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THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR KRISHNA CONSCIOUSNESS (ISKCON)
ISKCON TIMELINE
1896 International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) founder Swami A.C. Bhaktivedanta Prabhupada was born as Abhay Charan De, in Calcutta, India.
1932 Prabhupada took initiation from his guru Bhaktisiddhanta, becoming a disciple of Krishna.
1936 Bhaktisiddhanta charged Prabhupada with spreading Krishna consciousness in the West.
1944 Prabhupada began publishing Back to Godhead , an English-language publication.
1959 Prabhupada took sanyasa order, becoming a monk and dedicating himself full time to spreading Krishna Consciousness.
1965 Prabhupada traveled to America.
1966 ISKCON was founded in New York City; Prabhupada initiated his first disciples; ISKCON became part of hippie counterculture.
1966-1968 ISKCON spread to other major North American cities (San Francisco, Boston, Toronto, and Los Angeles) and globally (India, England, Germany, and France).
1968 ISKCON members founded New Vrindaban, a rural commune in West Virginia that later became a source of conflict.
1968-1969 Prabhupada met with members of The Beatles; George Harrison became a disciple; the Hare Krishna movement became part of transatlantic musical and artistic landscape.
1970 The ISKCON Governing Board Commission (GBC) and Bhaktivedanta Book Trust (BBT) were established.
1977 Prabhupada died.
1977-1987 A series of succession conflicts resulted in schisms and a significant loss of membership.
1984-1987 A reform movement emerged within ISKCON.
1985-1987 The New Vrindaban community separated from ISKCON; criminal charges were filed against its leaders.
1987 GBC endorses position of Reform movement
1991 The ISKCON Foundation was created to build bridges with Hindu immigrants to America.
FOUNDER/GROUP HISTORY
The story of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), popularly known as the Hare Krishna movement, tightly interweaves with the story of its founder, the religious teacher (swami ) A.C. Bhaktivedanta Prabhupada. Born Abhay Charan De, in Calcutta, India, the future founder of ISKCON witnessed firsthand the modernization of India and the effects of British colonial rule. His autobiographic reflections and official hagiography reveal that he was both enamored of the tremendous social, cultural, and technological change occurring around him as well as attracted to the traditional mores of his family, faith, and culture (Zeller 2012:73-81). According to his biography, Abhay grew up across the street from a Vaishnava temple, a Hindu sect dedicated to the worship of Krishna. The Chaitanya (Gaudya) Vaishnava branch of Hinduism practiced at the temple, which would later become the form that Abhay Charan De accepted and of which he become the greatest proponent, is a monotheistic type of Hinduism. It envisions Krishna as the supreme form of God who creates and maintains the cosmos, and who is both personal and universal God (Goswami 1980).
As a child of high caste middle class parents, Abhay attended a British colonial school and college, earned a Bachelors degree, and became a chemist working for a pharmaceutical company. He married and had children, all the while continuing his personal religious devotions. In 1922 , he met a swami in the Chaitanya Vaishnava lineage named Bhaktisiddhanta, and ten years later he took initiation from Bhaktisiddhanta and became a disciple. Abhay was later granted the honorific Bhaktivedanta on account of his religious erudition and dedication. Bhaktisiddhanta charged his colonially educated disciple with spreading Krishna consciousness among English-speakers (Knott 1986:26-31).
Bhaktivedanta did just this, at first part time as a householder through public speeches and a new English-language newspaper he founded in 1944, Back to Godhead . After arriving in America over two decades later, Bhaktivedanta would restart Back to Godhead, which eventually became the official organ of ISKCON, its major publication, and the literary means by which the movement propagated itself. Bhaktivedanta also began translating sacred Vaishnava scriptures into English, notably the Bhagavadgita and Bhagavata Purana.
In keeping with Hindu religious norms and Indian social norms, in 1959 Bhaktivedanta took the religious order of sanyasa, becoming a monastic and leaving behind his familial obligations. He then dedicated himself to the fulltime religious propagation of Krishna consciousness and laid the groundwork for his travel to the English speaking West. He did so in 1965, arriving in Boston and then founding a religious ministry in the bohemian areas of Manhattan. Finding limited interest among the middle class, Bhaktivedanta discovered that his religious message primarily appealed to members of the counterculture who had rejected middle class American social, cultural, and religious norms (Rochford 1985). Bhaktivedanta rededicated himself to outreach to this segment of the population. His disciples took to calling him Prabhupada, an honorific that Bhaktisiddhanta had also used.
Prabhupada founded ISKCON in New York City in 1966. Within months his own disciples and converts began to spread Krishna Consciousness throughout the American hippie counterculture, first to San Francisco and then to other major North American cities. Within two years of founding ISKCON, Prabhupada and his disciples had planted temples throughout North America and Europe, making inroads in the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Canada, as well as establishing an outreach in India itself. ISKCON members also established a series of rural communes, the best known of which was New Vrindaban, in West Virginia. Most members were full-time disciples, dedicating themselves to propagating Krishna Consciousness and living in the temples and communes. Some began to marry, and Prabhupada blessed their marriages. A divide between married householders and fulltime monastic members would eventually cause tensions within the movement. During this time ISKCON also made inroads among the creative class, with George Harrison and John Lennon of The Beatles becoming enamored of the Hare Krishnas and their philosophy. ISKCON had become a recognized part of the transatlantic youth counterculture of the late 1960s and early 1970s (Knott 1986).
In the 1970s, Prabhupada laid the groundwork for the institutionalization of his charismatic leadership. He founded the Governing Board Commission (GBC) and Bhaktivedanta Book Trust (BBT), two legal entities that were charged respectively with managing the movement and literary output of the founder. In the remaining seven years before his death, Prabhupada granted increasingly more authority to the GBC and BBT, though as founder and undisputed leader of ISKCON he routinely acted independently of the institution and even directed them on occasion. Though Prabhupada attempted to groom members of the GBC and BBT to manage the movement, few of its members had any administrative experience and most had been countercultural hippies only years earlier. A conflicting set of instructions regarding religious, as opposed to bureaucratic, authority sowed the seeds of later discord after Prabhpada's death (see below, Issues/Challenges).
The decade after Swami A.C. Bhaktivedanta Prabhupada's death in 1977 was characterized by a series of succession conflicts. Competing forces within ISKCON envisioned alternative directions for the movement, and many of the leaders were incapable of assuming the mantle Prabhupada had left. Many members of ISKCON'S GBC sought to refocus on the monastic strand within the tradition, disparaging and often ignoring the increasingly numerically significant householders. Financial problems led some members of the movement to approve of unethical and even illegal fund raising strategies, and several of the religious gurus became involved in sexual or drug-related scandals. It was a dark period for many members of ISKCON, and the movement shed over half of its adherents in the two decades that followed (Rochford 1985:221-55; Rochford 2007:1-16).
The debacle at New Vrindaban ( explored below, under Issues/Challenges ), a series of conflicts over religious gurus, poor leadership by the GBC, accusations of child abuse in the ISKCON schools, and several well publicized falls from grace by Prabhupada's hand-picked successors resulted in a decade of numerical decline and soul searching by members of the Hare Krishna movement. A reform movement began to emerge within ISKCON during the mid-1980s calling for better oversight, clearer ethical standards for the leaders, and increased participation of householders and women in the leadership of ISKCON. In 1987, the GBC endorsed most of the proposals of ISKCON reform movement, among them abolishing the "zonal acharya system" that had created regional fiefdoms wherein individual gurus functioned as sole religious leaders without oversight (Deadwyler 2004).
In recent decades, ISKCON has stabilized under the leadership of a more professional and broader based GBC, as well as individual temples that have empowered laypeople, householders, and families rather than solely relying on monastic elites. Some of the current issues facing the Hare Krishna movement in the twenty-first century are the relation of ISKCON to broader Hinduism and the Indian diasporic community and the acculturation and education of second and third generation members.
DOCTRINES/BELIEFS
The Hare Krishna movement must be understood as a form of the Chaitanya (Gaudya) school of Vaishnavism, a monotheistic branch of Hinduism tracing its origin to the sixteenth century reforms of the religious guru Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486-1533). As a Vaishnava tradition, IKSCON falls within the largest of the three major schools of Hinduism, focusing on the veneration of Vishnu as supreme God. (The other major schools are Shaivism, worshipping Shiva, and Shaktism, venerating Shakti, the divine mother.) Hinduism is a quite diverse tradition, and because the notion of Hinduism as a unified religion is quite new and in many ways foreign to actual Hindu self-understandings (the term was first imposed on Hindus by Muslims and then Christians) one can make relatively few generalizations about the tradition as a whole. Hindus accept the doctrines of karma and reincarnation, the notion of unified cosmic law (dharma), beliefs in vast cosmic cycles of creation and destruction, and hold that there are multiple goals within life that culminate in the quest for self-understanding and spiritual freedom (moksha). Importantly, Hindus believe that the gods incarnate in physical form as avatars in order to accomplish divine work on Earth. Foremost are the avatars of Vishnu, notably Krishna and Rama as described in the Hindu epics of the Mahabharata, of which the Bhagavadgita is a part, the Ramayana, and the devotional text of the Bhagavata Purana. Hindus also hold as central the ideal of the guru , the spiritual master who takes disciples and teaches them how to seek spiritual self-fulfillment and salvation. All of these basic Hindu beliefs carry over into Vaishnavism, the Chaitanya school, and ISKCON specifically (Frazier 2011).
The Chaitanya school is part of the bhakti or devotional path of Hinduism, a path that cuts across the different schools of Hindu practice and has long been one of the most popular forms of Hindu practice. Bhakti practitioners center their religious lives on the ideal of devotion to their chosen God, serving the divine through worship, prayer, song, social service, and study. Members of bhakti groups who become initiated as formal devotees often vow to perform specific means of devotion, including set numbers of prayers or forms of worship. In the case of ISKCON, initiated devotees also take new Vaishnava names referring to their divine service.
The Hare Krishna movement and other branches of the Chaitanya tradition depart from most other forms of Hinduism in terms of understanding Krishna as the true nature of the divine, or the supreme personality of Godhead (to use the language most often heard within the movement itself). This reverses the more common belief held by most Hindus that Krishna was one among several avatars or appearances of Vishnu. As Indologist and expert on the Vaishnava tradition Graham Schweig explains, "the Chaitanyaites consider Krishna as the ultimate transcendent Lord at the very center of the godhead from whom the majestic and powerful cosmic Vishnu emanates. Krishna is known as the purnavatara, 'full descent of the deity'" (Schweig 2004:17). In other words, members of the Hare Krishna movement look to Krishna as the true and absolute nature of the divine as well as the specific appearance of the divine who took form in ancient India as an avatar. Adherents of the Chaitanya school also distinguish themselves from other Hindus by regarding the founder himself, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, as an incarnation of Krishna.
ISKCON devotees are monotheistic, believing that the other divinities of Hinduism are mere demigods in service of Krishna, and they worship Krishna in the various forms that he takes. Yet ISKCON theology also recognizes that Krishna exists in a binary pairing of Radha-Krishna, where Radha is the female consort and lover of the male Krishna, the cowgirl ( gopi ) who symbolizes the devotee himself or herself in seeking intimate connection to the divine. Devotees venerate other avatars, associates, and saintly devotees of Krishna, such as Rama, Balaram, Chaitanya, and the sacred basil plant ( tulasi ) that adherents believe is an Earthly incarnation of one of Krishna's associates on the spiritual realm.
One of the most important aspects of ISKCON beliefs is the centrality of the idea of the Vedas, Vedic knowledge, and Vedism. Prabhupada and others referred to the tradition as a "Vedic science" and envisioned the Society as propagating Vedic norms in the modern world. The Vedas are the ancient sacred texts of India, the origin, dating, and province of which are hotly contested by scholars, practitioners, and even politicians. Like other Hindus, devotees believe that the Vedas are the essence of dharma : timeless truths recorded by ancient sages and indicating the basic truths and underlying law of the universe, the structuring of society, the purpose of living, and the nature of the divine (Frazier 2011). ISKCON takes a broad view of the Vedic corpus as including the Puranas, Bhagavadgita, and other later sources, since they perceive these texts as part of the same religious and textual tradition as the earliest Vedic sources.
Prabhupada and his earliest disciples positioned ISKCON as Vedic and in opposition to what they saw as decadent and materialistic Western (non-Vedic) culture, capturing much of the spirit of the counterculture and fusing it with Prabhupada's anti-imperialist Indian perspective. Some elements of contemporary ISKCON retain this highly twofold manner of envisioning society as Vedic (good) vs. non-Vedic (bad), but other members of ISKCON have synthesized the ideal of living in accordance with the Vedas within life in the contemporary West.
RITUALS/PRACTICES
The central ritual of ISKCON is that of chanting the name of God in the form of the mahamantra (great mantra): Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Rama Rama, Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare. This mahamantra not only gave the movement its unofficial but most common name but also links ISKCON back to the theological developments of Chaitanya, who predicted predicated his sixteenth century reforms on chanting, as well as Bhaktisiddhanta, who emphasized chanting as well. Chaitanya, Bhaktisiddhanta, and Prabhupada all emphasized that chanting was not only supremely pleasing to God and spiritually efficacious but also easy to do, universally available, and fit for contemporary times. Initiated members of ISKCON vow to chant sixteen rounds of the Hare Krishna mahamantra each day, where each round includes 108 repititions repetitions of the mantra. Some devotees do this in temples, others at home shrines, and still others in gardens, parks, workplaces, or during daily commutes. Chanting, along with following the regulative principles (no illicit sex, intoxicants, meat eating, or gambling) serve as the heart of religious practice in Krishna Consciousness (Bhaktivedanta 1977).
Prabhupada also emphasized book distribution, and the donation or selling of literature remains one of the most a common forms of religious practice in ISKCON outside of chanting. In the early days of the movement ISKCON devotees made a name for themselves selling books, magazines, and pamphlets in streets, parks, and, most famously, airports. The movement was lampooned for these practices in such American popular culture fixtures as Airplane! and The Muppet Movie. A series of court cases in the 1980 limited the ability to engage in book distribution in public places. With the aging of the movement, public activities such as book distribution, chanting, and preaching (collectively called sankirtana ) have become less common.
Increasingly, ISKCON members look to their religious involvement as centered on weekly attendance at the temple and performing deity worship there. While temple worship certainly extends to the earliest days of the movement, the advent of congregational membership and the demographic shifts that have made congregational membership the norm has led to weekly temple attendance becoming central. In the United States, where Protestant norms have shaped the environment, ISKCON temples hold weekly worship on Sundays. During deity worship at temples, Hare Krishna devotees engage in a ritualized form of devotion (bhakti ), including service to Krishna (puja ), and viewing of Krishna (darshan). ISKCON follows standard Vaishnava and broader Hindu worship norms with some minor additions, such as salutations to ISKCON's founder Swami A.C. Bhaktivedanta Prabhupada through chants and spoken prayers.
Temple worship normally ends in a communal meal, and such meals, "feasts," as ISKCON advertisements have called them since 1965, often attract a diverse range of attendees. Certainly the majority of those eating at the ISKCON feasts are worshipers who took part in temple services, but the Hare Krishna movement uses its feasts as an outreach effort, and in many cases spiritual seekers, hungry college students, and simply the curious attend as well. The food served is spiritual food (prasadam) that has been offered to Krishna, and adherents believe that preparing, distributing, and eating it are spiritual acts. Outside of temples, Krishna devotees offer prasadam in venues ranging from public parks to college campuses to city streets. Adherents look to the distribution of such spiritual food as not just a religious act but also a form of evangelism as well as social welfare and feeding the hungry (Zeller 2012).
ISKCON's religious calendar is filled with holidays ranging from weekly partial fasts to monthly lunar ceremonies to major yearly festivals. Such festivals commemorate the activities of Krishna, his closest disciples, and the major leaders of ISKCON's lineage, such as the birth and death of Chaitanya and Prabhupada. ISKCON adherents also celebrate all the major Hindu holidays such as Holi, Navaratri, and Divali, but they do so in ways highlighting Krishna rather than other Hindu deities. The celebration of holidays explicitly centering on other Gods, such as Shivaratri, are contentious issues within individual ISKCON communities. Many Western-born devotees are uninterested in venerating what they consider demigods, and many Indian-born devotees seek to participate in valued parts of their religious-cultural tradition.
ORGANIZATION/LEADERSHIP
Today ISKCON's organization is both centralized and diffuse. It is centralized in terms of the authority of the GBC, the sole institution granted the legitimacy and authority over the religious affairs of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness. The GBC determines how funds are collected and used, which gurus will travel to what areas of the world, where to focus evangelism efforts, and how to respond to challenges and problems as they occur. The GBC has the authority to make liturgical changes as well, for example limiting the veneration of gurus to Prahbuphada alone. Along with the Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, which publishes the liturgical, educational, and intellectual materials of the movement, the GBC is the embodiment of the institutionalized charisma of ISKCON's leader and founder Prabhupada.
Yet throughout the world the local ISKCON temples and communities have a great deal of latitude in terms of how they run their own affairs. Individuals and small groups of devotees have sponsored the building of new temples, renovations of older ones, and the planting of new communities meeting in individual houses or rented spaces. Local leaders oversee worship, social activities, and educational services at the temples, and they generally do so with attention to the local needs of their communities. While the actual deity service, texts, and doctrines are shared across all ISKCON communities, great diversity exists in terms of the mood and social functions of the temples. Some temples cater primarily to families and congregational members, others appeal to spiritual seekers or young students. Some temples engage in extensive outreach and evangelism, others are vibrant hubs of social and cultural activities, and others function more like worship halls that are utilized only during weekly temple worship.
ISKCON's gurus serve as the intermediary leaders between the GBC and the temples. Though initially only Prabhupada served as guru, shortly after his death the pool of gurus expanded exponentially and not without conflict, as noted below ("Issues/Challenges"). Gurus serve as the spiritual elite within ISKCON, initiating new members, blessing and performing weddings, and giving instruction. All are sanctioned by the GBC and act in accordance with its wishes. There is disagreement on the actual number of gurus, with Rochford reporting "more than 80" by 2005 (2007:14), Squarcini and Fizzori seeing eighty in 1993 and seventy in 2001 (2004:26, 80, note 99), and William H. Deadwyler reporting fifty in 2004 (Deadwyler 2004:168). Regardless, enough gurus serve ISKCON that religious power is both centralized within this group but decentralized outside of any one individual or small group. Until recently, all the gurus are were sanyasis, male celibate monks who have dedicated their lives exclusively to Krishna and spreading Krishna Consciousness. Quite recently householder men and women have joined the ranks of gurus as well.
At the base of the movement most ISKCON devotees are congregational members, meaning individuals not living in the movement's temples. Some formally belong to the International Society for Krishna Consciousness as they have taken initiation into the worship of Krishna from one of the movement's gurus. Others are uninitiated members, those who attend worship and engage in some forms of worship and service but have not been initiated. Today, many congregational members are married. Many of these congregational members (and most members in some North American and British temples) are Indian born Hindus who worship in ISKCON temples but were not members of ISKCON before immigrating to the West. This shift towards participation of householders as congregational members is one of the more remarkable shifts in ISKCON over the years. Sociologist E. Burke Rochford, Jr. has indicated that in 1980, fifty-three percent of the devotees he surveyed had never been married and seventy-three percent had no children. By 1991/1992, only fifteen percent had never been married and only thirty percent had no children (1985:62). Fedrico Squarcini and Eugenio Fizzotti estimate a similar 7:3 ration of householders to celibates among American ISKCON communities (2004:29).
ISSUES/CHALLENGES
Like many other new religious movements, ISKCON has faced its share of challenges. Many of these trace to problems arising after the death of the charismatic founder, and others are traced to demographic and social shifts within the movement.
The death of Prabhupada proved the most challenging issue for ISKCON in its brief history as a movement. A highly charismatic leader with appeal that was able to reach a diverse audience, the founder left impossibly large shoes to fill, an apt metaphor since images of Prabhupda's footprints are a common devotional object in ISKCON temples. The conflict over post-charismatic leadership is therefore central to understanding the development of the Hare Krishna movement over the past thirty years.
A complete analysis of the succession of post-charismatic leadership in ISKCON has yet to be written, though several shorter analyses exist (Rochford 2009; Deadwyler 2004). During his life, Prabhupada served as not just founder and organizational leader, but the only guru and initiating master of the movement. Towards the end of his life he appointed intermediary priests serving on his behalf (ritviks) to initiate disciples. Following his death these ritviks declared themselves gurus, the "zonal acharyas," each leading a geographic region of the world as sole guru. Prabhupada had also empowered the GBC (on which the gurus served, but not in a majority role) the BBT, and other institutions to guide and lead the movement. Many of the gurus proved themselves unable to lead, either corrupt, inept, or both. The gurus and the GBC came into increasing conflict, until eventually the GBC abolished the zonal acharya system and re-exerted itself as the highest authority of the movement. The GBC also expanded the number of gurus so as to limit their individual authority and focus on Krishna Consciousness itself rather than the messenger.
Certainly the darkest episode in the history of ISKCON involves one such failed guru, and centers on the movement's agrarian commune, the New Vrindavan community outside Moundsville, West Virginia. Originally intended to serve as a utopian ideal community to demonstrate ISKCON's religious, social, and cultural teachings, New Vrindavan's leadership had slowly drifted away from the thinking and direction of the rest of the movement, culminating in the expulsion of the community from ISKCON in 1988. Its leader, an early disciple of Prabhupada with the religious name of Bhaktipada, sought to introduce interreligious and explicitly Christian elements into their religious practice, as well as elevate his local leadership as equal to Prabhupada and above the authority of the GBC. Later, several prominent members of the community were accused of participation in various criminal activities and cover-ups, including child abuse, drug running, weapons trafficking, and eventually murder. Bhaktipada was found guilty of federal racketeering charges and sentenced to prison. Excommunicated from ISKCON, he died in 2011. After his removal from power , the community was slowly brought back into the ISKCON fold (Rochford and Bailey 2006).
Despite this challenges and open conflicts remain regarding the issue of leadership. The majority of ISKCON's members left the movement during the leadership transitions, but some of these have formed alternative Vaishnava communities equally devoted to Krishna Consciousness but not a formal part of ISKCON. This broader Hare Krishna milieu also includes schismatic movements led by gurus who left or were thrown out of ISKCON, as well as those inspired by Prabhupada's godbrothers (fellow disciples of Prabhupada's guru Bhaktisiddhanta). Another group has returned to the idea of the ritviks, breaking with Hindu tradition by refusing to accept the continuation of the lineage of living gurus. This sub-movement looks to ritviks as continuing to act as Prabhupada's emissaries, and hold Prabhupada as a guru accepting new disciples even after his death.
Connected to the notion of changing leadership, the full and inclusive involvement of non-celibate males has been a major challenge to ISKCON. Prabhupada took a extremely conservative view of gender and family, limiting leadership positions to men and counseling women on the whole to look to religious fulfillment through submission to male leaders or as mothers. Women who joined found this approach attractive and even freeing (Palmer 1994), though with time many female devotees challenged their exclusion from leadership, teaching, and oversight positions (Lorenz 2004). Non-celibate householder men similarly found themselves devalued within ISKCON, which generally had valued celibacy and monasticism as the religious ideal (Rochford 2007).
The centrality of celibate men in leadership roles and a generally negative view of women, children, householder men ( that is, families ) resulted in the creation of the gurukula system, a sort of religious boarding school for the children born into Krishna Consciousness. The celibate leaders intended the system to help prevent over-attachment of children to their parents and allow them to focus on Krishna bhakti, and the gurukulas also freed parents to focus on service to the Society rather than child raising. Yet the gurukulas generally failed their students, who have reported profoundly negative experiences. Several prominent cases of mistreatment, criminal neglect , and even child abuse led to a series of court cases and the eventual shuttering of many of the gurukula s and a reformation of the few that remained (Deadwyler 2004) .
Slowly, ISKCON has made room for greater involvement of women and householder men. Rochford traces this development to labor shortages within ISKCON and the need to use the volunteer talents of women (2007:132-33). In 1998, a woman was chosen to serve on the GBC, and several women have became temple presidents (Rochford 2007:136). Simultaneously, ISKCON leaders have reached out to the South Asian community and welcomed its non-initiated congregational householders as members of the movement. Such involvement has provided financial stability and greater legitimacy to the movement, which increasingly identifies itself with Hinduism as a way to disassociate itself from the notion of ISKCON as a new religious movement or cult. This denominationalization of ISKCON represents the future of the movement as diasporic South Asians become the numerical majority of the movement and ISKCON increasingly associates itself with the Indian diaspora and more normative Hinduism. It remains to be seen what elements of ISKCON's first generation, so marked by the American counterculture, will remain within this still-transforming religious movement.
Bhaktivedanta, Swami A.C. Prabhupada. 1977. The Science of Self-Realization. Los Angeles: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.
Bryant, Edwin, and Maria Ekstrand, eds. 2004. The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant. New York: Columbia University Press.
Deadwyler, William H. 2004. "Cleaning House and Cleaning Hearts: Reform and Renewal in ISKCON." Pp. 149-69 in The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant, edited by Edwin Bryant and Maria Ekstrand. New York: Columbia University Press.
Frazier, Jessica. 2011. The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies. London: Bloomsbury
Goswami, Satsvarupa Dasa. 1980. A Lifetime in Preparation: India 1896-1965: A Biography of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Los Angeles: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.
Judah, J. Stillson. 1974. Hare Krishna and the Counterculture. New York: Wiley.
Knott, Kim. 1986. My Sweet Lord: The Hare Krishna Movement. Wellingborough, U.K.: Aquarian.
Lorenz, Ekkehard. 2004. "The Guru, Mayavadins, and Women: Tracing the Origins of Selected Polemical Statements in the Works of A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami." Pp. 112-28 in The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant, edited by Edwin Bryant and Maria Ekstrand. New York: Columbia University Press.
Palmer, Susan J. 1994. Moon Sisters, Krishna Mothers, Rajneesh Lovers: Women's Roles on New Religions. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
Rochford, E. Burke, Jr. 2009. "Succession, Religious Switching, and Schism in the Hare Krishna Movement." Pp. 265-86 in Sacred Schisms: How Religions Divide, edited by James R. Lewis and Sarah M Lewis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rochford, E. Burke, Jr. 2007. Hare Krishna Transformed. New York: New York University Press.
Rochford, E. Burke, Jr. 1985. Hare Krishna in America. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Schweig, Graham M. 2004. "Krishna, the Intimate Deity." Pp. 13-30 in The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant, edited by Edwin Bryant and Maria Ekstrand. New York: Columbia University Press.
Squarcini, Federico, and Eugenio Fizzotti. 2004. Hare Krishna. Salt Lake City: Signature Books.
Zeller, Benjamin E. 2012. "Food Practices, Culture, and Social Dynamics in the Hare Krishna Movement." Pp. 681-702 in Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production, edited by Carole M. Cusack and Alex Norman. Leiden: Brill.
Zeller, Benjamin E. 2010. Prophets and Protons: New Religious Movements and Science in Late-Twentieth Century America. New York: New York University Press.
Benjamin E. Zeller
27 August2013
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Trying to execute an evaluate with a conditional aggregate (Expression: sum(col1=="X"?col2:0), SQL: sum(case when col1='X' then col2 else 0 end) fails with a NullPointerException when the conditional result (col2) is a column rather than a constant, even though the SQL that gets generated appears to be valid.
This specific example has no business value, but uses standard types so it is easy to reproduce. This should work, but if you try it, you will get Error: wrapped NullPointerException.
It appears that the correct SQL is being generated and executed, but the error happening somewhere else. To verify, change the above slightly in order to product invalid SQL.
var q = "SELECT (SUM(CASE WHEN T.ALPHATWOCODE_S='US' THEN CAST(T.NUMERICCODE_S AS DECIMAL) ELSE 0 END)) P1 FROM C3_2_GEO_CNTRYCODE T WHERE T.TENANT_TAG_ID=9 AND ((NOT ((T.HIDDEN_B IS NOT NULL)) OR (T.HIDDEN_B = 'false' OR T.HIDDEN_B IS NULL))) LIMIT 2001"
And we get the expected results.
This leads me to believe that the original evaluate should work, as it is capable of generating an appropriate query, but a bug or something somewhere is preventing it from running.
Is this a known issue and are there plans to resolve it?
Also note, this seems to only happen when the conditional results in a column. If you change the shouldWork query to use 1 instead of number(numericCode), it works.
You should never get a NullPointerException. Things should either "work" or throw an appropriate error message if they are invalid. Please file a ticket.


Before starting a flight, the passengers normal flight and had no idea what it might end.
No flights from Los Angeles to Boston is far from being the closest, and to pass the time on the road, passengers airliner Boeing 767 decide to relax. Suddenly I woke up, they discover that almost all of the passengers and crew members lost an unknown way.
Initially, everyone thought that it was an unusual rally, but it soon became clear that the plane hit the spatio-temporal hole, and now they are flying through time. Randomly, once on board the aircraft the pilot flying to the funeral of his wife, takes control plane itself, but none of the airport does not meet even the emergency frequency silent.
Far more frightening is the fact that in the wake of a lost aircraft followed by mysterious creatures called Langoliers, who are eager to destroy all who come to this dimension.
This is not 767, it's DS10.
Air truckers. TV series. Documentary film.


in Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
Electrochemical NOx decomposition using YSZ solid electrolyte substrate has been studied to remove NOx from combustion exhaust gases.
As a result, there has been developed a device, which can decompose electrochemically a small amount of NOx in the presence of excess O2.
This device comprised a tubular YSZ substrate (I.D. 10mm x 100mm, thickness 0.8mm), an electroless plated Pt electrode (area 31mm2) on an inside surface and a fired Pt/YBCO electrode (area 35mm2) on an outside surface. The Pt/YBCO electrode was prepared as follows. A mixed paste was prepared by adding YBCO powders [YBa2Cu3O7-x powders, diameter (1-3) micron meter] in a conventional Pt paste to make a YBCO weight concentration of 20%. The mixed paste was printed on the outside surface, dried and fired at 820? for 10min in air. This device was placed in a quartz tube (diameter 32mm) and the experiments were carried out at 450℃ by passing a mixture of 380ppm NOx and 10%O2 in helium at a flow rate of 300cc/min. The concentrations of N2 and N2O in the outlet gas were measured with a gas chromatography. Those of NOx and NO were also measured with a chemiluminescent NOx analyzer.
When the Pt/YBCO electrode operated as anode, no change was measured in NOx concentration with no relation to current. On the other hand, when the Pt/YBCO electrode operated as cathode and a DC current of 175mA was applied, there were detected the amount of removed NOx of 200ppm and that of removed NO of 100ppm. At the same time, the amount of increased N2 of 90ppm and that of increased N2O of 10ppm were also detected. These results suggest that NOx was converted to N2 and a small amount of N2O was produced as a by-product. The maximum current efficiency for electrolyzing NOx was estimated to be about 2%. When the device was placed in a mixture of 2%NOx and 10%O2 in helium at 450℃, the XRD pattern of the Pt/YBCO electrode showed the production of Ba(NO3)2, which may be essential in the decomposition.
However, the addition of 5% CO2 to the mixture gas was very harmful to the decomposition. In the mixture, the XRD pattern of the Pt/YBCO electrode showed the production of BaCO3, which may prevent the decomposition from proceeding efficiently.


Journalism at the University of New Mexico, before moving to Arizona in 2005.
joined our all-star team. She lives in Goodyear with her young son Gavin.
spending time with her family and friends, especially outdoors.


text:
Topic ERP financials
SubTopic Financial analytics
CPM software
ERP accounting
ERP procurement
Technology insights for the data-driven enterprise
FeatureThread the needle between applications and data with enterprise analytics
FeatureCloud-based analytics a 'natural' for online travel-booking provider
TipChoose your weapon: top analytics strategies revealed
FeatureOrganic Valley milks insights with SAP data visualization tool
FeatureBusiness intelligence app integration, self-service deemed must-haves
FeatureAccenture serves up data for all via Salesforce Wave analytics
FeatureBlockchain seeks to boost data transparency within analytics.
OpinionData insight combats poor customer experience
OpinionHadoop architectures propel wider move to data-driven analytics
d1revolver - Fotolia
Thread the needle between applications and data with enterprise analytics
Several users and experts share advice on linking ERP transactional data with external data to speed up processes, improve profitability and uncover new business opportunities.
David Essex, Editor at Large
Two old, low-tech professions are under the microscope in Bruce Bedford's enterprise analytics project at Oberweis Dairy Inc.: the milkman delivering bottles of fresh milk to porch boxes at dawn and the mail carrier working methodically through her daily route.
The fourth-generation family-owned business, based in North Aurora, Ill., delivers premium ice cream and milk to homes and distributes them with other dairy products to grocery chains such as Jewel and Whole Foods. The company also owns 41 stores -- each one a combination ice cream shop and convenience store -- that sell packaged farm products like bacon and cheese.
Bedford, who is vice president of marketing analytics and consumer insights at Oberweis, has been using SAS enterprise analytics software to improve the profitability of the home-delivery routes, which cover several Midwestern and mid-Atlantic states. Now he's tapping the analytical models in the software to pinpoint markets for an expansion into North Carolina.
Bruce Bedford
"Subscription-based" is a term used for cloud software and other technology services, but it also describes home delivery. Customers can set up standing orders for Oberweis deliveries and modify those orders online. "With a subscription-based business model like that, there are really two primary drivers of business success for us," Bedford said, pointing to customer acquisition and retention.
"We're constantly trying to grow the business by adding new customers," he said. The problem, however, is that growth won't materialize if Oberweis loses customers as fast as it can add them. "It turns out that you can actually address both problems in a single, analytically driven activity," he explained.
Targeting customer loyalty
In the past, the objective of direct mail was to get a good response rate, but that didn't address the issue of customer retention. The company discovered it could target prospects better by identifying the characteristics of those who remain customers beyond a six-month introductory period. Bedford's task was to build a model in SAS enterprise analytics to predict which of the new customers would stay and then target them in the direct mailings.
The analytics pinpointed a problem when Oberweis signed up new customers. The standard $2.99 delivery charge was often waived for new customers during the six-month promotional period. When the promotion ended, many of those customers were unhappy with having to pay a delivery charge and stopped ordering. Bedford said the company then decided that instead of offering free delivery for a specified period, new customers should start off with a lower-than-standard delivery charge for the entire first year.
Oberweis also learned that large direct-mail campaigns can be profitable as long as the company monitors response rates from customers that the analytical model identifies as good prospects. As a result, the campaigns are now the organization's primary method of adding home-delivery customers.
Most data analysts, Bedford said, try to model at the household level, but it's expensive to obtain the data from information services providers like Acxiom and Experian that have it. That's where the mail carrier comes into play. "You can actually do a very, very good job if you focus not at the household level but focus on a carrier-route level," Bedford explained. The U.S. Postal Service sorts ZIP codes according to the routes that individual mail carriers follow -- perhaps 400 to 500 homes each -- and gives postage discounts of around 50% to companies whose mailings cover an entire route.
"The analytics challenge is trying to identify those carrier routes where you're very likely to find your target customer in high proportion," Bedford said, so you can focus on them and avoid routes with low percentages of customers. With the SAS tools, he added, "We are able to find our best customer and reach them at a very, very attractive postage rate."
For Oberweis home deliveries in North Carolina, Bedford has been applying the customer-acquisition model to score carrier routes in territories where the company has no experience with customers. Dashboard heat maps show the probabilities of consumers accepting the service and sticking with it long enough for Oberweis to break even financially.
Delivering essential data
At Oberweis, an aging Ross ERP system (a technology now owned by software vendor Aptean) runs on an IBM AS/400 minicomputer. Specialized for the dairy industry, it handles delivery routes and the complexities of federal price controls. "It is difficult to navigate, quite honestly," Bedford said, citing the two-digit variables for dates. "We have integrated it with SAS tables to make it a lot easier to deal with." Batch jobs run nightly to bring information into SAS data sets. "We've got some ODBC [Open Database Connectivity] connections straight into that ERP system as well," he said.
The ERP software lacks master data constraints, and Bedford said he regrets not pushing early on for a person devoted to master data management. "It's just tables that accept numbers and characters, and the data is ugly because of that," he said. "You can get into the system and literally put in just about any number you want, in any field you want, with really no limitation. So it's really dependent on people knowing what they're doing when they're entering data. Bringing it over to SAS allows me to do a lot of processing of the data that cleans it up."
For enterprise analytics on the home-delivery and grocery businesses, data from the ERP delivery-routing module is combined with demographic data from Pitney Bowes. For the company-owned stores, ERP data combines with point-of-sale data from Micros (now owned by Oracle). "That allows us to have a full view of data across the company for all three channels of business," Bedford said.
Over the years, he has learned that simply throwing statistics at people who lack the necessary technical training turns them off. "It took me a little while to figure out that in order to get them to understand the value of analytics, a picture was worth so much more than a discussion of standard errors. So I started to give presentations that were much more graphically oriented," Bedford explained. "The challenge has been getting people to see that those numbers sitting in tables have an extraordinary amount of value that extends far beyond just a graph or a report."
As if lives depended on it
"Fast" is the operative word for Jonathan Greenberg, IT director of the Fast Analytics team at the University of Michigan Health System, based in Ann Arbor, Mich. "There's an opportunity cost that's lost when you don't engage your customers when they're energetic," Greenberg said. "It's not perfect analytics, but it's fast, and it gets you 80% down the road in a couple of weeks instead of 100% in a couple of months."
Jonathan Greenberg
Although the organization's main enterprise system isn't a huge ERP platform, it is "epic" nonetheless: the electronic medical record (EMR) system sold by Epic Systems Corp. Medical practices use EMRs to manage patient records, coordinate care and account for finances. A key component is the revenue-cycle module that manages reimbursement from government agencies such as Medicare.
Greenberg was working in the revenue-cycle department in 2010 when the university moved to Epic from an older EMR system. "I recognized that Epic wasn't going to have the kind of reporting we needed," he said. He considered 14 analytics vendors and chose Tableau Software. "We were looking for a way to accomplish something that we hadn't been able to accomplish before, namely providing people with the means to answer their own questions," Greenberg said. The initial goal was to simplify the revenue-cycle reporting process. Employees could only reconcile 13% of cash accounts and had to do it manually.
Greenberg's team combined Epic EMR data with "a bunch of bank files" in a new data mart. "We built analytic tools to understand the data better, and then … we built these reconciliation tools to do the work." The system automatically reconciled 97% of the cash, and the additional tools let staff reconcile the remaining 3%.
Another enterprise analytics project combines Epic data with relative value unit (RVU) information from the Medicare agency that administers payments. That agency assigns an RVU to each code that designates a medical procedure, and at the end of the month, the university collects the RVUs, using them to allocate departmental funds and calculate bonuses and salaries.
"For the most part, 90% of these values come directly from [Medicare]," Greenberg said. "We take that file every year and we combine it with our data and we produce these dashboards that give each department the ability to drill down at many levels and figure out who's generating RVUs, why are they generating them and what they are doing to generate them."
After proving Tableau's value, Greenberg's team implemented it for 30 other departments. At the start of this year, the team was transferred to the main IT group for the university "to provide a more institutional service." Under Tableau, the platform is an Oracle database. The team used Oracle Application Express (Apex) to create web forms for data entry, and OmniGraffle diagramming software helps the Mac-centric shop brainstorm new applications and data visualizations.
In retrospect, Greenberg said he could have been more sensitive to the human aspects of introducing new approaches into a traditional organization. "It can be unsettling to folks who are established in other roles," he said. Designing effective visualizations also can be a challenge. "If you don't have the skills and the knowledge of the data," he explained, "you're just going to build beautiful graphs that are wrong. There's a danger in that because things that look good and respond well and feel authentic -- that doesn't necessarily mean the data's right."
Integrating for a global view
Effective enterprise analytics often requires integrating the applications that hold the data. At Arc'teryx Equipment, a maker of outdoor clothing and accessories based in North Vancouver, British Columbia, two vastly different ERP systems that managed business functions and geographic regions had to be brought together under one umbrella.
According to business intelligence manager William Jackson, several years ago , Arc'teryx started using QlikView analytics from Qlik on a homegrown ERP platform that also handled customer relationship, factory and warehouse management. But its Finnish parent company Amer Sports Corp., which handled sales in some countries, ran SAP software.
William Jackson
Today, operational data from the two ERP systems is consolidated in a data warehouse, and QlikView and a newer product, Qlik Sense, run on top, analyzing the data from invoices, orders and customer and inventory records. "Getting it into the data warehouse had challenges," Jackson said, including "coming up with mappings for all of the different order channels, order types, return reasons and even just how shipments happen." And because the parent company is based in Europe, avoiding conflicts in the timing of extract, transform and load operations to get data from production systems into the data warehouse was challenging. There was server contention, and some operations tried to access data tables simultaneously.
With the two ERP systems integrated, Arc'teryx is able to use analytics to develop sales plans for geographic regions. "We know that, globally, our top 10 products are mainly either jackets or pants," noted Jackson. If 90% of countries have the same top-selling jacket, he explained, a country with low sales of that jacket probably represents an opportunity to sell more.
The Qlik enterprise analytics tools have become central to how about 100 Arc'teryx employees do their jobs, and another 100 -- across finance, marketing, operations and sales -- use them to varying degrees. "We've been able to take data in our production system and then present it to users in a way that they can actually make changes that impact the production of our goods as well as the delivery of those goods to our customers to help drive our customer satisfaction index," Jackson said. "Without having any sort of BI visualization tool, they definitely would not have that sort of insight available to them."
One QlikView dashboard functions as a demand-planning tool, so people can see how changes affect sales estimates and the company's ability to fill demand. Finance is mainly interested in top-line financials such as growth and net sales, Jackson said, as well as how discounts are being applied by region and trends that help them set budgets and manage the sales force.
Since adding Qlik Sense two years ago, Jackson is using the software's data market to bring in outside data and blend it with sales information from the ERP systems. "We're using that to identify and come up with a [market] basket analysis of how we can approach sales in specific regions around the world," based on weather, economic and population data, he said.
The company's wide use of enterprise analytics came with significant challenges, including training new employees to understand the data so they can present it to colleagues in a consistent manner. Jackson's solution was to identify power users who can be a first point of contact and effectively serve as extensions of the BI team.
One pitfall he didn't anticipate at the time was the importance of keeping data simple and understandable, along with providing user documentation. "I definitely would have brought in fewer fields and just made it a little more obvious and left things a little less wide open so that it wasn't as easy to get as lost in the data," Jackson said.
Ultimately, though, Arc'teryx, Oberweis Dairy and the University of Michigan Health System are all using analytics to extract more value from the data they're already collecting in their enterprise applications. In the process, they're advancing business operations in significant ways.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


From trail run to errand run, the men's Fresh Foam Gobi continues to provide inspired performance in a cool and casual package for its third generation. The sneaker's aggressive HydroHesion rubber outsole helps deliver a superior grip on wet surfaces. A Fresh Foam midsole delivers unbeatably plush, lightweight cushioning, so your feet are ready to hit the trail whenever you are.
I have got this shoes and I love it. The color, the sole, design and the material are so comfortable to me. LOVE IT a lot! I am gonna get it another same one.


text:
#include <limits.h>

#include <zephyr/device.h>
#include <zephyr/drivers/timer/system_timer.h>
#include <zephyr/irq.h>
#include <zephyr/sys_clock.h>
#include <zephyr/spinlock.h>
#include <soc.h>
#include <mips/mipsregs.h>

#define CYC_PER_TICK ((uint32_t)((uint64_t)sys_clock_hw_cycles_per_sec() \
				 / (uint64_t)CONFIG_SYS_CLOCK_TICKS_PER_SEC))
#define MAX_CYC INT_MAX
#define MAX_TICKS ((MAX_CYC - CYC_PER_TICK) / CYC_PER_TICK)
#define MIN_DELAY 1000

#define TICKLESS IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_TICKLESS_KERNEL)

static struct k_spinlock lock;
static uint32_t last_count;

static ALWAYS_INLINE void set_cp0_compare(uint32_t time)
{
	_mips_write_32bit_c0_register(CP0_COMPARE, time);
}

static ALWAYS_INLINE uint32_t get_cp0_count(void)
{
	return _mips_read_32bit_c0_register(CP0_COUNT);
}

static void timer_isr(const void *arg)
{
	ARG_UNUSED(arg);

	k_spinlock_key_t key = k_spin_lock(&lock);
	uint32_t now = get_cp0_count();
	uint32_t dticks = ((now - last_count) / CYC_PER_TICK);

	last_count = now;

	if (!TICKLESS) {
		uint32_t next = last_count + CYC_PER_TICK;

		if (next - now < MIN_DELAY) {
			next += CYC_PER_TICK;
		}
		set_cp0_compare(next);
	}

	k_spin_unlock(&lock, key);
	sys_clock_announce(TICKLESS ? dticks : 1);
}

void sys_clock_set_timeout(int32_t ticks, bool idle)
{
	ARG_UNUSED(idle);

	if (!TICKLESS) {
		return;
	}

	ticks = ticks == K_TICKS_FOREVER ? MAX_TICKS : ticks;
	ticks = CLAMP(ticks - 1, 0, (int32_t)MAX_TICKS);

	k_spinlock_key_t key = k_spin_lock(&lock);
	uint32_t current_count = get_cp0_count();
	uint32_t delay_wanted = ticks * CYC_PER_TICK;

	/* Round up to next tick boundary. */
	uint32_t adj = (current_count - last_count) + (CYC_PER_TICK - 1);

	if (delay_wanted <= MAX_CYC - adj) {
		delay_wanted += adj;
	} else {
		delay_wanted = MAX_CYC;
	}
	delay_wanted = (delay_wanted / CYC_PER_TICK) * CYC_PER_TICK;

	if ((int32_t)(delay_wanted + last_count - current_count) < MIN_DELAY) {
		delay_wanted += CYC_PER_TICK;
	}

	set_cp0_compare(delay_wanted + last_count);
	k_spin_unlock(&lock, key);
}

uint32_t sys_clock_elapsed(void)
{
	if (!TICKLESS) {
		return 0;
	}

	k_spinlock_key_t key = k_spin_lock(&lock);
	uint32_t ticks_elapsed = (get_cp0_count() - last_count) / CYC_PER_TICK;

	k_spin_unlock(&lock, key);
	return ticks_elapsed;
}

uint32_t sys_clock_cycle_get_32(void)
{
	return get_cp0_count();
}

static int sys_clock_driver_init(const struct device *dev)
{
	ARG_UNUSED(dev);

	IRQ_CONNECT(MIPS_MACHINE_TIMER_IRQ, 0, timer_isr, NULL, 0);
	last_count = get_cp0_count();

	/*
	 * In a tickless system the first tick might possibly be pushed
	 * much further into the future than is being done here.
	 */
	set_cp0_compare(last_count + CYC_PER_TICK);

	irq_enable(MIPS_MACHINE_TIMER_IRQ);

	return 0;
}

SYS_INIT(sys_clock_driver_init, PRE_KERNEL_2,
	 CONFIG_SYSTEM_CLOCK_INIT_PRIORITY);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


4 ohms: 563 watts x 1 chan.
I would not recommend this amp. It only put out 100rms @4ohm and about 180 @ 2 Ohm. There's a Youtube video showing the max output on a Dyno. I tested it myself and got the same results as the Youtube video.
I strongly suggest that SE stop selling this item.
Bought to replace an earlier planet audio 1200 amp that i had and sold. Kinda sketchy at first but upon installation it handles it self well. Im a father so the big bang inst what i look for but a little bump when the kiddos not in the truck. Handles a pioneer cchampion 12 like it was made for it.
Product was as described and shipping was fast ill buy from these guys again in the future.
View all available accessories for the Planet Audio PL1500.1M.


text:
❤ Tracking, Insurance & Discounted Shipping Provided For All Orders ❤
Bespoke Blooms
Rings - Shop All
Rings - Shop By Size
Size 4 to 4 3/4
Size 10 to 10 3/4
Rings - Made to Order
AUD EUR CAD NZD GBP USD
Rings - Shop By Size Menu
Labradorite Tree of Life Pendant
I created this piece as part of 'The Labradorite Forest' collection, a series of pendants and rings inspired by the magical colours of an Enchanted Forest. The idea of the tree of life has been used in science, religion, philosophy, and mythology throughout history. It is recognized in all cultures as a symbol of immortality and eternal life, and is also a reminder of our past (roots - ancestry), present (tree body - knots included) and future (fruit – labour and posterity).
This particular pendant features a four gorgeous flashy blue Labradorite cabochons, each surrounding a central Tree of Life. The pendant setting has been made with a solid sterling silver 16 gauge (1.4mm) handle, a thick sterling silver hand-sawed backing, fine silver bezels around each of the four stones, and sterling silver trims and accents. I have hand-sawed the Tree of Life into the centre of the piece, oxidising the tree and then sanding it back to give depth and a finish more resembling the bark of a tree trunk. It has then been polished to a high shine and strung onto a 72cm adjustable black vegan organic cotton cord. This means that it can be worn as a choker, long layering necklace, or anything in between! Like all my work, it is a completely unique piece made entirely by hand using recycled silver, environmentally-friendly methods and cruelty-free materials!
Total Pendant Length: 57mm approx.
Total Pendant Width: 53mm approx.
💎 LABRADORITE LORE:
The Inuit peoples claim Labradorite fell from the frozen fire of the Aurora Borealis. In many cultures it is considered to be a Stone of Magic. Often a crystal used by shamans, diviners and healers throughout history, it is recommended for those who travel and embrace the universe seeking knowledge and guidance.
Labradorite is also an excellent stone to be used in aiding self-discovery, as it is can awaken one's own awareness of inner spirit, intuition and psychic abilities.
Labradorite is also the most powerful protector of the mineral kingdom, creating a shielding force throughout the aura and strengthening natural energies from within. It protects against the negativity and misfortunes of this world, and provides safe exploration into alternate levels of consciousness and in facilitating visionary experiences from the past or the future.
💜 For shipping details and other FAQ's, check out my shop policies here.
Back to The Labradorite Forest
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Subject: I wait for your prompt response.
Million  Dollars  ($50,000,000) in your country.
This Email with the Subject "I wait for your prompt response." was received in one of Scamdex's honeypot email accounts on Thu, 26 Oct 2017 10:11:29 -0400 and has been classified as a Advance Fee Fraud/419 Scam Email. The sender shows as SAM AZADA <palwil02@gmail.com>, although that address was probably spoofed. We recommend that you do not attempt to contact any persons or organizations referenced in this email, as you may expose yourself to scammers and, at the very least, you will be added to their email address lists for spam purposes.


Description: Study of the pervasive influence of information and technology systems in organizations and society. Acquire and enhance skills to organize and apply information using databases, spreadsheets, word and information processing, and presentation graphics; evaluate the effectiveness and reliability of various information sources for their appropriate use. Critical evaluation of public policy issues relating to computers and information technology. Letter grade only.


Happy Saturday! Long time no talk, huh?
Let's see, what's been going on in my life .. nothing too exciting. Lots of work, reading, and getting over a horrible cold that I've had for the last week. Oh, and our dryer broke earlier this week, which I am NOT happy about. I do laundry every single day so I feel lost without my washer / dryer. Thankfully I am still able to use the washer but some things are not the easiest to let hang dry – like towels and sheets. I washed towels earlier this week and let them hang in the bathroom for the day. Later that night, the towels were hard as a rock. ughhh!! I looked up tips online regarding this and saw several websites recommended putting 1/4 cup of vinegar in the washing machine, along with the detergent. I tried this and it helped soften them up A LITTLE, but I still want my dryer back!! Someone is supposed to come look at it tomorrow sometime from 8 AM – 12 PM and I can't wait!!
Last night I came home and decided to give Bosco a bath after work. He looks absolutely thrilled about this decision.
CRAZY Friday night over here!!!
After Bosco's bath, we had some pizza for dinner and then I baked some peanut butter chocolate chip cookies. YUM!
Oh, and while I waited for the cookies to bake, I may or may not have sampled some of this deliciousness.
Well, time to take Bosco for his morning walk, go food shopping, and then get my nails done.
Since I've had a French on my nails for the last few weeks, I think it may be time to switch things up a bit this time.
Anything exciting on your agenda this weekend??
Oh my gosh, Bosco is sooo cute!! He looks so sad to get a bath. How adorable!
Those nails are epic! I love them!
Great post! Ill be cleaning my house for my upcoming move!
Mmmm I really want to try those Ben & Jerry's new core flavors but our local grocery store doesn't carry them because it's totally lame.


text:
Q: unable to read file for file handling, using boost library to obtain file path ifstream my_file;
for (boost::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator end, dir("F:/mails"); dir != end; ++dir) {
    if (dir->path().extension() != ".txt")
      continue;

    std::cout << *dir << "\n";
    std::cout << dir->path().filename() << "\n";
    my_file.open(*dir);
    //rest of the code
 }

When I try to open .txt file using the above method compiler gives the following
error at "my_file.open(*dir);"... maybe some casting issue.
error C2664: 'void std::basic_ifstream<char,std::char_traits<char>>::open(const char *,std::ios_base::open_mode)' : cannot convert argument 1 from 'boost::filesystem::directory_entry' to 'const wchar_t *'

A: std::fstream accepts only const char* as pathname argument (and std::string since C++11). So you should convert path objects to string's using c_str() or native() methods:
for (boost::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator end, dir("F:/mails");
     dir != end; ++dir
) {
    if (dir->path().extension() != ".txt")
        continue;
    ...
    my_file.open(dir->path.c_str()); // or better dir->path.native(), but this requires C++11
    ...
}

A: I finally found the solution to this
my_file.open(boost::filesystem::canonical(*dir).string());

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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The independent chip model is an advanced poker strategy that can be utilised in a tournament to establish an idea of your overall risk.
Incorporating the use of the independent chip model into your advanced poker strategy is both easy and useful. Many players think that extremely advanced poker strategies are hard to use however this one is very simple once you have learnt it.
The independent chip model is an advanced poker strategy whereas you calculate a dollar value for each chip. But I thought chips already have dollar values? Well, not really.
In a tournament you will get a number of chips and these have values, i.e. 25, 50, 100, 500 and 1000. But these don't really mean anything they are just placeholders to bet with. You might have only paid $100 entrance fee for the tournament for example.
So How Does The ICM Work?
What the independent chip model does is use a mathematical model to calculate the players overall equity in a tournament. This can also be used to determine the risk of any bet or series of bets at a pot, and the real value of a pot win.
Using the independent chip model you use your stack size – how many chips you have – to determine your likelihood of achieving a result (like 1st, 2nd or 3rd) and then that probability is multiplied by the prize amount for that position. These numbers can be added to gain your overall equity and from this info you can also do additional calculations for bets and pot sizes etc.
Is The Independent Chip Model Useful?
Although this is an advanced poker strategy, I really think that the independent chip model can be useful in a way. It is not useful at all in respects to critical areas of poker which will have a more direct effect on your own outcome in a tournament. But, it can be useful to get an idea of how much you a really putting on the line or where you really stand in the grand scheme of things.
If you have the time and desire then sure, go check out this advanced poker strategy and research the independent chip model. But don't expect it to miraculously turn you into a great poker player overnight. If anything it will just make you sound more sophisticated to your poker buddies – which is always a good thing!


Time to lower the viscosity of lubricating oils to boost efficiency?
The continued market demand to have more efficient machines, thus achieving energy savings and emission reductions, has motivated manufacturers to look for improvements even in area that have never been explored and evaluated till now. A paper, "Development, testing and qualification of innovative low viscosity oil in turbomachinery applications" presented by Lorenzo Naldi and Massimo Camatti of Baker Hughes, a GE company, and Manuela Toscanini and Marco Lattuada of Eni SpA- Research & Technological Innovation Department at the 2018 Asia Turbomachinery Symposium says that a new turbine oil with lower viscosity than that of typical turbomachinery lubricants can deliver energy savings.
For many years, the viscosity of lubricating oil for industrial turbomachinery application has been a pre-determined parameter and basically an industry standard set on two reference values: 32cSt and 46CSt at 40 deg. C. Keeping oil viscosity unchanged, OEMs have been developing their products and technologies achieving significant improvements in terms of machinery performance and power density. Oil companies at the same time have made available improved quality lubrication products with enhanced properties as far as concern aging resistance and anti-wear characteristics.
Among several oil candidates formulated for the scope, two low viscosity oils, viscosity grade (VG) 15 and VG 22, were developed for laboratory evaluation. Based on predicted bearing dynamic coefficients with selected oil viscosities, rotordynamic analysis of several turbomachinery models were performed showing limited impact with respect to conventional oil viscosity.
The new product, characterized by a 15cSt viscosity grade, has been subjected to a wide range of tests to evaluate its characteristics and impact on turbomachinery performance: validation was initiated with laboratory tests and proceeded by running representative models of the turbomachinery families under typical operating conditions.
The authors of the paper report proven reduction of mechanical viscous losses of lubricated rotating parts in a range of 5-15%, with respect to a standard ISO VG 32 oil; smooth running behaviour and operating parameters of machinery and related auxiliary equipment in line with those recorded with a standard ISO VG 32 oil.


Learn more about our activities in Ireland.
ExxonMobil has been a presence in Ireland since 1898. The Esso, Mobil and ExxonMobil companies that operate in Ireland are wholly owned subsidiaries of Exxon Mobil Corporation.
The Dublin joint fuels terminal serves as our main office, with operations at a distribution terminal that is jointly owned with Valero. We provide customers in the basestocks, specialties, marine, aviation, industrial and automotive industries with products to suit a wide range of lubricant applications — some 350 finished lubricants, including an extensive range of engine oils.


As Doug Casey has correctly noted, the prime directive of any organism—whether it's an amoeba or a person or a corporation or a government—is to survive.
Take Saddam Hussein and Muammar Gaddafi, for example. Each led a large oil-producing country—Iraq and Libya, respectively. And both tried to sell their oil for something other than US dollars, before US military interventions led to their deaths.


text:
About Sellas
Our leadership team is committed to addressing compelling medical needs
Our Board is comprised of experienced directors who provide relationships and oversight to the company.
Our team of scientific experts and specialists ensure we stay at the forefront of innovation
Galinpepimut-S (GPS) Therapy
Our Therapy
GPS Cancer Immunotherapy
GPS Immunotherapy Development
Sellas Pipeline
Our unique mechanism of action is complimentary to existing therapies and applicable to many cancer indications
Galinpepimut-S (GPS) Clinical Trials
We are progressing on several trials aimed at treating various cancer types
NELIPEPIMUT-S (NPS) CLINICAL TRIALS
NPS is currently in several ongoing Phase 2 investigator sponsored trials.
Galinpepimut-S (GPS)
Nelipepimut-S (NPS)
Cancer types our therapy targets
Information on how to enroll in our clinical trials
We partner with pre-eminent cancer centers and organizations to help realize our vision
Wt1 Cancer Immunotherapy
Wt1 Immunotherapy Development
NELIPEPIMUT-S (NPS) Clincal Trials
Anagrelide CR Clinical Trials
Historical Stock Quote
Shareholder Letter
Galinpepimut-S (GPS) is an immunotherapeutic which targets the Wilms Tumor 1 (WT1) protein which is present and over-expressed in an array of hematological malignancies and solid tumors.
GALINPEPIMUT-S
GPS IMMUNOTHERAPY ENGINEERED FOR A BROAD SPECTRUM OF CANCER INDICATIONS
SELLAS' lead product candidate, galinpepimut-S (GPS), targets malignancies and tumors characterized by an overexpression of the WT1 antigen. The WT1 antigen is one of the most widely expressed cancer antigens in multiple malignancies. It has been ranked by the NCI as the top priority among cancer antigens for immunotherapy. SELLAS' WT1 immunotherapy is comprised of four peptide chains, two of which are modified chains that induce a strong innate immune response (CD4+/CD8+) against the WT1 antigen and access a broad range of HLA types. When administered to a patient, GPS' induced immune response has the potential to recognize and destroy cancer cells and provide ongoing support and memory to the immune system so that it can continue to target and destroy recurring tumors and residual cancer cells. GPS has the potential to be a highly effective approach to prolonging survival by delaying or preventing relapse/recurrence in patients in complete remission or with minimal residual disease.
Patients with AML, malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), high-risk multiple myeloma (MM), relapsed ovarian cancer and other types of cancers who undergo debulking standard therapy have shown relapse rates in excess of 80% or more, as this therapy rarely leads to complete eradication of the disease. Although most patients enter into complete remission with currently available treatments, the majority of those patients, unfortunately, relapse thereafter. GPS immunotherapy has the potential to target over 20 cancers that over-express WT1 and, due to its strong T-cell immune response, it is designed to prevent/delay relapses (by prolonging the progression-free interval) and eventually potentially prolong survival in these patients, which is evidenced by the positive results in Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials performed to date in AML (after 1st and 2nd line therapy), MPM (after 1st line therapy), high-risk MM (after upfront therapy including autotransplant), and relapsed ovarian cancer (after 2nd line therapy).
WT1: Top Priority Cancer Antigen by the National Cancer Institute
Various Advanced Malignancies
Source: Cheever CCR 2009
Tumor types pursued by SELLAS' clinical program Other tumor types
AML: acute myelogenous leukemia MPM: malignant pleural mesothelioma
Source: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center data (based on review of literature and multiple studies)
GPS Development Program
GPS incorporates a set of immunogenic peptides that have been shown to stimulate both CD4 and CD8 T-cells. In addition, key amino acids from some of these peptides have been modified to improve their immunogenicity. SELLAS is further optimizing the manufacturing process towards a lyophilized formulation with high stability features.
GPS is administered in combination with an adjuvant and an immune modulator (GM-CSF) to improve the immune response to the target. Initial pilot clinical studies were conducted in patients with AML and thoracic cancers, such as lung cancer and MPM. Following encouraging results in these initial studies, additional Phase 2 trials were launched in hematopoietic cancers and solid tumors. Based on the results of these initial studies, SELLAS believes that GPS is capable of inducing a robust immune response to the antigen. Patients enrolled in the AML and MPM trials have shown prolonged survival following active immunization with GPS.
In patients with advanced cancers over-expressing WT1, GPS is designed to prevent relapses and potentially improve survival rates of patients, while maintaining their quality of life.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
Initial clinical studies of GPS were conducted in AML due to the high levels of WT1 expression observed in this tumor type and the deep institutional experience of MSKCC with AML.
Phase 1 and Phase 2 studies were conducted with 9 and 22 patients, respectively. These patients were treated with GPS in the maintenance setting, i.e. after having successfully achieved their first morphological complete remission (CR1) post-upfront standard antileukemic chemotherapy. The Phase 2 clinical trial met its primary endpoint of an actual overall survival (OS) rate of at least 34%, measured three years into the clinical study, with an actual OS rate of 47.4% being demonstrated at the 3-year timepoint. In the Phase 2 study, in older patients (>60 years), median overall survival reached 35.3 months, and reached 67.6 months in patients across all ages. Compelling CD4 and CD8 reactivity was observed.
GPS was further independently validated at the Moffitt Cancer Center (MCC) in a more severe AML population – i.e., in patients who had reached their second complete remission (CR2, post 2nd line chemotherapy), where it showed statistically significant clinical benefit when compared with a cohort at the same institution contemporaneously treated with best standard therapy. Initial data from this study showed a median OS of 16.3 months vs. 5.4 months. The final data for the study shows a median OS of 21.0 months, at a median follow-up of 30.8 months, in patients receiving GPS therapy. Those AML CR2 patients being treated with best standard care had a median OS of 5.4 months, which demonstrates a statistically significant difference (p-value < 0.02) for the patients treated with GPS. Final analysis also showed that GPS therapy continued to be well-tolerated throughout the study.
A Phase 3 clinical trial for AML in the CR2 setting was commenced in January 2020 (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04229979).
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM)
MPM was chosen as an indication to study due to the high levels of expression of WT1 in patients with this tumor type.
A 41-patient Phase 2, double-blind, randomized study performed at MSKCC and MD Anderson Cancer Center and co-sponsored by the Department of Defense (DOD) demonstrated a well-tolerated safety profile.
Median OS was 22.8 months in the GPS arm vs. 18.3 months in the control arm (HR: 0.79), with a median follow-up of 17.2 months.
Multiple Myeloma (MM)
Phase 2 open-label study in high-risk patients after successful front-line therapy
20 patients enrolled; 18 evaluable.
88% actuarial OS at 18 months and median OS not reached.
Median PFS of 23.6 months.
All evaluable patients had evidence of minimal residual disease (MRD) after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) and 15/18 patients also had high-risk cytogenetics as well as additional unfavorable clinical characteristics at diagnosis.
Typically, patients with the above features exhibit PFS rates that do not exceed 12 months following ASCT, even while on maintenance therapy with immunomodulatory drugs (IMIDs) or proteasome inhibitors.
Galinpepimut-S data source: Koehne G, et al. 44th Ann. Meeting of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT), 2018; Abstr. # O132.
IN COMBINATION WITH PD-1 INHIBITORS
Phase 1/2 study in the maintenance setting in combination with nivolumab (OPDIVO®), an inhibitor of Programmed cell Death protein 1 (PD1): 11 patients (10 evaluable) with recurrent ovarian cancer who are in second or greater clinical remission
Combination therapy over 14-weeks with galinpepimut-S every 2 weeks x 6 inoculations in combination with 7 infusions of nivolumab every 2 weeks
No additional toxicity burden above and beyond what would be expected with nivolumab alone
PFS rate at 1 year since initiation of salvage chemotherapy was 70% for patients who received >2 doses of the combination (n=10), which compared favorably with historical 1-yr PFS rates of 43-50% in this setting
Median follow-up of 33 months shows 30% of patients being progression free at 2 years (historical controls are 3-10%); WT1-specific IgG observed in 86% of patients (weeks -27) as well as CD4 and CD8 T cell responses
GPS data source: O'Cearbhaill RE, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36[15; Suppl], 5553).
Phase 1/2 study (5-arm 'basket' trial) in combination with pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA®), a PD1 inhibitor, is enrolling patients in the primary indication currently being studied: ovarian cancer (second or third line). The study is planned to enroll approximately 90 patients at up to 20 centers in the United States.
This study will assess the efficacy and safety of the combination, comparing overall response rates (ORRs – by RECIST criteria) and immune response markers achieved with the combination versus prespecified rates based on those seen with pembrolizumab alone in comparable patient populations.
(ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03761914).
An investigator-sponsored clinical trial (IST) of GPS in combination with Bristol-Myers Squibb's anti-PD-1 therapy, nivolumab (Opdivo®), in patients with MPM is being conducted at MSKCC. The Phase 1 open-label clinical study is enrolling patients with MPM who harbor relapsed or refractory disease after having received frontline standard of care multimodality therapy with study drug provided by both SELLAS and Bristol-Myers Squibb. The principal investigator for the study is Dr. Marjorie G. Zauderer, MD, Co-Director, Mesothelioma Program, Team Lead, Thoracic Disease Management Team, and Assistant Attending Physician in the Division of Thoracic Oncology, Department of Medicine at MSK. As of this writing, three patients have been dosed in this IST.
For more information on GPS, please see "Galinpepimut-S: Publications and Presentations" on this website.
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The Motu Proprio "Magnum Principium" of Pope Francis on the fidelity of liturgical translations made a slight modification of the formulations of the Code of Canon Law (C.I.C.) of the Latin Catholic Church (canon 838 §§2 and 3). It will enter into force on 1 October 2017.
The document, in Latin, and dated September 3, is published this Saturday September 9, 2017 by the Holy See with translations in Italian, Spanish and English (at the time of publication) a Note in Italian, English and Spanish, and this presentation, in French, Italian, German, Spanish and English, by Archbishop Arthur Roche, Secretary – number two – of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments.
Given the importance of this work, the Fathers of the Second Vatican Council had already considered the question of the roles of both the Apostolic See and the Episcopal Conferences in this regard (cf. Sacrosanctum concilium, nn.36, 40 & 36). In effect the great task of providing for liturgical translations was guided by norms and by specific Instructions from the competent Dicastery, in particular Comme le prévoit (25 January 1969) and then, after the Codex iuris canonici of 1983, by Liturgiam authenticam (28 March 2001), both published at different stages with the goal of responding to concrete problems which had become evident over the course of time and which had arisen as a result of the complex work that is involved in the translation of liturgical texts. The material relating to the whole field of inculturation was, on the other hand, regulated by the Instruction Varietates legitimae(25 January 1994).
Naturally, this modification to the Codex iuris canonici entails an adjustment to the Apostolic Constitution Pastor bonus n.64 §3, as well as to the norms surrounding translations. This means, for example, that it will be necessary to readjust some numbers of the Institutio generalis missalis Romani and of the Praenotanda of the liturgical books. The Instruction Liturgiam authenticamitself, which is to be appreciated for the attention it brings to bear on this complicated work and its implications, must be interpreted in the light of the new formulation of canon 838 when it speaks about seeking the recognitio. Finally, the motu proprio provides that the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments will also "modify its own Regolamento on the basis of the new discipline and help the Episcopal Conferences to fulfil their task".


The first step in making your departure as smooth as possible is to finalize your career plans. Take the time you need to weigh your options and think about your decision. Ask for a few days off from work if you have to. Use that time to think about whether leaving the company is a viable option. Reflect on instances where you felt happier or sadder whilst doing your job. Think about which one leaves the biggest impression. If you come up with more happier memories than anything else, then you already have your answer. It's also best to hold off writing your resignation letter if you have hesitations, this will prevent you from making any bad decisions in the heat of the moment.
Write a draft copy of your resignation letter, it should include a detailed list of your reasons why for leaving. Keep your tone professional and say your message directly. Don't talk about what happened in the past too much. Focus on your plans and explain how this decision is important in helping you achieve them. Writing a resignation letter is similar to preparing your resume, write several drafts and re-read what you've written as many times as possible. If you see words in your letter you're not comfortable reading yourself, rewrite it. Print out the letter on a quality paper and hand it over to your boss instead of emailing it out, it's more appropriate and the right thing to do.
The easiest way not to burn bridges with your current company is to set up a meeting so you can talk to your boss about your resignation.To talk about the points you may have made in your resignation letter and any other reasons you have for leaving the job. Remember to stay flexible during the meeting. If your boss asks you to extend your stay, think about it and try to accommodate the request if you can. This will help you have a pleasant exit and ensure you get a positive reference from your soon-to-be former boss in the future.


A B C School Of Motoring is a driving school offering driving lessons to pupils of different ages and abilities. Based in The Lane, Alwoodley, A B C School Of Motoring is a driving school.
A B C School Of Motoring is in The Lane Alwoodley. You can view a list of neighbouring businesses by going to the The Lane page.
If you would like a list of other driving schools other listings throughout Leeds, please visit the Driving Schools section of this website.
Note: the pin is positioned at the postcode centre, and may not correspond with the precise location of 37 The Lane, Alwoodley.


For one of my writing groups the next topic is to write something about five events which changed the course of your life, possibly little things, possibly seemingly insignificant things. I don't think the idea is about passing or failing exams, or having a successful or unsuccessful interview, I think it's supposed to be thinking of those seemingly insignificant things which are the seed of something monumental later. I guess it's that butterfly flapping its wing in the ancient forest.
So what might be my five things include? I've thought of three… a book I read when I was a child when the narrative perspective changed, hearing a song I'd not come across by a group I didn't know, played by my husband's band, and answering the phone while thinking of something else.
So to the last two moments of insignificance which had profound effect.
To be honest it did seem a big thing at the time, but I never dreamed the consequences which would ensue from a decision made by someone else. When we were at the end of the first year of secondary school we had to choose an option: German, Spanish, Latin or Domestic Science. I made my choice in that order; I passionately wanted to learn German and I'd already started to learn lists of vocabulary I'd found somewhere. However it was decided I should take Latin 'as I wasn't any good at spelling'. I actually was good at spelling, just careless, and even if I had been what a ridiculous reason! I tried my best I really did, but I was off school for six weeks with glandular fever a few weeks into the term and I never really caught up. Our teacher was a dear old thing, but ancient – she'd been old when she taught my aunty when she was at the same school thirty years previously.
I worked so hard at Latin, harder than any other subject, but I didn't even fail it – the head teacher wouldn't allow me to take it even though I had really improved when I new teacher arrived. Because I didn't have Latin, in those days most universities required it to take an English degree… I didn't get into any university even though I had three quite good A-levels… instead I got into Manchester Polytechnic, which changed my life! I lived there for over twenty years, and in the area for many more… I made the best friends, met my husband, had my children… none of which would have happened if I had taken German!
The last of my five moments is more subtle, and I'm not even sure i can explain it very well. I was always brought up to believe I was equal to anybody, free to choose what I wanted to do and it didn't matter that I was a girl. Even so, society was quite different then and there were expectations that girls should behave in certain ways, and even like certain things. There was much more pressure to conform to the norm. I saw an advert in the Sunday magazine; it was for Guinness. There was a stunning dark-haired woman with dark eyes – most ads had blonds with blue eyes, she was slim not curvy, and she had long a white sleeveless dress, maybe with black featuring. She had her back to the viewer and was looking over her shoulder with an amused challenging look. Her hair was cut short and looked glossy and smooth.
This woman was obviously going drink Guinness… which in those days, the days of Babycham and sweet martini, was unheard of. She was going to do what she wanted.
I'm sure I've misremembered some of the details,but that's the essential…I wonder if I can find that advert?
You were a rebel and a free spirit. I see that in my grand daughter and that's why I love her so much. I told her Sunday that I put her picture by the couch so that when I wake up from a nap the first thing I see his her smiling down on me. How soon after you wake up in the morning is it OK to go for a little nap?
Well a little doze at any time is fine by me!


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