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11th Grade Constitution Inquiry Did the Constitution Establish a Just Government?
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Structure of the Inquiry
Staging the Compelling Question
Supporting Question 1
Summative Performance Task
new york state social studies resource toolkit
11th Grade Constitution Inquiry
Did the Constitution Establish a Just Government?
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Supporting Questions
1.Why did the framers of the United States Constitution believe a new document was necessary?
2.How did the Constitution structure the government?
3.How did the framers protect slavery in the Constitution?
4.How democratic was the 1787 Constitution?
New York State Social Studies Framework Key Idea & Practices
11.2 CONSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS (1763–1824): Growing political and economic tensions led the American colonists to declare their independence from Great Britain. Once independent, the new nation confronted the challenge of creating a stable federal republic.
Gathering, Using, and Interpreting Evidence Civic Participation
Staging the Question
Read the preamble to the Constitution and discuss how a government can achieve those goals.
Why did the framers of the United States Constitution feel a new document was necessary?
How did the Constitution structure the government?
How did the framers protect slavery in the Constitution?
How democratic was the 1787 Constitution?
Performance Task
Generate a list of concerns that prompted the writing of the Constitution.
Create a graphic organizer that displays the branches of the federal government and their functions.
Write a paragraph using evidence that explains how the framers protected slavery in the Constitution.
Develop a claim supported by evidence that explains how democratic they consider the 1787 Constitution to be.
Featured Sources
Source A: Excerpt from letter from Alexander Hamilton to James Duane
Source B: Excerpt from letter from George Washington to James Warren
Source C: Letter from John Jay to Thomas Jefferson
Source A: Selections from the Constitution (Art. I, Sec. 7–9; Art. II, Sec. 2–3; Art. III Sec. 2)
Source B: Excerpt from Federalist No. 51
Source A: Selections from the Constitution (Art. I Sec. 2, Clause 3; Art. I, Sec. 9, Clause 1; Art. IV, Sec.2,
Clause 3)
Source B: Excerpts from James Madison's notes from the Constitutional Convention
Source C: Excerpts from a speech by Benjamin Franklin
Source A: Selections from the Constitution (Art. I, Sec. 2; Art. II, Sec. 1–2; Art. IV, Sec. 4; Art. V; Art. VII)
Source B: Excerpt from James Madison's notes from the Constitutional Convention
Source C: Excerpt from Federalist No. 43
ARGUMENT Did the Constitution establish a just government? Construct an argument (e.g., detailed outline, poster, essay) that addresses the compelling question using specific claims and relevant evidence from historical sources while acknowledging competing views.
EXTENSION Examine political cartoons developed during the ratification debates and create political cartoons that praise or deride the justness of the proposed Constitution.
Taking Informed Action
UNDERSTAND Research efforts made since 1787 to make the Constitution more just through the amendment process.
ASSESS Evaluate the extent to which an unsuccessful amendment (e.g., Equal Rights Amendment) could have contributed to a more just Constitution.
ACT Select a proposed amendment that students believe will make the Constitution more just and contact an individual or organization promoting that amendment to see how the students can participate.
Inquiry Description
The goal of this inquiry is for students to gain an informed, critical perspective on the United States Constitution as it stood at the conclusion of the Constitutional Convention of 1787. By investigating the justness of the Constitution, students examine how the Constitution structures the government, the Constitution's relationship to slavery, and the extent to which the amendment process makes the government more democratic. Through taking a critical look at the Constitution, students should understand the government the Constitution created and develop an evidence-based perspective that serves as a launching pad for informed action.
In addition to the Key Idea listed earlier, this inquiry highlights the following Conceptual Understandings:
(11.2c) Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led to a convention whose purpose was to revise the Articles of Confederation and instead resulted in the writing of a new Constitution. The ratification debate over the proposed Constitution led the Federalists to agree to add a bill of rights to the Constitution.
(11.2d) Under the new Constitution, the young nation sought to achieve national security and political stability, as the three branches of government established their relationships with each other and the states.
NOTE: This inquiry is expected to take three to five 40-minute class periods. The inquiry time frame could expand if teachers think their students need additional instructional experiences (i.e., supporting questions, formative performance tasks, and featured sources). Teachers are encouraged to adapt the inquiries in order to meet the needs and interests of their particular students. Resources can also be modified as necessary to meet individualized education programs (IEPs) or Section 504 Plans for students with disabilities.
In addressing the compelling question "Did the Constitution create a just government?" students work through a series of supporting questions, formative performance tasks, and featured sources in order to construct an argument with evidence and counterevidence from a variety of sources.
The compelling question could be staged by having students read the Preamble to the Constitution and discuss what it would mean for the government to achieve each of the goals listed. Teachers could use this discussion to direct students to consider the purpose of a governing document, circumstances that influenced the writing of the Constitution, and factors that might affect how the Constitution was assessed in 1787 and how it can be assessed today.
The first supporting question—"Why did the framers of the United States Constitution believe a new document was necessary?"—helps students establish a foundational understanding of the factors that led to and influenced the writing of the Constitution. The formative performance task calls on students to identify a list of concerns that prompted the Constitutional Convention. Students draw this information from the featured sources—personal correspondence written by individuals who became powerful advocates for the Constitution, including Alexander Hamilton, George Washington, and John Jay. Each letter provides insight into various social, economic, and political concerns that ultimately drove the framers to develop an entirely new governing document.
The second supporting question—"How did the Constitution structure the government?"—invites students to focus on the government the framers created and how it was intended to function. Building on their understandings of why a new government document was deemed necessary, students examine how the framers addressed the weaknesses the students identified in the previous formative performance task. The second formative performance task, which asks students to create a graphic organizer displaying the branches of federal government and their functions, stresses content knowledge of the Constitution, which is foundational to any argument about it. The featured sources are selected passages from the Constitution and Madison's argument for the separation of powers in Federalist No. 51.
The third supporting question—"How did the framers protect slavery in the Constitution?"—brings a spotlight to the issue of slavery and calls on students to grapple with the document's justness as it relates to the compromise over slavery. The third formative performance task requires students to explain a position with which they are unlikely to agree. While most students are likely to argue that enshrining slavery in the Constitution is at least a knock against the document's justness, it is important that students have the contextual knowledge to discuss a counterclaim to that position. The featured sources are those portions of the Constitution that deal with slavery, James Madison's notes during the Convention, and a speech by Benjamin Franklin explaining the different reasons the framers offered as justification for keeping slavery in the Constitution.
The fourth supporting question—"How democratic was the 1787 Constitution?"—directs students toward additional areas, such as representation, in which the justness of the Constitution is questioned. For the fourth formative performance task, students develop a claim about the degree to which the government created by the Constitution can be considered democratic. Featured Source A is a set of selections from the Constitution, including Article V, which provides an opportunity to consider how issues of justness have been addressed through this provision. Featured Sources B and C are excerpts from Madison's notes at the Constitutional Convention and an excerpt from Federalist No. 43.
At this point in the inquiry, students have examined concerns that prompted the writing of the United States Constitution, the structure of the government, and debates over the Constitution's relationship to slavery and the extent to which the Constitution should be democratic. Students should be able to demonstrate the breadth of their understanding and their ability to use evidence from multiple sources to support their claims. In this task, students construct an evidence-based argument responding to the compelling question "Did the Constitution create a just government?" It is important to note that students' arguments could take a variety of forms, including a detailed outline, poster, or essay.
Students' arguments will likely vary, but could include any of the following:
Despite the inclusion of slavery, which could not have been avoided, the framers created a just Constitution because its system of checks and balances ensured that no one would have too much power in the government.
Even though there were positive aspects of the Constitution, the government it created was unjust because it greatly limited democracy and protected slavery.
Although imperfect, the Constitution created a just government because the amendment process provided an effective way to improve the government.
Students could extend these arguments by reading additional Federalist and Anti-Federalist papers created during the ratification debate; Federalist No. 10 and Anti-Federalist: Brutus No. 3 are recommended. Students can then develop political cartoons or position papers that focus on the perceived justness of the Constitution in response to these two arguments.
Students have the opportunity to Take Informed Action by drawing on their knowledge of the writing and amending of the Constitution. They demonstrate their ability to understand by researching amendments to the Constitution. They show their ability to assess by analyzing how an unsuccessful amendment could have made the Constitution more just. And they act by seeking out opportunities to participate in the promotion of an amendment they believe would make the Constitution more just.
Featured Source
Source A: Alexander Hamilton, letter to James Duane describing the imbalance of power between state and federal governments (excerpt), September 3, 1780
The fundamental defect is a want of power in Congress. It is hardly worthwhile to show in what this consists, as it seems to be universally acknowledged, or to point out how it has happened, as the only question is how to remedy it. It may however be said that it has originated from three causes—an excess of the spirit of liberty which has made the particular states show a jealousy of all power not in their own hands; and this jealousy has led them to exercise a right of judging in the last resort of the measures recommended by Congress, and of acting according to their own opinions of their propriety or necessity, a diffidence in Congress of their own powers, by which they have been timid and indecisive in their resolutions, constantly making concessions to the states, till they have scarcely left themselves the shadow of power; a want of sufficient means at their disposal to answer the public exigencies and of vigor to draw forth those means; which have occasioned them to depend on the states individually to fulfill their engagements with the army, and the consequence of which has been to ruin their influence and credit with the army, to establish its dependence on each state separately rather than on them, that is rather than on the whole collectively.…
But the confederation itself is defective and requires to be altered; it is neither fit for war, nor peace. The idea of an uncontrollable sovereignty in each state, over its internal police, will defeat the other powers given to Congress, and make our union feeble and precarious. There are instances without number, where acts necessary for the general good, and which rise out of the powers given to Congress must interfere with the internal police of the states, and there are as many instances in which the particular states by arrangements of internal police can effectually though indirectly counteract the arrangements of Congress. You have already had examples of this for which I refer you to your own memory.…
The confederation too gives the power of the purse too entirely to the state legislatures. It should provide perpetual funds in the disposal of Congress—by a land tax, poll tax, or the like. All imposts upon commerce ought to be laid by Congress and appropriated to their use, for without certain revenues, a government can have no power; that power, which holds the purse strings absolutely, must rule. This seems to be a medium, which without making Congress altogether independent will tend to give reality to its authority.
Another defect in our system is want of method and energy in the administration. This has partly resulted from the other defect, but in a great degree from prejudice and the want of a proper executive. Congress have kept the power too much into their own hands and have meddled too much with details of every sort. Congress is properly a deliberative corps and it forgets itself when it attempts to play the executive. It is impossible such a body, numerous as it is, constantly fluctuating, can ever act with sufficient decision, or with system.
Public domain. Available from Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders' Constitution, Volume 1, Chapter 5, Document 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch5s2.html.
Source B: George Washington, letter to James Warren describing the need for a unifying central government (excerpt), October 7, 1785
The war, as you have very justly observed, has terminated most advantageously for America, and a fair field is presented to our view; but I confess to you freely, My Dr. Sir, that I do not think we possess wisdom or Justice enough to cultivate it properly. Illiberality, Jealousy, and local policy mix too much in all our public councils for the good government of the Union. In a word, the confederation appears to me to be little more than a shadow without the substance; and Congress a nugatory body, their ordinances being little attended to. To me, it is a solecism in politics; indeed it is one of the most extraordinary things in nature, that we should confederate as a Nation, and yet be afraid to give the rulers of that nation, who are the creatures of our making, appointed for a limited and short duration, and who are amenable for every action, and recallable at any moment, and are subject to all the evils which they may be instrumental in producing, sufficient powers to order and direct the affairs of the same. By such policy as this the wheels of Government are clogged, and our brightest prospects, and that high expectation which was entertained of us by the wondering world, are turned into astonishment; and from the high ground on which we stood, we are descending into the vale of confusion and darkness.
That we have it in our power to become one of the most respectable Nations upon Earth, admits, in my humble opinion, of no doubt; if we would but pursue a wise, just, and liberal policy towards one another, and would keep good faith with the rest of the World: that our resources are ample and increasing, none can deny; but while they are grudgingly applied, or not applied at all, we give a vital stab to public faith, and shall sink, in the eyes of Europe, into contempt.
It has long been a speculative question among Philosophers and wise men, whether foreign Commerce is of real advantage to any Country; that is, whether the luxury, effeminacy, and corruptions which are introduced along with it; are counterbalanced by the convenience and wealth which it brings with it; but the decision of this question is of very little importance to us: we have abundant reason to be convinced, that the spirit for Trade which pervades these States is not to be restrained; it behooves us then to establish just principles; and this, any more than other matters of national concern, cannot be done by thirteen heads differently constructed and organized. The necessity, therefore, of a controlling power is obvious; and why it should be withheld is beyond my comprehension.
Source C: John Jay, letter to Thomas Jefferson detailing problems with the government established under the Articles of Confederation, October 27, 1786
The inefficacy of our government becomes daily more and more apparent. Our treasury and our credit are in a sad situation; and it is probable that either the wisdom or the passions of the people will produce changes. A spirit of licentiousness has infected Massachusetts, which appears more formidable than some at first apprehended. Whether similar symptoms will not soon mark a like disease in several other States is very problematical.
The public papers herewith sent contain everything generally known about these matters. A reluctance to taxes, an impatience of government, a rage for property and little regard to the means of acquiring it, together with a desire of equality in all things, seem to actuate the mass of those who are uneasy in their circumstances. To these may be added the influence of ambitious adventurers, and the speculations of the many characters who prefer private to public good, and of others who expect to gain more from wrecks made by tempests than from the produce of patient and honest industry. As the knaves and fools of this world are forever in alliance, it is easy to perceive how much vigor and wisdom a government, from its construction and administration, should possess, in order to repress the evils which naturally flow from such copious sources of injustice and evil.
Much, I think, is to be feared from the sentiments which such a state of things is calculated to infuse into the minds of the rational and well-intended. In their eyes, the charms of liberty will daily fade; and in seeking for peace and security, they will too naturally turn towards systems in direct opposition to those which oppress and disquiet them.
If faction should long bear down law and government, tyranny may raise its head, or the more sober part of the people may even think of a king.
In short, my dear sir, we are in a very unpleasant situation. Changes are necessary; but, what they ought to be, what they will be, and how and when to be produced, are arduous questions. I feel for the cause of liberty, and for the honor of my countrymen who have so nobly asserted it, and who, at present, so abuse its blessings. If it should not take root in this soil, little pains will be taken to cultivate it in any other.
Public domain. Available from Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders' Constitution, Volume 1, Chapter 5, Document 13. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch5s13.html.
Source A: Constitutional Convention, descriptions of the roles of the three branches of the federal government, Article I, Sections 7–9; Article II, Sections 2–3; Article III, Section 2, United States Constitution, 1787
All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.
Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law.
Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.
The Congress shall have Power
To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;
To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;
To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;
To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;
To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States;
To establish Post Offices and post Roads;
To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;
To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;
To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;
To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;
To provide and maintain a Navy;
To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;
To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;—And
To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.
The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.
No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.
No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.
No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.
No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.
No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.
No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.
The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.
He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.
The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.
He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States.
The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;—to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;—to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;—to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;—to Controversies between two or more States;— between a State and Citizens of another State,—between Citizens of different States,—between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.
In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.
The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.
Public domain. Available from the National Archives: http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html.
Source B: James Madison under the pseudonym Publius, argument for the importance of balance of powers, Federalist No. 51 (excerpt), 1789
The great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department, consists in giving to those who administer each department the necessary constitutional means and personal motives to resist encroachments of the others. The provision for defense must in this, as in all other cases, be made commensurate to the danger of attack. Ambition must be made to counteract ambition. The interest of the man must be connected with the constitutional rights of the place. It may be a reflection on human nature, that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government. But what is government itself, but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself. A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions.
Public domain. Available from the Library of Congress: http://thomas.loc.gov/home/histdox/fed_51.html.
Source A: Constitutional Convention, selections related to the issue of enslaved persons, Article I Section 2, Clause 3; Article I, Section 9, Clause 1; Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3, United States Constitution, 1787
Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons.
No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.
Source B: James Madison, journal notes describing the debate during the Constitutional Convention on taxes for importing slaves (excerpt), August 21, 1787
Mr. L Martin proposed to vary Article 7, Section 4, to allow a prohibition or tax on the importation of slaves. In the first place, as five slaves are to be counted as three freemen, in the apportionment of Representatives, such a clause would leave an encouragement to this traffic. In the second place, slaves weakened one part of the Union, which the other parts were bound to protect; the privilege of importing them was therefore unreasonable. And in the third place, it was inconsistent with the principles of the Revolution, and dishonorable to the American character, to have such a feature in the Constitution.
Mr. Rutledge did not see how the importation of slaves could be encouraged by this section. … Religion and humanity had nothing to do with this question. Interest alone is the governing principle with Nations. The true question at present is, whether the Southern States shall or shall not be parties to the Union. If the Northern States consult their interest, they will not oppose the increase of Slaves, which will increase the commodities of which they will become the carriers.
Mr. Ellsworth was for leaving the clause as it stands. Let every State import what it pleases. The morality or wisdom of slavery are considerations belonging to the States themselves. What enriches a part enriches the whole, and the States are the best judges of their particular interest. The old Confederation had not meddled with this point, and he did not see any greater necessity for bringing it within the policy of the new one.
Mr. Pinckney. South Carolina can never receive the plan if it prohibits the slave-trade. In every proposed extension of the powers of Congress, that State has expressly and watchfully excepted that of meddling with the importation of negroes.
TeachingAmericanHistory.org. Used with permission. http://teachingamericanhistory.org/convention/debates/0821-2/.
Source C: Benjamin Franklin, speech promoting the strengths of the Constitution (excerpts), September 17, 1787
I confess that there are several parts of this constitution which I do not at present approve, but I am not sure I shall never approve them. For having lived long, I have experienced many instances of being obliged by better information, or fuller consideration, to change opinions even on important subjects, which I once thought right, but found to be otherwise. It is therefore that the older I grow, the more apt I am to doubt my own judgment, and to pay more respect to the judgment of others. Most men, indeed, as well as most sects in religion, think themselves in possession of all truth, and that wherever others differ from them, it is so far error.…
In these sentiments, Sir, I agree to this Constitution, with all its faults,…I doubt, too, whether any other Convention we can obtain may be able to make a better Constitution. For, when you assemble a number of men to have the advantage of their joint wisdom you inevitably assemble with those men all their prejudices, their passions, their errors of opinion, their local interests, and their selfish views. From such an assembly can a perfect production be expected? It therefore astonishes me, sir, to find this system approaching so near to perfection as it does;...Thus I consent, Sir, to this Constitution, because I expect no better, and because I am not sure, that it is not the best. The opinions I have had of its errors, I sacrifice to the public good.…Much of the strength and efficiency of any government, in procuring and securing happiness to the people, depends, on opinion, — on the general opinion of the goodness of the government, as well as of the wisdom and integrity of its governors. I hope, therefore, that for our own sakes, as a part of the people, and for the sake of posterity, we shall act heartily and unanimously in recommending this Constitution (if approved by Congress and confirmed by the Conventions) wherever our influence may extend, and turn our future thoughts and endeavors to the means of having it well administered.
Source A: Constitutional Convention, sections discussing issues of representation, Article I, Section 2; Article II, Sections 1–2; Article IV, Section 4; Article V; Article VII, United States Constitution, 1787
The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States.…
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.
The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows
Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.
The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot….The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President
[The President] shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to…appoint…Judges of the supreme Court.…
The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government.…
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.
The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.
Source B: James Madison, journal notes describing the debate during the Constitutional Convention over election to the legislative and executive branches (excerpts), May 31 and July 17, 1787
May 31, 1787: Debating the election of the Legislative Branch
Mr. SHERMAN opposed the election [of the legislature] by the people, insisting that it ought to be by the State Legislatures. The people he said, immediately, should have as little to do as may be about the Government. They want information, and are constantly liable to be misled.
Mr. GERRY. The evils we experience flow from the excess of democracy. The people do not want virtue, but are the dupes of pretended patriots. In Massachusetts it had been fully confirmed by experience, that they are daily misled into the most baneful measures and opinions, by the false reports circulated by designing men, and which no one on the spot can refute. He had he said been too republican heretofore: he was still, however, republican, but had been taught by experience the danger of the leveling spirit.
Mr. MASON argued strongly for an election of the larger branch by the people. It was to be the grand depository of the democratic principle of the government. It was, so to speak, to be our House of Commons. It ought to know and sympathize with every part of the community; and ought therefore to be taken, not only from different parts of the whole republic, but also from different districts of the larger members of it, which had in several instances particularly in Virginia, different interests and views arising from difference of produce, of habits, &c., &c. He admitted that we had been too democratic, but was afraid we should incautiously run into the opposite extreme. We ought to attend to the rights of every class of the people. He had often wondered at the indifference of the superior classes of society to this dictate of humanity and policy; considering, that, however affluent their circumstances, or elevated their situations, might be, the course of a few years not only might, but certainly would, distribute their posterity throughout the lowest classes of society. Every selfish motive, therefore, every family attachment, ought to recommend such a system of policy as would provide no less carefully for the rights and happiness of the lowest, than of the highest, orders of Citizens.
Mr. WILSON contended strenuously for drawing the most numerous branch of the Legislature immediately from the people. He was for raising the federal pyramid to a considerable altitude, and for that reason wished to give it as broad a basis as possible. No government could long subsist without the confidence of the people. In a republican government, this confidence was peculiarly essential.…
Mr. MADISON considered the popular election of one branch of the National Legislature as essential to every plan of free government.…He thought, too, that the great fabric to be raised would be more stable and durable, if it should rest on the solid foundation of the people themselves, than if it should stand merely on the pillars of the Legislatures.
July 17, 1787: Debating the Election of the Executive
Mr. GOVERNEUR MORRIS was pointedly against [the president] being so chosen [by Congress]. He will be the mere creature of the Legislature, if appointed and impeachable by that body. He ought to be elected by the people at large—by the freeholders of the country. That difficulties attend this mode, he admits. But they have been found superable in New York and in Connecticut, and would, he believed, be found so, in the case of an Executive for the United States. If the people should elect, they will never fail to prefer some man of distinguished character, or services; some man, if he might so speak, of continental reputation. If the Legislature elect, it will be the work of intrigue, of cabal, and of faction; it will be like the election of a pope by a conclave of cardinals; real merit will rarely be the title to the appointment.…
Mr. SHERMAN thought that the sense of the Nation would be better expressed by the Legislature, than by the people at large. The latter will never be sufficiently informed of characters, and besides will never give a majority of votes to any one man. They will generally vote for some man in their own State, and the largest State will have the best chance for the appointment.…
Mr. PINCKNEY did not expect this question would again have been brought forward; an election by the people being liable to the most obvious and striking objections. They will be led by a few active and designing men. The most populous States, by combining in favor of the same individual, will be able to carry their points. The national Legislature being most immediately interested in the laws made by themselves, will be most attentive to the choice of a fit man to carry them properly into execution.
Source C: James Madison or Alexander Hamilton under the pseudonym Publius, description of amending the Constitution Federalist No. 43 (excerpt), 1788
That useful alterations will be suggested by experience, could not but be foreseen. It was requisite therefore that a mode for introducing them should be provided. The mode preferred by the Convention seems to be stamped with every mark of propriety. It guards equally against that extreme facility which would render the Constitution too mutable; and that extreme difficulty which might perpetuate its discovered faults. It moreover equally enables the general and the state governments to originate the amendment of errors as they may be pointed out by the experience on one side or on the other.
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1. The provision of § 206(a) of the Motor Carrier Act, 1935, granting "grandfather" rights to common carriers "in bona fide operation on June 1, 1935, and since that time," requires that the service shall have been continuous (except for interruptions over which the carrier "had no control") from June 1, 1935, until the time of the hearing by the Commission on the application. P. 316 U. S. 78.
2. The Commission was warranted in holding as a matter of law that an interruption of service caused by the carrier's bankruptcy was not one over which the carrier "had no control" within the meaning of the Act, and it was not required to go behind the adjudication and examine into the particular causes of the bankruptcy. P. 316 U. S. 79.
3. The grandfather clause of the Motor Carrier Act is to be construed as extending only to carriers plainly within its term. P. 316 U. S. 83.
4. A purchaser of the grandfather rights of a bankrupt carrier stands in no better position with respect to such rights than did the bankrupt. P. 316 U. S. 82.
5. In this case, the interruption of service was of sufficient duration -- at least 69 days -- to establish that the earlier had not been in operation "since" June 1, 1935, within the meaning of § 206(a). P. 316 U. S. 83.
6. A claim that the delay of the Commission in acting upon an application under § 206(a) deprived the applicant of an advantage which he would have had under § 212(a) -- where such delay is not shown to have been arbitrary or discriminatory, nor, in view of the magnitude of the Commission's task in respect to applications under § 206(a), unreasonable -- is no ground for relief. P. 316 U. S. 83.
Appeal from a District Court of three judges dismissing the complaint in a suit to set aside an order of the Interstate Commerce Commission denying an application for a certificate of public convenience and necessity under § 206(a) of the Motor Carrier Act, 1935.
This appeal is from a judgment of a statutory three-judge court denying appellants' petition to set aside an order of the Interstate Commerce Commission refusing the Gregg Cartage & Storage Company a certificate of public convenience and necessity under the so-called grandfather clause of § 206(a) of the Motor Carrier Act, 1935, 49 U.S.C. § 306(a).
The Gregg Company, an Ohio corporation, operated in 1935 and earlier as a common carrier of general freight between points in several northeastern states. In a number of important cities, it maintained terminals at which freight was assembled. It performed no over-the-road carrier service with its own vehicles, but provided such service entirely by the use of so-called owner-operator vehicles. Such vehicles as it owned and operated directly were used in cartage in and about Cleveland.
On February 12, 1936, the Gregg Company filed an application with the Interstate Commerce Commission for a certificate of public convenience and necessity as a common carrier under the grandfather clause of § 206(a) of the Motor Carrier Act. A hearing was held on June 8 and 9, 1937, before an examiner who, on December 17, 1937, recommended that the certificate be granted.
Commission, of the opinion that it lacked power to authorize such a suspension, denied this petition on November 30, 1937. The receiver in bankruptcy took over the business on the day of his appointment, and conducted no operations at any time. Pursuant to a order of the bankruptcy court, on December 6, 1937, he sold the trade names and goodwill of the bankrupt estate, together with its rights under the grandfather clause application, to appellant Northeastern Transportation Company, for $850 at public auction.
On January 7, 1938, Northeastern and the receiver in bankruptcy filed a joint application with the Commission asking that Northeastern be substituted as applicant in lieu of Gregg. The Commission withheld action until it had determined Gregg's rights. Northeastern considered a resumption of operations, but decided against it on the advice of field representatives of the Interstate Commerce Commission.
to issue a certificate of public convenience and necessity to Gregg. A statutory court of three judges was convened, Northeastern was allowed to intervene, and judgment went against the complainants, who appealed to this Court, which noted probable jurisdiction. [Footnote 2] 42 F.Supp. 266.
Appellants contend that the Commission and the court below erroneously construed § 206(a) [Footnote 3] of the Motor Carrier Act in holding that, excepting the specified interruptions of service, the statute required continuous operation from June 1, 1935, until the hearing by the Commission on the application. We have, however, held to the contrary. United States v. Maher, 307 U. S. 148, petition for limited hearing denied, 307 U.S. 649; Hoey v. United States, 308 U.S. 510; Lubetich v. United States, 315 U. S. 57.
Appellants contend alternatively that the Commission should be reversed for refusing to hold that the applicant "had no control" over the cessation of operations.
claims. Gregg, thereby left with the burden of satisfying claims for personal injury and property damage arising during the period when it had carried insurance in the bankrupt company, paid some of them in the later months of 1937, but approximately 175, estimated to aggregate in their face amount about $200,000, remained unpaid. It also paid about $15,000 on claims for cargo loss and damage, which two other insurers, relying upon "technical" insurers' defenses, refused to pay. All policies of insurance taken out by Gregg had the required approval of the Interstate Commerce Commission.
Solvent on June 30, 1937, Gregg had become insolvent by October 30, 1937. When it appeared impossible to satisfy all demands, in full, resort was had to the friendly receivership in the state court. This precipitated the involuntary bankruptcy in the federal court, which in turn brought operations to a halt.
The Commission based its refusal to find that the applicant "had no control" over the interruption of service upon the fact that such interruption followed upon an adjudication of bankruptcy resulting from the unsuccessful conduct of its business affairs, and did not go back of the adjudication to find and give detailed consideration to the particular causes of the failure. Appellants contend that this was error, and for a rule requiring that, in every case of this sort, the Commission must trace out the chain of causation and weigh the bankrupt's judgment against the pressures of circumstance. We sustain the Commission in construing the statute as not requiring it to go back of the bankruptcy adjudication to search for ultimate causes.
matter, the practical business of government and administration of the law is obliged to proceed on more or less rough and ready judgments based on the assumption that mature and rational persons are in control of their own conduct. Certainly that assumption must be made in reference to a corporation such as the applicant. Society, in creating a corporation, vesting its management in a board of directors, granting it large powers and not inconsiderable immunities, can hardly allow that its business affairs are at any time out of the control of those whose duty it is to conduct them. The Bankruptcy Act states that even an involuntary adjudication results only from some "act of bankruptcy," defined upon the clear assumption that it is within the bankrupt's control. [Footnote 4] Whether or not this assumption squares with philosophical doctrine, or even with reality, [Footnote 5] is not for our determination. The Commission, and the courts too, must get on with the application of the federal statutes without waiting to settle the verity of the philosophical assumptions on which they rest.
The Commission was warranted in holding as matter of law that the interruption because of bankruptcy was not one over which the applicant had no control within the meaning of the Motor Carrier Act. The complexity of the chain of causation shown in this case makes it an apt illustration of the impracticability of any other rule.
When it found itself unable to meet its obligations, Gregg arranged a receivership in the state court, securing the appointment of its own counsel as receiver. Only the one creditor which filed the bill appears to have been consulted. Thus, the petitioner not only arranged deliberately to commit an act of bankruptcy, but it managed the affair in a manner not unlikely to provoke the unconsulted creditors to file a petition in bankruptcy -- presumably considered their best or only means of obtaining the disinterestedness in the administration of the estate to which they were entitled.
The claims which, together with the advance payment of premiums for new insurance, constituted the immediate cause of Gregg's financial difficulties, were, as we have said, of various sorts. Bulking largest were those for personal injuries and property damage, which numbered approximately 175 and, in their face amount, aggregated approximately $200,000. Their precise nature is not disclosed by the record, and conjecture in this regard is made particularly difficult by Gregg's method of doing business -- which was to avail itself entirely of "owner-operator" vehicles for its "over the road" services. Doubtless these claims were founded almost entirely upon the negligent operation of vehicles for which Gregg was in some way held legally responsible. We are not informed whether such responsibility rested upon the principle of respondeat superior, express contractual assumption, or both. The rest of the claims, upon which about $15,000 were paid, were for cargo loss and damage. The record does not show whether payment was made solely to retain the goodwill of shippers, or also the satisfy the applicant's legal liability -- which would have rested upon its legal control of the cargo.
some unfortunate experiences with insurance companies. Its major misfortune was the failure of the company in which it carried its insurance against liability for personal injury and property damage. What consideration actuated the choice of the particular insurance company and what caution, if any, was observed in selecting it, do not appear. It either misunderstood the coverage of its other policies or purchased policies not specifically comprehensive, and found itself taking care of very substantial claims for cargo loss because of "technical" insurers' defenses which seem to have been sufficient under the Ohio law.
In any event, the choices of insurers, as well of its servants and operators, were Gregg's own -- as was the judgment which was exercised with regard to the numerous other phases of its business bearing upon its solvency -- and the final product could not have been a matter over which it had no control.
state of voluntarily suspended animation, seeks to revive them. But it cannot say that it takes the rights free of any impairment by the voluntary suspension of operation by the then owner from whom it derives title.
The applicant for a certificate under the grandfather clause seeks to exempt his further operations from scrutiny as to public convenience and necessity. If he is able to meet those tests, he may be authorized to operate even if he never had grandfather rights, or if those he once had have been lost. As the Motor Carrier Act is remedial, and the grandfather clause confers a special privilege, the proviso defining exemptions is to be held to extend only to carriers plainly within its terms. McDonald v. Thompson, 305 U. S. 263, 305 U. S. 266.
In its opinion, the Commission stated that "it is useless to speculate upon the question whether the grandfather' right expired before or after the sale." This we understand to mean that, having determined that the cessation of operations was not a matter over which Gregg "had no control," the Commission was of opinion that, by the time of the sale, the cessation of operations was of sufficient duration -- at least 69 days -- to establish that Gregg had not been "in . . . operation since" June 1, 1935, within the meaning of § 206(a). This was a reasonable conclusion, especially since any substantial interruption of one carrier's service tends to result in expansion of other facilities to meet the continuing needs of shippers, and thus to cause overcrowding if the suspended service is resumed.
on February 12, 1936. They point out that, had the Commission acted at once, a certificate would have issued, thus conferring the benefits of § 212(a). [Footnote 7] But, by its terms, § 212(a) is applicable only where a certificate has already issued, and, being a section of general applicability. at least for present purposes, it has no analogical bearing upon the construction of the specific provision relating to interruptions of service made in § 206(a). The delay in passing upon the application was considerable and regrettable, as the Commission acknowledged, but it does not seem to have been arbitrary, or the result of any deliberate discrimination, nor, in view of the magnitude of the Commission's task, unreasonable. The Commission had nearly 90,000 applications to pass upon under § 206(a), and, of course, could not have been expected to pass upon them simultaneously. It is not within our province to remedy inequalities necessarily incident to the administration of the statute.
The trustee in bankruptcy, an appellant here, was appointed near the end of December, 1937.
Urgent Deficiencies Act of October 22, 1913, 28 U.S.C. § 47a.
"if any such carrier or predecessor in interest was in bona fide operation as a common carrier by motor vehicle on June 1, 1935, over the route or routes or within the territory for which application is made and has so operated since that time, . . . except . . . as to interruptions of service over which the applicant or its predecessor in interest had no control, the Commission shall issue such certificate without requiring further proof that public convenience and necessity will be served by such operation."
The following are defined as acts of bankruptcy: (1) fraudulent conveyances or concealments of property, (2) transfers while insolvent, (3) permitting, while insolvent, a creditor's lien to attach to property through legal proceedings, (4) assignments for the benefit of creditors, (5) permitting or procuring, while insolvent in either the bankruptcy or equity sense, a receiver to be appointed to take charge of the bankrupt's property, (6) admissions in writing of inability to pay debts and of willingness to be adjudged a bankrupt. § 3a of the Act of July 1, 1898, as amended, 11 U.S.C. § 21(a).
Treiman, Acts of Bankruptcy: A Medieval Concept in Modern Bankruptcy Law, 52 Harvard Law Review 189.
The Commission found that Northeastern was incorporated to take over the bankrupt's rights and business, that the former president of Gregg is the new company's general freight agent, and the former superintendent of transportation is a stockholder of the new company, and that "other connections, if any, between the companies through their respective officials and employees cannot be determined from the records."
"That no such certificate, permit, or license shall be revoked (except upon application of the holder) unless the holder thereof willfully fails to comply, within a reasonable time, not less than thirty days, to be fixed by the Commission, with a lawful order of the Commission, made as provided in section 204(d) (304(c)), commanding obedience to the provision of this part, or to the rule or regulation of the Commission thereunder, or to the term, condition, or limitation of such certificate, permit, or license, found by the Commission to have been violated by such holder."
Originally the period was 90 days. By an amendment of June 29, 1938, 52 Stat. 1239, it was reduced to the present 30 days.
authorities [Footnote 2/9] constitute grounds for holding that an interruption of service is beyond an applicant's "control." But similar misfortunes of a purely accidental character which affect financial stability and end in bankruptcy or receivership are held as a matter of law to be subject to the carrier's "control."
presumption against the applicant on that score when the insurance policy presumably was accepted by the Commission and, under its regulations promulgated pursuant to §§ 211(c) and 215 of the Act, 49 U.S.C. §§ 311(c) and 315, had to be "approved" by it. [Footnote 2/10] Federal Register (1936) Vol. 1, p. 1163, Rule 1. And see 49 Code of Federal Regulations, Pt. 174, § 174.1.
"If such interruptions in service are to be construed as putting an end to 'grandfather' rights of carriers, whose applications therefor have not been determined, then, where such a carrier goes into receivership or bankruptcy, and such an interruption occurs, it would be impossible for the carrier to come out of receivership and resume operations; it could not effect a composition or an arrangement with its creditors and resume operations; if a corporation, it could not be reorganized under the corporate reorganization provisions of the Bankruptcy Act, and creditors could realize nothing from 'grandfather' rights, however valuable."
Such a wholesale destruction of operating rights should not be readily or lightly inferred. Operating rights are the very life of any business. Without them, this business certainly has no more than scrap value.
Great deference is owed a commission's interpretation of the law which it enforces, especially where the meaning of the statutory language, generally or in specific application, gains body and flavor from the content of the highly specialized field in which the expert body works. See Shields v. Utah Idaho Central R. Co., 305 U. S. 177; Sunshine Anthracite Coal Co. v. Adkins, 310 U. S. 381; Gray v. Powell, 314 U. S. 402; Alton Railroad Co. v. United States, supra. But that is quite different from acceding to the suggestion that the nontechnical word "control" may be interpreted in a way which goes against all human experience and which does violence to its ordinary and accepted meaning. In this connection, it should be noted that, if the misfortune which ended in bankruptcy or receivership was not subject to the carrier's "control," then an interruption of service made by the trustee or receiver cannot be attributed to him. Once the court acquires jurisdiction over the estate, the affairs of the business are in its hands, not the debtor's.
no findings on that issue, but invoked an irrebuttable presumption which would automatically foreclose in all cases an opportunity to be heard on the real cause of the bankruptcy or receivership.
Waltz Transportation, Inc., 10 M.C.C. 30, 33.
Lewis McKay, 4 M.C.C. 93, 94.
Edwards Motor Transit Co., Inc., 2 M.C.C. 73, 74.
Inter-Carolinas Motor Bus Co., 21 M.C.C. 633, 635; Walter Stages, Inc., 24 M.C.C. 451, 454.
Magee Truck Lines, Inc., 28 M.C.C. 386, 389.
Barnes Truck Co., Inc., 24 M.C.C. 465, 467.
H. Bruce Blackburn, 20 M.C.C. 747, 748, 749.
Motor Freight Express, 26 M.C.C. 374, 375; Transamerican Freight Lines, Inc., 28 M.C.C. 493, 502.
W. H. Tompkins Co., 29 M.C.C. 359, 362.
And see Federal Register, op. cit., Rule IX; 49 Code of Federal Regulations, Pt. 174, § 174.9.


MyTractorForum.com - The Friendliest Tractor Forum and Best Place for Tractor Information > Non Tractor Related Forums > Off Topic > I'm getting my OWN round fender!
I'm getting my OWN round fender!
Today is the day!! LTGuy is taking me on a road trip to get my very own round fender for me to play with and restore. Guys, I am so excited I can't even tell you!
Stay tuned for all the pictures!
Married to a boarder line tractor hoarder... but then I hoard bicycles.... We are just doomed!
Re: I'm getting my OWN round fender!
You two were meant for each other. LTGal, we certainly do want pictures of your new toy and your big smile.
He even said he would let Crusty the Clown Tractor go so that I could store it in the garage over winter!
Alright..........a tractor getting road trip!!! Love a good tractor picking up, road trip.
Congrats, and be sure to share all the details and plenty of pics!
Folks say I'm lazy, drunk and stupid. Well, I got news for them......they're only 2/3 right.
We''ll be needing some pictures of that new machine asap, enjoy the road trip!
Congrats! Sounds like a good time! Looking forward to the pictures.
Was anticipating a JD round fender but seeing your latest pic and that this is also in the off topic section, that may not be the case!
You had us going on that one. Have fun with your bug.


text:
Justia Regulation Tracker Department Of Commerce National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration New England Fishery Management Council; Public Meeting, 43794 [2019-18070]
New England Fishery Management Council; Public Meeting, 43794 [2019-18070]
Download as PDF 43794 Federal Register / Vol. 84, No. 163 / Thursday, August 22, 2019 / Notices 02543 has applied in due form for a permit to conduct research on two species of marine mammals. DATES: Written, telefaxed, or email comments must be received on or before September 23, 2019. ADDRESSES: The application and related documents are available for review by selecting ''Records Open for Public Comment'' from the ''Features'' box on the Applications and Permits for Protected Species (APPS) home page, https://apps.nmfs.noaa.gov, and then selecting File No. 22884 from the list of available applications. These documents are also available upon written request or by appointment in the Permits and Conservation Division, Office of Protected Resources, NMFS, 1315 East-West Highway, Room 13705, Silver Spring, MD 20910; phone: (301) 427–8401; fax: (301) 713–0376. Written comments on this application should be submitted to the Chief, Permits and Conservation Division, at the address listed above. Comments may also be submitted by facsimile to (301) 713–0376, or by email to NMFS.Pr1Comments@noaa.gov. Please include the File No. in the subject line of the email comment. Those individuals requesting a public hearing should submit a written request to the Chief, Permits and Conservation Division at the address listed above. The request should set forth the specific reasons why a hearing on this application would be appropriate. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Shasta McClenahan or Amy Hapeman, (301) 427–8401. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The subject permit is requested under the authority of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, as amended (MMPA; 16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.), the regulations governing the taking and importing of marine mammals (50 CFR part 216), the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA; 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), and the regulations governing the taking, importing, and exporting of endangered and threatened species (50 CFR parts 222–226). The applicant proposes to take up to 80 endangered North Atlantic right whales (NARW; Eubalaena glacialis) annually by Level B harassment during vessel surveys in the Atlantic Ocean from the Gulf of Maine through the midAtlantic Bight. Feeding NARW may be approached by vessel for counts, observations, and collection of prey samples to determine the NARW prey species in various habitats, and to characterize the abundance and vertical distribution of those prey. Up to 20 VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:37 Aug 21, 2019 Jkt 247001 endangered sei whales (Balaenoptera borealis) may be incidentally harassed if feeding in the same areas as the target NARW. The permit would be valid for five years from the date of issuance. In compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.), an initial determination has been made that the activity proposed is categorically excluded from the requirement to prepare an environmental assessment or environmental impact statement. Concurrent with the publication of this notice in the Federal Register, NMFS is forwarding copies of the application to the Marine Mammal Commission and its Committee of Scientific Advisors. Dated: August 19, 2019. Julia Marie Harrison, Chief, Permits and Conservation Division, Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service. [FR Doc. 2019–18118 Filed 8–21–19; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 3510–22–P DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration RIN 0648–XV032 New England Fishery Management Council; Public Meeting National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce. ACTION: Notice; public meeting. AGENCY: SUMMARY: The New England Fishery Management Council (Council) is scheduling a public meeting of its Herring Joint Committee and Advisory Panel to consider actions affecting New England fisheries in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Recommendations from this group will be brought to the full Council for formal consideration and action, if appropriate. DATES: This meeting will be held on Tuesday, September 10, 2019 at 9 a.m. ADDRESSES: The meeting will be held at the Sheraton Harborside, 250 Market Street, Portsmouth, NH 03801; telephone: (603) 431–2300. Council address: New England Fishery Management Council, 50 Water Street, Mill 2, Newburyport, MA 01950. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Thomas A. Nies, Executive Director, New England Fishery Management Council; telephone: (978) 465–0492. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: PO 00000 Frm 00008 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 Agenda The Committee and Advisory Panel will review preliminary analysis being prepared for a New England Fishery Management Council Discussion Document on spawning of Atlantic herring on Georges Bank and discuss possible next steps. They will provide input on a debrief of the Management Strategy Evaluation (MSE) process used to develop Amendment 8 to the Atlantic Herring Fishery Management Plan. The group will also provide initial input on potential 2020 work priorities for the Herring Fishery Management Plan that will be forwarded to the Council. They also plan to receive an update on the Commercial Electronic Vessel Trip Reporting (eVTR) Omnibus Framework, which proposes to implement eVTRs for all vessels with commercial permits for species managed by the Mid-Atlantic and New England Fishery Management Councils. There will be a closed session for the Herring Committee only to review Herring Advisory Panel applications for 2020–22 and provide recommendations. Other business may be discussed as necessary Although non-emergency issues not contained on this agenda may come before this Council for discussion, those issues may not be the subject of formal action during this meeting. Council action will be restricted to those issues specifically listed in this notice and any issues arising after publication of this notice that require emergency action under section 305(c) of the MagnusonStevens Act, provided the public has been notified of the Council's intent to take final action to address the emergency. Special Accommodations This meeting is physically accessible to people with disabilities. This meeting will be recorded. Consistent with 16 U.S.C. 1852, a copy of the recording is available upon request. Requests for sign language interpretation or other auxiliary aids should be directed to Thomas A. Nies, Executive Director, at (978) 465–0492, at least 5 days prior to the meeting date. Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1801 et seq. Dated: August 16, 2019. Tracey L. Thompson, Acting Deputy Director, Office of Sustainable Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service. [FR Doc. 2019–18070 Filed 8–21–19; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 3510–22–P E:\FR\FM\22AUN1.SGM 22AUN1
[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 163 (Thursday, August 22, 2019)]
RIN 0648-XV032
New England Fishery Management Council; Public Meeting
AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce.
ACTION: Notice; public meeting.
SUMMARY: The New England Fishery Management Council (Council) is
scheduling a public meeting of its Herring Joint Committee and Advisory
Panel to consider actions affecting New England fisheries in the
exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Recommendations from this group will be
brought to the full Council for formal consideration and action, if
DATES: This meeting will be held on Tuesday, September 10, 2019 at 9
ADDRESSES: The meeting will be held at the Sheraton Harborside, 250
Market Street, Portsmouth, NH 03801; telephone: (603) 431-2300.
Council address: New England Fishery Management Council, 50 Water
Street, Mill 2, Newburyport, MA 01950.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Thomas A. Nies, Executive Director,
New England Fishery Management Council; telephone: (978) 465-0492.
The Committee and Advisory Panel will review preliminary analysis
being prepared for a New England Fishery Management Council Discussion
Document on spawning of Atlantic herring on Georges Bank and discuss
possible next steps. They will provide input on a debrief of the
Management Strategy Evaluation (MSE) process used to develop Amendment
8 to the Atlantic Herring Fishery Management Plan. The group will also
provide initial input on potential 2020 work priorities for the Herring
Fishery Management Plan that will be forwarded to the Council. They
also plan to receive an update on the Commercial Electronic Vessel Trip
Reporting (eVTR) Omnibus Framework, which proposes to implement eVTRs
for all vessels with commercial permits for species managed by the Mid-
Atlantic and New England Fishery Management Councils. There will be a
closed session for the Herring Committee only to review Herring
Advisory Panel applications for 2020-22 and provide recommendations.
Other business may be discussed as necessary
Although non-emergency issues not contained on this agenda may come
before this Council for discussion, those issues may not be the subject
of formal action during this meeting. Council action will be restricted
to those issues specifically listed in this notice and any issues
arising after publication of this notice that require emergency action
under section 305(c) of the Magnuson-Stevens Act, provided the public
has been notified of the Council's intent to take final action to
address the emergency.
This meeting is physically accessible to people with disabilities.
This meeting will be recorded. Consistent with 16 U.S.C. 1852, a copy
of the recording is available upon request. Requests for sign language
interpretation or other auxiliary aids should be directed to Thomas A.
Nies, Executive Director, at (978) 465-0492, at least 5 days prior to
the meeting date.
Authority:  16 U.S.C. 1801 et seq.
Dated: August 16, 2019.
Tracey L. Thompson,
Acting Deputy Director, Office of Sustainable Fisheries, National
Marine Fisheries Service.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


With a single defining image from his American explorations, Russell Young hand printed these posters in the candy colors of a long lost California. This haunting image of America's most enduring icon perfectly encapsulates both the fragility and beauty of fame.
Set against the backdrop of the 'Cuban missile crisis' where for thirteen days the world held its breath in the face of possible destruction, it marks the perfect storm of political paranoia and personal tragedy that spanned just fifteen months starting with the death of Marilyn Monroe and ending with the assassination of John F Kennedy.
This print is hand pulled on a hand painted background. Each is unique and signed.


Now, in my capacity as vice president, I am the president of Senate, the presiding officer. I'm up in the Senate most Tuesdays when they're in session. The first time I ever met you was when you walked on the stage tonight.
For a complete transcript of the debate please see Fox News.


PG&E's success is based on the engagement and retention of talented PG&E employees. The Service Award Program recognizes and celebrates employee service milestones every five years and at retirement. If you are a full- or part-time employees with at least five years of service, you are eligible to participate. If you leave PG&E and return at a later date, your most recent service (hire) date is used to determine your eligibility for service awards.
If you're eligible for a service award and have a company email address, you'll receive an email congratulating you on your service milestone and explaining what you need to do to select your gift. Additionally, if you are actively at work, a personalized service anniversary award certificate will be sent to your supervisor. Between April and October, you will be eligible to select a gift of your choice.
Also, if you are eligible for a service award and are actively at work, a personalized service anniversary award certificate will be sent to your supervisor.
If you are eligible for a service award and did not receive your certificate or need to order a replacement, please contact BI Worldwide at the contact information below.
If you have any questions, email pgeawards@biworldwide.com or call 1-800-385-3139, Monday - Friday, 5 a.m. to 5 p.m. Pacific time.


Keeping tabs on the art world is tough and time-consuming. Being a collector is tougher -- and downright expensive. This site does all the work for you and allows you to amass your own hip, limited edition prints for cheap. Sign up for the newsletter and once a week you'll receive a heads up about the artist whose work will be available later that day for $20 a pop. They usually make only 100-200 prints and it's first come, first serve. The first piece I bought on a lark sold out in less than 15 minutes! I discovered the site nine months ago when a friend gave me a gift certificate.


TEXT: Romans 11:29, Ephesians 4:11-13 God packaged gifts inside us for the fulfilment of our assignments in life. Your assignment is a specific deliverable as far as God's kingdom is concerned, it is peculiar to you. In an area of service were you are endowed and add value, you achieve extraordinary results with such endowments.


text:
This project integrates the WInte.r web tables data model with algorithms developed for the [Metanome data profiling tool](https://hpi.de/naumann/projects/data-profiling-and-analytics/metanome-data-profiling.html).
Currently, this extensions supports the discovery of functional dependencies and approximate functional dependencies.

Contents:
- HyFD: The original [HyFD algorithm](https://github.com/HPI-Information-Systems/metanome-algorithms/tree/master/HyFD) [1]. Packaging in the pom.xml was changed to exclude an older version of Lucene which conflicts with the version used in the WInte.r framework.
- tane approximate: The [TANE algorithm implementation for Metanome](https://github.com/HPI-Information-Systems/metanome-algorithms/tree/master/tane) [2]. We added support for the calculation of approximate functional dependencies by changing the algorithm according to the original publication [3]. Packaging in the pom.xml was changed to exclude an older version of Lucene which conflicts with the version used in the WInte.r framework.
- metanome integration: The actual extension. References the HyFD and tane approximate libraries and provides classes for interoperability between the WInte.r web tables data model and the Metanome algorithms

## Interoperability

The Metanome algorithms are designed to be generally applicable to various types of input data.
However, we provide an input generator for data using the WInte.r web tables data model, which does not assume attribute names to be unique in a given table.

```de.uni_mannheim.informatik.dws.winter.webtables.metanome.WebTableFileInputGenerator```

## Dependency Issues

Metanome and WInte.r use different versions of Lucene, which can lead to runtime exceptions if the wrong version of Lucene is loaded.
We hence provide versions of the Metanome algorithms which do not include this dependency in their jar.
If you still have issues with loading the correct version, try adding the WInte.r dependency *before* the WInte.r-Metanome dependency in your pom.xml file.

## References

[1] Papenbrock, Thorsten, and Felix Naumann. "A hybrid approach to functional dependency discovery." Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Management of Data. ACM, 2016.

[2] Papenbrock, Thorsten, et al. "Functional dependency discovery: An experimental evaluation of seven algorithms." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 8.10 (2015): 1082-1093.

[3] Huhtala, Yka, et al. "TANE: An efficient algorithm for discovering functional and approximate dependencies." The computer journal 42.2 (1999): 100-111.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Former Ireland striker Jonathan Walters believes a new face is needed to lead the FAI as the fall-out from the scandal gripping the association and their now former CEO John Delaney rumbles on.
Delaney has been handed a new role in a shake-up that has been the talk of Irish football in recent days, with Walters joining the chorus of scepticism surrounding Delaney's appointments as the FAI'S new executive vice-president.
The controversy over the €100,000 loan Delaney gave to the FAI and reports that the organisation has been paying rent on his property have dominated the headlines in recent days, with Walters unconvinced the change of role for the dominant figure at the top of Irish soccer has solved the problem.
"For whatever reason, he has gone into a new role," said Walters, who announced his retirement from the game last Friday.
"Someone new needs to come in and sort the mess out.
"As a player, you are shielded from it and don't get to see that side of it, but at this stage of a campaign, you don't want the spotlight to be on anything other than football. It's a new campaign, a new manager coming in and it's a bit of an unwanted distraction."
Speaking to Sky Sports, former Ireland defender Phil Babb also suggested there was more to come from the Delaney affair, as he questioned whether the full story has been told.
"Something doesn't sit right," declared Babb. "An individual loaning a football association money from his own pocket sets alarm bells ringing, let's be honest.
"You would think the association could go to a bank and get a business loan if they wanted, so that doesn't sit well with me or the Irish supporters.
"His tenure of 14 years was far too long also and there have been a lot of noses pushed out of joint on this one. I don't think this story is finished by any stretch of the imagination, so we read on."


text:
What We Pack
Flexible Capabilities
R&D Lab
Sustainability Matters
Innovative K-Cup® Design
Hospitality/Workplace
For corporate/manufacturing inquiries: 855.663.KUPS (5877) For order inquiries: 888.433.3501
5330 Eastgate Mall
info@intelligentblends.com
Intelligent Blends makes Inc.5000 list in 2020
Inc. Magazine Unveils Its Annual List of America's Fastest-Growing Private Companies—the Inc. 5000
Intelligent Blends Ranks No. 2,381 on the 2020 Inc. 5000 With Three-Year Revenue Growth of 174.65 Percent
NEW YORK, August 12, 2020 – Inc. magazine today revealed that Intelligent Blends is No. 2,381 on its annual Inc. 5000 list, the most prestigious ranking of the nation's fastest-growing private companies. The list represents a unique look at the most successful companies within the American economy's most dynamic segment—its independent small businesses. Intuit, Zappos, Under Armour, Microsoft, Patagonia, and many other well-known names gained their first national exposure as honorees on the Inc. 5000.
"We are honored to be included in the Inc. 5000 2020 list. Back in 2013 we saw an opportunity in K-cups and the single serve beverage market and we dove right in. We are grateful for our success to date that is owed to a large group of pioneering Co-pack customers and to our team driving our Maud's brand each and every day. None of this could have happened without the amazing and dedicated team we have developed at Intelligent Blends."
Michael Ishayik, CEO
Not only have the companies on the 2020 Inc. 5000 been very competitive within their markets, but the list as a whole shows staggering growth compared with prior lists as well. The 2020 Inc. 5000 achieved an incredible three-year average growth of over 500 percent, and a median rate of 165 percent. The Inc. 5000's aggregate revenue was $209 billion in 2019, accounting for over 1 million jobs over the past three years.
Complete results of the Inc. 5000, including company profiles and an interactive database that can be sorted by industry, region, and other criteria, can be found at www.inc.com/inc5000. The top 500 companies are also being featured in the September issue of Inc., available on newsstands August 18.
"The companies on this year's Inc. 5000 come from nearly every realm of business," says Inc. editor-in-chief Scott Omelianuk. "From health and software to media and hospitality, the 2020 list proves that no matter the sector, incredible growth is based on the foundations of tenacity and opportunism."
The annual Inc. 5000 event honoring the companies on the list will be held virtually from October 23 to 27, 2020. As always, speakers will include some of the greatest innovators and business leaders of our generation.
Established in 2013, Intelligent Blends is an innovative manufacturer of coffee, tea, and functional beverages. In the pursuit of innovation and flexibility we produce certified recyclable K-Cups®, compatible with Nespresso® capsules, stick packs, biodegradable PLA Tea Sachets, bagged and filter pack coffee. We operate a dedicated 100,000 square foot state-of-the-art facility in Southern California and our veteran management team has a combined average tenure of 60 years in manufacturing and co-packing experience. Our advanced, state-of-the art single-serve equipment was custom designed for flexibility and making the highest quality blends. Besides manufacturing we have also become a leader in Research and Development in formulating the latest and greatest blends. Anything from hitting a certain taste profile to creating the next best functional beverage, we are up for the task.
We are proud to offer various House brands on various e-commerce platforms as well as in retail settings. We also provide our house blends to over 100,000 hotels rooms across the USA serving in room coffee in the word of Hospitality.
We also offer fulfillment services exclusively to our co pack customers to provide a turn key service that creates efficiencies in work and cost.
Intelligent Blends- Single Servings, Infinite Possibilities
For additional media information about Intelligent Blends, LP, contact:
John Lenz, VP of Sales
858-245-9265 or john@intelligentblends.com
More about Inc. and the Inc. 5000
The 2020 Inc. 5000 is ranked according to percentage revenue growth when comparing 2016 and 2019. To qualify, companies must have been founded and generating revenue by March 31, 2016. They had to be U.S.-based, privately held, for profit, and independent—not subsidiaries or divisions of other companies—as of December 31, 2019. (Since then, a number of companies on the list have gone public or been acquired.) The minimum revenue required for 2016 is $100,000; the minimum for 2019 is $2 million. As always, Inc. reserves the right to decline applicants for subjective reasons. Companies on the Inc. 500 are featured in Inc.'s September issue. They represent the top tier of the Inc. 5000, which can be found at http://www.inc.com/inc5000.
About Inc. Media
The world's most trusted business-media brand, Inc. offers entrepreneurs the knowledge, tools, connections, and community to build great companies. Its award-winning multiplatform content reaches more than 50 million people each month across a variety of channels including websites, newsletters, social media, podcasts, and print. Its prestigious Inc. 5000 list, produced every year since 1982, analyzes company data to recognize the fastest-growing privately held businesses in the United States. The global recognition that comes with inclusion in the 5000 gives the founders of the best businesses an opportunity to engage with an exclusive community of their peers, and the credibility that helps them drive sales and recruit talent. The associated Inc. 5000 Conference is part of a highly acclaimed portfolio of bespoke events produced by Inc. For more information, visit www.inc.com.
For more information on the Inc. 5000 Conference, visit http://conference.inc.com/.
Global Coffee Report Featured Story with Intelligent Blends >
Contact us now to learn about our turnkey private label solutions and state-of-the-art single-serve pod production facility.
For corporate/manufacturing inquiries: 855.663.KUPS (5877)
For order inquiries: 888.433.3501
Hospitality Credit Application
Keurig® and K-Cup® are registered trademarks of Keurig Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Green Mountain Coffee Roasters, Inc.Intelligent Blends and our brands are not affiliated with Green Mountain Coffee Roasters Inc., or Keurig Inc.
Intelligent Blends and its products are not endorsed by, sponsored by or approved by Nespresso USA, Inc. or any of its affiliates, and Intelligent Blends is not a licensee of Nespresso USA, Inc. or any of its affiliates. Nespresso® is a registered trademark of Société des Produits Nestlé S.A.
Website created by Future Holidays


NO UPWARD CHAIN. IMMEDIATE VACANT POSSESSION. Scoffield Stone are pleased to offer for sale this deceptively spacious semi detached bungalow at this ideally located quiet residential address in Littleover with open aspect to the front over a local green area. The property benefits from double glazing and gas central heating throughout, has a very private rear garden and a garage. Accommodation briefly comprises; entrance porch, bay fronted sitting room, spacious kitchen with archway through to dining room. An inner hallway gives access to bathroom and bedroom with fitted wardrobes. Please note: it may be possible to convert the dining room to second bedroom if required. To the rear is a low maintenance private garden, access to garage and at the front is a low maintenance fore garden.
Having Upvc opaque double glazed entrance door, Upvc opaque double glazed side window , carpet to flooring and door to sitting room.
Having wall mounted gas fire with wooden surround, telephone point, TV point, radiator, carpet to flooring and Upvc double glazed bay window to front aspect.
Having a range of fitted wall, base and drawer units with laminate roll edge working surfaces, inset composite sink with side drainer, vegetable preparation bowl, chrome hot and cold mixer tap, complementary ceramic tile splash backs, space for gas/ electric freestanding oven, space and plumbing for automatic washing machine and under counter space for a further two appliances such as fridge, freezer or tumble dryer. Having wall mounted Worcester boiler, neutral decor, ceramic tile flooring, Upvc double glazed window to front aspect, Upvc opaque double glazed door to side aspect and a brick surround archway giving access to dining room.
Having carpet to flooring, neutral decor, radiator and Upvc double glazed sliding patio doors giving views and access to rear garden.
Having neutral decor, access to loft space and airing cupboard - housing the hot water cylinder.
Having three piece suite comprising of; low flush wc, pedestal wash hand basin with hot and cold taps, panel bath with hot and cold taps, electric shower over bath, ceramic tile splash backs, ceramic tile flooring, radiator and extractor fan.
Having fitted wardrobes with mirrored sliding doors providing ample hanging rail and shelving space, carpet to flooring, radiator, neutral decor and aluminium frame double glazed window overlooking rear garden.
The property has pedestrianised access only at the front and can be accessed via pathways from Leslie Close, Dennis Close, Rodney Walk and Gregory Walk. The garage is accessed at the end of the cul de sac on Dennis Close and is situated at the end of a block of 8 garages (with bright green door). The garage has an up and over door to front and double doors at the rear which can be accessed from the garden. To the front of the property is a lovely green grass area. A concrete pathway leads to front entrance door, a low maintenance patio front garden with a flower border and pathway leads to an iron gate.
Being larger than average and sitting on a convenient plot the rear garden is laid to a low maintenance concrete paved design and being fully enclosed, having small shrub planting area, greenhouse, timber potting shed, security lighting and an iron gate gives access to the front of the property. The garage can easily be accessed from the rear garden.
From our office at The Square, Mickleover. Turn left onto Etwall Road and then take the second left onto Hedingham Way. Take the first right onto The Hollow and follow the road, this turns into Haven Baulk Lane. Take the first left on to Haven Baulk Avenue then the first left onto Matthew Way. Turn left at the T junction onto Dennis Close and follow this to the end of the cul de sac. The garage is located at the end of the block on the right hand side of the T junction. The front of the property is then accessed on foot via pathway to Rodney Close where the property is situated in a lovely green area.


A Cosmic Temple Creations video production. The soundtrack "In Here-Out There" is also on CD. David Cosmo built an electric powered kaleidoscope viewing device to film these flowing forms that are filled with spirit and life. Almost as if looking at creation where all things come from. He is fascinated with Sacred Geometry and how it reveals the cosmic order of the universe (and the multiverse), and how it is applied in Quantum Physics, Cosmology and Biology. David's father is a retired Dr. of Biology who penned the name Kaleidology after experiencing this video. The Greek words: kalos (beautiful) eidos (form) ology (the Science of) create the title, Kaleidology (The Science of Beautiful Form). These ever-changing forms with East Indian and Tibetan music are a relaxing and transformational experience.


text:
Fox Makes the First Four Episodes of '24: Season 6' Available On DVD Today!
Fox Makes the First Four Episodes of 24: Season 6 Available On DVD Today!
Jack Bauer is back in a big way.
Catch up on the non-stop, heart-pounding action of one of television's hottest series with the DVD debut of 24: Season 6 Premiere, featuring the first four gripping episodes of the much-anticipated new season of the Emmy® Award winning series 24 on January 16, 2007 from Fox Home Entertainment. Timed to release on DVD the Tuesday immediately following the two-night, four-hour television event on FOX, 24 fans will be able to relive the excitement of the critically-acclaimed series almost instantaneously. In addition, the 24: Season 6 Premiere DVD is highlighted by an exclusive sneak preview featuring the never-before-seen first 12 minutes of what's in store for Jack Bauer in Episode Five - one week before it airs on television! The 24: Season 6 Premiere DVD will be available for the suggested retail price of $14.98 U.S. / $15.98 Canada.
Last year's winner of five Emmy® Awards including Outstanding Drama Series and Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series (Kiefer Sutherland), the adrenaline-charged drama continues to keep viewers on the edge of their seats for another 24 hours of action and suspense. One of television's most innovative series, season six of 24 is sure to continue to the suspenseful drama with unexpected twists and turns with each tick of the clock.
Season Five concluded with a battered and bloodied Jack Bauer (Kiefer Sutherland) captured by Chinese government agents and headed for points unknown. Season Six picks up 20 months later. After a series of horrific terrorist attacks, an unthinkable, nail-biting day begins. Season Six will feature Wayne Palmer (DB Woodside), the strong-minded brother of the late President David Palmer; Sandra Palmer (Regina King), a determined and powerful advocacy lawyer; presidential advisors Karen Hayes (Jayne Atkinson) and Thomas Lennox (Peter MacNicol); and CTU colleagues Chloe O'Brian (Mary Lynn Rajskub), Curtis Manning (Roger Cross), Bill Buchanan (James Morrison), Milo Pressman (Eric Balfour) and Morris O'Brian (Carlo Rota).
- 6:00AM - 7:00AM
- 9:00AM - 10:00AM
DVD Features:
- First Act Sneak Peek of Episode #5 (10:00AM -11:00AM)
- Aspect Ratio: Widescreen
- Audio: English Dolby Surround
- Run Time: 176 minutes
- MPAA Rating: NR
- CC: Yes