text:
Brent Crude •10 mins 64.25 -0.10 -0.16%
Canadian Crude Index •15 mins 40.17 -0.10 -0.25%
2 days U.S. Sees Rare Fall In Energy-Related CO2 Emissions In 2019
29 mins Shale Oil will it self destruct?
2 hours White House insider who predicted Iran False Flag, David Goldberg found dead in his New York apartment
1 hour Excellent Choice: Germany's Von der Leyen Secures Powerful EU Executive Top Job
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John Daly
Dr. John C.K. Daly is the chief analyst for Oilprice.com, Dr. Daly received his Ph.D. in 1986 from the School of Slavonic and East European…
Obama Administration Committed to U.S. Nuclear Energy Exports
By John Daly - Apr 05, 2014, 7:00 PM CDT
Despite the March 2011 destruction by a tsunami of Tokyo Electric Power Co.'s six reactor Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power and its ongoing pollution problems, the nuclear energy in the U.S. has weathered the storm, so to speak.
The U.S. Department of Commerce estimates the international marketplace for civil nuclear technology at $500 to $740 billion over the next ten years, with the potential to generate more than $100 billion in U.S. exports and thousands of new jobs.
The International Atomic Energy Agency Nuclear Technology Review projects significant growth in the use of nuclear energy worldwide, between 35% and 100% by 2030.
The International Energy Agency has reached similar conclusions. In its "World Energy Outlook 2012," the IEA concluded that while nuclear power would expand more slowly due to Fukushima and lower prices for fossil fuels, by 2035 nuclear generating capacity could increase to 580 gigawatts of electricity, compared to 371 gigawatts in 2010.
Driving this is the undeniable fact that worldwide electricity demand is surging, particularly in emerging economies. By 2035, as much as 80 percent of this growth will take place in China, India and other non-OECD countries.
Assuming that the above predictions are correct, then the U.S. has certain market advantages, with top-performing companies all along the nuclear value chain. According to the World Nuclear Association, 12 of the world's 25 highest-performing reactors are in the United States.
For the past year the U.S. nuclear industry has had a powerful advocate in Washington – the U.S. government. On May 15, 2013 the State Department's Acting Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security Rose Gottemoeller delivered an address, "Geopolitics and Nuclear Energy: The View from the State Department" to an audience at the Nuclear Energy Institute in Washington.
Gottemoeller outlined the Obama administrations pro-nuclear energy stance for her audience in detail, remarking, "It may not be the first impulse of export firm executives to think of the U.S. Government as a business asset, but there is much that we can do to help. We are developing what we call a 'Team USA' approach to civil nuclear engagement abroad. In January 2012, the White House created a new position - Director of Nuclear Energy Policy – to lead this effort. Going forward, this will help us present a unified U.S. message on these issues and increase our presence in the civil nuclear commercial spaces."
Another service described by Gottemoeller that the government provides is advocacy from the Department of Commerce's Advocacy Center, which would then coordinate with the State Department and other U.S. government agencies through active diplomacy with the host country to place governmental support behind the American bidder. Gottemoeller added that even when more than one American firm bids on a nuclear power plant, "Team USA" could be able to engage in generic advocacy, expressing to the host government its support for a U.S. firm winning the contract.
Finally, "Team USA" also tries to ensure that a foreign government's decisions are being made in a transparent manner on a "level playing field." Gottemoeller told her audience that "Our diplomatic posts are sensitive to any evidence that undue influence is affecting a host government's decision, and those posts are prepared to protest unwarranted discrimination against U.S sellers."
Gottemoeller concluded her remarks by saying, "Let me close by reaffirming the Administration's support for American nuclear exports. You all face stiff competition on the international market, but you also have strong resources to draw upon. I want to avoid the cliché, but we are here to help, and I hope we continue to work closely together in the future."
Accordingly, the Obama administration's has committed itself to securing for U.S. nuclear energy companies as large a share as possible of the projected $500 to $740 billion civilian nuclear energy market on a "level playing field" against "stiff competition."
By John Daly of Oilprice.com
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The north side neighborhood Edgewater is where Lake Shore Drive turns into Sheridan Road.
Right on that corner you will find the all new Chicago Vintage Clothing and Jewelry show the last Friday and Saturday in February. The show is also in the 48th Ward where our Vintage Garage Chicago is located. We appreciate Alderman Osterman's support and love being a part of Uptown, Edgewater and the 48th Ward.
On the historical strip of Bryn Mawr you will find some great places to eat, check out the brochure HERE.
The famous Edgewater Beach Hotel. This was a real vacation spot where people would come to relax and play on the beach. Click on the photo above for a great piece by Linze Rice of DNA Info showing great interior shots of this historic place. Part of the Bryn Mawr Historic District.


The World Evangelical Alliance (WEA) has expressed concerns over the current draft law put forward by Bulgaria's Parliament aiming at amending the Religious Denominations Act.
"If approved in its current form, it threatens to force evangelical churches and institutions to close or face unbearable and discriminatory administrative burdens," the WEA said.
The draft law, the first reading of which was approved by Bulgaria' Parliament on October 11 2018, has implications on the funding and financial management of religious communities as well as on the training and appointing of clergy, the alliance said.
The WEA said that it echoes the concerns of the Bulgarian Evangelical Alliance (BEA), its national member body, and those of other religious communities in Bulgaria that this draft legislation is discriminatory. It puts unjustified and disproportionate restrictions on the right to freedom of religion or belief and is in direct violations of the democratic principles enshrined in Bulgaria's constitution and in the legislation of the European Union, of which Bulgaria is a member since 2007.
Efraim Tendero, WEA Secretary General & CEO, said: "The proposed law legalizes state interference in the affairs of religious communities, which invariably comes at the expense of religious freedom.
The BEA questioned the legality of the aims of the draft laws, as well as the proportionality of the suggested measures and their balance in light of the ECHR's decision.
In October, the Chief Mufti of Bulgaria – the spiritual leader of the country's Muslim minority – held a special meeting with Prime Minister Boiko Borissov. Dr Mustafa Hadji spelt out to Borissov the Muslim community's objections to provisions in the law barring foreign clergy from conducting services in Bulgaria, and also called for scrapping the provision that would block faith communities of which less than one per cent of the country's population are members from receiving state subsidies.
The one per cent threshold would see only the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and the Muslim community eligible for state subsidies.
In October, Bulgarian Orthodox Church head Patriarch Neofit held talks with Borissov, who said that the controversial texts in the draft law could be amended before the second reading in Parliament.


I've lost my job. The job that less than five months ago was deemed to be perfect for me. The job where after a week they told me it was as if I'd always been there. The job where I was doing so well that they asked me to increase my hours after only four weeks. The job where nobody knew about me being bipolar. The job that was supposed to give me a purpose. None of that seems real now. It's as if it was someone else doing it.
It wasn't my fault I went off sick. They changed my medication and it completely knocked me for six. It's not my fault I'm not ready to go back. It's not my fault that I'm not "stable" enough to return to work. Yet I feel so guilty because I've let so many people down and I feel so stupid that I can't do the job that I'm supposed to be so good at. I feel like a failure.
It will be finalised at a contractual review meeting. A panel will look at my sickness absence record, discuss my health, then terminate my employment. That's it. They are not doing anything wrong. They've followed procedure. If I'm really honest I can understand. Doesn't make me feel any better though.
I don't know what on earth I'm going to do. I've never been unemployed before. I don't know anything else apart from physio. I'm too young never to work again but I have a feeling that at nearly fifty and with a sickness record like mine, my job prospects are hardly going to be that great. I can't afford not to work and I don't even want to think about benefits. I don't think I can do any kind of care work again. The thought of being responsible for anyone else fills me with terror. I need a job with little or no responsibility yet I need something stimulating or I'll just get bored. I don't know if there is such a job. I'm not ready to go back yet so I just have to hope that if I start to feel better it will all become clearer. I don't want to wish time away but if I can just get Christmas out of the way then maybe next year will be a new start.
Hi Lynn : Losing that perfect Job is not easy. Reading your blog, surely reveals you could have positivity in your life now. I have been in similar situation in my life. I recently wrote this Book : "Power of Positivity - For Bipolar & Anyone Else" I would like to give you a Free e-book. Just use this Coupon - KR38E - at this link. Scroll down the left side of the page to PDF for use on your computer or ipad.
fvongunten2@gmail.com. Look to hear from you.


Mental focus and mindset is an important part of HCG diet. Being focused during your VLCD and P3 is not just that easy because your mindset can either make or break your efforts. If you are not focused on your goal it will be difficult for you to keep up. And when you are unprepared, it can bring a lot of challenges along the way.
It's going be a long and hard road. Despite the great rewards at the end, still, many hcg dieters fall short of the finish line. So, break your old habits…be ready to embrace a new way of life. Follow these steps and see the transformation that you longingly desire.
Keep your goals in front of you. You can post a note somewhere or create a vision board. These reminders will remind you of your goal every day.
Remember that great improvements start by accumulating sets small of goals. Focus on little weight loss increments. Trade those unhealthy-high carb and sugar foods for healthy steamed vegetables.
Do not rush into the HCG diet right away. Be familiar with it. Take time to read and be familiar with the protocols.
Sometimes getting off track is natural. But don't let this be an excuse for you to fully go off track from your course. It can be a rollercoaster ride but believe in yourself that you can get through it. Be positive!
HCG diet is not that easy. It comes with a number of challenges that sometimes you need to have someone who can understand what you are going through. Look for someone who can join you on your weight loss journey. Someone who can help you stay on track with your hcg diet.


text:
Sarina Haggarty… Live on the Aeolian Box Office Stage
Recently we had the amazing pleasure of hearing the sweet, sweet sounds of Sarina Haggarty (with special guest Connor Morand) on the Aeolian's Windows on Dundas Box Office Stage. For someone who has been making music for as long as she can remember, her performances are absolutely memorable. In less than 2 years, Sarina has released two EPs – Missing Pieces (November 2016) & Compass (January 2018). Proceeds from Missing Pieces – EP have been donated brain research. Selling out some of the most amazing venues in London, Sarina plans to keep writing and release more music in the near future.
Sarina will always be grateful for the local and worldwide support that is given and shown. Shortly after her performance on the Box Office stage, Sarina opened for Matthew Barber on the Aeolian main stage, opening for him on the London leg of his Canadian tour.
We had the opportunity to chat about life, music and the future.
AH: When and how did you know that music was going to be your career?
SH: I grew up singing and performing and then released 2 EP's 2016 and 2018 selling out large venues in London. I knew it was something I wanted to continue to do.
AH: Who are your music idols?
SH: Some of my music idols include Ed Sheeran, Adele, Stevie Nicks and The Beatles.
AH: You're in the car flipping radio stations… a song comes on and without missing a beat you sign your heart out…. What song is it?
SH: Party in the USA – Miley Cyrus
AH: You know about El Sistema Aeolian. Why is music education important for children and youth? What more can we do to ensure access?
SH: It is a mission to keep music in the minds of youth and all other ages. Music sets a great atmosphere and creates memories. All we can do is continue it and make sure it continues to impact the future for this generation.
AH: What advice do you have for younger musicians who want to cultivate a loyal fanbase? How do you keep it real?
SH: My advice would be to be yourself and learn from the good and the bad experiences. Work hard and don't think about giving up. Remember your fans and support will always be there for you.
AH: What is the biggest life lesson learned through a career in music?
SH: To not have limits. Fake it till you make it.
AH: You are not afraid to speak out for and record on topics that are meaningful. What gives your life meaning?
SH: My family, my friends, good health and travelling are some things that make life very meaningful to me.
AH: I've got a golden ticket to perform in any city or concert hall in the world. Where does Sarina Haggarty cash it in… and why?
SH: I would cash that golden ticket to be able to perform in London, UK at Wembley stadium with a capacity of 90,000 people… because that is on my bucket list.
AH: The music business can be surreal. What is your most memorable stage moment?
SH: Sharing the stage with Shawn Mendes and getting to sing an original song in a big stadium, making an incredible memory which I will have in my heart forever.
AH: Secret to life?
SH: Start by doing what's necessary… then do what's possible… and suddenly you are doing the impossible. Just wake up and live every day.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


For decades, the building industry in Ohio has been trained to ventilate crawl spaces and attics. In the old days, we didn't insulate crawlspace floors, and we didn't air-condition houses. Crawlspaces (especially the floorframing) were warmed by the houses themselves. Now that we insulate floors, crawlspaces are within a degree or twoof ground temperature. During most of the summer, this temperature is below the dew point of the outside air, even up north.
The whole point of venting a crawlspace is to remove moisture. If we could import hot, dry air from Tucson to vent moist crawlspaces in Birmingham or Cincinnati, venting crawlspaces would be a great idea. But for Cincinnati air to vent Cincinnati crawlspaces,the air needs to be dry enough to pick up moisture, and it needs energy (heat) to evaporate the moisture. This isn't going to happen, and here's why: Cincinnati air isn't hot and dry. Neither is Toledo air, Tallahassee air, nor Toronto air.
A crawlspace is just a mini-basement and should be treated as such. In fact, it's like a basement for trolls. So how do we fix it?
Don't insulate the floor unless you have serious groundwater issues; insulate the perimeter with closed-cell spray foam and install a continuous ground cover (6-mil plastic) to keep out moisture. Make sure that you include the bandboard when you have the perimeter walls foamed. And permanantly close off the foundation vents by spraying over them or inserting a close-fitting piece of insulation boardstock.
This will avoid the dreaded mushroom scenario, and you won't have to carry large bags of pink & black fiberglass out of your crawl space like many, many others have done. In fact, don't put fiberglass insulation in your crawlspace at all. Ever.


text:
Q: Difference between "take off", "take from" and "take out" What's the difference between these three sentences?

*

*Let's take this part out of the picture.

*Let's take this part off the picture.

*Let's take this part from the picture.

A: To take (something) out of the picture is an idiom meaning to remove it from consideration.  If you are pondering, for example, whether to trade your sandwich, apple, or cookie to your friend in exchange for his candy bar, you might decide that you would get into too much trouble if you traded your sandwich; so you "take the sandwich out of the picture", reducing your choice to either the apple or the cookies.  The sandwich is no longer an option.
To "take (X) off (Y)" generally implies that item X is physically resting on top of item Y.  So, to "take this part off the picture" would probably mean that you have a picture, and a part is sitting on the picture, blocking your view of something in the picture.  So you move it.
To "take (X) from (Y)" generally implies that X is presently a part of Y and you are going to remove it.  So, to "take this part from the picture" means that you have a picture of an something, including a particular item.  You intend to remove the item, and re-take the picture without the item present.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Una competencia transversal es una característica de la persona que entra en juego cuando responde a una petición del entorno organizativo y que se considera esencial en el ámbito laboral para transformar un conocimiento en comportamiento. El término se utiliza para indicar las capacidades de amplio espectro, no específicas de una profesión o ambiente organizativo y es aplicable a tareas y contextos diversos.

El concepto es similar a lo que se denomina en el Reino Unido key skills, en Alemania Schlüsselqualifikationen y en Francia compétences transversales.

Ejemplos de competencia transversal: la capacidad para diagnosticar, de relacionar, de resolver problemas, de tomar decisiones, de comunicación, de organización de su trabajo, de gestión del tiempo, de adaptación a diferentes entornos culturales, de manejo del estrés, de actitud ante el trabajo en equipo, espíritu de iniciativa, flexibilidad y visión conjunta.

Referencias
 Documento Isfol sobre certificaciones de competencias (en italiano)

Enlaces externos
 Key Skills Support Programme (Inglaterra). (en inglés)
 Rafael Saavedra, "Las competencias en educación: ¿concepto empresarial o concepto social?", Tere : Revista de Filosofía y Socio Política de la Educación, Universidad Simón Rodríguez (Barquisimeto-Venezuela), n° 12 (2010), p. 19-30.

Educación
Inteligencia
Aprendizaje
Pedagogía

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
using System.Windows;

namespace WpfWindowToolkit.Demo.Views
{
    public partial class ReturnValueMainWindow : Window
    {
        public ReturnValueMainWindow()
        {
            InitializeComponent();
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Police release update on Branston double murder investigation
A 22-year-old man has been arrested on suspicion of murder
Paul Whitelam
Forensics in attendance after a man and woman were found dead at a bungalow in Lincoln Road, Branston (Image: Richard McAliister/Lincolnshire Live)
Sign up to the Lincolnshire Live newsletter for daily updates and breaking news
Post mortem examinations are due to take place today on a man and a woman found dead at a bungalow in Branston.
Officers were called to the property in Lincoln Road just after 11am on Monday, August 5 and arrested a 22-year-old man on suspicion of murder.
The driveway on the home, close to Beech Road, was cordoned off while officers guarded the scene.
The police cordon (Image: Richard McAliister/Lincolnshire Live)
A police spokesman stressed in a statement that the deaths were an 'isolated incident'
They said: "Post-mortems are due to take place today on the man and woman whose bodies were found at a property on Lincoln Road, Branston, yesterday.
"Formal identification of the victims has also not yet taken place. Due to this, and the ongoing process of contacting next of kin, we are unable at this stage to confirm the identities of those who died.
Village in shock as 22-year-old arrested on suspicion of murder after death of man and woman near Lincoln
"A 22-year-old man who was arrested yesterday on suspicion of murder remains in police custody.
"This is believed to be an isolated incident, and we continue to investigate to establish the circumstances."
News of the deaths in an area which is usually low on crime has left many living there stunned.
One person, who didn't want to be named, said: "I think it's just bizarre and terrible. Nothing like this goes on around here."
Another, who has lived in the village for 20 years but also wished to remain anonymous, added: "I just can't believe it, you never expect these things to happen in the village that you live in. My thoughts are with their family, friends and neighbours."
(Image: Richard McAliister/Lincolnshire Live)
Other neighbours were also shocked by the news.
One person, who didn't want to be named, said: "It is shocking something like this [has happened].
"I didn't know them but if you showed me a picture I could perhaps recognise them but I couldn't say what they looked like."
A passing dog-walker added: "If it is murder then that is awful.
"I can't say I knew them – just walked past every day.
"If it is murder it is terrible."
Man arrested on suspicion of murder after man and woman found dead
Another resident said they couldn't believe what had happened.
"That is terrible, that has made me shudder," they said.
"I'm so sorry, that is so sad. That has taken my breath away.
"My son rang me from Spain to tell me."
They added: "From what I remember the house had been empty for a long time – I didn't know anyone was in it.
"They could have not been there for that long."
The large emergency service presence caused a lot of people to come out and see what was going on.
The person, who didn't want to be named, said: "We've just come to see what's going on – something like this is really said isn't it?
"When we've passed before there were boxes stacked outside [the house]."
Police have renewed their appeal for information. Call 101 quoting incident 135 of August 5.
LincsLive
Follow @LincsLive
Lincolnshire coronavirus death toll increases by another 11
CoronavirusThe number of cases have increased - but not as big an increase as the previous day


text:
Braunschweig () or Brunswick ( ; from Low German , local dialect:  ) is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany, north of the Harz Mountains at the farthest navigable point of the river Oker, which connects it to the North Sea via the rivers Aller and Weser. In 2016, it had a population of 250,704.

A powerful and influential centre of commerce in medieval Germany, Brunswick was a member of the Hanseatic League from the 13th until the 17th century. It was the capital city of three successive states: the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1269–1432, 1754–1807, and 1813–1814), the Duchy of Brunswick (1814–1918), and the Free State of Brunswick (1918–1946).

Today, Brunswick is the second-largest city in Lower Saxony and a major centre of scientific research and development.

History

Foundation and early history
The date and circumstances of the town's foundation are unknown. Tradition maintains that Brunswick was created through the merger of two settlements, one founded by Brun(o), a Saxon count who died in 880, on one side of the River Oker – the legend gives the year 861 for the foundation – and the other the settlement of a legendary Count Dankward, after whom Dankwarderode Castle ("Dankward's clearing"), which was reconstructed in the 19th century, is named.

The town's original name of Brunswik is a combination of the name Bruno and Low German wik (related to the Latin vicus), a place where merchants rested and stored their goods. The town's name, therefore, indicates an ideal resting place, as it lay by a ford across the Oker River. Another explanation of the city's name is that it comes from Brand, or burning, indicating a place which developed after the landscape was cleared through burning. The city was first mentioned in documents from the St. Magni Church from 1031, which give the city's name as Brunesguik.

Middle Ages and early modern period

Up to the 12th century, Brunswick was ruled by the Saxon noble family of the Brunonids, then, through marriage, it fell to the House of Welf. In 1142, Henry the Lion of the House of Welf became duke of Saxony and made Braunschweig the capital of his state (which, from 1156 on, also included the Duchy of Bavaria). He turned Dankwarderode Castle, the residence of the counts of Brunswick, into his own Pfalz and developed the city further to represent his authority. Under Henry's rule, the Cathedral of St. Blasius was built and he also had the statue of a lion, his heraldic animal, erected in front of the castle. The lion subsequently became the city's landmark.

Henry the Lion became so powerful that he dared to refuse military aid to the Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, which led to his banishment in 1182. Henry went into exile in England. He had previously established ties to the English crown in 1168, through his marriage to King Henry II of England's daughter Matilda, sister of Richard the Lionheart. However, his son Otto, who could regain influence and was eventually crowned Holy Roman Emperor, continued to foster the city's development.

During the Middle Ages, Brunswick was an important center of trade, one of the economic and political centers in Northern Europe and a member of the Hanseatic League from the 13th century to the middle of the 17th century. By the year 1600, Brunswick was the seventh largest city in Germany. Although formally one of the residences of the rulers of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire, Brunswick was de facto ruled independently by a powerful class of patricians and the guilds throughout much of the Late Middle Ages and the Early modern period. Because of the growing power of Brunswick's burghers, the Princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, who ruled over one of the subdivisions of Brunswick-Lüneburg, finally moved their Residenz out of the city and to the nearby town of Wolfenbüttel in 1432. The Princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel didn't regain control over the city until the late 17th century, when Rudolph Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, took the city by siege.

In the 18th century Brunswick was not only a political, but also a cultural centre. Influenced by the philosophy of the Enlightenment, dukes like Anthony Ulrich and Charles I became patrons of the arts and sciences. In 1745, Charles I founded the Collegium Carolinum, predecessor of the Brunswick University of Technology, and in 1753 he moved the ducal residence back to Brunswick. With this he attracted poets and thinkers such as Lessing, Leisewitz, and Jakob Mauvillon to his court and the city. Emilia Galotti by Lessing and Goethe's Faust were performed for the first time in Brunswick.

19th century

In 1806, the city was captured by the French during the Napoleonic Wars and became part of the short-lived Napoleonic Kingdom of Westphalia in 1807. The exiled Duke Frederick William raised a volunteer corps, the Black Brunswickers, who fought the French in several battles.

After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Brunswick was made capital of the re-established independent Duchy of Brunswick, later a constituent state of the German Empire from 1871. In the aftermath of the July Revolution in 1830, in Brunswick duke Charles II was forced to abdicate. His absolutist governing style had previously alienated the nobility and bourgeoisie, while the lower classes were disaffected by the bad economic situation. During the night of 7–8 September 1830, the ducal palace in Brunswick was stormed by an angry mob, set on fire, and destroyed completely. Charles was succeeded by his brother William VIII. During William's reign, liberal reforms were made and Brunswick's parliament was strengthened.

During the 19th century, industrialisation caused a rapid growth of population in the city, eventually causing Brunswick to be for the first time significantly enlarged beyond its medieval fortifications and the River Oker. On 1 December 1838, the first section of the Brunswick–Bad Harzburg railway line connecting Brunswick and Wolfenbüttel opened as the first railway line in Northern Germany, operated by the Duchy of Brunswick State Railway.

Early to mid-20th century

On 8 November 1918, at the end of World War I, a socialist workers' council forced Duke Ernest Augustus to abdicate. On 10 November, the council proclaimed the Socialist Republic of Brunswick under one-party government by the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD); however, the subsequent Landtag election on 22 December 1918 was won by the Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD), and the USPD and MSPD formed a coalition government. An uprising in Braunschweig in 1919, led by the communist Spartacus League, was defeated when Freikorps troops under Georg Ludwig Rudolf Maercker took over the city on order of the German Minister of Defence, Gustav Noske. An SPD-led government was subsequently established; in December 1921, a new constitution was approved for the Free State of Brunswick, now a parliamentary republic within the Weimar Republic, again with Braunschweig as its capital.

After the Landtag election of 1930, Brunswick became the second state in Germany where the Nazis participated in government, when the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) formed a coalition government with several conservative and right-wing parties. With the support of Dietrich Klagges, Brunswick's minister of the interior, the NSDAP organized a large SA rally in Braunschweig. On 17–18 October 1931, 100,000 SA stormtroopers marched through the city; street fights between Nazis, socialists, and communists left several dead or injured. On 25 February 1932, the state of Brunswick granted Adolf Hitler German citizenship to allow him to run in the 1932 German presidential election. In Braunschweig, Nazis carried out several attacks on political enemies, with the acquiescence of the state government.

After the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, several state institutions were placed in Braunschweig, including the Luftfahrtforschungsanstalt in Völkenrode, the Hitler Youth Academy for Youth Leadership, and the SS-Junkerschule Braunschweig. With the Reichswerke Hermann Göring in Salzgitter and the Stadt des KdF-Wagens, as well as several factories in the city itself (including Büssing and the Volkswagenwerk Braunschweig), the Braunschweig region became one of the centres of the German arms industry.

During the Second World War, Braunschweig was a sub-area headquarters of Wehrkreis XI (one of Germany's military districts), and was the garrison city of the 31st Infantry Division that took part in the invasions of Poland, Belgium, and France, largely being destroyed during its retreat following the invasion of Russia. In this period, thousands of Eastern workers were brought to the city as forced labor, and in the 1943–1945 period at least 360 children taken away from such workers died in the Entbindungsheim für Ostarbeiterinnen ("Maternity Ward for Eastern Workers").

In 1944, a subcamp of the concentration camp Neuengamme was established in Braunschweig.  Hundreds of prisoners, mostly Jews, lived in brutal conditions and hundreds died from hunger, disease, and overwork. Piera Sonnino (1922-1999), an Italian author, writes of her imprisonment in that camp in her book, This Has Happened, published in English in 2006 by MacMillan Palgrave.

The Allied air raid on October 15, 1944, destroyed most of the city's churches, and the Altstadt (old town), the largest homogeneous ensemble of half-timbered houses in Germany.

The city's cathedral, which had been converted to a Nationale Weihestätte (national shrine) by the Nazi government, still stood.

Postwar period to the 21st century
Small sections of the city survived Allied bombing, so remain to represent its distinctive architecture. The cathedral was restored to its function as a Protestant church.

Politically, after the war, the Free State of Brunswick was dissolved by the Allied occupying authorities, Braunschweig ceased to be a capital, and most of its lands were incorporated in the newly formed state of Lower Saxony.

During the Cold War, Braunschweig, then part of West Germany, suffered economically due to its proximity to the Iron Curtain. The city lost its historically strong economic ties to what was then East Germany; for decades, economic growth remained, on average, below the rest of the country while unemployment was above-average for West Germany.

On 28 February 1974, as part of a district reform in Lower Saxony, the rural district of Braunschweig, which had surrounded the city, was disestablished. The major part of the former district was incorporated into the city of Braunschweig, increasing its population by roughly 52,000 people.

In the 1990s, efforts increased to reconstruct historic buildings that had been destroyed in the air raid. The façade of the Braunschweiger Schloss was rebuilt, and buildings such as the Alte Waage (originally built in 1534) now stand again.

Demographics

Population development
, the population of Braunschweig was 252,768.

Today, Braunschweig is among the twenty German cities found to be most attractive to young people between the ages of 25 and 34, leading to an influx of younger residents.

Religion
In 2015, 91,785 people or 36.3% of the population were Protestant and 34,604 (13.7%) people were Roman Catholic; 126,379 people (50.0%) either adhered to other denominations or followed no religion.

Immigration
A total of 64,737 of Braunschweig's residents, including German citizens, had an immigrant background in 2015 (25.6% of the total population). Among those, 25,676 were non-German citizens (10.2%); the following table lists up the largest minority groups:

Main sights
The Burgplatz (Castle Square), comprising a group of buildings of great historical and cultural significance: the Cathedral (St Blasius, built at the end of the 12th century); the Burg Dankwarderode (Dankwarderode Castle) (a 19th-century reconstruction of the old castle of Henry the Lion); the Neo-Gothic Town Hall (built in 1893–1900); as well as some picturesque half-timbered houses, such as the Gildehaus (Guild House), today the seat of the Craftsman's Association. In the centre of the square stands a copy of the Burglöwe (Brunswick Lion), a Romanesque statue of a lion, cast in bronze in 1166. The original statue can be seen in the museum of Dankwarderode Castle. The lion remains the symbol of Braunschweig today.
The Altstadtmarkt ("Old Town market"), surrounded by the Old Town town hall (built between the 13th and the 15th centuries in Gothic style), and the Martinikirche (Church of Saint Martin, from 1195), with important historical houses including the Gewandhaus (the former house of the drapers' guild, built sometime before 1268) and the Stechinelli-Haus (built in 1690) and a fountain from 1408.
The Kohlmarkt ("coal market"), a market with many historical houses and a fountain from 1869.
The Hagenmarkt ("Hagen market"), with the 13th-century Katharinenkirche (Church of Saint Catherine) and the Heinrichsbrunnen ("Henry the Lion's Fountain") from 1874.
The Magniviertel (St Magnus' Quarter), a remainder of ancient Braunschweig, lined with cobblestoned streets, little shops and cafés, centred on the 13th-century Magnikirche (St Magnus' Church). Here is also the Rizzi-Haus, a highly distinctive, cartoonish office building designed by architect James Rizzi for the Expo 2000.
The Romanesque and Gothic Andreaskirche (Church of Saint Andrew), built mainly between the 13th and 16th centuries with stained glass by Charles Crodel. Surrounding the church are the Liberei, the oldest surviving freestanding library building in Germany, and the reconstructed Alte Waage.
The Gothic Aegidienkirche (Church of Saint Giles), built in the 13th century, with an adjoining monastery, which is today a museum.
The Staatstheater (State Theatre), newly built in the 19th century, goes back to the first standing public theatre in Germany, founded in 1690 by Duke Anthony Ulrich.
The ducal palace of Braunschweig was bombed in World War II and demolished in 1960. The exterior was rebuilt to contain a palace museum, library and shopping centre, which opened in 2007.
The baroque palace Schloss Richmond ("Richmond Palace"), built between 1768 and 1769 with a surrounding English garden for Princess Augusta of Great Britain, wife of Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, to remind her of her home in England.
Riddagshausen Abbey (German: Kloster Riddagshausen), a former Cistercian monastery, with the surrounding nature reserve and arboretum. The nature reserve Riddagshäuser Teiche is designated as an Important Bird Area and Special Protection Area.

Parks and gardens
Parks and gardens in the city include the botanical garden Botanischer Garten der Technischen Universität Braunschweig, founded in 1840 by Johann Heinrich Blasius, the Bürgerpark, the Löwenwall with an obelisk from 1825, the Prinz-Albrecht-Park, and the Inselwallpark. Other parks and recreation areas are Stadtpark, Westpark, Theaterpark, Museumpark, Heidbergsee, Südsee, Ölpersee, the zoological garden Arche Noah Zoo Braunschweig and the nearby Essehof Zoo.

Politics

Subdivisions
Braunschweig is made up of 19 boroughs (German: Stadtbezirke), which themselves may consist of several quarters (German: Stadtteile) each. The 19 boroughs, with their official numbers, are:

112: Wabe-Schunter-Beberbach1
113: Hondelage
114: Volkmarode
120: Östliches Ringgebiet
131: Innenstadt
132: Viewegsgarten-Bebelhof
211: Stöckheim-Leiferde
212: Heidberg-Melverode
213: Südstadt-Rautheim-Mascherode
221: Weststadt
222: Timmerlah-Geitelde-Stiddien
223: Broitzem
224: Rüningen
310: Westliches Ringgebiet
321: Lehndorf-Watenbüttel
322: Veltenhof-Rühme
323: Wenden-Thune-Harxbüttel
331: Nordstadt
332: Schunteraue

1Formed in 2011 out of the former boroughs of Wabe-Schunter and Bienrode-Waggum-Bevenrode.

Mayor
The current mayor of Braunschweig is Thorsten Kornblum of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) since 2021. The most recent mayoral election was held on 12 September 2021, with a runoff held on 26 September, and the results were as follows:

! rowspan=2 colspan=2| Candidate
! rowspan=2| Party
! colspan=2| First round
! colspan=2| Second round
|-
! Votes
! %
! Votes
! %
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left| Thorsten Kornblum
| align=left| Social Democratic Party
| 41,734
| 38.4
| 79,861
| 65.9
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left| Kaspar Haller
| align=left| Christian Democratic Union
| 29,011
| 26.7
| 41,401
| 34.1
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left| Tatjana Schneider
| align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens
| 24,802
| 22.8
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left| Mirco Hanker
| align=left| Alternative for Germany
| 4,704
| 4.3
|-
|
| align=left| Birgit Huvendieck
| align=left| Citizens' Initiative Braunschweig
| 3,215
| 3.0
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left| Anke Schneider
| align=left| The Left
| 2,827
| 2.6
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left| Thomas Hofmann
| align=left| Die PARTEI
| 1,904
| 1.7
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left| Erdmann Gust
| align=left| Independent
| 614
| 0.6
|-
! colspan=3| Valid votes
! 108,811
! 99.3
! 121,262
! 98.1
|-
! colspan=3| Invalid votes
! 721
! 0.7
! 2,407
! 1.9
|-
! colspan=3| Total
! 109,532
! 100.0
! 123,669
! 100.0
|-
! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout
! 197,728
! 55.4
! 197,414
! 62.6
|-
| colspan=7| Source: City of Braunschweig
|}

City council

The Braunschweig city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 12 September 2021, and the results were as follows:

! colspan=2| Party
! Votes
! %
! +/-
! Seats
! +/-
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left| Social Democratic Party (SPD)
| 93,546
| 29.5
|  3.5
| 16
|  2
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
| 71,880
| 22.7
|  10.6
| 12
|  5
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left| Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
| 69,670
| 22.0
|  4.2
| 12
|  2
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left| Free Democratic Party (FDP)
| 18,704
| 5.9
|  1.4
| 3
|  1
|-
|
| align=left| Citizens' Initiative Braunschweig
| 16,778
| 5.3
|  0.7
| 3
| ±0
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left| Alternative for Germany (AfD)
| 13,512
| 4.3
|  4.6
| 2
|  3
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left| The Left (Die Linke)
| 12,428
| 3.9
|  0.7
| 2
|  1
|-
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left| Volt Germany (Volt)
| 6,467
| 2.0
| New
| 1
| New
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left| Die PARTEI (PARTEI)
| 6,302
| 2.0
|  0.5
| 1
| ±0
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left| Pirate Party (Piraten)
| 3,261
| 1.0
|  1.4
| 1
| ±0
|-
| bgcolor=|
| align=left| Grassroots Democratic Party (dieBasis)
| 2,999
| 0.9
| New
| 1
| New
|-
| colspan=7 bgcolor=lightgrey|
|-
| bgoclor=|
| align=left| Alliance for Innovation and Justice (BIG)
| 1,646
| 0.5
| New
| 0
| New
|-
! colspan=2| Total
! 317,193
! 100.0
!
!
!
|-
! colspan=2| Valid votes
! 107,850
! 98.5
!
!
!
|-
! colspan=2| Invalid votes
! 1,606
! 1.5
!
!
!
|-
! colspan=2| Total
! 109,456
! 100.0
!
! 54
! ±0
|-
! colspan=2| Electorate/voter turnout
! 197,728
! 55.4
!  0.2
!
!
|-
| colspan=7| Source: City of Braunschweig
|}

Twin towns – sister cities

Braunschweig is twinned with:

 Bandung, Indonesia (1960)
 Nîmes, France (1962)
 Bath, England (1971)
 Sousse, Tunisia (1980)
 Kiryat Tiv'on, Israel (1985)
 Magdeburg, Germany (1987)
 Kazan, Russia (1988)
 Omaha, United States (1992)
 Zhuhai, China (2011)

Transport

Braunschweig's city centre is mostly a car-free pedestrian zone.

Road
Two main autobahns serve Braunschweig, the A2 (Berlin—Hanover—Dortmund) and the A39 (Salzgitter—Wolfsburg). City roads are generally wide, built after World War II to support the anticipated use of the car. There are several car parks in the city.

Bicycle
Many residents travel around town by bicycle using an extensive system of bicycle-only lanes. The main train station includes a bicycle parking area.

Train
The city is on the main rail line between Frankfurt and Berlin. Deutsche Bahn (German Railways) serves the city with local, inter-city and high-speed InterCityExpress (ICE) trains, with frequent stops at Braunschweig Central Station (German: Braunschweig Hauptbahnhof).

Tram and bus

The Braunschweig tramway network is an inexpensive and extensive  long electric tramway system. First opened in 1897, it has been modernized, including a  extension in 2007. The network has an  gauge, unique for a European railway or tramway network. However, it is being supplemented in stages by a third rail, to allow future joint working with the  main railway network.

The municipally owned Braunschweiger Verkehrs-AG currently operates five tram lines and several bus lines. The tram lines are:

Air
Braunschweig Airport (BWE / EDVE) is located north of the city at , elev. .

Name

Many other geographical locations around the world are named Brunswick, after the historical English name of Braunschweig. Between 1714 and 1837, the House of Hanover ruled Great Britain in personal union with the Electorate of Hanover. The House of Hanover was formally known as the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Hanover line. As a result, many places in the British colonies were named after Brunswick, such as the province of New Brunswick in Canada.

Ironically, the city of Braunschweig was not ruled by the Hanoverians while its name was being given to other Brunswicks around the world. Starting in 1269, the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg underwent a series of divisions and mergers, with parts of the territory being transferred between various branches of the family. The city of Braunschweig went to the senior branch of the house, the Wolfenbüttel line, while Lüneburg eventually ended up with the Hanover line. Although the territory had been split, all branches of the family continued to style themselves as the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg. In 1884, the senior branch of the House of Welf became extinct. The Hanover line, being the last surviving line of the family, subsequently held the throne of the Duchy of Brunswick from November 1913 until November 1918.

Government offices
The offices of the Luftfahrt-Bundesamt (LBA, "Federal Aviation Office") and the German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation (BFU) are located in Braunschweig.

Research and science

Braunschweig has been an important industrial area.
Today it is known for its University and research institutes, mainly the Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institute, the Julius Kühn-Institut, and the Institute for Animal Food of the Friedrich Loeffler Institute, until the end of 2007 all part of the Federal Agricultural Research Centre, the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, and the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). The PTB Braunschweig maintains the atomic clock responsible for the DCF77 time signal and the official German time. In 2006 the region of Braunschweig was the most R&D-intensive area in the whole European Economic Area investing 7.1% of its GDP for research & technology. In 2014, the figure had risen to 7.7%, making Braunschweig retain its ranking as the most R&D-intensive region in Germany. Braunschweig was named Germany's City of Science 2007 ().

Braunschweig University of Technology (German: Technische Universität Braunschweig) was founded in 1745 and is the oldest member of TU9, an incorporated society of the nine most prestigious, oldest, and largest universities focusing on engineering and technology in Germany. With approximately 18,000 students, Braunschweig University of Technology is the third largest university in Lower Saxony.

Education
Also located in Braunschweig is the , a secondary school founded in 1415. It had such famous pupils as Carl Friedrich Gauss, Hoffmann von Fallersleben, Richard Dedekind and Louis Spohr. Since 2004, Braunschweig also has an International School. Other notable secondary schools include the Gymnasium Neue Oberschule, Gymnasium Gaussschule, , , , and .

Lower Saxony's only university of art, founded in 1963, can be found in Braunschweig, the Hochschule für Bildende Künste Braunschweig (Braunschweig College of Fine Arts). The HBK is an institution of higher artistic and scientific education and offers the opportunity to study for interdisciplinary artistic and scientific qualifications. Additionally, one of the campuses of the Eastphalia University of Applied Sciences (German: Ostfalia Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften, formerly Fachhochschule Braunschweig/Wolfenbüttel) was located in the city until 2010.

Economy
In 2015, the German weekly business news magazine Wirtschaftswoche ranked Braunschweig as one of the most dynamic economic spaces in all of Germany.

Braunschweig was one of the centres of the industrialization in Northern Germany. During the 19th and early 20th century the canning and railroad industries and the sugar production were of great importance for Braunschweig's economy, but eventually other branches such as the automotive industry became more important, while especially the canning industry began to vanish from the city after the end of World War II. The defunct truck and bus manufacturer Büssing was headquartered in Braunschweig. Current factories in the city include Volkswagen, Siemens, Bombardier Transportation, and Bosch.

The fashion label NewYorker, the publishing house Westermann Verlag, Nordzucker, Volkswagen Financial Services and Volkswagen Bank have their headquarters in the city as well as the Volkswagen utility vehicle holding. Also two major optical companies were headquartered in Braunschweig: Voigtländer and Rollei.

During the 1980s and early 1990s the computer companies Atari and Commodore International both had branches for development and production within the city.

Braunschweig is the home of two piano companies, both known worldwide for the high quality of their instruments: Schimmel and Grotrian-Steinweg. Both companies were founded in the 19th century. Additionally Sandberg Guitars is based in Braunschweig.

Culture

Braunschweig is famous for Till Eulenspiegel, a medieval jester who played many practical jokes on its citizens.
It also had many breweries, and still a very peculiar kind of beer is made called Mumme, first quoted in 1390, a malt-extract that was shipped all over the world. Two major breweries still produce in Braunschweig, the , founded in 1627, and the former  brewery, founded in 1871, now operated by Oettinger Beer.

Braunschweiger Mettwurst, a soft, spreadable smoked pork sausage, is named after the city. Other traditional local dishes include white asparagus, Braunschweiger Lebkuchen, Braunkohl (a variant of kale served with Bregenwurst), and Uhlen un Apen (Low German for "Owls and Guenons", a pastry).

Media
Braunschweig's major local newspaper is the Braunschweiger Zeitung, first published in 1946. Papers formerly published in Braunschweig include the Braunschweigische Anzeigen/Braunschweigische Staatszeitung (1745–1934), the Braunschweigische Landeszeitung (1880–1936) and the Braunschweiger Stadtanzeiger/Braunschweiger Allgemeiner Anzeiger (1886–1941), and the social-democratic  (1871–1933).

Near Braunschweig at Cremlingen-Abbenrode, there is a large medium wave transmitter, which transmits the program of Deutschlandfunk on 756 kHz, the Cremlingen transmitter.

Festivals
Schoduvel, a medieval Northern German form of carnival was celebrated in Braunschweig as early as the 13th century. Since 1979 an annual Rosenmontag parade is held in Braunschweig, the largest in Northern Germany, which is named Schoduvel in honour of the medieval custom.

An annual Weihnachtsmarkt (Christmas market) is held in late November and December on the Burgplatz in the centre of Braunschweig. In 2008 the market had 900,000 visitors.

Museums and galleries

The city's most important museum is the Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum, a well known art museum and the oldest public museum in Germany, founded in 1754. It houses a collection of masters of Western art, including Dürer, Giorgione, Cranach, Holbein, Van Dyck, Vermeer, Rubens, and Rembrandt.

The State Museum of Brunswick (Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum), founded in 1891, houses a permanent collection documenting the history of the Brunswick area ranging from its early history to the present.

The Municipal Museum of Brunswick (Städtisches Museum Braunschweig), founded in 1861, is a museum for art and cultural history, documenting the history of the city of Braunschweig.

The State Natural History Museum is a zoology museum founded in 1754.

Other museums in the city include the Museum of Photography (Museum für Photographie), the Jewish Museum (Jüdisches Museum), the Museum for Agricultural Technology Gut Steinhof, and the Gerstäcker-Museum. Frequent exhibitions of contemporary art are also held by the Art Society of Braunschweig (German: Kunstverein Braunschweig), housed in the Villa Salve Hospes, a classicist villa built between 1805 and 1808.

Music and dance
The Braunschweig Classix Festival was an annual classical music festival. It is the largest promoter of classical music in the region and one of the most prominent music festivals in Lower Saxony.

From 2001 to 2009, and again since 2013, the annual finals of the international breakdance competition Battle of the Year have been held at the Volkswagen Halle in Braunschweig.

Braunschweiger TSC is among the leading competitive formation dance teams in the world and has won multiple World and European championship titles.

Sports

Braunschweig's major local football team is Eintracht Braunschweig. Founded in 1895, Eintracht Braunschweig can look back on a long and chequered history. Eintracht Braunschweig won the German football championship in 1967, and currently plays in the 2. Bundesliga, the second tier of German football, and attracts a large number of supporters. Braunschweig was also arguably the city in which the first ever game of football in Germany took place. The game had been brought to Germany by the local school teacher Konrad Koch, also the first to write down a German version of the rules of football, who organized the first match between pupils from his school Martino-Katharineum in 1874. The 2011 German drama film Lessons of a Dream is based on Koch.

Eintracht Braunschweig also fields a successful women's field hockey team that claimed nine national championship titles between 1965 and 1978. In the past, the club also had first or second-tier teams in the sports of ice hockey, field handball, and water polo.

The New Yorker Lions (formerly Braunschweig Lions) are the city's American football team, winning a record number of 12 German Bowl titles, as well as five Eurobowls (a shared record).

The city's professional basketball team, the Basketball Löwen Braunschweig, plays in the Basketball Bundesliga, the highest level in Germany. The Löwen's predecessor SG Braunschweig had previously played in the Bundesliga as well. Eintracht Braunschweig's women's basketball team plays in the , the second tier of women's basketball in Germany.

In handball, MTV Braunschweig, the city's oldest sports club (founded in 1847), plays in the semi-professional 3. Liga.

Other sports clubs from Braunschweig that play or have played at the Bundesliga or 2nd Bundesliga level include  (baseball),  (field hockey),  (handball), Rugby-Welfen Braunschweig (rugby union), and  (volleyball).

Annual sporting events held in Braunschweig include the international equestrian tournament Löwen Classics, Rund um den Elm, Germany's oldest road bicycle race, and the professional tennis tournament Sparkassen Open.

Notable people

Alphabetical list of some notable people associated with Braunschweig:

See also

Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region

Notes

References

Bibliography

Richard Andree: Braunschweiger Volkskunde. 2nd edition. Vieweg, Braunschweig 1901.
Reinhard Bein, Ernst-August Roloff (eds.): Der Löwe unterm Hakenkreuz. Reiseführer durch Braunschweig und Umgebung 1930–1945. MatrixMedia Verlag, Göttingen 2010, .
Luitgard Camerer, Manfred Garzmann, Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf (eds.): Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon. Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig 1992, .
Oskar Doering: Braunschweig. E. A. Seemann, Leipzig 1905.
Hermann Dürre: Geschichte der Stadt Braunschweig im Mittelalter. Grüneberg, Braunschweig 1861.
Reinhard Dorn: Mittelalterliche Kirchen in Braunschweig. Niemeyer, Hameln 1978, .
F. Fuhse (ed.): Vaterländische Geschichten und Denkwürdigkeiten der Lande Braunschweig und Hannover, Band 1: Braunschweig. 3rd edition. Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 1925.
Manfred Garzmann, Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf (eds.): Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon. Ergänzungsband. Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig 1996, .
Otto Hohnstein: Braunschweig am Ende des Mittelalters. Ramdohr, Braunschweig 1886.
Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Gerhard Schildt (eds.): Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region. 2nd edition. Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 2001, .
Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Dieter Lent et al. (eds.): Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon – 8. bis 18. Jahrhundert. Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 2006, .
Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Günter Scheel (eds.): Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon – 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hannover 1996, .
Jörg Leuschner, Karl Heinrich Kaufhold, Claudia Märtl (eds.): Die Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte des Braunschweigischen Landes vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. 3 vols. Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim 2008, .
Richard Moderhack (ed.): Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte im Überblick. 3rd edition, Braunschweigischer Geschichtsverein, Braunschweig 1979.
Richard Moderhack: Braunschweiger Stadtgeschichte. Wagner, Braunschweig 1997, .
E. Oppermann: Landeskunde des Herzogtums Braunschweig. Geschichte und Geographie. E. Appelhans, Braunschweig 1911.
Rudolf Prescher: Der Rote Hahn über Braunschweig. Waisenhaus-Buchdruckerei und Verlag, Braunschweig 1955.
Birte Rogacki-Thiemann: Braunschweig. Eine kleine Stadtgeschichte. Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2005, .
Ernst-August Roloff: Braunschweig und der Staat von Weimar. Waisenhaus-Buchdruckerei und Verlag, Braunschweig 1964.
Ernst-August Roloff: Wie braun war Braunschweig? Hitler und der Freistaat Braunschweig. Braunschweiger Zeitung, Braunschweig 2003.
Gerd Spies (ed.): Braunschweig – Das Bild der Stadt in 900 Jahren. Geschichte und Ansichten. 2 vols., Städtisches Museum Braunschweig, Braunschweig 1985.
Gerd Spies (ed.): Brunswiek 1031 – Braunschweig 1981. Die Stadt Heinrichs des Löwen von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. 2 vols., Städtisches Museum Braunschweig, Braunschweig 1982.
Werner Spieß: Geschichte der Stadt Braunschweig im Nachmittelalter. Vom Ausgang des Mittelalters bis zum Ende der Stadtfreiheit 1491–1671. 2 vols., Waisenhaus-Buchdruckerei und Verlag, Braunschweig 1966, .
Henning Steinführer, Gerd Biegel (eds.): 1913 – Braunschweig zwischen Monarchie und Moderne. Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 2015, .

External links

Official website
Braunschweig – 360° Panoramas
Daily newspaper Braunschweiger Zeitung

Capitals of former nations
Duchy of Brunswick
Members of the Hanseatic League


»Activities»Can anyone challenge the ESIB blood drive?
Can anyone challenge the ESIB blood drive?
That's why we headed towards their campus on Wednesday, October 30 for a highly-anticipated blood drive.
And by the end of the day, we ran out of words. 71 fantastic donors helped save hundreds of patients in need.
The atmosphere was magnificent, and everyone enjoyed their time.
Here's our photo album for the event, and Rim Abla's amazing shots.
Days later, on Tuesday, November the 5th, we decided to explore new grounds at Mechref.
This is when we came across 41 amazing students from the Rafik Hariri University (RHU), who did not hesitate to give some of their time, blood and love to rescue a hundred more people in demand of medical care.
We salute your efforts! A nice summary for a first time, and some cool photos to check here.
With 4 university blood drives already this season, we wonder who'll able to topple the ESIB from its temporary throne!
← DSC makes a stop at Huvelin for its famous Blood Drive!


text:
Robert's Best
Robert Duvall, Award Winner – MovieActors.com
Duvall in The Great Santini.
Robert Duvall: Best Actor, 1983: MovieActors.com
Tender Mercies (Drama – PG)
Robert Duvall won his Best Actor Oscar for his performance as a down-and-out country singer struggling for a comeback who finds the strength to live when he meets a good-natured widow (Tess Harper).
About Robert Duvall (1931 – )
Robert Duvall, lean and balding, has been delivering fascinating character portraits since his debut in 1962 in To Kill A Mockingbird. He first gained great fame as the family lawyer in The Godfather. He received a Best Actor Oscar for his performance in Tender Mercies. Duvall received another Oscar nomination for his portrait of a fiery minister in The Apostle, a film he directed and financed.
Off-screen Robert Duvall loves to dance, particularly the tango.
Duvall's solid, assured performance in The Rain People (1969) marked the beginning of a relationship with director Francis Ford Coppola, for whom he played cool Mafia mouthpiece Tom Hagen in both The Godfather (1972) earning an Oscar nomination, and The Godfather, Part II (1974), and a crazed colonel in Apocalypse Now (1979), getting another Oscar nomination.
Many critics felt that Duvall's finest part was that of a washed-up country singer in Tender Mercies (1983, for which he wrote and performed his own songs); members of the Motion Picture Academy agreed, and finally voted him a Best Actor Oscar for his performance.
Robert Duvall's notable movie credits include...
In Dubious Battle (2016)
Wild Horses (2015)
The Judge (2014)
A Night in Old Mexico (2013)
Jayne Mansfield's Car (2012)
Seven Days In Utopia (2011)
Get Low (2009)
Four Christmases (2008)
We Own The Night (2007)
Lucky You (2007)
Thank You For Smoking (2005)
Kicking And Screaming (2005)
Secondhand Lions (2003)
Open Range (2003)
Gods And Generals (2003)
Assassination Tango (2002)
John Q (2002)
The 6th Day (2000)
A Shot At Glory (2000)
A Civil Action (1998)
Deep Impact (1998)
The Gingerbread Man (1998)
The Apostle (1997)
Sling Blade (1996)
A Family Thing (1996)
The Scarlet Letter (1995)
The Stars Fell On Henrietta (1995)
Something To Talk About (1995)
The Paper (1994)
Wrestling Ernest Hemingway (1993)
Geronimo: An American Legend (1993)
The Handmaid's Tale (1990)
Colors (1988)
The Natural (1984)
The Great Santini (1979)
The Seven-Per-Cent Solution (1976)
Network (1976)
Joe Kidd (1972)
THX 1138 (1971)
M*A*S*H (1970)
Bullitt (1968)
Robert Duvall's television credits include...
Stalin (1992) (TV)
Ike (1979) (Mini)
Duvall in Deep Impact (1998).
Robert Duvall in The Inheritors (The Outer Limits).
Robert Duvall in Network.
Robert Duvall in Secondhand Lions (2003).
Robert Duvall in True Grit.
Robert Duvall in M*A*S*H.
Duvall in The Handmaid's Tale (1990).
Duvall in The Apostle (1997).
Robert Duvall in Apocalypse Now (1979).
Robert Duvall in The Great Santini (1979).
Duvall in Four Christmases (2008).
Robert Duvall in Naked City (TV series).
Robert Duvall Acting Review
SuperStar Index
by The Web Network Inc. (All Rights Reserved)


I know were the games are being saved on my computer, but each 'memoery card' is 1 file and i was wondering if its possible to see whats in each file.
For example, if I wanted to make a copy of one of my games saves (e.g. summoner 2) is there a way to copy just that game or would i need to copy the whole memory card?
Also what happend to use the own manager in the ps2?(i mean the pcsx2 ofc?


text:
Q: How do I dictate @ to siri? I'm looking to learn how to dictate @ to siri. If there is a general resource to look up how to find odd characters, so much the better, but in US English I'm not figuring this out by myself.

A: The @ is the at sign for siri according to this unofficial guide:
http://www.siriuserguide.com/siri-dictation-guide/
I don't see any official Apple resource but this wikipedia article documenting the Basic Latin Unicode block (which also maps directly to ASCII text) has english pronunciation that works well with Siri.
The things I can't get to work from that table are:

*

*^ - circumflex

*_ - low line - (but underline works)

Also, dictating quotes needs to be with the quote on/quote off command and not by dictating when the quotes should be typed.


Fun novelty gift mug with the slogan "Having A Dirty Mind Makes Ordinary Conversations Much More Interesting" printed on both sides. This tongue in cheek mug makes a great and is ideal for any occasion.
Our " Having A Dirty Mind Makes Ordinary Conversations Much More Interesting" mug comes printed in full colour with the same slogan on both sides (front/back) of a high quality mug in either white ceramic or white bone china.
Premium A Grade quality mug with gloss finish.


Paul B. Weitz & Associates, PC, is a highly regarded New York trial law firm representing clients injured by doctor's mistakes or in accidents caused by someone else's negligence. We are guided by our mission to serve the needs of our clients through diligent, determined and thorough legal counsel and advocacy. We also handle legal matters involving estate planning, securities law and immigration.
Our law firm's legacy stretches back to the 1970s, and most of our lawyers have more than 20 years of experience in personal injury or medical malpractice law. Our results have included numerous multimillion-dollar verdicts and settlements for clients and their families injured due to birth injuries, misdiagnoses, delayed diagnoses or other forms of medical malpractice; in car accidents, truck accidents or other motor vehicle accidents; or in construction accidents, premises liability or other types of accidents.
Our work has earned us a reputation as an intelligent, effective law firm that will not be outworked. Among us are lawyers who have been named Trial Lawyer of the Year, elected to membership in the lawyers' society Inner Circle of Advocates, and who have set records for the highest verdict in numerous jurisdictions. We also have attorneys who have been selected for inclusion in the peer-reviewed Super Lawyers listing for many years in a row, a recognition that just the 5 percent of lawyers in any given practice area can be awarded. We have also lectured extensively on the topics of medical malpractice, personal injury and trial litigation, and have authored numerous articles and publications about these topics.
At Paul Weitz & Associates, we pay attention not only to the details of your case; we pay attention to the details of your life. We care about each individual client, not just the client's case. Ours is a law firm that is big enough to handle a highly complex personal injury or medical malpractice case, but small enough to care about who we represent.
From our office in Manhattan's Woolworth Building, our law firm's attorneys represent clients throughout New York City's five boroughs, including the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn and Staten Island; Long Island, Westchester and Orange County; and the surrounding New York areas. If you have a loved one who has been harmed by an accident that he or she had no part in causing, please call our law firm to discuss your legal rights and options with an attorney who cares — and an attorney who can help. All medical malpractice and personal injury consultations are free.


text:
Atlantipedia
An A-Z Guide To The Search For Plato's Atlantis
I have now published my new book, Joining The Dots, which offers a fresh look at the Atlantis mystery. I have addressed the critical questions of when, where and who, using Plato's own words, tempered with some critical thinking and a modicum of common sense.
Göbekli Tepe
Harris, Stuart L.
Stuart L. Harris is an American researcher, self-described as an linguist, historian and archaeologist. He has contributed over eighty papers to the Migration & Diffusion website(a) and dozens to the Academia.edu site(b). He has touched on a wide variety of subjects; from Comet Encke to Glozel and Newgrange to Noah's Flood. Although I am not a linguist, I think that that Harris' penchant for 'finding' evidence of the Finnish language in locations as far apart as Dacia, Gaul, Teotihuacan and Hawaii is highly questionable, but I shall leave it to others, more skilled than I, to comment.
Inspired by Felice Vinci, Harris has promoted the idea of Troy in Finland, but until lately he had not directly addressed the question of Atlantis, but in recent private correspondence with me, he has claimed that Plato's lost island had been situated in the vicinity of Rockall and destroyed around 9577 BC.*He later published these ideas in a paper on the Academia.edu website(c) in which he proposed that a close encounter with Nibiru that resulted in a number of its satellites impacting the Earth, causing devastation which included the demise of Atlantis. The article contains a lot of wild speculations including the suggestion that Nibiru on a return to Earth in 9417 BC, lost another of its satellites, which became our Moon!*
(a) http://www.migration-diffusion.info/article.php?authorid=113
(b) http://independent.academia.edu/StuartHarris3
(c) https://www.academia.edu/37216933/Sinking_of_Atlantis_by_Nibiru_in_9577_BC_Part_3_Nibiru_sinks_Atlantis
Tagged Comet Encke, Felice Vinci, Glozel, moon, Newgrange, Nibiru, Noah's Flood, Rockall, Stuart L. Harris
Copyright © Tony O'Connell


text:
Q: Insert html Ad block dynamically in my posts in php Thats my scenario: I want to add some ad blocks dynamically each 3 or 4 paragraphs in my posts, in php (I'm not using any CMS). So my html posts have the next structure:

Paragraph 1

Paragraph 2

Paragraph 3

Paragraph 4

Paragraph 5

Paragraph 6

And I want to dynamically add some ad block between paragraphs, for example each 3 paragraphs. So the final html would be something like:

Paragraph 1

Paragraph 2

Paragraph 3

<ad block 1>

Paragraph 4

Paragraph 5

Paragraph 6

<ad block 2>

I need some php function that allows me to insert the ad blocks the nth time

appears on the string of the post.
The variable in which I have the html of the post I get in this way:
$article = getArticle($article_id, $user_data['id']);
and the html of the post is in $article['description']
I need a function like
preg_replace('
', '
<adblock>', $article['description']);

but that de the replacement on the 3rd ocurrence instead of always.

A: That is easy if you are running the loop. If CMS than I believe you should have a loop.
if ($counter % 3 == 0) {
   // your advertise code here
}


The Sanyo Xacti C4 is quite unlike any other digital camera available today, looking more like a tiny version of a digital camcorder than a conventional digicam. The Sanyo C4 has been designed like this principally because it allows you to record both 4 megapixel still images and 640x480, 30fps MPEG-4 movies, with a separate shutter button available for each function and a flip-out, rotating LCD screen to frame your images and movies. Other notable features on the Sanyo Xacti C4 include a macro mode that allows you to get as close as 2cms away from the subject, and a 5.8 optical zoom lens that is equivalent to 38–220mm on a 35mm format camera. Sanyo have improved on the older Sanyo Xacti C1 by adding the 4 megapixel sensor, image stabilisation and a larger 1.8 inch LCD screen. So is the Sanyo C4 the perfect fusion of still and moving images, or just a compromise between the two? Read on to discover the answer.
The recommended retail price of the Sanyo Xacti C4 in the UK is £599.99 and in the US it is $799.99.
PhotographyBLOG is a member of the DIWA organisation. Our test results for the Sanyo Xacti VPC-C4 have been submitted to DIWA for comparison with test results for different samples of the same camera model supplied by other DIWA member sites.


Sometimes the biggest difference between good and great is a subtle difference that isn't obvious at first. Understanding the importance of color and light quality in a space is one of those things.
Now when I say light quality, I don't mean the quality of the light fixtures that hang in your home. Don't get me wrong. Lighting can do amazing things for a space but this isn't about outdated ceiling fans or cool kitchen pendants.
Light quality is defined, in the book of Stella, as not only the amount of light that comes in the house but how it is refracted by what's in the house.
When I started staging I learned the importance of this the hard way. Yep, I got it way wrong at first. I remember staging a brand spanking new home that had white clean walls, grey washed perfect floors and really shiny chrome fixtures and hardware. Now upon that beautiful canvas, I added muted neutrals, some worn brass and gold accent tables and natural warm tones like burlap and Jute. Muted means color that is softer or in between colors. Can you picture that for a moment?
Let me just cut to the chase, earthy and warm tones was not the right match for this home. Once all of the furniture was in place, I saw the error of my choice and hated it. Like I mean, "could-not-leave-it-that-way," hated it. I changed the whole package out to sharp neutrals, meaning solid white and grey. Sharp neutrals have NO textures. I also brought in saturated color to add a pop and the space thanked me. By saturated color I mean solid tones that are very confident in their color presentation-Think BAM color!
Conversely, I have made the same mistake of putting ultra white shiny furniture in an older home and it's just not a match.
There is of course some design leeway for introducing different tones, but the base of the design will look better if it speaks to the light quality in the home. Again, that's the amount of light coming into the home and how it is refracted by what is in the house… like the fixtures, color on the walls, flooring.
Here's another example to make sure you 'get it'. Let's take a 1950's ranch home with lower ceilings, warmer wood tones of trim and flooring and fewer windows. In that case it is very complimentary to the light quality to add muted neutrals with warm accents and fun textures.
Knowing when to use high contrast(White is white and dark is dark but it doesn't have to be black), saturated color, neutrals or sharp neutrals, earthy and warm or modern and cool can take a good space and make it great!
I encourage you to take a look around your home and make sure the design matches the light quality. If not, that may be the missing link you have been searching for! Of course, I am happy to help you if you are just ready to move on. Let's get to staging your current home so you can find a new home to love.


Each year hundreds of volunteers donate their time to support the CEC's mission and programs. Whether you're an individual or a large group, there's a volunteer opportunity that will fit your schedule and interests.
Volunteers work between 8 am to 4 pm Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and 8 am to 8 pm on Thursdays. Volunteers inspect, clean, sort, stock, select and box food.
Volunteers work in a retail environment greeting and assisting customers, stocking and helping with other tasks. Volunteers are also needed in the back to sort, organize and stock a variety of items. Store hours are 10 am - 6 pm Monday-Saturday. The store is located at 6308 Rufe Snow Drive in North Richland Hills.
Volunteers assist our Adult Education and Employment Manager with resume preparation, interview skills, online job search and occupational skills training.
Volunteers assist our Education and Employment Coordinator in facilitating high school equivalency (GED) preparation and adult literacy classes. These classes are held at the CEC every Tuesday from 7 pm - 9 pm and on Saturday from 10 am – 1 pm.
There is a year-round need for groceries in the Food Pantry (especially January-August). The CEC can provide a list of needed food items as well as suggestions for food drive contests and team building activities. Toy drives in November and December provide toys for the CEC Family Christmas event benefiting families in our programs.
Volunteers are needed to assist with child care for CEC Family Violence group session every Monday from 6:30 pm - 8 pm.
Volunteers work at the CEC between the end of January and Mid-April on Mondays from 3 p.m. to 8 p.m., Tuesdays from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m., Wednesdays 2 p.m. to 6 p.m., Thursdays 3 p.m. to 8 p.m., and Saturdays from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. Volunteers assist clients with tax return preparation using tax software. A combination of on-line and classroom training is provided. If you are comfortable using a computer and talking with people, this may be a very rewarding opportunity. United Way of Tarrant County and City of Fort Worth is coordinating the volunteer efforts for the Volunteer Income Tax Assistance. Please call 817-258-8062 or email Pennie Clayton, pennie.clayton@unitedwaytarrant.org.
Volunteers must be 15 years or older to volunteer without supervision.
Volunteers ages 10 – 14 years old MUST have supervision present.


text:
What Does the Bible Really Say About the Land?
(Previously published as "Ownership and Occupation."
This article has been published as an expanded, updated booklet)
© March 2006 by Asher Intrater
PART ONE: COVENANT and CONQUEST
Many conflicts in the world today are connected to the question of ownership and occupation of the Land of Israel. Here is an effort to give a balanced summary of the basic Biblical issues on the subject from a Messianic Jewish perspective.
The Patriarchs
When God created the world, He gave the land of planet earth to the human race. He placed Adam in the Garden of Eden and told him to take dominion over physical creation (Genesis 1:26). Adam lost this dominion through sin. The story of the Bible details the process of regaining possession over the earth.
God cut a covenant with Abraham which started the plan of redemption. That plan included not only personal salvation through the sacrifice of the Messiah, but also the creation of the nation of Israel and ultimately the restoration of planet earth. God told him to go ("Lech L'cha") to a special place that He would show him (Genesis 12:1). Through this covenant God gives to Abraham unconditional ownership of the land of Canaan (Israel). God repeats this covenant to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob seven times throughout the book of Genesis: Genesis 12:7, 13:18, 15:18, 17:8, 26:3, 28:13, 35:12.
The Biblical position is clear and unequivocal on this topic. Both Western humanism, which denies divine covenant over the Holy Land, and Islamic fundamentalism, which claims the land belongs to the followers of Muhammad, stand in direct defiance of the Word of God.
Note: Islamic terrorist organizations know that Israel does not want war and would make peace if there was only a cessation of the terrorist attacks. Why do they not stop? Because they believe that all the Land of Palestine/Israel must belong to Islam. Their incorrect beliefs concerning ownership of the Land have led them into thinking that their criminal acts of terrorism are justified. (Proverbs 29:12 - "When a ruler listens to a lie, all his servants become wicked.") From a Biblical viewpoint, the Israelis are not "occupying" Palestinian territory, but rather the Muslim world has demanded ownership and occupation of land that God gave by divine covenant to the people of Israel. There are 22 Islamic nations surrounding Israel in the Middle East. There is only one for Israel and the Jewish people.
The ownership of the Land to Abraham and his sons through Isaac is an absolute, irreversible covenant. This covenant is the first step of restoring possession of the planet to the human race, which was lost by Adam. Although Abraham is given the land by covenant, the possession of the Land is not immediate.
- When his men and Lot's have an argument, Abraham tells Lot to choose whichever part he desires (Genesis 13:9).
- Isaac yields to the Philistines' ownership of the water wells whenever they have a dispute (Genesis 26:22)
- Jacob lives most of 20 years in exile in Syria after the conflict with Esau (Genesis 31:38)
- Joseph and the 4 generations with him live in exile in Egypt until the time of the exodus (Genesis 15:13).
Note: Both Jacob and Joseph asked for their bones to be buried back in the land of Canaan. This prophetic act reflects their faith in the covenant promise that all the land would be restored to the people of Israel at the time of the resurrection and the Messianic kingdom.
Moses and Joshua
Moses took the people out of Egypt into the wilderness. They did not go directly to the Promised Land. The return and restoration was orchestrated in several stages. Moses himself, who obviously had total faith in the covenant ownership of the Land was not allowed even to set one foot in it. It was God who told him, "No." Obviously Moses will be part of the ultimate restoration as it will be fulfilled in the Messianic kingdom (Matthew 17:3).
However, immediately after Moses came the time of the great conquest of the Land under Joshua ben Nun. Here we find that God's kingdom promises finally coincided with His prophetic timing. The occupation came together with the ownership; the conquest came together with the covenant.
One of the key factors that made a difference in this case was the submission of Joshua to the Angel of the LORD, the Commander of the Armies of Heaven. This Divine Messenger is the figure of the Messiah, Yeshua (Jesus) in His pre-incarnation form. (I refer to this as the meeting between big "J" and little "J.")
When Joshua was by Jericho, he lifted his eyes and looked, and behold, a Man stood opposite him with His sword drawn in His hand. And Joshua went to Him and said to Him, "Are You for us or for our adversaries?" So He said, "No, but as Commander of the army of the LORD I have now come." And Joshua fell on his face to the earth and worshiped...
Notice the "non-partisan" response of the YHVH Angel - "No." The question is not whether God is on our side, but whether we are on His side. Once the submission of Joshua is affirmed, the YHVH Angel leads the armies of Israel to a military campaign that annihilates the sinful Canaanites and takes their land. (As far as we know, there are no descendants remaining of those six original Canaanite tribes.)
The submission of the head of the government and army of Israel to this Divine Messenger is of great significance as we try to understand God's plan for the ultimate possession of the Land. Full conquest is connected to the Messianic Kingdom, and the Messianic Kingdom is connected to the Messianic King.
This is the same Angel of the LORD that was promised by God through Moses to lead the children of Israel to conquer the Land of Canaan (Exodus 23:23). It is through Him that Israel will possess and dwell in the land. This same Angel will lead them to conquer in stages, little by little (Exodus 23:30). Realizing that the Angel of YHVH was a figure of the pre-incarnate Messiah allows us to see the connection between the preaching of the gospel and the restoration of the kingdom to Israel.
Throughout the book of Judges the divinely chosen judge would also have to obey this Angel of YHVH before conquest and expansion of territory:
- Othniel (Judges 2:1, 3:9)
- Gideon (Judges 6:11)
- Samson's parents (Judges 13:3)
When the leader and the people submitted to the Divine Messenger, they ended up conquering more land. When the people turned away in sin, God would reduce the territory occupied through military defeats. However, the increase or decrease of territory occupation never changed the covenant ownership of the Land. Ownership is absolute; occupation is relative.
It was God Himself who took responsibility for reducing the degree of conquest through the military defeats. He saw it as a punishment of sin. Compare for example the defeat of the children of Israel at Ai, because of the sin of Achan (Joshua 7:10ff). As soon as the sin was taken care of, conquest resumed. The mandate for covenant and conquest were never even slightly questioned by God.
God did often use evil peoples (even idol or demon-worshiping pagans) as the enemies of Israel to bring about the reduction of conquest. However the use of pagans as instruments of punishment never constituted divine approval of those people. In the end they would be punished even MORE for their part in attacking Israel. Ownership is unconditional; occupation is conditional.
David and Saul
In the case of Saul and David, we have a new factor: the dispute of two leaders within Israel, and the struggle between their two kingdoms. David was the true Messianic king in the image of Yeshua, while Saul was an image of a false Messiah. Saul rejected David out of jealousy. That jealousy also led Saul to be overly zealous at times. David still respected Saul's position of authority in government, even when Saul was persecuting him. When David did take over the government, he continued to expand the territory of the Israelite kingdom.
Note: Any efforts to conquer the Land must be submitted to the rightly ordained governing authority under the rightly appointed governing ruler and executed at the rightly discerned timing. At Hormah, the people rebelled against Moses first by saying they would not fight against the Amalekites when he told them to; then they rebelled again by deciding to go up and fight when Moses told them not to (Numbers 14:40).
Not discerning the right governing authority, lagging behind the right governing authority, or running ahead of the right governing authority, are all forms of latent rebellion. This lack of submission to government can cause great problems when dealing with the ownership and occupation of the Holy Land. (Of course the same spiritual principles apply in our personal lives as well.)
David, after Joshua, is the second example of the full conquest of the land. As David is an image of the Messiah, his conquest also represents the hope of the fulfillment of all the land promises in the coming Millennial kingdom or Messianic age. David and Solomon's kingdom is an example of the future reign of Yeshua on earth. Yeshua will restore David's kingdom, and much more, at His Second Coming.
Note: The root word for the Land of Canaan, K'na'ah in Hebrew, means "submission, humbling, yielding." The word Palestinian is a modern transliteration of the Biblical word Philistine or Pelishtim. There is a play on words in the Hebrew root, Polesh, meaning "invade, attack, intrude some one else's territory."
Israel was punished severely by God, when David's kingdom was divided in two at the time of Rehoboam. Dividing the Land in two is the more serious stage of punishment after the reduction of borders through military defeat and economic problems. In the case of Rehoboam, the division of the kingdom was decreed because of oppressive government and social injustice, not because of a lack of nationalistic desire to conquer.
The division of the Land was decreed by God (I Kings 11:11) and confirmed through the prophecies of Ahijah the Shilonite to Jeroboam (I Kings 11:31) and of Shemaiah to Rehoboam. Contrary to all nationalist expectations, the later prophecy said that the division of the Land in two was of God, "This thing is from Me." - I Kings 12:24. This division was worse than economic and military problems, but better than full exile.
Later the division was worsened, when the Assyrians invaded Israel. Then control of the northern kingdom of Israel was lost completely to a foreign power. Although God used foreign nations as a tool of punishment to Israel for her sin, God punished those nations afterwards for having attacked His Land and His people. For example, God used Assyria to punish Israel; then He punished Assyria (Isaiah 10). Throughout the kingdoms of Judah and Israel, the pattern was the same: more godly government, more land conquered; less godly government, less land conquered.
Conquering more land for Israel from its neighbors was always seen as a blessing from God. Sometimes the prophets urged Israel strongly to conquer more land - as in the case of Elijah becoming angry with the king of Israel that he was only willing to strike the ground with his arrows three times (attack the Syrians three times) instead of five or six times (which would have destroyed the Syrians in battle) - II Kings 13:17-19.
On the other hand, when Israel was not righteous before God, He ordained for the borders to be trimmed back, as in the case of the reign of Jehu: "In those days the LORD began to cut back parts of Israel; and Hazael conquered them in all the territory of Israel" - II Kings 10:32. In either case the foreign nation was not considered more righteous, and the fact that they took part of Israel's land was an even greater sin than the sin of Israel that caused them to lose it.
The fact that Israel is more or less righteous during its history, NEVER justifies another nation coming in to take their land. Woe to the nation that touches the "apple of His eye" - Zechariah 2:8!
Throughout the history of Judah and Israel, the prophets called the people to moral repentance. Their primary role was not to encourage nationalist zeal, but to deal with the spiritual roots of the problem. As Yeshua said, "Seek first the kingdom of God and all these other things will be added unto you." - Matthew 6:33. The conquest of the land was seen as the natural outcome of being in right spiritual order with God. (That's why we believe that prayer, repentance and the gospel [along with serving in the army] will ultimately help Israel fulfill her kingdom destiny from God.)
Judean King Jehoshaphat once considered going to war in allegiance with sinful Israelite King Ahab. All the prophets, except one, promised a national military victory. Micaiah, however, said that although he personally desired for the armies to conquer (I Kings 22:15), God had not given His approval. This same Jehoshaphat, on another occasion, received a prophecy from Jahaziel ben Zechariah, which did promise military victory, by the supernatural intervention of the Lord (II Chronicles 20:14).
Prophecy, Gospel and the Kingdom
Prophetic discernment is needed to determine when the Lord is saying to go forward, and when He is saying not to. Moral repentance, social justice and submission to the correct government leader (Romans 13) are the elements that lead to military victory, financial prosperity and land conquest. Some want the military victory without the spiritual renewal; others want the spiritual renewal without the restoration of the Land. God's pattern is both, but in the right order.
Today the gospel is the continuance of the message of the prophets (Revelation 19:10). The prophetic message of the gospel leads to military victory (Revelation 19:11). Yeshua's disciples approached Him and asked if He would restore the kingdom to Israel (Acts 1:6). They had in mind the national restoration of David and Solomon's kingdom (Micah 4:8), and all its military victories along with it. Yeshua told them that first they had to be filled with the Holy Spirit and share the gospel around the world (Acts 1:8). When that gospel mandate nears completion, the full restoration of Israel will also be close at hand.
Note: When Messianic Jews or Christian Zionists neglect sharing the gospel, they sometimes place an overemphasis on the nationalist political agenda. Believers are certainly allowed to hold views against the government in good conscience, but when the politics (either left wing or right wing) overrides the gospel message, then priorities and discernment become imbalanced.
Note: The Torah teaches that peace negotiations must be carried out before military actions - Deuteronomy 20:10. (However, it should also be noted that the command of the Torah to offer peace before war takes place in the context of the divine mandate for the people of Israel to conquer militarily all the land of Canaan.) Interestingly, in the history of modern Israel, sometimes when the left wing group is in power, the peace attempts fail, war breaks out and the borders are increased ('48, '67, '73). And sometimes when the right wing is in power, the strong security stance allows for peace negotiations and/or land withdrawal (Begin with the Sinai, Netanyahu with Hebron, and Sharon with Gaza).
Jeremiah and the Exile
The final stage of punishment is exile. The Babylonian exile lasted for seventy years. The exile was God's punishment for the sins of the people. During the years that Jeremiah predicted the coming of the exile, all of the false prophets kept claiming more conquest and victory. (In our day, however, we are not in a period before a major exile, but rather after the great exile of the past 2,000 years. God's general pattern now is restoration and expansion of the nation.)
Although Jeremiah prophesied about the exile, he also emphasized that the covenant ownership of the Land was unbreakable, and that it would one day be restored (Jeremiah 31:36-40; 32:37-44; 33:10-18). That is why God told Jeremiah to buy property in the Land, even while the Babylonians were conquering Israel (Jeremiah 32:14-15). Jeremiah's buying land during the Babylonian exile was an act of covenant faith like Abraham buying the cave at Machpelah.
Had the people repented, God would have cancelled the punishment of the exile. The people needed only to agree to have:
1. Faith in Jeremiah's words (as opposed to the false prophets)
2. Submission to King Nebuchadnezzar (read Jeremiah 38:17).
Similarly, to be saved by the gospel, one must have faith in the apostles' testimony and submit to Yeshua as Lord. The fact that Nebuchadnezzar was a Gentile made no difference. Jew and Gentile have equal moral standing before God.
The prophets of Israel, and the apostles of Yeshua alike, demanded a balance between loyalty to the calling of Israel and recognizing the destiny of the Gentile nations as well. This explains why Jonah fled from God. Jonah was a "conquest-nationalist" type prophet. (See his prophecy in II Kings 14:25 to expand the borders of Israel.)
Then God gave him a word for Nineveh, capital of Assyria (i.e. for Gentiles). Jonah understood that if God gave him a mission to the Gentiles, then God was planning to bless them and bring them into their kingdom destiny and dominion. However, Jonah was only interested in his calling to Israel. He didn't want a mission to the Gentiles.
Ultimately, Jonah did preach the gospel to Assyria. They did repent. And God did give them kingdom dominion. Over the two to three generations after Jonah's revival, Assyria conquered the entire known world (including Israel).
In the time of Jeremiah, the religious nationalist zealots opposed God's will. They murdered Gedaliah (Jeremiah 41:2) the appointed Governor and put Jeremiah in jail (Jeremiah 37:13).
In the generation of the exile, God gave King Nebuchadnezzar dominion over the whole known world. He was an image of King Messiah, in the sense that he represented God's governing authority (Jeremiah 27:6 - "I have given all these lands into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, My servant.")
The same was true of King Cyrus of Persia in the generation of the return from the exile, who is even directly referred to as a Messiah. (Isaiah 45:1 - "Thus says the Lord to His anointed [Messiah], to Cyrus to subdue nations before him and loose the armor of kings.") Spiritual renewal, national redemption, and kingdom restoration are dependent on submitting to God's appointed and anointed authority in each generation.
Ladder of Exile and Redemption
There is a ladder of God's blessing and punishment, which has four major stages:
1. Full conquest and kingdom dominion,
2. Economic and military defeat reducing the borders,
3. Division of the nation in two,
4. Exile.
In our generation God is restoring the nation of Israel. In so doing, He reverses the process of the exile. Restoration (or national redemption) is the opposite of exile. (Note: The Hebrew word for exile is galut and for redemption is geulah, parallel concepts which sound similar in Hebrew.)
Therefore the process of restoration has the same four stages in reverse:
1. Return from exile,
2. Half the nation restored,
3. Expansion of military and economic influence,
4. Full kingdom conquest.
Here is how that restoration ladder has been partially fulfilled in the last century:
1. The return from exile started in 1881 at the first Aliyah of the "BILU" movement and continues unto today.
2. Approximately half of the land west of the Jordan was restored in 1947 at the UN partition and at the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. I believe that the UN vote and Israel statehood were a fulfillment of prophecy and part of the restoration process.
3. In 1967 and 1973, territory was expanded through military conflict. From 1977 until the present there has also been economic growth in Israel.
4. Ultimately, as the nation returns to its Messiah and the Messiah returns to His nation, the full kingdom will be restored.
In this context we would expect increasing land, military, political, and economic expansion for Israel in our generation.
Millennial Kingdom and Restoration
Yeshua will fulfill all of the nationalist expectations of Israel as prophesied in the Scriptures at His Second Coming. In the meantime, we want to pray as much as possible for His will to be done on earth in this time period. (This is a central aspect of the Lord's prayer for His kingdom to come and His will be done on earth as it is in heaven - Matthew 6:10). However, the perfect fulfillment will only happen when He returns.
It is important to see the connection between the Second Coming of Yeshua and the ultimate restoration of the nation of Israel. If not, the Christian side will miss the importance of the restoration of Israel in our day, and the Jewish side will miss the Messianic part of the coming of the kingdom.
Yeshua will come again. He came first as a suffering servant (Messiah son of Joseph, in rabbinic terminology) and will come again as a conquering king (Messiah son of David, in rabbinic terminology). Yeshua did not fulfill all the prophecies about the Messiah. He fulfilled half of them. He fulfilled the prophetic and priestly functions at His first coming, and will fulfill the kingly functions at His second coming.
Note: This is also a key factor in evangelism, particularly to Jewish people. They do not understand why Yeshua had to be crucified. "If you are Messiah come down off the cross (conquer the Romans, bring world peace), and then we will believe in you."- Matthew 27:42, Mark 15:32, Luke 23:37.
God's covenant promises to Abraham concerning the land, to Moses concerning the priesthood, to David concerning the Israelite kingdom, and to the prophets concerning world peace - will all be fulfilled in the millennial kingdom immediately after the Second Coming. God desires to see as much of the restoration of the kingdom as possible in this age, but the final and total fulfillment only occurs after Yeshua returns.
PART TWO: EXILE and REDEMPTION