boom and bust, the waste of life and resources, the injustice and brutality. In its postindustrial phase, our society would not simply have matured but transcended, reaching that point where our technological genius would at last have freed us from the tyranny of getting and spending, compulsive productivity and frantic consumption, mass manipulation and military necessity, so that we might live a fully human life. "Postindustrial" indicates a stage of moral, not economic, growth.
That utopian goal has been with us since the first appearance of the Dark Satanic Mills. But in the western world, the vision of our postindustrial future has been polarized between two very different scenarios: that of the "Reversionaries" and that of the "Technophiles."
For the Reversionaries, who trace back to John Ruskin, William Morris, Prince Kropotkin, and the Romantic artists generally, industrialism is the extreme state of a cultural disease that must be cured before it kills us. It is a stage of pathological overdevelopment in the history of human economy from which a healthy technology -- usually seen as some form of communitarian handicrafts -- will have to be salvaged once the industrial system has reached the point of terminal inhumanity. The Reversionaries are what Paul Goodman would have called "neolithic conservatives." They look forward to the day when the factories and heavy machinery will be left to molder, and we will have the chance to return to the world of the village, the farm, the hunting camp, the tribe. This would lead us to a life close to the soil and the elements that needs only simple and communal pleasures to find fulfillment. This is the route that, for example, Stephen Gaskin chose for himself and his followers when they left the Experimental College at San Francisco State University in 1971.
The result of Gaskin's philosophy in application was to be one of the few long-term communitarian ventures to come out of the sixties. By dint of hard work, fraternal sharing, and minimal consumption, The Farm managed to prosper into the 1980's on a regimen of soybeans and natural childbirth.
Over against this stratagem of radical withdrawal and reversion, we have the technophiliac vision of our industrial destiny, a modem current of thought that flows back to Saint-Simon, Robert Owen, and H. G. Wells. For these utopian industrialists, as for Buckminster Fuller after them, the cure for our industrial ills will not be found in things past, but in Things To Come. Indeed, it will be found at the climax of the industrial process. What is required, therefore, is not squeamish reversion, but brave perseverance. We must adapt resourcefully to industrialism as a necessary stage of social evolution, monitoring the process with a cunning eye for its life-saving potentialities. As we approach the crisis that threatens calamity, we must grasp these opportunities as they emerge and use them to redeem the system from within. The way out of our dilemma is to tunnel fearlessly through until we reach daylight.
Thus, these "individuals" outsmart and outflank the high and the mighty, who, one is left to conclude, simply surrender to their superior insight.
What is an example of such a clever gambit? Well, Fuller was a man of one example, the invention he always fell back on to prove every point: the geodesic dome, on which he held the patent. Had not advanced engineering and industrial technology made this stupendous invention possible? And was not the whole history of the world going to be transformed by the dome? QED.
There was a cult of the geodesic dome during the sixties. It began with the popular dome books of San Francisco architect Lloyd Kahn, who was converted to domesmanship by Fuller when the inventor came to the San Francisco Bay Area. Thanks to Kahn's books and The Whole Earth Catalog, the hope sprang up that communities of domes might blossom overnight outside major cities -- like barbarian encampments embodying the new postindustrial culture. (As far as I'm aware, the closest approach to that goal was Drop City near Trinidad Colorado, a "weed patch commune" whose several funky structures were rigged up out of salvaged junk from the nearest city dump.) The dome quickly became more than an architectural eccentricity; it came to symbolize a new, worldwide style of shelters which combined the values of simplicity, economy, durability, communalism, and whose tetrahedron units had (so Fuller insisted) tapped the deep geometrical logic of the cosmos.
Now there were a number of problems with domes. Most of them, even those built in the deserts, the swamps, the mountains, had to have their struts and shafts and connectors, their plywood and fiberglass, shipped in from some distant industrial metropolis. And none of them were all that much cheaper or easier to build than a Quonset hut or a Butler barn. And most of them leaked, unless they were shielded by a vast and fragile plastic skin, again imported from the metropolis. And none could be insulated unless they were sprayed or coated with an industrial chemical. And none of them in style or structural substance ever bore any respectful relationship to their locality. Indeed, the dome was designed by its maker to be placeless, meant to be plunked down anywhere from the Arctic to the tropics as an assertion of the global industrial dominance. But none of this seemed to matter to the dome enthusiasts; by virtue of Fuller's intoxicating rhetoric and boundless optimism, the dome was seen as an icon of our social salvation.
Fuller was not alone in extrapolating the technophiliac vision of postindustrial history There were others, each of whom became, at some point, a countercultural favorite. There was Marshall McLuhan, who saw the electronic media as the secret of building a new "global village" that was somehow cozy, participative, and yet at the same time technologically sophisticated. There was Paolo Soleri, who believed that the solution to the ecological crisis of the modem world was the building of megastructural "arcologies" -- beehive cities in which the urban billions could be compacted into totally artificial environments. There was Gerard O'Neill, who barnstormed the country whipping up enthusiasm for one of the zaniest schemes of all: the launching of self-contained space colonies for the millions. For a few years, O'Neill became a special fascination of Stewart Brand and The Whole Earth Catalog (later The Co-Evolution Quarterly). In each of these cases, one sees the same assumption brought into play: the industrial process, pushed to its limit, generates its own best medicine. Out of the advanced research of the electronics, plastics, chemical, and aerospace industries, there emerge solutions to all our political and environmental problems.


Programmer Kong Divin recently returned from a trip to the US, where he won second place in a Microsoft Office context in Texas.
Cambodia has a high degree of solar radiation, making the country a good place for the renewable energy source, a report from the Asian Development Bank says.
Landmines have killed an estimated 20,000 Cambodians since the civil war ended in 1975. Now, Cambodia's leading demining organization is training a group of rats to sniff mines out, so they can be removed safely. Maia Pujara has more.
Millions of Cambodians are now connected to the Internet thanks to cheap high-speed connections and smartphones.
A 2015 report by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications says more than 5 million Cambodians have access to the Internet.
Lim Theanhok was awarded a gold medal for a science project, winning out among contestants from 69 countries at the annual Genius Olympiad in New York on June 15-19.
The invention of the smart phone triggered the era of citizen journalism revealing the complex relationship between a citizen's right and the police's duty to protect.
The website establishes a "wiki"-like crowd-sourcing platform for comments on the law, even though the public has not been able to see the draft.


text:
Vacancy by absence.
Vacancy to be notified.
Quorum100.
§ 306. "Or of Any Other Court of Any State," &c.
The only court, other than the Supreme Court of a State, from which at the establishment of the Constitution an appeal lies to the Privy Council, seems to be the "Local Court of Appeal" in South Australia—an anomalous tribunal to which an
appeal lies from the Supreme Court of South Australia, and from which an appeal lies to the Privy Council. This Court was established by Act No. 31 of 1855–6, sec. 14, and consists of the Governor and all the members of the Executive Council except the Attorney-General. It has practically fallen into desuetude, but as it still exists, the right of appeal from it to the Privy Council was preserved.
"I propose this amendment merely because of the condition of things in our own colony, in which there is another Court of Appeal from which an appeal now lies to the Privy Council, an intermediate Court of Appeal which is seldom availed of, but which exists." (Mr. Symon, Conv. Deb., Melb., p. 332.)
The Imperial Act 7 and 8 Vic. c. 69 provides (sec. 1) "That it shall be competent for Her Majesty, by any order to be from time to time for that purpose made with the advice of Her Privy Council, to provide for the admission of any appeal or appeals to Her Majesty in Council from any judgments, sentences, decrees, or orders of any court of justice within any British colony or possession abroad, although such court shall not be a court of error or a court of appeal within such colony or possession."
The orders made under this Act with respect to Australian colonies seem all to have been limited to appeals "from any final judgment, decree, order, or sentence of the Supreme Court" of a colony (see § 300, supra).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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World Health & Population 16(3) March 2016 : 39-47.doi:10.12927/whp.2016.24519
Knowledge of Prenatal Healthcare among Pregnant Women in Boyer-Ahmad and Dena County of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran
Mitra Safari, Mohammad Hosien Bahadornegad, Behrouz Yazdanpanah and Marjan Safari
Introduction and objective: Prenatal care knowledge is critical for pregnant women's use of antenatal services. The aim of the study was to assess the extent of prenatal healthcare knowledge among pregnant women of the Boyer-Ahmad and Dena County of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between April and June 2013. Pregnant women who came for delivery to the only available public hospital were interviewed by trained research assistants. Interview questions were designed to assess their knowledge on five broad categories of prenatal care practices of immunization, diet, supplementation, antenatal checkups and warning signs. Collected information was converted into numerical scores and average score for each individual was calculated. Independent-samples t-test, analysis of variance and multiple comparison tests were used to compare scores among groups with different demographic and socioeconomic status.
Results: A total of 400 pregnant women with 66.8% illiterate or lowly educated and an average age of 28.5 ± 6.1 years participated in the study. The average care knowledge score was 16.8 out of a maximum of 30. The highest awareness was observed on immunization (54.4%) and the lowest for prenatal checkup (20.3%).The average knowledge scores were significantly different among age groups, educational level, number of gravidity, type of occupation, place of residence and time of starting of prenatal care. There were no significant differences between women with and without obstetric complications.
Conclusion: Not surprisingly, the level of education was the most significant factor influencing women's knowledge of parental healthcare, reinforcing the need for the improvement in literacy and expansion of health education among pregnant women using various educational methods.
About 800 women die from pregnancy or childbirth-related complications around the world every day. In 2013 alone, 289,000 women died during pregnancy or at childbirth. In developing countries, maternal mortality is a significant public health issue, with a mortality rate of 230 per 100,000 live births versus 16 per 100,000 in developed countries. Almost all maternal deaths (99%) occur in developing countries (WHO 2014), with large disparities between countries, and between women with high and low income and those living in rural and urban areas.
Maternal health improvement was adopted as the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG5) of the international community in 2000. Under MDG5, countries committed to reducing maternal mortality by three-quarters between 1990 and 2015. Since 1990, maternal deaths worldwide have dropped by 45% (WHO 2005). In Iran, maternal death has declined from 83 in 1990 to 19 in 2015 (WHO et al. 2015). However, the global maternal mortality ratio declined by only 2.6% per year during the same period, far from the annual decline of 5.5% required to achieve MDG5 (WHO 2014).
In order to achieve this goal, all women need to have access to high-quality prenatal care, including medical and nursing care recommended for women during pregnancy and regular checkups to detect as well as treat potential health issues that may arise during pregnancy (WHO 2005). Lack of prenatal healthcare has been identified as one of the risk factors for maternal mortality and other adverse pregnancy outcomes in developing countries (Anandalakshmy et al. 1993; Fawcus et al. 1996). Women who receive prenatal healthcare have lower rates of maternal and infant mortality, as well as better pregnancy outcomes (De Brouwere et al. 1998). Health knowledge is considered as one of the key factors that enable women to be aware of their rights and health status to seek appropriate health services. Knowledge on prenatal care is critical in determining pregnant women's use of antenatal services. Moreover, studies have shown that adequate knowledge of prenatal care has a positive and statistically significant effect on prenatal care use (Nisar and White 2003; Paredes et al. 2005; Simkhada et al. 2008).
The objectives of the study were to assess the extent of the prenatal healthcare knowledge among pregnant women of Boyer-Ahmad and Dena County, identify the contributing factors and provide a framework for further maternal health education. The Boyer-Ahmad and Dena counties were selected because no previous study was conducted and nearly half of the province population live in these two counties. Boyer-Ahmad is the largest and most populated county of the Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, with a population of 243,771 and 58,281 households based on the 2011 census. The number of 10–49-year-old women is reported to be 50,527, with a population growth rate of 2.18 and a total fertility rate of 2.2 in 2013-2014. The Dena County population was reported to be 52,242, with 11,117 households (Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran 2011). The number of 10–49-year-old women is reported to be 7,454, with a population growth rate of 1.77 and a total fertility rate of 2.18 in 2013–2014 (Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran 2011).
A cross-sectional survey was conducted between April and June 2013.The target population were all pregnant women who were referred to the labour and delivery floor of Imam Sajjad Hospital for delivery, the only available public labour ward. This hospital covers about 94% of delivery and birth services of these two counties (Medical Deputy of YUMS 2013).
We chose to obtain our sample population from a public hospital where all women, regardless of socioeconomic status, can receive equal care and covers majority of pregnant women. We did not include women who were referred to two other hospitals in this area, one private and the other semipublic, which covered only 6.3% (592) of deliveries, mostly (98%) in elective caesarean section (Medical Deputy of YUMS 2013).
All the pregnant women who came for delivery during the study period were recruited and informed about the aim of the study. A questionnaire consisting of two parts (socio-demographic and prenatal healthcare knowledge information) was administered by the trained research assistants. Demographics information included age and place of residence, education and occupation status as well as state of previous and current pregnancies. The knowledge section consisted of 15 multiple-choice questions. The questions were designed to assess their knowledge about five broad categories of prenatal care practices; immunization (two questions), diet (four questions), supplementation (three questions), antenatal checkups (four questions) and warning signs (two questions). The content of the questionnaire, which was based on the materials used by the local health system, was explained to women for the sake of clarification.
The percentages of correct answers were calculated to determine the extent of their knowledge in each category. The answers were also converted into a scores ranging from 0 to 2 (0 indicated an incorrect answer, 2 indicated a correct answer and 1 indicated answer choices that could apply in some situations). After assigning each response a score, the average score for each individual was calculated.
The data were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 22. Independent t-test, analysis of variance, multiple comparison and chi-square tests were used to compare scores between subgroups of demographics and socioeconomic status. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered significant.
The average age of 400 pregnant participant women was 28.44, with a standard deviation of 6.04, and ranged from 14 to 50 years.
The average prenatal healthcare knowledge score was 16.8 out of a maximum of 30. The highest percentage of awareness was observed for immunization (54.4%) and the lowest for the prenatal checkup (20.3%; Table 1).
Table 1. Pregnant women awareness for different categories of parental care knowledge
Maternal practice Awareness (%)
Immunization 54.5
Diet 41.2
Supplement 50.5
Antenatal checkups 20.3
Warning sign 40.0
Urban women awareness was higher than rural for all domains, with the exception of warning sign (Table 2). Socio-demographic characteristics of the participants are presented in Table 3. A majority (56.8%) belonged to the 20–29-year age group, 77.7% were housewives, 37.3 % were illiterate and 32.7% were primigravida. More than half (52%) were urban residents and 65.2% have started prenatal care visit during the first trimester. Only 4.8% of the participants had post-secondary education.
Table 2. Pregnant urban and rural women awareness for different categories of parental care knowledge
Maternal practice Awareness (%) p-value
Urban Rural
Immunization 73.3 26.7 0.00
Diet 52.6 47.4 0.30
Supplement 56.9 43.1 0.03
Antenatal checkups 54.4 45.6 0.03
Warning sign 42.9 57.1 0.20
The average knowledge scores were significantly different among age groups, education status, gravidity, occupation, place of residency and time of starting of prenatal care (Table 3). However, there was no significant difference between knowledge score of women with and without obstetric complications.
Table 3. Mean, standard deviation and significance level of pregnant women knowledge score for demographic and prenatal care practices
Variables Freq. (%) Mean ± SD Sig.
Age (years) 0.001
<20 17 (4.2) 16.8 ± 3.0
20–29 227 (56.8) 17.1 ± 2.4
≥40 20 (5.0) 14.8 ± 3.4
Gravidity 0.020
1 131 (32.7) 17.09 ± 2.3
2 109 (27.3) 17.1 ± 2.3
≥3 160 (40.0) 16.3 ± 2.9
Education 0.030
Illiterate 149 (37.3) 16.4 ± 2.8
Primary school 118 (29.5) 16.8 ± 2.4
High school 114 (28.4) 17.2 ± 2.5
Post-secondary 19 (4.8) 17.2 ± 1.8
Place of residence 0.018
Rural 192 (48.0) 16.6 ± 2.7
Urban 208 (52.0) 16.9 ± 2.5
Occupation 0.004
Civil servant 32 (8.0) 16.7 ± 2.4
Health professionals 57 (14.3) 17.8 ± 2.4
Housewife 311 (77.7) 16.6 ± 2.6
Husband occupation 0.40
Unemployed 29 (7.3) 17.3 ± 2.6
Worker 37 (9.3) 16.8 ± 3.0
Civil servant 95 (23.8) 17.2 ± 2.1
Personal business 239 (59.8) 16.6 ± 2.5
Time of first prenatal visit 0.001
Preconception 75 (18.8) 17.6 ± 2.4
First trimester 260 (65.2) 16.8 ± 2.5
Second trimester 32 (8.0) 15.7 ± 3.2
Third trimester 10 (2.5) 14.8 ± 2.4
Never 22 (5.5) 15.9 ± 2.5
Pregnancy status 0.27
Without complication 320 (80.0) 17.08 ± 2.4
With complication 80 (20.0) 16.7 ± 2.6
Freq. = frequency; Sig. = significance level.
Using multiple comparison tests, significant differences were found between women older than 40 and 20–29-year-old (p≤0.001) and 30–39-year-old (p≤0.030) age groups, primigravida and multigravida (p≤0.045), illiterate and tertiary level of education (p≤0.020) and housewives with health professionals (p≤0.002). There were also significant differences in the average knowledge score between women who have started prenatal visit during preconception period and women who have started during second trimester (p≤0.005) and third trimester (p≤0.01) of pregnancy.
Demographic characteristics and prenatal care knowledge of rural and urban pregnant women are presented in Table 4. Pregnant women with age less than 20 and greater than 40 (high-risk age group) were more frequent in rural than urban. Younger women (<20 years old) were in majority in the rural category, while women in 40 and older age group were in minority. Significant age group difference was found in knowledge score among rural women. While women illiteracy was higher in rural women, tertiary education was higher in urban women. The percentage of civil servants and health professional was significantly higher among urban than rural women. The rate of preconception visit was significantly higher in urban women than rural and their knowledge level was higher than both rural and urban women who had their first preconception visit.
Table 4. Mean, standard deviation and significance level of urban and rural pregnant women knowledge score for demographic and prenatal care practices
Variables Urban Rural X2 test and sig. of comparing freq. (%) of variables
Freq. (%) Mean ± SD Sig. Freq. (%) Mean ± SD Sig.
Age (years) 0.4 0.001 X2 = 10.1; df <3; p = 0.01
<20 7 (3.4) 16 ± 0.3 10 (5.2) 17.4 ± 2.8
20-29 134 (64.4) 17.1 ± 2.5 93 (48.7) 17.12 ± 2.4
30-39 59 (28.4) 16.6 ± 2.4 76 (39.8) 16.3 ± 2.6
≥40 8 (3.8) 16.7 ± 2.1 12 (6.3) 13.5 ± 3.5
Gravidity 0.5 0.002 X2 = 8.8; df = 2; p = 0.01
1 7 (37) 16.8 ± 2.3 53 (27.8) 17.5 ± 2.2
2 62 (29.8) 17.2 ± 0.3 47 (24.6) 16.9 ± 2.1
≥3 69 (33.2) 16.9 ± 2.6 91 (47.6) 15.9 ± 3.07
Education 0.02 0.02 X2 = 24.9; df = 3; p = 0.001
Illiterate 55 (26.4) 16.2 ± 2.7 94 (49.2) 16.5 ± 2.9
Primary school 68 (32.7) 17 ± 2.5 50 (26.2) 16.6 ± 2.1
High school 26 (12.5) 16.8 ± 2.3 20 (10.5) 16.5 ± 2.3
Post-secondary 59 (28.4) 17.7 ± 2.1 27 (14.1) 17.1 ± 3.2
Occupation 0.04 0.1 X2 = 23.7; df = 2; p = 0.001
Civil servant 21 (10.1) 17.7 ± 2.5 11 (5.8) 16.3 ± 2.2
Health professionals 45 (21.6) 17.7 ± 2.2 12 (6.3) 18.2 ± 2.3
Housewife 142 (68.3) 16.7 ± 2.5 168 (87.9) 16.5 ± 2.7
Husband occupation 0.6 0.3 X2 = 15.2; df = 3; p = 0.002
Unemployed 24 (11.5) 17.08 ± 2.6 5 (2.6) 18.6 ± 2.7
Worker 52 (25) 17.2 ± 2.7 43 (22.5) 16.3 ± 3.2
Personal business 110 (52.9) 16.7 ± 2.4 128 (67) 16.5 ± 2.6
Time of first prenatal visit 0.02 0.02 X2 = 21.1; df = 4; p = 0.001
Preconception 55 (26.4) 17.7 ± 2.5 20 (10.5) 17.4 ± 2.16
First trimester 115 (55.6) 16.9 ± 2.3 145 (75.9) 16.7 ± 2.6
Second trimester 19 (9.2) 16.3 ± 2.6 13 (6.8) 14.9 ± 2.2
Third trimester 5 (2.4) 15.0 ± 2.9 4 (2.1) 14.2 ± 2.7
Never 13 (6.3) 16.0 ± 2.5 9 (4.7) 15.8 ± 2.6
Pregnancy status 0.5 0.04 X2 = 2.48; df <1; p = 0.07
Without complication 160 (76.9) 17.0 ± 2.4 159 (83.2) 16.4 ± 2.8
With complication 48 (23.1) 16.7 ± 2.6 32 (16.8) 17.5 ± 2.1
Prenatal care has long been considered a basic component of any reproductive healthcare program. In this study, the average prenatal healthcare knowledge score was 16.8 out of a maximum of 30. This can be attributed to the fact that about two-thirds of women were either illiterate or with primary school education. Urban women had a significantly higher average total parental care knowledge score than their rural counterparts (Table 3) due to higher literacy rate.
Not surprisingly and in agreement with other studies (Kishk 2002; Ohnishi et al. 2005; OnasogaOlayinka et al. 2012; Riazi et al. 2012; Sharma and Sharma 2012; William et al. 2008), education was found to be the most important factor affecting prenatal care knowledge. Knowledge not only transforms, but also empowers women and improves their self-esteem (Renkert and Nutbeam 2001). It is expected that educated women are more likely to be aware of their health status and seek health information. Furthermore, educated women may have a greater decision-making power on health-related matters.
The prenatal care knowledge score was decreased, as women got older, particularly in rural women. The highest score was recorded for the 20–29-year-old age group. However, differences among age groups were statistically significant only between those aged 40 and higher and 20–29 and 30–39-year-old age groups. In rural women, the highest score was recorded for those with age group under 20 years, suggesting some improvement in recent years. Other studies also reported significant age effect (French et al. 2003; Wu et al. 2007).
The prenatal care knowledge score was significantly lower for women with three or more pregnancies than other groups. This difference was more obvious in rural women. This might be due to lower educational level and higher gravity score in this group compared with the younger women. The lack of adequate prenatal healthcare knowledge among older women and multigravidas may be due to non-attendance at antenatal care and/or insufficient information received in the previous pregnancy. Women without basic education are more likely to acquire information on pregnancy from friends and relatives, which often make them to believe that their prenatal health knowledge is adequate. However, their "knowledge" might be traditional beliefs and habits. Several studies have reported a negative association between gravidity and prenatal care (Riazi et al. 2012; Qi Zhao et al. 2009; William et al. 2008).
The average prenatal healthcare knowledge scores were lower for housewives than employed women, particularly for health professionals with higher educational status. The percentage of civil servants and health professionals in urban women was significantly higher than rural women due to their higher basic formal education. While knowledge score difference for occupation was significant for urban women, it was not significant for rural women. Similar studies in Iran found employment to be a significant factor and majority of the women with low prenatal healthcare knowledge score to be housewives (Riazi et al. 2012).
Most of the pregnant women had their first visit during the first trimester of pregnancy. Women with lower average prenatal healthcare knowledge score started their prenatal care at the second trimester of pregnancy and later. It is recommended that all expectant mothers receive prenatal care training before and during the first trimester of pregnancy. The initiation of prenatal care during training and education during the first trimester of pregnancy allows for timely diagnosis and treatment of numerous health issues (Villar and Bergsjo 2003). This study confirmed that the utilization of prenatal healthcare service among women with sufficient knowledge about the benefits of prenatal healthcare during pregnancy was higher than among women lacking such knowledge, in agreement with other studies (Diego et al. 2009; Kulkarni and Nimbalkar 2008; Mahajan and Sharma 2014; Yang et al. 2007).
Women who initiated prenatal care before their pregnancy were second in the total frequency ranking, both in rural and urban, but the rate of preconception visit was significantly higher in urban women than rural women (Table 4). Furthermore, they had the highest knowledge score and their average knowledge score about prenatal healthcare was significantly higher than women who initiate prenatal care during the second trimester and later. Preconception health knowledge means knowing how health conditions and risk factors could affect women and their unborn babies at pregnancy. New WHO report shows that preconception care has a positive impact on maternal and child health outcomes. Preconception care is the provision of biomedical, behavioural and social health interventions before conception occurs. Preconception care aims at improving women health status, and reducing behavioural and environmental factors that contribute to poor maternal and child health outcomes. Its ultimate aim is to improve maternal and child health, in both the short and long term (WHO 2013).
In this study, we chose to obtain our sample population from a public hospital. We did not include women who referred to two other hospitals in this area, one private and the other semipublic. This might be a source of bias, given that this group had a higher socioeconomic status and perhaps higher prenatal healthcare knowledge. Furthermore, our results might not be representative of the whole province, given that a cross-sectional survey was conducted in only one area. Further broad-based studies with larger sample size are needed to confirm these findings.
Iran's approach to family planning policies has changed during the past few years. After authorities and policymakers suggested the need for population increase, the Supreme Leader stated that family planning policies should be ceased. In July 2012, the budget for family planning was reduced drastically and women were encouraged to have three children by the age of 30. At present, public access to free contraceptives is not banned; however, it is restricted to a great extent. It is not clear what impact the change in family planning policy will have on prenatal care.
Based on our findings, educational status plays a very significant factor in the understanding of the importance of prenatal care knowledge. The main factor was the lower formal education particularly in rural women and higher age and gravidity of both rural and urban women. This finding suggests the need for a targeted health education using various educational methods for pregnant women. Women should be aware of the importance of prenatal care to proactively prepare for pregnancy and seek care early. Healthcare providers, educators and policymakers can use these insights to develop strategies and assess health service needs of pregnant women. Furthermore, the risk of an education gap between rural and urban areas is real. Despite the fact that education is a basic right in itself and essential for improving the living conditions of both rural and urban populations, adult illiteracy is much higher and quality of education is poorer for rural people. To address this challenge, more rigorous and scientific approaches are needed for building awareness about the importance of education to overcome the urban/rural education gap through access to basic education, improvement of basic education quality through design and implementation of basic education plans.
Mitra Safari, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Mohammad Hosien Bahadornegad, BSc, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Behrouz Yazdanpanah, MD, Medical Laboratory Doctor, Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Marjan Safari, BSc, Hafez Teaching Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Correspondence may be directed to: Mitra Safari, 7 Madani St. Bahonar Blvd, Yasuj, 7591951688, Iran; Tel.: 0987433221895 E-mail: mitrasafari39@gmail.com
The research proposal was approved by the Research Committee of Yasuj University of Medical Sciences. The authors thank Yasuj University of Medical Sciences and the staff of the labour ward of Imam Sajjad Hospital for their support.
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Fawcus, S., M. Mbizvo and G. Lindmark. 1996. "A Community-Based Investigation of Avoidable Factors for Maternal Mortality in Zimbabwe." Studies in Family Planning 27(6): 319–27.
French, M.R., S.I. Barr and R. Levy-Milne. 2003. "Folate Intakes and Awareness of Folate to Prevent Neural Tube Defects: A Survey of Women Living in Vancouver, Canada." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 103(2): 181–5.
Kishk, N.A. 2002. "Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Women towards Antenatal Care: Rural-Urban Comparison." Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association 77(5/6): 479–98.
Kulkarni, M.S. and M.R. Nimbalkar. 2008. "Influence of Socio Demographic Factor on the Use of Antenatal Care." Indian Journal of Community Medicine 39(3/4): 98–102.
Mahajan, H. and B. Sharma. 2014. "Utilization of Maternal and Child Health Care Services by Primigravida Females in Urban and Rural Areas of India." Preventive Medicine 2014(2014): 123918. doi:10.1155/2014/123918.
Medical Deputy of Yasuj University of Medical Sciences. 2013. Maternal Mortality Statistics in Kohgiluye & Boyerahmad Province. Retrieved October 14, 2015. <http:/www.yums.ac.ir>.
Nisar, N. and F. White. 2003. "Factors Affecting Utilization of Antenatal Care among Reproductive Age Group Women (15–49 Years) in an Urban Squatter Settlement of Karachi." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 53(2): 47–53.
OnasogaOlayinka, A., J.A. Afolayan and D. OladimeijBukola. 2012. "Factors Influencing Utilization of Antenatal Care Services among Pregnant Women in Ife Central Lga, Osun State Nigeria." Advances in Applied Science Research 3(3): 1309–15.
Ohnishi, M., K. Nakamura and T. Takano. 2005. "Improvement in Maternal Health Literacy among Pregnant Women Who Did Not Complete Compulsory Education: Policy Implications for Community Care Services." Health Policy 72(2): 157–64.
Paredes, I., L. Hidalgo, P. Chedraui, J. Palma and J. Eugenio. 2005. "Factors Associated with Inadequate Prenatal Care in Ecuadorian Women." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 88(2): 168–72.
Qi Zhao, A., G. Yi and X. Biao. 2009. "Knowledge and Attitude on Maternal Health Care among Rural-to-Urban Migrant Women in Shanghai." ChinaBMC Women's Health 9: 5.
Renkert, S. and D. Nutbeam. 2001. "Opportunities to Improve Maternal Health Literacy through Antenatal Education: An Exploratory Study." Health Promotion International 16(4): 381–8.
Riazi, H., S. Bashirian and L. Amini. 2012. "Awareness of Pregnant Women about Folic Acid Supplementation in Iran." Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 6(4): 159–63.
Sharma, M. and S. Sharma. 2012. "Knowledge, Attitude and Beliefs of Pregnant Women towards Safe Motherhood in a Rural Indian Setting." Social Sciences Directory 1(1): 13–18.
Simkhada, B.D., E.R. Van Teijlingen, M. Porter and P. Simkhada. 2008. "Factors Affecting the Utilization of Antenatal Care in Developing Countries: Systematic Review of the Literature." Journal of Advanced Nursing 61(3): 244–60.
Villar, J. and P. Bergsjo. 2003. WHO Antenatal Care Randomized Trial: Manual for the Implementation of the New Model. WHO/RHR/01.30. Geneva: WHO.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2013. Meeting to Develop a Global Consensus on Preconception Care to Reduce Maternal and Childhood Mortality and Morbidity. Geneva: WHO.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2005. Making Pregnancy Safer: A Health Sector Strategy for Reducing Maternal and Perinatal Morbidity and Mortality. Geneva: WHO.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2015. The World Health Report. Make Every Mother and Child Count. Geneva: WHO.
WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA. 2014. "The World Bank, and United Nations Population Division Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group Iran (Islamic Republic of)." Maternal Mortality in 1990–2015. UNICEF Child Info Monitoring the Situation of Children and Women. Statistics by Area/Maternal Health, updated January 2015.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2014. World Health Statistics 2014. Geneva: WHO.
William, H.G., E.D. Kara and J.R. Trevor. 2008. "Knowledge of Prenatal Health Care among Costa Rican and Panamanian Women." American Journal of Public Health 23(6): 369–76.
Wu, DY., G. Brat, G. Milla and J. Kim. 2007. "Knowledge and Use of Folic Acid for Prevention of Birth Defects amongst Honduran Women." Reproductive Toxicology 23(4): 600–06.
Yang, Y., Y. Yoshitoku, M.D. Harun-OR-Rashid and S. Junichi. 2010. "Factors Affecting the Utilization of Antenatal Care Services among Women in Kham District, Xiengkhouang Province, Lao PDR." Nagoya Journal of Medical Science 72(1-2): 23–33.
Were Snowbirds Disproportionally Impacted by COVID-19? An Ontario Analysis
Salimah Z. Shariff, Lucie Richard, Stephanie Dixon and Kristin Clemens
Use of High-Reliability Principles in the Evolution of a Hospital Command Centre
Barbara E. Collins
"Call Me by My Name": Improving Communication with Family Members at the Bedside via the Caregiver Identification Badge
Lucy Duan, Aris Hadjinicolaou, Raphaël Kraus, Marie-Pier Lirette, Carolyn E. Beck and Michael Gardam
Toward a Sustainable Health System: The Changing Economic Paradigm
Martin Hensher


Pluspng provides you with HQ Dell Logo.png, psd, icons, and vectors. All of these Dell Logo resources are for download on Pluspng.
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text:
Stepove (în ) este un sat în comuna Poplavî din raionul Pidhaiți, regiunea Ternopil, Ucraina.

Demografie

Conform recensământului din 2001, toată populația localității Stepove era vorbitoare de ucraineană (100%).

Note

Stepove, Poplavî, Pidhaiți, Ternopil
Stepove, Poplavî, Pidhaiți, Ternopil
Stepove, Poplavî, Pidhaiți, Ternopil

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


On the other hand it can be very misleading due to depreciation and amortization📈. Company directors can easily manipulate how they want depreciation and amortization to be reflected. This could make the company look better off than it is😳. By not taking into account a companies interest and tax charges we are potentially overlooking major expenses which give a true indication of a firm's financial health.


text:
Structured light is the process of projecting a known pattern (often grids or horizontal bars) on to a scene. The way that these deform when striking surfaces allows vision systems to calculate the depth and surface information of the objects in the scene, as used in structured light 3D scanners.

Invisible (or imperceptible) structured light uses structured light without interfering with other computer vision tasks for which the projected pattern will be confusing. Example methods include the use of infrared light or of extremely high frame rates alternating between two exact opposite patterns.

Structured light is used by a number of police forces for the purpose of photographing fingerprints in a 3D scene. Where previously they would use tape to extract the fingerprint and flatten it out, they can now use cameras and flatten the fingerprint digitally, which allows the process of identification to begin before the officer has even left the scene.

See also
 Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM)
 Stereoscopy
 3D scanner#Structured light
 Structured-light 3D scanners often employed in a multiple-camera setup in conjunction with structured light to capture the geometry of the target
 Dual photography
 More advanced light stages make use of structured light to capture geometry of the target. The primary use of a light stage is an instrumentation setup for reflectance capture.
 Depth map
 Laser Dynamic Range Imager
 Lidar
 Range imaging
 Kinect
 Time-of-flight camera

External links

 Projector-Camera Calibration Toolbox
 Tutorial on Coded Light Projection Techniques
 Structured light using pseudorandom codes
 High-accuracy stereo depth maps using structured light
 A comparative survey on invisible structured light
 A Real-Time Laser Range Finding Vision System
 Dual-frequency Pattern Scheme for High-speed 3-D Shape Measurement
 High-Contrast Color-Stripe Pattern for Rapid Structured-Light Range Imaging

Image sensor technology in computer vision
Machine vision


Some prefixes highly emphasize roots of words to which they are attached, and are known as intensive prefixes. These prefixes can effectively be translated as "thoroughly" to highlight their intensive function. Today we will talk about the prefixes re- and de-, which can both act as intensive prefixes.
The prefix re-, which can mean "back" or "again," can also mean "thoroughly" when it acts as an intensive. For instance, the word resplendent means "thoroughly" shining or bright. If the word were "splendent," it would simply mean "shining;" adding the intensive prefix re- onto "splendent" transforms the root "shine" into "thoroughly" shining, or "very" bright.
Let's take a look at a couple more examples using the intensive prefix re-. When a person is reticent, she is "thoroughly" silent because she is unwilling to share information about something. A musician's repertoire is that list of music which he has "thoroughly" produced. And what do you do when you show a great deal of resolve? You "thoroughly" loosen or untie yourself toward the completion of a goal that you have set.
A second example of an intensive is the prefix de-. While de- can mean "off" or "from," it can also be used as an intensive, again usefully translated as "thoroughly." For instance, when a fruit becomes desiccated, it has become "thoroughly" dried out. When you make a declaration, you make something "thoroughly" clear so that no one can mistake your meaning. A desolate person is "thoroughly" alone or lonely, whereas a desolate place is "thoroughly" remote, that is, by itself. When you demonstrate the effectiveness of something, you "thoroughly" show it. A deluge can "thoroughly" wash or bathe the land with all the rain that comes with it. And a depraved criminal? He is evil "through and through," or "thoroughly" evil.
Prefixes, when they act as intensives, emphasize and heighten the force of the primary meanings of words. Strive to recognize intensive prefixes, and you will "thoroughly" improve your vocabulary prowess!
The Latin root solv of resolve.
The intensive Latin prefix con-.


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Making use of oak linen cupboard into your room may allow you to revolutionize the room in your house and boost so many look that you've on display. Try to find bookshelves that features an element of the exclusive or has some personality is perfect ideas. All of the bookshelves can be a good choice for getting the nuance inside specified areas or perhaps applying for established features. Before selecting bookshelves. The entire model of the part might be a little unusual, or perhaps there is some interesting accessory, or specific attributes, be sure you fit their model and pattern with the existing style in your space. In either case,, your personal choice ought to be presented in the part of oak linen cupboard that you select. You could buy large collection of bookshelves to get the optimal for your room.
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text:
How You Can Get Better at Picking Creative Ideas
Triff/Shutterstock.com
Senators Unveil $1.2 Billion Plan to Develop Alternatives to Huawei's 5G Equipment
By Stanford University,
By Stanford University ,
Don't dismiss an unclear idea too soon.
A realistic first idea might not be as creative as an abstract second one, new research shows.
"Evaluating creativity is difficult," says Justin M. Berg, an assistant professor at Stanford University Graduate School of Business. "A lot of research suggests that people are not very good at it, that a number of biases and challenges get in the way."
In the new paper, Berg investigates a relatively understudied part of the creative process: the very early stage, when we first generate rough ideas. This, he notes, is when people are brainstorming in their own heads or sketching in secret; many of these ideas are never shared. But if you work in a job that involves creativity, these earliest choices about which initial idea you ought to pursue can greatly affect your creativity. Investing your time in the right idea can lead to a breakthrough.
So how good are people at knowing if an initial idea is worthy of time and energy? Not very good, it turns out, but also not terrible, which opens a path to improvement.
'Tortoise and Hare Dynamic'
Berg conducted five experiments in which participants tackled creative projects, like devising an innovative piece of fitness equipment or a mechanism to keep people from falling asleep in self-driving cars.
He tested how well people were able to assess the potential creativity of their ideas. The general setup asked participants to come up with three initial solutions to the challenge and then rank them from most to least promising. Next, they spent time fleshing out and finalizing one of these three ideas. Berg then asked a separate sample of experts and consumers to rate the creativity of the participants' ideas.
Berg found when participants spent only a little time developing their ideas, their predicted rankings remained correct. However, when they spent more time fleshing out their ideas, the idea they thought was their second best actually finished the highest in creativity. It was a tortoise-hare dynamic: Their second favorite idea was the tortoise, starting behind but finishing as most creative, while their favorite idea was the hare, starting as more creative but losing to the tortoise in the long run.
This pattern held with striking regularity. "People's most promising initial ideas were consistently ranked second," Berg says. "People are not terrible at identifying their best initial idea, and they are not terrible in a non-random way, which means they can get better at it."
Creativity and Abstraction
Researchers also asked independent raters to judge how abstract each idea was. Berg found that the ideas initially ranked second in terms of creativity were also more abstract than the ideas ranked first.
"People value concreteness too much and abstractness too little in their initial ideas," Berg says. A concrete idea, he went on, is necessarily more developed, and so it will more readily present its creative virtues. Abstract ideas, meanwhile, can be difficult to see as promising. "The best initial ideas likely won't seem very creative at the beginning—there may not be enough substance to see their potential originality and usefulness. Their abstractness is a barrier that prevents people from spotting their potential."
Berg tested this theory by putting people in more abstract states of mind as they assessed their initial ideas. He had them ask "Why is this a good idea?" as opposed to "How is this a good idea?" and then provide answers. This approach was based on prior research showing that focusing on why (versus how) encourages abstract thinking. This simple shift to a more abstract mindset helped people identify their most promising idea at the outset.
Here's What to Do
Berg says there are obvious limits to his study: researchers asked participants to come up with three or four ideas. What about when somebody has five, or ten, or twenty?
"When you have lots of initial ideas, your most promising idea might not be your second favorite," he says. "Instead, it may be somewhere in the top half of your predicted rankings, below the idea ranked first but above the ideas you think are your worst."
The tendency to dismiss an idea for appearing too unclear or abstract, Berg says, must be suppressed in the earliest stages of idea development: "We're probably all killing a lot of our best ideas early in the creative process without knowing it."
He offers these simple takeaways when developing new ideas: First, if you're under time pressure, it may make sense to opt for initial ideas that are more concrete, as those will reach their potential fastest. If you have plenty of time, though, spend it on the early ideation process, asking why ideas may be promising before selecting which to pursue.
And if time and resources permit, develop two rather than one idea to maturity: Choose a surer bet and a riskier bet, but develop the riskier bet first so you don't get anchored by the sure bet.
Finally, if you gamble on a more abstract idea, don't share it until it's more concrete. "You may recognize an idea's potential before others can see it," Berg explains. "If you need to win support for an idea, sharing late may be better than sharing too early."
NEXT STORY: How Agency CIOs Can Enable Business and Reduce Risk


text:
Blenkinsopp Castle (stavet som Blenkinsop i mange dokumenter) er ruinen af en herregård fra 1800-tallet, der har inkorporeret dele af et beboelsestårn fra 1300-tallet, der ligger ved Tipalt Burn omkring 2 km syd for Greenhead, Northumberland, England.

Det er en listed building af anden grad og et Scheduled Ancient Monument som en af de "overlevne beboelsestårne, der har bevaret signifikante middelalderlige dele".

Se også
 Liste over borge og slotte i England

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Slotte i Northumberland


Commas produced by Let That Boy Cook is a club infused track laced with heavy 808′s, melodic strings, and a percussion line that's guaranteed to make you head move. Although the underlining topic is of coarse money based, Chris Goesin makes sure to still give the lyrical listener's something to grasp onto with a few witty punchlines and metaphors. Take a look into Chris's world as he "Goes In" no pun intended.


text:
Northstar News
Northstar's Sanofi Team and Harvard Team Expansions
Back to Northstar News
We are thrilled to announce Pat and Katherine will be joining our Sanofi team while Jerry and Teddy will be joining our Harvard team. Please join us in welcoming our new team members!
Pat Burns has joined Northstar as a Vice President working on our Sanofi team. Pat has over 30 years of commercial real estate experience, particularly in project and asset management. Prior to joining Northstar, Pat was the Director of Facility at National Grid and oversaw a diverse portfolio of over 8 million square feet. Pat graduated from Northeastern's esteemed Civil Engineering program and has his Professional Engineering license. He is also a past recipient of the CoreNet New England Regional Service Provider of the Year Award.
Katherine Kenney has joined Northstar as Assistant Project Manager on our Sanofi project team. Katherine began her real estate journey at IA Architects and subsequently worked in Jones Lang LaSalle's project management group prior to joining Northstar. Katherine attained a Bachelor of Science in Public Relations from the University of Rhode Island and a Master of Science in Construction Project Management from Northeastern University.
Jerry Bosch has joined Northstar's Harvard team as a Field Operations Coordinator. Jerry has over 40 years of construction experience as a Superintendent and has completed projects in various markets including Ohio and Hawaii and more recently as a Project Manager for a national commercial kitchen design-build contractor. Some of his notable projects include Air Traffic Control Center in Hawaii, Hard Rock Casino in Ohio, and E&Y 18 Story Office Tower in Ohio.
Teddy Straus has joined Northstar as a Project Coordinator. Teddy brings experience in property management and capital project management from Madison Marquette where he was a Property Manager directly responsible for the daily management of 11 industrial/flex properties totaling over 2 million square feet. Teddy received his Bachelor's degree from the University of Delaware and will be working on our Harvard account.
Northstar Project & Real Estate Services
1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138
© 2021 Northstar Project & Real Estate Services All Rights Reserved.


>> A new chapter for Bitcoin, the world's largest cryptocurrency has begun trading on a major exchange for the first time. Bitcoin futures jumped over 20% before easing back. The surge may have caused an early outage at the Chicago-based CBOE Global Markets website. Reuters' Jemima Kelly says these aren't the first Bitcoin futures we've seen.
>> The point about this is that these are futures offered by one of the world's biggest derivatives exchanges on a completely regulated exchange. And they're cash-settled as well, which is important. Because that means that Investors who want exposure to BitCoin don't actually have to hold the cryptocurrency itself and all the risks that might come with that.
>> Futures are contracts that allow investors to bet on the price of something at a future date. Backers hope an exchange listed, regulated product will encourage wider use and legitimacy, making it easier for mainstream investors to bet on BitCoin's rise or fall. In the lead up, the value of BitCoin surged.
It's boasted a gravity-defying 15-fold gain since the start of the year, with one coin now worth around $16,000. One month future contracts are trading at about a 10% premium to that.>> Which indicates that investors still feel like there is more of this rally to go, despite lots of warnings that this massive bubble that's gonna bust.
If you look at the futures pricing, it indicates that the rally is expected to continue. However, 10% in a month would be a much slower pace of growth than we've seen in recent weeks.>> Market participants say the launch won't necessarily reduce volatility. So while it's a move towards the mainstream, many big U.S. banks and brokerages are still wary about diving into Bitcoin.


text:
<?php

namespace Aws\ElasticTranscoder;

use Aws\Common\Client\AbstractClient;
use Aws\Common\Client\ClientBuilder;
use Aws\Common\Enum\ClientOptions as Options;
use Aws\Common\Exception\Parser\JsonRestExceptionParser;
use Guzzle\Common\Collection;
use Guzzle\Service\Resource\Model;
use Guzzle\Service\Resource\ResourceIteratorInterface;

/**
 * Client to interact with Amazon Elastic Transcoder
 *
 * @method Model cancelJob(array $args = array()) {@command ElasticTranscoder CancelJob}
 * @method Model createJob(array $args = array()) {@command ElasticTranscoder CreateJob}
 * @method Model createPipeline(array $args = array()) {@command ElasticTranscoder CreatePipeline}
 * @method Model createPreset(array $args = array()) {@command ElasticTranscoder CreatePreset}
 * @method Model deletePipeline(array $args = array()) {@command ElasticTranscoder DeletePipeline}
 * @method Model deletePreset(array $args = array()) {@command ElasticTranscoder DeletePreset}
 * @method Model listJobsByPipeline(array $args = array()) {@command ElasticTranscoder ListJobsByPipeline}
 * @method Model listJobsByStatus(array $args = array()) {@command ElasticTranscoder ListJobsByStatus}
 * @method Model listPipelines(array $args = array()) {@command ElasticTranscoder ListPipelines}
 * @method Model listPresets(array $args = array()) {@command ElasticTranscoder ListPresets}
 * @method Model readJob(array $args = array()) {@command ElasticTranscoder ReadJob}
 * @method Model readPipeline(array $args = array()) {@command ElasticTranscoder ReadPipeline}
 * @method Model readPreset(array $args = array()) {@command ElasticTranscoder ReadPreset}
 * @method Model testRole(array $args = array()) {@command ElasticTranscoder TestRole}
 * @method Model updatePipeline(array $args = array()) {@command ElasticTranscoder UpdatePipeline}
 * @method Model updatePipelineNotifications(array $args = array()) {@command ElasticTranscoder UpdatePipelineNotifications}
 * @method Model updatePipelineStatus(array $args = array()) {@command ElasticTranscoder UpdatePipelineStatus}
 * @method ResourceIteratorInterface getListJobsByPipelineIterator(array $args = array()) The input array uses the parameters of the ListJobsByPipeline operation
 * @method ResourceIteratorInterface getListJobsByStatusIterator(array $args = array()) The input array uses the parameters of the ListJobsByStatus operation
 * @method ResourceIteratorInterface getListPipelinesIterator(array $args = array()) The input array uses the parameters of the ListPipelines operation
 * @method ResourceIteratorInterface getListPresetsIterator(array $args = array()) The input array uses the parameters of the ListPresets operation
 *
 * @link http://docs.aws.amazon.com/aws-sdk-php-2/guide/latest/service-elastictranscoder.html User guide
 * @link http://docs.aws.amazon.com/aws-sdk-php-2/latest/class-Aws.ElasticTranscoder.ElasticTranscoderClient.html API docs
 */
class ElasticTranscoderClient extends AbstractClient
{
    const LATEST_API_VERSION = '2012-09-25';

    /**
     * Factory method to create a new Amazon Elastic Transcoder client using an array of configuration options.
     *
     * The following array keys and values are available options:
     *
     * - Credential options (`key`, `secret`, and optional `token` OR `credentials` is required)
     *     - key: AWS Access Key ID
     *     - secret: AWS secret access key
     *     - credentials: You can optionally provide a custom `Aws\Common\Credentials\CredentialsInterface` object
     *     - token: Custom AWS security token to use with request authentication
     *     - token.ttd: UNIX timestamp for when the custom credentials expire
     *     - credentials.cache.key: Optional custom cache key to use with the credentials
     * - Region and Endpoint options (a `region` and optional `scheme` OR a `base_url` is required)
     *     - region: Region name (e.g. 'us-east-1', 'us-west-1', 'us-west-2', 'eu-west-1', etc...)
     *     - scheme: URI Scheme of the base URL (e.g. 'https', 'http').
     *     - base_url: Instead of using a `region` and `scheme`, you can specify a custom base URL for the client
     * - Generic client options
     *     - ssl.cert: Set to true to use the bundled CA cert or pass the full path to an SSL certificate bundle. This
     *           option should be used when you encounter curl error code 60.
     *     - curl.CURLOPT_VERBOSE: Set to true to output curl debug information during transfers
     *     - curl.*: Prefix any available cURL option with `curl.` to add cURL options to each request.
     *           See: http://www.php.net/manual/en/function.curl-setopt.php
     *     - service.description.cache.ttl: Optional TTL used for the service description cache
     * - Signature options
     *     - signature: You can optionally provide a custom signature implementation used to sign requests
     *     - signature.service: Set to explicitly override the service name used in signatures
     *     - signature.region:  Set to explicitly override the region name used in signatures
     * - Exponential backoff options
     *     - client.backoff.logger: `Guzzle\Common\Log\LogAdapterInterface` object used to log backoff retries. Use
     *           'debug' to emit PHP warnings when a retry is issued.
     *     - client.backoff.logger.template: Optional template to use for exponential backoff log messages. See
     *           `Guzzle\Http\Plugin\ExponentialBackoffLogger` for formatting information.
     *
     * @param array|Collection $config Client configuration data
     *
     * @return self
     */
    public static function factory($config = array())
    {
        return ClientBuilder::factory(__NAMESPACE__)
            ->setConfig($config)
            ->setConfigDefaults(array(
                Options::VERSION             => self::LATEST_API_VERSION,
                Options::SERVICE_DESCRIPTION => __DIR__ . '/Resources/elastictranscoder-%s.php'
            ))
            ->setExceptionParser(new JsonRestExceptionParser())
            ->build();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Man it's been a scorcher the past week.
Had a heat wave go by with a record temperature of 46.6C last Thursday, the hottest in 80 years or so.
Back on the story, a sudden turn of events has occurred.
What happened to chapter 190?
Chapter has been up for two weeks, url links from 189 were just incorrect.