This invention relates to a novel product derived from a known compound having a hydrotalcite-like crystal structure which is useful for treating an iron deficiency syndrome, a composition comprising the novel product, and a method of using the novel product. In particular, the novel products are useful for treating an iron deficiency syndrome, and exhibit excellent activity in the prevention and therapy of various diseases associated with iron deficiency, such as iron deficiency anemia and hypoferremia, with a long-lasting efficacy and markedly reduced side-e~fects.
Furthermore, they have better oxidation resistance (stability) to conventional products and comparable activity to the conventional products. This invention also relates to a composition for increasing at least one ox hemoglobin and the serum iron level comprising the novel product, a method for increasing at least one of hemoglobin and the serum iron level, and also to a process for producing the novel product.
the product brink formed by the hydrothermal -treatment of the compound of formula (I) at a temperature of about 100C to about 200C in an aqueous medium.
(2) a pharmaceutically acceptable delineate or carrier.
This invention also relates to a method for increasing at least one of hemoglobin and the serum iron level, which comprises orally administering an amount, effective for increasing at least one of hemoglobin and the serum iron level, of the aforesaid hydrothermally treated product. The method is useful for preventing and/or treating anemic symptoms particularly iron deficiency syndromes.
This invention also relates to a process for producing the hydrothermally treated product, as will be described hereinbelow.
or other lesions. It is difficult to make up for such iron deficiency by foods alone because the ratio of iron absorbed by eating is very low and the amount of foods that can be taken is naturally limited, It is the general practice therefore to supply iron by orally or parenterally administering various iron-containing compounds as treating agents for the prevention and therapy of an iron deficiency syndrome.
Various inorganic and organic iron-containing compounds have been used heretofore as treating agents for iron deficiency, but none of them have proved to meet the three important requirements of such treating agents, i.e. high absorption in viva, long-lasting efficacy, and reduced side-effects, Iron taken into the body is absorbed in the form of a ferrous ion (diva lent) from the duodenum [see, for example, Nikko et at., "Shin Naikagaku Taipei"
(Outline of New Internal Medicine) 9 Diseases of Blood and Blood-Forming Organ 1, page 185, published by Nakayama Shorten, Japan, and therefore, such iron-containing compounds are desirably used in the form of an inorganic diva lent iron salt such as ferrous sulfate or reduced iron (Foe). These inorganic iron salts, however, have the defect of stimulating the mucous I membrane of the stomach and being likely to cause a serious gastric trouble. Since it is common that continued administration over several months is required for the treatment of iron deficiency, the alone-said defect sets ? marked restriction on the use of inorganic ferrous salts as treating agents for iron deficiency.
is the site of iron absorption. Examples of such organic acid salts of iron are iron fumarate, iron succinate and iron gluconate. Although these organic acid salts of iron have the advantage of obviating gastric troubles to some extent they suffer the new deject that the amount of iron absorbed and utilized decreases. This defect makes it necessary to administer these compounds in large amounts. In addition, since the ratio of iron to be absorbed generally decreases with increasing amount of iron administered at a time, the aforesaid need for administration of large amounts makes it difficult to essentially avoid the gastric troubles.
We undertook extensive investigations in order to provide an iron deficiency treating agent of a new type which is free from the defects ox the conventional agents for treating iron deficiency We consequently found that compounds which overlap the compounds of formula (I) used for the production ox the hydrothermally treated product of this invention overcome the aforesaid defects of the convent tonal agents; exhibit excellent activity in the prevention and treatment ox various iron deficiency syndromes such as iron deficiency anemia with a long-US lasting efficacy and reduced side-effects; and that these compounds are extremely low in toxicity. Based on this discovery, we filed a patent application covering these compounds as an agent for treating iron deficiency conditions (see Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 156419/1982 corresponding to U. S. Patent No. 4,415,555 and European Laid-Open Patent Publication No. AYE).
The above-cited patent document states that the agent for treating iron deficiency conditions which has a hydrotalcite-like crystal structure is preferably stored in a non-oxidizing atmosphere or in a reducing atmosphere such as hydrogen. Subsequent investigations of the present inventors showed that the above-proposed agent for treating iron deficiency is still desired to be improved in stability. The investigations of the present inventors showed that when the compound of formula (I) described in the prior patent is placed in an oxidizing atmosphere such as air, Fez+ in the compound is oxidized to Fe , and consequently, the absorption of the compound from the duodenum becomes difficult. To avoid this technical problem, the product dried in a non-oxidizing atmosphere should be immediately stored in a non-oxidizing or reducing atmosphere. Accordingly, improvement was still desired in regard to handling and storage.
The present inventors continued their invest-gallons in order to overcome the aforesaid technical problem of their prior technique. These investigations have led to the discovery that a product obtained by hydrothermally treating a compound of formula (I) having a hydrotalcite-like crystal structure at a temperature of about 100C to about 200C in an aqueous medium shows markedly improved stability over the untreated compound of formula (I) previously proposed by the present inventors, and retains excellent activity, long-lasting efficacy and reduced side-effects comparable to those of the previously proposed agent.
The present inventors presume that the hydrothermal treatment at about 100 to about 200 in the aqueous medium brings about a greater growth of the crystals of the compound of formula (I), a reduction 30 yin its surface area and a reduction in lattice defects.
and has excellent activity in the treatment of iron deficiency conditions which is comparable to that of the previously proposed agent.
It is an object of this invention therefore to provide a novel product derived from a known compound having a hydrotalcite-like crystal structure and represented by formula (I), which is useful for treating an iron deficiency syndrome.
Another object of this invention is to provide a process for preparing the novel product, a composition containing the novel product, and a method of using the novel product.
The above and other objects and advantages of this invention will become more apparent from the following description.
According to this invention, there is provided a hydrothermally treated product of a compound having a hydrotalcite-like crystal structure and represented by the following formula (I) 20 (Fe2~,Mg2~)x(Al3~,Fe3 )2(0H)2X+6 nz(A )z~mH20 ..... (I) wherein An represents an anion having a valence of n, My is within the range of O_Mg2~Cx, Foe is within the range of Off, x is a number represented by l_x<20, preferably z it a number represented by Ooze preferably and m is a number represented by O_m~20, the product being wormed by the thermal treatment ox the compound of formula (I) at a temperature of about 30 100C to 200C in an aqueous medium.
Examples of preferred anions An include C032 , S042 , Owl , a tart rate anion COOK ), a gluconate anion ~(CHOH)4CH20HC00 ), a fumarate anion ~C2H2(C00)22 I, a succinate anion SCHICK I, 35 a glucronate anion (C5H905C001 ), a Gleason anion 2~1 (CHINOOK ), and a lactate anion (CH3CHOHCOO ).
Among the compounds expressed by formula (I), those of the following formula (1)' are preferred.
(Fe Sal )2(H)2x+6 Skye )z-mH20 -. (I)' In formula (I)', x, z and m are as defined above, and it is especially preferred that x be a number represented by 2.5~x~B, especially 3_x~6, z be a number represented by l~z<2, and m be a number represented by O_m~20.
No. 14-191) which is substantially identical with, or very similar to, the diffraction pattern of hydrotalcite 20 ~Mg6A12(0H)16C03-4H20~o It is observed, that when the anion An in the compound of formula (1) or the hydrothermal-treated product thereof is other than C032 , its lattice constant CO shifts depending upon the size (ion radius) of the anion, and that the lattice constant a decreases in inverse proportion to the content ox Al in response to variations in the mole ratio of Fetal, The differences are slight, however.
The hydrothermally treated product of this invention can be produced, for example, by hydrothermally treated the compound having a hydrotalcite-like crystal structure (which can be obtained by the same process as disclosed in the above-cited Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 156419/1982 (corresponding to U. S.
to about 200C in an aqueous medium.
Thus, according to this invention, there is provided a process for producing a hydrothermally treated product useful for the treatment of an iron deficiency syndrome, which comprises (1) reacting (a) an aqueous solution ox a water-soluble diva lent iron salt or an aqueous solution of a water-soluble diva lent iron salt and a water-soluble magnesium compound with by an aqueous solution of a water-soluble aluminum compound or an aqueous solution of a water-soluble aluminum compound and a water-soluble trivalent iron salt (c) in the presence of an alkali at a pi of, for example, at least about 6, preferably about 8 to about 12, in the presence or absence of a compound capable of forming an anion An having a valence of n, preferably in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, to form a compound having a hydrotalcite-like crystal structure and represented by the following formula (I) (Fez+ Mg2+) (A13+,Fe3 )2(H)2X+6-nz(A I m 2 wherein An represents an anion having a valence of n, Mg2+ is within the range of O_Mg2+<x, Fez+ is within the range of Off, x is a numberirepresented by l_x~20, z is a number represented by Ooze, and m is a number represented by O<m~20, and (2) hydrothermally treating the resulting compound of formula (I) at a temperature of about 100C to about 200C in an aqueous medium.
Since diva lent iron is susceptible to oxidation to trivalent iron even in the presence of a relatively small amount of oxygen, it is preferred to remove dissolved oxygen from the starting aqueous solution as much as possible by known techniques, for example by blowing nitrogen gas or other non-oxidizing inert gases into the solution, before the reaction is carried out.
The reaction of forming the compound of formula (I) is preferably carried out in an non-oxidizing atmosphere, for example in an atmosphere of nitrogen gas or an inert gas containing substantially no oxygen.
The reaction of forming the compound of formula (I) may be carried out, for example, at room temperature to a temperature of about 80C. The reaction time can be varied properly, and may, for example, be about 20 to about 60 minutes. after the reaction, the reaction mixture is contacted washed with water, alcohol, etc.
preferably under conditions not causing contact with oxygen, or when the compounds (a) and (b) does not contain anion An , the reaction mixture is contacted with an aqueous solution containing the desired An preferably under conditions not causing contact with oxygen. As required, the product is dehydrated, washed with water, etc. and can be dried as required in a non oxidizing atmosphere or in an atmosphere of nitrogen gas or another inert gas containing substantially no oxygen.
Examples of the water-soluble diva lent iron salt used in the above reaction include ferrous sulfate, ferrous chloride, ferrous nitrate, ferrous ammonium sulfate, ferrous lactate, ferrous fumarate and ferrous oxalate.
Examples of the water-soluble magnesium salts include magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium bromide, magnesium acetate, magnesium citrate, magnesium fluoride, magnesium lactate, and magnesium oxalate.
Examples of the water-soluble aluminum compound include aluminum chloride, aluminum nitrate, aluminum bromide, aluminum fluoride, aluminum sulfate, aluminum ammonium sulfate, aluminum potassium sulfate, aluminum isopropoxide, aluminum sodium sulfate, sodium acuminate, potassium acuminate and aluminum acetate.
Examples of the water-soluble trivalent iron salt, include ferris chloride, ferris citrate, eureka sulfate, ferris nitrate, ferris ammonium oxalate and ferris ammonium sulfate.
In performing the above reaction, it is pro-furred to dissolve the above-exempli~ied water-soluble salts or compounds in water, for example distilled water,fr~mwhich dissolved oxygen has been removed by blowing a non-oxidizing inert gas such as nitrogen gas, to prepare the starting aqueous solutions (a) and (b).
To react the aqueous solutions (a) and (b) in the presence of an alkali, the alkali may be added after the two aqueous solutions have been mixed. Alternatively, the alkali may be added to one or both of these aqueous solutions before they are mixed. The alkali used may of such a type and amount as can maintain the pi of the reaction system at at least about 6, preferably at least about 8, for example at about 8 to about 12. Examples of such alkalies are sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia gas, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and calcium hydroxide. Preferably, the reaction is carried out with sufficient stirring.
Where the aqueous solutions (a) and (b) used in the aforesaid reaction do not contain the desired anion An , for example a lactate anion, a fumarate anion, a Gleason anion or a gluconate anion, the reaction product after the reaction may be contacted with an aqueous solution containing the anion An , for example an aqueous solution of an alkali metal salt ox the anion to perform ion-exchanging reaction and thereby to convert it to a compound containing the desired An . Or by adding the anion An or a compound capable of forming the anion under alkaline conditions to the starting solutions (a) and/or (b) or to the reaction system and then reacting the solutions (a) and (b), a compound of formula (1) containing the desired anion An may be formed. The aforesaid anion exchange zoo reaction can be carried out by mixing the reaction product with an aqueous solution of an alkali metal salt of the anion; or by filling the reaction product in a column and passing the aqueous alkali metal solution through the column.
If the pi of the reaction system is lower than about 6, the amount of diva lent iron reacted abruptly decreases. If, on the other hand, the pi of the reaction system is higher than about 13, aluminum does not easily participate in the reaction. For this reason, the suitable pi of the reaction system is about 6 to about 13, preferably about to about 12, especially preferably about 8 to about 11.
According to the process of this invention, the compound of formula I) obtained as above is then hydrothermally treated in an aqueous medium at a temperature of about 100 to about 200C to obtain the desired hydrothermally treated product useful as an iron deficiency syndrome treating agent.
The hydrothermal treatment is carried out in an aqueous medium such as water. The compound of formula (I) to be hydrothermally treated may be in a form not containing the mother liquor by dehydration, washing with water, drying or other treatments. Or it may contain the mother liquor. For example, it may be the reaction product simply separated from the reaction system and containing a small amount of the mother liquor. Generally, it is preferred to use it in a form no containing much mother liquor. For example, the compounds of formula (1) obtained in step (1) is washed with water, and the resulting paste-like product is put in an autoclave together with water for hydrothermal treatment. The hydrothermal treatment is preferably carried out under sufficient stirring conditions. If the concentration of the compound of formula (I) in the aqueous medium is too high, the stirring tends to become insufficient. Accordingly, the concentration of isles the compound of formula (I) is, for example, not more than about 200 g/liter, generally about 50 to about 200 g/liter, preferably about 50 to about 150 g/liter, during the hydrothermal treatment.
The hydrothermal treatment is carried out at a temperature of about 100 to about 200 C. If the hydrothermal treatment is too low below the lower limit of the above temperature range, no substantial increase in oxidation resistance can be obtained. If it is higher beyond the upper limit, the crystal structure of the compound of formula (I) begins to be destroyed, and an increase in oxidation resistance cannot be achieved.
The hydrothermal treatment time is, for example, about 0.5 to about ours, preferably about 2 to about 20 hours. If the time is too short, it is difficult to obtain an improving effect. If the time is too long, a further increase in effect cannot be expected. The temperature is therefore preferably selected within the above-exemplified range depending upon the treating temperature, the treating conditions, etc.
The treating pressure is atmospheric pressure to about 15kg/cm2. When the hydrothermal treatment is carried out in an autoclave according to a preferred embodiment, the pressure is, for example, prom the autogeneous pressure (about 1 kg/cm2) to about 15 kg/cm2.
As desired, the hydrothermal treatment may also be carried out in a non-oxidizing atmosphere such as nitrogen or another inert gas.
The hydrothermally treated product obtained as abovei-may be dehydrated and dried preferably in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, for example under reduced pressure in an atmosphere of an inert gas such as nitrogen, helium and argon, or in a reducing atmosphere such as hydrogen.
The hydrothermally treated product of the compound of formula (I) obtained as above has improved I AYE i~;20 oxidation resistance (stability) over the untreated compound of formula (I). For example, when left to stand in the air for several dust does not substantially undergo oxidation and can retain its excellent function as an iron deficiency syndrome treating agent. When it is suspended in water after the hydrothermal treatment without drying, it does not undergo substantial oxidation for a long period of time and can retain its excellent function as an iron deficiency syndrome treating agent Accordingly, it has much better handle ability and storability than the non-treated compound of formula (I) and is useful as an excellent iron deficiency syndrome treating agent.
It may be stored in a sealed condition, and it is not necessary to store it under reduced pressure, or in the presence or an inert gas or a reducing gas.
For long-term storage, however, such a method of storing may be employed The hydrothermally treated product derived from the compound of formula (I) has extremely low toxicity as expressed by its LD50 in mice (oral) of at least 7,000 mg/kg.
The hydrothermally treated product of this invention derived from the compound of formula (I) is useful for preventing, curing or otherwise treating an iron deficiency syndrome in man and other animals by administering it either as such or as a composition in any desired dosage form together with pharmaceutically acceptable delineates or carriers with or without other additives or adjutants.
Thus, the present invention also provides a composition for increasing at least one of hemoglobin and the serum iron level, said composition being composed of (1) an amount, effective for increasing at least one of hemoglobin and the serum iron level, of the hydrothermally treated product of the invention and to) a pharmaceutically acceptable delineate or carrier.
The invention also provides a method for increasing at least one of hemoglobin and the serum iron level, which comprises orally administering an amount, effective for increasing at least one of hemoglobin and the serum iron level, of the hydrothermally treated product of the invention.
Oral administration is a preferred route of administration. The dosage can be varied properly depending upon the type of the iron deficiency disease to be treated, its severity, the route of administration, the administration period, etc. In terms of the amount of the hydrothermally treated product of the invention as the active ingredient, the suitable dosage is, for example, about 50 to about 2,000 my per day per adult (body weight 60 kg). Preferably, a dosage of about 50 to about 400 my may be administered per day in one to three portions.
The iron deficiency treating agent of the invention may be in various forms, such as powders, granules, pills, tablets, capsules, suspensions and emulsions. It may also be in the form of pastes, chewing gums and drinks.
- I -calcium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, citric acid, citrate salts, tartaric acid, tart rate salts, potassium hydrogen tart rate, calcium lactate, Starkey acid, magnesium Stewart, calcium Stewart, alginic acid, alkali metal alginates, acetylsalicilic acid, ascorbic acid, ascorbate salts, reduced glutathione, tragacanth gum, gum Arabic methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, car boxy-methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose salts, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, sorbitan menstruate, fatty acid monoglycerides, and other surface-active agents and emulsifiers. Among them, reducing substances such as ascorbic acid or reduced glutathione are preferred because they further increase the absorption of the iron component of the hydrothermally treated product as the active ingredient according to the invention. It is also possible to incorporate other pharmaceutical substances such as sedatives, antacids and vitamins, preservatives, stabilizers, sweetenings and flavoring agents into the treating agent of the invention.
Preparation of the hydrothermally treated product of the invention into compositions in dosage forms can be performed by methods known per so.
The content ox the hydrothermally treated product of the invention in the iron deficiency treating composition of this invention can be properly selected, and is, for example, about 30 to about 95% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
The hydrothermally treated product according to the invention can be advantageously used for the prevention and therapy of diseases associated with iron deficiency. Specifically, these diseases include, or example, iron deficiency anemia, hypoferremia, hypochromic anemia, hookworm anemia, juvenile anemia, chlorosis, nutritional anemia, achlorhydric anemia and physiological anemia.
1.0 mole/liter), an aqueous solution of aluminum chloride (Aye mole/liter) and an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (2 moles/liter) were prepared.
in one autoclave, at 150C in another autoclave, and at 170C in still another autoclave.
The products were then taken out from the autoclaves dehydrated and dried in vacuum. The dried products were chemically analyzed and found to have the following chemical composition.
foe AWOKE 3}~20 The dried products were white to light green, and the powder X-ray diffraction of these products showed a pattern similar to hydrotalcite.
When this compound was oxidized, it assumed a brown color. Two grams of each of the spherical dried products having a diameter of 2 mm obtained under the different hydrothermally treating conditions was taken into a weighing bottle, and exposed to the air.
The time which elapsed until the sample changed to brown was measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
For comparison, the same oxidation resistance test as in Example 1 was carried out on a sample obtained by the method of Example 1 but not subjected to the hydrothermal treatment (Comparative Example 2) and a sample obtained by the method ox Example 1 except that the hydrothermal treatment was carried out at 250C for 15 hours (Comparative Example 1). The results are also shown in Table 1.
As a result of the oxidation resistance test, the samples of this invention which were hydrothermally treated were oxidized only at their surfaces which changed to light brown. They, however, showed no change in color in their inside. They were very stable in this state, and even after the lapse of about 6 months, retained this state. In contrast, the sample of Comparative Example 2 changed in color completely even in its inside in 3 minutes, indicating its inability to be stored in the dried state in the air for a log period of time.
When stored as suspended in water or in a sealed condition, the samples of this invention were very stable to oxidation, and upon storage for about 6 months, no change in color was observed.
En. 1 250 The crystals decomposed, and lost their hydrotalcite-like crystal structure.
En. 2 - 3 minutes Exam to 8 and Comparative Example 3 Ferrous sulfate and aluminum sulfate were dissolved in water oxygenated as in Example 1 to, prepare aqueous solutions having a total concentration of Fez+ and Aye+ of 1 mole/liter and an Foe+ mole ratio of 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1, respectively The aqueous solutions were kept in an atmosphere of highly pure nitrogen Likewise, potassium hydroxide was dissolved in deoxygenated water to prepare a 2 mole/liter aqueous solution In a reactor purged with highly pure nitrogen, the aqueous solution of ferrous sulfate and aluminum sulfate and the aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide were reacted with stirring at a pi of 9 to 9.5 and a temperature of 30+1 C to perform coprecipitation. The resulting slurry was dehydrated in an atmosphere of highly pure nitrogen and suspended in deoxygenated water to form a suspension having a solid concentration of about 50 gloater Two liters of each of the samples was put in a 2-liter autoclave and the inside atmosphere was purged with highly pure nitrogen. The sample was then hydrothermally treated at 150C for 10 hours.
bottle, and exposed to air at room temperature. The time which elapsed until the surface of the tablet changed to a brown color was measured. The results are shown in Table 2.
Separately, the dried products were each chemically analyzed, and subjected to powder X-ray diffraction. The compositions of the products obtained as a result of the chemical analysis are shown in Table 2. These samples commonly showed a powder X-ray diffraction pattern similar to that of hydrotalcite.
For comparison, a sample dried in an atmosphere of highly pure nitrogen without hydrothermal treatment was exposed to air. The change at this time is shown in Table 2.
4 (Fe Lucy 7H20 42 (Phase owe 65 6 (Phase 4H2Q 78 7 (Fe assay 81 8 (Fe ASSAY 2 48 Coup- 2 Fox. 3 (Fe ASSAY 1 7H2 40 minutes After the lapse of 6 months, the samples of Examples 4 to 8 changed to brown only on the tablet surfaces, and their insides showed white to light green.
Thus, the oxidation occurred only on their surfaces, and the insides were stabilized. In contrast, the samples of Comparative Example 3 not subjected to hydrothermal treatment was completely oxidized to the inside in 2 minutes.
Administration Example 1 Five healthy males having a body weight of 48 to 60 kg and aged 24 to 35 were used as subjects. The compound of this invention obtained in Example 1 and ferrous sulfate as a control were tested. On the day of testing, the subjects were caused to refrain from taking drugs other than the test drug, and foods such as egg and coffee and tea. The subjects were not allowed to take breakfast, but allowed to take lunch at 12:30, and dinner after drawing blood samples at 8:30. Immediately after the drawing ox the blood samples, the drug was orally administered. The blood was taken from each of the subjects 2, 4, 6, 8,10 and 12 hours after administer-lion. From each of the blood samples 0.5 ml of serum was taken and colored with an Fe-direct reagent. The color obtained was spectrally analyzed at a wavelength of 535 no to measure the serum iron level.
The control iron agent was dried ferrous sulfate (Phase) on an amount of 400 g.
As an iron agent of this invention? I ml of the suspension obtained in Example 1 (containing 400 my of the active component of the composition of this invention) was administered.
For comparison, the iron agent of Comparative Example 2 not subjected to hydrothermal treatment was tested in the same way.
and the dot line b, the results obtained with the ferrous sulfate.
Administration Example 2 Five persons, aged between 30 and 36, including patients with iron deficiency anemia were used as subjects. The test drug was in the form of tablets prepared by mixing 90% ox the compound of this invention obtained in Example l, 9% ox car boxy methyl cellulose as a disintegrant and 1% of magnesium Stewart as a lubricant, and molding the mixture by a rotary tabulating machine under a tabulating pressure of 600 kg/cm2 (one lo tablet weighing 136 my contained 50 my of Fe ). For about 1 month, each of the subjects was allowed to take orally one tablet of the test drug after breakfast and lunch every day. The blood was drawn before the administration and 1 week 2 weeks and 3 weeks after the administration. Each of the blood samples was examined for serum iron, hemoglobin and unsaturated iron binding capacity. The presence or absence ox side-effects was also observed.
One hundred my of dry ferrous sulfate (Phase) was used as a control, and administered to other five persons including patients with iron deficiency anemia after breakfast and lunch. The same items as above were examined.
The unsaturated iron binding capacity was measured by the RIP method, and the hemoglobin value was measured by using the cyanomethohemoglobin method The results are shown in Tables 3 and 4.
with very much reduced side-effects.
On the other hand, iron sulfate heretofore used in treating anemia gave such side-effects as nausea, stomach ache, abdominal pain, etc. 2 to 7 days after the start of the administration course, and the administration had to be stopped.
but no other sub-jective symptoms B (female previous day 5.3 20 551 None 34 years Thea day 6.2 58 506 Thea day 9.9 48 562 Thea Dow 85 470 C (female) previous day 10.2 38 472 Tended to 34 years Thea day 11.5 230 223 constipation Thea day 12.5 98 365 on the Thea Thea day 13.6 96 334 day and but no other sub-jective symptoms D (female) previous day 6.9 25 537 None 35 years Thea day 8.1 41 533 old Thea day 9.4 68 542 Thea Dow 96 459 ~1.227!320 Table 3 (Continued) Volunteer Time of Hemoglobin Serum Unswept- Side-effects examination iron rated (after the gel (glue) iron-start of binding the ad mini- capacity striation gel course) _ E (male) previous 15.0 115 265 None 30 years day old Thea day 15.9 80 295 Thea day 16.3 120 272 Thea day 16.1 118 232 (*): The "previous day" means the day before the start of the administration course.
Table 4 Iron absorption and side-effects at the time of administering Phase (a convent tonal iron-containing drug) _ _ Volunteer Time of ox- Hemoglobin Serum Unswept- Side-effects lamination ( do iron rated (after the g ( /1) iron-start of g binding the ad mini- capacity striation ( gel course) (*) , F female Previous 7.5 24 561 Because of 28 years day strong nausea old on the ad-3rd Dow 62 533 ministration was stopped on the third day.
G female Previous 12.1 43 442 Stomach ache 34 years day occurred on old the Thea day - Thea Dow 308 and there-after, and the administ-ration was stopped on the Thea day.
H female Previous 9.7 28 493 Abdominal 19 years day pain began old soon after Thea Dow 33 477 the administ-ration, and the administ-ration was stopped on the Thea day.
I female Previous 13.1 102 273 Because of 21 years day strong nausea old the administ-Thea Dow 96 289 ration was stopped on the Thea day.
J (Moe) Proviso 107 248 Stomach ache 32 years day occurred on old the Thea day Thea Dow 265 and there-after The administer-lion was stopped on the Thea day.
The "previous day" means the day before the start of the administration course.
Drug Formulation Example 1 The following ingredients were mixed to form a powder.
10 The following ingredients were mixed and continuously tabulated under a pressure of about 600 kg/cm into tabletsie.ach weighing 200 my.
Powder of the compound obtained in Production Example I.675 parts by weight Car boxy methyl cellulose 145 parts by weight Starch 120 parts by weight Vitamin C 40 parts by weight Magnesium Stewart parts by weight Drug Formulation example 3 The following ingredients were uniformly mixed by a homomixer to form a suspension.
1. A hydrothermally treated product of a compound having a hydrotalcite-like crystal structure and represented by the following formula (I) (Fe2+,Mg2+)x(Al3+, Fe3+)2(OH)2x+6-nz(An-)z?mH2O ...(I) wherein An- represents an anion having a valence of n, Mg2+ is within the range of 0?Mg2+<x, Fe3+ is within the range of 0?Fe3+<2, x is a number represented by 1?x<20, z is a number represented by 0<z<3, and m is a number represented by 0?m<20, the product being formed by the thermal treatment of the compound of formula (I) at a temperature of about 100°C to about 200°C in an aqueous medium.
2. The hydrothermally treated product of claim 1 wherein the compound (I) is represented by the following formula (I)' (Fe2+)x(Al3+)2(OH)2x+6-2z(CO32-)z?mH2O .. (I)' wherein x, z and m are as defined in claim 1.
3. The hydrothermally treated product of claim 1 or 2 wherein x is a number represented by 2.5 ? x<8.
4. The hydrothermally treated product of claim 1 wherein An- is an anion selected from the group consisting of CO32-, SO42-, OH-1, (CHOHCOO)22-, (CHOH)4CH2OHCOO1-, C2H2(COO)22-, (CH2COO)22-, C5H9O5COO1-, CH2NH2COO1- and CH3CHOHCOO1-.
5. A process for preparing a hydrothermally treated product of a compound having a hydrotalcite-like crystal structure and represented by the following formula (I) Fe2+,My2+)x(Al3+,Fe3+)2(OH)2x+6=nz(An-)z'mH2O ...(I) wherein An- represents an anion having a valence of n, Mg2+ is within the range of 0?Mg2+<x, Fe3+ is within the range of 0?Fe3+<2, x is a number represented by 1?x<20, z is a number represented by 0<z<3, and m is a number represented by 0?m<20, which process comprises (1) reacting (a) an aqueous solution of a water-soluble divalent iron salt or an aqueous solution of a water-soluble divalent iron salt and a water-soluble magnesium compound with (b) an aqueous solution of a water-soluble aluminum compound or an aqueous solution of a water-soluble aluminum compound and a water-soluble trivalent iron salt (c) in the pres-ence of an alkali at a pH of at least about 6, in the presence or absence of a compound capable of forming an anion An- having a valence of n, to form a compound having a hydrotalcite-like crystal structure and represented by the formula (I) as defined above and (2) hydrothermally treating the resulting compound of formula (I) at a temperature of about 100°C to about 200°C in an aqueous medium.
6. A process as claimed in claim 5 wherein said alkali is at a pH of about 8 to about 12.
7. A process as claimed in claim 5 wherein step (1) is conducted in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
Eby et al. 1984 Reduction in duration of common colds by zinc gluconate lozenges in a double-blind study.


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0.02 ****
0.03 *************
0.05 ******
0.08 ****
0.12 ***
0.30 **
1.20 *
2.00 *
3.20 *
5.00 *

A: Here is my hacky code to solve my question.  Improvements are welcomed.  It starts at the maximum value and then steps down by a half for each histogram chart bucket until it reaches 3 times the average.  Then the chart buckets are an even fraction of the remaining range of values until zero.
    # histogram 0 - max
    bin_size = 20
    bin_values = [0 for _ in range(bin_size+1)]

    bin_max = 150
    average = 0.236

    bin_step = bin_max
    bin_factor = 0.5
    average_step_passed = False
    for x in range(bin_size, 0, -1):
        # print x, bin_step, bin_factor
        bin_values[x] = bin_step
        if not average_step_passed:
            if average * 3 > bin_step:
                bin_values[x] = average * 3
                bin_factor = bin_step / x
                average_step_passed = True
            else:
                bin_step = bin_step * bin_factor
        else:
            bin_values[x] = bin_factor * x

    bin_values[0] = 0

This makes a nice histogram as follows (roughly):
samples: 69328
average: 0.2607
max: 100.34

Distribution
000.000      0
000.060    696 ***
000.120   7275 *************************************
000.180  26811 **********************************************************
000.240  22364 ***************************************************
000.300   5766 *************************
000.360   2113 ********
000.420   1381 *****
000.480   1149 ***
000.540    513 **
000.600    326 *
000.660    255 *
000.720    245 *
000.820    616 ***
001.570     37
003.140     24
006.270     15
012.540      9
025.080      1
050.170      1

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Jobs, career resources, education | Find it at Manpower Manpower is your staffing provider delivering jobs hiring, career resources, and education based on your career goals.
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Landhotel Kains Hof – A kingdom for lovers of nature and a place where individual holiday dreams come true. The hotel is situated far away from day-to-day hustle and bustle, directly at the bank of the river 'Saale' in the Thuringian Forrest. We invite you to your special holiday experience, full of vitality and pleasure in the "Green Heart" of Germany.
Sweet idleness or fitness, a seminar or a conference, a relaxing bicycle tour or a challenging motorcycle tour – the Landhotel Kains Hof is your contact for a relaxing long term stay or short term trip. You will find relaxation and peace in our refurbished timber framed house and comfortable, cozy and modern rooms. After some pleasure trips and exhausting adventures you will find relaxation in our rather small but comfortable wellness area which offers a whirlpool, a sauna, deckchairs, an exercise room and on demand massages.
Our attached seminar room is a good location for your meetings, seminars, conferences, company festivities, or celebrations with your family. It is best for a maximum of 60 people.
Beyond our lovely refurbished timber framed house it is possible for motorcyclists, cyclists, and hikers to head out on a tour into the Thuringian uplands (Schiefergebirge), the old racing course "triangle of Schleiz" (Schleizer Dreieck), the fairy caves of Saalfeld (Saalfelder Feengrotten), the medieval castle in Kranichfeld with a show of falconer, to the steepest funicular railway of the world or into the romantic valley of the river Schwarza (Schwarzatal). We are happy to assist you free of charge in planning your trips and adventures in our area. We are going to help in word and deeds.
The Landhotel Kains Hof is centrally situated between Jena, Weimar, Rudolstadt and Saalfeld away from the street B88 at the river Saale. Right here with us you can enjoy an almost silent atmosphere which is best for peace and relaxation.
Can you remember the delicious homemade sausages from our breakfast buffet, our restaurant or our venison specialties?
Now, there is the chance to buy all the treats in our hotel. You can take it as a souvenir for someone else or yourself as holiday memories.
Our partners are at first the Sallach family, where the animals get fed by home grown food before the slaughtering. The other partners are our venison specialists Karsten Schmidt and Frank Luck. They are not only producing original Thuringian cold cuts and sausages, they also provide nice gift baskets witch can be bought in our hotel.
Directly at the entrance of our restaurant those regional, typical specialties are on display for sale. Have a look for yourself.
An effective and prompt introductory training of new employees is especially in the food service industry and hotel business with its various fields of activities a continuous challenge. A suitable solution is a knowledge oriented business culture and the usage of instruments of the so called knowledge management. The declared goal of IUBH (International University of Bad Honnef) is the qualification of students to act efficient and show responsibility during the dual system of education with an innovative practical orientation.
Thuringia is going to establish the brand 'Tourismusmarke Thüringen' until the end of the year 2015. The main objective is to enhance the growth of tourism in Thuringia by an optimized organization and a cooperation of the official companies and privately participating businesses.


text:
She Bangs The Drums
March 9, 2018 March 9, 2018 by circles&stalls
Contact Young Company at the Museum of Science and Industry, Manchester.
8 March 2018.
Within the historic brick walls of the Museum of Science and Industry's 1830 Warehouse there's a revolution brewing. And I don't mean the cast munching on Lady Doritos in cheeky defiance of the listed building's "no food and drink allowed" rule!
Lady Doritos? Later…
Just as the warehouse would once have echoed with the hustle and bustle of trains, cargo deliveries and working men, it is filled to the brim with voices once again. This time it's mostly the sound of women – loud, assured and taking ownership of the space.
Contact's ever inventive Young Company have collaborated with Sh!t Theatre's glorious Louise Mothersole and Rebecca Biscuit, and Manchester-based powerhouses Cheryl Martin and Keisha Thompson, to develop a multi-faceted and spiky response to the centenary of the passing of the Representation of the People Act. Voting rights for (some) women and the ongoing struggle for equality inspires an outburst of thoughts, testimony, comedy and music.
Partly documentary in style, it recreates and reimagines historic events with passion and vigour. More significantly it also cherishes stories of neglected figures within the suffragette movement, and of more diverse voices from history – activists like Sophia Duleep Singh, the daughter of an exiled Punjabi maharajah, who threw herself at Lloyd George's car.
Personal and contemporary reflections jostle with the historic and political. A tale of Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, a supporter of the early 20th century Irish Women's Franchise League, is given resonance by being recounted by his great-great-niece. Milestones such as the first woman to vote or the country's first black female MP are recalled in tandem with individual stories of current inequality and discrimination.
It's refreshingly irreverent. "Keeping up with the Pankhursts" affectionately pokes fun at the high-profile 'first family' of the suffragette movement and Winston Churchill gets a bit of a kicking for his opposition to women's voting rights. The aforementioned Lady Doritos ("not too loud and easy to fit in a handbag") reappear as part of a video montage mocking the insidious gender marketing that underpins some consumer products. Even the wonderful 'house band' Powerful Women can't resist a wry joke at the expense of their name as they introduce themselves as Margaret Thatcher on drums, Arlene Foster on guitar and Theresa May on cello. But it also has a tougher sharper humour – the sight of hunger-strikers being brutally force-fed beneath the words 'Afternoon Tea' leaves a bitter taste.
Music plays a big role and is used to powerful effect. Just as the suffragettes changed the words of popular songs to subvert their meaning so the company appropriate the tunes of today for their own purposes. The use of live music and vocals brings a thrilling sense of immediacy – soundtracking celebration, providing a channel for self-expression or demonstrating the strength to be found when a disparate group of voices express themselves in unison.
It's a show that celebrates action, especially radical action. "Deeds not words". The cast marvel at how the suffragettes' campaign of disruption resulted in 52 violent attacks in one month alone. In an exhilarating spoken section, then and now collide, as a young woman exhorts her contemporaries to "stand up now or become suspects". As the sound of a galloping horse grows ever closer she reflects on her decision to take action. "Does it make me good? No! It makes me here" she proclaims, as the trampling hooves seem to engulf this modern-day Emily Davison.
Edgy and deliberately untidy – it channels a rebellious youthful swagger, a can-do DIY aesthetic. Even the cast's hand-made slogan t-shirts speak their minds. "DO NOT WANT KIDS". "CURRENTLY BLEEDING". "OESTROGEN FUELLED". High on energy – the production mixes animation, video and imagery with sequences of fast furious movement. Fairylight-speckled bicycles circle the space at speed and the music is often transporting.
She Bangs The Drums grabs hold of history and gives it a good shake, while casting a thoughtful gaze over the problems women face today. It may be informed by the past, but it's lively, empowered and very present.
Contact Theatre.
Contact Young Company.
Sh!t Theatre.
Image by Benji Reid
Contact Contact Young Company Greater Manchester Louise Mothersole Manchester Museum of Science and Industry Performance Rebecca Biscuit Sh!t Theatre She Bangs the Drums Theatre
Manchester Theatre – March 2018
Circle Mirror Transformation

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
An American Tail: The Computer Adventures of Fievel and His Friends is a 1993 point-and-click adventure game by Capstone Software and Manley & Associates, Inc for DOS, based on both of the first two movies, An American Tail and An American Tail: Fievel Goes West. The game's manual included a glossary to define difficult words for younger players. In 1994 the game was released with Trolls and Rock-A-Doodle Computerized Coloring Book on the Capstone CD Game Kids Collection.

Gameplay
The player guides Fievel Mousekewitz to find and protect his family. The gameplay is a simplified click and point set of options without any deaths or dead ends. Whenever the mouse pointer is placed over a particular something, the icon changes to indicate that an appropriate action will take place to correspond with that icon, such as talking to characters, picking up items, looking at objects and going to another location. When talking to a character, the player will have multiple dialogue responses to choose from. Clicking on Fievel himself allows the player to give one or more items from his inventory to a character on screen. Throughout the game, the player must solve some mini-games to gain required items. Losing a mini-game has no consequence but requires the player to try again until the game is won by Fievel.

Development
The game made use of digitized scenes straight from the first two films and was presented to the Chicago 1992 Summer Electronics Show.

Reception
Judy Muldawer reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and stated that "Solving these adventures promotes a feeling of accomplishment. However, because it is so difficult to assess any one age group as a target for An American Tail, the best use of this adventure game for children might be to share it as a group experience. In this way, children and adults can assist one another and, together, share the joy of accomplishment when the adventure is completed. I recommend this game as a family project for parents and children of elementary school age."

References

External links

1993 video games
Adventure games
An American Tail (franchise)
DOS games
DOS-only games
Point-and-click adventure games
Video games about mice and rats
Video games based on films
Video games developed in the United States

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In SiteMinder documentation, it instructs to perform the following.
When using /dev/random, if there is insufficient entropy it will be blocking until there is sufficient entropy while the /dev/urandom does not.
What I usually do is, make use of the random number generator daemon instead.
EXTRAOPTIONS="-i -o /dev/random -r /dev/urandom -t 5 -W 4096"
What above option does is, it will replenish a bucket of 4096 random numbers every 5 seconds.
And setting the service to start automatically.
Before this configuration change, there would usually be around 1000 during high and around 100 during low.
Note: (newer) Policy server installation may check for the symbolic link /dev/urandom as instructed in the documentation.
In that case, you will need to follow the documentation to make the symbolic link otherwise the installation cannot continue.
You can revert the configuration after that.
Thanks for sharing this useful article. Could you please help with the procedure/command to find the entropy value of Solaris OS?


text:
Q: CRUD operations parse.com and Angularjs I am trying to create an angular web app with basic CRUD operations and stored in https://parse.com/ , i am looking for documentation about this topic but   didn't found anything yet. Anyone have worked with this before who can guide me.

A: In my experience, main problem when integrating Parse and angular is handling callbacks/promises from Parse.  If you haven't run into the case where you need to manually call $scope.$apply in Angular, I'm sure you will soon.  Angular's two way binding relies on something that is called Digest Loops.
Angular knows how to handle stuff that comes from angular services, directives, etc. but will you will run into many difficulties when trying to combine calls to other frameworks. This can be solved in many ways.
In regards to the framework at hand, Parse, you have a few options:
One, which I use most of the time, is wrapping calls to parse's javascript sdk with an angular promise, using the $q service.  So this would go something like:
angular
  .module('YourApp')
  .service('TestObject', function($q) {
    var self = this;
    self.get = function(id) {

        var d = $q.defer(),
            TestObject = Parse.Object.extend('TestObject'),
            q = new Parse.Query(TestObject);

        q.get(id)
        .then(function(testObject) {
            d.resolve(testObject)
        }, function(err) {
            d.reject(err)
        })

        return d.promise;
    }
 });

Angular and Parse promises are very similar in syntax, but angular has more stuff going on because it needs to handle $scopes and such.  So you have to wrap the Parse promise with an angular one.
Second option, I haven't used, but looks interesting, which basically does the same as I explained above is: https://github.com/brandid/parse-angular-patch . If you give it a shot, let me know.


text:
News from Brown
Topics Social Sciences
Jill Kimball
Anti-climate action statements get more visibility in news coverage, study finds
Analysis by assistant professor of environment and society and sociology at Brown found that press releases expressing opposition to climate action were twice as likely to receive news coverage as those supporting action.
Photo: Priscilla Du Preez/Unsplash
PROVIDENCE, R.I. [Brown University] — When organizations take a stand against actions to combat climate change, they get more news coverage than their pro-climate action peers, according to a new study by a Brown University researcher.
Rachel Wetts, an assistant professor in Brown's sociology department affiliated with the Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, analyzed nearly three decades of climate change-related press releases and national news articles. Approximately 14% of press releases opposing climate action or denying the science behind climate change received major national news coverage, she found, compared to about 7% of press releases with pro-climate action messages.
Wetts' findings could help explain why Americans seem less concerned about the looming threat of climate change than their peers in other Western countries, she said, and why climate change policymaking in the U.S. is so often stalled.
"When you ask Americans what issues they care about most, climate change and the environment are always far down on the list," Wetts said. "The way climate change has been covered in the media could help us understand why there's so much public disengagement on this issue."
The research was published on Monday, July 27 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Wetts began the study, she said, in an effort to understand the extent to which mainstream media coverage might factor into national perceptions on climate change.
To start, she evaluated and categorized thousands of press releases from businesses, advocacy organizations, scientific researchers, trade organizations and the public sector, published between 1985 and 2013, to determine whether the releases supported or opposed climate action. Then, she used plagiarism-detection software to scan the content of all newspaper articles published about climate change in the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal and USA Today — the three largest-circulation newspapers in the U.S. — in order to determine how many of the press releases had received coverage.
While just 10% of the press releases Wetts found featured anti-climate action messaging, those rarer releases were twice as likely to get coverage as pro-climate action press releases, which were far more prevalent. Moreover, she found that press releases from large businesses had a much greater chance of receiving news coverage, as did press releases from groups representing business interests: About 16% of releases issued by business coalitions and trade associations got coverage, compared to about 9% from other types of organizations.
"The views of large businesses and opponents of climate action are being given an outsize opportunity to sway this debate," Wetts said.
Wetts was also surprised to discover that organizations specializing in science and technology — such as IBM, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory — were among the least likely to see their views reported in the media, with only 2.9% of their press releases receiving coverage.
"You'd think, if anything, businesses with greater scientific expertise would receive more newspaper coverage," she said. "But I found the opposite to be true."
Wetts said the results seem to support the popular opinion that mainstream news organizations often mislead readers by giving equal weight to two sides of an argument, even when one side isn't as widely believed or lacks scientific evidence.
"Journalists seem to feel that they always have to include opposing voices when they report on climate change," Wetts said. "But sometimes they give those opposing voices so much weight, they lead readers to believe that climate denial is more than a fringe stance."
News coverage that lends equal weight to those who oppose climate action does more than just alter public perception, Wetts said. It could also lead advocates and political leaders to modify the actions they take in the fight against climate change.
"The media is providing a distorted picture of how different groups feel on this issue," she said. "That can dampen political will to act on climate change, with potentially serious consequences for how we as a society address — or fail to address — this issue."
Tags IBES Research
Conversations on COVID: How the pandemic could increase homelessness in 2021
Francesca Mari, a visiting lecturer at Brown, spoke about what might happen when the federal eviction moratorium ends on Jan. 31 — and why millions of disadvantaged Americans have struggled to afford urban housing for years.
Open details for Conversations on COVID: How the pandemic could increase homelessness in 2021
Infant health inequality has increased since 2010, study finds
After decades of narrowing gaps in health between infants born to the most and least advantaged American mothers, infant health inequality is increasing, portending a rise in health and social inequity that could last for decades.
Open details for Infant health inequality has increased since 2010, study finds
Field research has changed, and so should ethical guidelines, Brown professor says
A social scientist at Brown is calling on research institutions, leading scientific journals and national professional associations to establish new ethical standards that protect human subjects from emotional, financial and political manipulation.
Open details for Field research has changed, and so should ethical guidelines, Brown professor says
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Open details for Anti-climate action statements get more visibility in news coverage, study finds


text:
Home EntertainmentChristina Hammond Wiki: Mack Wilds Wife, Age, Job, IG
Christina Hammond Wiki: Mack Wilds Wife, Age, Job, IG
January 15, 2021• byNeelam
Tristan Paul Mack Wilds notably credited as 'Tristan Wilds' whom you also remember for his TV roles as Michael Lee on The Wire and as Dixon Wilson on 90210, has been officially off the market! On December 17, 2020, amid the ongoing pandemic, he married his long-time beau Christina Hammond.
And naturally, his fans wanted to know all about "Mack Wilds wife".
Christina Hammond Age, Birthday, Zodiac
It seemed Christina Hammond celebrated her birthday every year on 17th August, which makes her a Leo. And because she was born in 1989, she turned 31 years of age in 2020.
Read Next: Fatima Farheen Mirza Wikipedia: Riz Ahmed Wife, Parents
Christina Hammond Wiki — Parents, Siblings, Education
Christina's father, by his name, Ronald D.Hammond opened a profile on Instagram where he shared his thoughts on faith, the bible, and on being Christian.
Now and then, Christina opened up about how her dad has been the best father she could ever ask for. While she considered her mother Brenda Hammond as her role model. About her mom, Christina would often say something like— "beyond grateful for my mom. I strive to be as great as she is" and "life doesn't come with a manual, it comes with a Mother"
Further, Christina had two siblings, a brother and a sister, younger in appearances than her. The family of five seemed well bonded.
Speaking of education, Christina graduated from LIM College sometime in 2011. Later, she said, because the college made sure she had the right connection and equipment to succeed in the fashion industry and the field of marketing, this made a major impact on her career.
Height, Weight, Distinct Features
A brief look over Christina Hammond should suffice people to conclude that she prioritized fitness routines and healthy lifestyles. Good-looking in her height of 5′ 5″ and a lately reported weight of under 54 kg, she was often seen sporting a short hairstyle.
Social Media Reach: Instagram, Facebook, Twitter
Collectively, Christina had more than 10k followers on two Instagram handles Christina Hammond (Wilds) and Tristan's Book Club. Here, she shared everything from her life as a mother, wife, daughter, and more. Also, she brought together many families together establishing a reading culture via the Children's Book Club.
Also, Don't Miss: Conan Harris Wikipedia: First Wife, Ayanna Pressley, Age
Christina Hammond Job, Net Worth, Was She On The Wire?
Christina Hammond is a published writer and a full-time freelancer specializing in entertainment marketing and events. Over the years, she worked with NBCUniversal, the United Nations, Samsung, LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton, Fast Company, Google, Forbes, InStyle, among others.
As a humanitarian, she volunteered as an English teacher in Naples, Italy, and as an event producer in partnership with the City of Bridgetown Humanitarian Assistance Foundation in Barbados.
Christina believes her career has been a "true roller coaster". When moving back to her hometown of Washington, D.C., after college, she had a hard time finding jobs in the desired field of entertainment marketing.
One day, she quit the job and instead decided to freelance. So working on her own in entertainment marketing and p.r., she also eventually found her love for writing. From being published on hometown blogs her work started to get a place in major publications.
This way, Christina Hammond reportedly saved over $600 thousand net worth, until early 2021.
Meanwhile, about the "Was She On The Wire?" query, we only knew Christina met her future husband Mack Wilds on the set of HBO crime drama television series The Wire. While Tristian started to play Michael Lee in the fourth season of the show, it remained a mystery in what way Christina helped in the project.
Christina Hammond & Mack Wilds: Dating, Wedding, Daughter
Christina Hammond started dating Mack Wilds since they both were 15 years of age. No doubt they make confessions of this kind:
Tristian: At different times in our lives, we're shown fairy tales don't come true. This one came true for me.
Christina: Our love story is my favorite love story. I am living out my dream of being married to the love of my life.
They got married in an intimate ceremony, with them and their parents on Zoom. Christina said she could not have asked for a better wedding day. "We got married, in a way, akin to how we started — just us".
Christina Hammond married Tristian "Mack" Wilds (PIC: Christina's IG)
Of course, their little bundle of joy was one of the attendees in the exchange. Chistina and Tristian share a daughter Tristyn Naomi Wilds (born on Dec. 12, 2019, and named after her proud dad).
Celebrating his first Father's Day, as he introduced his long-time love and 5-months-old baby to the world, Tristian had told Essence,
"There's a certain tenderness when you're raising a girl. You still have to be tough, but ultimately, when you're raising a girl, you're raising the closest thing that we have to God."
He also admitted to having had a lot of growing up and strengthening to be ready to take care of the little one. He was obviously recalling the darkest of times he and Christina lived through when she suffered a miscarriage.
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Kim Lee Wiki: Boyfriend, Net Worth, Plastic Surgery, Bling Empire, Father says:
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Kane Lim Wiki: Net Worth, Father, Mother, Height, Partner, Bling Empire says:
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Christine Chiu Wiki: Net Worth, Husband, Parents, Height, Bling Empire says:
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Catalogue of the National Museum of Hutsul and Pokuttya Folk Art named after Y.Kobrynskyy represents books (1946-2009) about folk art and artists, painters, writers, whose life and activity were closely allied with Hutsulshchyna and Pokuttya. In 1954 M. I.Matyasyak published scientific paper on Hutsul crafts made of metal. Therefore this year is considered to be the beginning of museum's publishing activity.
The Museum has no similar publications. This fact attracts the visitor's interest to them. "Narodnyy Dim" Journal is a prove of it. Nevertheless, more topical for the museum are guides, brochures, catalogs, albums, postcards, wall calendars, collections of articles on scientific conferences and research published as separate editions. The latest are devoted to creative personalities of Western Ukraine (singled out by this heading), including the first director of the museum, Volodymyr Kobrynskyy, writer and public figure Andriy Chaykovskyy, artists Vasyl Petruk and Jaroslav Pstrak and master of folk sculpture Mariya Kovalchuk.
About 60 editions have been published since 1954. Despite limited financing, the museum still takes an active part in various projects promoting national culture. Thus, "Hutsul and Pokuttya Candlesticks" and "Folk icon on the glass" albums came into being with the help of the Institute of Ukrainian Artistic Pieces Collecting. Thanks to the participation in the international Ukrainian-French project the album "Hutsul Embroidery (from funds of Kolomyya Museum of Hutsul and Pokuttya Folk Art)" was released.
The museum has all preconditions for publishing development possessing various archive documents waiting for their researchers.


We have pulled together the hottest open houses in Coppell, Lantana, Flower Mound, Highland Village, Corinth, Colleyville, Argyle, Lewisville, Fort Worth, Denton, & Plano!
Written by Russell Rhodes on September 6, 2018 . Posted in New Listings & Open Houses!


text:
Протестні акції в Хабаровському краї проходять щодня з 11 липня 2020 року в Хабаровську, Комсомольську-на-Амурі, Ніколаєвську-на-Амурі, Совєтській Гавані та інших містах і селищах регіону, а так само в Новосибірську, Владивостоці та Омську в зв'язку з арештом 3-го губернатора Хабаровського краю Сергія Фургала.

Передісторія

23 вересня 2018 року Сергій Фургал виграв вибори Губернатора Хабаровського краю, обійшовши у другому турі кандидата від партії «Єдина Росія» В'ячеслава Шпорта.

13 грудня 2018 року Путін указом позбавив Хабаровськ статусу столиці Далекосхідного федерального округу, який був перенесений до Владивостока.

2019 вибори в Законодавчі збори Хабаровського краю завершилися поразкою путінської партії «Єдина Росія».

9 липня 2020 року слідчим комітетом РФ було затримано чинного губернатора краю Сергія Фургала, того ж дня етаповано до Москви. Затримання було пов'язане з кримінальною справою 2005 року у підозрі щодо організації вбивств, зокрема про вбивство бізнесмена Євгена Зорі 2004 року, Олега Булатова 2005 року й замах на підприємця Олександра Смольського 24 липня 2004 року.

10 липня 2020 року Басманний суд Москви заарештував губернатора на два місяці, судове засідання проходило в закритому режимі.

Хронологія

10 липня
Відбулися перші протести в Комсомольську-на-Амурі, на наступний день після арешту Фургала. Увечері, в Хабаровську автомобілісти і активні громадяни поширювали наклейки з гаслом «Я/Ми Сергій Фургал»

11 липня
За різними оцінками 11 липня тільки в Хабаровську на акції зібралося від 10 до 40 тисяч осіб. За даними місцевих ЗМІ, кількість присутніх в Хабаровську перевершило число учасників останніх акцій «Безсмертний полк», на які збиралося до 60 тис. осіб. За даними Транссибінфо, мітинги в Хабаровську і Комсомольську-на-Амурі зібрали близько 55 тис. осіб. За оцінками МВС, в акціях протесту взяли участь від 10 до 12 тис. осіб, за даними видання Коммерсант, лише в Хабаровську число присутніх могло скласти від 30 до 35 тис. осіб. У ЗМІ мітинг назвали найбільшим в історії Хабаровська.

12 липня

Число учасників неузгоджених акцій на підтримку губернатора Сергія Фургала склало 2 тис. осіб в Хабаровську і 300—500 осіб в Комсомольську-на-Амурі. Увечері, в центрі Хабаровська пройшла третя несанкціонована акція протесту на підтримку губернатора Фургала, в якій взяли участь до 3 тис. осіб.

Крім мітингів, стала популярна інтернет-акція «Я/Ми Сергій Фургал», активно розповсюджується в соціальних мережах хештеги #ямифургал і #свободуфургалу, пікети і різного роду автопробіги.

До Хабаровська прибув негласно заступник голови уряду РФ — повноважний представник президента РФ в ДФО Юрій Трутнєв, який оцінив організацію роботи керівництва регіону як погану, а з приводу протестів заявив, що «у людей є право висловлювати свою думку».

13 липня
Знову відбувся четвертий мітинг на площі перед крайовим урядом і хода, учасники мітингу перекрили дороги в центрі міста. За оцінкою місцевого штабу Навального, в акціях 13 липня в Хабаровську взяли участь близько тисячі осіб.

14 липня
П'ятий мітинг і хода по місту. З'явилася реакція мера міста Хабаровська Сергія Кравчука (Єдина Росія), який прокоментував мітинги наступними словами: «Такі мітинги в місті не потрібні. Вони протизаконні і згубно впливають на здоров'я всіх тих, хто бере в них участь. Один носій коронавірусу заражає шістьох-сімох в натовпі. Добре, якщо там не було хворих, але я в цьому не впевнений»

15 липня
П'ятий день протесту, шостий мітинг і хода по Хабаровську. Мітинги в Комсомольську-на-Амурі і інших містах тривають.

Поліція почала роздавати безкоштовні медичні маски протестувальникам для запобігання поширенню вірусу COVID-19. Мітингувальники після кожного протесту висловлюють подяку співробітникам правоохоронних органів, які не застосовують силу для придушення мирних маніфестацій.

Представник громадської спостережної комісії (ОНК) Єва Меркачева повідомила, що Сергій Фургал не знає про мітинги, що проходять в його підтримку в Хабаровському краї.

16 липня
Шостий день протестів і сьомий мітинг. Неподалік площі Леніна в Хабаровську на будівлі обласної лікарні був вивішений 10-ти метровий банер з текстом «Я/МИ просимо тиші». Так само неподалік від площі з'явилися банери із закликом не шуміти і розходитися по домівках після 23:00.

17 липня
Сьомий день протестів і восьмий мітинг з ходою. Також відбувся мітинг КПРФ.

18 липня
У Хабаровську на восьмий день протестів на акцію в підтримку губернатора Сергія Фургала прийшло від 50 до 80 тис. осіб. Також акції на підтримку Фургала пройшли в Комсомольську-на-Амурі і Владивостоці. Також про підтримку Фургала заявили в Ніколаєвську-на-Амурі, Амурську, Бікіні, Ваніно, Троїцькому..

19 липня
Несанкціоновані мітинги в підтримку губернатора Хабаровського краю Сергія Фургала почалися в Хабаровську, Комсомольську-на-Амурі і Владивостоці

20 липня
Десятий день протестів і одинадцятий мітинг. Путін відправив Фургала у відставку із формулюванням «через втрату довіри президента РФ». Виконувачем обов'язків голови Хабаровського краю був призначений Михайло Дегтярьов.

21 липня

Близько 12 години дня до Хабаровська прилетів член ЛДПР Михайло Дегтярьов, призначений напередодні ввечері Путіним тимчасовим в.о. губернатора Хабаровського краю. О 18:00 годині на площі Леніна перед будівлею уряду, до якого приїхав Дегтярьов, стали збиратися учасники мітингу громадяни Хабаровська, протестуючі проти цього призначення.. Протестуючі скандували «Дегтярьов, йди» і «Путіна у відставку». Призначений т.в.о. губернатора скасував свою першу прес-конференцію і не вийшов до присутніх на площі хабаровців..

22 липня
Вранці першого робочого дня перебування на посаді т.в.о. Михайло Дегтярьов зробив пішу прогулянку по Хабаровську до будинку уряду на площі Леніна, під час якої зняв ролик зі своєю оцінкою ситуації, в краї. У Хабаровську ввечері розпочався черговий стихійний мітинг біля будівлі уряду регіону. Протестуючі вийшли з плакатами на підтримку Сергія Фургала і проти призначення т.в.о. губернатора Хабаровського краю Михайла Дегтярьова. Нові гасла: «Міша, йди!» , «Чемодан, квиток, Самара!».

23 липня
Масова хода колоною рушила по центру міста, підтримувана сигналами автомобілістів. Увечері 23 липня в Хабаровську троє людей в масках напали на журналіста, ведучого ютуб-каналу «Штаб Навального в Хабаровську» Дмитра Низовцева, який висвітлював акції протесту проти арешту колишнього губернатора Сергія Фургала.

Все сталося біля під'їзду. Коли я підходив до будинку, звернув увагу на людину, яка уважно мене розглядала, потім побачив другу біля під'їзду. Врешті вони на мене накинулися, повалили, підключився третій, били ногами. Всі троє били, в тому числі ногою по обличчю.
Згодом було порушено кримінальну справу за фактом побиття Дмитра Низовцева.

25 липня

П'ятнадцятий день протестів. О 12:00 біля будівлі крайового уряду на площі Леніна в центрі Хабаровська зібрався мітинг, учасники колоною рушили по вулиці Муравйова-Амурського до Комсомольської площі, несучи плакати і скандуючи гасла на підтримку Фургала. Після півторагодинної ходи, колона повернулася на площу Леніна, де продовжився мітинг, що завершився близько 16:00. На мітинг вийшли 15-50 тисяч осіб, мерія заявила про 6,5 тис.

Акція протесту продовжилася увечері, там були присутні місцеві депутати від ЛДПР, які переконували людей розійтися і не продовжувати протести. У Комсомольську-на-Амурі підтримати мітингувальників вийшов голова міста Олександр Жорник.

Крім Хабаровського краю, акції на підтримку Сергія Фургала пройшли у Владивостоці, Південно-Сахалінську, Іркутську, Читі, Красноярську, Новосибірську, Москві та інших містах.

10 серпня
Жителі Хабаровська у понеділок вийшли на черговий, неузгоджений із владою мітинг в підтримку колишнього голови краю Сергія Фургала. Після чого пройшли ходою по вулицям Хабаровська, і знову зібралися біля будинку крайового уряду. Також на акції були лозунги підтримки мітингарів у Білорусі.

Вересень

4 вересня в Хабаровському краї повністю зняли карантин, після чого в мерію було подано повідомлення про проведення акції 12 вересня. Адміністрація відмовила, вказавши, що площа перед мерією вже зарезервована під інший захід.

5 вересня в Хабаровську пройшов дев'ятий підряд суботній мітинг на підтримку Сергія Фургала. В мерії міста повідомили, що на мітинг прийшло менше тисячі осіб. Місцевий ресурс DVhab, посилаючись на очевидців, повідомив про 5 000 учасників.

BBC повідомляє, що протести пішли на спад.

Жовтень
3 жовтня хабаровці вийшли до будівлі регіонального уряд з повітряними кулями (багато хто при цьому тримали в руках червоно-білі повітряні кулі
), плакатами, на акції був третій за рахунком фургаломобіль. Протестувальники скандували лозунги: "Мы идем по лужам, Путин нам не нужен" і "И в жару и под дождем за Фургала мы идем!", "Свободу!", "Я, мы, он, она - за Фургала вся страна".

10 жовтня вперше з початку протестів ОМОН жорстко, із побиттями, затримав кількох активістів. Цьому передувала спроба встановити палатки на площі перед будинком уряду регіону. За різними даними затримали від від 25 до 40 осіб. Два учасники потрапили до лікарні. Але до вечора більшість була відпущена. Всього на мітинг вийшли від 500 до 1000 осіб. На наступний день акції протесту продовжилися, затримань не було. До звичних лозунгів «Дегтярев, уходи» та «Нет надежнее Фургала от Камчатки до Урала» додався новий — «ОМОНу позор».

Примітки

Історія Хабаровського краю
Липень 2020
Протести в Росії
Протести 2020


text:
Stanridge Speed CX Proto SS
Adam Eldridge has been maintaining an incessant output for the last few months, and each new bike he creates pushes the boundaries of his portfolio. The last of his machines we featured on Cycle EXIF was a raw, fillet brazed 29er mountain bike, and his latest exists in complete contrast to it: a modern, aerodynamic single speed cyclocross frame that's about to be tested under race conditions.
Gleaning inspiration from his highly successful High Street Pursuit project and the Triple Triangle of the legendary GT GTB frame, the Stanridge Speed CX prototype could well be Adam's finest work yet. It features the colonial American styling that was established by his early porteur frames and his Vincent Motorcycles-tribute, the Grey Flash, and has become an integral part of his brand. In contrast, the modern silhouette of Columbus aero tubes and S-bend stays are a complete juxtaposition.
The bike is nicknamed 'The Adder', which is British for viper, and by the looks of things, it will be a quick and deadly opponent when it competes on the cyclocross circuit this Fall. The racing will also serve as a testing ground for a geared version that's scheduled to appear next year.
The colorway that was used with great effect on the Grey Flash has returned, with an updated twist. The panel has been reinterpreted and defined by gold pinstriping. The Stanridge Speed ghost rider logo sits with pride of place on the head tube.
I'm looking forward to reading the race reports. Like the Stanridge Speed Facebook page to keep up to date with the latest news from the workshop. You can see more details in the flickr set, and you can make contact with Adam through his website.
Filed Under Cyclocross TAGGED Stanridge Speed, USA Oct 15, 2011 Adam
JAILmake Wade's Everyday Bicycle
Six-Eleven Classic Road


Colours 640x400 640x480 800x600 1024x768 1152x864 1280x1024 1600x1200 -------+-------------------------------------------------------------- 4 bits | ? ? 0x302 ? ? ? ? 8 bits | 0x300 0x301 0x303 0x305 0x161 0x307 0x31C 15 bits | ? 0x310 0x313 0x316 0x162 0x319 0x31D 16 bits | ? 0x311 0x314 0x317 0x163 0x31A 0x31E decimal | d785 d788 d791 24 bits | ? 0x312 0x315 0x318 ? 0x31B 0x31F decimal | d786 d789 d792 32 bits | ? ? ? ? 0x164 ?
4 bits | ? ? 0x302 ? ? ? ?
32 bits | ? ? ? ? 0x164 ?
in every share section (the share names are enclosed in square brackets [share] ).
After the change, restart the Samba server! This solution works for directly editing files on the SMB mount with TextMate, but not for copying files in the Finder – it says, file names are too long, contain special characters… so you better create two shres, a [share} and a [shareveto]. Sorry for this.


According to the latest worldwide ranking of the most expensive cities for expats published by EuroCost International, London is now the second most expensive city in Europe for expats.
The survey is based on prices collected in December 2014 and updated with March 2015 exchange rates; it compares expat living costs in major locations worldwide, including housing costs.
Geneva is now the most expensive city in Europe, followed by London and Zurich.
Moscow is now only 5th, after Lausanne, whereas it was still world number one in 2014.
Swiss cities are omnipresent in the European ranking, with 5 cities among the top 10.
Scandinavian cities remain expensive and tend to maintain their position compared to last year's ranking.
The reinforcement of the pound sterling has helped British locations progress in the ranking. Five of them now rank in the top 20: London (2nd), Oxford (13th), Birmingham (17th), Bristol (18th) and Manchester (20th).
After the severe devaluation of its currency, Kiev is now the cheapest European capital, behind Pristina and Chisinau.
EuroCost International specializes in expatriation and conducts expat cost of living surveys in more than 290 locations worldwide.


text:
How to Play Keyboard
How to Play a Funk Solo
Learn how to play a funk solo with this keyboard tutorial from Howcast.
Hi, this is Stephanie Sanders from Tomato's House of Rock, and I'm going to show you how to play a funk solo. So, when we think about funk as opposed to the blues or jazz or even rock, my favorite thing to think about is "space is the place". Because, basically, the best thing you do for a funk solo is leave a lot of space. Part of what gives funk its edge is a lot of space and then aggressive playing when you actually are in and playing.
So, that means you may want to use some double stops like we looked at in another video, where you have the 1 or the 5 on top, so it's going to give you a little bit more of that grit and edge. And, always, always think about your left hand, and if you're lucky enough to be playing with a good rhythm section, it's all about them. So, listen to where that groove is, feel where they're at, and try to play something that feels like it's against it. So, really playing with rhythms would be the other big thing to think about when you're trying to make up your funk solo. So, let's see what it sounds like. We'll do a C-minor pentatonic. Here's what it sounds like with some music.
How to Play Minor 7th Chords
How to Play Keyboard with Stephanie Sanders
How to Play a Major Pentatonic Scale in G Sharp / A Flat
How to Play a Minor Pentatonic Scale in G Sharp / A Flat
How to Play a Major Pentatonic Scale in G
How to Play a Minor Pentatonic Scale in G
How to Play a Major Pentatonic Scale in F Sharp / G Flat
How to Play a Minor Pentatonic Scale in F Sharp / G Flat
How to Play a Major Pentatonic Scale in F
How to Play a Minor Pentatonic Scale in F
How to Play a Major Pentatonic Scale in E
How to Play a Minor Pentatonic Scale in E
How to Play a Major Pentatonic Scale in D Sharp / E Flat
How to Play a Minor Pentatonic Scale in D Sharp / E Flat
How to Play a Major Pentatonic Scale in D
How to Play a Minor Pentatonic Scale in D
How to Play a Major Pentatonic Scale in C Sharp / D Flat
How to Play a Minor Pentatonic Scale in C Sharp / D Flat
How to Play a Major Pentatonic Scale in B
How to Play a Minor Pentatonic Scale in B
How to Play a Major Pentatonic Scale in A Sharp / B Flat
How to Play a Minor Pentatonic Scale in A Sharp / B Flat
How to Play a Major Pentatonic Scale in A
How to Play a Minor Pentatonic Scale in A
How to Solo using Patterns on Pentatonic Scale


text:
Q: How to implement common bash idioms in Python? I currently do my textfile manipulation through a bunch of badly remembered AWK, sed, Bash and a tiny bit of Perl.
I've seen mentioned a few places that python is good for this kind of thing. How can I use Python to replace shell scripting, AWK, sed and friends?

A: I suggest the awesome online book Dive Into Python.  It's how I learned the language originally.
Beyond teaching you the basic structure of the language, and a whole lot of useful data structures, it has a good chapter on file handling and subsequent chapters on regular expressions and more.

A: Adding to previous answers: check the pexpect module for dealing with interactive commands (adduser, passwd etc.)

A: One reason I love Python is that it is much better standardized than the POSIX tools.  I have to double and triple check that each bit is compatible with other operating systems.  A program written on a Linux system might not work the same on a BSD system of OSX.  With Python, I just have to check that the target system has a sufficiently modern version of Python.
Even better, a program written in standard Python will even run on Windows!

A: I will give here my opinion based on experience:
For shell:

*

*shell can very easily spawn read-only code. Write it and when you come back to it, you will never figure out what you did again. It's very easy to accomplish this.

*shell can do A LOT of text processing, splitting, etc in one line with pipes.

*it is the best glue language when it comes to integrate the call of programs in different programming languages.

For python:

*

*if you want portability to windows included, use python.

*python can be better when you must manipulate just more than text, such as collections of numbers. For this, I recommend python.

I usually choose bash for most of the things, but when I have something that must cross windows boundaries, I just use python.

A: I just discovered how to combine the best parts of bash and ipython. Up to now this seems more comfortable to me than using subprocess and so on. You can easily copy big parts of existing bash scripts and e.g. add error handling in the python way :)
And here is my result:
#!/usr/bin/env ipython3

# *** How to have the most comfort scripting experience of your life ***
# ######################################################################
#
# … by using ipython for scripting combined with subcommands from bash!
#
# 1. echo "#!/usr/bin/env ipython3" > scriptname.ipy    # creates new ipy-file
#
# 2. chmod +x scriptname.ipy                            # make in executable
#
# 3. starting with line 2, write normal python or do some of
#    the ! magic of ipython, so that you can use unix commands
#    within python and even assign their output to a variable via
#    var = !cmd1 | cmd2 | cmd3                          # enjoy ;)
#
# 4. run via ./scriptname.ipy - if it fails with recognizing % and !
#    but parses raw python fine, please check again for the .ipy suffix

# ugly example, please go and find more in the wild
files = !ls *.* | grep "y"
for file in files:
  !echo $file | grep "p"
# sorry for this nonsense example ;)

See IPython docs on system shell commands and using it as a system shell.

A: As of 2015 and Python 3.4's release, there's now a reasonably complete user-interactive shell available at: http://xon.sh/ or https://github.com/scopatz/xonsh
The demonstration video does not show pipes being used, but they ARE supported when in the default shell mode.
Xonsh ('conch') tries very hard to emulate bash, so things you've already gained muscle memory for, like
env | uniq | sort -r | grep PATH

or
my-web-server 2>&1 | my-log-sorter

will still work fine.
The tutorial is quite lengthy and seems to cover a significant amount of the functionality someone would generally expect at a ash or bash prompt:

*

*Compiles, Evaluates, & Executes!

*Command History and Tab Completion

*Help & Superhelp with ? & ??

*Aliases & Customized Prompts

*Executes Commands and/or *.xsh Scripts which can also be imported

*Environment Variables including Lookup with ${}

*Input/Output Redirection and Combining

*Background Jobs & Job Control

*Nesting Subprocesses, Pipes, and Coprocesses

*Subprocess-mode when a command exists, Python-mode otherwise

*Captured Subprocess with $(), Uncaptured Subprocess with $[], Python Evaluation with @()

*Filename Globbing with * or Regular Expression Filename Globbing with Backticks

A: pythonpy is a tool that provides easy access to many of the features from awk and sed, but using python syntax:
$ echo me2 | py -x 're.sub("me", "you", x)'
you2

A: *

*If you want to use Python as a shell, why not have a look at IPython ? It is also good to learn interactively the language.

*If you do a lot of text manipulation, and if you use Vim as a text editor, you can also directly write plugins for Vim in python. just type ":help python" in Vim and follow the instructions or have a look at this presentation. It is so easy and powerfull to write functions that you will use directly in your editor!

A: I have built semi-long shell scripts (300-500 lines) and Python code which does similar functionality.  When many external commands are being executed, I find the shell is easier to use.  Perl is also a good option when there is lots of text manipulation.

A: While researching this topic, I found this proof-of-concept code (via a comment at http://jlebar.com/2010/2/1/Replacing_Bash.html) that lets you "write shell-like pipelines in Python using a terse syntax, and leveraging existing system tools where they make sense":
for line in sh("cat /tmp/junk2") | cut(d=',',f=1) | 'sort' | uniq:
    sys.stdout.write(line)

A: Your best bet is a tool that is specifically geared towards your problem.  If it's processing text files, then Sed, Awk and Perl are the top contenders.  Python is a general-purpose dynamic language.  As with any general purpose language, there's support for file-manipulation, but that isn't what it's core purpose is.  I would consider Python or Ruby if I had a requirement for a dynamic language in particular.
In short, learn Sed and Awk really well, plus all the other goodies that come with your flavour of *nix (All the Bash built-ins, grep, tr and so forth).  If it's text file processing you're interested in, you're already using the right stuff.

A: You can use python instead of bash with the ShellPy library.
Here is an example that downloads avatar of Python user from Github:
import json
import os
import tempfile

# get the api answer with curl
answer = `curl https://api.github.com/users/python
# syntactic sugar for checking returncode of executed process for zero
if answer:
    answer_json = json.loads(answer.stdout)
    avatar_url = answer_json['avatar_url']

    destination = os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(), 'python.png')

    # execute curl once again, this time to get the image
    result = `curl {avatar_url} > {destination}
    if result:
        # if there were no problems show the file
        p`ls -l {destination}
    else:
        print('Failed to download avatar')

    print('Avatar downloaded')
else:
    print('Failed to access github api')

As you can see, all expressions inside of grave accent ( ` ) symbol are executed in shell. And in Python code, you can capture results of this execution and perform actions on it. For example:
log = `git log --pretty=oneline --grep='Create'

This line will first execute git log --pretty=oneline --grep='Create' in shell and then assign the result to the log variable. The result has the following properties:
stdout the whole text from stdout of the executed process
stderr the whole text from stderr of the executed process
returncode returncode of the execution
This is general overview of the library, more detailed description with examples can be found here.

A: In the beginning there was sh, sed, and awk (and find, and grep, and...). It was good. But awk can be an odd little beast and hard to remember if you don't use it often. Then the great camel created Perl. Perl was a system administrator's dream. It was like shell scripting on steroids. Text processing, including regular expressions were just part of the language. Then it got ugly...  People tried to make big applications with Perl. Now, don't get me wrong, Perl can be an application, but it can (can!) look like a mess if you're not really careful. Then there is all this flat data business. It's enough to drive a programmer nuts.
Enter Python, Ruby, et al. These are really very good general purpose languages. They support text processing, and do it well (though perhaps not as tightly entwined in the basic core of the language). But they also scale up very well, and still have nice looking code at the end of the day. They also have developed pretty hefty communities with plenty of libraries for most anything.
Now, much of the negativeness towards Perl is a matter of opinion, and certainly some people can write very clean Perl, but with this many people complaining about it being too easy to create obfuscated code, you know some grain of truth is there. The question really becomes then, are you ever going to use this language for more than simple bash script replacements. If not, learn some more Perl.. it is absolutely fantastic for that. If, on the other hand, you want a language that will grow with you as you want to do more, may I suggest Python or Ruby.
Either way, good luck!

A: Any shell has several sets of features.

*

*The Essential Linux/Unix commands.  All of these are available through the subprocess library.  This isn't always the best first choice for doing all external commands.  Look also at shutil for some commands that are separate Linux commands, but you could probably implement directly in your Python scripts.  Another huge batch of Linux commands are in the os library; you can do these more simply in Python.
And -- bonus! -- more quickly.  Each separate Linux command in the shell (with a few exceptions) forks a subprocess.  By using Python shutil and os modules, you don't fork a subprocess.

*The shell environment features.  This includes stuff that sets a command's environment (current directory and environment variables and what-not).  You can easily manage this from Python directly.

*The shell programming features.  This is all the process status code checking, the various logic commands (if, while, for, etc.) the test command and all of it's relatives.  The function definition stuff.  This is all much, much easier in Python.  This is one of the huge victories in getting rid of bash and doing it in Python.

*Interaction features.  This includes command history and what-not.  You don't need this for writing shell scripts.  This is only for human interaction, and not for script-writing.

*The shell file management features.  This includes redirection and pipelines.  This is trickier.  Much of this can be done with subprocess.  But some things that are easy in the shell are unpleasant in Python.  Specifically stuff like (a | b; c ) | something >result.  This runs two processes in parallel (with output of a as input to b), followed by a third process.  The output from that sequence is run in parallel with something and the output is collected into a file named result.  That's just complex to express in any other language.
Specific programs (awk, sed, grep, etc.) can often be rewritten as Python modules.  Don't go overboard.  Replace what you need and evolve your "grep" module.  Don't start out writing a Python module that replaces "grep".
The best thing is that you can do this in steps.

*

*Replace AWK and PERL with Python.  Leave everything else alone.

*Look at replacing GREP with Python.  This can be a bit more complex, but your version of GREP can be tailored to your processing needs.

*Look at replacing FIND with Python loops that use os.walk.  This is a big win because you don't spawn as many processes.

*Look at replacing common shell logic (loops, decisions, etc.) with Python scripts.

A: Yes, of course :)
Take a look at these libraries which help you Never write shell scripts again (Plumbum's motto).

*

*Plumbum

*Sarge

*sh
Also, if you want to replace awk, sed and grep with something Python based then I recommend pyp -

"The Pyed Piper", or pyp, is a linux command line text manipulation
  tool similar to awk or sed, but which uses standard python string and
  list methods as well as custom functions evolved to generate fast
  results in an intense production environment.

A: If your textfile manipulation usually is one-time, possibly done on the shell-prompt, you will not get anything better from python.
On the other hand, if you usually have to do the same (or similar) task over and over, and you have to write your scripts for doing that, then python is great - and you can easily create your own libraries (you can do that with shell scripts too, but it's more cumbersome).
A very simple example to get a feeling.
import popen2
stdout_text, stdin_text=popen2.popen2("your-shell-command-here")
for line in stdout_text:
  if line.startswith("#"):
    pass
  else
    jobID=int(line.split(",")[0].split()[1].lstrip("<").rstrip(">"))
    # do something with jobID

Check also sys and getopt module, they are the first you will need.

A: I have published a package on PyPI: ez.
Use pip install ez to install it.
It has packed common commands in shell and nicely my lib uses basically the same syntax as shell.  e.g., cp(source, destination) can handle both file and folder!  (wrapper of shutil.copy shutil.copytree and it decides when to use which one). Even more nicely, it can support vectorization like R!
Another example: no os.walk, use fls(path, regex) to recursively find files and filter with regular expression and it returns a list of files with or without fullpath
Final example: you can combine them to write very simply scripts:
files = fls('.','py$'); cp(files, myDir)
Definitely check it out!  It has cost me hundreds of hours to write/improve it!


text:
SIGNING: Zak Mills Joins The Club
Oldham Athletic are delighted to announce the signing of defender Zak Mills on a one-year deal.
The 27 year-old featured 38 times in League Two last season for Morecambe and played against Latics twice.
Mills began his career at Histon FC, where he made 116 appearances and scored five goals in a four-year period. He then spent two years with Boston United and was a vital part of their defence.
In 2016, the right-back got his much deserved move to the Football League with Grimsby Town. Mills had two campaigns with The Mariners, making 58 appearances for the club.
Last season, Zak had an impressive campaign at Morecambe, winning three player of the year awards at The Globe Arena.
He will wear the number two shirt during his time with Oldham Athletic.
Welcome to the club, Zak!
To sponsor Zak for the 2019/20 season, please contact Ashleigh.Poxon@oldhamathletic.co.uk.
Zak Mills