text:
Scaligero Castle
Sirmione, Italy
One of the most well-preserved castles in Italy also contains a rare medieval example of a port fortification.
Scaligero Castle of Sirmione Margherito1 (Creative Commons)
Scaligero Castle of Sirmione SpeedyGonsales (Creative Commons)
Scaligero Castle of Sirmione Sandra Grampa (Creative Commons)
Scaligero Castle of Sirmione Nemo bis (Creative Commons)
Max Cortesi (Atlas Obscura User)
View from the tallest tower Max Cortesi (Atlas Obscura User)
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The city of Sirmione is located on a narrow strip of land extending more than two miles into the southernmost part of Lake Garda. At the end of the Middle Ages, during a period growing communes in Italy, Sirmione was governed by the powerful Della Scala family of Verona whose members were known as Scaligeri.
During the second half of the 14th century, the ruling family ordered the construction of a fortification on the promontory of Sirmione. The castle served a defensive function, but also acted as a small port with its docks serving as a safe haven for Scaliger and Venetian fleets. The entire castle, even the dock, is surrounded by towers and battlements. The structure was enlarged and improved upon during the following century when the area was governed by the Republic of Venice. The castle remained the most important fortification in the region until the 16th century when a new fortress was constructed in nearby Peschiera del Garda.
In the following centuries, the castle was used as an armory and military barracks. After the unification of Italy, the offices of the municipality of Sirmione and the local police station were placed in the castle. It also served as a small jail. The castle was restored after World War I and is now a museum.
The castle is open Tuesday to Saturday, 8:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m.
From street food to lavish feasts, piping-hot coffee to smooth aperitivos, folk songs to opera, hilltop farms to urban wilds, immerse yourself in the greatest culinary and cultural experiences of Naples, meeting lively local Neapolitani for whom this is the only way to live.
fortresses castles medieval architecture
StepYoshi
MrCarl, Max Cortesi
https://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/opencms/MiBAC/sito-MiBAC/Luogo/MibacUnif/Luoghi-della-Cultura/visualizza_asset.html?id=150212&pagename=157031
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castello_Scaligero_(Sirmione)
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Scaligero+Castle/@45.4923879,10.6084022,19z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x4781935399fb27b7:0x341a4cfd587adca1!8m2!3d45.4923879!4d10.6084022
34 Piazza Castello
Sirmione, 25019
Grotte di Catullo (Grottoes of Catullus)
Ossario di San Martino
On the shores of Lake Garda, the ruins of a Roman villa that allegedly belonged to the poet Catullus.
San Martino della Battaglia, Italy
The skulls and bones of thousands of soldiers line the walls of this small Italian chapel.
San felice del Benaco, Italy
A small island in Lake Garda that was used as a burial site, pirate hideout, and a monastery.
Solferino, Italy
The Ossuary at San Pietro
The bones of some 7,000 soldiers killed in the historic Battle of Solferino are stored here.
Malbork, Poland
Malbork Castle
This 13th century Gothic brick castle is the largest in the world by surface area.
Alcázar de Segovia
This magnificent castle grew from a small Moorish fortress, and reportedly inspired two iconic Disney castles.
Roccascalegna, Italy
Castle of Roccascalegna
This precariously perched fortress was once ruled by a crow-worshipping baron.
Bač, Serbia
Bač Fortress
A well preserved medieval fortress in Vojvodina.


text:
package loci.common;

import java.util.HashMap;

/**
 * A data structure containing a parsed list of INI key/value tables.
 *
 * @author Curtis Rueden ctrueden at wisc.edu
 */
public class IniTable extends HashMap<String, String> {

  // -- Constants --

  /** Key to use for storing header value (in brackets). */
  public static final String HEADER_KEY = "header";

  /** Default header name when no header is available. */
  public static final String DEFAULT_HEADER = "DEFAULT_HEADER";

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Travelling around on a bicycle is a great form of green transport and also a good way of keeping fit. However this form of transport is all well and good in the summer in dry weather, but what about when it's raining? Swiss company Allnew have designed the Dryve, a detachable and flexible rain cover that fits most bikes.
The Dryve is simple to use as it just attaches to the handlebars and then to the back of the saddle and the rider is able to do this in just 30 seconds. The cover will then arch over the person riding the bike and while it doesn't keep rain out at the sides, it does keep a lot of rain off the top.
When the cover is not being used it weighs just 850 grams and it can collapse into a photographic reflector like hoop that can be carried in the sack that comes with it.
Dryve was recently highlighted at Eurobike 2014 over in Germany and when it has been made available next spring, it will be offered in a choice of colours for around US$163.


Asus Fonepad 7 FE375CL is compatible with Ufone GSM, Ufone HSDPA and Asus Fonepad 7 FE375CL is not compatible with Ufone LTE.
To configure Ufone APN settings with Asus Fonepad 7 FE375CL follow below steps.
If the above Ufone Internet APN settings do not work on your Fonepad 7 FE375CL, make below changes to Ufone Internet APN settings to get Ufone WAP on your Asus Fonepad 7 FE375CL.
If the above Ufone MMS APN settings too do not work on your Fonepad 7 FE375CL, make below changes to Ufone MMS APN settings to get Ufone MMS on your Asus Fonepad 7 FE375CL.
For Asus Fonepad 7 FE375CL, when you type Ufone APN settings, make sure you enter APN settings in correct case. For example, if you are entering Ufone Internet APN settings make sure you enter APN as ufone.pinternet and not as UFONE.PINTERNET or Ufone.pinternet. If entering PK-Ufone APN Settings above to your Asus Fonepad 7 FE375CL, APN should be entered as ufone.internet and not as UFONE.INTERNET or Ufone.internet.
Asus Fonepad 7 FE375CL is compatible with below network frequencies of Ufone.
Asus Fonepad 7 FE375CL supports Ufone 2G on GSM 900 MHz and 1800 MHz.
Asus Fonepad 7 FE375CL supports Ufone 3G on HSDPA 2100 MHz and 900 MHz.
Asus Fonepad 7 FE375CL does not support Ufone 4G LTE.
Overall compatibililty of Asus Fonepad 7 FE375CL with Ufone is 50%. The compatibility of Asus Fonepad 7 FE375CL with Ufone, or the Ufone network support on Asus Fonepad 7 FE375CL we have explained here is only a technical specification match between Asus Fonepad 7 FE375CL and Ufone network. Even Asus Fonepad 7 FE375CL is listed as compatible here, Ufone network can still disallow (sometimes) Asus Fonepad 7 FE375CL in their network using IMEI ranges. Therefore, this only explains if Ufone allows Asus Fonepad 7 FE375CL in their network, whether Asus Fonepad 7 FE375CL will work properly or not, in which bands Asus Fonepad 7 FE375CL will work on Ufone and the network performance between Ufone and Asus Fonepad 7 FE375CL. To check if Asus Fonepad 7 FE375CL is really allowed in Ufone network please contact Ufone support. Do not use this website to decide to buy Asus Fonepad 7 FE375CL to use on Ufone.


BARRAVENTO is an exceptionally beautiful work, shot in the dramatically filtered, black-and-white photography associated with Eisenstein's »Que Viva Mexico! » and Flaherty's »Moana. » In its use of dance and song within – and as comment on – the narrative, it parallels a number of films by Rocha's associates in Brazil's CinemaMNovo movement.
Even the fights are choreographed as if they were ballets. It's also a far more tidy, far less flamboyant work than Rocha's later films, including »Antonio das Mortes » (1968).These are so lavish in their use of legend, left-wing politics and obscure mysticism that they tend to be more popular at film festivals than with ordinary audiences.
He studied Law. He also directed theatre pieces, wrote movie criticisms and took part in the creation and development of the 'cinema novo' movement in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, becoming its theoretical leader and first embassador in Europe. After « Barravento (1962) », a trilogy of films and « Antonio das Mortes (1969) » he won various international prizes. As he symbolized the feelings of the ideology of the May of 1968, he became very popular in Europe and America. But when he started to film in Africa and Spain his followers were distracted and this marked the beginning of the decline of his fame. Thus, he only made a couple of films of minor interest later on. He died in 1981.


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Effect of Different Amounts of Protein and Varying Proportions of Corn Silage and Alfalfa Hay on Milk Production and Nitrogen Excretion of Dairy Holstein Cows
B. Mohtashami 1
H.R. Mirzaei 2
H. Amanlou 2
1 Department of Animal Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
2 Department of Animal Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
Four treatments were assigned to determine the effects of dietary potential digestible fiber (pdF) and crude protein (CP) levels in mid lactating Holstein cows on milk production and nitrogen efficiency. Sixteen primiparous (n=8) and multiparous (n=8) Holstein cows (body weight (BW)=546±72 kg; days in milk (DIM)=118±50 day) were allocated to one of four diets in balanced randomized complete design in two periods (each period including 28 day). Diets consisted of 50% forage and 50% concentrate. The experimental diets were as follows: 1) 19% CP and low pdF (HPLDF); 2) 17% CP and low pdF (MPLDF); 3) 15% CP and high pdF (LPHDF) and 4) 17% CP and high pdF (MPHDF). Milk yield was similar among dietary protein levels in each treatment, when data were combined across treatments. Both milk urea nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen concentrations increased as the protein content of diet was increased. As dietary protein was increased from the lowest to the highest concentrations, mean fecal N concentration increased from 2.8 to 3.0% and urinary N from 5.8 to 7.3 g/L (P<0.05). Overall, based on N utilization as well as milk production, 17% protein in diets utilizing various proportions of alfalfa hay and corn silage as the forage source appeared sufficient for cows producing 27 kg/d of milk in this study. Reducing protein to this amount can reduce N excretion, especially environmentally labile urinary N, without affecting milk production.
crude protein
dairy cow
digestive fiber
nitrogen excretion
The first goal in formulating diets of lactating dairy cows for protein requirements is to meet the requirements of the microbes in the rumen. The second goal is to balance the metabolizable protein (MP) requirement of the cow. An additional goal, such as not exceeding the CP requirement of the cows so that N excretion is reduced, may need to be considered. Excess CP in the diets of dairy cows contributes to growing environmental concerns related to N pollution of water resources (Tamminga, 1992). In addition, excess dietary CP can be met, resulting in unnecessary feeding expenses. Diets with lower concentrations of CP but with properly balanced ruminally degradable CP may have both an economical and environmental impact. Increased amounts of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) in the diets of cows in the mid (Arieli et al. 1996; Robinson et al. 1991) or late lactation (Robertson and Van Soest, 1981) did not result in higher milk production. This result could be explained because cows in early lactation have a greater demand for MP to meet the demands of high milk production but in later lactation, these demands decline. After peak of milk production, the requirement for MP can be meet while feeding lower CP concentration diets by maximizing DMI. Recently, there has been an effort to reduce the amount of protein fed to dairy cows to minimize N excretion and loss to the environment. Several studies (Leonardi et al. 2003; Wattiaux and Karg, 2004a) compared "Low" and "High" dietary protein amounts and suggested that it is possible to reduce protein from 18 (or above) to 16.5% without affecting milk production. However, other studies observed decreased milk production when dietary protein was reduced from 17.4 to 15.2% (Kalscheur et al. 1999) and from 18.4 to 15.1% (Broderick, 2003). Wu and Satter (2000) suggested that dietary protein may only be reduced moderately from levels producers often used (~18%) without affecting milk production and that other means including maximizing microbial protein production are needed to obtain a significant reduction in the need of dietary protein and therefore a reduction in N excretion. More research is needed to define the response curve for milk production as a function of dietary protein amount. In addition to protein intake, the type of forage fed may be important. Corn silage and alfalfa hay are the two most common forages fed to dairy cows. Corn silage is a fermentable carbohydrate source and alfalfa is high in rumen degradable protein (RDP). The 2 feedstuffs complement each other by providing fermentable energy and available N for microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. Hence, the proportions of these forage sources in the diet could have an influence on N utilization. Dhiman and Satter (1997) showed that the efficiency of N utilization increased as the proportion of corn silage was increased to two-thirds in its combination with alfalfa. Wattiaux and Karg (2004a) showed increased milk yields when the corn silage proportion was raised from 25 to 75% in dietary forage that utilized alfalfa silage and corn silage only. The objective of this study was to determine the response in milk production and N excretion in dairy cows to dietary protein amount for diets that varied in the proportion of corn silage and alfalfa hay.
Sixteen Holstein cows (n=8 multiparous and n=8 primiparous) were used to determine the effect of varying the dietary protein content and different source of forage on milk production and N excretion. At the start of the study, cows were 118 ± 50 DIM (day in milk) (Mean±SE), weighed 545 ± 93 kg and had been consuming treatment diets since d 21 postpartum. The experiment was designed as a randomized complete design. Cows were assigned randomly within 1of 4 dietary treatments (for each treatment two primiparous and two multiparous). The experiment consisted of 2 periods lasting 28 d each (21 d of adaptation and 7 d of sampling). The diets were as follows: 1) 19% CP and low potential digestible fiber (pdF) (HPLDF); 2) 17% CP and low pdF (MPLDF); 3) 15% CP and high pdF (LPHDF) and 4) 17% CP and high pdF (MPHDF). The diets were balanced for pdF by using different levels of dried alfalfa hay and corn silage in forage proportion of diets (Table 1). Diets used in all trials consisted of forage and concentrate at a ratio of 50:50 (DM basis) (Table 2). Alfalfa hay and corn silage were the forage sources used in the treatments. Treatments 1, 2 and 3, 4 used a different alfalfa hay: corn silage ratio and these ratios were 20:80 and 80:20 for treatments 1, 2 and 3, 4, respectively. The targeted protein content of the diet was 19, 17, 15 or 17% for the 4 treatments. Diets were offered ad libitum and orts were kept at 10% of the amount offered. The actual amounts of feed offered and refused were recorded daily to obtain net intake for individual animals. The body weight (BW) of cows was measured on two consecutive days at the beginning of the trial and at the end of each period. Three milk samples were taken from consecutive morning, noon and evening milking during the last day in each period. Fecal and urine samples were taken during the last 4 d of the collection week of each period. Feces were sampled from the rectum and urine during urination with stimulation. Fecal samples were pooled to obtain a composite for individual cows in each period. Samples of urine were acidified to pH < 4 using 4 MHCl and frozen. These samples were later thawed and a composite was generated for each cow during each period. Blood samples (10 mL) were collected once during the collection week from the coccygeal vein into evacuated tubes containing EDTA. Milk samples were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, urea N using infrared spectroscopy (Foss Electric). Feed and fecal samples were dried at 55 ˚C in a forced air oven for 48 h. Ground samples were analyzed for DM (102 ˚C), CP based on Kjeldahl N (AOAC, 1990). Urine samples were also analyzed for CP using the AOAC method (AOAC, 1990). Blood plasma was obtained by centrifugation at 4 ˚C and 3000 × gfor 15 min and analyzed for urea N concentration (Urea Nitrogen kit 580). Urine samples were analyzed for creatinine concentration (Sigma Creatinine Kit 555) to estimate urine volume (Valadares et al. 1999). Rumen fluid pH was determined within 3 min of collection using a handheld pH meter (Twin pH meter model B-213; Spectrum Technologies Inc., Plainfield, IL). Also, 1 mL of rumen fluid was acidified with 20 μL of 50% trichloroacetic acid and frozen until analysis for NH3 N concentration. Body weight was recorded using weighing scales. The body condition score (BCS), recorded simultaneously using scale of 1 (thin) to 5 (fat) with increments of 0.25.
Table 1 Food rations based on the percentage of dry matter
Table 2 Nutrient composition of diets
RUP: rumen undegrdable protein, RDP: rumen degradable protein, NEL: nat energy lactation, EE: ether extract, NDF: natural detergent fiber, PeNDF: physical effective NDF and NFC: non fiber carbohydrate.
Data were analyzed separately for each trial with a balanced randomized complete block design. The MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS, 1999) was used for the analysis using the following model:
Yijkn= µ + Ti + Pj + Timek + (T×P)ij + (T×Time)ik + COWn (t) i + eijhn
Y: observation.
µ: overall mean.
T: treatments effect.
P: period.
e: residual error.
For all analyses, differences were considered significant at (P<0.05), unless specified.
Dry matter intake was not affected by dietary protein concentration in any of the treatments but cows fed the diets with high pdF had greater (P<0.05) DMI (Table 3). Broderick (2003) showed small increases in DMI as dietary protein was increased from 15.1 to 18.4%, whereas no change was reported by Davidson et al. (2003) with dietary protein ranging from 16.5 to 19.4% or by Wattiaux and Karg (2004a) using protein of 16.5 to 17.9%. The BW of cows was similar among treatments in all treatments. There was no effect of dietary protein concentration on milk yield in any of the treatments (Table 4). The lack of response in milk production is consistent with others' observations that milk yield did not change when dietary protein was varied from 17.2 to 19.0% (Sannes et al. 2002), from 16.8 to 19.4% (Davidson et al. 2003) and from 16.7 to 18.4% (Broderick, 2003). In the study of Broderick (2003), milk yield decreased when dietary protein was reduced to 15.1%. Milk protein content, milk fat yield, lactose and 3.5% fat corrected milk (FCM) did not change in any of the treatments (Leonardi et al. 2003). Kung and Huber (1983) reported no change in milk fat or protein concentration with diets varying in protein from 11 to 17%, whereas Cunningham et al. (1996) showed increased milk fat and protein percentages and yields when dietary protein was increased from 14.5 to 16.5%, but no changes when protein was further increased to 18.5%. Milk urea N concentration increased (P<0.05) with dietary protein in all 4 treatments (Table 5). Diets used in diet 3 contained less protein than those used in the other trials, resulting in the lowest milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and blood urea N concentrations. Analysis of combined data from all treatments showed that MUN linearly increased from 10.1 to 15.2 mg/dL (SEM 0.5) and blood urea N from 11.1 to 15.8 mg/dL (SEM 0.4) as dietary protein was increased from the lowest to the highest levels. The observation on the relationship between dietary protein level and MUN and blood urea N concentrations is also consistent with those made in many other studies (Broderick and Clayton, 1997; Chapa et al. 2001; Sannes et al. 2002). Apparent digestibility of DM increased (P<0.05) as the digesability of fiber and protein content of the diet was increased (Table 6).
Table 3 Dry matter intake and BW of cows fed diets containing different amounts of protein in treatments utilizing different ratios of alfalfa hay to corn silage
The means within the same row with at least one common letter, do not have significant difference (P>0.05).
1. high protein, low potential digestible fiber, 2. mid protein, low potential digestible fiber, 3. low protein, high potential digestible fiber and 4. mid Protein, high potential digestible fiber.
DIM: days in milk, BCS: body condition score; BW: body weight.
SEM: standard error of the means.
Table 4 Milk yield and components of cows fed diets containing different amounts of protein in treatments utilizing different ratios of alfalfa hay to corn silage
Table 5 Milk urea N (MUN) and blood urea N (BUN) concentrations of cows fed diets containing different amounts of protein in treatments utilizing different ratios of alfalfa hay to corn silage
The highest digestibility occurred with the 17% CP in treatment 4. The digestibility was low for treatment 2. Wattiaux and Karg (2004b) showed no changes in DM digestibility when dietary protein was changed from 16.5 to 17.7%. Changes in the apparent digestibility of protein were not consistent either. Decreasing dietary protein has been reported to result in decreases (Wright et al. 1998; Kauffman and St-Pierre, 2001; Broderick, 2003; Wattiaux and Karg, 2004b) or no changes (Noftsger and St-Pierre, 2003) in protein apparent digestibility. Fecal and urinary N concentrations increased linearly as dietary protein was increased for all treatments (Table 7).
Table 6 Apparent digestibility of nutrients in cows fed diets containing different amounts of protein in treatments utilizing different ratios of alfalfa hay to corn silage
Table 7 Fecal and urinary N concentrations in cows fed diets containing different amounts of protein in treatments utilizing different ratios of alfalfa hay to corn silage
The result on urinary N concentration is consistent with several other studies that reported increased urinary N excretion with increased dietary protein (Tomlinson et al. 1996; Castillo et al. 2001).
Using 4 treatments that varied in the proportion of alfalfa hay and corn silage varying dietary protein from 15 to 19% did not affect milk yield but increased N excretion. Based on the data from all 4 treatments and the evaluation using the NRC (2001) ration formulation program, dietary protein at 17% was sufficient for cows producing 27 kg/d of milk and fed diets containing various proportions of alfalfa hay and corn silage. Reducing protein to this amount can reduce N excretion, especially environmentally labile urinary N, without affecting milk production.
AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 15th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
Arieli A., Shabi Z., Bruckental I., Tagari H., Aharoni Y., Zamwell S. and Voet H. (1996). Effect of the degradation of organic matter and crude protein on ruminal fermentation in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 79, 1774-1780.
Broderick G.A. (2003). Effects of varying dietary protein and energy levels on the production of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86, 1370-1381.
Broderick G.A. and Clayton M.K. (1997). A statistical evaluation of animal and nutritional factors influencing concentrations of milk urea nitrogen. J. Dairy Sci. 80, 2964-2971.
Castillo A.R., Kebreab E., Beever D.E., Barbi J.H., Sutton J.D., Kirby H.C. and France J. (2001). The effect of protein supplementation on nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows fed grass silage diets. J. Anim. Sci. 79, 247-253.
Chapa A.M., McCormick M.E., Fernandez J.M., French D.D., Ward J.D. and Beatty J.F. (2001). Supplemental dietary protein for grazing dairy cows: reproduction, condition loss, plasma metabolites and insulin. J. Dairy Sci. 84, 908-916.
Cunningham K.D., Cecava M.J., Johnson T.R. and Ludden P.A. (1996). Influence of source and amount of dietary protein on milk yield by cows in early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 79, 620-630.
Davidson S., Hopkins B.A., Diaz D.E., Bolt S.M., Brownie C., Fellner V. and Whitlow L.W. (2003). Effects of amounts and degradability of dietary protein on lactation, nitrogen utilization, and excretion in early lactation Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86, 1681-1689.
Dhiman T.R. and Satter L.D. (1997). Yield response of dairy cows fed different proportions of alfalfa silage and corn silage. J. Dairy Sci. 80, 2069-2082.
Kalscheur K.F., Vandersall J.H., Erdman R.A., Kohn R.A. and Russek-Cohen E. (1999). Effects of dietary crude protein concentration and degradability on milk production responses of early, mid, and late lactation dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 82, 545-554.
Kauffman A.J. and St-Pierre N.R. (2001). The relationship of milk urea nitrogen to urine nitrogen excretion in Holstein and Jersey cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84, 2284-2294.
Kung L.J., and Huber J.T. (1983). Performance of high producing cows in early lactation fed protein of varying amounts, sources and degradabilities. J. Dairy Sci. 66, 227-234.
Leonardi C., Stevenson M. and Armentano L.E. (2003). Effect of two levels of crude protein and methionine supplementation on performance of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86, 4033-4042.
Noftsger S. and St-Pierre N.R. (2003). Supplementation of methionine and selection of highly digestible rumen undegradable protein to improve nitrogen efficiency for milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 86, 958-69.
NRC. (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7thEd.NationalAcademy Press, Washington, DC, USA.
Robertson J.B. and Van Soest R.J. (1981). The detergent system of analysis and its application human foods. Pp. 123-158 in Analysis of Dietary Fiber in Food. W.P.T. James and O. Theander, Eds. Marcel Dekker, New York.
Robinson P.H., McQueen R.E. and Burgess P.L. (1991). Influence of rumen undegradable protein levels on feed intake and milk production of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 1623-1631.
Sannes R.A., Messman M.A. and Vagnoni D.B. (2002). Form ofrumen-degradable carbohydrate and nitrogen on microbial proteinsynthesis and protein efficiency of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85, 900-908.
SAS Institute. (1999). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 8.2. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Tamminga S. (1992). Nutrition management of dairy cows as a contribution to pollution control. J. Dairy Sci. 75, 345-357.
Tomlinson A.P., Powers W.J., Van Horn H.H., Nordstedt R.A., and Wilcox C.J. (1996). Dietary protein effects on nitrogen excretion and manure characteristics of lactating cows. Trans. ASAE. 39, 1441-1448.
Valadares R.F.D., Broderick G.A., Valadares Filho S.C. and Clayton M.K. (1999). Effect of replacing alfalfa silage with high moisture corn on ruminal protein synthesis estimated from excretion of total purine derivatives. J. Dairy Sci. 82, 2686-2696
Wattiaux M.A. and Karg K.L. (2004a). Protein level for alfalfa and corn silage based diets. I. Lactational response and milk urea nitrogen. J. Dairy Sci. 87, 3480-3491.
Wattiaux M.A. and Karg K.L. (2004b). Protein level for alfalfa and corn silage based diets. II. Nitrogen balance and manure characteristics. J. Dairy Sci. 87, 3492-3502.
Wright T.C., Moscardini S., Luimes P.H. and McBride B.W. (1998). Effects of rumen-undegradable protein and feed intake on nitrogen balance and milk protein production in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 81, 784-793.
Wu Z. and Satter L.D. (2000). Milk production during the complete lactation of dairy cows fed diets containing different amounts of protein. J. Dairy Sci. 83, 1042-1051.
Receive Date: 07 November 2015
Revise Date: 10 January 2016
Accept Date: 31 January 2016
PDF Download: 1,250
Mohtashami, B., Mirzaei, H., Amanlou, H. (2016). Effect of Different Amounts of Protein and Varying Proportions of Corn Silage and Alfalfa Hay on Milk Production and Nitrogen Excretion of Dairy Holstein Cows. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 6(3), 505-510.
B. Mohtashami; H.R. Mirzaei; H. Amanlou. "Effect of Different Amounts of Protein and Varying Proportions of Corn Silage and Alfalfa Hay on Milk Production and Nitrogen Excretion of Dairy Holstein Cows". Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 6, 3, 2016, 505-510.
Mohtashami, B., Mirzaei, H., Amanlou, H. (2016). 'Effect of Different Amounts of Protein and Varying Proportions of Corn Silage and Alfalfa Hay on Milk Production and Nitrogen Excretion of Dairy Holstein Cows', Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 6(3), pp. 505-510.
Mohtashami, B., Mirzaei, H., Amanlou, H. Effect of Different Amounts of Protein and Varying Proportions of Corn Silage and Alfalfa Hay on Milk Production and Nitrogen Excretion of Dairy Holstein Cows. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 2016; 6(3): 505-510.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


HOTMELT – What is it and what does it do?
Over the years, we have closely followed the development trends in the protection of sensitive electronic components and devices against environmental conditions and effects.
Two-component potting with polyurethane or epoxy resin has been used successfully for decades.
This method enhances heat dissipation, insulation, moisture protection and mechanical resistance.
However, potting has several drawbacks: it is time-consuming, requires the use of "pots" (i.e. cases, shells, housings) and involves processing of hazardous substances in the production of potting compounds.
Hotmelt molding at low injection pressure using polyamide-based pellets provides less heat dissipation compared to potting compounds and a somewhat reduced mechanical resistance than a conventional housing, but it offers convincing benefits such as fast and easy processing and excellent environmental compatibility.
Electronic modules completely encapsulated with hotmelt have been available to our customers since March 2016. Hotmelt molding is also used in cable production for strain relief, sealing and shaping applications of assembled plugs and connectors.


text:
Q: Why does Google Firebase Cloud Firestore has "write", "update" security rules, while we should not allow users to write directly on database? I'm implementing an application that using Google Firebase Cloud Firestore. Because my application has a lot of small write requests, it will be very costly if I use Firebase Cloud Functions in the middle. Therefore, I asked a question on Should we allow users to write to database directly. All responses said that I should not do so. Then, why does Google Firebase Cloud Firestore has "write", "update" security rules? Users should not write to the database anyhow.
EDIT (responding to DIGI's comment & answer):
From the answer, it seems like we can use the firebase rule instead. Then, how should we correctly use them?
For example, my app is recording user's location when they turn on the map & update it to the database so that user's friends can see it in real-time. How should I ensure that the data is in the form {longtitude: double, latitude: double, timeStamp: TimeStamp}, and the user doesn't change any other few in the document?

A: This is a common misconception from standard MySQL databases and similar where a server acts as a layer of logic and sits between the client and database.
Firebase still has this layer of logic in a simplified version known as security rules which allow basic read and write operations from the client. The design is by shifting computing power from the server backend onto the client instead, saving in server computing costs on their backend by distributing that requirement to users' devices.
The concerns listed in SE are from people who are unaware of the limitations and restrictions you can place inside rules and your project to control what can be requested with firebase and your app.
To clarify, Firebase does not hide your database keys, they are easily accessible and yes, a user can theoretically make a client using your database backend. but so long as rules are in place, conditions defined, Cors configuration, and app origin settings are enforced, you can prevent all of this.

A: For multiple writes, Realtime is ideal since it can handle data faster and more cost-effective than Firestore writes.
So my example will respond with the intent of realtime database per your edit.
{
 "rules": {
 "location": {
 "$uid": {
 ".validate": "newData.hasChildren(['longtitude', 'latitude', 'timestamp']) &&
               newData.child('longtitude').isNumber() &&
               newData.child('latitude').isNumber() &&
               newData.child('timestamp').val() <= now",
 }
 }
 }
}

I highly suggest getting familiar with some core concepts
https://medium.com/@juliomacr/10-firebase-realtime-database-rule-templates-d4894a118a98
Full documentation here: https://firebase.google.com/docs/reference/security/database

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Every time I get in my car, my phone lights up and tells me how far I am from home. I first noticed this little trick several months ago after I downloaded the new update for my device. Of course, like any iPhone owner after a new update, I experienced several emotional reactions to this interesting habit my phone had developed.
First, I was amused—delighted, even—to discover how smart my phone had become overnight.
Way to go, phone, for knowing how long it takes to get somewhere and for telling me this information entirely unsolicited.
Then, I noticed that it only pulled this little stunt when I got inside my car. I was unnerved by the fact that somehow, this device knew my location and often guessed where I was going based on the time of day. Immediately following my discomfort at being so well known by a cell phone, I became infuriated when it would light up with an "8 minutes to home" message. It developed into a challenge, which is no real surprise considering my uncanny ability to make everything into a competition.
Eight minutes, huh? I'll be home in five. Just you wait, you stupid electronic. I'll prove you wrong. YOU'LL SEE!
Now, however, there is a new emotion that catches in my throat every time I see that little screen light up with my geographical location. "One hundred and thirty minutes to home," it tells me. Every time, I blink back a few tears, and I wonder when the system will adjust—when I will adjust. When it will notice that I'm not going home anymore. Part of me hopes it never catches on.
If you didn't know already, I have moved to a new city to start a new job and live in a new house. All kinds of new.
As I was telling folks about my big move, I heard so many precious and kind words of affirmation.
All those things were nice, and I soaked every bit of it right up. But, I have to say there was one phrase I heard that really, really touched me. It came from my precious friend Madeline. As I was lamenting about the limited Sunday afternoons we had left to spend at Ricebox or Bluecoast, she said to me, in the kindest and sweetest of tones, "Oh please, Elizabeth! Don't be dramatic!" Doesn't that just tear your heart out? So precious. The eye roll that followed really sent this sentiment out of the park.
But she was right. There's no real need to be dramatic.
After all, I'm only one hundred and thirty minutes from home. And it doesn't matter much if my phone updates the geographical location of my living arrangements. Because the truth is, wherever I am, Florence, Alabama will always be home for me.


Long-time MikroTik users have been after better loop prevention mechanisms for quite a while now. Rapid STP within bridges was the only feature available up until Fall of 2016 and now MikroTik has released Rapid Spanning Tree in hardware for switched ports as well as a new Loop Protect feature that seems to serve the same function as Cisco's Loop Guard but not utilize spanning tree to detect the loop. MikroTik's version compares the source MAC of the loop protect frame with the MAC of the interface it is received on and if they match, it will disable the port until the timer expires and check again for the existence of a loop.
This feature was introduced in 6.37rc24 on August 31st, 2016.
Edge port on a MikroTik device facing the end subscriber equipment – this would cut down on loops (and outages) that feed back into the ISP because of subscribers plugging in "dumb" switches, hubs or bridged routers.
Edge port for an Enterprise or SMB user device to prevent loops causing a larger outage from unauthorized switches/hubs that have been plugged in on the edge port.
Data Center edge port for servers, routers or other devices that shouldn't create a loop but still have the capacity to do so. An example would be a mis-configured vSwitch in a hypervisor.
Downstream switch connected to a router or switch that doesn't have a physical topology that will allow a loop in normal operation, however, a cable plugged into two ports on the same switch or a down stream switch could still send a broadcast storm towards the port.
Below is an example lab we built to test the Loop protect feature. The idea was to intentionally create a loop between two Cisco 3750 switches that would propagate looped frames and broadcasts towards the ethernet port on a MikroTik CRS125 with Loop Protect enabled.
By default, the feature is disabled. To enable it, you select the interface to enable it on –> navigate to the 'Loop Protect' tab –> select the first drop down menu and set it to on (some versions of 6.37 have a bug that show more than the three available settings of default,on and off). You can also adjust the 'Send Interval' which controls how frequently Loop Protect frames are sent out of the interface. There is a 'Disable Time' value that can be set which starts counting down as soon as a loop is detected and will bring the interface back online after the timer is expired and check again for the existence of a loop. This interface will cycle through disabling the interface and the disable timer so long as a loop is present.
In the hardware lab above, we connected a second cable between two Cisco 3750 switches with spanning tree turned off and 'Loop Protect' detected the loop almost immediately as indicated by the message in red at the bottom of the picture below. The status has now been changed to disabled until the loop clears and the disable timer expires.
Like all good features, 'Loop Protect" will add status messages to the log which show the following as the loop is detected and then cleared. If you send your log messages to an external syslog server, then you can create alerts to let you know when a port has gone down due to a loop.


BEAR on Iron Gate have been nominated for the award of 'Bar or Restaurant in a Heritage Building' at the globally recognised Restaurant & Bar Design Awards.
Situated inside a listed Victorian ex-bank building, the interior design has been carefully developed to highlight and compliment the original architecture of the space.
The winners of the 2018 Restaurant & Bar Design Awards (including Best Overall winners) will be announced during a ceremony at London's King's Cross on the 4th October.
We wish the team at BEAR all the very best of luck!


If you are tax exempt and tax is showing at the time of order, action is required. You will have approximately 48 hours to email your Tax Exempt Certificate to Tax_Inquiry@bdainc.com and accounting@orangetheoryfitness.com so we can remove tax from your order. If your order is expedited or you provide the certificate at a later time, tax will be credited after invoicing. Please note that you only have to do this one time per person. Once you are in our system we will recognize you as tax exempt.


Tatyana Bellamy-Walker | 5/26/2016, 11:38 a.m.
When Baltimore Circuit Judge Barry Williams announced Monday that police officer Edward Nero was not guilty in the death of Freddie Gray, legal experts were not surprised by the verdict, because of the weakness of the evidence. However, several activists were unsatisfied.
In a statement released to the AmNews, Ebonie Riley, the Washington, D.C. bureau chief of the National Action Network, said that the issue is being repeated in several civil cases.
Nero, 30, faced charges of second-degree assault, reckless endangerment and misconduct in office. Gray, 25, died April 19, 2015, a week after his arrest, of a spinal cord injury sustained while he was in the back of a police van.
The officers failed to restrain Gray with a seatbelt and refused to give him medical attention when he asked for it repeatedly.
For a brief period after Gray's death, demonstrators were relatively peaceful across Baltimore. They protested against the excessive force used by police officers. After the police released more information about Gray's death, the protests turned into violent riots, with days of store looting, fighting with police, and burning of cars and buildings.
When the Nero trial verdict was released Monday afternoon, Baltimore Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake urged the community to remain peaceful.
Rawlings-Blake said officer Nero will face an administrative review by the Baltimore Police Department.
Some politicians, civic leaders and activists are searching for more proactive options.
East New York Assemblyman Charles Barron said that Black lives are disregarded in the judicial system.
Baltimore citizen activist Max Obuszewski of the National Campaign for Nonviolent Resistance said that a lack of employment opportunities have led to increased systemic violence.


Vermont, like all of the New England States, enjoys the four seasons.
There are exceptions, but in general terms the spring months are a bit chilly and often rainy, summers are mild and very pleasant, fall days are beautiful and brisk, while winters are cold and snowy.
Across the state, average high temperatures in July reach into the mid 70's, while in January, high temperatures hover in the low 20's.
Vermont receives (on average) nearly 40 inches of rainfall each year, with much higher amounts in the mountains. In the Green Mountains, yearly snowfall amounts run from 100 to 250 inches.
For a more detailed look at annual Vermont precipitation levels, view this precipitation map.


Bingo...This one's a winner!! This Stone and Stucco 1,900 sf. Colonial will warm your heart!! If you always wanted to own a home with a Front Porch this is the one!!! Your welcomed with beautiful pavers leading you to the cozy front porch. The main floor has the perfect Living space with a Stone FrPL, a large Dr, NEW EIK with SS Appliances, D/W, Granite Counter Tops,Mud Room and a half bath. Up to the 2nd Flr., you are welcomed by a Beautiful NEW FULL BATH, Master Br/ WIC, 2Br's and a Bonus Room now being used as an office but please use your imagination!! The Basement has a family room(on c/o), Laundry room, storage room, work room and doors out to the yard. The driveway can hold 4 cars and the garage has extra storage space. The fenced-in backyard is perfect for your pets and a covered patio for those summer barbecues sharing memories with family and friends. On the corner, a bus is available to take you to the Bronxville train station and Express Bus to NYC. A HOME TO LOVE!!
Yonkers is located in New York. Yonkers, New York 10701 has a population of 201,116.
The median household income in Yonkers, New York 10701 is $61,132. The median household income for the surrounding county is $83,422 compared to the national median of $53,482. The median age of people living in Yonkers 10701 is 38.1 years.
I am interested in 10 (Aka 44) Bryn Mawr, Yonkers, NY 10701.


text:
320.266.5132 jan@mntrails.com
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Itasca State Park
Itasca State Park hosts the Headwaters of the Mississippi River, which attracts thousands of visitors a year. The 32,000-acre park is the state's most developed park yet also one of its most pristine. It is Minnesota's first state park, and one of the oldest in the country. Itasca State Park is located 20 miles north of Park Rapids on the Lake Country Scenic Byway in Minnesota's Clearwater, Hubbard, and Becker counties.
Walk across the Mississippi River as it spills out of Lake Itasca
The headwaters of the Mississippi River
A family photo at the Mississippi headwaters is a must for many visitors
A paved 6-mile trail connects Douglas Lodge to the Mississippi headwaters
Cruise ship on Lake Itasca
The 16-mile bicycle route may be the most enjoyable and peaceful way to experience Itasca. The air is fresh and the forest is more immediate when you pedal through the park under your own power. Most of the bicycle route is on the paved Wilderness Drive, which also has vehicle traffic. The other paved segment runs six miles from Douglas Lodge to the Mississippi headwaters. This is a curving, rolling delight of a trail that is a treat for bicyclists and hikers.
Family ride through the park
In addition to its 49 miles of scenic hiking trails, Itasca State Park hosts a part of the North Country Trail. This 4,600 mile hiking trail passes through Minnesota on its way from New York to North Dakota. Some long hiking trails head south from the Wilderness Drive through mixed forests of virgin pine and hardwoods. You can reach the backpack sites on Hernando De Soto Lake from these paths. Several connecting trails allow hikers to make shorter loops. The trail to the Aiton Heights Observation Tower cuts through some impressive maple-basswood stands. In early October, the hardwoods are various shades of orange and yellow, forming a colorful canopy over the hilly trail. Some paths, like the Brower Trail, parallel the east shore of Lake Itasca, linking many of the attractions in the park's core.
The fire tower just off Aiton Heights Trail
View from the fire tower
Camping and Lodging
Itasca's campsites are split into two semi-modern campgrounds. Pine Ridge has 142 sites and Bear Paw has 81 sites including 11 cart-in sites less than 300 yards from the parking area. Backpackers can choose from 11 primitive campsites in the southern half of the park, a hike of one to five miles. The Elk Lake Group Center is a 50-person primitive camp with a small shelter and water supply.
Douglas Lodge
Inside the Douglas Lodge
For a less rustic experience you can stay at the year-round historic Douglas Lodge, the Mississippi Headwaters Hostel, or one of several cabins and guest houses. Douglas Lodge is a historic log hotel and restaurant built in 1905. Rooms are available in the main lodge and in Nicollet Court, a motel-type unit. The Club House is a two-story log structure ideal for family gatherings and special groups.
Mississippi Headwaters
You can reach the headwaters of the Mississippi by driving around the north end of Lake Itasca and following the signs. It's a short walk from the large parking lot, crossing over the young river on the way. At the lake's outlet, a marker notes the great river's first steps on its 2,552-mile-long journey to the Gulf of Mexico. It takes 60 days for the waters spilling out of Lake Itasca to reach their destination.
Looking downstream from the headwaters
Lake Itasca
Lake Itasca is the focal point of the park. You can launch a boat or canoe onto the lake to explore the shoreline or try the walleye, northern, bass or pan fish action. Squaw, Elk and Mary lakes also have boat landings. Daily narrated commercial boat tours of Lake Itasca run throughout the summer. The tours board at the Douglas Lodge pier in the South Itasca Center. The park swimming beach, on Lake Itasca, is up the shore from the boat landing.
Fishing dock on the south end of Lake Itasca
Access to Itasca's wild country, including the park's unique Wilderness Sanctuary, is from hiking trails and the 10-mile-long Wilderness Drive. The Wilderness Sanctuary is a 2,000-acre tract of undisturbed forest bordering the western arm of Lake Itasca. The area contains a major portion of plants and animals once common to Minnesota and has been designated a State Scientific and Natural Area and a Registered Natural Landmark by the National Park Service. Within the Sanctuary, the Bohall Wilderness Trail leads down a corridor of giant red and white pines to isolated Bohall Lake.
Itasca's pines
The virgin pine stand here is 100 to 300 years old. Numerous mosses and orchids flourish in the Sanctuary, including Bog Adder's Mouth, a relatively rare orchid in Minnesota. Midway around the Wilderness Drive is the trailhead for the Two Spot Trail. This path, originally an old forest road, will take you to South and North Twin lakes on the park's western edge. The diversity of vegetation along the trail attracts birdwatchers. Minnesota's largest white and red pine are visible from short paths just off the Wilderness Drive. The red pine, also called Norway pine, is a species especially adapted to withstand fire. Scars on this record red pine indicate that it has survived six forest fires in its 300 years.
Minnesota's largest white pine off Wilderness Drive
The white pine is 112 feet tall; the red pine is 120 feet. The remote lakes and deep forests of Itasca provide a fertile environment for the park's plant and animal life. Beaver dams are visible on Allen Lake, on Nicollet Creek and on the Mississippi River. Bald eagles nest near Chambers Creek between Lake Itasca and Elk Lake. They usually build their large nests in tall red or white pines.
The Bison Kill Site, near the Big Pine Trail, marks the location of campsites used by Indian hunters some 8,000 years ago. These nomadic Indians ambushed bison, deer and moose using flint-tipped spears. The site was discovered when the Nicollet Creek Bridge was being built, and was excavated by archaeologists from the University of Minnesota. You can see other evidence of early people in Itasca at the Indian Mounds near the headwaters. These burial mounds, 500 to 900 years old, were built by Woodland Indians who lived here before the Dakota and Ojibwe tribes.
It took almost 300 years from the time the river was discovered in 1541 to find its source. The first white men to visit Lake Itasca were French fur traders who called it Lac La Biche ,Elk Lake. They probably didn't know that the lake was the source of the Mississippi River. In the early 19th century, several explorers each claimed to be the discoverer of the river's true source. The confusion persisted because no one realized that the river flowed north from its source, not south. When Henry Rowe Schoolcraft and his expedition came to northern Minnesota area in 1832, they traveled directly to Lake Itasca only because their Ojibwe Indian guide, Ozawindib, knew where the river started. Schoolcraft coined the name Itasca. Even after Schoolcraft's discovery, a few other explorers claimed they had found the source in various tributaries of Lake Itasca. The controversy continued until 1889 when Jacob V. Brower studied the topography of the Itasca basin. He concluded that several creeks do contribute to Lake Itasca, but only at the lake's outlet is a river formed. Brower struggled for years to preserve Itasca. In 1891, the legislature established Itasca State Park. But Brower, appointed the first park commissioner, received no pay and no funds or support to make the park a reality. Logging companies muscled their way into the park and began to clear-cut the timber. It wasn't until 1919 that the major logging operations were completed. Today, however, there are still stands of virgin red and white pine in the park with some of the oldest and largest pine trees in Minnesota.
Itasca's 13 miles of groomed cross-county ski trails are designed mostly for beginner and intermediate skiers. Snowshoers like to explore the Wilderness Sanctuary and the point of land between the arms of Lake Itasca. The chance to spear Northern Pike attracts ice fishermen to Itasca's lakes. The Jacob V. Brower Visitor Center stays open during the winter and has bathrooms, interpretive displays and a fireplace.
More about skiing in the Park Rapids area
Along the banks of the young Mississippi
Ski right up to the source of the Mississippi River
Even a dreary day will bring ice anglers to Lake Itasca
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text:
3:59.4 The Quest For The Four-Minute Mile
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'The time is three...'
Lost in the roar of the crowd were the remaining words, '...minutes, fifty-nine point four seconds.'
Roger Bannister's time in 1954 did not just break the world record for the mile; it broke the long-standing four-minute barrier that had defeated many top runners including Nurmi, Wooderson and Hägg. Yet it was a time that should have been run many years before. Athletes tried and failed until Bannister's legendary run.
Since then, the barrier has been broken by others, including Coe, Ovett and Cram. But is a 3:40 mile, or even a 3:30 mile, possible?
From Walter George to Hicham El Guerrouj, this is the authoritative statistical history of miling and more than 500 runners who have tried to break the most famous time in athletics history.
Bob Phillips was a member of the BBC Radio athletics commentary team for seventeen years. He is now editor of Track Stats, the journal of the National Union of Track Statisticians. In recent years he has written a number of books about sports and athletics history. He lives in south-west France with his wife. During a long and consistently modest running career he competed at every distance from 100 yards to the marathon – his fastest time in the mile is 4:23.
1 April 2015 - ISBN 9780993215209
Paperback - 198 x 129mm - 396 pages


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text:
// Copyright (c) Christof Senn. All rights reserved. See license.txt in the project root for license information.

namespace Aqua.Tests.Serialization
{
    using System.IO;
    using System.Xml.Serialization;

    public static class XmlSerializationHelper
    {
        public static T Serialize<T>(this T graph)
        {
            var serializer = new XmlSerializer(typeof(T));

            using var stream = new MemoryStream();
            serializer.Serialize(stream, graph);

            stream.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
            return (T)serializer.Deserialize(stream);
        }
    }
}


Cross from the Granity Pass Hut to the prominent old lateral moraine (known as the Railway Embankment). Ground trails lead onto a large area of schist-based tussock and tarns (known as the Hay Paddock), which overlies the predominant marble of the Mt Owen massif. From tarns south of Sentinel Hill, aim for the best route onto the rock and then onto the ridge north of the peak.
After gold-bearing quartz was found in 1886, gold miners worked up the Owen River, though little evidence remains today apart from the names of many of the side streams. From SH6, drive up the Owen Valley East Rd to the Carrol Creek car park, from where an old dray road follows the river to the Bulmer Creek junction. A marked track climbs steeply up a spur to Sunrise Peak. It is possible to continue through the waterless and wild karst country to Mt Owen in a long day trip. Route finding through the spectacular eroded limestone and marble can be rather time consuming.
Another route (used by cavers) follows up Bulmer Creek and along a prominent ledge in the limestone bluffs at its head to Bulmer Lake. From here it is fairly good travel on tussock and scree, through Castle Basin to Poverty Basin (campsites and small tarns in each). Continue into a basin east of Replica Hill. Routes can be found through the karst.


text:
RSpec.resource 'UserRoles', issues: ['railgun#168'] do
  header 'Host', 'localhost:5000'
  header 'Content-Type', 'application/json'
  before { header 'Authorization', "Bearer #{create(:administrator).api_token}" }
  let!(:user) { create(:user) }
  let!(:user_role) { user.add_role(:owner) }
  response_field :id, 'ID', 'Type' => 'Integer'
  response_field :user_id, 'user ID', 'Type' => 'Integer'
  response_field :roles, 'Name of role', 'Type' => 'String'

  get '/api/v1/user_roles' do
    example_request 'List user_roles' do
      explanation 'List all available user_roles'

      expect(status).to eq 200
      expect(JSON.parse(response_body).size).to eq(2)
    end
  end

  get '/api/v1/user_roles/-1' do
    example_request 'resource not found' do
      explanation 'returns status 404'

      expect(status).to eq 404
    end
  end

  get '/api/v1/user_roles/:id' do
    let(:id) { user_role.id }
    let(:roles) { user.roles }

    example_request 'Get specific user_role' do
      explanation 'Get a user_role by id'

      expect(status).to eq 200
      expect(JSON.parse(response_body)['role']).to match(user.roles[0].to_s)
    end
  end

  post '/api/v1/user_roles' do
    parameter :user_id, 'User ID'
    parameter :role, 'User role'

    let(:user_id) { user.id.to_s }
    let(:role) { 'editor' }

    let(:raw_post) { params.to_json }

    example_request 'Create user role' do
      explanation 'Create the new user role'

      expect(status).to eq 201
      expect(JSON.parse(response_body)['role']).to include('editor')
      expect(User.find(user.id).roles).to include(:editor)
    end
  end

  delete '/api/v1/user_roles/:id' do
    let(:id) { user_role.id }
    let(:role) { 'owner' }

    example_request 'Delete user role' do
      explanation 'Deletes user role and returns status 204'

      expect(status).to eq 204
      expect(User.find(user.id).roles).to be_empty
    end
  end
end


text:
J.K. Rowling's 10 Most Inspiring Quotes
LONDON, ENGLAND - NOVEMBER 09: J.K. Rowling attends the Lumos fundraising event hosted by J.K. Rowling at The Warner Bros. Harry Potter Tour on November 9, 2013 in London, England. (Photo by David M. Benett/Getty Images for Lumos)
David M. Benett—Lumos/Getty Images
By Priyanka Aribindi
From businessmen in first class to first graders reading by flashlight, there was a time not too long ago when J.K. Rowling, who turns 51 on Sunday, had everyone and their mother devouring the stories about a wizarding world she dreamed up on the back of diner napkins.
She's responsible for many of literature's most beloved characters, and she's inspired a generation to become lifelong readers, with many still returning to her words for inspiration. Let's celebrate the birthday of the author who made our Muggle lives a little more magical with 10 of her best quotes:
1. On the future: We do not need magic to change the world, we carry all the power we need inside ourselves already: we have the power to imagine better. (via 'The Fringe Benefits of Failure, and the Importance of Imagination')
2. On self: "It is our choices that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities." (Dumbledore, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets)
3. On failure: "It is impossible to live without failing at something, unless you live so cautiously that you might as well not have lived at all — in which case, you fail by default." (via 'The Fringe Benefits of Failure, and the Importance of Imagination')
4. On values: "If you want to know what a man's like, take a good look at how he treats his inferiors, not his equals." (Sirius Black, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)
5. On advice to her younger self: "So given a Time Turner, I would tell my 21-year-old self that personal happiness lies in knowing that life is not a check-list of acquisition or achievement. Your qualifications, your CV, are not your life, though you will meet many people of my age and older who confuse the two." (via 'The Fringe Benefits of Failure, and the Importance of Imagination')
6. On happiness: "If someone asked for my recipe for happiness, step one would be finding out what you love doing most in the world and step two would be finding someone to pay you to do it." (via Amazon)
7. On outlook: "The world is full of wonderful things you haven't seen yet. Don't ever give up on the chance of seeing them." (via Twitter)
8. On life: "Talent and intelligence never yet inoculated anyone against the caprice of the Fates." (via 'The Fringe Benefits of Failure, and the Importance of Imagination')
9. On courage: "It takes a great deal of bravery to stand up to our enemies, but just as much to stand up to our friends." (Dumbledore, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone)
10. On depression: "I have never been remotely ashamed of having been depressed. Never. What's to be ashamed of? I went through a really rough time and I am quite proud that I got out of that." (via USA Today)


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Aldermen get an earful on eve of affordable task force's first meeting
One day before the first convening of a new citywide affordable housing task force, advocates packed City Council chambers for a hearing on proposed rule changes for private developers.
A.D. Quig
Ald. Byron Sigcho-Lopez, 25th
One day before the first convening of a new citywide affordable housing task force, advocates packed City Council chambers for a hearing on proposed rule changes for private developers. While some outside groups voiced dissatisfaction with who was chosen to serve on the 20-member task force, housing officials pledged there would be plenty of opportunities to sound off.
Business groups griped privately that only a handful of task force members come from the market-rate development world. And Cathleen O'Brien, an organizer with Access Living, said she was the only affordable housing tenant of the bunch.
But Department of Housing officials pointed to Wednesday's hearing format as their first sign of goodwill. In an unusual setup, a panel of advocates from the Chicago Housing Initiative and ONE Northside sat on the floor of City Council and presented a powerpoint about their proposal—the Development for All ordinance—and took direct questions from aldermen. Members of the public are typically limited to short public comment from behind a divider, not lengthy presentations.
Advocates and progressive aldermen argue that the city's current rules, which require some private developers to include affordable units in their projects or chip in funds to the city to produce more, have fallen short of projections and exacerbated Chicago's segregation.
"White people get to live in beautiful neighborhoods with well funded schools while the rest of us are left to fend for ourselves," Norma Rios-Sierra, the board president of the Logan Square Neighborhood Association, told aldermen, adding that the city's current policy does not working to reverse Chicago's historic redlining.
The target of their reforms, the affordable requirements ordinance (ARO), has led to the construction of only 444 affordable since 2007, according to the city's public dashboard. The city's Low Income Housing Trust Fund, which developers can pay into instead of building their own affordable units, has supported roughly the same level of households – less than 3,000 – for the past decade, according to advocates' analysis of city data.
Ald. Byron Sigcho-Lopez, 25th, says he wants to ban developers from opting out of providing affordable units on site or paying in-lieu fees, and says minimum affordable targets like he's set in Pilsen should be "not only feasible but the new norm."
Mayor Lori Lightfoot has said the city needs an additional 120,000 affordable units to meet the city's demand.
But some in the development community say the city's existing codes are stifling development.
Richard Klawiter, a DLA Piper real estate development attorney, said he was appearing as a private citizen and that the proposed ordinance "badly misses the mark" and that construction costs are "already at an all-time high," describing the combination with the city's unfunded pension liability as a "nightmare for prospective development."
Paul Colgan, a government affairs representative for the Home Builders Association of Greater Chicago, even stricter affordable guidelines in gentrifying neighborhoods has already halted hundreds of millions of dollars of development. "We want to build, but we have to figure out a way to pay for it."
"We're in the trenches every day so we are sensitive to the nuanced issue of affordable housing. We hope the committee findings do not chase away growth, development or capital in their pursuit," Chicago Association of REALTORS Government Affairs Director Kristopher Anderson said.
Housing Committee Chair and task force member Ald. Harry Osterman, 48th, said the 20-person task force could have easily been 40. "I think they will be part of it, and we can have focus groups," he said. "We need people to build… we're going to hear from the perspective of builders… All of us are going to listen to outside folks."
Daniel Hertz, the Housing Department's Policy Director, said the city's task force on inclusionary zoning should release its findings by mid-2020. Those findings won't only touch the city's ARO, but rental and rehab assistance. Among the city's concerns, he said: How should requirements vary by geography? What in-lieu fees should developers pay and when can they pay them instead of building on-site? What incentives can the city pursue?
Proposed health oversight shift not a 'power grab,' Cook County officials say
Lightfoot names Chicago's first labor standards director


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Practically everyone loves bringing in the New Year, but gamers particularly enjoy the turning of the annual wheel as they look forward to new video game releases for their favorite gaming systems. We have put together a month-by-month list of the best games and their release dates for the coming year to ensure that you don't miss a single one.
Since Xbox and Play Station are the most popular gaming systems, we will focus mainly on providing information on games for those systems. Many games have been announced for release this year, but have not yet been assigned an official release date. If the month is known, games will be marked as ND (no date) instead of a day. Games that are due to be released this year but have no month or day provided are listed in a section at the end of the article.
05 – Amplitude (PS4) – This musical game from Harmonix had been restructured to appeal to both new players and existing fans. One to four players work to create music via beat and note matching skills.
06 – Hyper Void (Xbox One) – This single player space game sends shooters through hyper void wormhole jumps where they meet a continuous stream of exciting challenges that take place in eye-catching environments.
12 – Assassin's Creed Chronicles: India (PS4, Xbox One, PC) – This popular series continues from its China destination in 2015 to a visit to India this year. A Templar seeks to steal a valuable diamond and must be stopped by the Assassin player taking the guise of Arbaaz Mir.
16 – Zheros (Xbox One) – Another space battling adventure pits players against a variety of challenging forces in and equally bizarre and colorful maze of scenes.
19 – Resident Evil 0 (PS3, PS4, Xbox One, Xbox 360, PC) – This digital game is a standalone version that is approximately $20.00 less than the HD Remake and comes with pre-order costume bonuses.
19 – Resident Evil Origins Collection (PS4, Xbox One, PC) – For gamers wanting to tackle the previous Resident Evil series or nostalgia buffs desiring to own them all, the Origins Collection will meet the need. Popular characters Billy Coen and Rebecca Chambers join forces to battle the many creatures waiting to attack from the darkness.
29 – This War of Mine: The Little Ones (PS4, Xbox One) – As the player, you are in charge of keeping a group of adults and children safe as you work your way through a besieged city where danger lurks around every turn. This video game is also lined up for a game board adaptation to be released later this year.


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Home / About Us / People / Honorary Associates / Jonathan Potter, Ph.D.
Jonathan Potter pioneered the development of discourse analytic work within psychology. He has studied topics such as scientific argumentation, current affairs television, riots, racism, food talk, heterosexism, relationship counselling, laughter and interaction, assessments, and child protection help lines. Since the 1980s he has worked mainly with naturalistic materials (audio and/or video recordings of interaction in actual settings) and increasingly used the powerful analytic tools of conversation analysis to study embodied and situated psychological practices. At the same time, he has worked to build a radical respecification of the way psychological notions are understood.
He a world authority on qualitative methods and has written widely on discourse analysis and discursive psychology, focus groups, the study of psychological issues. He has highlighted the limitations of the key strands of 'qualitative psychology' and in particular the widespread, taken for granted, and unreflexive use of open-ended interviews. He has taught workshops and short courses on analysis in 10 different countries with the aim of improving the analytic rigor and theoretical sophistication of qualitative and critical research.
The book Discourse and Social Psychology (Sage, 1987, with Margaret Wetherell) set out the basic features of a discourse approach to social psychology. Mapping the Language of Racism (Columbia University Press, 1992, with Margaret Wetherell) studied the way racial inequalities are discursively legitimated. Discursive Psychology (Sage, 1992, with Derek Edwards) developed the foundational principles of discursive psychology and illustrated those principles through analyses of political controversies. Representing Reality (Sage, 1996) offered a systematic overview, integration and critique of constructionist research in psychology and social science more broadly. He has also published a practical guide to focus group moderation based on analysis of what happens in actual focus groups (Focus Group Practice, Sage, 2004, with Claudia Puchta).
He collaborated with Hedwig te Molder on a collection of papers that offer alternative versions of the relationship between cognition and interaction (Conversation and Cognition, CUP, 2005). This received the inaugural book award for the Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis section of the American Sociological Association.
A three volume collection of 60 articles on Discourse and Psychology was published by Sage in the summer of 2007.
He has published 10 books as well as many journal articles and book chapters and has been on more than 20 editorial boards. His work has been cited more than forty thousand times. He is a fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences.
Since 2015 he has been Dean of the School of Communication and Information at Rutgers University.


The Rabaul caldera is an active Pleistocene to recent volcanic complex on the north-eastern point of New Britain Island, Papua New Guinea (PNG). It contains several small Holocene eruptive centres within the footprint of a large nested caldera structure. In the last ~200 years these small volcanoes have erupted on average every 20-60 years. Historically the most active are Tavurvur and Vulcan, located within the Rabaul harbour. The Rabaul caldera represents the highest risk of all PNG volcanoes since the town of Rabaul is located within the caldera structure. A significant twin eruption of the Tavurvur and Vulcan vents occurred in 1994 that destroyed large parts of the town and resulted in five casualties. Since 1994 Vulcan has remained dormant, but a major eruption occurred at Tavuvur on 6 October 2006. A simultaneous drop in surface height of nearly 30 cm was observed in GPS data collected at Matupit Island, the closest land mass to the centre of the main sub-caldera magma chamber. Following this eruption, a period of almost continuous minor eruptions of Tavuvur ensued, accompanied by a non-linear subsidence signal. These eruptions ceased at the beginning of 2010, at which time subsidence changed to uplift. Uplift prevailed until another significant eruption of Tavuvur on 29 August 2014, when an instantaneous subsidence of ~7 cm was observed.
We have processed 21 ALOS PALSAR fine-beam SAR images acquired between 27 February 2007 and 10 March 2011 using the GAMMA software. L-band data is required in the highly vegetated environment of PNG to overcome temporal decorrelation that affects shorter wavelength data such as Sentinel-1. Analysis of continuous GPS data from four stations within the caldera was undertaken using the scientific Bernese software V5.2 with solutions tied to the ITRF2008 reference frame. We perform a joint inversion of a connected network of 20 interferograms and the continuous GPS observations to determine the temporal variation in volume change for the best-fitting Mogi point-source model of the deformation field. The weighted least squares inversion is solved using Singular Value Decomposition where the weights are derived from noise within each interferogram in the far field of the caldera. The spatially dense InSAR observations are subsampled in order to enable an efficient computation on desktop machines. The procedure involves first conducting coarse and fine grid searches over 3-dimensional space to find the best-fitting source location. Once the minimum has been located the temporal variation in volume change of the source is estimated.
The best fitting Mogi point source location is situated south of Matupit Island and north-west of Vulcan at 4.26°S, 152.18°E at a depth of 4.5 km, which is well within the geophysically-imaged sub-caldera magma chamber. We find that the inferred volume change for this source amounts to a deflation rate of ~10x106 m3 yr-1 during 2008 and 2009 and an inflation rate (uplift) of ~7x106 m3 yr-1 during 2010 and early 2011. Transient deformation signals in the interferograms localised around the Tavuvur vent may be useful in helping to derive a better understanding of the plumbing system connecting the magma chamber with the eruptive centres. This in turn may enhance short term eruption prediction. The Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO) is responsible for issuing eruption alerts for all PNG volcanoes. Future work to apply InSAR analysis on a national scale will assist the RVO to monitor the eruptive state of other active volcanoes that otherwise remain un-monitored.
12:10 Application of SAR Data to Eruptive Deposits Mapping and Characterization at Andesitic Stratovolcanoes: Case Study of Merapi, Indonesia and Colima Volcano, Mexico.
Mapping eruptive deposits is essential for long term volcanic hazard assessment because it helps quantifying the magma eruptive rate and to calibrate numerical models predicting lava flows or pyroclastic density currents paths. Besides when unconsolidated deposits are emplaced on steep slopes in tropical areas, there is a crucial need to rapidly map them in order to mitigate the risk induced by their remobilization leading to destructive lahar formation. Here, we show that SAR data, providing an information even in cloudy conditions, are of significant interest to rapidly map eruptive deposits (both effusive and explosive) based on results obtained at two active andesitic stratovolcanoes: Merapi in Indonesia and Colima volcano in Mexico. During the period studied (2010-2016), large pyroclastic density currents deposits were emplaced respectively in November 2010 at Merapi (VEI 4, runout distance: 16.5 km) and in July 2015 at Colima (VEI 2, runout distance: 10 km). In addition, several lava flows were emplaced near the summit of Colima volcano from November 2014 to March 2015. The results obtained by SAR data have been compared with field data as well as optical images. Whereas the coherence evolution gives the best results to map effusive lava flows, amplitude changes detection appears to be the most efficient way to identify explosive deposits. We also show that the amplitude changes related to explosive deposits emplacement for co-polarized data follow the same trend for X-band (TerraSAR-X), C-band (Sentinel-1) and L-band data (ALOS). Finally, our study clearly shows the ability of radar data to identify, map and classify the pyroclastic deposits together with the additional value of considering dual-polarization and multitemporal images to combine the amplitude time series information with temporal decorrelation.
Askja is an active volcano in the Northern Volcanic Zone of Iceland, lying within a spreading segment of the mid-Atlantic ridge. Its eruptions can be very powerful such as the 1875 VEI-5 caldera-forming Plinian event, however the current state of the complex magmatic system and the probability of an eruption in the near future are poorly understood.
Steadily decaying subsidence centred on the main caldera has been recorded using different geodetic measurements since at least 1983. It has been postulated that rifting extension and shallow magmatic processes, e.g. outflow and/or crystallisation, could be responsible for this subsidence. All models using surface deformation data agree that there is at least one shallow magmatic source at 3-3.5 km depth, undergoing volumetric changes at a rate of approximately -0.0014 to -0.0021 km3 yr-1. However, recent results from seismic tomography revealed the presence of two melt storage regions at about 6 and 10 km depth.
Microgravity data have been acquired at Askja since 1988. A residual gravity decrease (mass loss) was observed during 1988-2003 and a residual gravity increase (mass gain) from 2007 to 2009. These gravity signals, which were both accompanied by ongoing steady subsidence, were interpreted as being due to magma drainage and magma intrusion, respectively.
Here, we present new models constraining (1) the location, depth and volume change of the shallow deformation source beneath Askja from 2002-2016, using InSAR timeseries analysis of radar data from ERS-2, ENVISAT, COSMO-SkyMed and Sentinel-1, and (2) the location, depth and magnitude of the mass changes over the same period of time, using microgravity data, which we extended to 2016.
In comparing our geodetic and microgravity models, we investigate the connection between mass and volume changes to constrain the potential physical processes that produced these signals.
Volcanic eruptions are the ultimate surface expressions of magma movements at depth. Analyzing ground deformations associated with volcanic eruptions contributes to understand the mechanisms of magma emplacement and characterize the magma plumbing systems.
InSAR is a particularly well-suited tool to measure ground displacement in areas that are difficult to access because of geographical, economical or political reasons, and/or where little or no ground-based monitoring systems are available. This is the case of Nyamulagira, an active shield volcano with a central caldera, located in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo along the western branch of the East African Rift System.
Nyamulagira shows a particular eruptive cycle characterized by short-lived flank eruptions (sometimes accompanied with intracrateral activity) every 1-4 years, and less frequent long-lived eruptions usually emitting larger volumes of lava from eruptive vents located >8 km from the central caldera. The 2011-2012 Nyamulagira eruption is one of that last type. This eruption began on November 6 2011 and ended in late April 2012.
In the present study we use InSAR data from various satellite (Envisat, COSMO SkyMed, Terrasar-X and Radarsat) to measure pre-, co and post-eruptive ground displacement associated with the Nyamulagira 2011-2012 eruption. In particular ground deformation time series obtained with the short revisiting time COSMO SkyMed satellites allowed us to detect a very fast (one day) magmatic intrusion below the Eastern flank of the caldera two days prior to the eruption. It also allowed the detection of the subsequent intrusion that brought the magma up to the two eruptive vents located 11 km ENE from the caldera.
To evaluate the source parameters and the mechanisms of magma emplacement we used analytical models jointly inverting two interferferograms (COSMO SkyMed in descending orbit and Envisat in ascending orbit) that cover the intrusive period. We tested different type of sources to find the most suitable for this eruption given the observed deformation and the volcano-tectonic context. Considering also the few geophysical (seismic and GPS) data available for this area during the eruptive period, our analysis suggest that the eruption is a complex sequence of a deflation of a shallow magma chamber (~3km below the caldera) that fed a sill intrusion toward the ENE direction that twisted into a dyke and brought the magma up to the surface.
Furthermore, GPS, InSAR and seismic datasets suggest the presence of a deep magmatic source that possibly fed the shallower magmatic system. This mechanism, involving a deep source for this large eruption, contrasts with the usual shallow plumbing system identified during the classical flank eruptions.
Galápagos volcanoes are among the most active volcanoes in the world and offer a unique natural laboratory to study volcanic processes. Many volcanic eruptions have occurred there during the past two decades with InSAR observations providing key information about the associated dike intrusions and underlying magma reservoirs. Several recent studies focusing on co-eruptive deformation in the Galápagos have reported co-eruption deflation consisting of focused intra-caldera subsidence superimposed on wider and weaker deflation signals. These coupled subsidence patterns have been modeled using pressure decrease in two magma reservoirs located at different depths. It is not clear, however, why magma would accumulate in reservoirs at different crustal depths.
We processed Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 data to study the co-eruptive deformation of the most recent volcanic eruption in the Galápagos, the 2015 Wolf eruption. The resulting deformation patterns are complex, indicating multiple deformation sources during two main eruptive phases. The eruption started energetically on 25 May 2015 from a circumferential fissure located near the caldera rim and further activity followed in mid-June within the caldera. Localized deformation near the circumferential and intra-caldera eruptive fissures provides information about the dikes that fed these two phases of the activity. In addition, strong subsidence signal is observed within the Wolf caldera that is superimposed on a larger-scale subsidence signal that is weaker in magnitude and larger in spatial extent, extending well down the flanks of the volcano. We can model these two subsidence patterns as being due to pressure decrease in two shallow magma reservoirs at ~1 km and ~5 km depths below sea level. The concurrence of the subsidence patterns suggests that the magma reservoirs are hydraulically connected.
As it is not clear why magma would accumulate in reservoirs at different depths, we explore whether the two observed deformation patterns could be explained with a single reservoir and ring fault activity. The long-term uplift since the last 1982 Wolf eruption likely caused tension across the caldera rim, making conditions for a circumferential dike favorable. This first phase of the eruption caused depressurization of the reservoir and subsidence. This might have activated an outward-dipping reverse fault, with fault slip initiating above the depressurizing reservoir and not reaching the surface. In this case, the depressurization of a single magma reservoir combined with reverse, buried ring faulting will predict localized subsidence embedded within a broader deflation signal. This might therefore explain the observed co-eruption deformation at Wolf and at other Galápagos volcanoes.


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8-1/2. Directed by Federico Fellini. Italy, 1963.
by Dale Dalenberg | Nov 30, 2019 | Reviews | 0 comments
In his book The Great Movies (2002), Roger Ebert speaks disparagingly of those who follow the conventional wisdom that Fellini was better in his early, neo-realist films than in his later visions of personal fantasy and excess. Ebert flat out writes "This conventional view is completely wrong." Sorry, Roger, but I ascribe to the conventional view.
Much ink has been spilled trying to pump up 8-1/2 (Otto e mezzo) as some kind of ultimate statement on the creative process, or as a film that has a lot to say about the process of making movies. That is way too much credit to give this bloated, self-indulgent production. Granted, the film is about a director who is suffering from some kind of creative ennui and wanders through the film doing everything not to make the movie he is supposed to be making. His actors wait for their lines, his investors wait for some kind of visible progress, his set builders labor away on a Winchester Mystery Castle of a set which is supposed to be a rocket launching pad for some kind of science fiction flick. Marcello Mastroianni looks mostly bored or depressed as Guido Anselmi, the director mired in a creative writer's block, although he does manage to give the picture a stylish look whenever he puts on sunglasses.
Guido's funk is never really explained, but it is somehow bound up with his childhood sexual fantasies and his adult infidelities. The best sequence in the film is the one where Guido imagines that he is hosting a party for all the women in his life–the ones he lusted after in youth, his current wife, his mistresses–and then the party goes sour as all the women gang up on him.
I am fairly certain that Fellini lovers out there will conclude that I don't "get" Fellini, so (in their opinion) clearly I don't know what I'm missing. But I am normally a sucker for fantastic realism. Gabriel Garcia Marquez is my literary hero. And I cave to a film like Chocolat. It is just that I don't like Fellini's arbitrary, garish take on fantastic realism, and I don't like how the proceedings in a Fellini film will degenerate into some kind of carnival. The carnival ending doesn't work in a film like this, because it seems like a cop-out instead of a genuine attempt to resolve the story. Compare the ending of Ingmar Bergman's The Seventh Seal to the ending of 8-1/2. Both films end with the characters all holding hands and dancing their way into the closing credits. It works in The Seventh Seal as the Grim Reaper leads everyone off to where they are going–in fact, the film has been leading up to that. But in 8-1/2 the ending is a cop-out, as if the screenwriter didn't know how to resolve the story and just gave up. Another example of this sort of ending, where the screenwriters box themselves into an impossible resolution, is the final episode of Patrick McGoohan's much vaunted TV series The Prisoner (1967-1968). When you can't resolve a story-line in a surrealistic film, you just have it degenerate into a circus and call it good.
Woody Allen understands Fellini perhaps better than anyone, and he has absorbed all that is good about 8-1/2 and (in my very unorthodox opinion) made a much better film with the elements: Stardust Memories (1980). In Allen's film, the director is forced to attend a film festival honoring the older, funnier movies that he has left behind as his career turned more serious. During a long weekend, he is also forced to confront the detritus of old relationships. Compare the two films. Despite all the veneration that has been heaped on the Fellini, I would give the Allen film repeated viewings and I would beg off another slog through 8-1/2.
Woody Allen pays homage to snippets of Fellini and his other favorite (Ingmar Bergman) in many films, but he returns to Fellini full-on in Shadows and Fog (1991). The latter film was less successful as it grafts a Fellini-esque ending (carnival stuff again) onto a Kafka-esque story. Here again the carnival ending is a cop-out for a story-line that couldn't be resolved.
My beloved high school Humanities teacher, Fred Hanley, ranked 8-1/2 as his favorite film of all time, and it regularly makes world cinema "best of" lists. Different strokes for different folks, I guess.
–Dale D. Dalenberg MD
God Told Me To. Directed by Larry Cohen. USA, 1976.
1909. Corner in Wheat. Directed by D.W. Griffith.
Men in Black. Directed by Ray McCarey, Featuring The Three Stooges. USA, 1934.
1908. El Hotel Electrico (The Electric Hotel), directed by Segundo de Chomon
Dale D dalenberg md on Sunday Film Series, Week #6.
Heather W on SUNDAY FILM SERIES, WEEK #19: DESPAIR, DIRECTED BY RAINER WERNER FASSBINDER (1978).
Cal Branche on Sunday Film Series, Week #6.
Dale Dalenberg on 1915. The Birth of a Nation. Dir. D. W. Griffith.
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