE>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Objective 1. No longer applies Objective 2. No longer applies Objective 3. No longer applies Objective 4. Conduct formative research with parents of 8- to 10-year-old African American girls to identify beliefs, values, and practices related to diet, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and body weight. Objective 5. Develop and pilot test a text message-based intervention for parents to test the feasibility of the factors identified in Objective 3 at promoting a healthy home food and activity environment. Objective 6. Develop a model of parent-child interactions in the family eating environment among low-income families (based on direct observations), and determine what aspects of parent-child interactions foster excess calorie intake in children. 6A. Gather descriptive data based on direct observation of parent-child feeding interactions by examining differences in feeding practices as a function of child weight status, child gender, parent ethnicity, and parent weight status. 6B. Determine the effects of parent psychosocial characteristics (depression, marital stress, parenting stress) on feeding practices in low-income Head Start families. 6C. Determine the impact of feeding practices on the dietary intake of head Start children (food groups, energy intake) during the dinner meal. 6D. Model the impact of parent psychosocial characteristics on feeding practices which, in turn, will influence child dietary intake (food groups, energy intake), and child BMI.
Obesity is the most prevalent and severe nutrition related pediatric problem, especially among lower income and ethnic minority children. Most child obesity prevention interventions have not been effective. There has been disagreement about whether this lack of documented success has been due to a) inaccurate measurement for assessing what were really effective programs; b) not understanding what behaviors contribute to obesity; c) not understanding how parents influence those child behaviors; d) not effectively addressing cultural influences; or e) not using intervention procedures that effectively manipulated how parents related to their child. Researchers will identify the child behaviors contributing to obesity among 8- to 10-year-old African American girls; b) conduct formative qualitative research with parents of this age child; and c) develop and assess the feasibility of an innovative text message intervention for parents to change the home food and activity environments. Additionally, researchers propose to a) identify family factors that impact or moderate what parents do to influence their child's diet; b) analyze how feeding styles interrelate with feeding practices to influence child's diet; and c) develop and test sophisticated comprehensive statistical models of these variables. This research addresses several important knowledge gaps, and thereby establish a firm foundation for family-based obesity prevention interventions and evaluations in the future.


On this page you can check out all this months Diary Dates, activities and special notices.
Find out who is on what duties this month and what events are happening and get them in you diary.
Get involved in our church life.
Monday, June 3rd to Sunday, 9th June.
If you are willing to help with any of these roles please speak to Pauline.


Veterans Day, a United States recognized National Holiday is observed Monday November 12 2018.South OC Beaches has all the info on Veteran's Day Closures.
Veterans Day is November 11 2018. Often times, Veterans Day is observed on a date to close to that date.


I cried a lot in 2014. Cried like Chavela. Like I deserved La Llorona award of the year. I was not depressed or unhappy. Yet I felt filled to the brim with emotion. "A year in review" of the horrifying events of 2014 in the U.S. (and our violent impact around the world) would make my copious crying seem rational. And of course, some of my tears were about the pain that people of color, especially black people, are going through – and the fury connected to this pain. I cannot fully explain the rest of my crying. Yet my tears do connect me to this place of caring and concern for the overwhelm QTPOC can easily experience when trying to do something about the widespread violence and abuse perpetrated against our families and communities. For those of us who care deeply about our people and our suffering, and also comprehend the depth of the mess we are in, overwhelm is an easy place to end up.
I am writing this to you now, in these first few weeks of 2015, because more than anything I want you to feel free and able to create what you want within yourself and your communities, this year. Because I love us QTPOC and want so much for us to feel full of life, even amidst death.
At this time, some of you may be participating in the dominant cultural practice of setting New Years' resolutions, a practice rooted in the U.S. fanatic culture of doing, doing, doing – devising more plans, more activities, more projects, and so on. Capitalist hetero-patriarchy has taught us that our personal worth is based on how much and how fast we can produce things and our resolutions often reflect this view. Yet when it's so easy to be overwhelmed by the seemingly insurmountable problems we face, how useful will it be to add more tasks to our plate? Especially when we know – research demonstrates – that most people don't complete any of their New Year's goals. In the end our resolution failures leave us feeling defeated and less worthy, in a society that already holds this view of us as QTPOC.
So what if this year, to counter-act this overwhelm and dominant culture of doing, we set ourselves a simpler plan that could result in more progress than our to-do lists? What if this year, rather than start with what we want to do, we focus on who we want to BE?
This is not a new concept. It is in fact quite ancient. For thousands of years enlightened ones, like The Buddha, have taught that the way through suffering is to first cultivate certain qualities within us (i.e. kindness, courage, acceptance), in order to take helpful action outside of us.
What do I mean by this? I mean, who do you want to be and how do you need to act to be that person? What personal qualities prevented you from getting what you wanted and from serving your community in 2014? Were you judgmental and needed compassion (for self or others)? Were you scared and needed courage? Were you dishonest and needed authenticity? And how did these things affect your happiness AND our social movements? The personal is deeply political and we often prevent ourselves from achieving our goals because the qualities we embody and, subsequently, the way we act, cannot create what we actually want. For example, we want to repair a relationship, but aren't being accountable or forgiving. Or we want to organize in our community but we are being petty and stubborn about small conflicts.
The helpful thing about deciding who we want to be is that we can be that right now in this very moment—not at some distant point in the future. We can take our next breath and start acting like who we want to be. Qualities are impermanent and can be self-created the moment we identify and commit to them. Yet how do we identify what qualities we need to help us?
Think about someone you admire. How do they act? What about them inspires you? What qualities would you use to describe them? Are they bold? Humble? Full of heart? Do any of their qualities move you in a way that makes you too want to embody them?
Sit quietly and go inside. Think of a time when you were stuck and unable to take an action you wanted. Notice what feelings arise when you think of where you got stuck. Become curious about your experience. When the feeling becomes clear, ask yourself, "What does this feeling want from me?" Don't think too much or force it. Be patient, asking the question until an answer arises. You will know it's the right answer if it moves or touches you.
Do something that relaxes you, close your eyes, then ask yourself, what is my heart's deepest longing? See what arises. It could be words or images or a song. See if there is a quality associated with your longing that inspires or motivates you.
For me, spiritual practice and supporting the happiness and wellbeing of people of color, is very important to me. This year I am focusing on being generous, kind and awake to the miracle of life. Because of this, I now find myself asking, "If I were truly being generous right now, what would I do?" The clarity of the answer helps me achieve my intention (being generous) and also act in accordance with what's important to me (contribute to the wellbeing of the POC around me).
Yes, we have a lot to do in 2015 to fight the oppression we face. And, how could our commitment to specific qualities further our own happiness and the well-being of those around us? I believe that healing and progress can look like being our revolution this year.
CarmenLeah Ascencio a public health social worker, community theatre facilitator, trauma-sensitive yoga instructor, educator and proud Boricua 2nd generation queer femme. She is currently the director of Get Free, a Black Girl Dangerous program, and is the creator of Freedom Labor Love, a consultancy business that helps organizations and schools be trauma informed, emotionally healthy and inspired social change environments. She facilitates BGD Get Free workshops at organizations and schools. To find out about booking CarmenLeah, go here.


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RESPONSIBILITIES OF GET JOURNAL EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
The GET journal will operate under the guidance of an editorial board, providing expert advice on content, attracting new authors and encouraging submissions. The editorial members will meet statutorily quarterly, and at emergency meetings at the Iinstance of the Editor-in-Chief. The specific roles of members of GET editorial board are listed below:
Expected Roles/Responsibilities of GET Journal Editorial Members:
Review Submitted Manuscripts
Recruit reviewers
Advice on journal policy and scope.
Identify topics for special issues
Attract new authors and submissions.
Promote the journal to their colleagues and peers.
Assist the editor(s) in decision making over issues such as plagiarism claims and submissions where reviewers cannot agree on a submission.
Providing feedback and suggesting improvements on the journal.
Helping the journal to attract high-quality manuscripts, for example by promoting the journal at relevant conferences.
Providing scientific expertise for the journal
Suggesting topics and authors for commissioned reviews and commentaries.
Attending board meetings
Communicating your ideas for journal content and development.
Editor-in-Chief oversees the functions of all strata of the board and takes final decision on manuscripts
Deputy Editor assumes the role of the Editor-in-Chief in his/her absence and can act as the final decision maker when assigned to do so by the Editor-in-Chief
Corresponding Editor receives all submissions and in conjunction with the Editor-in-Chief coordinate the assignment of manuscripts to Sub-Editors and communicates final decision to the corresponding author.
Sub-Editors. Other members of editorial board will be assigned specific roles as section/sub-editors handling specific areas, including but not limited to Reviews, Biosecurity and Biosafety, Biobanking, Antimicrobial resistance, Emerging Infectious disease. They are directly in charge of the section assigned to them, appointing reviewers, coordinating reviews and making recommendations to the Editor-in-Chief on decision on reviewed manuscripts. Any Editor not designated as section/sub-editors is addressed as Editor and may be assigned to coordinates review of manuscripts in any of the sections.
Tenure of Editors
Editorial board members are recruited by the Editorial Board based on nomination by members of the board, response to calls and consideration of unsolicited request. Members to be considered must be a senior academic, researcher or practitioner of proven track record and integrity, preferably not below the level of a senior lecturer in the university or equivalent in other sector.
The tenure of the editorial board is three years. Upon expiration the Editorial Board is reconstituted by bringing on board new members and termination of appointment of some members. Members may be relieved of their position on the Board on ethical ground or non-performance including persistent absence from meetings and lack of discharge of assigned duties.
Any member who wishes to opt out of the Board is expected to make a written application to the Editor-in-Chief stating the reasons for such decision.


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Opinion: Clean energy development can help our economy back onto its feet
John Karakoulakis
2:50 AM MDT on Sep 16, 2020
COVID-19 has knocked Colorado's thriving economy off track. The path to getting our economy back on a strong footing won't be easy, but clean energy development has been a boon for our state, and the industry will be vital in spurring economic growth.
In the near-term, Congress will undoubtedly return focus to economic stimulus legislation. Any viable stimulus plan must include energy investment.
Thankfully, two bills aimed at this goal already exist. America's Transportation Infrastructure Act (ATIA) and the American Energy Innovation Act (AEIA) are two commonsense solutions to aid our damaged economy.
Both of these bills have gained bipartisan support on Capitol Hill. Among other aspects of recovery aid, is should come as no surprise that congressional Republicans have signaled their support for fiscally prudent stimulus aid focused on clean energy development.
A recent poll from Citizens for Responsible Energy Solutions finds that two-thirds of Republicans agree that clean energy investment is important to reopening the economy. Furthermore, three-fourths of Republicans believe it's important for the GOP to focus on clean energy production in the U.S.
As director of The Western Way, I believe our conservative leadership has the ability to solve the environmental challenges facing our country and grow our economy.
By driving efficient, market-based solutions that support growth, Republican leaders can improve our economic outlook while protecting our precious natural resources.
Sen. Cory Gardner, who has exemplified a conservative-minded clean energy approach in the past, is again, a leading voice in the U.S. Senate urging for sensible investments the clean energy sector.
Last month, Sen. Gardner called on Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell to consider policies that boost jobs and innovation across the clean energy economy, including renewables, nuclear, carbon capture, efficiency, advanced transportation and energy storage.
With Sen. Gardner's help and the support of his colleagues in Congress, I believe we can get Colorado's economy back to a safe place.
Colorado already relies on instate clean energy production for jobs and power. From 2010 to 2019, Colorado's electricity from renewable sources has more than doubled, led by increased wind and solar power.
Colorado had 62,420 clean energy jobs in 2019. These jobs were spread out across sectors, with 36,092 jobs in energy efficiency and 17,924 jobs in renewable energy.
The pandemic has erased many of these jobs, but they could return just as easily. Indeed, Colorado is poised to flourish as a non-traditional energy producer just as it has historically led the country as a traditional energy producer.
In 2019, wind power accounted for 79% of Colorado's renewable electricity generation, followed by hydroelectric facilities at 12%, utility scale solar at 9%, and biomass at less than 2%.
Preserving and expanding clean energy jobs not only stimulates the economy, but also improves public health and protects the environment by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Both the America's Transportation Infrastructure Act (ATIA) and the American Energy Innovation Act (AEIA) are worthy pieces of federal legislation to this end.
ATIA streamlines project delivery and federal approval of infrastructure projects, reducing carbon emissions, supports carbon capture, utilization and sequestration projects and provides funding to build and protect sustainable infrastructure.
The AEIA secures the United States place as a global energy leader by modernizing domestic energy laws and in turn strengthening our national security and increasing our competitiveness on a global stage.
Clean energy is an opportunity to invest in U.S. workers, communities and industries. As a high-growth sector, clean energy will add jobs in every state and at every skill level, giving Americans across the country new opportunities for rewarding and well-paying jobs.
As our nation regains its economic footing, Republicans should lead the charge for commonsense energy solutions.
John Karakoulakis is Director of The Western Way, a non-profit organization focused on conservative solutions to western U.S. conservation issues.
Cory Gardner


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Chances are you are going to be disappointed reading this, because I get more invitations to speak at conferences, than I actually end up speaking at conferences.
It's not that I don't like speaking at conferences, I actually don't know anything better than to get people to laugh and to think.
But I have a one-man company I need to keep profitable, and that means I have to send a certain volume of invoices to people who are going to pay them, or my creditors will become upset.
Here is some negotiable guidance, try to see where your event fits in, and then send me an email, if you are still interested.
There are talks I really want to give and/or places I really want to give them, in which case I'll do whatever it takes, likely pay my own way, and even thank you profusely for the invitation. If you don't already know if your event is in this category, it probably isn't: Read on.
Friends and communities to which I belong know where to find me, and they don't have to do much to persuade me. You also know who you are.
If you're asking me to give a talk I have mostly already prepared, and I happen to be in the neighborhood anyway, your chances are good.
I used to (somewhat) politely decline invitations that got to this point because I have no intention of making a living on "the talking circuit".
But I always felt bad about it, so bad that often I would simply "forget" to answer, because I felt terrible saying "no".
It's hard to say "no" because invitations invariably come from people who have good reasons to invite me. They have a vision for the event they're organizing, and I feel it is unfair for me to just veto their vision.
So I have decided that it's more fair if I simply quote people what it will cost to get me there, and leave the cost/benefit decision to them.
If air travel or sleep overs are involved, and you have gotten this far, you will have to pay for that, no matter what.
I live in Denmark, CPH is my airport and I must leave home two hours before take-off, so if the total flight time is more than approx 1.5 hours, I'll probably need to sleep somewhere.
I don't fly airlines with unfair labor-practices (ie: Ryanair) or too shaky safety-records (ie: Banned from EU).
Hotels I don't care much for or about, as long as they are clean, not too noisy and have working internet access.
I don't mind sleeping in a private guest-room, in fact if we know each other, I'll far prefer that: It gives us more time to hang out and chat.
If you represent a profit making venture, you will always have to pay for my time, my one-man company is not in the business of sponsoring your business.
Creating a talk for your event takes at least one day, but can take more, depending on the subject etc.
The event itself will be at least one full day. However, having paid for me being there, I can participate in round-tables etc. as well.
If I have to travel for more than 8 hours in total, I will bill you for that time as well, with a possible exception for really scenic rail-roads.
My billing rate for these days is 880 euro/day, normal EU VAT rules.


Somerset Wing Chun Kung Fu has classes in the Area on Sunday, Tuesday and Thursday.
Classes are also held at affiliated clubs in Devon and Gloucestershire (RAF).
The links on this menu cover the following, reproduced as links for your convenience, or simply select the item from the menu bar.


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About Us Our Services News Home Tuition for Adults Home Tuition for Children Tuition for all Key Stages 11+, 13+, School Entrance Exams Home Schooling Services for Schools University, Careers, Work Experience
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HIGH QUALITY GEOGRAPHY TUITION IN BADMINTON
Why? ... because teachers do it best
Our Geography Tutors in Badminton are all fully-qualified Geography Teachers, who also offer their skills as high quality home tutors. All are subject-specialists, professional, reliable, up-to-date with Examination Boards and the current demands of a changing curriculum. Lessons are taught at your home and are scheduled at your convenience; whether weekdays, evenings or weekends.
Qualified Teachers
We are the disclosed agent of over 18,000 tutors across the UK. Our tutors are all qualified teachers; subject specialists, experienced, reliable and up-to-date with an ever-changing curriculum, and the current requirements of exam boards.
at your home
All lessons are taught at your home and at your convenience; whether weekdays, evenings or weekends. You can sit in on lessons and have a clear sense of progress.
You can talk with, and interview, the teacher before making any decision. Tuition works at its very best when there is an excellent rapport between student and tutor.
Flexible Tuition
You do not need to pay anything in advance, nor do we require any contracts or minimum commitment. The teacher's travel expenses are included within the fee. You can start or stop the tuition at any time.
Academic Benefits
Home Tuition should be a positive and enjoyable experience, for student and teacher. The aim is for each student to achieve their personal best; developing confidence, enthusiasm, skills and exam technique.
You can talk to us. We will answer your questions and give good advice. We offer a prompt and personal service and can generally arrange the introduction of teachers to you within a couple of days.
Here is a selection of Geography teachers in and around Badminton
Qualified and experienced Subject Lead teacher of Religious Studies with four years experience in teaching and pastoral support of students with EAL, SEND and SEMH needs, currently tutoring full time. Accomplished working one-to-one, in groups and online and have homeschooling experience. Qualified Teacher Status (QTS) King's College London Schools Direct Salaried Program (2017); Distinction in MA Religions of Asia and Africa, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) (2014); First Class (Hons.) BA Philosophy, University of Exeter, awarded William Kingdon Clifford Prize for Best Academic Performance in Final Year Philosophy (2012). Presented undergraduate dissertation at international Philosophy Conference.
I am a qualified teacher with over twenty-four years experience within both the state and independent sectors, across all primary and secondary ages and with students with all kinds of needs and from very diverse backgrounds. I have a strong track record in designing and executing successful educational programs for learners in primary, middle and secondary schools with both mainstream and SEND students. My friendly and humorous nature ensures that I establish trust and a good rapport with my students by capturing their imaginations and helping them to overcome barriers to learning. My daily teaching practice is learning centered; orchestrated immersion, relaxed alertness and active processing are the three tenets that I adhere to; having a positive impact on the attitude of the students and their self-esteem. I hold a Post Graduate Certificate in Education, Secondary Geography, Oxford Brookes University (1996) and a BA (Hons) in Landscape Architecture from Cheltenham and Gloucester College (1997)
Qualified and experienced teacher now tutoring full time. Teaches English Language, English Literature and Mathematics, Science and Humanities through from Key Stage 2 through to Prep, Key Stage 3, GCSE and IGCSE across all the major exam boards. Supports preparations for SATS, 11+, 13+ and School Entrance Exams. SEN experience. EdD, University of the West of England (2008). MEd Behavioural Management and Learning Difficulties (1991). PGCE, Distinction in Theory and Practice (1972). BSc (Hons) Biological Sciences (1971).
Qualified and experienced teacher of English and Modern Foreign Languages. Teaches English Language, English Literature and German from Prep and Key Stage 3 through to GCSE, IGCSE and A level, across all major exam boards. Also teaches Maths, Science, History and Geography from Key Stage 3 through to GCSE and IGCSE; French at Key Stage 3. Provides support for GCSE and IGCSE resits, also literacy and numeracy tuition for adult learners. Supports study skills, preparation for Scholarship and School Entrance Examinations. SEN experience. AQA Examiner. Head of Department experience. Qualified Teacher Status (1992). BA (Hons) German with English, University of Exeter (1982).
Qualified and experienced Geography teacher, currently teaching Geography at St Gabriel's School, Newbury. Teaches Geography from Prep and Key Stage 3 through to GCSE, IGCSE and A level; across all major Exam Boards. Supports home schooling. PGCE Post-Compulsory Education and Training, University of the West of England (2011). MA Geography, University of Cambridge (2008).
Qualified and experienced Geography teacher, with over eleven years teaching experience including as Second in Department and as a Boarding Housemistress, Currently teaching in a leading independent school in Cheltenham; teaching geography from Year 8 through to Upper Sixth, including A-level and IB. Is also a GCSE Geography Examiner for AQA; A-level teacher on intensive Easter revision courses; tutor with Oxbridge Applications. SEN experience. MA Geography, Cambridge University. PGCE Geography, Cambridge University. BA (Hons) Geography, Oxford University.
Find a Geography Tutor in Badminton
"Teachers To Your Home" introduces you to teachers who provide high quality Geography Tuition in Badminton, at your home and convenience. We are the disclosed agent of over 18,000 qualified and experienced teachers, across the UK, who also choose to offer their professional skills as high quality home tutors.
Our teachers can support Geography at all levels and can provide high quality tuition for Primary and Junior levels, as well as prepare children towards 11+, 13+, Common Entrance or for GCSE, IGCSE, IB and A level Examinations, across all the major Examination Boards including OCR, AQA, Edexcel, CIE, WJEC.
Phone Us Today or Send a Short Message and We will Phone you Back
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More information for Geography in or around Badminton
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If you find a couple of extra minutes, you might want to take a peek at what your fellow competitors are posting on their Facebook page, Twitter Account or one of the popular Message Boards in your area. You can learn a lot from their mistakes which will hopefully assist you in landing that big sponsor!
I'm guessing that you will find teams that have sweet looking race cars but appear to have no concern for their personal appearance. In fact many will look like they are dressed no better than when cleaning out the shop. A clean, ironed shirt and a pair of Dockers make a better impression than jeans with holes in the knees!
Along with team members dressed poorly, you might find those same people being photographed after the races having a beer when surrounded by young kids. Remember, this image is probably not going to sit well with the decision maker at the company that you want on the side of your car.
When getting ready to post pictures of your racecar, review them carefully. The best time to shoot a good picture may be during daylight hours, when the grandstands are empty; however you don't want sponsors to think that you perform in front of an empty house. Make sure that the background is not full of trash or uncut grass full of weeds. Be critical of every picture that you post!
Another bad idea is to go on a Message Board and make statements that can be misconstrued or slam the sport that you love. In Hollywood, they say that bad press is better than no press at all, but that isn't true when on the hunt for sponsorship dollars. I know that your local race track will make decisions that will make you mad, but remember, once you hit that send/post button, it's very difficult to unwind the wrong message. Take some time to cool down and think before you pound out the wrong message.
Social media can be your friend or it just might be the reason that a sponsor decides to sign with your competitor or even worse, decides that racing is not a good place to spend their promotional or advertising dollars.
How you use social media is up to you!


This was a tough one. I liked the posture of the woman. The child was active and he mostly orbited the woman. When he alit, his body was obscured, except for his lower half.
As a photographer, I often took shots that did not work in terms of design. In other words, the photo did not convey the message I intended. This is the case with today's sketch. The observer must expend effort to apprehend the idea of woman and child.
This entry was posted in Personal Stories and tagged art, artistic process, creativity, design elements, drawing, drawing design, graphic design, pencil sketch, photography, visual art. Bookmark the permalink.


You won't get pinched if you remember to wear green on Friday.
You will have a fun Friday if you remember it is St. Patrick's Day. Martin McIntyre wants to be absolutely sure you'll have fun, and invites everyone to spend the afternoon or evening with him.
There's to be plenty of Irish food at the pub, located on Park Avenue in Okinawa City, near the New York Restaurant. McIntyre does the cooking himself, and will be serving up corn bee and cabbage dinners both Friday and Saturday, as well as traditional Irish beef stew. An Ireland native who's been on Okinawa some 10 years now, McIntyre promises to open his doors at 2pm St. Patrick's Day, and then serve pints of Guiness and Kilkenny starting at 7pm for only Y700. There is a Y1,000 cover charge Friday.
The friendly McIntyre, who seems to never stop talking as he's trying to make his customers smile and laugh, says the fun continues on Saturday, with a Y5,000 price for an all-you-can-eat-and-drink evening from 9pm to Midnight. There will be plenty of give away action, he promises, as well as a live band.
The Irish Pub is opens at 6pm Tuesday through Saturday, and 7pm on Sundays. The pub is closed on Mondays.
McIntyre also reminds everyone to mark March 25th on the plan-ahead calendar. That evening he's featuring the Islanders, an Okinawan Irish music band.


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House of Sunny Podcast
Comedy Sunny Lohmann News House Of Sunny
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House of Sunny Podcast « »
#116 Colorado Shooting, Royal Report, Capitalism vs Fascism
Wide ranging discussion on this week's headlines, TV recommendation, Big Pharma, Colorado Shooting, and the latest Royal Report including Queen Elizabeth's huge, fatal mistake this week and Harry and Meghan shenanigans.
Video of people standing around in spite of dead bodies. https://twitter.com/YWNReporter/status/1374108323956539395?s=20
דומה לHouse of Sunny Podcast
Diane Rehm: On My Mind
Diane Rehm's weekly podcast features newsmakers, writers, artists and thinkers on the issues she cares about most: what's going on in Washington, ideas that inform, and the latest on living well as we live longer.
World Story of the Day : NPR
NPR's top daily news about world events, politics, economy and culture. Download the World Story of the Day podcast.
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Every episode we blast anyone who gets in our way. We bring critical thinking, skepticism, and irreverence to any topic that makes the news, makes it big, or makes us mad. It's skeptical, it's political and there is no welcome mat.
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This is the latest news in English from NHK WORLD RADIO JAPAN. This service is daily updated. For more information, please go to https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/.
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Our CBS News team in Washington wraps up the news of the week and goes deep into the major stories with CBS News correspondents. It's the end-of-week news magazine show you can take with you wherever you go. (046510)
The House from CBC Radio
The House is Canada's most popular political affairs show. Every Saturday host Chris Hall takes you to Parliament Hill — and around the country — for in-depth coverage and analysis of the week's major political news.
Page 94: The Private Eye Podcast
Ian Hislop and Private Eye magazine venture into the world of audio with a brand new podcast hosted by Andrew Hunter Murray. Available from Private Eye at www.private-eye.co.uk or on Apple, Google, Stitcher, Spotify, Acast, Amazon and Soundcloud.
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The Arnprior McNab Braeside United Soccer Club Constitution
Download a copy here
Revised January 2007, November 2018
ARTICLE 1: NAME
The name of the Club shall be the Arnprior McNab Braeside United Soccer Club, hereinafter referred to as the Club. The headquarters of the Club shall be located within the District Boundaries of the Eastern Ontario District Soccer Association, hereinafter to as the District Association.
ARTICLE 2: OBJECTS
The Club shall have the following objects:
1. To promote, support and develop the game of soccer within our boundaries by providing youth and adults with the opportunity to play the game. To further the education of the members in the skills of soccer and to encourage good sportsmanship.
2. To help individuals to develop their character as resourceful and responsible Members of their community by providing opportunities, through the game of soccer, for their mental, physical, social and leadership development.
ARTICLE 3: AFFILIATIONS
The Club shall be a member of the District Association and shall follow the published rules of the District Association and Ontario Soccer, hereinafter referred to as OS. The Club is subject to the Published rules in declining order of authority of the following bodies to which it is affiliated.
1. Ontario Soccer (OS)
2. The District Association
3. The Club
ARTICLE 4: MEMBERSHIP
There are three classes of Member, namely, regular Member, honourary Member and life Member.
A regular Member is either:
· a registered player
· a registered Club coach
· a registered Club game official a registered Club administrator
Although an individual may qualify for, and be registered under more than one of the above categories, each individual holds only one Membership in the Club, and is entitled to one vote at Member's meetings.
A player shall become a regular Member when approved by the Club's registrar.
Upon application, a coach shall become a regular Member upon acceptance by the directors of the Club. A coach is an individual who is registered with OS to teach, instruct, train and guide players to play the game of soccer.
Upon application, a game official shall become a regular Member upon acceptance by the directors of the Club. A game official is an individual who is registered with OS to officiate soccer games.
An administrator shall become a regular Member upon election or appointment by the directors of the Club. An administrator is an individual who is registered with OS to be responsible for one or more of the functions required to operate a Club. For purpose of this definition, a team manager and a Director shall be classified as an administrator.
Honourary Member
The Board of Directors may designated an individual as an honourary Member for a specific period of time. An honourary Member is afforded all rights of Membership, including the right to attend and speak at Member's meetings, but is not entitled to vote.
The Board of Directors may designate an individual as a life Member. A life Member is afforded all rights of Membership, including the right to attend and speak at Member's meetings, but is not entitled to vote.
Membership fees for regular Members shall be set annually by the Board of Directors and ratified or amended by the Membership at a general meeting of the Club.
Discipline of Member
A Member may be fined, censured, suspended or expelled from Membership for cause and only after charges have been laid in accordance with the Club's published rules and a hearing held in accordance with the Club's and OS's published rules. An individual whose Membership has been suspended loses all rights of Membership until the suspension has been terminated.
Player, team and team official discipline for game infractions is governed in accordance with the procedures published by OS.
Any Member who infringes the Articles of rules of the Club or brings the Club into disrepute, may be reprimanded, suspended or expelled from the Club after a hearing by the Board of Directors of the Club at which hearing the Member is entitled to attend.
Termination of Membership
Membership in the Club shall be deemed to have been terminated:
1. if the Member submits a signed letter of resignation to the Club
2. if the Member is expelled by the Club's Board of Directors
3. if the Member is no longer registered with the Club
ARTICLE 5: BOARD OF DIRECTORS
The Club shall be governed by a Board of Directors which shall consist of at least four individuals, or such number not to be less than four, as may be amended from time to time in accordance with Club's By-Laws. These individuals shall hold the positions of:
Vice-President Secretary Treasurer Registrar Director-At-Large
Director of Game Officials Director of Coaching Director of Discipline Director of Adult Soccer
Director of Youth Representative Teams Director of House League
Director of Mini Soccer Director of Operations
A Director may hold more than one position.
A Director shall be 18 years of age or older, shall not be an undischarged bankrupt and shall be a Regular Member of the Club.
A Director shall serve for a term of two years or until his or her successor is elected or appointed.
After an initial Board of Directors has been appointed, the positions of the following: PRESIDENT, TREASURER, DIRECTOR OF YOUTH HOUSE LEAGUE, DIRECTOR OF COACHING, DIRECTOR OF OPERATIONS, DIRECTOR OF DISCIPLINE, DIRECTOR OF
ADULT SOCCER shall be elected in even numbered years while the positions of the following: VICE-PRESIDENT, SECRETARY, REGISTRAR, DIRECTOR OF GAME OFFICIALS, DIRECTOR OF YOUTH REPRESENTATIVE TEAMS, DIRECTOR OF MINI
SOCCER, DIRECTOR-AT-LARGE shall be elected in odd numbered years.
Director Vacancy
A Director has the right to resign his or her position by submitting a letter of resignation to the Club.
A vacancy on the Board of Directors and their respective position(s) held, caused by death, or resignation which has been accepted by the Board of Directors shall be filled by a majority vote of the Board of Directors. The successor Director shall hold his or her incumbent's position(s) for the remainder of the term being filled.
Removal of Director
No Member of the Board of Directors shall be removed for arbitrary reasons but may be removed if:
1. the Director is unable to perform the duties expected of the position due to, any of the following reasons:
· if she/he becomes incapable of performing the business of the Club
· if she/he is absent from two or more meetings of the Board without satisfactory reason
· if she/he no longer resides in reasonable proximity to the Club
· if she/he becomes, or is discovered to be, an undischarged bankrupt or;
2. the Director has compromised the integrity of the Club due to, but not limited to, any of the following reasons:
· if she/he has been found guilty of an offence under the Harassment Policy of OS
· if she/he has been found guilty of an offence involving violence under the Discipline Policy of OS
· if she/he has failed to properly account for monies or other property belonging to the Club
· if she/he has been found guilty of a criminal offence regardless of whether or not the offence directly affected the Club
A Member of the Board of Directors holding his or her respective position(s), as Director or other position(s), may be removed from office by the Board of Directors for good and sufficient cause by a 2/3's vote of the Board of Directors present, provided notice to remove the Director has been given to all Directors of the Club. If a Director is removed by the Board of Directors, the Board of Directors may appoint a successor to the position(s) for the remainder of the term(s) being filled.
A Member of the Board of Directors may also be removed from office for good and sufficient cause at a meeting of the Members of the Club provided notice to remove the Director has been given to persons entitled to attend the Member's meeting. If a Director is removed at a Member's meeting, the Members entitled to vote may elect a successor to fill all position(s) held by the removed Director for the remainder of the term(s) being filled.
Conflict of Interest and Standards of Conduct
The directors shall be subject to the Conflict of Interest and Standards of Conduct Policy in OS's published rules.
Directors shall serve without renumeration.
Duties of Board of Directors
The Board of Directors shall conduct the business of the Club during the periods between general meetings of the Club and in accordance with the authority granted to it in the published rules of the Club.
The Board of Directors shall be responsible for the appointment and renewal of appointments of all positions within the Club except for those positions elected by the Membership of the Club. This shall include the appointment of volunteer and paid positions for coach and administrator positions within the Club's operations. The selection process and the appointments shall be based on procedures outlined in the Club's published rules.
The Board of Directors may also revoke, for cause, any appointment providing that it has followed the procedures for the revoking an appointment as outlined in the Club's published rules.
Duties of Directors
The President shall preside at all general meetings of the Club and of the Board of Directors. The President shall be ex officio a member of all committees, except any nominations committee; shall appoint all chairs of standing and special committees subject to ratification by the Board; coordinate all duties of the Board, committees, staff; and shall be the spokesperson for the Club.
1. as provided for in the Dispute Resolution Policy of OS, and
2. where the President delegates the responsibility to another person
The Vice-President shall act in the absence of the President and shall have other powers as assigned by the Board of directors.
The Treasurer shall ensure that full and accurate records are kept of the accounts of the Club; shall report to the Board of directors at least once per quarter; and shall submit an Annual Report to the Annual General Meeting.
The Secretary shall maintain a record of all minutes of the organization, maintain copies of all committee reports, notify officers and committee Members of their election of appointment, furnish committees with those documents required to perform their duties, sign all certified copies of acts of the organization (unless otherwise specified in the Club's published rules), maintain record books in which bylaws, published rules and minutes are entered and have the current record books available at each meeting, send to the Membership a notice of each general meeting, send to the Board of Directors notices of each meeting, conduct the general correspondence of the organization that is not the proper function of another office or committee, prepare, prior to each meeting in consultation with the presiding officer an order of business, and, in the absence of the president and vice-president, preside until the immediate election or appointment of a new presiding officer.
Other Director Positions
The duties of other Director Positions shall be determined by the Board of Directors.
Nominations for positions on the Board of Directors may be made by any Member at the annual general meeting or at a Special General Meeting called for that purpose.
Nominations and elections for positions open shall be held in the order of the positions listed in the Constitution.
Election shall be by secret ballot, but in the event only one candidate is nominated, no vote is required and the nominated candidate shall be declared elected by acclamation.
A majority of the votes cast shall be required to elect Directors. In the event no candidates receives a majority, the candidate with the least votes shall be dropped from the ballot and another vote shall be held.
ARTICLE 6: MEETINGS
General Meetings:
An official notice of each meeting shall be given to all Members at least 14 days before the meeting is to be held, at such place, and at such date as the Board of Directors may determine. Such notification shall be by telephone, email and newspaper announcement.
Ten voting Members or 50%+1 of the Board of Directors, whichever is less, shall form a quorum at all general meetings of the Club. Any question shall be decided by a majority of the votes unless otherwise required by this By-Law or other law.
Annual General Meeting:
The Club shall hold its Annual General Meeting not later than January 31 of the following year. The agenda of the Annual General Meeting shall include:
1. Roll Call
2. Credentials Report
3. Minutes of Previous Annual General Meeting
4. President's Address
5. Officer's Reports
6. Treasurer's Reports
7. Auditor's Reports
8. Appointment of Auditors
9. Other Reports
10. Unfinished Business
11. Amendments to the By-Laws
12. Roll Call
13. Election of Officers and Directors
15. Adjournment
Special General Meeting:
A Special General Meeting of the Club:
a) may be called by the Board of Directors, or
b) shall be called by the Board of Directors upon receipt of a written request to the Club by registered mail, certified mail, courier service, hand delivery, fax or email, signed by not less than ten members or 50%+1 of Board of Directors, whichever is less, setting out the items of business to be conducted at the Special General Meeting. The Special general Meeting shall be held 30 days of receipt of the written request from the Members.
Only the business set out in the notice of the Special General Meeting shall be considered.
Voting at General Meeting:
Every regular Member aged 16 and over shall have the right to attend, speak and cast one vote at Member's meeting of the Club.
Every regular Member under the age of 16 shall have the right to attend and speak at Member's meetings, but any vote must be cast by a parent or guardian who shall also have the right to attend and speak on behalf of that Member at Member's meetings.
Proxy Voting at General Meeting:
Every regular Member, or parent or guardian of a regular Member under the age of sixteen, entitled to vote at a meeting of Members may be means of proxy appoint a person, who need not be a Member, as the Member's nominee to attend and act at the meeting in the manner, to the extent and with the power conferred by the proxy.
An individual may only hold one proxy.
The format for the proxy, and the issue, or issues, for which the proxy may be cast are as defined in the Rules and Regulations.
Board of Directors Meeting:
The Board of Directors shall meet at least 4 times per year, upon 14 days notice given by the President and Secretary, at such place and time as the Board of Directors may determine.
A majority of the Members of the Board of Directors shall form quorum at all meetings of the Board. Questions arising at any meeting shall be decided by a majority of votes where each director is entitled to cast one vote.
ARTICLE 7: COMMITTEES
The Membership at any general meeting, or the Board of Directors at any meeting of the Board, may establish a standing committee or special committee to carry out specific business or programs of the Club.
ARTICLE 8: PROCEDURES GOVERNING MEETINGS
All meetings of the Club shall be conducted in accordance with the most recently published Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised except as may be otherwise stipulated in this By- Law or other Rules and Regulations of the Club.
ARTICLE 9: BY-LAWS AND AMENDMENTS
a) By-Law amendments may be proposed by the board of Directors, or submitted by a Member to the Club in writing at least 21 days prior to a general meeting of the Club; and must be approved by a majority vote of the Board of Directors, and by a 2/3's vote of the Membership voting in person or by proxy at a meeting of the Club duly called for that purpose.
b) All Members entitled to vote shall be notified with the Club's notice of the said Members meeting about By-Law amendments.
Such notification shall be by telephone, email and newspaper announcement.
ARTICLE 10: RULES AND REGULATIONS
The Club shall have Rules and Regulations which shall include, but is not limited to, the Following:
a) discipline of a Member: summary of charges regarding misconduct
b) discipline of a Member: procedures for discipline hearing
c) duties of Board of Directors: authority granted to Board regarding the business being conducted
d) duties of Board of Directors: selection process and appointment process for the appointment and renewal of appointments to the League's paid and volunteer positions.
e) duties of board of Directors: process for revoking appointments.
f) voting at General Meeting: format for the proxy, and the issue, or issues, for which the proxy may be cast.
The board of Directors may approve and publish Rules and Regulations which are not inconsistent with the By-Law and are not inconsistent with the Rules and Regulations of a higher level governing organization.
Amendments to the Rules and Regulations may be made by a majority board of the Board of Directors or the Members at a General Meeting.
ARTICLE 11: INDEMNITY
Members of the Board of Directors or other servants to the Club, their heirs, executors, administrators and estate and effects respectively shall be indemnified and saved harmless at all times by the Club against all costs, losses and expenses incurred by them respectively in or about the discharge of their respective duties, except such as happens from their own respective willful neglect or default.
ARTICLE 12: FINANCE
The accounts of the Club shall:
a) be audited, as defined by the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants(CICA), by a public accountant if the Club's annual gross revenue is greater than or equal to $150,000 of the Club has greater than or equal to 1000 registered players; or
b) be reviewed by Public Accountant, Certified General Accountant or a Certified Management Accountant through a Financial Review Engagement, as defined by CICA, if the Club's annual gross revenue is less than $150,000, but greater than or equal to
$100,000, or the Club has less than 1000 but greater than or equal to 500 registered players; or
c) be signed with a Notice to Reader prepared by a Public Accountant, Certified General Accountant or a Certified Management Accountant less than $100,000 but greater than or equal to $10,000.
d) be completed by the Treasurer of designate, if the Club's annual gross revenue is less than $10,000.
The Audit of the Financial Review Engagement statement shall be presented to the Annual General Meeting for adoption.
At the Annual General Meeting of the Club, a chartered accountant firm shall be appointed to perform the audit or the Financial Review Engagement.
The fiscal year of the Club shall end on November 30 of each year, unless otherwise ordered by the Board of Directors.
If an auditor is required:
a) at each Annual General Meeting, the Members will appoint an auditor to audit the books, accounts and records of the Club who will report to the Members at the next Annual General Meeting. The auditor will hold office until the next Annual General Meeting. If an auditor is not appointed, the auditor office will continue is office until a successor is appointed;
b) the Members may, by special resolution passed by at least two-thirds of the votes cast at a general meeting of which proper notice has been provided, remove any auditor before the expiration of the auditor's term of office;
c) the auditor will not be a director, officer or employee of the Club or any affiliated Club or who is a partner, employer or employee of any such director, officer or employee;
d) the auditor will report to the members at the annual general meeting the auditor's financial statement which presents fairly the financial position of the Club and the results of its operations for the period under review in accordance with generally accepted principles;
e) the auditor's report will be open by any member of the Club.
ARTICLE 13: DISPUTE RESOLUTION
The Club shall adhere to the Dispute Resolution process as published and approved by OS from time to time.
Any Member of the Club may initiate the Dispute Resolution process by communicating in writing to OS, with a copy to the Club and District Association, the nature and facts of the dispute. OS, at its discretion, may proceed with the Dispute Resolution process by assigning one or more neutral persons to dispute.
The Dispute Resolution process shall not be used for game discipline which follows the normal discipline and appeals process.
The Club shall make available to any Member the Dispute Resolution process when requested.
ARTICLE 14: HARASSMENT
The Club shall adhere to the Harassment Policy as published and approved by OS from time to time.
The Harassment Policy shall apply to all employees, directors, officers, volunteers, coaches, game officials, administrators, players, Members and registrants of the Club.
Harassment is defined as any comment, conduct, or gesture directed toward an individual or group of individuals which is insulting, intimidating, humiliating, malicious, degrading or offensive. It includes, but is not limited to , sexual harassment.
The Club shall make available to any Member the Harassment Policy when requested.
ARTICLE 15: APPEALS
a) Any Member or registrant of the Club directly affected by a decision of the Club may appeal such decision. The denial or termination of
Membership in the Club may be appealed by a non-Member.
b) A decision of the Club may be appealed to the District Association with which the Club is affiliated.
The appeal shall be conducted in the accordance with OS's and District Association's published rules.
c) An individual shall not appeal a decision made by the Board of Directors regarding the appointment, non-appointment, re-appointment or revocation of an appointment of an individual to any coach or administrator position with the Club's operations, except where the selection, appointment and revocation process outlined in the Club's published rules has not been followed.
d) An individual shall not appeal a decision by the Club regarding a player's team assignment.
ARTICLE 16: DISSOLUTION
In the event of dissolution of the Club, and after payment of all debts and liabilities, and its remaining property shall be distributed or disposed of by the board of Directors to one or more not-for-profit soccer related organizations, or any not-for-profit athletic community organizations, which operate solely in Ontario.
ARTICLE 17: DEFINITIONS/TERMINOLOGY
Terminology used in this By-Law shall have the same meaning as used by OS in its letters patent, By-Laws and published rules.