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Chilia este un sat în comuna Homoroade din județul Satu Mare, Transilvania, România. Se află la graniță cu județul Maramureș. Numele românesc vechi și utilizat de săteni este Tilie, iar denumirile maghiare, exprimând ideea de sat mânăstire/chilie, sunt: Apaczafalu, Pacfalu, Paczafalu și Tyilie. Este un sat situat în Țara Codrului. Satul este inclus în programul Transilvania Magică.

Istoric
Pe tot întinsul comunei Homoroade (incluzând Drumul Chiliei) s-au identificat urme de așezări omenești preistorice, din vechea Europă: neoliticul timpuriu (cultura Starčevo-Criș la Ograda Borzului din Homorodul de Sus) și eneoliticul timpuriu (cultura Tiszapolgaa la Lunca-Homorodul de Sus). De asemenea, există dovezi ale locuirii acestor zone în perioada daco-tracică, (spre exemplu, descoperindu-se la Chilia o monedă dacică de argint), zona făcând probabil parte din statul dac din perioada Burebista-Decebal, iar apoi din zona dacilor liberi/dacii mari (în zonă - Homorodul de Jos - existând și comunități celte, dovadă stând moneda "Călărețul cu Pasăre", descoperită aici). Ulterior, foarte probabil că etnogeneza și organizarea românească (ex. obștile sătești, țăranii liberi, juzii/cnezii/voievozii etc.) au urmat aceleași tipare ca în toată regiunea Transilvaniei extinse, zona făcând parte din voievodatul lui Menumorut.

Prima atestare documentara a satului este din anul 1370 (sub numele de Pacfalu), când domeniul era unul ecleziast, ținând de călugărițele dominicane din Satu Mare (Mințiu). Ulterior satul face parte din domeniul Dragfi (numele maghiar al nobililor români din familia voievozilor Dragoș/Dragoșești), apoi din domeniul cetății Satu Mare (cetatea împăratului habsburg), din 1648 din domeniul lui Rakoczi Gyorgy, principele Transilvaniei, iar din 1668 (prin donația regală a împăratului habsburg) din domeniul lui Csaky Istvan. Apoi satul a intrat o perioadă în domeniul Wesselenyieke, iar din 1711 până la unirea Transilvaniei cu România în 1918 o parte a ajuns în domeniul familiei Karoly. Din a doua jumătate a secolului XVIII, ca urmare a reformelor tereziene, țăranii din Chilia au devenit proprietari de pământ (prin defrișări/desțeleniri etc. - zona bine împădurită oferind astfel de oportunități), satul fiind deja cu vatra nouă pe aceste pământuri foarte apropiate de pădure, care (1) îi asigurau mai ușor acces la resurse și siguranță și (2) îl separau de domeniul nobiliar vecin.

Istoria medievală, modernă și contemporană a satului este strâns legată de cea a Țării Codrului (zonei Codru) din care face parte. În perioada medievală, zona – care de obicei era în mare parte inclusă în districtul Ardud - a fost afectată de năvălirile tătare (începând cu secolul XIII), iar apoi, începând cu secolul XVI, de atacurile de pradă otomane (cu sediul la Buda, Timișoara sau Oradea), Țara Codrului nefiind inclusă în pașalâcul Oradea, ci ținând, împreună cu comitatul Sătmar, fie de Ungaria habsburgică (din cadrul Imperiului Habsburgic) fie de Partium (zonă aflată sub administrarea Principatului Transilvaniei, fără a face însă parte integrantă din el). În fața acestor atacuri, Țara Codrului (și mai ales masivul Codru) asigura însă o zonă de protecție mult mai bună decât cea de care beneficiau satele din Comitatul Satu Mare aflate în afara acestei zone și/sau localizate mai spre orașul Satu Mare. Răscoalele țărănești din Transilvania medievală au cuprins inevitabil și zona de Codru. De asemenea, în anul 1848 zona Țării Codrului a fost zguduită de mișcările țărănimii pentru redobândirea pământurilor și drepturilor vechi. După 1918 satul a trecut sub administrație românească, localnicii din zonă aducându-și și ei contribuția prin participarea la Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918. Reforma agrară din 1921 a adus o dezvoltare importantă, prin împroprietăririle păturilor mai sărace. În 1940 satul a reintrat sub administrație maghiară (odată cu cedarea Ardealului de Nord către Ungaria), dar a revenit României după 1945.

Particularități istorico-geografice și socio-economice
Informații istorico-geografice și/sau socio-economice generale despre masivul cristalin Codru și despre Țara Codrului sunt sintetizate în lucrări de specialitate. Tradițiile codrenești din zona etnografică Țara Codrului, sau, simplu spus, Codru, - aplicabile și satului Chilia -, sunt de asemenea, documentate în diferite lucrări; spre exemplu, figurile "steagul" sau "rotirea" din dansul codrenesc sunt unele din cele mai dificile figuri/mișcări din dansurile românești.

Revenind specific la localitatea Chilia, primul sigiliu al satului este documentat din anul 1785. Acesta era rotund, de 25 milimetri, fiind confecționat din bronz și conținea un pom fructifer înconjurat de motive vegetale; simbolurile utilizate sunt strâns legate de activitățile principale ale locuitorilor satului (ex. pomicultură, viticultură și creșterea animalelor, complementate de cultivarea terenurilor agricole etc.), activități dominante și astăzi. Este menționat explicit și un sigiliu ecleziast al Chiliei în 1832.

În lucrarea Szathmár vármegye' fekvése, törtn̄etei, és polgári esmérete, publicată de  in 1809, satul este descris astfel:
"...Paczafalu, (numit) mai demult Apaczafalu, este locuit de români de credință (rit) veche, are 40 de proprietari de pământ [notă: în maghiară telkes gazda], preot local și biserică de lemn. Pământul (terenul) este slab, pădurea de fag frumoasă și plină de vânat și au și viță de vie. Pârâul Bran [notă: numit azi, oficial, râul Lupului sau simplu Vale, de către săteni] izvorăște din vârful făgetului (dealului), trece prin sat și se varsă în pârâul Homorod [notă: astăzi râu]...".

Faptul că exista un nucleu de săteni/țărani prosperi - foarte probabil alături de iobagi/jeleri sărăciți, care reprezentau majoritatea țărănimii românești - este susținut și de un eveniment anterior, bine documentat, și anume faptul că sătenii din Chilia (Tilie) au plătit pentru achiziția Minologhionului 30 de florini la data de 8 iulie 1792:

"...Această sfântă carte, [adică Mineiu], o au cumpărat sătenii pe sama besărecii din Tilie drept cu 30 de florinți vonași. Iulie 8 zile 1792, fiind preut Michale Nemaly...".

Într-adevăr, o conscripție urbarială (din jurul anului 1600) arată că românii din zonele sătmărene (spre exemplu, cum erau cele de Codru) erau bine organizați în posesiuni românești (Possessiones Valaches), cu juzi, cnezi și/sau voievozi; spre exemplu, districtul Ardud, din care făcea parte și Chilia, îl avea ca voievod în anul 1769 pe Pop Mihai (în limba maghiară: Michael Popp). Chiar mai înainte, încă în 1729-1730, apare menționat un voievod chiar în satul Chilia . Acest lucru este important de remarcat, ținând cont de faptul că instituțiile românești vechi (ex. obști sătești, țărani liberi, juzi/cnezi/voievozi) s-au redus drastic (adesea până la dispariție) în Transilvania, după secolele XV-XVI. Trebuie însă menționat faptul că aceste instituții românești vechi, chiar dacă s-au păstrat în unele locuri locuite de români, ca acesta descris aici, au dobândi adesea (și) alte funcții decât cele originale; spre exemplu, (1) cneazul/voievodul a devenit uneori un administrator și/sau un mijlocitor între români și noii feudali și/sau (2) titlul de cneaz/voievod a devenit unul nobiliar (ex. voievodul Transilvaniei sau asociat titulurilor de nobil de origine română).

În acest context merită amintit că Țara Codrului a dat câteva familii nobiliare românești, poate mai puțin mediatizate decât cele din
Maramureșul istoric, dar foarte importante și cu contribuții cheie la istoria României. Spre exemplu, George Pop de Băsești (1835-1919) a fost președintele Adunării Naționale de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918. De asemenea, a fost un important memorandist și politician (ex. președintele Partidului Național Român din Transilvania). Familia sa a fost înnobilată (cu moșiile Băsești și Oarța de Jos din Țara Codrului) în 1678, principele Transilvaniei, Mihail Apafi, legitimând proprietatea.  În disputele cu unii conducători maghiari, frecvente atunci, în perioada cristalizării națiunilor, aceștia spuneau că, deși este o prăpastie între ei și George Pop de Băsești în ceea ce privește viziunea politică/națională, el și-a apărat cauza neamului cu atâta curaj încât trebuie să se închine în fața lui, acesta impunând respect și adversarilor. Când a fost provocat de Președintele Consiliului de Ministri  (Kalman) să renunțe la viziunea lui pentru a fi mai apreciat și promovat în Ungaria, George Pop de Băsești a spus: "…De mi-ați da toată Ungaria, și tot n-aș trăda cauza dreaptă a sărmanului și nenorocitului meu popor, care, afară de Dumnezeu, de tovarășii mei și de mine, n-are alți apărători…"(p. 43). Nicolae Iorga l-a numit "Bătrânul Nației" (românii numindu-l simplu "Badea George"), iar în 1935, la sărbătorirea centenarului nașterii lui George Pop de Băsești, Iuliu Maniu – ținând cont de contribuția acestuia la păstrarea românismului și la Marea Unire – spunea că satul Băsești este o "Mecca română" unde locuia "comandatul suprem al neamului românesc". Alte familii nobiliare, românești (cu numele adesea maghiarizat) sau neromânești, cu titlul/blazonul nobiliar legat direct de zone din Țara Codrului, au fost: Anderkó "de Homoród" (r. Anderco "de Homorod"), David "de Alsoszopor" (r. Alsoszopor - Supurul de Jos"), Pap-Szilagyi "de Illesfalva" (r. Pop (Sălăjanul) Silaghi "de Băsești"), Szilagyi "de Paczafalva" (r. Paczafalva - Chilia).

 arată în lucrarea Magyarország geográfiai szótára  (publicată de Nyomatott Kozma Vazulnal, la Pesten) că în anul 1851 exista în Chilia o unitate/fabrică de producere a potasei (în limba maghiară hamuzsirfozo-gyaraval), probabil parte a domeniului lui Karoly Lajos. Potasa (carbonatul de potasiu/kaliu) se obține din cenușa lemnelor arse, fiind utilizată ca îngrășământ și/sau în diverse activități de producție (ex. săpun, detergenți, sticlă etc.).

În anul 1910 trăiau în satul Chilia 465 de locuitori (români 411, maghiari 18), din care 444 greco-catolici, 7 romano-catolici și 13 evrei. În anul 1940 existau în sat 587 de locuitori din care 568 greco-catolici, 1 romano-catolic și 18 evrei. După trecerea Ardealului de Nord în administrația Ungariei, în 1940, evreii din sat au fost deportați. Numele de familie cele mai vechi și mai răspândite în satul Chilia sunt (în ordine alfabetică): Blaga, Brândușan, David, Dragoș, Fogoș/Fogaș, Groza, Lup, Pop, Tătar, Tătăran etc.

Turism
Satul Chilia face parte din Țara Codrului și se află în pitoreasca zonă a masivului cristalin Codru, bine împădurit, într-o zonă de o frumusețe rară, cu multe trasee accesibile, pe drumuri forestiere și/sau pe poteci naturale de pădure, direct spre culmea masivului Codru (astfel de locații sunt, în denumirea locală, Fântâna Haiducului Pintea/Fântâna Pintii, Foișorul-Tarnița/La Ciupercă, Valea Lupului, etc.) și/sau pe dealurile care îl compun, dealurile piemontane Codrului și/sau la Poalele Codrului (spre exemplu, în denumirea locală, astfel de locații sunt Câmpu Mare, Făgașul Satului, Pusta, Ungurelul, Dealul Secăturii, Tarnița, Dealul lui Bran, Dealul Piști). Culmea masivului Codru se întinde pe aproximativ 22 de kilometri (cu înălțimea maximă de aproximativ 575 de metri în vârful Lespezi) și se numește Culmea Făgetului (Vârful Codrului sau Culmea Codrului în limbajul local), dominând păduri vechi de stejar, gorun, cer și fag (dar și cu zone de conifere). Satul este inclus în programul Transilvania Magică  .

Turiștii au acces nu doar la priveliști și trasee spectaculoase, dar se pot bucura și de tradițiile culturale și culinare extraordinare din sat. Astfel, satul are un muzeu care reflectă o gospodărie tradițională din zona etnografică Codru. Există o mânăstire ortodoxă cu Hramul Sfântul Apostol Andrei, construită recent, în amintirea vechii tradiții mânăstirești a satului (vezi mai jos și legenda locală). Prima ctitorie a bisericii ortodoxe din localitate este documentată din 1706, în forma actuală, biserica ordodoxă fiind construită (probabil ca biserică greco-catolică) în 1858/1861. Pe lângă biserica ortodoxă satul mai are două biserici: penticostală și baptistă. Începând acum aproximativ 50 de ani (în 1957), s-a hotărât organizarea anuală a Festivalului Codrenesc la Valea Lupului, pe teritoriul satului Chilia. Festivalul aduna codrenii din toate zonele Țării Codrului, iar spectacolele erau o oportunitate de exprimare a tradițiilor (ex. dans popular, port, mâncare tradițională, mic târg). Ulterior, ca urmare a creșterii numărului de participanți și a nevoii de spațiu mai larg, festivalul s-a mutat într-o nouă locație din Țara Codrului, apropiată vechii locații, la Oțeloaia, fiind în continuare organizat anual, cu același scop. Acest festival codrenesc este cel mai vechi festival folcloric din Satu Mare. Nu în ultimul rând bucătăria tradițională din Chilia trebuie încercată (ex. plăcinte codrenești cu lobodă, tăști, scoverzi/clătite, fancuri, moșocoarne, vărzar, cozonaci cu brânză sau diverse fructe, supele tradiționale de cartofi și fasole, slănina și șunca pregătite tradițional, pălinca făcută la pălincia din sat din diverse fructe ale localnicilor, individuale și/sau combinate). În perioada sărbătorilor de iarnă încă se practică colindatul tradițional, dar și Viflaimul și Steaua organizate de tinerii din sat în colaborare cu biserica ortodoxă din sat. Cazarea se poate face în Satu Mare, Chilia aflându-se la doar 23 de kilometri de oraș, dar o opțiune o constituie și cazarea la localnici.

Legende și tradiții locale
Tradiția locală spune că în vremuri străvechi zona era ocupată de o mânăstire și chilii cu măicuțe/călugărițe; de aici s-ar trage și numele localității. Năvălirile tătarilor au distrus mânăstirea și chiliile, din relațiile (forțate) acestora cu călugărițele născându-se chilienii. Ca urmare a acestui păcat, mânăstirea originală s-a scufundat în zona mlăștinoasă numită La Călugărițe din Chilia Bătrână (imediat în partea stângă a drumului spre Satu Mare, lângă râul Lupului, pe partea stângă a acestuia). Pentru a uita evenimentul și a se proteja mai bine de năvălirile tătare, sătenii au mutat satul de la Poalele Codrului mai spre Culmea Codrului (unde este localizat și astăzi). Legenda are un sâmbure de adevăr istoric, fiind confirmată de anumite izvoare orale și scrise. Legătura cu biserica, exprimată și în numele localității, derivă probabil din faptul că în sat (probabil în Chilia Bătrână) este documentată o biserică ortodoxă din lemn încă din 1706, iar mânăstirea dominicană care poseda Chilia (sub numele de Pacfalu) ca proprietate ecleziastă este atestată documentar din 1370; în plus, năvălirile tătare în zonă, precum și mutarea vetrei satului din Chilia Bătrână în locația actuală (în partea dreaptă a drumului spre Satu Mare), sunt evenimente documentate istoric și administrativ.

Referințe

Legături externe
 Blogul prof. univ. dr. Daniel David. O micromonografie a satului Chilia din Țara Codrului.
 Imagini din zona etnografica Chilia, Satu Mare. Proiectul Transilvania Magica.
 Aspectul caselor și al obiectelor tradiționale din zona Codrului. Imagini din muzeul din localitate Chilia, Satu Mare. Programul De Cooperare Transfrontalieră Ungaria-România 2007-2013.

Chilia, Homoroade


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Police's message ahead of Nottingham Forest's match with Derby County
The game will be shown live on Sky
Nottingham Forest's City Ground (Image: Rachel Holborn - BRFC/Getty Images)
Police have thanked football fans for following the coronavirus guidelines ahead of Nottingham Forest's match with Derby County on Friday evening (October 23).
Chris Hughton's side will take on the Rams at the City Ground and Inspector Rob Taylor explained local businesses showing the match live on television had been spoken to about the Tier 2 restrictions.
Inspector Taylor, of Nottinghamshire Police's Football Unit, said: "We would like to thank all football fans in Nottinghamshire for their continued support around the coronavirus guidelines.
"We have not had any issues with people congregating because of the matches and that is a real credit to the fans.
"We have visited local businesses which will be showing the match and they are all aware of the rules and their responsibilities.
"All fans must also make sure that they only visit venues with members of their own household.
"We do not expect there to be any issues but our officers will be on patrol and as always will be engaging with people, encouraging them to do the right thing and ultimately using their enforcement powers if they need to."
The match will be broadcast live by Sky Sports.
The game will be shown on both Sky Sports Main Event and Sky Sports Football, with coverage getting underway at 7pm.
It will be Hughton's first East Midlands derby in the City Ground dugout.
Under the current Tier 2 restrictions across Nottinghamshire, people must not socialise with anybody outside of their household or support bubble indoors.
Under the measures, people must not socialise in a group of more than six outside, including in a garden or other spaces like beaches or parks (other than where specific exemptions apply in law).
Businesses and venues can continue to operate in a Covid-secure manner - other than those that remain closed in law.
Certain businesses are required to ensure customers only consume food and drink while seated, and must close between 10pm and 5am.
Chris Hughton

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 149, 127-144 (2007)
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2007-00247-y
Ab initio simulation of interface reactions as a foundation of understanding polymorphism
J. M. Knaup1, C. Köhler1, M. Hoffmann1, P. H. König2 and T. Frauenheim1
1 Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, Universität Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee, 28359 Bremen, Germany
2 The BACTER institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
Corresponding author: J.Knaup@bccms.uni-bremen.de
Chemical reactions at solid/liquid or solid/gas hybrid interfaces govern the morphogenesis of growing solid state phases. In order to understand the polymorphism of solids, the understanding of the mechanisms and kinetics of these reactions is of crucial importance, as is an insight into the morphology of said surfaces on an atomistic scale. Ab initio simulations are a valuable tool to obtain these data, especially in materials design, where many possible materials for an application may have to be examined. In such cases the fabrication of all these materials for examination and characterization can be extremely time consuming and expensive. We present methods to determine surface properties and reaction energetics from ab initio simulations and demonstrate their potential using three examples: reaction energetics for the adsorption of adhesive component molecules on alumina surfaces, the functionalization of a silica surface with a fluorocarbon layer and the investigation of the wetting behavior of the functionalized surface, and the calculation of reaction energetics for a proton transfer process in the bacterial reaction centre of photosynthesis, including quantum mechanical effects as well as solvent and continuum electrostatic influences from the surrounding medium.
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1961 – Coach Morgan Wootten and Coach Joe Gallagher started the Metropolitan Area Basketball School.
1973 – A week for girls was added to the Metropolitan Area Basketball School.
1984 – Coach Wootten, along with Coach Jim Phelan and Coach Bill Sheehan, started three weeks (two weeks for boys and one week for girls) of overnight camp at Mount St. Mary's College in Emmitsburg, Maryland.
1983 – The day camp moved to Takoma Academy in Takoma Park, Maryland.
1987 – The overnight camp was expanded to six weeks (four weeks for boys and two weeks for girls).
1999 – The overnight camp moved to Frostburg State University in Frostburg, Maryland under the direction of Coach Morgan Wootten and Coach Joe Wootten.
2000 – The day camp moved to O'Connell High School in Arlington, Virginia.
2006 – The overnight camp at Frostburg expanded to five weeks (four weeks for boys and one week for girls).
2007– The Father/Son Camp was added.
2014– The Academic All-American Camp was added.


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iPhones, oil and active …
iPhones, oil and active investing: seven charts that caught the eye in September
Investment Communications Team
Taiwan tech tied to iPhone launch
If history has taught investors anything, it is that the hype surrounding the latest iPhone launch by Apple usually ends up falling short of expectations. And this extends to the share prices of the many components suppliers involved in the giant's supply chain too.
In Asia, many Taiwanese technology companies have built niche positions as key suppliers of various components that go into the iPhone. These companies manufacture specific components ranging from phone casings to camera lens modules.
Inevitably, rumours of the latest new eye-catching features and optimistic numbers on estimated customer demand propel the share prices of these suppliers (which also include Chinese and Korean companies) higher in the 9-12 months leading up to the launch. However, in the three-month period after the iPhone is unveiled, these companies' share prices tend to underperform the returns from their respective country indices.
From the start of this year to 12 September (when the newest iPhones were unveiled), the MSCI Taiwan – Information Technology sector had returned nearly +34%. Since then a gradual selloff in the sector has ensued and it is now down by over 7% from its peak, with news that iPhone 8 pre-orders have been weaker-than-expected not helping sentiment. For now, investors in these companies can at least take solace in the fact that there is always another iPhone launch to look forward to in a year's time.
Past performance is not a guide to future performance and may not be repeated.
In defence of active
The debate over active versus passive investing rumbles on. Schroders' Gavin Ralston, Head of Official Institutions and Thought Leadership, added to the conversation in September with an article called "The case for active investing".
In it, he looked at some of the weaknesses in the methodology often used to support the case for passive investments. For example, the fact the data is often US-centric and also that the benchmarks assigned are often different to the actual index a fund has set out to beat.
Bearing this in mind, Ralston looked at the UK market and only included funds benchmarked to a broad index. He only included funds that had a full five years of performance history at a given date.
The result was the chart below, which shows that the performance of active managers is cyclical, but that there have been several periods, including the present, when well over 60% of active funds have outperformed net of fees.
Philip Haddon
Correlation comes down
The next chart is in a similar vein.
In times of market stress, correlation – the degree to which stocks and assets move in the same way - can rise. This makes it more difficult to defend against swings in the market, and company fundamentals are often overlooked.
This is particularly important for stockpickers, who aim to use in-depth analysis to find companies best-placed to outperform the market. For these "bottom-up" active managers, there could be some good news in this chart, which shows correlation has fallen below its long-term average.
Andrew Lacey
Oiling the wheels of change
On Tuesday 19 September, Norway's oil fund hit the $1 trillion mark for the first time.
The fund is the world's largest sovereign wealth vehicle. It was set up in 1996 and is designed to manage Norway's oil wealth for future generations. It takes the country's oil revenues and reinvests these in financial assets from around the world.
The chart below shows the split between different assets – shares, bonds and property – as at the end of June. However, there could be changes coming to the bond part of the portfolio. In a letter to the Norwegian finance ministry in September, the fund recommended that its benchmark should include only government bonds denominated in US dollars, euros or sterling.
Since the fund tends not to deviate significantly from its benchmark, this could lead to far fewer holdings of corporate bonds, or those in other currencies.
Emma Stevenson
Buybacks fall back
Corporate share buybacks have been a characteristic feature of the global equity bull market of the past few years. Commentators have noted, and in some cases lamented, the substantial decline in corporate investment programmes, seemingly usurped by a preference for buybacks. Given the unprecedentedly low level of interest rates and therefore borrowing costs, companies have taken the chance to issue bonds and repurchase shares with the proceeds. There are two exchange-traded funds dedicated to companies with large buyback programmes and there has been talk of a buyback trade. Signs are, however, that this veritable "buyback bonanza" may be coming to an end.
The value of buyback plans approved this year by S&P 500 companies, at $146 billion, is the lowest since 2012 and 15% lower than a year ago, according to Goldman Sachs. Executions of approved buybacks are down 20% over that period (see chart).
US buybacks have totalled more than $2 trillion over the past five years, according to Absolute Strategy Research, a research boutique.
Stock repurchases have been a large component of net inflows into US equities during the bull market. Equity analysts had expected the high level of buyback activity to return in 2017 on expectations of President Trump's corporate tax cuts particularly in relation to encouraging repatriation of cash held overseas.
James Molony
Falling yields in Portugal
The yield on Portugal's 10 year government debt fell sharply in September from 2.83% to 2.39% as S&P increased the country's credit rating from BB+/B to BBB-/A-3. Bond yields fall when prices rise.
This was the first of the three major global credit ratings agencies to return Portugal to investment grade status, following its downgrade in 2012.
In 2011 Portgual became the third eurozone country to receive a financial rescue package from the European Union and IMF. The credit rating on the country's sovereign debt was cut to non-investment grade in 2012 and at the peak of the eurozone crisis the yield on 10 year Portuguese sovereign debt reached close to 16.5%.
S&P cited the progress the coutry has made in reducing its budget deficit, expectations for solid economic growth and easing external financing risks for the next few years as its basis for the upgrade.The country's economy expanded 2.9% year-on-year in the second quarter, its fastest rate in over a decade. Improving eurozone growth has been positive for the economy and unemployment now sits below the eurozone average.
Andrew Rymer
Women's clothes help lift inflation
The Office for National Statistics (ONS) revealed that its Consumer Prices Index (CPI) 12-month rate was 2.9% in August 2017.
Prices in the clothing and footwear category were running particularly high and sterling's depreciation in the wake of the Brexit vote appeared to have driven this, said the ONS. This perhaps shouldn't have come as a great surprise given that the UK imports much of its clothes.
In addition, the category was the largest contributor to the incremental increase in the 12-month rate between July (when the annualised rate of CPI was 2.6%) and August, driven by clothing, and women's clothing in particular. Prices of clothing and footwear usually rise between July and August as autumn ranges start to enter the shops following the summer sales season.
This year's month-on-month rise was larger than 2016, which may have been influenced by the proportion of items on sale falling more between July and August than between the same two months a year ago.
Simon Keane
Asia ex Japan
Europe ex UK
Market views
The views and opinions contained herein are those of Schroders' investment teams and/or Economics Group, and do not necessarily represent Schroder Investment Management North America Inc.'s house views. These views are subject to change. This information is intended to be for information purposes only and it is not intended as promotional material in any respect.
Our multi-asset investment views for June 2018
We have downgraded equities this month in Europe, Japan, Pacific ex-Japan and emerging markets. Here's why.
Will it be smooth sailing for markets until the end of the year?
At the latest Schroders Live event on 4 October, our panel looked at whether equities can sustain their stellar run in view of the coming reduction in central bank liquidity, geopolitical tensions, currency moves and stretched valuations.
Markets: What's in store for the rest of 2015 and beyond?
At our recent forum in Edinburgh, five leading Schroders fund managers and chief economist Keith Wade met to discuss the state of global markets and assess what lies ahead.
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PCA Corporate Finance, Finland's top M&A advisor and Clairfield's partner in Finland, has announced a merger with Linnea Advisors,the leading capital structuring and debt advisory firm. The combined business will operate under the PCA Corporate Finance brand and in connection with the transaction Timo Leino and Kalle Helander will become partners at PCA/Clairfield Finland. The merger creates a uniquely qualified owner-managed independent corporate finance advisory firm.
PCA/Clairfield Finland was the clear Finnish market leader in 2016 in number of closed M&A transactions and has advised over 200 transactions in its 25-year history. Merging with Linnea Advisors increases PCA's footprint and the number of professionals employed to 20.
Linnea Advisors designs and executes financing and capital optimization solutions largely for corporations. Linnea's recent clients include Versowood, F-Secure, Ahlström Capital, Masino, and Tana Corporation. Linnea's current partners Timo Leino and Kalle Helander each have over 20 years of international experience in private equity at 3i and Triton Partners, in investment banking at JPMorgan and UBS Warburg, and in management consulting at KPMG, BCG and Booz Allen Hamilton.
Clairfield Finland's service portfolio now includes M&A, capital raising, balance sheet optimization, and the design of management incentive plans. Its expertise throughout a company lifecycle joins that of Clairfield operations in Europe, particularly in Italy, Germany, Belgium and Spain, which also offer debt advisory services.
"Optimization of capital structure and the tendering of financing will bring a clear competitive advantage for our clients and for both organic growth and M&A based transactions. Through the expertise brought to PCA by the Linnea Advisors team, we can now advise our clients in financing arrangements and active balance sheet optimization even more effectively than before" says Ari Leppänen, managing partner at PCA/Clairfield.
"Our client base mainly consists of mid-sized and large corporations, a large proportion of which are either already international or are in the process of internationalization. Through our global Clairfield International partnership we can provide our clients with opportunities and tools for efficient growth" says Kalle Helander, managing director of Linnea Advisors and now partner at PCA/Clairfield.


text:
Q: java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 10 I can't figure out what the problem is someone please help. The program is supposed to find the index of the duplicate values in the array and print these out. Outputs java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 10.
private static String s = "";
private static int num = 0;

public static void main(String[] args) {
    int[] array = { 1, 5, 3, 8, 2, 3, 7, 1, 9, 3 };
    for (int i = 1; i <= array.length; ++i) {
        while (num <= array.length - 2 && array[num] == array[i]) {
            s += i + ",";
            num += 1;
        }
    }
    System.out.println("index 0 are at positions" +s);
    System.out.println();
}

A: for (int i= 0; i<array.length; ++i) {
    while (num <=array.length-2 && array[num]==array[i]) {
        s += i+ ",";
        num += 1;
    }
}

This should work for you. length of array is 10, so last index is 9, not 10! And start from 0!

A: array.length is 10, but last index in array is 9, because array index start from 0.
The stop condition in your for loop should be i<=array.length-1 if you want to loop through entire array.

A: First of all you should start from 0 instead of index 1. And secondly you should use < sign
for (int i = 0; i < array.length; ++i)

A: Only the max number of elements is set to 10 which means the index number would start at 0.
You can only get element until the 9th element.
java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 10

It is clear sign, that you're not having an 11th element.
for (int i = 1; i < array.length; ++i) {
    while (num <= array.length - 2 && array[num] == array[i]) {
        s += i + ",";
        num += 1;
    }
}

This would do the job for you.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


MANHATTAN (CN) — Four Fordham undergraduates filed a lawsuit accusing the university of viewpoint discrimination over its decision to reject their application to form a local chapter of Students for Justice in Palestine.
Ahmad Awad, a Fordham senior leading Wednesday's lawsuit, traces his activism to having two grandparents born in Palestine before the establishment of the state of Israel and another grandparent who is a Polish survivor of the Nazi labor camps.
He is joined in the New York County Supreme Court lawsuit by Sofia Dadap, a junior; Julie Norris, a sophomore; and Sapphira Lurie, a senior who says she was raised in a Jewish Zionist household.
While their application was pending, New York's Gov. Andrew Cuomo signed an executive order blocking state agencies from doing business with companies and businesses that back a boycott against Israel.
Although the student government group voted to recognize the SJP chapter, Fordham's Dean of Students Keith Eldredge overruled the approval "in an action apparently without precedent," according to the lawsuit.
More than 100 professors signed a petition protesting the decision by Eldredge, who is not a party to the lawsuit.
Howe did not specify what news reports concerned the university.
He added that the university would grant club status if the club changed its name and "slightly revised" its constitution to distance itself from the national organization.
The Center for Constitutional Rights slammed the university's action as a threat to free speech on campus.
"If Fordham's guarantee of freedom of inquiry means anything, it's that students who want to advocate for Palestinian rights must be able to start an SJP club and host events, invite guest speakers, distribute flyers, and post materials just like any other group," the group's deputy legal director, Maria LaHood, who signed the lawsuit, said in a statement.
Palestine Legal, a nonprofit serving as LaHood's co-counsel, said that it responded to 650 complaints of suppression against pro-Palestinian speech between 2014 and 2016.


text:
/ MOTORING
Concept cars with potential
posted December 29, 2016 at 07:50 pm by Dino Ray V. Directo III
With a few days left before we usher in the new year, car enthusiasts are looking forward to an exciting 2017 as manufacturers roll out their products meant to excite and add more sizzle in the highly competitive car industry. Here are a few top choices that we feel will stir up some excitement and keep the cash registers ringing.
Toyota Corolla (New Gen)
Toyota has sold over 40 million Corollas since the nameplate was introduced in 1966. For the car's 50th anniversary, the company partnered with Jeremy Lookofsky of Cartel Customs to produce this radical caustom. This car started off as a 4 foor sedan, and now it's a 2 door hardtop coupe. Two-tone paint, Sparco seats, and a JBL audio system set it apart
In the domestic market, Toyota Motors Philippines (TMP) is mum about the introduction of this latest version of its top selling variant. If and when they decide to bring this all-new version Corolla, expect a custom version probably by dressed up by the guys at TRD or Gazoo at its launch.
Volkswagen Passat GT Concept
Expected to make its appearance at the Automobility in Los Angeles, this Passat GT concept was penned at the at the Volkswagen North American engineering hub in Chattanooga, Tennessee. It is largely based on a a cosmetic upgrade which gives the car a more aggressive profile, with over 20 design changes from the standard Passat. Noteworthy changes include a black honeycomb grille framed top and bottom by a red accent line, similar to the Golf GTI. Other changes include black window surrounds, roof, and trunk spoiler, as well as smoked taillights and LED headlights.
The interior showcases carbon fiber trim on the instrument panel and door trim, as well as duotone black and gray seating, and piano black console trim.
The GT is lowered 0.6 inches over large 19" Tornado wheels covering red-painted brake calipers.
Power comes from a 3.6 liter FSI VR6 producing 280 hp backed up a 6-speed DSG dual-clutch automatic transmission. The engine benefits with reduced backpressure from a dual trapezoidal exhaust and a sport muffler.
Hyundai is set to raise the bar of performance with its new "N" line performance line of flagship performance cars which is reflected on its wild RN30. Based on the new Hyundai i30, but with numerous body enhancements, including high tech headlights, a floating fender on each wheel, side splitters, and a large rear spoiler extending as a roof canopy propped up by a center fin. The car has been lowered 84 mm (over 3 inches) compared to the i30, and rests on 19 inch alloy wheels. The interior features racing bucket seats with harnesses surrounded by an integrated roll cage.
It drew a lot of attention at the Paris Motor Show as it showcased its powerplant, a turbocharged 2 liter inline-4 producing a full 375 hp and 333 lb-ft of torque.
RN30 is the latest in a succession of high-performance sports concepts that point towards the future of N production models, furthering the 'N' model characteristics first seen in the Hyundai N 2025 Vision Gran Turismo, RM15 and RM16 concepts. All N performance models draw on Hyundai's successful motorsport experiences and demonstrate Hyundai's desire to put thrilling driver experiences at the heart of new car developments. The i30N model will soon be available next year, making our passion for high-performance driving accessible to everyone.
All N models are developed by passionate experts in Namyang, the heart of Hyundai Motor's global R&D network – then pushed to their limits at Nürburgring, the world's most challenging race track. The N logo represents the chicane of a race track – where the balance of cars is proven rigorously
Honda CRZ RR by Mugen
The lackluster sales performance of Honda's CRZ might just get a much needed shot in the arm if ever they decide to bring in limited quantities of this special MUGEN Variant. Although built for show purposes only, The CR-Z MUGEN RR aims to demonstrate MUGEN's capabilities in terms of function, style, performance and agility.
The CR-Z MUGEN RR has been created with many bespoke prototype parts, several of which are created in carbon fibre, including the bonnet, passenger doors and rear tailgate. Other features unique to the car include a full length carbon-fibre underbody, a twin central-exit exhaust, vented front bumpers and race-developed suspension. Orange 4-piston monobloc brake calipers and forged 18-inch alloy wheels both complement the vibrant Valencia Orange Pearl exterior paint work.
Inside the car, the seats are clad in MUGEN-branded colour-coded leather/Alcantara. The addition of a race-developed information screen has the ability to record chassis and engine data as well as housing a Satellite navigation and audio system. This high tech kit will monitor the car over two laps to "learn" a circuit and then record lap data and vehicle tracking using GPS.
Topics: Concept cars , Honda CRZ RR , Mugen , Hyundai RN30 , Volkswagen Passat GT Concept , Toyota Corolla (New Gen)
Showtime in Shanghai
Mitsubishi Motors Witnesses Turn Over of EV/PHEV to Office of the President
Mitsubishi XPANDER tops small MPV sales in 2018
Isuzu upgrades workhorse


We had 46 people spread out over 6 tables on one side of the terrace and there was plenty of room. I'm trying to figure out whether we could have fit twice as many tables in the space... I think there would be enough room because ours was not squishy in any way, shape or form. Besides, our tables only had either 6-8 people. Maybe they can fit 10 people per table, you never know. I was married at the little bamboo gazebo in front of the steakhouse and I loved it! It was windy though which might be the only downside. My hair was very 'fresh', as I like to call it. Haha.
Ok, I created a photobucket account (first time user) and I think I've managed to find a few non-professional pictures to highlight a bit about the resort and our wedding. There's only 23 pics for now, but it's a start! I'll update this thread whenever I add more. Now let's see if I can properly add the link to my photobucket page... Pictures by sarahgracedavis - Photobucket Please let me know if the link isn't functional!
My friends and family members have just given me a bunch of pictures so as soon as I pick my way through them all and find ones that show off the resort and wedding details, I'll be sure to post them for you all to see. I won't receive my pro pics for probably a week, so it might take a little while longer for those, but I'll be sure to post them quickly!
Hello everyone! We've just returned from our fabulous week (and wedding!) at the Iberostar RoseHall Suites (IRHS) near Montego Bay, Jamaica. Some of you may know that we were originally supposed to be married at Dreams Tulum in the Mayan Riviera on May 7th, but due to the worldwide swine flu epidemic (sigh), we were forced to cancel our wedding in Mexico 4 days beforehand, switch the wedding to Jamaica for June 2nd, and re-plan everything in a rather short period of time. I was very lucky that my travel agent was on the ball and managed to move most of our guests (46 of 55) over to the IRHS in 2 days. We knew that many vacationers would be in the same boat as us and were very aware that we needed to make our decision quickly. Our travel agent kept assuring us that the IRHS would be amazing, so we took a leap of faith and said book it! To complicate matters a little more, Mike (my wonderful husband) and I had booked a non-refundable, 3 week European honeymoon that was scheduled to start 2 days after our Mexico wedding trip (so on May 11th). When we had to move our wedding to Jamaica for June 2nd, we had no choice but to go on our honeymoon first, and then get married second! This ended up working out just fine, especially because I really needed a vacation and a means to de-stress, except that it left me about a week's time to re-plan my entire Jamaican wedding because I would be out of the country for most of the month of May. (A quick note: I know you're going to think I'm an easy marker, but I honestly was so blown away by our entire experience that my grades are as honest as I can be!) Vacation Carrier – A We booked our wedding through Air Canada Vacations using a local travel agent here in Ottawa. Overall, they were great. Mike and I got upgraded to first class (both ways) and we had no trouble bringing our wedding attire onto the plane with us. They stowed my dress and Mike's outfit in a closet near the front of the plane. We were also allowed a large baggage allowance. Our guests travelling in "regular" class were allowed to check 2 bags each, whereas Mike and I were allowed 3 bags each due to our first class upgrade. Upon arriving at IRHS, we discovered that we were upgraded to an ocean front suite! The only hiccup I would mention is that on the way back to Ottawa, we had to overnight in Montreal because there was no late night connecting flight to Ottawa. Air Canada Vacations was nice enough to put us all up in a hotel in Montreal, so although it would have been nice to make it home that night, they did their best to make the situation tolerable. The Resort – A+ IRHS is AMAZING! It's a relatively new, 5-star family resort that opened in October 2008. It has 2 sister resorts next door: Iberostar Rose Hall Beach, a 4-star family resort and Iberostar Rose Hall Grand, a 5-star adults only resort. All 46 of our friends and family members did not have a single complaint about IRHS. I asked around to everyone throughout the week if there was anything they thought the resort could improve on and we came up with nothing! One of our guests went as far as to say that he almost wishes we didn't got to IRHS because he thinks all future all-inclusive vacations he goes on will pale in comparison (and he was serious)! Our rooms were simply stunning. When Mike and I first walked into our upgraded ocean front room (3236), we were feeling a bit guilty that we got such a nice room compared with our guests, even though we hadn't seen any of their rooms yet. Well, when we made our way over to where all of our guests were staying (spread out between the 4200, 4300 and 4400 blocks), we were so thrilled that their rooms were virtually identical! Each of our guests' rooms overlooked the lazy river and pool area, but due to the U-shape nature of the resort, everyone also had an ocean view as well! The bathrooms are beautiful (separate shower, double-person soaker tub, dual sinks), the mini bar fridges are stocked frequently, the beds were SUPER soft and comfy and the balconies were lovely. At IRHS, everyone also gets a separate sitting area with an additional pull-put couch. Seriously, I can't imagine anyone not loving his/her room at IRHS. They were 5-star quality all the way. This was particularly a special treat for my guests because had we gone to Dreams Tulum, all of my guests would have stayed in their "Hacienda" style rooms, which sometimes receive mixed reviews on places like Trip Advisor. I'm sure we would have been more than fine with our rooms at Dreams Tulum, but to suddenly have these gorgeous rooms provided to us was an unexpected treat. The resort itself is immaculate. The grounds are beautifully manicured, the main pool with swim-up bar is refreshing and lots of fun to spend the day around, the ocean is unbelievably warm with a beautifully sandy beach (and lots of great fish to spy on should you decide to grab some snorkeling gear from the scuba shop). We never had trouble finding places to sit, either around the pool or on the ocean. On a windy day, we chose to spend time around the pool because the wind could sometimes kick up sand into your eyes if you weren't careful. The serving staff was always offering to grab you a drink. We never went thirsty! Food/Restaurants – A No matter whether you consider yourself gastronomically savvy or whether you have simpler tastes, there is something for you at IRHS. The buffet was wonderful for breakfast; every food you can imagine is served here. I never attended the buffet for lunch or dinner, but some of our guests did and they really liked the variety and didn't get sick of the selection. For lunch, I typically ate at Aunt Ruby's (the Steakhouse). It's an open-air restaurant located on the beach, similar to the Seaside Grill at Dreams Tulum. A couple of times throughout the week, Aunt Ruby's hosted an outdoor BBQ with live steal drum music (so lovely). I ate bellyfuls of jerk chicken, beef, pork … yum! For dinner, there are 6 a-la-carte restaurants to choose from: the Mediterranean, the Mexican, the Gourmet, Aunt Ruby's (it transforms into a fancier restaurant in the evenings), the Cajun, and the Japanese restaurant. The Cajun and the Japanese restaurants are located next door at Iberostar Rose Hall Beach, so they are more difficult to make reservations at because you are competing with Beach guests for spaces. The only reason I decided to give this section an A instead of A+ is due to their reservation system. I didn't like having to make reservations up front, only because I'm more of a spur-of-the-moment eater. I quickly learned that you didn't even need a reservation. We'd just show up to our favourite restaurant later in the evening (~8:30 pm) and they'd take us right away. By far my favourite restaurant was the Gourmet restaurant. Try the lamb, duck or tenderloin and you won't be disappointed! The lobster salad is delicious, too. Entertainment – A+ At IRHS, there is staff called "Star Friends" whose jobs it is to make your resort experience exceptional. There are too many to name – Noodle, Monkey, Marvin, Blanka – who go out of their way to make sure you're having the time of your life. They visit with you, dance with you, joke with you, play games with you, make up funny handshakes with your husband (true story), and generally ensure you're having a great time. They also organize the various free activities on the resort (archery, volleyball, soccer, darts, slip-and-sliding into the pool, water aerobics, yoga, etc). By the end of the week, you're fast friends! There are nightly shows at the resort, but I can't say I attended any of them so I can't comment. Instead, we attended the Disco on 4 different nights (super fun, well-attended and great music) or we made our own fun. One night we travelled to Iberostar Rose Hall Beach and used their card room for a giant, 20-person euchre tournament with some of our friends and family members. Another night we spent at the Beach resort watching Game 4 of the Stanley Cup finals in their sports bar (we're Canadians and hockey nuts). All in all, there was never a shortage of things to do throughout the days and evenings Weather - A A quick note about the weather. We were a little worried before leaving for our trip that we were going to be experiencing a lot of rain because the long range forecast kept saying "chance of thunderstorms" every day. For the 7 days we were there, it rained for maybe 2 hours one day (from ~4:00-6:00 pm). Unfortunately for one couple, this rainy period occurred during their scheduled wedding time and their ceremony was moved indoors to the base of the grand staircase. I didn't see the indoor set-up, but some of our guests did and told me it still looked very beautiful. WEDDING Wedding Coordinator – A+ My wedding contact at IRHS was Loreto (weddings.suites@iberostar.com.jm). I know this may sound like too much of a blanket statement, but she was INCREDIBLE. I guess I should warn you all that I might jump back and forth here more often between my Dreams Tulum wedding planning experience and what I experienced at IRHS, but I was completely flabbergasted (in a good way) by the service I received from Loreto. I would send her an email (or 3 or 4 at a time!) and she would always write me back either immediately or within a couple of hours at most. This was very different from the service I received at Dreams Tulum. She was so eager to please and did an amazing job of offering advice on how we could incorporate what I had already planned for my Mexico wedding and replicate it at IRHS. It never really bothered me that Dreams Tulum schedules multiple weddings in one day (there was supposed to be 3 on May 7th), but it did feel nice to know that ours was the only wedding on June 2nd (IRHS resort policy). We had 2 wedding coordinators, Loreto and Nicole, at our service on our special day. Wedding Meeting – A+ We scheduled our meeting with Loreto for the first day we arrived (Saturday, May 30th). Mike, my sister and I sat down with her and went over everything we had emailed her ahead of time. She had everything organized in a binder and we read through things together. I felt very confident after the meeting that we were all on the same page. I gave her our wedding music (to play when we walk up and down the aisle), name cards for the reception, wedding favours, and decorations. She took them all and had them perfectly set-up for us on our wedding day. This included 26 paper lanterns that I had purchased for my reception at the Seaside Grill at Dreams Tulum. She assured me it would be no trouble setting them up, even though we were the first wedding party to use this type of decorations. Flowers – A+ I emailed an inspiration picture to Loreto ahead of time of what I was hoping my bouquet would look like. It consisted of white roses, white lilies and small dark purple flowers as an accent. I also indicated that I was hoping all of our wedding flowers would match my bouquet in some way, shape, or form. Loreto emailed me back and said that lilies were hard for the florist to get and that there would be a surcharge if I wanted lilies. I wrote her back and said that because we needed so many flowers (my bouquet, 5 bridesmaid bouquets, 5 boutonnieres for Mike and his groomsmen, and 6 centrepieces for the reception), that we should instead opt for the basic tropical bouquets offered in IRHS's wedding package because it was going to start getting pretty pricey to incorporate the same types of flowers in all of the various floral arrangements. Loreto wrote me back and insisted I get the bouquet of my dreams, so she said she would speak with the florist and ensure that all of the remaining flower arrangements would incorporate some aspect of my bouquet so that all of the flowers matched and looked like they went together. Sure enough, all of the flowers we received were breathtaking. I don't think I can fully put into words how beautiful my bouquet was. All of my bridesmaids loved their bouquets and even though the flowers were of a slightly different variety, the colour pallet and the look-and-feel of all of the flowers were perfect. Spa – A+ The thing I worried most about before my wedding was how my hair was going to turn out. I knew what I wanted – the front portion of my hair pinned back with my veil secured to this portion of my hair, with the sides and back of my hair kept down but curled into soft curls. The woman who did my hair (I can't remember her name, but her name started with an 'M') did a perfect job. It was exactly what I wanted and I felt so beautiful on my wedding day largely due to her. She told me she had over 12 years of experience doing bridal hair, which was comforting. I also got a French manicure and pedicure done on my wedding day by Alicia. She did a great job and I received many compliments on my fingers and toes. I decided to do my own make-up so I can't comment on that aspect. A few days after our wedding day, I booked Mike and I for a couple's massage. It was FANTASTIC. The spa was running a bit behind schedule and because they were a little late, they upgraded us to the 80-minute massage for the 50-minute price. Very nice! Last but not least, I feel the need to share this little tidbit of information because we only discovered it on our last couple of days. The spa has free relaxation/rejuvenation pools that can be used at any time! This consists of a separate men's and women's area with steam room, sauna, Jacuzzi, 2 Roman baths, a bubble bath and a cold bath. They are spectacular! For our last few days, many of us would separate into men and women groups at around 5:00 pm to enjoy the use of the pools before going back to our rooms to get ready for dinner. There's also one large Jacuzzi that is co-ed in a separate room in you're inclined to chill with your significant other. One time when we were there, they changed the men's poolroom into a co-ed one and let all of us enter it together. (OK, I realized I got a little sidetracked in this last section... back to the wedding!) Ceremony – A+++ My favourite part of the entire week was our wedding ceremony. From start to finish, it was perfect. We held our ceremony at the wedding arch on the beach in front of Aunt Ruby's. We had white chair covers decorated with translucent silver bows. We used a white aisle runner held secure by large conch seashells with tiki torches lining the aisle as well. The wedding arch was decorated simply with white toile. There was a small table with 2 chairs next to the wedding arch that was used for when we signed our marriage license. It was decorated with a beautiful floral arrangement that we later used as one of our reception centerpieces. Our wedding party, including my father and I, walked down the aisle to the "Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World" Hawaiian remix. It was magical! I've never felt so much happiness in my entire life. Mike was standing under the arch on his own, eyes brimming with tears. It was perfect. The minister who presided over our service did an excellent job. The ceremony was Christian and he performed a few readings from the Bible. Mike and I had our own vows selected and he read them to us to repeat back to each other using a microphone. We also brought ring exchange vows that he prompted us with. There was also a moment in the ceremony that we had to say "I Will" to, which was very nice. Everything was laid out perfectly for us and although we didn't know what to expect ahead of time, everything went completely smoothly. All in all, I'd say the ceremony lasted around 20-25 minutes. When the ceremony was completed, Mike and I and our wedding party walked down the aisle to the Beatles song "All You Need is Love". When Mike and I finished walking down the aisle, we were asked to walk over to the small table I mentioned earlier to sign our marriage license. Eventually the song finished and unbeknownst to us, someone had the brilliant idea to follow it up with "Across the Universe" while our witnesses were completing the signing. It was beautiful. It's a moment I'll never forget. We didn't host a cocktail hour after our service. We spent the next hour getting pictures taken with a photographer we hired (we didn't use the resort one). Because of our proximity to Aunt Ruby's (which was our reception location), our guests just hung around and helped themselves to drinks from the bar inside. It worked out marvelously and I think they enjoyed spying on our photo session with our photographer. Reception – A As mentioned above, our wedding reception took place at Aunt Ruby's. Aunt Ruby's consists of 2 terraces, divided by a small staircase in the centre of the terraces that takes you inside. Inside you'll find washrooms, a bar, and a large serving area for appetizers. Because of the size of our group (46), we only needed one half of the terrace. We had 6 round tables, each decorated with a floral centerpiece, name cards for each guest, and some cookies we had made at a gourmet bakery here in Ottawa before we left. Loreto had everything laid out perfectly according to the seating chard I had given her at our wedding meeting. Hanging from the rafters were our 26 paper lanterns. They looked beautiful. To one side of the room was our dance floor. A microphone was set-up centrally so that all tables could view the MC and speechmakers. We had everyone pre-select their meals ahead of time using the menu provided to us by Loreto. The food was excellent! There was an appetizer bar where people could fill their plates as they wished, we were also served an appetizer consisting of 2 delicious onion rings and a small serving of jerk chicken, then we were served our main course (I had the tenderloin), and then dessert. I'm embarrassed to say that we never had our wedding cake! We were all so stuffed after dinner and eager to dance that we never got to it. It was beautifully decorated with white roses and small purple orchids. Loreto was very thoughtful and had the top tier sent to our room for us the next day for Mike and I to munch on. We opted for chocolate and it was delicious! The only hiccup of our entire wedding occurred when everyone had taken their seat for dinner. We had hired the resort DJ to simply play our pre-selected music playlist from our ipod. For some reason, he didn't set up his equipment properly and we had no music playing for a good 10 minutes during appetizers. One of our guests happens to DJ in his spare time so he went over and discovered that the DJ's set up wasn't right and fixed it for him. It really wasn't a big deal, but since I can barely find anything to complain about, I thought I'd mention this. We had a playlist for dinner and a dancing playlist for after dinner. We managed to get about 45 minutes of dancing in (including my first dance with Mike and my dad) before ~10:45 pm when we had to leave. I think we were supposed to leave at 10:30 pm but they didn't rush us out. Following the reception, we all walked over to the Disco and danced the night away. I think Mike and I were there until about 1:00 am before we sneaked off. All in all, it was so much fun and aside from the minor technical difficulties with the DJ's set-up, it was a wonderful night. I don't have my professional pictures just yet, so unfortunately I don't have anything to post right away. My friends and family members took a ton so as soon as I get them (I should be getting a bunch on CD tonight), I'll update this thread with some of my favourite pictures. If anyone has any questions feel free to ask away! I really don't mind at all. Even though we had to deal with the very stressful swine flu situation, all of us couldn't help but feel that everything worked out for the best in the end. Many of our guests are hoping to return back to IRHS next year! It was a fantastic week and I highly recommend choosing it as your wedding resort. It was also relatively affordable. I know many people don't mention cost in their review, but our final bill was $5700 for a 46-person wedding. This includes our couple massage and many additional floral arrangements. Not too shabby in my opinion!
Hi Beth!!! Welcome back! I swear I have been thinking about you all week. I'm so glad that everything worked out in the end. Congratulations! I can't wait to see your pictures. I'm sure they will be amazing! (And yes, I'm still creeping on this thread even though I'm no longer at DT bride. Sad, I know. Today I was checking out prices to see whether Mike and I could go to DT for New Year's or something... haha).
Hi ladies, I thought I'd provide an update as I'm getting some useful information from Loreto that I thought I'd post. (As an aside, my wedding used to be scheduled for Dreams Tulum in the Mayan Riviera which has an ELABORATELY organized thread on this forum so I'm trying to give back as much as I can!) Some points of interest: 1. I am using an outside photographer from Sungold Photography and I'll have to pay a $100 day pass for him. No biggie. 2. If you're looking to have a private reception, you can use either the Mediterranean Restaurant or the Steakhouse Restaurant if your group is hovering around the critical 50 person mark. We have 45 people booked right now, and Loreto told me that I can choose either place, but I'll need to pay $18/person to build our group up to 50 (so pay for 5 extra meals). I'm still on the fence as to which restaurant to use, but it's nice to know I have options. 3. I bought 26 chinese paper lanterns and battery operated LED lights to use as decoration for our wedding. Loreto said it would be no problem to string them up for us in a restaurant. 4. Loreto said that we use either round tables (which fit up to 8 ppl) or rectangular tables (which fit between 10-12 ppl). Our choice. 5. For our Mexico wedding, we were planning on self-officiating an ipod docking station attached to a speaker system for our music. Apparently, at IRHS, you can still bring an ipod with your own playlist and the DJ will run it for you (this is because they don't want 'us' to operate their electronic equipment). This will cost $450. I think I read somewhere on this thread that a bride was dissapointed with the DJ. I'm planning on paying him $450 to just press play on my ipod and that's it. No announcements, no MCing, no selecting from my playlist. Seems like a lot to pay for, but I already have all of my music selected so I don't really have use for a DJ (especially if there is a review out there that he's not so good). I asked Loreto if we could not hire him, but she said no. Well, that's about it for now but I hope some of that information was helpful!
Hi there, Here is my two cents: I think there is likelihood that the swine flu situation will settle down and you can salvage your wedding and all of the planning you've done. We had no choice but to move our May 7th wedding. It was very challenging to move it to the first week of June because of availability issues. You can imagine that many, many brides are having to relocate their weddings. The longer you wait to move your wedding, the more difficult it might be to do so. I contacted a popular Jamaican photographer and he said he is being inundated with requests from displaced Mexican brides. The longer this goes on, the harder it will be to find available resorts and vendors. If I were in your shoes, I would probably sit tight and wait. I really wanted to keep my wedding day and all of the planning I had done, but I was forced to cancel because my airline cancelled their flights. If this had not happened, I would be in Mexico!
Displaced Mexico bride looking for last minute Jamaican photographer?
Thanks guys! I really appreciate the help!
Hi ladies, First off, I'd like to say I laughed out loud when I saw the title of this thread... 'Swine Brides'. Gotta love it. The fact that I'm still capable of laughter at this point is a good sign. Second, I was forced to cancel my wedding on May 7th, 2009 because Air Canada Vacations has stopped all flights to Mexico for the month of May. Since 95% of my 55 guests booked using this tour company, we had no choice but to cancel. Sigh. Over a year's hard work down the drain. Third, the good news. We have re-scheduled our wedding! It only took 2 days, an amazing future husband, an amazing sister, an amazing travel agent and many, many hours of phone conversations. We are now going to Iberostar Rose Hall Suites in Jamaica. Of our 55 guests, 36 have re-booked with us and we're awaiting word on a few more. Yes, not everyone could make it to Jamaica because of work-related conflicts. Yes, I only have a few short weeks to plan my 'new' wedding. But Yes! I am getting married to my wonderful future husband in a few short weeks! I hope everyone is OK. If he's the right guy, it'll be the right place, no matter what plans you have to change. Thinking of you all... I really empathize.


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Four or five years ago, a number of us of the new covenant persuasion – still basking in the pure joy and relief of having escaped from the iron clutches of HWA's legalistic teachings – found ourselves arguing and debating almost daily with some well-meaning, sincere, but misguided old covenant adherents on Mark Tab's "Jesus Loves Fellowship" forum website. These folks lived and breathed Armstrongism, which made for some pretty lively and heated debates. No topic was off-limits, and both sides went at each other tooth and nail, hammer and tong, month after month for several years.
We held our own very well indeed in those debates (in my humble opinion), and we had hopes of helping the legalists to eventually see the error of their beliefs (as I'm sure they did us). We always knew when we had scored a devastating hit with one of our rebuttals, as the forum board would suddenly grow eerily silent – not a new adversarial comment to be seen. Or, if there was a response, knowing that they had no plausible argument to come back with, they would resort to name-calling and character assassination (i.e., if one hates the message, kill the messenger). Not a surprising ploy, considering that this was also one of HWA's favorite tactics when in a tight spot (such as being investigated by the State of California for corruption).
But just when we thought that we were making some real headway by having handily dispensed with these legalists' best arguments, they would turn around and bring up the same arguing points they had just used a month or so earlier, just as if they had never heard or comprehended our original answer. I guess that just further proves the old adage that "you can lead a horse to water, but you can't make him drink," or, for those who have trouble with adages, "you can lead the deceived to the truth, but you can't force them to understand."
However, I would not call all those hours spent jousting over the scriptures a waste of time, as it forced me to study and research issues, and to put my thoughts into words in a way that I had never done before. The more I studied the Bible and read and researched outside literature, the more I came to understand just how greatly the new covenant differed from the old. And guess what! Most of organized Christianity wasn't as totally deceived as we had been taught. We had spent years calling good "evil" and evil "good." [Brings to mind a scripture, doesn't it?] God had indeed miraculously caused the WCG in 1995 to open the dungeon door and let some truth and SONlight shine in upon us . . . the thick of skull and thin of wallet.
True, the WCG may have just been opening the door to let some of the stench of a dying and decaying church escape, and to allow a little fresh air in. They apparently recognized the need for some fresh air doctrinally (and fresh blood financially) and possibly opened the door a bit wider than they meant to. Nevertheless, many within, for the first time they could recall, actually were given permission to think, which brought with it the incredible ability to see and comprehend spiritually.
Some, however, were afraid of the light, felt insecure with being forced to think and make decisions on their own, and ran back and hid in the darkest corner they could find, all the while cursing the light with utterances such as "This is blasphemy" and "Mr. Armstrong would turn over in his grave if he saw these changes." Others ran to the light and breathed deeply of the freshening winds of sanity as their eyes gradually adjusted to the brightness of the truth.
The freedom that this light engendered turned out for the WCG to be a very dangerous commodity indeed, for many (hesitantly at first) did some very deep thinking (yes…it did hurt!), not to mention outside reading and the examining of both sides of various issues. To these church members' surprise and amazement, they found that this did not lead to demon influence or possession as they had been previously warned, but rather it led to mental stability, self confidence, and even a bit of unbridled joy and exhilaration in life!
This eventually and not surprisingly resulted in a mass exodus from legalism, mind control, and from authority without accountability. Regaining control of one's mind and destiny, many had come to realize, was a most refreshing change after years of having been one of the lobotomized, legalistic, "pray, pay & obey" Armstrong-branded sheeple.
But enough of that … back to the issue at hand. During the many months that I spent sparring with the legalists, I noticed that there were basically 6 scriptural areas that those who believe that we are under the old covenant law would continually bring up as "proof" texts in their attempt to make their points appear valid. It became very apparent to me that these 6 misapplied scriptural areas, for many legalists, formed the anchor in their old covenant boat that allowed them to hang onto legalism, come hell or high water. Therefore, I believe that it would be fitting to dub these half-dozen points as "The Legalist's Six-Pack of Misused Scriptures."
Just as many Joe Six-Packers derive a self-medicated, "cut off from reality" form of peace from their stack of nearby six-packs of beer, in like manner I believe that legalists derive a similar false sense of peace from their six-pack of supposedly "tried and true" scriptures that they believe proves them right.
Every time they begin to feel even slightly threatened by a chance exposure to the freedom and simplicity of the new covenant, many legalists automatically – almost as an instinctive knee-jerk reaction – reach for their 6-pack of misused scriptures. Usually several minutes spent misreading and misapplying one or two of these "anchoring" scriptures is sufficient to ease the tension of their close brush with the truth.
Let's now take a look at these 6 scriptural areas by putting them in the form of 6 questions – using the actual posted questions from some past debates I participated in whenever possible, followed by my answers. My responses were not always purely of my own creation, I freely admit, but were at times compiled from various sources that I've lost track of over the years.
Question # 1: If the 10 commandments given in Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 are obsolete and done away with, then how do we know what sin is? You can't pick and chose certain parts of the Ten Commandments that are done away with (primarily the Sabbath) and say the others are still there. Jesus never said he was doing away with the Sabbath, but all the others were to remain.
Without the law (Ten Commandments) as a compass, what are the morals acceptable to a Christian? What does it mean? Morals in a society is what is generally acceptable in behavior in the society. How does a Christian define sin (or even Christian morals) if the Ten Commandments are not to be observed?
Answer: We know from Hebrews 8:13 that the old covenant is obsolete. We know that the old covenant (the law of Moses) consisted of 613 laws, the center-piece and foundation of which was the decalogue, or the 10 Commandments. Deut 4:13 and Exod 34:28 tell us that the 10 Commandments were part and parcel with the old covenant, not something that existed as a covenant before this time.
A covenant is a legal, binding agreement. When an agreement becomes obsolete and is "done away with," nothing within it is binding any longer. When the new covenant was established, the ONLY precepts or rules of conduct that came across to the new agreement were those that were EXPRESSLY restated as being still valid under the new covenant teachings of the Bible. Those areas of conduct that are still considered to be sinful are mentioned throughout the New Testament (after Christ's resurrection, which is the starting point of the new covenant, as the new covenant was "the new covenant in his shed blood").
There are various "sin lists" in the New Testament, such as Gal 5:19, which gives a list of the works of the flesh, and states that "those who practice such things will not inherit the kingdom of God." I Cor 6:9 is another such "sin list". These give us a good foundation of just what is still sinful conduct under the new covenant. Conspicuously absent from all of these lists, and from any other new covenant scriptures, for that matter, is any mention of the observance of any mandatory days, tithing, or the observance of any food laws.
Those who still wish to be governed by the old covenant accuse us of the new covenant understanding of purposely jettisoning the Sabbath, holy days and tithing because of a rebellious and hardened heart. This is obviously untrue. It's all a matter of understanding and a willingness to change.
Those who can't seem to grasp what the new covenant is all about bring to mind 2 Cor 3:14-16 which states, "But their minds were blinded. For until this day the same veil remains unlifted in the reading of the Old Testament, because the veil is taken away in Christ. But even to this day, when Moses is read, a veil lies on their heart. Nevertheless when one turns to the Lord, the veil is taken away"
Question # 2: Matthew 24:20 states, "And pray that your flight may not be in winter or on the Sabbath;" there would be no reason to pray this if the Sabbath was not going to be in existence. Doesn't this prove that the Sabbath is still to be observed after Christ's death and the new covenant is instituted?
There were many thousands of Christians who continued to follow "Moses," practice circumcision, and live according to "the customs" which certainly included Sabbath observance. It is interesting to note that Matthew is the only Gospel writer to include "Pray that your flight may not be in the winter, on a Sabbath." Mark simply states, "Pray that it may not happen in the winter" (Mk 13:18). He includes no mention of the Sabbath. Luke's account of Jesus' Olivet address does not mention either the Sabbath or winter. Most scholars believe Matthew was written specifically to the Jewish-Christian community.
The other Gospel writers who wrote for Gentile audiences did not include Christ's mention of the Sabbath for 3 reasons: (1) The Gentiles would not be in Jerusalem, (2) they would not be concerned about Sabbath observance, (3) they might not know the history of Antiochus.
In conclusion, Jesus asked his followers to pray that the flight from the destruction of Jerusalem would not happen on the Sabbath because He knew there would be thousands of people (Jews and Jewish Christians) still keeping the Sabbath in Jerusalem and He knew that fleeing on the Sabbath would create extra hardship. They would have to choose between breaking Sabbath laws or being massacred as did the Jews in the time of Antiochus.
It appears that Matthew 24:20, upon deeper examination and study of the CONTEXT of the chapter, does nothing to uphold the validity of the Sabbath as being commanded for our time.
Question # 3: Jesus said, "If you love Me, keep My commandments" (John 14:15) as well as "If you keep My commandments, you will abide in My love, just as I have kept My Father's commandments and abide in His love" (John 15:10). "He who does not love Me does not keep My words" (John 14:24) Doesn't this prove that the 10 commandments are to be observed in the new covenant setting?
Answer: What were Jesus' commandments? He only gave us two: to love God and our fellow man. "You shall love the LORD your God with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your mind. This is the first and the great commandment. And the second is like it. You shall love your neighbor as yourself. On these two commandments hang all the Law and Prophets" (Mat 22:37-40). While he continued to follow his father's 10 commandments in his life so as to "fulfill" the law, no where did he EVER refer to the 10 commandments BY NAME - knowing that as a package they would cease to exist. The ceremonial and non-moral aspects of the old covenant were about to pass away, which included the observance of days, times, places, and foods - all aspects which had been in place in order to keep the Jews separate from the Gentiles were to be removed.
Question # 4: Won't true Christians keep God's commandments in the future? "And the dragon was enraged with the woman, and he went to make war with the rest of her offspring, who keep the commandments of God and have the testimony of Jesus Christ" (Rev 12:17). Isn't this proof that the 10 commandments are still to be observed until the end of the age?
Answer: And what was the main commandment that God gave us for this age? Mark 9:7: "And a cloud came and overshadowed them; and a voice came out of the cloud, saying, "This is my beloved son, HEAR HIM!" Note that Moses and Elijah are also there, standing beside Christ in this vision. Moses represents the LAW, and Elijah represents the PROPHETS. Yet we are told to ignore them - don't listen to them any longer, but now we are to HEAR Christ! The law and the prophets are being declared obsolete, we are now to come under the instruction of Christ. And Christ tells us, very fittingly, that he has some NEW commandments for us to live by, which will supercede and make obsolete the old laws, which were inferior to and hung below these new commandments.
Question # 5: "But if you want to enter into life, keep the commandments" (Mat 19:17). "Now as He was going out on the road, one came running, knelt before Him, and asked Him, 'Good Teacher, what shall I do that I may inherit eternal life?' So Jesus said to him..."You know the commandments" (Mk 10:17,19) and then He listed half of the ten commandments (also in Luke 18:19-20). Isn't this absolute proof, right from the mouth of Jesus, that keeping the 10 commandments is required to enter eternal life?
Answer: If you go back to Matthew 19, verse 16, you'll note that the question that was asked of Jesus just begged for the type of answer he gave him. Christ was asked, "Good master, what GOOD THING must I DO that I might have eternal life?" Now Eph. 2:8-9 tells us that there is NOTHING we can do to earn salvation, that it is the gift of God, lest any man should boast. So Christ was faced with the situation of a man wanting to know what good deeds he needed to do to EARN his salvation.
That being the case, Christ was willing to play that game with him. He told him that if he wanted to do something to earn eternal life, then he had better keep all the law perfectly - in other words, "keep the commandments". Now if the young man had been smart, he would have phrased his question differently, such as, "Good master, what is necessary to inherit eternal life?" If he had asked THAT question, Christ most likely would have told him that none can enter the kingdom except through Him. And he probably also would have told him, "I am the WAY, the TRUTH, and the LIFE."
But this poor bloke was so steeped in legalism that he didn't even know enough to ask the right question, so Christ gave him the correct answer to the question he posed, which was the route that would be as impossible to perform as "passing a camel through the eye of a needle".
I think you can see that most people just gloss right over these verses and think that Christ is contradicting Ephesians 2:8-9, and now preaching works for salvation, and never give it a second thought. It's time we started to examine these scriptures using the wisdom God has given us, and not let scriptures that seem to contradict other parts of the Bible throw us off. That's what we let HWA get away with, but it shouldn't be allowed to continue.
And for those who those who will still not accept the clear scriptural teachings on this subject, but insist that Christ was teaching the necessity of keeping the old covenant commandments, they should be aware that even if he was, the old covenant and all that it entailed was on its last legs and was to be made obsolete at Christ's death in just a few short months. No wonder he didn't bring up the Sabbath, even in a legalistic sense – as it was destined to become a non-issue shortly.
In summary, I think we can all see that the scriptures are clear in giving us warnings about coming back under the yoke of legalism that many would like to re-impose on those of us who have been granted understanding and freedom. They attempt to lump the obsolete observance of ceremonial days and foods with moral law. They also deny salvation through Christ alone through faith alone, but seek to create a works-based theology of salvation. This error has been compounded by their lack of being able to differentiate between basic salvation (which is through faith in Christ alone) and the rewards for works (which will affect the quality of enjoyment of that free salvation). See I Cor 3:11-15.
Question # 6: Zechariah 14:16 states "And it shall come to pass that everyone who is left of all the nations which came against Jerusalem shall go up from year to year to worship the King, the Lord of hosts, and to keep the Feast of Tabernacles."
17 And it shall be that whichever of the families of the earth do not come up to Jerusalem to worship the King, the Lord of hosts, on them there will be no rain.
18 If the family of Egypt will not come up and enter in, they shall have no rain; they shall receive the plague with which the Lord strikes the nations who do not come up to keep the Feast of Tabernacles.
19 This shall be the punishment of Egypt and the punishment of all the nations that do not come up to keep the Feast of Tabernacles.
Wouldn't you say that this is proof that the holy days of the old covenant are still to be observed today, just as they will be in the future?
Answer: Some refer to Zech 14:16-19 to prove that we need to be keeping the holy days today: "If the Egyptian people do not go up and take part, they will have no rain. The Lord will bring on them the plague he inflicts on the nations that do not go up to celebrate the Feast of Tabernacles. This will be the punishment of Egypt and the punishment of all the nations that do not go up to celebrate the Feast of Tabernacles."
In other words, according to their reasoning, we can use Zechariah 14 as our instruction guide as to how we should be living our lives now, and what practices we should be observing. What they are going to be doing and observing at that time, we should certainly be doing and observing NOW.
WHY does no one go on to quote Zech 14:21, just 2 verses further on? It reads: "Every pot in Jerusalem and Judah will be holy to the Lord Almighty, and all who come to SACRIFICE will take some of the pots and cook in them." So by your logic, true Christians should right now be both observing the holy days AND making animal sacrifices! So it's very obvious from these scriptures that things will be done differently THEN than they are now - something that was not apparent by stopping with verse 19.
I think we can see that it's extremely dangerous and unbiblical to state that something should be practiced now just because it might be in the future. Can you imagine using this reasoning and trying to make a lion and a lamb lie down together now just because we read in Isaiah 11 that they will do so in the future?


The demand for food scientists trained at Masters level for University teaching research and development in the food industry continues to surpass the output. This trend is likely to continue as the country becomes industrialized and the society eating preferences change with time. Thus, there is a need to train people who are able to adjust the food products to meet the complex tastes of various groups that keep changing with time.
ii) A candidate should hold a Bachelor of Science degree with at least an Upper Second Class Honours or its equivalent in Dairy or Food Science and/or Technology, or in a Recognized field of Biological Chemical and Agricultural Science.
iii) The Masters degree shall be by course work, examinations and thesis.Candidates shall be required to successfully complete at least thirty (30) credit factors of course work, and in addition successfully complete a thesis worth fifteen (15) credit factors to qualify for the award of Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree in Food Science.
All examinations for this programme shall be conducted in accordance with examination regulations as stipulated in the Egerton University Statutes No. XXIX.
The grading of examinations for this programme shall be conducted in accordance with in Egerton University Statutes No. XXIX.
The Master of Sciences in Food Science degree is not classified.