ANYONE in a relationship can relate to this. You're sat tucking into dinner when all of a sudden you realise the missus isn't happy.
Oh no. Has she checked my Google history?
Did I put two kisses on the end of her sister's text?
And she replies . . .
Which pretty much sums up the new Audi TT. If you're buying one, don't expect anyone to notice – because little has changed. The square root of not much at all.
New radiator grille, air inlets, colours, wheels, folding door mirrors and, er . . . that's about it.
Even an Audi salesman would struggle to spot the difference.
There are, however, more significant changes under the skin.
The old entry-level 1.8 has been axed for the 2-litre, increasing power and performance, while all engines are cleaner with a petrol particulate filter. A seven-speed paddleshift gearbox replaces the old six-speed.
Quattro all-wheel drive isn't new but that gives the TT the edge over the BMW Z4 in rubbish weather.
The cabin, as you'd expect from Audi, is a palace of delights.
Widescreen satnav, turbine-style air vents with integrated digital display, superb build quality, lush seats.
This two-seat roadster (the coupe is 2+2) even had HEADREST HEATERS. Oh my days. They are an absolute godsend roof-down in January – and they'll keep her new barnet toasty.
Prices from £31,000 for the TT coupe. The roadster starts at £33,000.


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text:
Entorhinal cortex
Menno Witter (2011), Scholarpedia, 6(10):4380. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.4380 revision #137315 [link to/cite this article]
Curator: Menno Witter
Michael E. Hasselmo
Abdellatif Nemri
Douglas Nitz
Menno Witter, Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Figure 1: Schematic representation of the entorhinal cortex and its main connectivity illustrating its pivotal position to mediate the communication between the hippocampal formation and neocortex. Dentate gyrus (DG), Cornu ammonis fields 3 and 1 (CA3, CA1) and the subiculum are components of the hippocampal formation. A. Schematic lateral view of the left hemisphere of the rat brain, indicating the position and orientation of the entorhinal cortex and adjacent closely associated cortical regions, including the hippocampus. Abbreviations: HF, hippocampal formation; LEC, lateral entorhinal cortex; MEC, medial entorhinal cortex; OB, olfactory bulb; PaS, parasubiculum; PER, perirhinal cortex; POR, postrhinal cortex, rf, rhinal (olfactory) fissure. B. Horizontal section through the posterior part of the left hemisphere, taken at the level indicated by the dotter square in A, schematically illustrating the overall neuronal architecture and subdivisions of the entorhinal cortex and the closely associated hippocampal formation. Illustrated are the medial and lateral entorhinal cortex (light and dark green respectively) and the main connections of entorhinal cortex with the different hippocampal subdivisions (see text for more details). C. Schematic posterolateral view of the left hemisphere, illustrating the full extent of the entorhinal cortex with indications of the band-like organization in parallel to the rhinal fissure. Border between lateral and medial subdivision is indicated by the yellow line. D. Schematic illustration of the rat brain, with exposed hippocampal formation of the right hemisphere The dorsoventral extent of the hippocampal formation is represented, showing the longitudinal organization of entorhinal-hippocampal connectivity using a colour-code comparable to that in the entorhinal cortex (latero-to-medial: pink-to-blue gradient in EC related to similarly coloured dorsoventral gradient in hippocampus). E. Schematic representation of entorhinal cortex (taken from C) summarizing its main connections with emphasis on the differences between the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex, LEC and MEC respectively, and between the zones that are differently positioned in relation to the rhinal sulcus. Names of connected areas are printed in the color of the subdivision it is connected to (dark green for LEC and light green for MEC) and the arrows indicate efferent/afferent connections with either the entire subdivision (same color) or preferentially with any of the different lateral-to-medial bands (arrows printed in the corresponding colors pink versus blue for lateral versus medial bands). Clear differences are apparent such that MEC is connected preferentially with visual-spatial occipital, parietal and postrhinal/parahippocampal cortices and the pre-parasubiculum, whereas LEC is strongly connected with olfactory, insular, frontal, and perirhinal cortices. Adapted from (Canto et al., 2008) with permission.
The entorhinal cortex is part of the medial temporal lobe or hippocampal memory system and constitutes the major gateway between the hippocampal formation and the neocortex. The entorhinal cortex has initially attracted attention because of its strong reciprocal connections with the hippocampal formation and its involvement in certain brain disorders.
1 Definition and history
2 Organization and connectivity
3 Neurons, layers, and networks
4 Functional relevance of the entorhinal cortex
5 The entorhinal cortex and disease
6 Perspective
Definition and history
The entorhinal cortex (Brodmann area 28; Brodmann, 1909) constitutes the major gateway between the hippocampal formation and the neocortex. The name entorhinal (inside rhinal) cortex derives from the fact that it is partially enclosed by the rhinal (olfactory) sulcus. Together with the hippocampal formation and neighboring portions of the parahippocampal region it forms a major substrate mediating conscious (declarative) memory.
Interest in the entorhinal cortex arose around the turn of the 19th century when Ramón y Cajal in his seminal studies on the anatomy of the nervous system described a peculiar part of the posterior temporal cortex which was so strongly connected to the hippocampal formation that he suggested that the physiological significance of the latter structure would relate to that of the entorhinal cortex, and at that time he assumed that the entorhinal cortex, and therefore the hippocampal formation, was part of the olfactory system, processing smell information (Ramón y Cajal, 1902). This latter functional connotation did not fit well with ideas emerging in the late nineteen-fifties that the hippocampus was a main player in conscious memory processes in humans (Scoville and Milner, 1957). Interest in the entorhinal cortex was kindled again by reports describing widespread reciprocal cortical connections of the entorhinal cortex in monkeys in the nineteen-seventies (Van Hoesen and Pandya, 1975; Van Hoesen et al., 1975) and spurred even more by reports that the entorhinal cortex is a site of early pathology in Alzheimer's Disease (Braak and Braak, 1985). The discovery of spatially modulated cells (Fyhn et al., 2004), later known as grid cells (Hafting et al., 2005), sparked a renewed interest.
By now it is well accepted that the entorhinal cortex is part of a strongly interconnected set of cortical areas that together form the parahippocampal region, which in turn is closely associated with the hippocampal formation on the one hand and with a variety of multimodal association areas of the cortex such as parietal, temporal, and prefrontal cortex (Witter et al., 1989; Burwell et al., 2002). The entorhinal cortex is thus uniquely positioned as an interface between the neocortex and the hippocampal formation (Buzsaki, 1996; Lavenex and Amaral, 2000; Witter et al., 2000b).
Organization and connectivity
Prominent species differences are apparent with respect to surface area and complexity of the cortical mantle, but the anatomy and overall functional role of the entorhinal cortex appear to be largely conserved throughout the animal realm. The entorhinal cortex is generally subdivided into two domains, the so-called lateral and medial entorhinal cortices (Figure 1; a note of caution: multiple, quite different schemes to subdivide the entorhinal cortex have been proposed, occasionally resulting in substantial confusion among students of this part of the cortex (Witter et al., 1989). The two subdivisions, initially differentiated on the basis of overall differences in morphological features such as types of neurons, packing density and cell sizes and shapes (Brodmann, 1909; Krieg, 1946) are characterized by largely different input-output connectivity (Witter et al., 2000a). The lateral entorhinal cortex, for example, is strongly connected to the perirhinal cortex, olfactory and insular cortex and the amygdala. The medial entorhinal cortex preferentially connects with the postrhinal cortex, the presubiculum, visual association (occipital) and retrosplenial cortices. The two parts of entorhinal cortex also connect differentially to the hippocampal formation. Both target the same neurons in the dentate gyrus and field CA3, while they reciprocally connect to different groups of cells in CA1 and subiculum (Figure 1B).
The connectivity of the entorhinal cortex shows a strong topographical organization along a gradient that runs from its border with the rhinal sulcus towards the border between the entorhinal cortex and the adjoining hippocampal formation. Multimodal sensory cortex providing inputs representing the outside world preferentially target a strip of entorhinal cortex which is adjacent to the rhinal sulcus, including portions of both the lateral and medial divisions. Parts of the two divisions that are more distant from the rhinal sulcus receive a different class of information, for example from olfactory areas and the central and medial components of the amygdala. Outputs of the entorhinal cortex are similarly organized (Figure 1E). Interestingly, the intrinsic connectivity of the entorhinal cortex is biased to connect portions that belong to the same strip and to connect deep to superficial layers (Figure 1E).
The different sets of inputs are mapped onto the hippocampus with a striking topographical organization as well, such that the zone closest to the rhinal fissure preferentially connects with the dorsal (non-primate) or posterior (primate) part of the hippocampus whereas portions of the entorhinal cortex positioned more distant from the rhinal fissure connect more to ventral (non-primate) or anterior (primate) part of the hippocampus (Figure 1C and D; Witter et al., 2000b).
Neurons, layers, and networks
Similar to other cortices, in the entorhinal cortex, neurons are grouped into different layers that are characterized by a dominant cell type. Six layers are commonly distinguished, of which layers I and IV are relatively free of neurons. The principal neurons of the entorhinal cortex, i.e., the neurons that are among the main recipients of incoming axons and constitute the major source of entorhinal output to a variety of cortical and subcortical structures, are generally pyramidal cells or modified versions, the so-called stellate cells (in LEC these are often referred to as fan cells; Canto et al., 2008; Moser et al., 2010). These mainly utilize glutamate as an excitatory neurotransmitter. A second group of neurons are the interneurons that mainly provide intrinsic, local connections that use GABA as an inhibitory transmitter. Recently, a third group of excitatory local neurons have been described as well (Figure 2).
The layered organization of the entorhinal cortex looks deceivingly simple, but in reality is rather complicated. Cortical inputs mainly target neurons in layers II and III, which give rise to the so-called perforant path, projecting to all subdivisions of the hippocampal formation, providing them with their major cortical input. Layer II neurons mainly project to the dentate gyrus and hippocampal field CA3, and cells in layer III distribute their axons largely to field CA1 and the subiculum. Subcortical inputs, such as cholinergic and monoaminergic inputs from the septal complex and brainstem and inputs from the thalamus, amygdala, and claustrum exhibit an overall diffuse terminal distribution in the entorhinal cortex, although some prevalence is apparent, that, with the exception of inputs from the amygdale, has not been assessed in detail yet. Output of the hippocampal formation preferentially targets layers V and VI of the entorhinal cortex, which in turn are the origin of widespread reciprocal cortical projections and subcortical projections to the septum, striatum, amygdala and thalamus. Although this apparent separation between input and output layers provides a simple functional concept, it has recently been challenged by a number of findings indicating that reciprocal interactions between deep and superficial layers are quite substantial, and that main cortical inputs also target apical dendrites of the deeper located neurons (Figure 1; Canto et al., 2008).
Figure 2: Schematic representations of main neuron types and connections of LEC and MEC. Connections are represented as if concentrated into a single columnar module, disregarding available information on topography and divergence of the various extrinsic and intrinsic connections. Inputs and outputs are color coded and presented with respect to their main layers of termination and origin, respectively. Main interlaminar connections are from deep layer V to layers II and III and are known to show extensive spread along the dorsoventral extent of the EC, likely connecting corresponding portions of MEC and LEC, in register with the longitudinal bands which are reciprocally and topographically connected to different parts along the dorsoventral axis of the hippocampus. Intralaminar connections between principal neurons are most extensive in layers III and V, whereas in layer II the preferential connectivity may be between principal cells and interneurons. Synaptic contacts established anatomically or electrophysiologically are indicated with filled circles and if known the inhibitory or excitatory nature is indicated by a – or a + sign, respectively. Inferred but not yet established synaptic contacts are indicated with open circles. All cell types and their main dendritic and axonal connections are uniquely color coded. Connections with main modulatory systems such as septal complex, monoaminergic systems and thalamus are not represented. Abbreviations: ACC: anterior cingulate cortex; Amygd: amygdaloid complex; CA1-CA3: subfields of hippocampus proper; DG: dentate gyrus; dist: distal; IL: infralimbic cortex; INC: insular cortex; OB: olfactory bulb; OlfC: olfactory cortex; PaS: parasubiculum; PER: perirhinal cortex; PL: prelimbic cortex; POR: postrhinal cortex; PPC: posterior parietal cortex; PrS: presubiculum; prox: proximal; RSC: retrosplenial cortex; sub: subiculum; subcort: subcortical structures such as basal forebrain, amygdala; superf: superficial. Reproduced with permission from Moser et al., 2010.
Functional relevance of the entorhinal cortex
The entorhinal cortex is a relevant node in the network mediating learning and memory. However, the unique contribution of the entorhinal cortex to higher order cortical processing is as yet only partially understood. The entorhinal cortex, in conjunction with the hippocampal formation, appears to specifically deal with the translation of neocortical exteroceptive information into higher order complex representations that, when combined with motivational and interoceptive representations, will serve cognitive functions, in particular conscious memory (Eichenbaum et al., 2007). The overall differences in cortical connectivity between the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex are reflected in recent findings that the medial entorhinal cortex, but not the lateral, is a major hub in the brain's circuitry for spatial navigation. A key component of this network is the grid cell (Hafting et al., 2005). When rats run around in two-dimensional environments, grid cells express a specific pattern of firing that tiles the entire environment covered by the animal, almost like the cross points of graph paper, but with an equilateral triangle as the unit of the grid rather than a square. It has been proposed that this universal spatial representation might be recoded onto a context-specific code in hippocampal networks, and that this interplay might be crucial for successful storage of episodic memories (Fyhn et al., 2007). Grid cells are predominant in layer II of the entorhinal cortex, but exist also in layers III and V. Grid cells in layers III and V intermingle with cells that code for the direction the animal is looking, the head-direction cells, as well as cells with conjunctive grid and head-direction properties (Sargolini et al., 2006) and border cells (Savelli et al., 2008; Solstad et al., 2008). It is quite likely, although not unequivocally established, that the directional firing of entorhinal cells depends on signals from the head direction cells in the presubiculum. In the lateral entorhinal cortex, neurons exhibit little spatial modulation (Hargreaves et al., 2005), but many respond to olfactory, visual, or tactile stimuli with a high degree of selectivity (Eichenbaum et al., 2007).
The notion of two functionally different parts of the entorhinal cortex should be tempered in view of the strong connectivity between the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex. It is thus likely that at the level of the entorhinal cortex relations between the two sets of inputs will already occur. This is in line with findings that in the entorhinal cortex cells respond to both object and place stimuli and that lesions of the entorhinal cortex do not result in impairments in for example object recognition but do impair the relational organization of memory (Eichenbaum et al., 2007).
Entorhinal functions are most likely modulated by a number of subcortical inputs, including those from the thalamic midline structures, and cholinergic inputs. High levels of acetylcholine might set the appropriate dynamics to facilitate the storage of stimuli, whereas removal of the cholinergic inputs to the entorhinal cortex dramatically interfere with the memory performance of the animal (Hasselmo, 2006). These subcortical inputs also play an essential role in occurrence of oscillatory activity that is an elementary component of normal entorhinal function (Lopes da Silva et al., 1990; Mitchell et al., 1982). It is debated whether or not the basal forebrain dependent theta rhythm in entorhinal cortex is required for the presence of stable grid cells (Brandon et al., 2011; Koenig et al. 2011; Yartsev et al., 2011). Functional imaging experiments in humans have as yet failed to provide clear indications for specific entorhinal contributions to memory processes, but no doubt with time and increased sensitivity, functional notions emerging from animal studies will be testable in healthy human subjects.
The entorhinal cortex and disease
Severe alteration of the entorhinal cortex is associated with several disorders of the human brain, importantly Alzheimer's disease, temporal lobe epilepsy and schizophrenia. In case of Alzheimer's disease, the initial pathological changes reportedly occur in layer II of the entorhinal cortex (Braak and Braak, 1985), and volume reduction of the entorhinal cortex is now considered a relevant and reliable measure to identify individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease. Entorhinal atrophy is associated with mild memory loss as seen in individuals with mild cognitive impairment and it precedes hippocampal volume reduction seen in Alzheimer patients (deToledo-Morrell et al., 2004). Temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with marked degeneration in layer III (Du et al., 1993), and in case of schizophrenia an overall miss-wiring of the entorhinal cortex or volume reductions have been proposed as a possible contributing factor (Arnold, 2000; Baiano et al., 2008).
The entorhinal cortex has been a focus for research in the early periods of neuroanatomy. Subsequently, interest diminished but was kindled again in the late 70s of the last century. With the discovery of spatially modulated cells, such as the grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex and the striking involvement of entorhinal cortex in a variety of brain diseases, the interest has become stronger than ever. What still needs to be established though is an overarching concept of its functional relevance, taking into account the striking differences between the lateral and medial entorhinal subdivisions, the fact that these two are interconnected by way of the well developed intrinsic associational connections that appear to be organized in a way that is in concert with the topographical organization of entorhinal-hippocampal reciprocal connections. Such an overarching functional notion is a requirement to efficiently probe the functional relevance of the entorhinal cortex in humans.
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Fyhn M, Molden S, Witter MP, Moser EI, Moser MB (2004) Spatial representation in the entorhinal cortex. Science. 305:1258-64.
Fyhn M, Hafting T, Treves A, Moser MB, Moser EI (2007) Hippocampal remapping and grid realignment in entorhinal cortex Nature. 446:190-194.
Hafting T, Fyhn M, Molden S, Moser MB, Moser EI (2005) Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex. Nature 436:801-806.
Hargreaves EL, Rao G, Lee I, Knierim JJ (2005) Major dissociation between medial and lateral entorhinal input to dorsal hippocampus. Science 308:1792-1794.
Hasselmo ME (2006) The role of acetylcholine in learning and memory. Curr Opin Neurobiol 16:710-715.
Koenig J, Linder AN, Leutgeb JK, Leutgeb S (2011) The spatial periodicity of grid cells is not sustained during reduced theta oscillations. Science. 332:592-595.
Krieg WJ (1946) Connections of the cerebral cortex; the albino rat; structure of the cortical areas. J Comp Neurol 84:277-323.
Lavenex P, Amaral DG (2000) Hippocampal-neocortical interaction: a hierarchy of associativity. Hippocampus 10:420-430.
Lopes da Silva FH, Witter MP, Boeijinga PH, Lohman AH (1990) Anatomic organization and physiology of the limbic cortex. Physiol Rev. 70:453-511.
Mitchell SJ, Rawlins JN, Steward O, Olton DS (1982) Medial septal area lesions disrupt theta rhythm and cholinergic staining in medial entorhinal cortex and produce impaired radial arm maze behavior in rats. J Neurosci. 2:292-302.
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Sponsored by: Dr. Douglas Nitz, Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, CA
Sponsored by: Eugene M. Izhikevich, Editor-in-Chief of Scholarpedia, the peer-reviewed open-access encyclopedia
Reviewed by: Anonymous
Reviewed by: Michael E. Hasselmo, Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University, Boston, MA
Retrieved from "http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Entorhinal_cortex&oldid=137315"
"Entorhinal cortex" by Menno Witter is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Permissions beyond the scope of this license are described in the Terms of Use

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


storage of quantum information and non-abelian unitary operations.
inflow picture naturally converts the non-covariant "consistent"
gauge anomaly of Bardeen and Zumino to the more physical "covariant"
form of the gauge anomaly from classical phase space flows.
strength, and Majorana exchange properties.
connected to non-interacting topological phases.
coefficient dependent on the number of vertices in the polygon.


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Q: Torrent tracker for OSX? Why are there no small torrent trackers for Mac? I want to share some things privately with a couple of people. I've tried a webserver, which works, but there is no indication on my end that any transfer is taking place. I'd like to be able to run a server, seed a torrent with a client so I can see upload activity, and share the torrent with select people.
uTorrent for Windows has an embedded tracker feature, but it is not present for Mac.

A: After some trial and error, I discovered a few ways to do this. The easiest solution requiring no Windows client and no external programs is option 1. The absolute easiest method is option 2, use µTorrent for Windows.

*

*Share between computers running µTorrent without a tracker
This assumes that your µTorrent machines can open their own ports in your firewall using uPNP or NAT-PMP. While this may work with other torrent clients, I've had the best luck when using µTorrent. Also, it seems to be one of the few that will allow us to manually add peers, the crucial step.
For simplicity, we'll call the machine with the file(s) to share, "server", even though bittorrent has no concept of a server.
On the server machine, select New Torrent from the File menu.
Settings:

*

*Select the file or parent directory you want to share

*Make sure the tracker list is empty

*Select Start Seeding

*Select Private torrent
Now, Create and Save As... and give your torrent file a name.
At this point, you need to figure out your server's internet IP address. If you don't know how, try http://whatismyip.com.
With the IP in hand, you need to figure out what port µTorrent has opened in your firewall. You can find this in the preferences or by clicking on the right-most icon in the status bar at the bottom of the main µTorrent window.
Send the torrent file along with the IP and Port (e-mail, instant message, etc.) to your colleague(s).
Each of them should open that torrent file with µTorrent, select the torrent in the list, and select the Peers list. They may have to show the Details Pane from the View menu if not already visible.
Right-click in the Peers list and choose Add Peer....
Enter the server's IP and Port like this:  IP:Port.
The client should now connect to the server and start/resume the transfer.
Note: If the server cannot open a port in the firewall, you could add the client peers to the server's peer list, too.

*Use a Windows machine with µTorrent as a tracker
In the Preferences, under Advanced, set bt.enable_tracker to true. Now, create a new torrent as described above, but put http://IP:PORT/announce in the tracker list using the same IP and Port described above. Once this is done, your clients will not need the Add Peer... step. They can simply open the torrent file with µTorrent.
Note: The Windows machine running the µTorrent tracker doesn't have to be the server or the clients. If you have any Windows machine available, you could run µTorrent on it and have it serve as your tracker. (I didn't actually test this, but in theory, it should work.)

*Install a simple php web-server tracker
If you already have access to a webserver, the easiest tracker I found to install is BitStorm, a single-file php tracker. Simply place the php file on your server somewhere and then put http://server/path/to/bitstorm.php in your tracker list when creating a new torrent. The clients should only need the torrent file.
Note: If I were going to leave this running for the sharing of private files, I would put it on an HTTPS server with a username and password pair to protect it. Then change the tracker url to https://user:pass@server/path/to/bitstorm.php.

*Install an actual compiled tracker program
I found several of these that will compile and run on OSX, but none of them seem to work properly in my testing. My tests may have been complicated by the fact that my tracker and clients all had the same IP address (my external IP). Regardless, I don't think this is the right solution because you shouldn't need to require developer tools to be installed.
Warning: I tried using Vuze, an OSX torrent client with a built-in tracker, but I couldn't get it to work. However, it seems that it installed several plugins into every single browser on my system and changed all of my default search engines. Be careful.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


"As a destination bride in the midst of planning a wedding, finishing my last semester of college, (1 week before the wedding) and preparing for an international move (1 week after the wedding), I knew that a wedding planner was a MUST! What I didn't know, was how much time, money, and most-importantly stress that Tanis J Events would alleviate from both my fiancé and myself. During the very first consultation with Tanis, she projected that with the military, off-season, and her own discounts combined, we would be saving enough to cover her planning services.
One of my favorite things about Tanis is that although she offers many fabulous services such as her candy buffet and draping, she does not push these services on her clients, which is important for the bride on the budget. One thing that sets Tanis J Events apart from others who offer similar services is that she will work to give you the most out of your budget as opposed to others who told me that my projected guest count would bring me $10,000 over my budget before I had even spent a dime.


What is a project network diagram?
The project network diagram displays the duration of activities in the project, their chronological order and logical dependencies between the activities graphically or in tabular form.
Unlike the work breakdown structure (WBS), a network diagram also takes into account the chronological order of activities according to their dependencies, and not just the logical order of the project activities. Bar charts such as Gantt Charts are a special form of the network diagram.
Risks: Where is the critical path? Where are potential bottlenecks in the project process?
Opportunities: Where can the project process be streamlined?
The network diagram is the foundation for the project scheduling.
In modern project management, hardly any network plans are calculated "manually" anymore. Project managers use a project management software to do so. However, understanding the basics of the method enable you to better understand your own project plan.
The earliest finish time (EFT) is derived from the earliest start time (EST) and the activity's duration (d). The latest finish time minus the activity duration (d) results in the latest start time (LST).
Network diagrams are closely linked to the corresponding network analysis methods.
What is a project network diagram? • Copyright 1999-2019 © InLoox, Inc. All rights reserved.


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Police Officer Pulls Over 5 Old Ladies. The Reason Why Is Hilarious!
Sarah Eaton May 9, 2017
FunInspiration 0
Get ready for a good chuckle! This funny story has been floating around on the internet for a while, and it's definitely share-worthy.
While the story is more than likely fictional joke (the origins of which seem to be unknown), one could envision that the exchange might have occurred in this area of Pennsylvania.
But regardless of its origins, this funny story is sure to put a smile on your face.
It starts like this: a cop is perched on the side of the highway to catch speeding drivers. But it turns out, it isn't a speeding driver he catches—he soon sees a car puttering along at 22 MPH.
Now, any cop knows this kind of driver is just as dangerous as a speeder — this cop is no exception. He turns on his lights, takes off, and pulls the driver over.
Approaching the car, he sees there are five old ladies inside of it — two in the front seat and three in the back. But, as the cop notes, there something is off about these women.
Their eyes are wide and their complexions suggest that the ladies might have all just seen a ghost.
The old lady driver, furrowing her brow, says to the cop, "Officer, I don't understand, I was doing exactly the speed limit! What seems to be the problem?"
"Ma'am," the officer says, "You weren't speeding, but you should know that driving slower than the speed limit can also be a danger to other drivers."
"Slower than the speed limit?" the driver said. "No sir, I was doing the speed limit exactly!" She squared her shoulders and tilted her chin upwards, her eyes sparkling with pride. "…Twenty-two miles an hour!"
The cop, trying to contain a chuckle explains to her that "22" was the route number, not the speed limit. Flushed with embarrassment, the woman grinned and thanked the officer for pointing out her error.
But the cop hesitated to leave. Puzzled, he again took note of the other ladies. Their eyes were still wide as can be. What on Earth could have happened to make them look like that?
Concerned, he frowned at the driver. "Before I let you go, Ma'am, I have to ask… Is everyone in this car OK? These women seem awfully shaken and they haven't muttered a single peep this whole time."
The driver gave a dismissive wave. "Oh, they'll be alright in a minute officer," she said. "We just got off Route 119."
Be sure to share this funny story with your friends!
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copfunnyhighwayjokeold ladiesspeed limitstory
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Sarah Eaton
Sarah Eaton is a writer and editor for David Wolfe.com. In 2007, she earned a BA in Biblical Studies. She is a novelist, is owned by a beagle, enjoys a healthy vegan lifestyle, and lives in the Pacific Northwest with her husband.
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katherinecrofton January 24, 2017


We awoke at 5am and set our sails and our eyes out to sea. We succeeded in raising the sails and getting underway. Our plan was to sail through the day and arrive in the evening at the Flinders Islands where we would anchor for the night. The next day we would raise anchor early and depart for Cape Grenville. As we made our way north the winds and seas were on our side and we found ourselves cruising at an amazing 10 knots! A question popped into our captain's mind: should we keep going, pass the Flinders, and sail through the night directly to Grenville? We mustered the crew and decided to go for it. Changing the plans and preparing for our first 24hr excursion at sea. With the ship fairing well and our speed still sustaining at 10knots, we all had a smile. The day tapered on with watch teams shuffling. We all did our best to stay on course, and when the night came again, we all braced again for the sea was restless and the winds howling.


text:
Podcast Snippets
Episode 233 Snippets: Telling the Story of US Soccer's National Teams and Growing the Sport in the States
On episode 233 of the Digital and Social Media Sports Podcast, Neil chatted with Cody Sharrett, Social Media Manager for US Soccer and the World Cup social media strategy. We also discuss Cody's work with multiple NBA teams, the WNBA's Minnesota Lynx, and the Columbus Crew (MLS).
What follows are some snippets from the episode. Click Here to listen to the full episode or check it out and subscribe to the podcast via Apple or listen on Spotify or Stitcher.
Episode 233 Snippets: Cody Sharrett of US Soccer from Neil Horowitz
Episode 233: Cody Sharrett and US Soccer are Activating the World Cup and USMNT + USWNT to Make Soccer THE Sport in the States
Listen to episode 233 of the Digital and Social Media Sports podcast, in which Neil chatted with Cody Sharrett, Social Media Manager for US Soccer.
Listen below or on Apple, Spotify and Stitcher.
87 minute duration. Listen on Apple, Spotify and Stitcher.
November 22, 2022 December 20, 2022 Leave a comment
Fan Development, General Marketing
Where Major League Soccer Fandom Has Been and Where It's Going as the US Enters a Critical Period for Football ⚽
What was your favorite team growing up? Regardless of sport or league, which team captured the heart of your 9-year-old self?
It's likely that that favorite team came from a parent or sibling passing it on and/or from the local team that everybody favored in your town. But here's the thing about soccer in the US — millennials and the generations preceding them didn't really have much of a favorite American soccer club (Major League Soccer will turn 30 years old in 2023). So if you're a soccer fan growing up in the States, particularly pre or early-world wide web, your favorite team was kind of random. It's no wonder MLS has been battling uphill to win lifelong fans and broad relevancy. Kyle Sheldon, who has spent years working in pro soccer in the US, including stints with four MLS clubs, recognizes the challenge pro soccer clubs in the US face.
"I've seen data over my career that soccer fans in the US are more likely to have multiple teams that they follow than just about anywhere else in the world, which makes sense when you think about it," said Sheldon, who is founder and CEO of soccer-specific marketing and creative agency NAME & NUMBER. "It's a dynamic country with people from all different backgrounds, and you've got really kind of first-generation soccer fans in a lot of cases who are discovering the sport and their attachment to a particular team varies pretty wildly."
Without such inherent or inherited fandom, MLS clubs had to act a bit more like minor league teams in the earlier days, focusing on affordable family entertainment than a beacon of the collective will and inborn identity of the community. But as younger millennials grew up and Gen Z came along, MLS teams have, for the first time for many of them, been able to aspire to more coveted demographics. They could earn a spot in the local zeitgeist alongside the other most popular, more deeply rooted teams for American sports fans. Sheldon noticed this evolution for soccer marketing in the States, especially with the newest clubs borne in the last few years. It's a watershed development and one that many MLS clubs can follow.
"You started to see a different type of person attend those games and there was a different connection in the city, in the community that just indicated a different opportunity," said Sheldon, describing the new type of fan being marketed to and won over in MLS that newer clubs targeted. "I think those were really eye-opening moments for people around the league, and a lot of teams are still frankly trying to capture it…
"Then as you sort of fast forward and you look at — I think it's a more subtle shift, but you see Atlanta and Minnesota and LAFC and more recently Austin FC have come into the league and these teams are very culture-focused, they're value-focused, they're community-focused…"
Sheldon double-clicked into the importance of penetrating community and culture, alluding to LAFC's success in doing so. "'Plug into culture before you plug into soccer,'" said Sheldon, quoting LAFC's Chief Brand Officer Richard Orosco. "I think that's a good recipe for anyone. You're a team and a club that's representative of a very specific place, and that very specific place has cultural connection points. It has its own creative, community, it has music and design, and just a lifestyle that's really specific to that space."
It is a tall task to earn acceptance, let alone embrace, into the community. To try and be universally beloved in year one is a foolhardy task. And soccer is different, anyway. The most ardent soccer fandoms are just that: fervent, passionate, whatever intense emotion you want to insert. That's what markets the product (games to attend and watch) better than any messaging about affordable family entertainment — and, as Sheldon called out — MLS clubs mostly can't market that their league displays the best soccer players in the world, because they don't. The experience has to sell, Sheldon told me, and clubs need to build that into their overall strategy.
"MLS has never really had the ability to say come watch the best soccer players in the world, so the experience and the supporters experience in particular is the differentiator for sports viewing or attendance in this country. [But that experience] just doesn't exist [Sheldon did name a few MLS clubs that are exceptions…
"There's nothing like [the European experience]. There's nothing like the 90 minutes of singing, chanting, drum beating, just raucous atmosphere…I think it has to start with growing supporters culture because that's the differentiator," said Sheldon, describing the superfan clubs that do all that chanting and drum beating. "And naturally, if you create something that is experiential, that is raucous, that is interesting to watch, that is enjoyable to participate in, then other people will come, I think, because of that experience."
So all you need is a sizable group of die-hard fans that love the club so much that they'll sing and cheer for 90 minutes straight at every home match. Sounds easy, eh? Creating and building upon such a fan base cannot happen overnight, kind of by design. Teams have to build credibility and consistency; fans can't wrap their arms and hearts around something unfamiliar. Sheldon spoke first and foremost about teams committing to a north star identity, and then ingratiating that brand into the community. Not every potential fan will respond to the same approach, but that's okay (consider your own personality and how you activate it differently around different people).
"I believe in ultimately kind of segmenting your fan base in different ways so that you're creating content for each. The number of entry points to fandom is vast," said Sheldon, whose NAME & NUMBER works to help brands and teams in soccer with marketing and creative. "There are a lot of ways people get connected to a club and to an experience. You can't do it all, especially in a league where there still are limited resources. But to be thoughtful about that and ultimately to ensure you have the right guiding principles as to who you say you are and what your brand is and what you stand for is really what's most important."
Sheldon spoke further of earning credibility as a member of the community. Because MLS teams have to succeed locally, first, he said. It's great to have fans in Panama that love your club's Panamanian player, but they're a luxury; the hundreds or thousands of fans chanting at your games and evangelizing your team are the essential.
"I think the starting point has to be hyper-local," he explained. "It comes back to how do you plug into civic pride? How do you plug into the local culture? How do you plug into the local creative community? What's the hole-in-the-wall taco joint down the street that everybody in the neighborhood knows? How do you connect to them?…
"How do you connect to culture in such a way that it communicates 'We know this place and we are a part of this place?'…I think that's the starting point for sports marketing today. But yes, you have to be relevant locally before you can be globally."
Domestic professional soccer continues to face those generational challenges, but it's already growing year-to-year and the much-anticipated World Cup in 2026 promises to throw rocket fuel into that growth. The vision of hordes of casual fans coming is seductive, to be sure, but don't forget that the most important part of building anything lasting is establishing the foundation.
LISTEN TO MY FULL CONVERSATION WITH KYLE SHELDON
Episode 232 Snippets: How Pro Sports Teams Can Build Brands and Fans with Deep Ties
On episode 232 of the Digital and Social Media Sports Podcast, Neil chatted with Kyle Sheldon, Founder and CEO of NAME & NUMBER, soccer-specific marketing and creative agency, and former brand and marketing senior exec for the Seattle Sounders, Chicago Fire, to go with experience we discuss at DC United and NASCAR.
Episode 224 Snippets: Kyle Sheldon of Name & Number ⚽ from Neil Horowitz
Episode 232: Kyle Sheldon on How Pro Soccer Can Continue to Grow and Thrive in the US
Listen to episode 232 of the Digital and Social Media Sports podcast, in which Neil chatted with Kyle Sheldon, Founder and CEO of NAME & NUMBER, soccer-specific marketing and creative agency, and former brand and marketing senior exec for the Seattle Sounders, Chicago Fire, to go with experience we discuss at DC United and NASCAR.
Fan Development, Social Media, Social Media ROI
How to Develop Fans of Your Team from Scratch
Take a close look at the fans in the stands at the next NFL game in the UK. Or the next exhibition match of Premier League teams in the US. Or when there's an NBA game in Mexico. What you'll notice is a virtual rainbow of team jerseys—fans representing a variety of teams from the league or even the sport at large.
They may not be watching their favorite team, but they look to their left and right and recognize they're in a special club, and they finally have an opportunity to congregate with fellow club members. They may not cheer for the same team, but there's a sense of unity, still, as fans of the league or sport in a country where such fans are in the minority for now. These are revelations that Harry McIntire has witnessed throughout his career, building up fan bases where they largely didn't exist before. And yet something magical happens when fans recognize a familiar peer, even if they're wearing a different club's crest.
"There is this natural commonality and this bond of being a fan of the sport or the league in particular," said McIntire, who is the Director of Digital and renowned agency SPORTFIVE. "I think the perfect representation of what this is in America is the Premier League Fan Fest…
"There is this interesting bond that forms as a soccer fan (in the US) because you're a fan of the same sport that is a bit niche still, and you can have this kind of a natural commonality of having to search hard to find all the best information on your favorite team or see what all the transfer rumors are because…you're not getting it on all these traditional outlets in the same way you're getting after the NFL, NBA, MLB, NHL and so on…"
But cultivating a fanbase of a minority sport isn't just about connecting existing fans, it's about developing new ones to join the fold, too. The goal is not to have the sport or team or league remain underground, but to find ways to bring more fans in and foster an ever-growing fanbase to blossom. And just like there are these intersections of commonality among the existing 'punk rock' fans, there are points of intersection where future potential fans can find their way onto the path to fandom.
McIntire gave a poignant example of US Soccer star — who plays for Premier League team, Chelsea — Christian Pulisic, who also happens to be a New York Jets fan.
"So when [SPORTFIVE] helps the New York Jets internationalize to the UK market, as they were one of the winners of the [NFL's international marketing rights for the UK], one of the first things we tried to do was work with Christian [Pulisic]," McIntire explained.
"It was a no-brainer…Now we can work with him to try and communicate the message of the NFL game of what the Jets are in that market and have this soft entry in to potential fans."
Pulisic is not just a potential familiar face to drive fans to sample the NFL, he represents an opportunity for American sports fans to find a familiar face, a point of intersection with the English Premier League and the sport of footba — I mean, soccer, at large. International players are a meaningful entry point for sports fans in countries abroad to fall in love with the team, the sport or both.
Think about how many South Korean sports fans love Tottenham and the EPL because native son Son Heung-min is among their top players. Or why so many sports fans in China started watching the NBA when Yao Ming burst onto the scene, many of them becoming Houston Rockets fans (though the passion of Chinese fans for Kobe Bryant is incredible, too). For teams hoping to build an international fan base, activating around a native son can be a powerful arrow in the quiver. But it can't be everything; it's a foot in the door, but the goal is to develop fans that fall in love with the entire team.
"Fans are smart. They do research on their own because they're just excited and interested in the club," said McIntire, discussing SPORTFIVE's work with German top-tier club Borussia Dortmund (aka BVB). "If we were marketing to the US market by just putting (American player) Gio Reyna in every single place possible, we'd be missing the boat because there are people who became fans of the club because of Gio or because of [former Borussia Dortmund player] Christian [Pulisic]. But at the same time, they're now BVB fans…
"So yes, the player might be a vehicle at the beginning to try and get someone excited about a club, but it's not the end goal. The end goal is how you turn into a fan of the club itself."
Look, it is different for fans that live in the club's home area. They are surrounded by a town full of fans of the same team, they can go to the historic grounds and see the team in person, and they can see the organization and its activity in the surrounding community. But just because it's different that doesn't mean fans around the world aren't significant and can't be just as passionate and dedicated. It's just different.
But there's something that's common to pretty much any and all sports fans — they want to know the club sees them. That they matter and that the club will engage and serve them just as they do for those back home.
"[Making] a fan feel appreciated is always the goal. Because people wanna be heard…" McIntire said, discussing his work developing international fans through a localization strategy. "[These teams] are cultural representations of the local identity."
There's a magical point on the fandom path at which the team or league becomes part of one's identity. It doesn't happen overnight, nothing truly significant does, but each impression, feeling, touch, and tweet accumulates. There is no magic pill that makes a fan a fan, let alone a fan for life. It's all of what was discussed in this article — and then some. The way McIntire put it, the strategy is like stacking a lot of pebbles, with the occasional boulder of a tentpole event or mass-gathering, to construct fandom.
"When I think about social, it's like that daily grind, that pebble, if you will, that's just building up and you just gotta keep doing it day after day after day," said McIntire. "You know, you're looking six months from now, you're gonna be so impressed that you built a mountain of pebbles, but you shouldn't forget you can have those tentpole moments where you can build a mountain purely by doing something amazing and massive…
"So just creating those tentpole moments that can collaborate with those pebble ones, so pebbles vs. boulders in a way, allows it all to synchronize together."
There are reasons that sports fandom conjures up some of the most intense emotions humans can feel. There's a sense of identity, unity, family, and appreciation. And there's a powerful synergy when that all comes together, an everlasting flame of fandom alights, burning for generations to come.
LISTEN TO THE FULL INTERVIEW WITH HARRY MCINTIRE
Episode 231 Snippets: How SPORTFIVE helps the New York Jets, Borussia Dortmund, Flamengo, and more Grow their Fanbase and Brand Globally
On episode 231 of the Digital and Social Media Sports Podcast, Neil chatted with Harry McIntire, Director of Digital for SPORTFIVE (agency that works with the biggest sports teams and brands in the world helping with globalization, fan engagement, sponsorship, and more).
Episode 231 Snippets: Harry McIntire of SPORTFIVE from Neil Horowitz
Conferences, Short Rants, Social Media
ESPN, Sowing the Seeds of Iterative Content, and Where the Avalanche of Social Media is Heading
We're in the remix era of social media. Trends, memes, duets, reactions — a powerful seed of content begets a tree, which can turn into a forest. Content snowballs, with creators from across the world, in different communities, and from various subcultures, with original POVs, adding their unique take. No snowflake is alike, to complete the analogy, and AI-infused feeds seek to deliver the precise snowflake that's perfect for you, the content that seems targeted to an audience of one — you.
So what's a media behemoth, a decades-old brand like ESPN to do in this space, where they're one of many voices on social, working with the same sports content and stories everybody else is? There's no easy answer, but in many ways ESPN is spreading and discovering seeds, helping plant the trees across an array of diverse sports fan communities. I loved the way ESPN's Senior Vice President, Original Content & ESPN Films Brian Lockhart put it on a panel at the ESPN Edge Conference [click to watch] in October 2022.
"How do we open source [a] story,?" he said. "Maybe deliver this to a different partner that has an authentic voice on a different platform. "That same piece of IP can have new life breathed into it and hit different for different audiences."
For much of social media, user-generated content provides a lot of seeds. Whether it's home videos, serendipitous discoveries of content, memes, and everything in between — fans are planting seeds all over. ESPN Vice President of Social Media Kaitee Daley applied a perspective related to Lockhart's 'open source' idea in describing how they activate user-generated content and inviting diverse voices to put their spin on it.
"Nearly half of all media consumed is user-generated media," Daley said. "This notion of someone down the street from me went and filmed their kid doing something incredible in the backyard and that's going to perform as well on our channels as a really well-done highlight. When you think about how we approach that, sometimes I think people go 'Well that's not innovative at all because anyone can do it.
"But what we've started to do on TikTok in particular is bring voices like Omar Raja to those moments. So we're storytelling user-generated content in a different way and it's made for that audience. They consume and they think 'this is for me' And that speaks to that inclusivity as well."
So, yes, create your content and serve your fans. But also invite others to build off the content you produce or curate. When platforms like TikTok strive to deliver the exact right content to the tiny, exact cohort of users for which that video is a perfect match — trying to be everything to everyone is a losing battle by design. There are too many segments and sub-segments, communities, and sub-cultures — the forest is appreciated for its trees.
That's one of my own key takeaways from hearing the insightful conversation on the ESPN Edge Conference panel.
Episode 231: Harry McIntire on Strategies to Develop Fans Globally for the Biggest Sports Properties in the World
Listen to episode 231 of the Digital and Social Media Sports podcast, in which Neil chatted with Harry McIntire, Director, Digital for SPORTFIVE (global agency working with sports teams, media, brands, and a leader in helping sports organizations and partners globalize their brand).
October 25, 2022 November 8, 2022 Leave a comment
Fan Development, General Sports Business, Social Media
How the Savannah Bananas are Crushing TikTok and Inspiring a New Generation of Baseball Fans and Beyond
TikTok has disrupted social media strategy for everybody.
Because anybody can go viral, every account is on a treadmill chasing that next big hit. The next video that'll rack up hundreds of thousands or millions of views and engagements and capture the attention of lots of…people. It may not be entirely clear what it means when a post goes viral on TikTok, but the most strategically savvy brands, teams, and organizations have a strategic foundation for all their content — ensuring that virality has value.
The millions of fans that discover The Savannah Bananas on TikTok may not have a favorite MLB team, let alone know much about baseball at all. But with over 3.5 million followers on the platform, the Bananas know that every encounter is a chance to execute against their core mission to proselytize the sport; in brief, to spread the joy and the game of baseball.
"We have the sole goal to make baseball fun," said Savanah Alaniz, Marketing Coordinator for The Savannah Bananas. "So anything that we do or post, we think how is this going to show making baseball fun?
"When I post something on TikTok, I hope that whenever anyone sees it that they think it's so intriguing that they have to do exactly what I did the first time I saw the Bananas — they have to go to the account and see more and all the other things they see make them laugh and then make them wanna show their roommate or their sister or brother, dad — like, 'Oh my gosh, look what this baseball team did.'…
"My hope is that we post something that just pulls you in, even if it's not all the way, but pulls you in just enough to where you have to [wonder] what the heck is this?"
TikTok may be that first touchpoint for many fans. That first engagement or encounter may not lead to a purchase, let alone a lifetime of fandom — that shouldn't be the goal, really. As Alaniz noted, it's to pique that curiosity, get them to want to see and learn more. And the more they see, the closer the Bananas get to accomplishing their goals of propagating the joy of baseball and positioning the Bananas as the beacon for that message.
Social media was never about driving a sale. A 'conversion' on social media can mean a lot of things. And as exciting as it can be for Instagram Stories to add swipe-up links or for TikTok to try and sell tickets, we know better. Rather than chase the fraction of a percent that may click through, let alone complete a purchase, focus on the most powerful part of social media — giving friends or a community something to talk about. When content cuts through, the fans become the marketers, and the invaluable pathways of dark social take over — and the brand comes along for the ride as the purveyor of that social capital. In the global ecosystem of social media and digital-first (or even digital-only) fandom, being a 'fan' can mean a lot of things. It becomes even more clear to hear Alaniz tell it.
"We want the Bananas to be global," she said. "We want every single person to know the brand. So whenever you're walking on the street and you see an LA Dodgers cap, like you're gonna recognize the logo immediately. [We want the Bananas] to be like that…just to be super popular. [Fans] may not be able to attend the game, yes, but they can share the video online with their TikTok or online with their friend. Then maybe that person is in a city that we're touring to and then they can go attend a game where they like the team, they can buy merchandise…"
What's the ROI of a smile? It's difficult to say, of course, but we know a smile is a win on social. Smiles add up and smiles can help form a positive relationship with a brand or a sport or a person. The Bananas know that every smile conjured by baseball gets those viewers closer to recognizing the joy that baseball brings. So, in many ways, the Bananas are building fans and celebrating metrics, sure, but they're also just chasing smiles.
"How can we reach a new audience of not only ticket buyers, but just people in general, baseball fans and non-baseball fans to be like, 'Hey, baseball is cool, baseball is fun'," said Alaniz, who has been with the Bananas since 2020. "We love the sport, we want it to keep growing, and bringing joy to people and reaching people that baseball wasn't able to reach before.
"So I think that's the big goal is to continue making baseball fun and then obviously we want everybody to know about the Bananas. They should. It brings a smile to your face."
Just watch any Savannah Bananas video or even the ESPN+ series 'Welcome to Bananaland' and you'll see the fun and novelty of the team. But TikTok is a heck of a beast to tame and once you think you understand it, something unexpected takes off while the thing you expected to perform well falls flat instead. Video trends or trending sounds can feel like the way to go, oftentimes, but it's what you do with the trends that determines whether it leaves a lasting impact on the viewer. Something resonates beyond just another iteration of the trend they've seen throughout the scroll. I love the way Alaniz put it when describing how the Bananas approach TikTok trends, inventing the word 'Bananafy.'
"We have a meeting every single day at 4:00 where we talk about what are two trends that we saw last night while we were scrolling TikTok in bed and how can we 'Bananafy' those trends?…"I think if you scroll our content, you'll find a way that, yes, we completely gave in to a TikTok trend and we did it on the mound or something. Like, we just did the trend because we knew it needed to be done; the people wanted it so we gave it to them…"
But Alaniz continued, talking about what it means for the Bananas to 'create' a trend. The success of said trend is not necessarily going viral on TikTok with hundreds or thousands of imitators. Sometimes the best sign of success is videos of Little League parents showing off their kids having fun on the baseball field recreating something they saw the Bananas do.
"[We try] these weird things that have never been seen before in a baseball field [and] Little Leaguers are trying to do it. I think that's pretty cool," said Alaniz, who is still a kid herself, almost, having just graduated from Texas A&M-Corpus Christi in 2022. "Will we ever start a super crazy viral trend like Charli D' Amelio and Addison Rae? Probably not. But the Little Leaguers see it and that's pretty cool.
"I think that's more important than the masses."
The Bananas are reaching generations of fans that didn't know you could have so much fun by breaking the rules. Or creating new rules. If spreading the joy of baseball is the Bananas' core belief, a key tenet of the doctrine is to err on the side of trying something new. Call it defiant innovation, naive exuberance, and not so much a rejection of the status quo but the absence of unconditional reverence for it — that is what has helped guide the Bananas to such massive success on the field, in business, and on social media. Alaniz feels that encouragement to take swings (to borrow baseball parlance) and it comes directly from the top in Bananas owner Jesse Cole.
"Typically you don't have owners of teams telling you 'Hey, break the rules, do this crazy thing. You see the line, now go a mile past it,'" she said. "You don't have team owners selling you that. But Jesse gives you the confidence that you can do that, and it's okay to fail at the Bananas because if you don't fail a couple of times how are you gonna know what works and what doesn't?"
It's time to redefine what success means in social media strategy. To chase goals bigger than virality. To reframe failure as a pit stop and not a dead end. And to focus on the feelings and storytelling we want to inspire more than the metric. Because if you're having fun along the way and leaving every fan with a smile, nobody will even care to remember the score anyway.
Bonus: Because Savanah and the Bananas have crushed it so much on TikTok, I wanted to include her going into detail about their TikTok and social media ideation and execution strategy:
"[It's] definitely a lot of scrolling. I call that my research. I do spend a certain amount, anywhere from like 15 to 20 minutes [or more] depending on what I have for the day. Just minutes of my day scrolling, seeing what people are saying on Twitter about certain things, or TikTok — what are the sounds that people are using? Or Facebook even, like, what are the PTA moms up to these days?
"So then I kind of figure out, alright, this is what the people are talking about. So I have a long-running list; I have a note in my phone and then I also have an Excel sheet, and then also I bookmark a lot of tweets. I bookmark a lot of TikToks to go back to, but I typically add links in my notes, and then I'll add like a little note under there of just what I'm thinking of. Normally when I see a trend, I think in that moment, like, 'Oh, this is what I wanna do.' So like I said earlier, Caitlin and I have this 4:00 meeting every single day where we talk about what are two trends that we saw yesterday. That way we constantly know that we're growing and learning new things. And half of these, more than half of these — 75% of them will never see the light of day. It's just we wanna keep that creative muscle in our brains working and thinking of ways to Banana-fy trends or think of new trends.
"There have been times where I've just like sat and stared at the wall and kind of hoped that an idea would come to me and, like, it doesn't really work. I would rather scroll. But yeah, there have been a couple times where I've just had to like sit and look at the sky and kind of wait for something to come to me. We also have ideas sessions. So that is where our team gets together, we're told topics beforehand and we think in these buckets and these categories of trying to think of, like, hitter walkups that are unique or run celebrations, for example.
"So we're constantly around here thinking of new ideas and working that idea muscle."
LISTEN TO MY FULL CONVERSATION WITH SAVANAH ALANIZ


text:
Q: Disable or sleep secondary hard drive in Macbook I've done some quick Googling but didn't find an answer. I've put an SSD in my MacBook, and at the same time moved the original hard drive to the optical drive bay. I'm running the OS and most of my daily apps off the SSD so the hard drive is really just for storing stuff I need now and then.
Now I'd like to disable (as in power off or "force sleep") the hard drive when I don't need it. Tried unmounting the disk using diskutil unmountDisk but it kept spinning for like 10 minutes. Maybe that's to be expected, but I'd imagined it would stop instantly on unmount. Also, it would be nice to have it disabled by default, and only mount it (= power on) when I need it.

A: I made the following compact script with help from earlier answers. The script mounts and opens the secondary drive (disk1, here "HDD") if it isn't mounted, and ejects it if it is mounted.
I also reduced the the idle time to 1 min (in terminal: sudo pmset -a disksleep 1) and placed "HDD" in the list of Spotlight exceptions where it reappears every time it's mounted.
Then, the disk won't start too often but will go back to rest quickly, when mounted of course. Note also that unmounted disks can start when using e.g. system info and disk utility.

Use the correct disk name instead of "HDD" below!
The script MountHDD.scpt:
tell application "Finder"
if not (exists the disk "HDD") then
do shell script "diskutil mountDisk 'disk1'"
tell application "Finder"
activate
make new Finder window
set target of Finder window 1 to disk "HDD"
end tell
else
do shell script "diskutil eject 'disk1'"
end if
end tell

Save the script as a program (.app) and place the program in Dock!
Note that the disk still spinns up (unmounted) at boot and wake up. Run the app once/twice (mounted/unmounted) to sleep it. if you do nothing it will spin the idle time (1 min if sudo pmset -a disksleep 1 is used) and then stop.

A: So I also did some of the Googling and found nothing that really helped. After combining some stuff I found running
hdiutil eject disk1

in Terminal to work. If you get info in Disk Utility you can see if the drive you want to eject is disk0 or disk1 or whatever. I find some times the disk will spin back up if I do things like open Disk Utility again.

A: My final solution was to create an Automator application which I run from Spotlight.

*

*One for ejecting the HD;
Run Shell Script: diskutil eject 'disk1'

*Another for mounting the HD;
Run Shell Script: diskutil mountDisk 'disk1'
Where disk1 is the name of the disk you want to spin down/force to sleep/eject. This name is found in "System Information".

A: Here is simple apple script:
set answer to the button returned of (display dialog "Your second HDD wants to?" with icon caution buttons {"Wait", "Sleep", "WakeUp"})

if answer = "Sleep" then
    do shell script "hdiutil eject disk1"
else if answer = "WakeUp" then
    do shell script "diskutil mountDisk disk1"
end if

A: I found that I also had to run mdutil -d /Volumes/<hard disk> to get it to stop searching the drive as well, since doing a stop on indexing did not prevent it from searching it since it had been indexed once already.
Now I can hit spotlight and the second drive stays spun down.

A: I do not agree with deijmaster. A SATA port is a SATA port. It does not make any difference to the OS that it's usually used for DVD.
I have also moved my HDD to the optical bay.
The best thing I have found so far to reduce noise is:

*

*Make sure that you enable disk sleep in Energy preferences.

*Then, run in Terminal:
sudo pmset -a disksleep 1

To sleep the disk after only 1 minute.
Also, if you disable Spotlight on this drive, the drive will not spin up when you open Spotlight. To disable spotlight:
sudo mdutil -i off /Volumes/TSA-Data

(Or the conventional way: drag the drive (all partitions) from the Finder sidebar to the list of places that Spotlight excludes, in the Spotlight Preferences)
It still spins up some times without obvious reason.

A: Format second disk in optic drive as standard Mac OS journaled like a external drive.  Then move it into the private section of spotlight.  You can also unmount it on disk utility since OS will not be present on that disk which means no terminal. Disk will only spin up when you click on it.

A: I've made applescripts to both mount and unmount my drive.
Regular HDD in my optical bay. Macbook Pro (late 2006). OSX Lion
Drive spins down and stays that way unless you open disk utility, resume from sleep, or remount the drive. Spotlight doesn't cause the drive to spin up. Neither does trying to access any alias on the drive.

-If there's running processes open that prevent the drive from ejecting, the script opens Activity monitor and runs lsof in a Terminal window.
-You can then decide if the process should be killed.
-A dialog box asks for user confirmation to kill.
I run these from the applescript menu. You can enable it like this:

*

*Open AppleScript Editor.app (Applications -> Utilities).

*Open Preferences….

*Check "Show Script menu in menu bar".

Mount drive
on run
    try

        do shell script "diskutil mountDisk disk1"

    on error

    end try
end run

Unmount drive
on run

    try

        do shell script "hdiutil eject disk1"

    on error

        tell application "System Events"
            set termOpen to count (processes whose name is "Terminal")
            set amOpen to count (processes whose name is "Activity Monitor")
        end tell

        tell application "Terminal"
            activate
            set newTab to do script "lsof /Volumes/'HFS HD'"
        end tell

        tell application "Activity Monitor"
            activate
        end tell

        delay 3

        set question to display dialog "Kill running?" buttons {"Yes", "No"} default button 2
        set answer to button returned of question

        if answer is equal to "Yes" then
            do shell script "lsof -P | grep '/Volumes/HFS HD'  | awk '{print $2}' | xargs kill -9"
            do shell script "hdiutil eject disk1"
        end if

        tell application "Activity Monitor"
            if amOpen is 0 then
                quit
            end if
        end tell

        tell application "Terminal"
            if termOpen is 0 then
                quit
            else
                close (first window whose selected tab is newTab) saving no
            end if
        end tell

    end try
end run

Works perfect for me, hopefully you also have success!

A: As for other posters, this worked for me.

*

*I run the commands in Terminal when I want

*I did not have to disable Spotlight in any way

*I can instantly spotlight the drive once it is mounted

I will try some of the suggestions on automating it or simplifying it.
// unmount
hdiutil eject disk1

// mount
diskutil mountDisk disk1

Setup: MacbookPro 7,1 13 inches with Mountain Lion 10.8.3. The secondary hard drive in place of the dvd drive, the main drive being a SSD

A: Because Apple doesn't want you to do this... sorry, this bay is basically limited to "DVD" functionalities. So what this means is that it will "act" and control the drive just like a DVD drive and not an hard drive. Macbook's are way more custom than people think... You may also learn at the same time that the power output for this bay is limited and many hard drive's are not supported.


One of Google's self-driving cars is now cruising around the streets of Austin, Texas, marking the first time the autonomous vehicles have left home turf.
Google's converted Lexus RX450h SUV vehicles have put in over one million miles in the company's home town of Mountain View, California and now one of the fleet is exploring pastures new.
Google confirmed safety drivers had been controlling the vehicle in the Texas capital for the last few weeks, while the car built up detailed maps of the city through the on-board cameras and sensors.
Now the car and its on-board software has taken over.
A pair of trained drivers remain in the vehicle to take the wheel if needed, while also reporting the car's behaviour patterns back to HQ.
"From pedicabs to pickup trucks, Austin's streets will give our self-driving car some new learning experiences so we can continue to refine our software and understand how different communities perceive it," said Jennifer Haroon, head of business operations for the Google self-driving car project (via WSJ).
Following the success of the initial tests, Google says it is hoping to bring more vehicles to Austin to map even more of the home of the SXSW conference.
The cars Google has built itself remain limited to Mountain View for the time being. Perhaps they'll be next to fly the nest?


I have been receiving a lot of requests about the Fallout series. Being as popular as it is, I've decided to look into it.
I have had some people researching for a way to crack Halo 2 so only time will tell. Also, if someone can help me find Fallout 3 or Fallout New Vegas that is a small file size, contact me!
Fallout 1 and Fallout 2 will be added tonight. Enjoy!