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Topics › Famous People › Clara Barton
Clara Barton circa 1906
Clara Barton (December 25, 1821 – April 12, 1912) was an American nurse and Civil War hero known for founding the American Red Cross.
Clarissa Harlowe Barton was born in Oxford, Massachusetts, on Christmas Day, 1821, the youngest of five children. Her interest in medical care is often attributed to an early experience where she spent two years nursing her brother back to health following a serious head injury.
After receiving a full education at home, she became a teacher herself at age 15. In 1852 she established a free school in Bordentown, New Jersey, that over the next few years became so successful the town would no longer allow a woman to run it. Barton resigned rather than accept a demotion and found work in Washington DC as a clerk for the U.S. Patent Office.
Barton was working at the Patent Office when the Civil War broke out in 1861. Throughout the war she spent countless hours bringing supplies to makeshift hospitals and comforting, feeding, and nursing wounded soldiers in the field, from which she earned her famous nickname, "Angel of the Battlefield."
She continued to help soldiers even after the war, investigating the fates of missing men at the request of friends and family and marking thousands of graves.
In 1869, during a trip through Europe for her health, Barton came across Geneva, Switzerland's Red Cross organization. This inspired her to create the American Association of the Red Cross, and she served as president from its founding in 1881 to her resignation in 1904.
Final Years and Legacy
Barton passed away in her Maryland home at age 90. Her work changed the world's perception of women's strength in times of war, and her name can be found on roads, schools, and other public buildings across the nation. A Clara Barton monument stands at Antietam National Battlefield.
Learn more about Clara Barton through historical newspapers from our archives. Explore newspaper articles, headlines, images, and other primary sources below.
Articles and Clippings about Clara Barton
Article titled "The Angel of the Battle Field" recounts Clara Barton's work aiding wounded soldiers Sat, Nov 22, 1862 – 4 · The Buffalo Commercial (Buffalo, New York) · Newspapers.com Recounting of Clara Barton's work with missing soldiers and identifying graves at Andersonville Sat, Aug 5, 1865 – 2 · Buffalo Morning Express and Illustrated Buffalo Express (Buffalo, New York) · Newspapers.com Published letter from Clara Barton asking for details on missing soldiers on behalf of friends Wed, Jan 16, 1867 – 2 · Lamoille Newsdealer (Hyde Park, Vermont) · Newspapers.com Editorial summary of the life and work of "Miss Clara Barton" as shared in 1867 Mon, Dec 2, 1867 – 1 · Quad-City Times (Davenport, Iowa) · Newspapers.com Clara Barton resigns from American Red Cross, 1904; resignation letter printed in announcement Sun, May 15, 1904 – 9 · The Baltimore Sun (Baltimore, Maryland) · Newspapers.com Death announcement for Miss Clara Barton, "Mother of Red Cross Society," published on day of death Fri, Apr 12, 1912 – 1 · The Evening Sun (Baltimore, Maryland) · Newspapers.com Excerpt from Clara Barton obituary printed in Baltimore paper on April 12, 1912, day of her death Fri, Apr 12, 1912 – 1 · The Evening Sun (Baltimore, Maryland) · Newspapers.com Clara Barton was shy, nursed brother's injuries; excerpt from biographical article printed in 1917 Fri, Dec 14, 1917 – Page 10 · The Maui News (Wailuku, Hawaii) · Newspapers.com Excerpt from article on Clara Barton school details her incredible work as public school teacher Fri, Jan 30, 1920 – Page 12 · The Courier-News (Bridgewater, New Jersey) · Newspapers.com Editorial describes endorsement that highway from Dansville to Rochester be named for Clara Barton Mon, Sep 21, 1931 – Page 12 · Democrat and Chronicle (Rochester, New York) · Newspapers.com "Clara Barton as she looked at the time of the Civil War," shared in St. Louis Post-Dispatch 1931 Sun, Oct 18, 1931 – Page 72 · St. Louis Post-Dispatch (St. Louis, Missouri) · Newspapers.com Clara Barton School in Bordentown, New Jersey, used by her in 1844 as her first public school Thu, Apr 27, 1939 – 6 · Monmouth Democrat (Freehold, New Jersey) · Newspapers.com Gen Alfred Gruenther, head of American Red Cross, speaks at unveiling of Clara Barton monument 1962 Mon, Sep 10, 1962 – Page 1 · The Daily Mail (Hagerstown, Maryland) · Newspapers.com Excerpt from article describes new Clara Barton monument at Antietam Battlefield, 1962 Mon, Dec 24, 1962 – 4 · Messenger-Inquirer (Owensboro, Kentucky) · Newspapers.com
"Clara Barton," Newspapers.com Topics (https://www.newspapers.com/topics/famous-people/clara-barton/ : accessed January 28, 2023)
Other Topics found in Newspapers
Battle of Antietam
Johnstown Flood
Andersonville Prison
Topics American Civil War Era, Famous People, Women's History activists, Antietam, Civil War, Clara Barton, famous people, Women's History
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Photo•stories
©Gérard Uféras
Gérard Uféras
L'AMOUR TOUJOURS
L'amour toujours is the portrait of a city and its population revolving around a common theme; love and its social manifestation: the wedding.
L'amour toujours presents a gallery of portraits of men and women, bringing out their common dream of love. It mirrors the unions of individuals from every cultural, religious, and social background, all of them celebrated against the most suitable background: Paris.
The diversity of the couples reflects the exceptional cohabitation of cultures, which contributes to the richness of the city.
From one town hall to another, the weddings are hymns to love, the joyful, moving thread that runs through the city observed in its people and their desire to celebrate.
The exhibition features photos taken at various stages of 70 civil or religious weddings and domestic partnership ("pacs") ceremonies. Images of bachelor and bachelorette parties are displayed alongside bridal preparations at home, key moments, moments of solitude and dancing at receptions.
To photograph is an act of love: we go towards each other to take take a photograph and show to the other person his image. Weddings are an ideal theme for a reportage. A wedding celebration is an occasion of sharing, to me that's the true essence of the creative process and photography
Number of works: 102 B&W and color photographs
69 photographs • 50 cm x 70 cm (framed)
7 photographs • 113 cm x 153 cm (framed)
26 photographs • 70 cm x 100 cm (framed)
Frames: black wood
Additional material:
shortvideo Instants d'amour
directed by Pierre Schumacher
13′ 52"
French with English subtitles
Gérard Uféras was born in Paris, where he currently lives. 1984: Gérard Uféras began contributing on a regular basis to the newspaper Libération, for which he did numerous reports and which organised his first exhibition.
He went on to publish regularly in Beaux-Arts, The Independent Magazine, Jardin des modes, Das Magazin, Marie-Claire, Madame Figaro, Le Monde, View Point, L'Officiel, L'Express, Io Donna, D:La Repubblica Delle Donne, Amica, Il Corriere della Sera, Paper Magazine, Another Magazine e Paris Match.
In 1986 Gérard Uféras took part in setting up the VU agency and in 1993 he joined the Rapho agency.
Alongside photojournalism, he did portraits, shot advertising campaigns and fashion series, and pursued his own personal research, which resulted in exhibitions in many countries. His photographs have been featured in numerous publications Dior, 30 avenue Montaigne, Paris d'Amour, Un pas vers les étoiles, Il Piccolo Teatro di Milano; Dés comme Dior and many others. His work has received a vast number of awards including a Word Press Photo and the Prix Villa Médicis hors les murs.and is found in the collections of the Maison Européenne de la Photographie in Paris, the Fonds National d'Art Contemporain, the Union centrale des arts décoratifs, the Bibliothèque nationale de France, the National Gallery in London, the Musée de l'Élysée in Lausanne, the Salzburg Festival in Austria, the Henkel Collection in Germany, the Photography Centre in Moscow.
Paris d'Amour • ©Gérard Uféras • Hotel de Ville de Paris • 2010

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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HTML Imports & Component-Driven Development
Update: As linked in the article, HTML Imports are being removed from Chrome in favour of other alternatives. This is more of an experiment to look at how a modern take on an old way of doing things might look like in as simple a way as possible without the reliance on too many external tools.
I was thinking about the process of building a site today vs maybe 8 years ago. When WordPress was called for, I'd usually build the site from start to finish within WordPress. You wouldn't see any CSS for a little while as custom post types needed creating, content needed to be sourced, and plugins needed to be installed. The whole front-end was mashed up with this configuration, and nothing was really finished until the site was live.
Now, I didn't know a whole lot 8 years ago, so looking back there are ways it could have been done better. If I could go back, I'd probably build a static site first with all the parts, then port that over to WordPress when it was ready. It might be me, but I find not having to think about a CMS while doing initial front-end work very liberating. I don't want to troubleshoot why a template is breaking when I want to focus on styling. It's too easy for me to go off on a tangent and fiddle with PHP because I just thought of a better way to do something.
Years later, this idea of focusing on the right things at the right time became, for me at least, encapsulated with Atomic Design, so I want to take this moment to thank Brad Frost for preserving the few remaining brain cells I have left. I used tools like Pattern Lab, and Fractal which really opened my eyes to the benefits of focusing on one thing at a time.
Working on a team and incorporating these tools caused trouble at times. When I wanted to introduce this notion of building a project from components, everyone had to be on the same page, and have a solid understanding of the tools we were using. Technical bugs arose from misconfigured environments or an unmet expectation, and when you're moving fast with multiple projects, it can be a momentum-killer.
In many cases, I see nothing wrong with setting up a local PHP server in a directory with php -S localhost:8080, and setting up individual files for components and using include to pull them into a template. Not all projects demand a batteries-included pattern library that can be exhibited to a client. Sometimes they don't care as long as the project gets done on time and within budget. It'd be nice sometimes to surprise a client with such a powerful resource packaged up in Pattern Lab, but when it's not called for we still get that nice component-y feeling from a smattering of PHP calls to other files. The developer still gets to focus on one thing at a time.
# HTML Imports
I was wondering if there's any way we can replicate this in the browser without relying on external libraries. Maybe it's something that could be done with the tools we have today without depending too much on JavaScript to make a bunch of AJAX calls. That's when I was reminded of HTML Imports. I wonder how far along that is now...
Well, at the moment it's not great. Mozilla have published their thoughts on supporting it.
At Mozilla we want to explore how importing custom element definitions can align with upcoming ES6 module APIs. We'd be prepared to implement if/when they appear to enable developers to do stuff they can't already do.
Chrome will be deprecating the current implementation soon as well.
Still, though, I wanted to try to replicate that process of having components and including them where I needed them, without requiring a developer to know the ins-and-outs so they can focus on coding.
# Importing HTML
Given I have an index.html, a folder for partials (think a header and a footer which may be made up of components), and a folder for components, I want to load them, and inject them into the page. The first thing to do is register them in the  of my document with <link rel="import">.
<link rel="import" id="site-header" href="partials/site-header.html">
<link rel="import" id="primary-nav" href="components/navigation/primary-nav.html">
The ID is important for referencing the imports in order to inject them into the page. So how do we reference those imports? I'm going to use a data attribute to define this.

Inside my site header, I'm also referencing the primary nav.
Logo

We need some JavaScript to get the ball rolling. We need to find the imports, grab their content, and replace instances of [data-import] with their respective content. To be fair, it's not an awful lot of code, which was a nice surprise.
Get the import id to identify where to import into our document later on
Grab the contents of the import. Since it'll include the body tag, we want to get everything inside that instead.
Find the spots to put it in.
Loop through each data-import and replace it with the contents.
For step 4, I'm using content.clondNode(true) rather than passing content. I'm doing this because if there's more than one instance on the page, it'll only show the import in the last place it was referenced, essentially moving it around. By using cloneDeep, and passing true to include the children, we're copying it into every place it's being referenced.
let imports = document.querySelectorAll('link[rel="import"]')
imports.forEach(htmlImport => {
let id = htmlImport.getAttribute('id'), // [1]
content = htmlImport.import.querySelector('body *'), // [2]
domTemplate = document.querySelectorAll(`[data-import="${id}"]`) // [3]
domTemplate.forEach(el => {
el.parentNode.replaceChild(content.cloneNode(true), el) // [4]
I thought this was a fun little experiment, and it would be really cool to see this factor into the tooling of creating websites in the future. That's if the support is there. Otherwise, there are custom elements to look into, or I'm happy sticking with a static-like setup with PHP.
View the source
javascript experiment


I've spent the last couple of nights at awards banquets. I've watched a lot of graduating seniors get a lot of cool awards and finally get some much deserved recognition as students, leaders, and athletes. I've spent the last couple of days signing yearbooks and explaining to seniors that I'm not going to Grad Night because I don't really want to and I'm not going to the senior picnic because I have to give finals to my other students who don't get to close out the year with fun activities. They remember the feeling.
Around this time of year I start thinking a lot about next year. I'm worn out, my students are worn out and my class isn't humming along like we were in November. I start to forget the good and start trying to think of ways to remedy the bad that has reared its ugly head down the homestretch. I think this is good for me. This year I have pages and pages of ideas for next year, and I'll be more prepared than ever when next year starts.
But tonight I'm reminded that it's important to focus on the now a little bit too. My seniors are done with AP Exams and Finals. The stress of content and grades is gone and finally we can interact without worrying about what we need to get finished or what we can be doing better. And I'm reminded that my students really like me. They want me around, they want me at events, they want me to write something profound in their yearbooks and they want me to congratulate them for everything they've made it through.
Tonight I can't help but think of how absent many of these positive vibes and feelings can be in the middle of the grind as we try to meet all my curriculum goals and their desires to pass my class and score well on AP Exams. And I know why it happens. It's pressure, stress, and fear that we will fail each other somewhere along the way.
I doubt it can be avoided, but I can't help but think there are ways to remedy it a bit. I'd like to think that throughout the year there have to be ways for my students and I to take a step back, remind ourselves that we like each other, and remind ourselves that this journey we are on together isn't all about work and results. It's also about getting to know each other, learning from each other, enjoying ourselves, and growing as people. And maybe even acknowledging that we're having a pretty good time doing it.


Pregnancy is an experience that empowers a lady to bring the loveliest element in the world that is 'LIFE'. The happiness of a mother is expanded to many relations around her as she feels the movement of another sweet presence in her own body.
The delights and energy joined with pregnancy can't be portrayed in words. In any case, changed part of ladies in the present society and current introduction to innovation additionally tosses new difficulties at hopeful mothers. A large portion of the pregnant ladies confront difficulty with regards to traveling during the time of pregnancy.
Most pregnant ladies are permitted to fly by their medical health care providers. Be that as it may, this freedom isn't accessible for ladies confronting any real difficulties in their pregnancy.
In conditions like gestational diabetes, hypertension and burst placenta, one may not be permitted to air travel.
Also ladies who have beforehand experienced unexpected labor, unsuccessful labor, still birth or fetal misfortune may not achieve a yes for to travel via plane.
Women with high hazard pregnancy may confront disturbed distress or different complexities amid air travel. In this case they are encouraged to maintain a distance from air travel during their pregnancy.
Some airlines can end up being more sympathetic as contrast with others as far as offering extraordinary care and support to pregnant ladies. Pick the one that handles every one of the necessities of their pregnant travelers with most extreme care.
If the aircraft is as of now told with respect to the pregnancy, at that point they may offer things like wheel seat, favored seats and in-flight food choices.
Another thing to keep in mind here is to enquire about the arrangements of the airline for the pregnant ladies. A few airlines won't permit going amid the most recent long stretches of pregnancy. At times they may require a medical certificate by a specialist.
It is basic to educate the airline about your pregnancy before the movement. Pregnant travelers can likewise ask for the extra politeness from the aircraft staff.
Ask for the seat close to the restroom. You can likewise get a seat at in a place which offers additional individual space and legroom.
If you are in the later phases of pregnancy, pick a suitable seat and lock it in under the stomach area amid air travel.
Don't travel alone; make sure to travel with someone who can be there for you if there is any problem while travelling.
Airlines also offer exceptional help with loading and emptying baggage for expecting ladies. Don't hesitate to ask.
Most flight supervisors will happily serve additional nourishment or drinks to the expecting moms.
A neck pad or travel rest pillow, warm pack and water bottle are a part of the essential needs.
Air travel can dry out you rapidly so it is prudent to drink a lot of water while travelling and after the flight.
Some snacks like wafers are fundamental for pregnant ladies taking a flight, since they can help controlling air-borne sickness.
To keep up the sound blood stream and furthermore to lessen the swelling in the body, amid the flight, it is prescribed to continue doing some little activities.
First is to drink a lot of liquid to keep the body hydrated during the flight. The low dampness inside the flight lodge could prompt dehydration for some pregnant ladies.
Rotate lower legs and wrists in little circles. Short walks, short stretches and leg lifts could likewise diminish the hardness and contractions during the flight in the case of any emergency. Ensure that while doing any sort of activity there must not be any air turbulence.
This entry was posted in Good Health, Quality of Life and tagged pregnancy, Safety tips. Bookmark the permalink.


Sports uniforms are usually made from synthetic fibers, such as nylon, polyester, spandex, or a blend of these fibers. The biggest problem athletic uniforms may experience is dye bleeding during the cleaning process. For this reason, it is important that you follow the manufacturer's care instructions carefully. Because some dyes are water-soluble, resulting in fading or dye transfer during washing, many uniforms have care labels that recommend a cold water wash. The color should be safe if washed in cold water, but it will often bleed if washed at a higher temperature.


Our "You make freaking adorable tiny Alaskans" note card is the perfect card for your expecting friends and family.
Our note cards measure 4.25" x 5.5" and are printed on premium glossy cardstock. The inside has a matte finish for easy writing.


The LaserJet 2420dn is rated by HP at 30PPM with a warmup time of less than 10 seconds, and can hold 350 sheets total in its two trays. The internal paper tray can hold 200 regular sheets of up to legal size, while the pull-out multipurpose tray holds another 150 sheets or 10 envelopes.
An optional 500-sheet tray can boost capacity further, though the unit we reviewed did not include this. Automatic duplex printing is supported, at a pace a little less than non-duplexed output.
HP recommends a monthly duty cycle of no more than 75,000 pages.
The introductory toner cartridge that ships with the HP LaserJet 2420dn is rated for about 6000 pages of standard black text at 5% coverage. Replacement cartridges cost about $125US or $205US (CAN$155-255) for 6000 or 12,000 page units respectively. Power consumption is a hefty 625 Watts when printing, but only 11 Watts when idle, 8.5W in 'sleep' mode.
Like most printers these days, the LaserJet 2420dn does not ship with a printer cable. Sadly, HP omitted a printed manual also, though full documentation is available on the CD. A fold out help guide helps with setup, and a power cord is also included. It's footprint is about 16.5" x 15.5" and it measures just over ten inches tall.
The printer weighs a not-unreasonable 36lbs, and is easily movable by one person as HP wisely integrated hand-holds into its design.The HP LaserJet 2420dn carries a one year warranty, with service at approved HP service centers.


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Charles Guiteau
Charles Guiteau, "Charles Guiteau," Histories of the National Mall, accessed January 18, 2021, http://mallhistory.org/items/show/410.
Charles Guiteau shot President Garfield on July 2, 1881 at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station on the National Mall. Guiteau shot Garfield because he had been denied a political appointment that he believed he deserved. Garfield eventually died from complications from the gunshot wound. Guiteau was tried, found guilty, and sentenced to death by hanging on June 30, 1882 at the District of Columbia jail.
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. View original image.
Guiteau
Freeport, Illinois
Biographical Text
Guiteau led an unsettled life. Beginning in his 20s, he joined the Oneida Community, a controversial religious sect, but then left it. Then, he unsuccessfully attempted careers in law, theology, and politics. He married in 1871, only to be sued for divorce two years later when his wife could no longer put up with his violent temper and infidelity.
In the 1880s, Guiteau turned his focus to politics. Initially a partisan of Ulysses Grant in the Republican Party nominating split of 1880, Guiteau eventually shifted his support to the comprimise candidate, James A. Garfield. With Garfield as the Republican nominee, Guiteau replaced Grant's name with Garfield's in the supporting speeches he had written and began offering to campaing on the candidates behalf. Although, the Garfield campaign mostly rebuffed Guiteau's offers, he envisioned himself substantially responsible for the Republican's victory.
As a result of his contributions, Guiteau was convinced that he deserved a diplomatic appointment. He daily harassed Garfield and his cabinet members for a job, until finally Secretary of State James G. Blaine told him to never return. Upon this affront, Guiteau began planning Garfield's assassination.
On the morning July 2, 1881, Guiteau met President Garfield and Secretary Blaine at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station, where he fired two shots at the President. The first shot just grazed the President, but the second would ultimately lead to his death in September.
Guiteau was tried and convicted for murder, and was hanged on June 30, 1882.
Douglas O. Linder, "The Trial of Charles Guiteau: An Account," Famous Trials, 2007.
Histories of the National Mall was developed by the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media , George Mason University with generous funding from the National Endowment from the Humanities. Content licensed under CC-BY.


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December 24, 2019 / 12:12 PM / a month ago
Ukraine sets new tariffs for Russian gas transit to Europe
KIEV (Reuters) - Ukraine has approved tariffs for Russian gas transit and granted a licence to its new gas pipeline system operator, the necessary steps on the way to complete a new 5-year deal for Russia's gas supply to Europe, its regulator said on Tuesday.
Ukrainian Energy Minister Oleksiy Orzhel was quoted by RIA news agency as saying that Kiev plans to secure as much as $15 billion from the tariffs over the next five years, on par with its current earnings from the transit of Russian gas.
The country is a key transit route for Russian piped gas exports to Europe and the existing deal between the two post-Soviet countries expires at the end of 2019.
Russia, Ukraine and the European Commission agreed in principal on a new deal last week, with a new contract and other agreements between Russian and Ukrainian system operators due to be signed by Sunday.
The Ukrainian national energy market regulator said that it had approved the tariffs for Russian gas transit at $16.01 a day per 1,000 cubic meters at the border with Russia and at $9.68 a day per 1,000 cubic meters at the border with Slovakia.
The exact amount Russian gas giant Gazprom pays depends on the volume it books for transmission.
Reporting by Natalia Zinets; writing by Anastasia Teterevleva and Natalia Zinets; editing by Louise Heavens, Vladimir Soldatkin and Alexander Smith


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Tiger farms in China were supposed to help reduce the market for wild tiger parts. But a recent investigation suggests they may instead be fueling the market.
China 60 years ago implemented a policy of subsidizing heating for a portion of its residents. But that also meant higher pollution, and, according to new research, shorter lives.


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Jacobs signs framework agreement with Shell, merger agreement with CH2M
Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. has signed a global enterprise framework agreement renewal with Shell Oil Co. to provide concept, front-end engineering, detailed design, procurement, project management, construction management, and construction services for Shell projects globally.
Aug 2nd, 2017
DALLAS– Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. has signed a global enterprise framework agreement renewal with Shell Oil Co. to provide concept, front-end engineering, detailed design, procurement, project management, construction management, and construction services for Shell projects globally.
In addition, Jacobs and CH2M HILL Companies Ltd. have entered into a definitive agreement under which Jacobs will acquire all of the outstanding shares of CH2M in a cash and stock transaction with an enterprise value of about $3.27 billion.
Headquartered in Englewood, Colorado, CH2M is a design, engineering and program management firm.
The merger agreement has been unanimously approved by the boards of directors of both companies. Following the close of the transaction, CH2M stockholders will own 15% of Jacobs shares on a fully diluted basis based on the number of Jacobs shares outstanding today.
The transaction, which is expected to close in Jacobs' fiscal 2018 first quarter, is subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions, including regulatory approvals and approval by CH2M stockholders. Apollo Global Management LLC, which has an approximate 18% voting interest in CH2M, has agreed to vote in favor of the transaction.
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B.C. murder suspects may have torched, ditched vehicle in northern Manitoba
Jul 24, 2019 5:05 AM By: Glacier Media
Kam McLeod, 19, and Bryer Schmegelsky, are suspects in the murders of Lucas Fowler and Chynna Deese on the Alaska Highway and the death of a man on Highway 37 near Dease Lake. Anyone with information on their whereabouts is urged to call 911 immediately and to not approach the pair, who are considered dangerous. (via B.C. RCMP)
Editor's note: This story has been updated. Click here for the latest information.
unties were on an all-night patrol in an area of northern Manitoba on Tuesday as the search intensifies for two suspects wanted in connection to three deaths on Northern B.C. highways.
Kam McLeod and Bryer Schmegelsky were last seen in Gillam, Manitoba, RCMP have confirmed. A burned-out vehicle was found on the nearby Bird reserve, according to Fox Lake Cree First Nation Chief Walter Spence. He could not immediately confirm whether it's connected to the wanted teens, though photos starting to be shared across social media show a grey SUV matching the description the pair was last seen driving.
"An all-night patrol for the community has been prepared as a caution," Spence said in a statement Tuesday evening (July 23).
"The RCMP are carefully conducting their work with a large presence and I would like to ask all community members to report anything of concern directly to RCMP."
This vehicle was reportedly found nearby Gillam, Man. (via Submitted)
Gillam is roughly 730 kilometres northeast of Winnipeg, as the crow flies, with only one highway in and out of the community. After Gillam, the highway continues north through Fox Lake and to the abandoned town of Sundance, a former Manitoba Hydro camp.
McLeod, 19, and Schmegelsky, 18, are suspects in the killings of Australian Lucas Fowler, his American girlfriend Chynna Deese on the Alaska Highway on July 15. They are also suspects in the death of an unidentified man found a few kilometres from the teens' burned-out pickup truck on Highway 37 near Dease Lake on July 19.
They were seen in Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan, on July 21, driving a grey 2011 Toyota RAV 4 before moving east to Manitoba.
"We now have a more recent confirmed sighting in Gillam, Manitoba," RCMP Sgt. Janelle Shoihet said late Tuesday.
"Our investigators are sharing information with investigators in Manitoba but confirms our belief that they were continuing to travel and the renewed importance of not focussing on one particular area but instead our efforts to locate them."
The two were also reportedly seen at a gas station in Split Lake, Manitoba, about a two-hour drive west of Gillam.
"The guy who paid for the gas — he was quiet, he didn't say anything, he was just looking down. They seemed like, I don't know, normal," Mychelle Keeper told CBC News. "I'm just so nervous right now thinking about it."
Kam McLeod and Bryer Schmegelsky were last seen driving a grey 2011 Toyota RAV 4. They may be driving a different vehicle and may have changed their appearances, police say. (via BC RCMP)
Shoihet said Manitoba RCMP issued a social media post to ensure that Manitobans were aware and could take proper precautions.
Both McLeod and Schmegelsky both stand 6-foot-4 inches tall and weigh around 169 pounds. Police said earlier Tuesday they may now be driving a different vehicle and may have changed their appearances and clothing.
On Monday, police said the teenagers were missing, but after making a public appeal for help in finding them, investigators received new information that led them to believe the two are suspects in all three killings, said Shoihet.
Anyone with information on their whereabouts is urged to call 9-1-1 immediately. Police are warning the public to not approach the pair, who are considered dangerous.
McLeod and Schmegelsky, best friends since elementary school, had left Port Alberni on Vancouver Island for Whitehorse on July 12 to find work, according to family.
Bryer Schmegelsky's father said he can't square the allegations against his son with the "good kid" he knows. "I don't know what to think anymore," said Alan Schmegelsky. "I'm in disbelief. I didn't see any signs of violence."
He said he found out his son was a suspect in the homicides via a text from a reporter in Ontario while at work as a carpenter. Schmegelsky said he was trying to keep busy and distract himself from his son's disappearance when he heard the news.
Although his son was interested in airsoft guns — an imitation firearm that shoots small pellets at much slower speeds than real guns — Schmegelsky believes his son had never shot a real gun.
He said Bryer would go into the woods with friends to play strategy games and simulate combat. Schmegelsky bought him a camouflage outfit for the game. He was glad his son was getting outside and spending time with friends.
"His buddies all had them and that was their outdoor video game. You know, a real-life video game," he said.
Chynna Deese (left) and Lucas Fowler. (via Submitted)
The investigation in northern B.C. began on July 15 after the bodies of 24-year-old Chynna Deese of Charlotte, North Carolina and 23-year-old Lucas Fowler of Sydney, Australia, were discovered by a road worker on the side of the Alaska Highway, about 20 kilometres south of Liard Hot Springs.
RCMP said the two had been shot and killed on July 14 or 15. The couple, who met in Croatia two years ago, had been travelling through B.C. in a van that belonged to Fowler.
Speaking at an RCMP press conference in Surrey on Monday, Lucas's father, Stephen Fowler, called the couple "a great pair."
"It's a love story that's ended tragically. It's the worst-ever love story," said Fowler, a police officer in Australia.
Four days after Fowler and Deese's bodies were found, and 470 kilometres away, Dease Lake RCMP discovered a burning truck and camper belonging to McLeod and Bryer Schmegelsky, and the body of an unidentified man two kilometres away.
Shoihet said she could not disclose how the unidentified man found near the burned-out truck died. Police have released a composite drawing of the heavy-set, middle-aged man with a beard and are hoping he will be recognized.
(via BC RCMP)
Claudia Bunce, owner of the Cassiar Mountain Jade Store in the northern B.C. community of Jade City, said the pair stopped at the store last Thursday, the day before their burned-out truck and the body of the unidentified man was found about 115 kilometres away.
The staff member who saw the two was too shaken to speak to a reporter, but Bunce said they arrived in the truck and visited the store for free coffee. She said they were on their own and she doesn't believe they had a conversation with the employee.
"I don't think they stood out any more than any other teenage boys who were just on the road," she said.
"We're a very busy store."
She said the situation is very frightening for everyone who lives in the remote area.
"As you can imagine, the community is very upset about this," Bunce said. "It's very rural — beyond rural. We're on a highway with no cell service. Most of us don't have power. So it's unnerving."
RCMP were at the store on Tuesday gathering hours of surveillance video and interviewing staff members. Bunce said she didn't know exactly what time last Thursday the young men were in the store.
The RCMP has been in contact with both teens' families to ask for help finding them, Shoihet said.
Someone who answered the phone at the McLeod family home on Tuesday said they were not ready to speak publicly.
Alan Schmegelsky said he had a good relationship with his son in the last two years, after not seeing him for many years following a separation from Bryer's mother. He said he was in contact with his son nearly every day.
Schmegelsky has been trying to contact him since discovering he was missing, but the messages have not been delivered.
Schmegelsky said he travelled to Port Alberni every other weekend to visit his son.
He had already reached Nanaimo on the afternoon of Friday, July 12, when he saw a text from his son that said the two friends were heading to Alberta. He said the message was sent about 8:40 a.m. that day.
Bryer Schmegelsky had been talking about leaving Port Alberni in a few months, but his father said he wasn't expecting him to go so soon. McLeod and Bryer Schmegelsky had only been working at a Port Alberni Walmart for about five weeks when they left.
Alan Schmegelsky said it was his son's first job and he had just gotten his second paycheque. He spent his first cheque on a new suit.
Alan Schmegelsky said he has no idea where the teenagers might be heading. Bryer doesn't have a driver's licence, his father said.
"I'm worried to death about my kid. He's not even a man," Alan Schmegelsky said. "This is not the kid I know."
— Alaska Highway News, with files from the Times Colonist, Canadian Press
Bryer Schmegelsky, left, and Kam McLeod are seen in this undated combination handout photo provided by the RCMP. RCMP in northern British Columbia are searching for two young Vancouver Island men whose vehicle was discovered on fire Friday in the same area where police say a body was found. Police said in a release Sunday night that officers investigating a vehicle fire on Highway 37 about 50 kilometres south of Dease Lake, B.C., received information that led them to discover abody at a highway pullout about two kilometres from the scene of the fire. They said the burned vehicle belonged to 19-year-old Kam McLeod and 18-year-old Bryer Schmegelsky, both of Port Alberni, B.C. THE CANADIAN PRESS/HO, RCMP
Fast police response to northern B.C. highway deaths spurs discrimination complaint
UPDATE: Suspects identified in three northern B.C. deaths spotted in Manitoba
International couple killed in double homicide in northeastern B.C.: RCMP
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Arts Emanu-El to show 1923 German silent movie gem, 'The Ancient Law'
Posted Thursday, April 4, 2019 9:36 pm
Arts Emanu-El will present "The Ancient Law" on Saturday, April 13, at 7:45 p.m., at Temple Emanu-El, 99 Taft Ave., Providence. Refreshments will be served, followed by a havdalah service and the film. Tickets are $18 in advance and $25 at the door and may be purchased at teprov.org/form/ancientlaw. Advance ticket purchase is strongly recommended.
PAMELA HANZEL
Arts Emanu-El will present "The Ancient Law," an important film in German-Jewish cinematic history, on Saturday, April 13, at Temple Emanu-El, in Providence.
Celebrating its 95th anniversary, "The Ancient Law" contrasts the closed world of an Eastern European shtetl with the liberal mores of 1860s Vienna. The movie served as an inspiration for "The Jazz Singer," one of Hollywood's first "talkies."
The backstory to the movie is the increase in the mass migration of East European Jews to Western cities during and after World War I. These migrants were mostly Orthodox Jews, with distinctive dress, beliefs and customs, and they became a visible foreign presence on the streets of Western Europe.
Between 1919 and 1924, five concerned German directors created films that were cinematic interventions in an ongoing German debate about "the Jewish question." One of them was E.A. Dupont, who released "Das Alte Gesetz," or "The Ancient Law," during this period of escalating anti-Semitism.
These five films address the topic of assimilation through the story of an ethnically mixed couple. "The Ancient Law" seeks to calm anxieties around ethnic differences by offering a conciliatory model that allows both groups to maintain their integrity. Social and cultural integration is acknowledged, as long as there is no compromise to the dominant-class hierarchy or to minority-ethnic identity.
Neither the original camera negative nor any copies of the German version of the movie have survived. The Deutsche Kinemathek, along with the Federal Film Archive, created a reconstruction of the German version in 1984.
Thanks to the efforts of Prof. Cynthia Walk of the University of California, San Diego, and the financial support of the Sunrise Foundation for Education, Deutsche Kinemathek was able to release a digital restoration of the film in 2017.
Along with the screening, the Arts Emanu-El program will include two professional musicians, sponsored by the Sunrise Foundation, performing the film's score.
Alicia Svigals, violinist/composer and a founder of the Grammy-winning Klezmatics, helped revive the tradition of klezmer fiddling, which had been on the brink of extinction when she recorded her debut album, "Fidl," in the 1990s. Svigals is also a composer who works in many genres. She has toured with violinist Itzhak Perlman, and was awarded first prize in performance at the Safed, Israel, international klezmer festival.
Donald Sosin has been enthralling audiences in the U.S. and Europe with his silent film music for over 30 years. He is the resident pianist for the Film Society of Lincoln Center, among others.
A preview talk about the film will be given by Providence College Prof. Raphael Shargel at Saturday morning services. Shargel, who teachers film and English literature, is an expert on films of this genre.
PAMELA HANZEL is chair of Arts Emanu-El at Temple Emanu-El in Providence.
arts emanu-el,	film


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National Socialism and the Holocaust. Remembrance and the Present
Austria, Culture of Remembrance , National Socialism
Content-Author: AHomann
By Peter Niedermair
A Project of the Austrian Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture (bm:bwk). The period of National Socialism and the history of National Socialist crimes is probably the most difficult chapter of our history, and we have to refer to it both as individuals and as a society. For a long time, the debate was dominated by the "victim-hypothesis"; this phase was followed by heated debates between the post-war generation and their parents which mainly focused on National Socialism. The last years have seen a new phase, where our society builds up its cultural remembrance of these years, finally creating a public awareness of the kind of remembrance of the crimes of National Socialism that should be passed on to the coming generations and of the forms in which it should be done.
Besides the mass media, museums and memorials, the education system assumes a very special role in this process. The project National Socialism and the Holocaust. Remembrance and the Present was launched to support the teaching about National Socialism and the Holocaust in the Austrian education system. It is supported by the Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture (Department for Civics Education, Head of Department MinR Mag. Manfred Wirtitsch, and the Department for Bilateral Affairs, Head of Department Mag. Martina Maschke). The project consists of four modules: seminars at Yad Vashem (Jerusalem), a yearly "Central Seminar", decentralised networks in the Federal States and the web site www.erinnern.at - opens in new window">www.erinnern.at.
The Four Project Modules
1. Seminars for Austrian Teachers at Yad Vashem
Until June 2005, 196 teachers from different types of schools across Austria took part in nine seminars at Yad Vashem; most of the teachers work at general or vocational lower and higher secondary schools, some work at lower and higher primary schools, teachers' training colleges or in adult education. Most of them teach history in connection with another subject, but there are also teachers of religion, arts, German etc. among the participants.
The seminars at the "International School for Holocaust Studies in Yad Vashem" are supported by the Department for Bilateral Affairs at the Ministry for Education, Science and Culture in fulfilment of article 2.4 of the Austrian-Israeli Memorandum of Understanding. One weekend of preparation and one of evaluation take place in Austria for each seminar.
The participants are nominated by the President of the School Inspectorates of the Federal States; in Vienna they are nominated by the President of the Municipal School Inspectorate. For many colleagues, the participation in one of the Yad Vashem seminars was an entry point to the project. Through their participation, the teachers commit themselves to work as multipliers, to write a didactical-methodological paper and to carry out a project at their schools, either in a single class or across subjects. Some of these papers have been posted to the project's web site as models of "best practise" to make them available to others.
The Seminar Programme
The central topics of the seminar programme are: Jewish life in Europe before the Shoah, the Shoah itself and life after the Shoah. Pedagogical programmes are another important topic, especially the presentation of teaching methods, most of them didactical and methodological approaches developed at Yad Vashem. The confrontation with the Israeli-Jewish narrative challenges the traditional narrative of the participants, their attitudes and values – both processes can and should trigger valuable thought processes.
Personal encounters have an especially high impact, e.g. encounters with the resource persons and their personal life stories. Discussions about historical problems as well as about teaching practices show how difficult it is to come to an understanding and to meet with understanding– for many, the experiences and memories of the Nazi time are still too vivid, and all too often the atmosphere is burdened with the expressed or unexpressed question why Austrians were so late and so reluctant in addressing this question.
In particular the meetings with survivors, in a workshop moderated by Moshe Harel-Sternberg, show the persistence of the past; units with trauma psychologists explain how the terror of the past makes itself felt in the daily lives of the survivors and how it is passed on to the next generation through the process of "transgenerational transmission of trauma".
When listening to Israeli students reporting about the impressions they gained on a journey to Poland and in particular to Auschwitz, the enormous differences in the conclusions of young Israeli Jews and their Austrian discussion partners against the background of their respective historical traditions becomes strikingly obvious. The "never again" is shared by all, but opinions about the value-orientations and practical policies which would ensure it are – if addressed at all – often diametrically opposed.
A social evening shared with a group of Jews that fled or emigrated from Austria to Israel (the "Jerusalem Austrians" has meanwhile gained a very special importance. From very cautious beginnings, it developed into a central event of the seminar. This social evening at the hotel, with the participation of a representative of the Austrian Embassy at Tel Aviv, is organised by Anita Goldschmidt and Felix Jaffé (both from Jerusalem). As a rule, about 25 former Austrians accept the invitation; they usually invite the teachers for a return visit.
Although the current situation in Israel and the persisting conflict with the Palestinians is not a topic of the seminar at Yad Vashem, it is still necessary to address it and give the Austrian participants a forum to air their questions – especially with respect to practical teaching at schools. The last seminars have been accompanied by round table discussions on the present situation and future perspectives of Israel and the autonomous Palestinian territories, organised by the cultural attaché of the Austrian Embassy at Tel Aviv. Participants in these round table discussions were, for example, Ari Rath (former editor of the Jerusalem Post), Helga Baumgarten (professor at the Palestinian Birzeit University), Alex Elsohn (Peace Project Givat Haviva), Yariv Lapid (Yad Vashem), Eva Zitterbart (for APA, Austria press agency), and two members of the "Parents' Circle"). Two seminar groups (November 7-20 and November 21 to December 14, 2003) paid a one-day visit to the Givat Haviva Peace Project in order to familiarise the Austrian teachers with practical forms of peace and reconciliation work.
The accompanying programme includes a guided tour of Jerusalem and excursions to the Dead Sea (Masada and Qumran) and to Tel Aviv/Jaffa. Starting from Seminar no. 6, participants have been visiting the North for two or three days. The programme also includes school visits to Padre Shufani in Nazareth, who has developed an internationally very renowned school project, practical project work with the "Maag" group which mainly deals with immigrants and interculturality, and a visit to the Warsaw Ghetto Fighters' Museum. The next seminar (no. 10) is scheduled from 18 November to 1 December 2005, no. 11 will take place from 30 March to 12 April 2006, no.12 will be a special seminar with an educational focus, taking place from 14 to 27 July 2006. In addition, the Yad Vashem seminars are scheduled to take place twice a year.
2. The "Central Seminar"
The "Central Seminar" is a several-day annual event, bringing together researchers, educationalists, textbook authors, pupils and students. It is the forum for a fundamental debate on how to deal appropriately with the topic of "National Socialism and the Holocaust" in the Austrian educational system.
The 1st Central Seminar: "At the border"
1 – 4 December 2002 (Feldkirch/Vorarlberg)
Teachers from across Austria, scientists, students from the universities of Salzburg and Innsbruck and a small group of pupils from a Bregenz secondary school participated in the 1st Central Seminar. A total of 75 participants discussed three different topics:
The Swiss-Liechtenstein border: The outside perspective of the stranger, the glance full of hope to the other side, the border as a transit to exile, Swiss and Liechtenstein approaches to National Socialism and the Holocaust.
Jewish Hohenems: The small town hosts a museum documenting the history of the Jewish community which used to live there from the 17th century to the National Socialist era, before the last inhabitants fled or were murdered. What is the importance of a Jewish museum in a town without Jews, and how does it define its responsibilities?
The Landeskrankenhaus [state hospital] Rankweil / Feldkirch ("Valduna"): The modern hospital of today does not immediately reveal its character as the place of terror it used to be for a long time, especially during the National Socialist era. 330 out of about 500 patients from Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein were murdered. How does a psychiatric hospital and how does society deal with this part of their history and what importance do they contribute to it today?
Besides excursions and academic presentations, workshops took an important space. Here the participants discussed their teaching/learning practice and added new options to their scopes of action.
The 2nd Central Seminar: "Image and Reflection"
17 – 20 October 2003 (Stadtschlaining/Burgenland)
The seminar focused on two topics: The history of National Socialist persecution in the Burgenland and Problems of teaching in schools.
On the level of history, the use of Hungarian Jews as forced labourers to build the South East Wall is a central topic. It belongs to the context of the persecution of the Hungarian Jews, the death marches and Auschwitz.
On the level of memory, Rechnitz and the debate on the remembrance of the extinguished Jewish community and the murder of forced labourers are of paradigmatic importance. In this context, the experiences gained by R.E.F.U.G.I.U.S. (Rechnitz initiative and foundation for refugees and remembrance) can help us find adequate ways to address the problem of remembrance and the refusal to remember.
The persecution of the Roma people was another important topic. Departing from history, we approached remembrance as it is passed on within the Roma community, and we discussed the importance of this remembrance within the Burgenland society. Results of the work of the Austrian Historians' Commission were also discussed here. Representatives of the Roma ethnic group talked about their history of persecution and the present situation of the Roma in the Burgenland.
The central theme of the seminar programme was how National Socialism and the Holocaust could be taught in school lessons. In the course of the project it turned out that there is a great need for age-adequate teaching/learning strategies; therefore we offered impulses for the senior secondary level ("reflected historical awareness") as well as a focus on learning about National Socialism and the Holocaust for younger pupils. Teachers have to be particularly sensitised for the needs of multi-ethnic learning groups.
A picture album from Auschwitz, probably compiled by an SS-man, documents the arrival and murder of Hungarian Jews. The pictures of this album have been included in the pool of pictures we use to construct our image of the Holocaust. Due to the deeply impressing effect of pictures, their appropriate use and the awareness of their potential is of special importance. Workshops supported the exchange of experiences and the consolidation of knowledge.
The 3rd Central Seminar: "Memorials – Places of Commemoration: Places of Learning?"
The 3rd Central Seminar took place from 10 to 13 December 2004 at the Museum Arbeitswelt in Steyr (Upper Austria). During recent years, an average of almost 200,000 visitors were registered at the Mauthausen Memorial, among them about 90,000 pupils. In 2000, almost 53,000 Austrian pupils visited the former concentration camp of Mauthausen, this amounts to a share of about 10% of the relevant age group. The former Mauthausen concentration camp had been turned into a memorial already in 1949; its presentation of the history of persecution shaped the perception of whole generations of young people. However, while commemoration focused on Mauthausen for a long time, other places of persecution and crime disappeared from public awareness in Austria or had never been really present as places of remembrance. Camps like Gusen and Ebensee or places of murder like Hartheim were known as places of remembrance to survivors and relatives of those who had died there, but the official Austria acknowledged these places only in recent years. A memorial and a museum of contemporary history were set up at Ebensee; at Hartheim the "Lern- und Gedenkort Schloss Hartheim" ["Place of learning and commemoration Hartheim Castle"] commemorates the murder of the sick, and a visitors' centre will be opened at Gusen in the coming autumn.
The 3rd Central Seminar dealt with the town of Steyr, its extinguished Jewish community and the camps of Ebensee, Hartheim and Mauthausen, which were connected to the ammunition industry. Starting from a visit to these memorials or places of remembrance, the seminar concentrated on problems of learning, on age-appropriate educational strategies, and on methodological-didactical approaches.
The 4th Central Seminar: "Educationalists as Actors in Politics of Remembrance"
is scheduled from 21 to 24 October at Klagenfurt. Its main topic is the role of teachers as actors in politics of remembrance. Modern pluralistic Austrian society does not require teachers any more to pass on a compulsory, generally agreed Austrian historical narrative to the next generation. However, teachers are actors in the politics of remembrance in the sense that they are involved as persons, they bring along their own stories and select certain stories from history; on the other hand, they can organise with the learners an exchange about the diverse narratives which together form the remembrance of the National Socialist era.
The social psychology of remembrance of the Holocaust and National Socialism, or of the coming to terms with it, is at the centre of the first topic. An introduction to the topic is provided by Klaus Ottomeyer, head of the Department of Social Psychology, Ethno-Psychoanalysis and Psychological Traumatology at the University of Klagenfurt and Natan Kellerman, who worked many years for AMCHA, the Israeli aid organisation providing psychological and social care for Holocaust survivors. Six working groups will provide an opportunity for participants' personal approaches.
The second topic focuses on the Kärnten Landscape of Remembrance (Kärntner Erinnerungslandschaft). It is probably more fragmented and divergent than others, but it shows how competing narratives are passed on in parallel communities of remembrance and which importance these narratives have for present-day historical awareness.
Heidemarie Uhl from the Austrian Academy of Sciences will talk about the importance and relevance of remembrance, preparing the ground for the Germanist Klaus Amann from Klagenfurt, the historian Karl Stuhlpfarrer, who is also a lecturer at the University of Klagenfurt and historian Lisa Rettl. All of them will provide an overview of the concrete expressions the Kärnten Landscape of Remembrance takes. Guided by experts, the participants can undertake excursions to five selected places in Kärnten to start their own search for historical traces.
The third topic discusses how these issues can be implemented in practical teaching and learning and their relevance for different groups of learners. The seminar programme leaves time for the exchange of experiences among the participants; such as experiences with clashing, contradictory or competing narratives, opportunities and difficulties of achieving multi-perspectivity, how to reconcile clearly defined points of view with mutual understanding, and other general experiences with learning about National Socialism and the Holocaust. The seminar is an opportunity for teachers to meet a great number of committed colleagues.
3. The Decentralised Networks
Each Federal State has been provided with a decentralised network at the end of 2004; the one in Vienna will be set up at the end of 2005. These networks bring teachers into contact with institutions, they organise in-service training for teachers and play a vital role in the working groups for the collection and development of teaching/learning materials. The aim is to add teaching materials of regional cultural or political relevance for the schools to those which concern Austria as a whole. This will meet the interest of learners and teachers in their respective regional history and help National Socialism and the Holocaust become an integral part of regional or local history.
Each year, there are two central meetings of co-ordinators from across Austria. An assessment report and reports on the present situation and development are prepared beforehand. The meeting then concentrates on the mutual exchange of experiences and the planning of further activities. More information on the work of the network co-ordinators is available from the homepages of the respective Federal States.
4. The Web Site www.erinnern.at
This is the project's knowledge and communication platform. The library contains a wealth of materials, sorted by topics, and teaching/learning units which have been didactically and methodologically prepared.
DVD-ROM "The Legacy": a DVD-ROM with testimonies of Holocaust survivors. For learners from 13 years onwards, includes methodological and didactical hints and appropriate accompanying material.
Development of Educational Work at the Mauthausen Memorial: The Mauthausen Memorial is the central NS-memorial in Austria which is visited by almost 100,000 young people every year; most of them come in connection with a school trip. Educational work is to be improved with regard to these young people as well as with regard to about 100,000 other visitors. A concept developed by Werner Dreier has been proposed to the Ministry of the Interior (BMI) by the International Forum Mauthausen. Aim: Well-developed and adequate educational strategies at the Mauthausen Memorial, built on a solid staffing and organisation structure.
Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research: Meanwhile, the ITF has 20 member states; in 2005 the presidency is with Poland. ITF is organised in working groups and a plenum. Werner Dreier is Austria's representative on the Education Working Group. Its most important responsibility is the assessment of project proposals submitted to ITF for financing. Decisions are prepared by sub-committees of three members each which report to the president (at present Karen Polak, NL) and the Fellow (secretary) of the respective country holding the presidency. ITF meets twice a year; if possible, the Education Working Group meets for an additional working session of several days, outside of the plenum.
Council of Europe / Strasbourg: Peter Niedermair is the Austrian delegate to the working group "Teaching Memory", set up at the Council of Europe, Strasbourg, in 2001. The preparation and implementation of the project "A Day of Holocaust Remembrance and Prevention of Crimes against Humanity" was a major aim of this group. The Conference of Ministers of the member states of the Council of Europe decided in October 2003 to introduce a Holocaust Remembrance Day in their countries on a date that is historically relevant for the respective country. The working group supports the Council of Europe in the preparation and carrying out of seminars for teacher trainers from different types of schools and for teachers.
The Problem of anti-Semitism: There has been an ongoing discussion in Europe over the last years how education systems should address the phenomenon of anti-Semitism, which occurs in different forms, some of which are quite menacing. There have been international endeavours (OECD meetings, e.g. at Vienna and Berlin in April 2004), an ITF working group (working meeting at Amsterdam, 14 – 16 November 2004; Werner Dreier participated and presented the Austrian situation), and there are also activities on the national level (special Task Force anti-Semitism in Germany). The question how the topic should be tackled on the background of societies with a high share of migrants is of specific importance.
Places of Remembrance in Vorarlberg - A Map of Remembrance of National Socialism and the Holocaust (pilot project in the phase of development): In the context of a project, students investigate places and traces of history and interview contemporary witnesses. Their findings are entered into a digital map of places of remembrance in Vorarlberg. Teachers, students and other interested persons get access to historical knowledge that is related to their everyday lives, in an up-to-date form and guided by experts, historians and artists. A project with schools in Vorarlberg is in the planning. Young people will discover and investigate places in Vorarlberg that used to play an important role from 1938 to 1945. They interview contemporary witnesses and study sources. Then they process their experiences on the spot, thus moving selected topics as well as the places themselves to the centre of public awareness. Through this process in the present time, the places regain their importance and their detailed remembrance is kept alive in the future.
The project work is monitored by a scientific board
Prof. Dr. Ernst Hanisch, Historian, University of Salzburg
Dr. Reinhard Krammer, Didactics of History, University of Salzburg
Dr. Eva Grabherr, Expert on Judaism, Dornbirn
Dr. Heidemarie Uhl, Historian, Austrian Academy of Sciences
Dr. Falk Pingel, Historian, Georg Eckert Institute for International Text Book Research
Dr. Bertrand Perz, Historian, University of Vienna
Responsible Institution: Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture
Mag. Martina Maschke, Department for Bilateral Affairs
Mag. Manfred Wirtitsch, Department for Civics Education
Nationalsozialismus und Holocaust: Gedächtnis und Gegenwart [National Socialism and the Holocaust. Remembrance and the Present
Kirchstraße 9/2
Fon: +43 (0) 5574 52416
www.erinnern.at
Managing Director:
Dr. Werner Dreier
werner [dot] dreier [at] vol [dot] at
Fon: +43 (0) 5574 52416 19
Fax: +43 (0) 5574 52416 4
Mag. Peter Niedermair
peter [dot] niedermair [at] magnet [dot] at


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Visiting With The Brown Family
Posted on August 21 2013 by Paul Baker
In 2011 I gave a plenary talk on how American English is changing over time (contrasting it with British English), using the Brown Family of corpora. Each member of the Brown family consists of a corpus of 1 million words of written, published, standard English, divided into 500 files each of about 2000 words each. Fifteen genres of writing are represented – this framework being created decades ago when the original Brown corpus was compiled by Henry Kučera and W. Nelson Francis at Brown University, having the distinction of being the first publically available corpus ever built. Containing only American texts published in 1961, it originally went by the name of A Standard Corpus of Present-Day Edited American English for use with Digital Computers but later became known as just the Brown Corpus. It was followed by an equivalent British version, with later members representing English from the 1990s, the 2000s and the 1930s. A 1901 British version is in the pipeline.
Before I gave my talk, however, Mark Davies gave a brilliant presentation on the COHA (Corpus of Historical American English) which has 400 million words and covers the period from 1800 to the present day. It was the proverbial hard act to follow. Compared to the COHA, the Brown family are tiny, and the coverage occurs across 30 or 15 year snapshots, rather than representing every year. If we identify, say, that the word Mr is less frequent in 2006 than in 1991 then it is tempting to say that Mr is becoming less frequent over time. But we don't know for certain what corpora from all the years in between would tell us. Having multiple sampling points presents a more convincing picture, but judicious hedging must be applied.
Also, being small, many words in the Brown family have tiny frequencies so it's very difficult to make any claims about them. And the sampling could be viewed as rather outdated – the sorts of texts that people accessed in the 1960s are not necessarily the same as they access now. There are no online texts in the Brown family (although to ease collection, both the 2006 members involved texts that were originally published in written form, then placed online). Nor is there any advertising text. Or song lyrics. Or horror fiction. Or erotica (although there is a section on Romantic Fiction which could be pushed in that direction). Finally, the fact that all the texts are of the published variety means that they tend to represent a somewhat standardised, conservative form of English. A lot of the innovation in English happens in much more informal contexts, especially where young people or people from different backgrounds mix together – inner-city playgrounds and internet forums being two good examples. By the time such innovation gets into written published standard English, it's no longer innovative. So the Brown family can't tell us about the cutting edge of language use – they'll always be a few years out of fashion.
So what are the Brown family good for, if anything?
Well, there are a few advantages to being small. Familiarity with your corpus is one. As is the fact that the corpora can work with a variety of different software and are relatively fast to process. It's also easier to control for sampling when something is small, and the beauty of the Brown family is that it is exquisitely sampled and balanced, even if the framework is crystalized into the Mad Men era. And that allows us to make diachronic and synchronic comparisons with some confidence, providing we deal with high-frequency phenomena.
So, for lexical-grammatical analyses, the most frequent 380 words in the Brown family account for about 62% of all of the linguistic content across the corpora (at around the 400th most frequent word, we are seeing frequencies of around 250 – which in most cases will give more than enough data to account for rare and frequent patterns). And there's plenty that can be done with 380 words. When I looked at which of these words showed constant increases over time in the 4 British members of Brown, the 10 which showed the most dramatic increases were around, health, information, it's, didn't, says, social, family, children, and need. The 10 which showed the most dramatic decreases were upon, shall, Mr, certain, Mrs, great, sir, must, whole, and present. Analysing how these words appear in context and trying to extrapolate why they show the patterns they do has the potential to tell us a great deal about the interface between language and culture. Additionally, carrying out grammatical and semantic tagging of words will group them into larger categories. A single word may be quite infrequent on its own, but group it with similar words and frequencies are increased. So another potential of the Brown family is in working with tagged versions. A recent book by Leech et al has successfully examined grammatical variation within the Brown family, focussing on high frequency phenomena like modals, the progressive, the passive voice, noun phrases and non-finite clauses. Lower frequencies also mean that imposing some sort of user-created annotation scheme is more feasible, as is identifying features that may be difficult to spot through regex concordance searches (such as metaphor).
For many small corpus projects, particularly those which analyse a relatively narrow genre of language (newspaper articles on a certain topic, student essays, pop lyrics) one or more members of the Brown family can act as a good reference corpus to create keywords. Also, for future decades, it will be relatively easy to keep the Brown family up to date by adding new members. It took me about 12 working days to collect the British 2006 member, working alone. At Lancaster we have used classes of students to collect about 5-10 texts each as a corpus building exercise, which could allow for new members to be built with little individual effort. Although as a note of caution, texts are easier to locate and gather in some language varieties than others. So at the recent Corpus Linguistics Conference, Sally Hunt gave a presentation on adding a South African English version to the family, and she pointed out that it took much longer than 12 working days to complete her corpus. It is hoped that as global online access improves, so should the availability of potential corpus texts.
And regarding the issue of the sampling frame being stuck in the 1960s, there is no reason why future members of the family cannot address this issue by including a 1 million word core, which could be supplemented (or not depending on the user's needs) with 1 million words of spoken English. 1 million words of computer-mediated-communication or 1 million words of unpublished writing.
All corpora have their limitations. We need to be honest about what they are and make adjustments if necessary. But we should also acknowledge their strengths – and continue to exploit such strengths where possible.
If you're interested in working with the Brown Family, they are more accessible now than ever before. The entire extended family can be accessed through CQPweb, and BE06 and AmE06 (the most recent additions) have just been added as reference corpora in Wmatrix and SketchEngine. If you would like to use AmE06 or BE06 as reference corpora in WordSmith, you'll find it helpful to know that the wordlists for these corpora are also available for download on my website.
Paul Baker
CASS co-investigator Paul Baker is a Professor of Linguistics and English Language at Lancaster University. His research interests corpus linguistics, language and gender/sexual identities and critical discourse analysis.
https://cass.lancs.ac.uk/author/paulbaker/
A new addition to the Brown Family: BE21
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Due to popular demand for guiding and instruction we offer custom Bryce photo tours. The unique rock formations known as Hoodoos that decorate the amphitheaters at Bryce Canyon National Park beg to be photographed. This National Park hosts one of the darkest skies in the United States, showcasing a spectacular blanket of stars and during the Summer months, an impressively vibrant Milky Way.
- For Astro tours we meet 1 hour after sunset, and photograph for 3 hours.
- Expect to visit approximately 2 areas during your experience.
- Up to 1 mile of hiking (Customized to meet your needs and wants).
THE "LOOK" OF NIGHT TIME IMAGES DEPENDS ON THE CYCLE OF THE MOON AND THE POSITIONING OF THE MILKY WAY. Please click the moon calendar button below to find out what to expect during your visit.


Pedro Sauer Association is scheduling 2 mega camps September 19, 20 & 21 in Maryland and November 7,8 & 9 in Kentucky. Amongst the guest instructors are Luis "Limao" Heredia and Vitor "Shaolin" Ribeiro.
Each year the U.S. Open Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Tournament chooses a charity organization to support. This year we will support two.
We will donate 25% off all ticket sales proceeds to support the Good Shepherd School. In addition, we will be exchanging t-shirts from past U.S. Open Tournaments for a donation of a bag of non-perishable food items to support Second Harvest Food Bank.


In response to my posts from earlier, I continue ahead. If you haven't read it before here's a link to it.
The idea initially was to post a weekly update as well as my training plan along the way. However, week three was uneventful or vaguely eventful and so I decided to club the 2 weeks. However, I don't think that will be necessary in the weeks to come, since training has picked up quite some pace this week.
Day 1: Morning : 5k running. Evening : Chest & Triceps.
Day 2: Morning : 35 mins of yoga and core. Evening : 7kms running.
Day 3: Morning : Back and biceps. Evening : 35 mins of cycling.
Day 4: Morning : Rest.
Day 5: Morning : 7kms running.
Day 6: Morning : 10kms running.
Day 7: Morning : 4kms running.
In the meantime, I have also managed to tweak my diet to increase my protein intake and reduce my carb intake. I instead consume more of fats. I have also managed to shed another kilo and that has really managed to add a spring to my step while running. I also climb about a 100 flight of stairs a week.
Another step I've taken is increase the amount of stretching to avoid feeling stiff. I stretch a few times a day now, especially if it's been a sedentary day. The diet and workout changes have certainly improved recovery.
For next week, I intend to increase to 40-45kms and do some more stretching and core work, coupled with some strength training.
Wow, it's been a month already.
Hi and you're doing this to get healthier or get ready for a marathon? Just curious. I was in awe what you accomplished.
This specifically is to train for the marathon!
But I am doing it in a wholesome way so that it doesn't backfire later!
Excellent idea…good luck …How long a marathon and is it the kind where you have to run, bike and swim?
It's a full marathon in Mumbai. Just 26.6 miles of running!
So it's like running the Boston Marathon. I hope it isn't the hottest time of the year …when you run.
And no. It's a cool 20 degrees celsius around here. And that's really good for Mumbai standards!


We appreciate the amazing everyday heroes who provide invaluable services in our community--Teachers, Military, and First Responders! We want to let you know how grateful we are for your dedication, perserverence, and commitment! We invite you to shop at our Exclusive Presale starting at 7:00 pm on May 16th! There is no cost to attend, however pre-registration is required. One entry per person, pass required. A limited number of tickets are available.
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Q: Do I need a ticket to attend the presale?
A: Each attendee must have his/her own ticket to attend the event as only one adult per pass is allowed. Invite your friends to shop with you--you know it's more fun when you shop together!
A: You may either print your ticket or present your ticket on your smart phone.
Q: Is my Presale Pass transferrable?
A: Yes, if you are unable to attend, you are welcome to transfer your pass to a friend who is a Teacher, Military, or First Responder.
Q: What are the shopping hours for the remainder of the event?
FREE ADMISSION EVERYDAY! Help us spread the word about this amazing sale! Tell your friends, family, coworkers, neighbors, and any parent who would love to save money on everything they need for their kids!
Friday, May 17th	9am-7pm First Day! Open to the public! Shop early for best selection!
Saturday, May 18th	9am-7pm Shop the Bargains! New merchandise arrives on Friday night!
Sunday, May 19th	8:30 am-2:30 pm Final Day--any item WITHOUT a star on the tag is 50% off!
A: We prefer cash to help keep our expenses low. We also accept Visa, Mastercard, Discover, and Debit Cards. No checks accepted.
Q: What is the refund policy at the sale?
A: ALL SALES ARE FINAL! NO refunds or exchanges. The reason being, we hold our events and at the end of the sale, we pay our consignors whose items have been purchased. This allows us to honor our commitment to be good stewards of the trust placed in us as the event host. This is why we ask you to please inspect and test all goods before you pay and leave the building. If you need help testing an item, please ask and we will be happy to assist you. Just Between Friends is not able to refund or exchange as, once the event ends, all items are donated to charity or returned to consignors which is the end of our selling time period with them. If you have purchased an item and decide it doesn't suit your needs, you are more than welcome to sell your functioning, gently-used items with us at the next sales event!
Q: Is there anything that I should bring to the sale?
A: Wear comfortable shoes and bring your shopping list complete with sizes. We have shopping carts and large shopping bags available for your use at the sale. However, we do run out of shopping carts during peak times. You may consider bringing a wagon or cart for your items. We also have a Hold Area where your items can be held while you shop.
Q: I want to clear the clutter and earn ca$h! Can I SELL my gently-loved kids' and maternity items too?
A: Absolutely! Our Consignors earn an average of $400 and we would love to help you sell your items too! Over 1.200 shoppers attend our Sale over a single weekend and they would love to buy your items too! You bring us your prepped, tagged items on the designated Drop Off days and we bring in the Shoppers! If you help at the sale, you increase your earnings. Plus we have exclusive Presales for our Consignors and Helpers so they can shop BEFORE we open to the public! Visit our website for Consignors and get more info at http://bit.ly/2H5PJgC.
Q: Are children allowed at the sale?
A: Absolutely! However, with all of the fabulous merchandise we are expecting, your shopping experience will be enhanced if you shop without the kiddos. If you do bring your kids, we ask that parents keep their children with them at all times while shopping. Please be mindful that the items for sale belong to our Consignors so please do not allow your children to play with the toys or open packages.
A: Please visit our website http://greeley.jbfsale.com for more information! You'll learn how to become a Consignor, JBF Helper, and/or Shopper plus a list of items you can find at our sale! YOU can earn CA$H by selling YOUR gently loved, no longer needed items. Have more "stuff" to sell than time? We offer Valet Tagging where we will prepare and tag your items for you! Volunteer at our sale and you can earn even more and shop even earlier! The more you help, the earlier you shop!
A: You may email SherrySheridan@jbfsale.com with any questions you may have.