text:
\section{Introduction} \label{Intro}
Keystone\cite{keystoneref}, a trusted execution environment based on RISC-V architecture, isolates the memory into secure Keystone private memory and unsecure non-Keystone memory or the unsecure DRAM, and allows Keystone application that lies inside the Keystone private memory to execute securely, even in presence of a malicious privileged software(e.g. Operating System(OS)). To run large applications, Keystone needs to undertake demand paging by utilizing the unsecure non-Keystone memory as the backing store, where the swapped out pages are hashed and stored in encrypted form. Even though the page tables are private to Keystone and page management is handled by the secure Keystone runtime, thereby eliminating the page fault side channel\cite{controlchannel}, the OS can still see the address of the pages that are loaded and evicted in and out of Keystone as it needs support of the OS to access the non-Keystone memory. Simple demand paging in Keystone thus leaks access pattern information to the untrusted OS at a page size granularity, and this has been shown to be unsecure by Xu et al\cite{controlchannel}.

\textbf{Page based side channel due to simple demand paging: }
Page access pattern and hence the control flow of applications can be leaked due to page loads, as well as page evictions in simple demand paging as shown below.\vspace{-2pt}

    \begin{lstlisting}[caption=Access Pattern Leak, label = pseudo]
    int secret  =  input();   //Get input from user
    Page *P = (Page *)malloc(4*sizeof(Page));
    if (secret){
    A:    write(P[0], 0);     //Fill first page with all 0
          if (secret == 1){
    B:        write(P[1],0);  //Fill second page with all 0
    C:        write(P[2],0);  //Fill third page with all 0
          }
          else{
    D:        write(P[2],0);  //Fill third page with all 0
    E:        write(P[1],0);  //Fill second page with all 0
          }
    F:    write(P[0],0);      //Fill first page with all 0
    G:    write(P[3],0);      //Fill fourth page with all 0
    }
    else
    H:    write(P[1], 0);     //Fill second page with all 0
    \end{lstlisting}
    \indent \textit{Access pattern leak due to page load:}
    Let us consider the pseudocode \ref{pseudo}. Let us assume that the active memory of the process executing the above code does not contain Page P[0] and P[1]. The first \textit{if} statement decides if the line labeled \textit{A} or \textit{H} will be executed. Depending upon which line is executed, either page P[0] or P[1] will be loaded into the memory, which if the OS sees, can infer about the value of \textit{secret}.

    \indent \textit{Access pattern leak due to page eviction:}
    Page evictions are performed whenever there is no space in memory and we need to load a page to serve a page fault. Page evictions change the content of the memory, irrespective of the evicted page is dirty or not. This is because the evicted page is encrypted with an IND-CPA encryption scheme. Hence they are always visible to adversary. Let us consider the same pseudocode \ref{pseudo}, and assume that the active memory is of three pages and the page replacement policy used is LRU. Also let us assume that the first \textit{if} condition is \textit{True}. By the time line labeled \textit{F} finishes execution, the pages in the memory are P[0],P[1] and P[2], with P[0] being the most recently used page. Either of page P[1] and P[2] can be the least recently used page, depending upon the value of \textit{secret}. Now when the line labeled \textit{G} is executed, either page P[1] or P[2] has to be evicted to make place for page P[3] in the memory. If the OS sees which page is evicted, it can learn about the \textit{secret}.

    \indent \textbf{Prior Works:}
    The idea of using Oblivious RAM(ORAM) in demand paging was first proposed in Sanctum\cite{sanctum}. Aga and Narayanasamy introduced Oblivious Page Access Module(OPAM) in\cite{opam} for secure demand paging in Intel Security Guard eXtension(SGX). Their work is rendered unsecure by Roy et al in\cite{reusedist}. We implement OPAM as well as Path ORAM(PORAM), which inspired OPAM, in demand paging, and find that the average application performance slowdown with PORAM and OPAM are 27x and 7.4x respectively(refer Figure \ref{figure:ORAMtogether}).
    \\ \indent \textbf{Our goal} is to reduce the application performance slowdown of oblivious demand paging while maintaining the security guarantees that Keystone offers.

    \indent {\textbf{Our Observation:}}

    \fancyhead[L]{\fontsize{7}{9} \selectfont Introducing Fast and Secure Deterministic Stash Free Write Only Oblivious RAMs for Demand Paging in Keystone}
    \fancyhead[R]{\fontsize{7}{9} \selectfont CARRV Workshop'21, June 2021, Valencia, Spain}
    \chead{}

    We observe that write only ORAMs, instead of read-write ORAMs are sufficient to prevent access pattern leakage, provided we use the Keystone's UnTrusted Memory(UTM) as the backing store. This is because the Keystone can access UTM without the support of OS. Deterministic, stash free, Write only ORAM(DetWoORAM), a write only ORAM, logically partitions the memory into a main area and a holding area. The main area stores the actual physical pages, and the holding area stores the pages for as long as they are not unloaded into the main area. We also see that in DetWoORAM\cite{detwooram}, a write only ORAM, for every page write request, one page is written into the holding area and $K$(the ratio of size of main area to the size of holding area) pages are written into the main area. This is preceded by refreshing the cipher of these $K$ pages, meaning that these $K$ pages are read, decrypted, and re-encrypted. Addresses of the $K+1$ pages written by DetWoORAM, are deterministic and independent of the address of the actual page required to be written.
    \\ \indent \textbf{Our Approach :} Based on this observation, we propose two enhancements over DetWoORAM. The first enhancement, which we call the Eager DetWoORAM(EDetWoORAM), involves preloading the $K+1$ pages into a \textit{preload buffer} and refreshing the cipher of these $K+1$ pages even before the actual page write request arrives. The second enhancement, which we call the Parallel DetWoORAM(PDetWoORAM) involves spawning multiple threads, and the threads concurrently refresh the cipher of the $K$ pages to be written into the main area, thereby decreasing the average slowdown of application execution. Oblivious demand paging with EDetWoORAM improves slowdown for usual values of K, i.e, 3, 7, 15 to [1.2x, 1.8x, and 3x] and PDetWoORAM improves it to [1.1x, 1.1x, and 1.4x] from [1.4x, 2x, and 3.24x] for oblivious demand paging with simple DetWoORAM, respectively. The slowdown is measured with respect to application execution time with simple demand paging that simply encrypts and hashes the page into the non-Keystone memory.

\section{Background and Motivation}
\label{Background}
In this section, we provide a quick overview of Keystone components that are related to our work and also provide a background on DetWoORAM.

\subsection{Keystone}
The components of Keystone that are related to our work are:
\begin{figure}[t]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{samples/Figures/DemandPagingSteps.png}
  \vspace{-12pt}
  \caption{Demand paging using ORAM.}
  \Description{Steps involved in demand paging}
  \label{figure:steps_demand_paging}
\end{figure}

\begin{enumerate}[noitemsep,topsep=2pt, leftmargin = *]
    \item \textbf{OS:} The OS is assumed to be malicious and can tamper with memory locations in DRAM that are not \textit{protected} by Keystone.
    \item \textbf{Keystone Application:} Keystone application is the application that needs isolation from the untrusted (privileged/unprivileged) non-Keystone applications.
    \item \textbf{Keystone Runtime:} Keystone applications ideally do not take the services of the OS while executing, as the OS is assumed to be malicious. The runtime provides necessary substitutes for the services provided by the OS(e.g. page management).
    \item \textbf{Keystone private memory:} Keystone isolates the physical memory into a secure Keystone private memory, and the unsecure DRAM or the non-Keystone memory. The Keystone private memory consists of the Keystone application and the Keystone runtime.
    \item \textbf{UnTrusted shared Memory(UTM):} The runtime shares the UTM, that is in the unsecure DRAM, with the OS, and hence, the runtime can directly access the UTM. All exchange of data between the Keystone application and the unsecure non-Keystone memory happens using the UTM as an intermediary. As the malicious OS can also access this UTM, the UTM is unsecure.
    \item \textbf{Outbound call (ocall):} The runtime can not directly access the unsecure non-Keystone memory, other than the UTM. If it needs to access the same, it does so by making a function call, called \textit{ocall}, implemented in the untrusted host. The OS can snoop on the parameters that get passed on to \textit{ocall}, thereby rendering \textit{ocall} as unsecure, unless the passed parameters can be encrypted, which certainly can't be in case the parameters are addresses that the ocall needs to work on.
\end{enumerate}

Despite the page tables being private to Keystone and page management being done by the secure Keystone runtime, the OS is aware of the page addresses that are loaded in and evicted out of the Keystone. This is because, Keystone can access the unsecure non-Keystone memory only through \textit{ocall}. Thus, the access pattern of the Keystone is leaked at a page size granularity. This has been shown to be unsecure in \cite{controlchannel}. Hence we resort to oblivious demand paging and this is achieved by using an ORAM while loading and evicting pages in and out of the Keystone private memory when a page fault occurs, as shown in\cite{reusedist}.

\indent
Figure \ref{figure:steps_demand_paging} shows the steps involved in oblivious demand paging, with ORAM. The steps are the same as mentioned in \cite{reusedist}. In step \circled{1}, a page fault occurs at an instruction in the Keystone application and the control is delegated to the runtime via the RISC-V exception delegation register. In step \circled{2}, the runtime checks if there are enough free pages that can be allocated or there is a need for page eviction. If a page eviction is required, then it invalidates the page table entry of the victim page(selected by the replacement policy). Next, the runtime invokes the ORAM memory access function for the chosen victim page and the page number that will be loaded. In step \circled{3}, if a page eviction is needed, then we write the victim page into the unsecure non-Keystone memory via the ORAM. This is followed by loading the required page from the unsecure DRAM via the ORAM. To achieve this obliviously, the ORAM makes a sequence of reads (r1 and r2) and writes (w1 and w2) from the unsecure DRAM. To read a page, the ORAM, which is implemented in the runtime, uses \emph{ocall} to copy the page \textbf{(r1)} from the non-Keystone memory into the UTM, and then in, the ORAM reads the page \textbf{(r2)} from the UTM into the Keystone private memory. For writing a page, the ORAM first writes it (\textbf{w1}) into the UTM (as UTM is the intermediary) and then uses ocall that copies this page (\textbf{w2}) from the UTM into the unsecure non-Keystone memory. Finally in step \circled{4}, the ORAM decrypts the loaded page in the Keystone private memory, and updates the page table entry corresponding to the page. The runtime returns the control to the Keystone application to execute the faulting instruction again in step \circled{5}.

\begin{figure}[t]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{samples/Figures/poramOPAMdetworamTogether.png}
  \vspace{-24pt}
  \caption{Performance slowdown with PORAM, OPAM and DetWoORAM, compared to simple demand paging with no ORAM(For benchmarks, refer section\ref{Evaluation}). Lower the better.}
  \vspace{-6pt}
  \label{figure:ORAMtogether}
  \Description{Performance slowdown with PORAM, OPAM and DetWoORAM. Lower the better.}

\end{figure}

\subsection{Deterministic, stash free, Write only ORAM}

Write only ORAMs relax the definition of security and leverage the relaxed definition to offer a faster ORAM. They consider reads to be oblivious, meaning that the adversary is not aware of the addresses from which data is read, but can see what addresses are being written at.

DetWoORAM is a write only ORAM introduced by Roche et al. in\cite{detwooram}. It views the unsecure memory as an array of pages and logically partitions the unsecure memory into a holding and a main area. The original paper proposes array of blocks of size $B$ bits, for some chosen B, we take the block size to be one page. DetWoORAM maintains a position map that keeps a record of where the latest copy of a particular page resides (main area or holding area). It also maintains pointers to holding area and main area, $Cur_H$ and $Cur_M$. The pointers tell where the next write access should happen in the respective areas. Assuming that the ratio of size of the main area to the size of holding area is K:1, the steps involved in a DetWoORAM are as follows:

\begin{enumerate}[noitemsep,topsep=2pt, leftmargin = *]
  \item \textbf{Write to holding area:} DetWoORAM encrypts and writes the required page into holding area at $Cur_H$, and updates the position map, reflecting that the latest copy of the desired page number is in the holding area at $Cur_H$, that gets incremented by one after the write. If $Cur_H$ exceeds the size of holding area, then DetWoORAM sets it to the start of holding area.

  \item \textbf{Refresh pages in the main area:} Each index in the array of pages that reside in the main area contains its corresponding page, that may or may not be the latest page. DetWoORAM performs a position map lookup and concludes where the latest copy of the next $K$ pages in main area are, starting from $Cur_M$. It reads the latest copies of these $K$ pages(reads are oblivious), decrypts, re-encrypts and writes them back into the main area at their corresponding addresses. Finally, DetWoORAM updates the position map of these $K$ pages and increases the $Cur_M$ pointer by $K$ and if $Cur_M$ exceeds the size of main area, then it sets $Cur_M$ to start of main area.
\end{enumerate}

\textbf{Motivation:}
The problem with oblivious demand paging is the application performance slowdown that comes with it. To provide the access pattern obliviousness, ORAMs need to perform a lot of spurious memory accesses and perform cryptographic operations such as encryption and decryption, which causes the performance slowdown. We implement oblivious demand paging with PORAM\cite{pathoram}, OPAM\cite{opam} and a DetWoORAM. We measure the slowdown of applications mentioned in section \ref{Evaluation} with respect to simple demand paging, i.e, simply encrypting and hashing the evicted pages without any ORAM and the same is shown in Figure \ref{figure:ORAMtogether}. We observe that the average slowdowns obtained from PORAM and OPAM are 27x and 7.4x, respectively, which is very slow, whereas DetWoORAM, being a write only ORAM, shows relatively better slowdowns with an average of 1.4x, 2x and 3.2x with K=3, K=7, and K=15 respectively.

\section{Write Only ORAM in Keystone} \label{woram_relevance}

Figure \ref{figure:steps_demand_paging} shows how the Keystone writes and reads, to and from the unsecure DRAM, through the UTM. Here we make an observation that, instead of using the UTM as an intermediary between the Keystone and the unsecure non-Keystone memory, we can utilize the UTM as the backing store for demand paging. The advantage of doing this is two-folds:

\begin{enumerate}[noitemsep,topsep=2pt, leftmargin = *]
    \item We can prevent double copying of pages, i.e., from keystone private memory to UTM and then from UTM to the unsecure non-Keystone Memory, and vice-versa.
    \item Given that Keystone runtime can directly access the UTM without seeking support from the OS, this renders the OS oblivious to Keystone's read accesses to the UTM.
\end{enumerate}

Though the OS is oblivious to the read accesses of Keystone in UTM, the write accesses(page evictions) are still visible to the OS, as it can periodically take snapshots of the UTM and observe the changed data at various addresses, thereby learning where the writes have taken place. We discussed that this is unsecure in section \ref{Intro}. Exploiting this property of the UTM, we use Write Only ORAM in the Keystone runtime, while doing demand paging, using the UTM as the backing store, and the Keystone application demands for the required UTM size before application execution. If the UTM is full and the the Keystone application needs more memory, then the Keystone exits gracefully giving an out of memory error. To the best of our knowledge, Keystone does not support a UTM larger than 64MB, but as mentioned in Keystone\cite{keystoneref}, the size of Physical Memory Protection(PMP) regions can be as long as the entire DRAM region, and thus we envision future work in the expansion\footnote{Increasing the UTM in Keystone is supposed to be a new feature(Personal communication with Dayeol Lee, author of \cite{keystoneref}, dated 6th Jan, 2021).} of UTM size in Keystone.

We implement a DetWoORAM\cite{detwooram} that is a write only ORAM, in the Keystone's runtime, and Figure \ref{figure:woram_block_diagram} shows the steps involved in oblivious demand paging using DetWoORAM. It starts by delegating the control to the runtime fault handler via the RISC-V exception delegation registers, once a page fault occurs at an instruction in Keystone application(step \circled{1}). In step \circled{2}, the runtime checks if a page eviction needs to be performed and if needed, it chooses a victim page(chosen by the replacement policy) and invalidates its page table entry. In step \circled{3}, if a page needs to be evicted, the runtime writes the victim page into the UTM via the DetWoORAM. In step \circled{4}, the runtime loads the required page from the UTM with a normal read request, decrypts it, and validates the page table entry of the loaded page. Finally, in step \circled{5}, the runtime returns the control back to the Keystone application and the faulty instruction is executed again.

\begin{figure}[t]
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{samples/Figures/WriteORAM.png}
  \vspace{-21pt}
  \caption{Write Only ORAM for Demand Paging.}
  \vspace{-3pt}
  \Description{Write Only ORAM for Demand Paging.}
  \label{figure:woram_block_diagram}
\end{figure}
\section{Enhancements on DetWoORAM}
We propose two enhancements on DetWoORAM, Eager DetWoORAM (EDetWoORAM) and the Parallel DetWoORAM (PDetWoORAM). Both the enhancements discover a notion of parallelism that exist in DetWoORAM memory access algorithm. Our propositions of these enhancements are in no way specific to Keystone, and can be extended for use in any other trusted execution environment. In fact, we implement these enhancements independent of Keystone based on an x86 architecture with Linux. Keystone does not support multi-threading to the best of our knowledge, but it has the potential to support the same as mentioned in the Keystone\cite{keystoneref}. This motivated us to simulate our enhancements on Keystone.

\subsection{EDetWoORAM} \label{EagerDet}
EDetWoORAM exploits the deterministic nature of DetWoORAM and preloads the relevant pages into the Keystone private memory before the actual write request arrives.
\subsubsection{Observation : }
\indent In probabilistic ORAMs such as PORAM\cite{pathoram}, the ORAM memory access algorithm is probabilistic in nature, meaning that an ORAM tree path is accessed based on the mapping of the requested page to a leaf of the ORAM tree, and thus, the pages that are to be be accessed are discovered only after the actual page write(page eviction) request arrives. We make an important observation that in DetWoORAM, in contrast to PORAM, the ORAM access algorithm is completely \textit{deterministic} in nature, meaning that irrespective of the page that needs to be written, it is known precisely, which addresses(pages) in the memory need to be accessed.
\subsubsection{Design and Implementation : }
\indent We see that irrespective of which page is to be written, DetWoORAM makes $K$ writes in the next $K$ indices of the main area starting at $Cur_M$, and one write is made in the holding area at $Cur_H$, where $K$ is the ratio of the size of main area to the size of holding area. The idea with EDetWoORAM is to spawn a thread that \emph{preloads} the latest copy of these $K + 1$ pages from the UTM(i.e., from the holding or the main area) into the Keystone's private memory even before an actual write request for page eviction arrives, and refresh them, i.e, decrypt, re-encrypt, and hash them. The thread works in the background. We put any write(eviction) request that arrives amid the preloading, into a \textit{blocking state} that is implemented by making the page fault handler loop, doing nothing as long as the background thread does the preloading, and exit the loop once the preloading ends.
\begin{figure}[t]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{samples/Figures/EagerSteps.png}
  \vspace{-24pt}
  \caption{Steps in demand paging with Eager DetWoORAM.}

  \Description{Steps in demand paging with Eager DetWoORAM.}
  \label{figure:EagerSteps}
\end{figure}

For preloading, we reserve a buffer, called \textit{preload buffer} of $K + 1$ pages in the Keystone private memory, and this relaxes us of the responsibility to predict when a DetWoORAM access will be made and thus when to preload these $K+1$ pages. This is because these pages are preloaded, refreshed and stored in the buffer and become useful only when a DetWoORAM write request arrives. In classical client-server setting for ORAM, the \textit{preload buffer} can be introduced on the secure client side.

Once an actual page write request arrives, the page is encrypted, hashed and written into the respective address in the \textit{preload buffer}, depending upon if it is in the range of the main area pages, or has to be kept in the holding area. We then spawn a thread again that unloads the \textit{preload buffer} back into the corresponding addresses of the UTM. An important thing to note is that, while preloading and unloading of the \textit{preload buffer}, we block all write requests as mentioned above to prevent data races. This does not cost us performance, as in the simple DetWoORAM access, we either way have to wait for the DetWoORAM write access algorithm to finish before proceeding with normal execution.

Figure \ref{figure:EagerSteps} shows the steps involved in demand paging with EDetWoORAM. In step \circled{1}, $K+1$ pages are preloaded into the \textit{preload buffer}, decrypted and re-encrypted. In step \circled{2}, once a fault occurs in the Keystone application, the control is delegated to the runtime fault handler via the RISC-V exception delegation register. In step \circled{3}, the runtime decides if a page eviction needs to be made, and if needed, it chooses the victim page(chosen by the replacement policy) and invalidates the page table entry of the chosen victim page. In step \circled{4}, if an eviction is needed, then the page to be evicted is written into the \textit{preload buffer}. In step \circled{5}, the faulting page is read into the Keystone Private memory from the UTM or the \textit{preload buffer} depending upon where the latest copy of the page is. Finally, in step \circled{6}, the \textit{preload buffer} is unloaded while the control is transferred back to the Keystone application.

\subsection{PDetWoORAM}\label{ParallelDet}

In this section, we introduce the Parallel DetWoORAM. Please refer to the algorithm \ref{par_woram_algo}. The algorithm is same as the DetWoORAM algorithm introduced in \cite{detwooram}.

\begin{algorithm}[t]
    \SetKwFunction{FMain}{WORAM\_WRITE}
    \SetKwProg{Fn}{Function}{:}{}
    //$p^{th}$ write at address a with data d\\
    \SetAlgoLined
    \Fn{\FMain{a, d}}{
        D[N + (p  mod  M)] = ENC(d) \\
        Pos[a] = N + (p mod M) \\
        s = $\lfloor p * K \rfloor mod N$ \\
        e = $\lfloor (p + 1) *  K \rfloor mod N$ \\
        //Refresh K main area blocks per-write\\
        \For{$i \in  [s,e)$}{
            \algemphlg{{D[i] = ENC( DEC( D[Pos[i]] ) )}}\\
            \algemphlg{Pos[i] = i}
        }
        p  = p + 1
    }
\caption{Parallel DetWoORAM algorithm (shaded loop is parallelized).}
\label{par_woram_algo}
\end{algorithm}

\subsubsection{Drawback of DetWoORAM : }
Let us say that the size of the main area in DetWoORAM is $N$ and the size of the holding area is $M$. The ratio of the size of main area to the size of holding area is K. In order to write a page into the back-store, a normal demand paging scheme needs to make one page write to the back store, which is the victim page. In contrast to this, demand paging with DetWoORAM makes $K+1$ writes, among which one of the pages is the victim page. The additional writes are the sources of obliviousness to the adversarial OS. In the best case, DetWoORAM makes one additional write meaning that the value of $K$ is one. We also know that the ratio of the size of the main area to the size of holding area directly determines what fraction of the entire ORAM memory is useful for storing actual data.

If $K$ is set to one, then half the memory, i.e, $1/(K+1)$, gets wasted in order to introduce obliviousness. Higher the value of $K$, better is the memory utilization, as for every one block in the holding area, we have more blocks in the main area, where the actual data can reside. But increasing the value of $K$ comes with a major drawback. This requires a higher number of actual writes, i.e, $K+1$ actual writes for one DetWoORAM write request. Hence, with increase in $K$, the slowdown for a DetWoORAM write request, and hence servicing a page fault increases linearly.

\subsubsection{Implementation : }
Considering Algorithm \ref{par_woram_algo}, which is same as the DetWoORAM algorithm in \cite{detwooram} the idea is to parallelize the shaded loop on line number 9 and 10. We see that the iteration of writes in the loop are independent of each other, meaning that the outcome of the iterations is invariant to the order in which the iterations are executed. We spawn $K$ threads and thread $i$ is responsible for performing the $i^{th}$ iteration of the loop. The improvement in slowdown due to the increase in number of threads, nullifies the effect of slowdown due to increase in $K$. We do not necessarily have to spawn $K$ threads. Given the liberty to spawn $T$ threads, thread $i$ performs the $p^{th}$ iteration of the shaded loop such that, \textit{p mod T = i} and \textit{p < K}.

\textbf{Summary:} As EDetWoORAM preloads the required pages into Keystone private memory, even before a page fault occurs, we can say that depending upon the rate of page fault, we can hide a significant fraction of the DetWoORAM latency. This is because, more the time in between two consecutive page faults, more time we get to preload the required pages into the \textit{preload buffer}. Hence EDetWoORAM for demand paging is a good fit in situations where the application runs with a working set large enough such that the rate at which faults occur is less. On the other hand, PDetWoORAM is suitable in situations where the processor is mostly idle, thereby giving us the liberty to spawn a large number of threads. PDetWoORAM gives aggressive performance improvements as compared to EDetWoORAM.

\section{EVALUATION}    \label{Evaluation}
\begin{table}[t]
 \begin{tabular}{||c | c||}

 \hline
 \textbf{Parameter} & \textbf{Value} \\ [0.5ex]
 \hline\hline
 Page Size & 4kB \\
 \hline
 Page table entry size & 8B \\
 \hline
 UTM size & 64 MB \\
 \hline
 Levels of Page walk & 4 \\
 \hline
 Page encryption & chacha20 \\
 \hline
 Page Authentication & Hashed Message Authentication Code\\
 \hline
 Page replacement policy & FIFO \\
 \hline
 Working Set size & 15 pages(32kB)\\
 \hline
 Keystone Version & v0.3\\[1ex]
 \hline
 Keystone Runtime & Eyrie\cite{keystoneruntime}\\[1ex]
 \hline

\end{tabular}
\caption{Keystone parameters.}
\vspace{-15pt}
\label{tab:param}
\end{table}

We used Keystone on RISC-V QEMU\cite{keystonecode} to emulate all our experiments. Table \ref{tab:param} shows the parameters that are related to our evaluation. We used six applications to test our ORAMs. We run these applications with a very small active set of just 15 pages. This is so as to encourage a large number of page faults which in turn tests the performance of our page fault handler. Since we need to fit the applications into the UTM, the working set sizes have been kept small. The parameters of these applications are tuned so that their total working set size fits into the small UTM memory at our disposal. The applications that we use are:

\begin{itemize}[noitemsep,topsep=2pt, leftmargin = *]
    \item \textbf{random\_writes}: It's a simple application that we wrote that makes 10k writes at random indices of a array of pages of length 1k. We use this application as representative of write intensive applications.
    \item \textbf{Sha\_256\cite{sharef}}: This application computes the sha-256 of bytes worth 1024 pages. We use this as representative of cryptographic primitives and we use this application from the Keystone's source code.
    \item \textbf{Avl\_tree\cite{avlcode}}: This application makes 100k insertions and deletions in an avl tree. We use it as a representative of commonly used data structures.
    \item \textbf{Picosat}: Picosat is a solver for propositional satisfiability\cite{picoref}. We use this application as representative of popular verification tools used today.
    \item \textbf{lbm}: This fluid dynamics application is taken from SPEC CPU 2017\cite{specref}. We use it as a representative of real world simulation applications from the scientific community.
    \item \textbf{Recommender\cite{recoref}}: This is a product recommendation engine built using collaborative filtering. This application is used as a representative of the popular machine learning frameworks.
\end{itemize}
\begin{figure}[t]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{samples/Figures/EagerSpeedup.png}
  \vspace{-8mm}
  \caption{Performance slowdown with demand paging with Eager DetWoORAM compared to no ORAM in demand paging.}
  \vspace{-4pt}
  \Description{Performance slowdown with demand paging with Eager DetWoORAM compared to no ORAM in demand paging.}
  \label{eager_speedup}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Methodology:}
We use a makeshift evaluation strategy to measure the performance of demand paging with and without ORAMs. Some applications take too long to complete their execution. To get around this problem, we first run our applications with PORAM in demand paging in region of interest for 15 minutes, or till the end of execution, which ever is earlier. We count the number of page faults that are encountered, and thus get served in this time period. We then run the applications without any ORAM and with other ORAMs for exactly the same number of page faults. The time taken to serve the same number of page faults with and without various ORAMs give us a good idea regarding the performance of these ORAMs. The ratio of time taken to serve these many page faults with ORAM to without ORAM provides us the slowdown multiplier for that particular ORAM.

To simulate the PDetWoORAM, we run the applications normally with the DetWoORAM, and measure the amount of time that the application spends in DetWoORAM(say $t$) and also the total Keystone application execution time(say $T$). We implement the PDetWoORAM natively on a Linux based system in C language with \textit{pthread}\cite{pthread} library and observe the speedup that we get for the PDetWoORAM memory access algorithm(say $c$). We scale down the time spent in ORAM when run in Keystone, and thus arrive at our new/simulated execution time($T^{'}$). We calculate $T^{'}$ as $T^{'} = T - t + t/c$.

We simulate the EDetWoORAM in Keystone. In order to do so, we measure the time spent by Keystone in between every two consecutive page evictions(say $t$). We also measure the time taken by the ORAM to refresh the main area(say $T$). If $t < T$, then we discount $t$, otherwise, we discount $T$ from the total time spent in execution of the Keystone application. This is to simulate the fact that, while Keystone is busy not servicing page fault, we preload the required pages into the \textit{preload buffer}. \\[-7pt]

\textbf{Performance:}
Figure \ref{eager_speedup} shows the slowdown of application execution time with EDetWoORAM in demand paging and also with DetWoORAM in demand paging. We observe that the slowdown with EDetWoORAM is marginally reduced to 1.2x, 1.8x and 3x from 1.4x, 2x and 3.24x for K=3, K=7 and K=15 respectively as compared to demand paging with DetWoORAM.

\begin{figure}[t]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{samples/Figures/parallelDetWoORAM_chacha.png}
  \vspace{-8mm}
  \caption{Performance slowdown with demand paging with Parallel DetWoORAM compared to demand paging with no ORAM.}
  \vspace{-6pt}
  \Description{Performance slowdown with demand paging with Parallel DetWoORAM compared to demand paging with no ORAM.}
  \label{woram_parworam}
\end{figure}

Finally in Figure \ref{woram_parworam} we show the performance slowdown for PDetWoORAM and DetWoORAM. We used $K$ threads for PDetWoORAM, where $K$ is the ratio of the size of main area to the size of the holding area. Increasing the number of threads beyond $K$ would not give us any more performance, as the DetWoORAM makes $K$ writes in the main area. We observe that, increasing the value of $K$ has small, but negligible effect on the performance of the PDetWoORAM. This is because the added workload due to increased $K$ gets distributed among all the threads. We also measured the overhead of creating $K$ threads, and saw that the thread creation time is 2.10\%, 4.49\% and 6.36\% of PDetWoORAM memory access time with K=3, K=7 and K=15, respectively. We find that on average slowdown of application execution time in demand paging with PDetWoORAM is substantially reduced to 1.1x, 1.1x and 1.4x from 1.4x, 2x and 3.24x for k=3, k=7 and k=15, respectively as compared to demand paging with simple DetWoORAM. We get such aggressive speedup solely by distributing the task of refreshing the K pages in main area to the K threads that we spawn. Each one of the thread refreshes, i.e., reads, decrypts, re-encrypts the page followed by appending to it, a hash of the page.

\section{Conclusion}
\label{Conclusion}
We saw how a write only ORAM can be used to do demand paging in Keystone. We introduced two enhancements to DetWoORAM, the Eager DetWoORAM and Parallel DetWoORAM. We see that EDetWoORAM provides marginal improvement of application execution slowdown and is a good candidate for oblivious demand paging if the rate of page fault is small. PDetWoORAM provides massive improvement of application execution slowdown(almost the best possible) and is a good fit for oblivious demand paging given the liberty to aggressively spawn threads.

\begin{acks}
This paper is in the loving memory of late Dr. Pramod Subramanyan. We would like to thank Supriya Suresh and Nirjhar Roy for helping with their experience in Keystone. We would also like to thank Yashika Verma and Anuj Mishra for reviewing our paper and point out incoherencies that might have crept into the paper at various stages.

\end{acks}

\bibliographystyle{ACM-Reference-Format}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Can Fred Be The Key To Future Success?
One of Jose Mourinho's final signings, Fred was signed by Manchester United for a whopping 52 million….
By Krishen Dev Sekri
One of Jose Mourinho's final signings, Fred was signed by Manchester United for a whopping 52 million pounds in 2019. He was brought into the squad during a phase where the team lacked Brazilian flair that many of the top teams in the league (Fernandinho & Jesus (City), Willian (Chelsea), Fabinho & Firmino (Liverpool)) benefitted from. Fred was brought into the side to be a box-to-box midfielder or someone who could be a part of a 3 man midfield alongside Scott, Matic and Pogba. He had a rough start to life in Manchester warming the bench for a major part of the first half of the season by Jose due to defensive woes in the squad and was eased back in only during the latter stages of Ole's interim run. His performances mainly his contributions in terms of goals and assists on the field have been next to negligible thus far and have not remotely justified the price tag of his purchase.
As a player entering the prime of his playing career his statistics have been far from pleasing, during his time at the club he's made 27 appearances with a total of 3 assists and a goal to show for his name. He averages more than a bad touch and dispossession during a game. During his phase of poor performances misplaced passes are a known occurrence. The only bright aspect of his statistics happens to be his passing which he averages at 87%. These figures serve as no assurance to the club of whether he can shoulder the responsibility going forward if Pogba ever chooses to leave.
He has in the recent times stepped up to the occasion in the absence of Pogba and produced commendable performances against Arsenal, Liverpool and Norwich. United currently have only 3 experienced holding midfielders in McTominay, Fred and Matic with the young James Garner still learning the trade. Scott having now cemented his place in the side and rightfully so seems better off paired with Fred than the ever-slow Matic.
Fred at best seems to be an appropriate squad player to have in the side who with his high tempo could really benefit the team in the final quarter of the game. Football is not played keeping statistics in mind and we hope that this is the case for Fred.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Daisy is a vintage sweetheart. The picture of class and opulent charm. Set the tone for your vintage wedding celebration with the Daisy Suite! Daisy is shown here on 120# Uncoated White Cardstock. All colors can easily be customized.
*The Daisy Suite is perfect for upgrading to letterpress or foil stamped designs. Inquire for a custom quote for specialty printing methods such as letterpress and foil stamping.


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Issue 17: 2009
Home Australian Antarctic Magazine Issue 17: 2009 Science Southern Ocean Research Partnership
Southern Ocean Research Partnership
The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research's deep-water research vessel, Tangaroa, working in heavy pack ice in the Ross Sea
In March 2009 a Southern Ocean Research Partnership (SORP) was established to enhance cetacean conservation and the delivery of non-lethal whale research to the International Whaling Commission (IWC).
The partners — including Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, France, Italy, Mexico, New Zealand, South Africa and the United States — aim to maximise conservation results through research into the status, health, dynamics and environmental linkages of whale populations and the threats they face. The main focus of the partnership is the large whale species managed by the IWC, including the humpback, blue, fin, Antarctic minke, sei, southern right and sperm whales. Killer whales will also be considered as an important component of the Southern Ocean ecosystem.
Research will be conducted under two main themes:
post-exploitation whale population structure, health and status; and
changing atmosphere and oceans: Southern Ocean whales and their ecosystems.
Research conducted under the first theme will focus on improving understanding of how whale populations have recovered since the cessation of commercial whaling. It will include data collection for existing long-term population studies on some whale species (such as humpback and southern right) and the collection of new data that addresses important unknowns, such as how endangered fin whales have responded to protection.
Under the second theme research will look at, for example, the importance of sea ice habitat for whales, how the environment affects the movement of whales in the Southern Ocean, the response of whale populations to climate processes in contrasting oceanic regions (such as the Antarctic Peninsula and the southwest Atlantic Ocean), and the interaction of baleen whales with their feeding ground environment.
The SORP research plan is expected to develop over the course of the collaboration, particularly in response to IWC requirements.
Australia-New Zealand whale study
The first research project to be conducted under the banner of the Southern Ocean Research Partnership will be a six-week expedition in Antarctic waters in February-March 2010, on board New Zealand's ice-strengthened ship RV Tangaroa. The Australia-New Zealand collaboration will involve the collection of data on the movement of whales, population genetics and their interaction with the sea ice ecosystem, using non-lethal research techniques such as biopsy sampling, satellite tracking and acoustic surveys. The data will contribute to an understanding of the population structure, abundance, trends, distribution and ecological role of whales in the Southern Ocean.
SIMON CHILDERHOUSE
Australian Marine Mammal Centre, AAD
Read more about the research partnership, including reports on the structure and function of the partnership.
IWC endorses the research partnership (media release)
Australian Marine Mammal Centre
Science dives into dirty issue
Grey-headed albatross receives greater protection
This content was last updated 11 years ago on 20 November 2009.
See more Science
Managing human impacts
Penguins in press
Evolution in the Antarctic
Adelie penguin population dynamics: 18 years in a colony
Darkness sheds light on krill reproduction
Predicting the location of vulnerable marine ecosystems
Seeking answers to fishy questions
Awards for science
Australian Antarctic Science Season 2009–10
Cameras to spy on petrels
Back to Issue 17: 2009


Solar PV (Photovoltaic) module-level monitoring is an innovative approach for owners and O&M companies to improve financial performance and reduce risk in managing solar power systems. The accuracy and insight from this new solution, along with the aids of intelligent cloud-based data analysis and diagnostics, bring more opportunities to detect hidden problems, increase solar energy yields and improve O&M efficiency.
The Performance Ratio (PR) of PV plants has increased a lot today when compared to 35 years ago. However, as the source of energy production, solar panels lose performance over time due to variable factors, for example, trees casting shadows on the PV modules, or birds throwing rocks and causing broken PV panels. Others may include burned diodes, PID, string shorting, soiling and more. All these could deteriorate the performance of a PV panel.
Since all the PV modules in a string are connected in series, if one module fails, the power generation efficiency of an entire string can be affected. It is estimated that 0.6% of PV modules stop working properly in a year, the compounding effects of the faults would actually lose more in a plant basis. If faults aren't be solved immediately, they would continue causing losses in the remaining time.
Although there are inverter-level monitoring and routine inspections by O&M staffs, hidden problems may easily go undetected. Especially on large plants, accurately identifying the root causes of underperformance is time-consuming and requires high labor cost. Therefore, for O&M activities, the challenge is how to find panel faults precisely and quickly?
Solar O&M challenge: find panels faults precisely and quickly?
NxSensor monitors the performance of each individual solar panel with great precision. The resulting data enables intelligent cloud software to identify panel faults, triggers an alarms, diagnose root causes and recommend O&M activities. By continuous measurement and verification, faults or underperformance are detected and diagnosed at an early stage. It significantly reduces risks.
By comparison, inverters only monitor the solar power system at string level. Due to its low monitoring accuracy, it is impossible for inverters to help O&M team confirm the panel faults or suggest a predictive maintenance action.
The sensor unit can be integrated into the junction box of a solar panel, or it can be mounted on a solar panel with a add-on/retrofit box. The sensor unit continuously measures the voltage of the panel's output and the temperature of the junction box, offering insight into module-level performance.
The gateway collects data from sensor units and transmits data to the cloud-based database. The gateway and the sensor units form a mesh network - HOHWave™, which is a wireless technology enabling low-cost and extensible network for module-level data communication. With HOHWave™, a gateway can typically access more than 500 sensor units.
The cloud platform analyzes the data in machine learning algorithms, based on which to indicate the performance variations among solar panels and find the potential faults. It also provides the data interfaces for 3rd-party O&M companies to integrate data or further analyze data.
Users could access the data from web-based devices like mobile phones and PCs.
For installations, modules can be setup incorrectly and plugs forgotten, the NxSensor monitoring system provides extensive and detailed analysis of a PV plant's installation, avoiding off-line tests to troubleshoot problems or to check module consensus issues, enforcing a better quality of PV plant installations.
For plant owners and operators, defective modules or unsolved issues may have been existing for years, the NxSensor monitoring system detects hidden faults that lead to power losses or low efficiency, enables the taking of immediate O&M actions, thus avoiding revenue losses and increasing yields.
For maintenance, O&M teams are able to find failed modules with great certainty. They can determine the appropriate remedy before sending out a crew. It is even possible to prevent major problems before they take system down. Such integration will lead to the development of smart O&M strategies.


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LITTLE CHILDREN (15)
D: Todd Field
New Line/Bona Fide/Standard (Todd Field, Albert Berger & Ron Yerxa)
W: Todd Field & Tom Perrotta [based on the novel by Tom Perrotta]
DP: Antonio Calvache
Ed: Leo Trombetta
Mus: Thomas Newman
Kate Winslet (Sarah Pierce), Patrick Wilson (Brad Adamson), Jennifer Connelly (Kathy Adamson), Jackie Earle Haley (Ronnie McGorvey), Noah Emmerich (Larry Hedges)
Figuratively speaking, Little Children is a modernisation of Flaubert's literary classic Madame Bovary, relocated from 18th Century France to the leafy, picket fence suburbs of modern day Boston, Massachusetts.
Kate Winslet and Patrick Wilson star as two adulterous parents, unhappy in their respective marriages, who embark on an affair. Meanwhile, their idyllic small town is rattled when it emerges that paedophile lives amongst them, himself trying to put his murky past behind him and move on with his life, but a disgraced ex-cop doesn't want to let sleeping dogs lie.
This intricate drama uncovers the deep layers which a small suburban community might have in a more tasteful and easier to watch way than the way David Lynch may have approached similar material (Blue Velvet, for example) and I found it to have a little influence from Robert Altman's Short Cuts with its execution.
The performances of the ensemble cast are all excellent, particularly Kate Winslet and Jackie Earle Haley (both of whom received Oscar nominations), but the film itself wasn't as good as it could have been, and was definitely hampered by an awful Desperate Housewives-esque narration by Will Lyman which I found to be more intrusive than it was informative.


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Synagoga Gmachu Wychowawczego w Warszawie – nieistniejąca obecnie synagoga znajdująca się w Warszawie przy ulicy Jagiellońskiej 28.

Synagoga została założona w budynku Gmachu Wychowawczego Warszawskiej Gminy Starozakonnych im. Michała Bergsona. Była przeznaczona głównie dla personelu i wychowanków ośrodka, ale pewnie korzystali z niej również okoliczni mieszkańcy.

Powstała wraz z wybudowaniem budynku w latach 1911–1914. Podczas II wojny światowej, hitlerowcy zdewastowali synagogę. Po zakończeniu wojny, główną salę modlitewną przebudował na swoje potrzeby Teatr Żydowski. Od 1953 roku mieści się w niej Państwowy Teatr Lalki i Aktora "Baj".

Gmachu Wychowawczego
Praga-Północ

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


With Together We Rise, getting through college gets just a bit easier for foster care individuals.
In 2008, Danny Mendoza found out that his younger cousin, who was in the foster care system, was sleeping in a car every night instead of a bed. At this realization, he decided to make a change for those like his cousin. Thus, Together We Rise was established.
With help and encouragement from his friends and family, this non-profit organization has now grown to a network of passionate individuals who want to help those going through foster care.
Through collaboration with volunteers, companies and community partners, Together We Rise brings resources to foster youth, whether it is a new bicycle, college supplies or their trademark "sweet cases," so that children do not have to move from home to home with their belongings in a trash bag.
When people think of foster care, they may not think of what happens to those who have grown up in the system and are now out in the real world, with little to no support behind them. Unlike other organizations that strictly focus on foster care children, Together We Rise took the opportunity to provide a backbone for those that have "aged" out of the system and are looking to pursue higher education.
With the Family Fellowship Program, they offer individuals the chance to not only have financial support, but a family when going through college. Together We Rise, in conjunction with the Fund II Foundation, aleves the financial burden these students face when going through college the best they can, by offering students a $90,000 scholarship over the course of five years.
With funds for this scholarship coming from donors and volunteers who hold fundraisers to raise the money, support for this program comes from all different types of sources. Since its start, millions of former foster care individuals apply each year for their chance to receive the prestigious scholarship.
In order to be considered, they must fill out an application in the spring and go through a series of interviews with the scholarship coordinator and executive director of Together We Rise before being accepted. With only 10 fellows accepted per year, the competition is intense, but the reward is certainly worth it in the end.
From helping them budget their money to dispersing stipends that help with their monthly expenses, the coordinators of the Family Fellowship Program make sure that fellows are financially prepared to navigate through college. They also help them with other obstacles the students might face while in higher education, such as setting them up with a tutoring service if needed or assisting them with their housing.
Since Together We Rise has been providing students with a sense of relief as they pursue higher education, it is inevitable that those who are a part of the organization carry with them the memories of many happy moments.Wells', in particular, happened earlier this spring.


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C Dubbs Belt: just another example of things going downhill, and quickly
Christopher Diken
Jul 9th 2004 at 2:45PM
Straight from the product description: "Chrome buckle spins like pimped rims." The spinner buckle is an Urban Outfitters product, which makes it an ironic kinda-novelty sort-of-gag, like "I know this isn't cool and that's exactly why it's so cool." Yet this kind of sentiment has become so pervasive in American culture that the irony has lost all meaning and is now just commonplace and trendy and unoriginal. Way to go, Latrell. See what you started? You killed irony. I hope you're happy.


Jan. 25, 2016 | LITTLE ROCK — Health care and public health professionals who address the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diabetes and obesity are invited to attend the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences' (UAMS) Diabetes Update 2016 on Feb. 20-21.
The focus of this year's symposium will be population health and community-based diabetes care.
The 21st annual Diabetes Update will be held from 7 a.m. to 4:15 p.m. on Feb. 20 and from 7 a.m. to 12:15 p.m. on Feb. 21 on the 12th floor of the Jackson T. Stephens Spine & Neurosciences Institute. Parking is available in Parking Deck 3 at the corner of Cedar Street and Capitol Avenue.
For those who preregister by Feb. 12, the cost is $75 for students, residents and fellows; $165 for nurses, physician assistants, advanced practice nurses and other health care professionals; $180 for pharmacists; and $225 for physicians. There is also a reduced rate for those who would prefer to only attend one day of the conference. Participants can also register at the conference; however, the price increases by $25. Continuing education credits are available for the symposium.
For more information about the conference or to register, visit http://medicine.uams.edu/cme/courses/diabetes-update/.


Understanding the deluge of scientific data acquired from next-generation technologies, from astronomy to neuroscience, requires advances in translating our existing knowledge to useful models. Here I show how our recent advances in scalable computing, from "serverless" cloud offerings to deep function approximation, can let us capture and exploit this prior knowledge. Examples include models derived from human intuition (for neural connectomics), carefully-engineered physical systems (for imaging through scattering media), and even direct simulation (for superresolution microscopy). By expanding the space of models we can work with, we can avoid common data science pitfalls while making computing at scale accessible to the entire scientific community.
Bio: Eric Jonas is currently a postdoc in computer science at UC Berkeley working with Ben Recht on machine learning for accelerating scientific discovery. He earned his PhD in Computational Neuroscience, M. Eng in Electrical Engineering, BS in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and BS in Neurobiology, all from MIT. Prior to his return to academia, he was founder and CEO of Prior Knowledge, a predictive database company which was acquired in 2012 by Salesforce.com, where he was Chief Predictive Scientist until 2014. In 2015 he was named one of the top rising stars in bioengineering by the Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).


Sensitivity analysis shows that this difference is robust for reasonable parameter choices. Geologists cosmogenic dating inheritance book rock samples in Antarctica for cosmogenic nuclide dating. Solifluction is common in periglacial environments, and can result in rolling, burial and movement of boulders on slopes.
The first glacial maximum in North America, Science Both can be used individually to date how long the material has been exposed at the surface. When it reaches the terminus of the glacier, the boulder will be deposited.
Scientists must therefore take strong precautions before using this chemical.
Assuming that the boulder cosmogenic dating inheritance book in a stable position, and does not roll or move after deposition, this boulder will give an excellent Exposure Age estimate for the moraine.
Post-depositional processes, such as rolling, burial, exhumation or cover with vegetation can result in interruption of the accumulation of cosmogenic nuclides and a younger than expected age. This is crucial data for numerical ice sheet models.
Signs of subglacial transport Scratches striations on a sandstone boulder show that it has undergone subglacial transport and erosion.
In the context of carbon dating, this departure from the present-day level means that samples with a true age of 8, years would be dated by radiocarbon as 7, years old.
Mike Hambrey Geologists must ensure that they choose an appropriate rock. Over a long period of time, however, uranium decays to thoriumwhich results in a buildup of the latter in old corals and thereby provides a precise measure of time. It relies instead on the progressive decay or disappearance of the radioactive parent with time.
Rates of nuclide production must be estimated in order to date a rock sample. A 4He retentivity study, J.
By the time the cosmic ray cascade reaches the surface of Earth it is primarily composed of neutrons. Videopad video editor free vs paid dating 4He degassing of specularite and botryoidal hematite: A glacier transports an erratic boulder, and then recedes, exposing it to cosmic rays.
These equations can be combined to give the total concentration of cosmogenic radionuclides in a sample as a function of age. Light noble gases and cosmogenic radionuclides in Estherville, Budulan, and other mesosiderites: The introduction of highly sensitive mass spectrometers that allow the total number of atoms to be measured rather than the much smaller number that decay has resulted in a revolutionary change in the family of methods based on uranium and thorium disequilibrium.
The in situ production of radioisotopes in rock matrices with particular reference to the Stripa granite, Geochim. They want to sample a rock that they are sure has undergone subglacial transport.
By contrast, if carbon is to be measured by its radioactivity, only those few atoms decaying during the measurement period are recorded. Each of these nuclides is produced at a different rate.
At Earth's surface most of these nuclides are produced by neutron spallation. References References Ackert, R. Other applications include dating groundwater with chlorine 36Cldating marine sediments with beryllium 11Be and aluminum 26Aland dating glacial ice with krypton 81Kr.
As mentioned above, sampling strategy is the most import factor in generating a reliable cosmogenic nuclide age. Magnetic seperation removes particles with lots of iron such as micasleaving you if you sampled granite, for example with a g sample of sand, comprising mostly feldspar and quartz.
The parent isotopes are the most abundant of these elements, and are common in crustal material, whereas the radioactive daughter nuclei are not commonly produced by other processes. The crushed rock is then sieved to the right size.
Glacial successions such as these have the greatest potential to be examined in detail using newly developing numerical dating, and geomorphic and sedimentologic methods to derive high-resolution terrestrial records of glaciation that will help in paleoclimatic reconstruction for high altitude subtropical regions.
This is important for glacial geologists, as it means that surfaces that have had repeated glaciations with repeated periods of exposure to cosmic rays can still be dated, as long as they have had sufficient glacial erosion to remove any inherited signal. Many of these isotopes have short half-lives and hence can be used to date events that happened in the past few thousand to a few million years.
It is an excellent way of directly dating glaciated regions. Sampling and dating boulders in a transect down a mountain will rapidly establish how thick your ice sheet was and how quickly it thinned during deglaciation.
Unlike most isotopic dating methods, the conventional carbon dating technique is not based on counting daughter isotopes. Granite and sandstone boulders are frequently used in cosmogenic nuclide dating, as they have large amounts of quartz, which yields Beryllium, a cosmogenic nuclide ideal for dating glacial fluctuations over Quaternary timescales.
The lack of terrestrial marine organisms makes radiocarbon dating difficult; High winds make burial by snow less likely; Burial and cover by vegetation is unlikely. This can be a particular problem in Antarctica, where cold-based ice may repeatedly cover a boulder, preventing the accumulation of cosmogenic nuclides, without eroding or even moving the rock.
This isotope may be produced by cosmic ray spallation of calcium or potassium. Given representative distributions from these two models, we can determine which methods of estimating moraine ages are most successful in recovering the correct age for test cases where this value is known.
By assuming that the present deposition rate also prevailed in the past, the age of a given sample at depth can be estimated by the residual amount of lead Among them are the removal of humic acids from charcoal and the isolation of cellulose from wood and collagen from bone. Extraction of quartz Bethan Davies using HF to dissolve rocks for cosmogenic nuclide dating.
Carbon dating and other cosmogenic methods The occurrence of natural radioactive carbon in the atmosphere provides a unique opportunity to date organic materials as old as roughly 60, years.
Implications for exposure histories and production rates, Meteoritics Planet. An isochron method for cosmogenic nuclide dating of buried soils and sediments, Am.
A major breakthrough in carbon dating occurred with the introduction of the accelerator mass spectrometer. Cosmogenic nuclide dating is effective over short to long timescales 1,, yearsdepending on which isotope you are dating.
Regional beryllium production rate calibration for late-glacial northeastern North America, Quat. Published production rates are available for different parts of the Earth. Thus, the skewness can help indicate whether a particular data set has problems with inheritance or moraine degradation.
Is the concentration of carbon uniform throughout the plant and animal kingdoms? Calibration curves have been constructed using dendrochronological data tree-ring measurements of bristlecone pines as old as 8, years ; periglacial varve, or annual lake sediment, data see above ; and, in archaeological research, certain materials of historically established ages.
Accounting for variable production rates Bethan Davies cosmogenic nuclide sampling a sandstone boulder on a moraine. However, this can be difficult, as thermal boundaries within the ice sheet may mean that it is more erosive lower down than higher up, and that cold, non-erosive ice on the tops of mountains may leave in tact older landscapes.


text:
http://www.cancerwa.asn.au/articles/news-2018/health-experts-praise-ban-on-booze-ads/
You are here: Home / News / 2018 / Health experts praise ban on booze ads
Health experts praise ban on booze ads
Posted 29 Jun 2018.
The Alcohol Advertising Review Board (AARB) welcomes the WA Government's planned ban on alcohol advertising on Transperth buses and trains announced today.
Since its launch in 2012, the AARB - a joint initiative by the McCusker Centre for Action on Alcohol and Youth (MCAAY) and Cancer Council WA - has received 63 complaints about alcohol ads on WA buses, proving the inadequacy of the industry's self-regulated guidelines.
MCAAY Executive Officer Julia Stafford said the ban was an important move to protect young people as around half of Australia's high school students use public transport at least once a week.
"Alcohol ads normalise and reinforce Australia's harmful drinking culture. Over one in four West Australians aged 14 years and above drinks at high-risk levels at least once a month."
"Unlike TV and radio, you can't switch outdoor ads off and it's impossible to control who sees them. Every day children and young people are heavily exposed to alcohol promotions in locations they're guaranteed to see it. Today's ban on public transport alcohol ads is a step in the right direction."
Cancer Council WA CEO Ashley Reid said restricting alcohol ads is an essential part of a comprehensive approach to preventing short and long-term harm.
"Banning alcohol ads on public transport is a good practical first step in reducing alcohol-related harm. Similar successful bans were an integral part in the country's tobacco control effort that has lead to a reduction in smoking rates and saved countless lives," Mr Reid said.
"The health risks associated with alcohol are irrefutable. Alcohol causes nearly 6,000 Australian deaths annually. That's approximately one death every 90 minutes, yet it's one of the most heavily promoted products in the world."
Mr Reid said the next logical step is for local governments to follow the State Government's lead by banning alcohol advertising at bus stops - a move 77% of the WA population supports.
A 2016 audit of Perth bus stop ads found almost a quarter (172 of 744) were for alcohol products, and alcohol was the dominant category.
"In the future it would be great to see this ban expanded to include junk food as well. People should be able to go outside without being bombarded with ads for products that are proven to increase their cancer risk."
76% of West Australian adults support legal controls to reduce young people's exposure to alcohol advertising, with only 5% opposed.
77% of West Australian adults support removing alcohol advertising from buses and bus stops to reduce young people's exposure, with only 8% opposed.
Since its launch in 2012, the Alcohol Advertising Review Board has received 241 complaints about alcohol ads placed on public transport and transit stops from all around Australia (23% of all complaints).
More information about alcohol and cancer risk.


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Bretz Injury Law Charitable Foundation
In 2015 Bretz Injury Law established The Bretz Injury Law Charitable Foundation, a 501(c)(3) charitable foundation, to continue their community service work into the future.
A portion of the fees from every case which is won by the firm goes toward ensuring that the community is a better and safer place for everyone to live, and toward ensuring that the firm's community service work continues long into the future.
Community service has always been the backbone of Bretz Injury Law. Matt Bretz has served as a member of the Board of Directors for Big Brothers, Interfaith Housing (Board Chairman for one year), TECH (Board Chairman for four years), Friendship Daycare, and Red Cross. He currently is on the Board of Directors of United Way, and served as the Chairperson for the last three years.
Community service is promoted throughout the firm. Bretz Injury Law is proud to have 100 percent participation from staff in the annual United Way campaign, with the highest individual and also the highest per-person contribution of any business in Reno County. Our staff members can be seen at every Red Cross Bloodmobile, serving on a variety of community boards, volunteering at their churches, and serving with organizations such as Communities that Care, CASA, and the Cancer Council of Reno County.
Elementary School Carnival
One of the firm's favorite community events is an annual carnival for an area grade school. Each year we invite all of the students and their families to a free carnival at our office. We provide inflatables and dinner, have a variety of games, and then give away bicycles, scooters and other prizes to provide the students with items to help them stay active during the summer months. In 2015 we gave away 100 bicycles to students at Lincoln Elementary!
Bowling for TECH
Each month Bretz Injury Law sponsors an outing for 50 developmentally disabled individuals from TECH (The Training and Evaluation Center of Hutchinson). TECH clients and volunteers enjoy bowling at the local bowling alley, along with pizza and soda. The outings are scheduled so that every TECH client is eligible to attend at least 6 times per year.
Dolly Parton Imagination Library
The Dolly Parton Imagination Library is a program to foster a love of reading by providing an age-appropriate book every month to every child, from birth to five years old. Bretz Injury Law helps make this program possible in our community by covering the shipping costs for all children in Buhler and Haven school districts. We are excited to announce that so far this program has been credited with improving Kindergarten readiness from just 48% to over 80% in Reno County!
In addition to giving their time, Bretz Injury Law provides meaningful financial support for a number of community organizations. Over the last 25 years the firm has supported:
Boys & Girls Club of Hutchinson
Cancer Council of Reno County
Cause for Paws
Communities that Care
First Call for Help
Hutchinson Community Foundation
New Beginnings, Inc.
Open Door Pregnancy Center
Reins of Hope
Reno County Big Brothers Big Sisters
Reno County Compassionate Friends
Sexual Assault and Domestic Violence Center
Soroptimist International of Hutchinson
Training and Evaluation Center of Hutchinson
Ulster Project
Visions of Hope/Kansas CASA
The firm is also proud to support local schools such as:
Avenue A Elementary, Hutchinson
Berean Academy, Elbing
Buhler High School, Buhler
Fairfield High School, Turon
Graber Elementary, Hutchinson
Haven High School, Haven
Hutchinson Community College, Hutchinson
Hutchinson High School, Hutchinson
Lincoln Elementary, Hutchinson
Morgan Elementary, Hutchinson
Nickerson High School, Nickerson
Prairie Hills Middle School, Hutchinson
Prosperity Elementary, Hutchinson
Stafford High School, Stafford
Trinity High School, Hutchinson
What Makes Bretz Injury Law Different
Client Distinction Award
Awarded the "Client Distinction Award." Fewer Than 1% Of all attorneys receive this award for communication, responsiveness, quality of service, and value.
A Proven History of Obtaining Results
Bretz Injury Law has one of only eight attorneys in Kansas to be named to the Multi-Million Dollar Advocates Forum.
Prepared & Seasoned Attorneys
We strive to negotiate fair settlements, but we're also committed to ensuring clients receive the best possible recovery. If this means going to trial, we are fully prepared to do so.
Reach Out To Learn More


DKNY has signed a new partnership with the New York Rangers, its second with a professional sports team in the New York-area. As part of the new deal reported by WWD, the Rangers will wear DKNY-branded practice jerseys for the rest of the season.
In 2010, the fashion brand cut a deal with the Yankees to put its iconic logo in the stadium outfield.
DKNY, launched by New York fashion designer Donna Karan in 1989, has grown to include more than seventy retail stores throughout the globe. LVMH acquired the company in 2001.


Phase I of Russell High School was originally designed by Edward J. Cuhaci and Associates Architects in 1994. The firm was subsequently retained to design a 5179 m2 or 55,748 sq. ft., two-storey addition to the existing school. Major additions include a new double gymnasium, stage, cafeteria and educational wing with labs and shops. The stage and multipurpose rooms are shared by the community and are being used by local theatrical groups.
A two storey atrium was designed to link the old and new and to help organize the circulation and access to the public areas of the school. A new building entrance located off the central atrium leads to a new parking area on the south side of the building. Other new programming features include new science labs, computer labs, classrooms, family studies rooms, music room and woodworking shop. The existing gymnasium located in the original building was retrofitted into a library/resource center with new windows opening into the new atrium.
The site plan required extensive civil engineering to include new parking areas and relocated sports field. Construction was phased to allow parallel occupancy of the original building. The project was built with a construction management firm.


text:
import assert from 'assert'
import sinon from 'sinon'
import { handle } from 'api/confirmSubscription'
import CloudFormation from 'aws/cloudFormation'
import Cognito from 'aws/cognito'

describe('confirmSubscription', () => {
  beforeEach(() => {
    sinon.stub(CloudFormation.prototype, 'getSubscribersPoolID')
    sinon.stub(CloudFormation.prototype, 'getSubscribersPoolClientID')
    sinon.stub(CloudFormation.prototype, 'getStatusPageCloudFrontURL')
  })

  afterEach(() => {
    Cognito.prototype.confirm.restore()
    CloudFormation.prototype.getSubscribersPoolID.restore()
    CloudFormation.prototype.getSubscribersPoolClientID.restore()
    CloudFormation.prototype.getStatusPageCloudFrontURL.restore()
    Cognito.prototype.getUser.restore()
  })

  it('should call confirm func', async () => {
    const confirmStub = sinon.stub(Cognito.prototype, 'confirm').returns()
    const getUserStub = sinon.stub(Cognito.prototype, 'getUser')

    let actual
    let err
    await handle({}, null, (error, data) => {
      actual = data
      err = error
    })

    assert(err === null)
    assert(actual.message !== undefined)
    assert(actual.script !== undefined)
    assert(confirmStub.calledOnce)
    assert(getUserStub.notCalled)
  })

  it('should return no error if the email is already registered', async () => {
    let alreadyExistsError = new Error()
    alreadyExistsError.name = 'AliasExistsException'
    sinon.stub(Cognito.prototype, 'confirm').throws(alreadyExistsError)
    sinon.stub(Cognito.prototype, 'getUser')

    let actual
    let err
    await handle({}, null, (error, data) => {
      actual = data
      err = error
    })

    assert(err === null)
    assert(actual.message !== undefined)
    assert(actual.script !== undefined)
  })

  it('should check a user is already confirmed if confirm func fails', async () => {
    sinon.stub(Cognito.prototype, 'confirm').throws()
    const getUserStub = sinon.stub(Cognito.prototype, 'getUser').returns({UserStatus: 'CONFIRMED'})

    let err
    await handle({}, null, (error) => {
      err = error
    })

    assert(err === null)
    assert(getUserStub.calledOnce)
  })

  it('should return error if confirm func fails and a user is not confirmed', async () => {
    sinon.stub(Cognito.prototype, 'confirm').throws()
    sinon.stub(Cognito.prototype, 'getUser').returns({UserStatus: 'UNCONFIRMED'})

    let err
    await handle({}, null, (error, result) => {
      err = error
    })
    assert(err.match(/Error/))
  })
})

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Central Florida's Largest and Best RE/MAX Office!
RE/MAX 200 is a family business in constant operation for nearly 40 years through all types of real estate markets in Winter Park, Florida. Founded by Ron Acker in 1975 the company has grown into one of the most respected, largest, independently owned and operated real estate brokerages in the area.
RE/MAX Town & Country Realty is the Winter Springs branch office of RE/MAX 200 Realty and has been serving Seminole County from the same location on Tuskawilla Road for over 20 years.
Ron?s sons Lee Acker and Kevin Acker are now at the helm to continue their father?s simple philosophy which is the cornerstone of the company. The Golden Rule: ?Do unto others as you would have them do unto you? still largely remains part of our daily business practices. Lee and Kevin attribute the success and longevity of RE/MAX 200 and RE/MAX Town & Country to the solid foundation built by their father as well as the partnership formed with RE/MAX, the world?s most productive real estate franchise.


text:
All Articles in the Category 'General'
A Pediatrician's Guide to Understanding Toddler Tantrums
Authors: Ashley Speller
August 23, 2022 | General Comments Off on A Pediatrician's Guide to Understanding Toddler Tantrums
Parents often find themselves with countless questions about tantrums. What are they? Is this normal? When will my toddler grow out of this? How should I respond? To help provide guidance, Dr. Mollie Grow, a pediatrician at Seattle Children's, discusses what caregivers should understand about toddler tantrums and addresses some of the most common misconceptions.
Odessa Brown Children's Clinic Leader Awarded 2022 Physician of the Year by AAIP
August 2, 2022 | General, Odessa Brown Children's Clinic Comments Off on Odessa Brown Children's Clinic Leader Awarded 2022 Physician of the Year by AAIP
Shaquita L Bell, MD of Seattle Children's Odessa Brown Children's Clinic
Dr. Shaquita Bell, Senior Medical Director of Seattle Children's Odessa Brown Children's Clinic (OBCC), has been awarded 2022 Physician of the Year by the Association of American Indian Physicians (AAIP) for her longstanding commitment to the individual and collective health of Indigenous and multi-racial children and impact within her community.
The distinguished award was presented to Dr. Bell ahead of the AAIP's Annual Meeting and National Health Conference which brings together healthcare professionals, policy makers and community tribal members to discuss the pressing health concerns of American Indian/Alaska Natives across the nation.
Creating Opportunities in Health Information Technology for the Next Generation of Pediatric Leaders
Authors: Katie Scaff and Ashley Speller
July 12, 2022 | General Comments Off on Creating Opportunities in Health Information Technology for the Next Generation of Pediatric Leaders
Melvin Smith (second from the left) works around the clock to develop IT's workforce of the future. By day, he leads the hospital desktop team, and by night, he teaches Health IT classes at Seattle Colleges
When Information Technology (IT) supervisor Melvin Smith first joined Seattle Children's as an administrative fellow in 2018, he never imagined where he'd be today.
"I have always worked in environments where I was either the youngest or the only individual from my community group," Smith explained.
He also knows what it's like to be 'othered' and understands the power of a great mentor.
"I built the foundation of my career around not liking disparities," he explained. "From my experiences with internships, fellowships and getting my first job, I always took the approach that I want to be the person I wish I had."
Pediatric Infectious Disease Doctors Answer Parent's Most Common Questions about Vaccines Under 5
July 7, 2022 | General, Health and Safety, Odessa Brown Children's Clinic Comments Off on Pediatric Infectious Disease Doctors Answer Parent's Most Common Questions about Vaccines Under 5
Children between the age of 6 months and 4 years old are now eligible to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. For families who have long awaited the opportunity to vaccinate this age group, it's a sigh of relief.
"It provides another layer of protection that we have been seeking for a long time now," parent Michael Bamshad told KOMO news while attending Seattle Children's vaccine clinic with his 4-year-old daughter Marlowe. "Everyone else has had the opportunity to get vaccinated and now it's time for kids under five."
For other parents with babies and toddlers, many are wondering what side effects to look out for with smaller children who cannot yet verbalize how they feel post-shot.
To help answer the most common vaccine questions, Dr. Surabhi (Sara) Vora, an Associate Professor of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and an Infectious Disease Physician at Seattle Children's and Dr. Janet Englund, a Professor of Pediatrics and Infectious Disease Specialist at Seattle Children's shared some expert insight.
Leader in Pediatric Oncology Receives National Honor from American Cancer Society
June 30, 2022 | Cancer and Research, General, Patient Care Comments Off on Leader in Pediatric Oncology Receives National Honor from American Cancer Society
Dr. Abby R. Rosenberg, director of the Palliative Care and Resilience lab at the Seattle Children's Research Institute
Dr. Abby R. Rosenberg, director of the Palliative Care and Resilience (PCAR) lab at the Seattle Children's Research Institute (SCRI); an associate professor of pediatric hematology/oncology at the University of Washington (UW); director of pediatrics at the UW Cambia Palliative Care Center of Excellence; and director of survivorship and outcomes research in pediatric oncology at the UW, has been awarded the 2021 Trish Greene Quality of Life Award by the American Cancer Society (ACS).
The prestigious award was presented to Dr. Rosenberg in an intimate ceremony in Seattle Children's new Forest B building and honors those who have dedicated their career to research that improves the quality of life for cancer patients and their families.
Vaccines Are Now Available for Kids Under 5
Authors: Casey Egan
June 23, 2022 | General, Health and Safety Comments Off on Vaccines Are Now Available for Kids Under 5
On June 21, Seattle Children's became one of the first locations in the country to offer COVID-19 vaccinations to children ages 6 months to 4 years old.
This was a day that Seattle Children's staff has long worked toward, as Seattle Children's doctors were also involved clinical trial research for COVID-19 vaccines for this age group. For children in the 6 months – 4-year-old age group, our COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial spots were highly sought after, with thousands of applicants for approximately 100 slots at Seattle Children's.
Meet the Seattle Children's Nurse Who Helped Deliver More Than One Thousand Pounds of Medical Supplies to Ukraine
June 16, 2022 | Cardiology, General, Heart Center Comments Off on Meet the Seattle Children's Nurse Who Helped Deliver More Than One Thousand Pounds of Medical Supplies to Ukraine
Jenna Engelsvold helped gather and personally deliver 23 suitcases full of medical supplies to the border of Ukraine in March.
"Helping other people is a really important part of my life."
When Jenna Engelsvold first arrived at Seattle Children's as a nursing student more than a decade ago, she knew this is where she wanted to be.
"I was walking down the hall and looking around and just felt this gut feeling that this was where I wanted to start my career. To this day, I have never regretted that decision," she explained.
As Engelsvold's passion for pediatrics grew while at Seattle Children's, so did her career, starting as a nurse in 2011 and then joining the nurse practitioner team in 2018 after completing graduate school. In her current role, she cares for patients who have undergone cardiac surgery and helps enable parents to take care of their child once they leave the hospital.
"Spine at Risk" Safety Program Receives Prestigious Award from POSNA
Authors: Kate Devaney
May 13, 2022 | General Post Comment
Seattle Children's Dr. Jennifer Bauer received prestigious award from POSNA for "Spine at Risk" Safety Program
Competition is steep to receive a research grant from the Pediatric Orthopedic Society of North America (POSNA), including the once-a-year awarded Quality, Safety, and Value Initiative (QSVI) Grant. This grant encourages the creation and implementation of quality and patient safety programming, and applicants must go through a rigorous multiple-tiered review process for the reward.
Seattle Children's is thrilled that this year's 2022 QSVI Grant Winner is Dr. Jennifer Bauer, Chief of Spine Surgery at Seattle Children's hospital. Bauer was award this grant for her innovative work on the Spine at Risk Safety Program, which was done in partnership with co-investigators and Seattle Children's spine partners Drs. Burt Yaszay, Wally Krengel and Klane White.
The Spine at Risk Program is a unique Seattle Children's safety program run by a team of orthopedic and neurosurgery spine providers that ensures that all patients undergoing anesthesia will have appropriate precautions taken to make sure their spine and spinal cord remain safe while asleep. The program has helped protect our patients behind the scenes for over ten years at Seattle Children's.
With this additional funding, Bauer and her team will continue to progress on previously published and internationally recognized research on the Spine at Risk Safety Program to improve its efficiency and enable it to be implemented at any pediatric hospital around the country.


text:
/ Cory Doctorow / 10:56 am Wed Oct 18, 2017
ICE have become house-flippers, using the notorious and discredited "civil asset forfeiture" process to steal houses from people they say were involved in crime, then selling the houses to fund their operations, and more seizures of more houses.
A leaked 2010 Asset Forfeiture Handbook -- verified by ICE to be fully up to date -- sets out an entire playbook for finding the most expensive houses that can possibly be seized, then working backwards to find an excuse to target the people living there. For example, if there's "a telephone located on the property was used to plan or discuss criminal activity" then ICE can take the whole house.
Though multiple DHS agencies contribute to the Treasury forfeiture fund — such as Customs and Border Protection and the Secret Service — ICE leads the way both in seizures feeding into the fund and in payments doled out to state and local law enforcement. According to a 2014 report by the U.S. Government Accountability Office, from 2003 to 2013, DHS poured roughly $3.6 billion into the Treasury's forfeiture fund. From 2007 on, the report found, ICE was "consistently" responsible for "approximately 50 percent or more of total forfeiture revenues by DHS components." Over the 2003 to 2013 period, the GAO noted, "equitable sharing payments constituted the largest" obligation in the Treasury's forfeiture fund, with approximately $1.2 billion paid out to "a range of state and local law enforcement agencies across the country — as well as other federal agencies and foreign entities — that participated in law enforcement efforts resulting in forfeitures."
"Among the three DHS components making equitable sharing payments, ICE made up over 90 percent of total DHS obligations for equitable sharing payments," the report added. "State and local agencies accounted for the majority of sharing recipients, and accounted for an average of 96 percent of total obligations for equitable sharing payments from fiscal years 2010 through 2012." State and local law enforcement officials who spoke to the government accountability researchers said the arrangement had "improved the relationship between federal agencies and their offices," with officials adding that the "funds are needed by their agencies and have allowed them to purchase equipment such as bulletproof vests, weapons, mobile computers, and police station security cameras."
LEAKED ICE GUIDE OFFERS UNPRECEDENTED VIEW OF AGENCY'S ASSET FORFEITURE TACTICS
[Ryan Devereaux and Spencer Woodman/The Intercept]
(via Techdirt)
Olympics warns athletes that kneeling, fist-raising and other political actions will be banned at the Tokyo 2020 games
The International Olympic Committee -- long a swirling cesspool of corruption, censorship, and reputation-laundering for repressive regimes -- has attained a new low, issuing guidance to athletes competing at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics that no political protests will be tolerated, specifically banning kneeling or raising fists.
America's most popular governor: the lavishly corrupt Larry Hogan [R-MD]
Maryland's Larry Hogan -- a Republican who governs a blue state -- is the most popular governor in America, with a 73% approval among state Democrats. He is also a flagrant crook.
More than 800 Russian academic articles retracted after "bombshell" report reveals plagiarism and other misconduct
After Antiplagiat, a private plagiarism detection company, accused Russia's scientific and scholarly journals of being rife with plagiarism, self-plagiarism, duplication and other misconduct, the Russian Academy of Sciences chartered a committee to investigate the problem: their report confirmed the accusations, finding more instances of plagiarism/self-plagiarism, as well as instances in which the same paper was […]


text:
Recents Trending 🔥 Showsha Dinly Astrology khaufnaak Videos More
About Careers Contact Advertise
#CoolStuff #FunStuff #EpicStuff
Dinly | Featured
A Student's Horrifying Death In BNU Lahore Yesterday Is Making People Talk About Mental Health But Is It Enough?
By Sarmad Amer | 27 Nov, 2018
Death has a very nasty way of making everyone around it pause for a second. In a way it's really good that we have to stop, look up and think about everything. We feel. It makes us human. But death can have lots of negative impact on people around it. That can especially be the case if that death is a result of a traumatic experience. Something similar is happening right now after a student in Lahore recently allegedly took her own life, at her university.
The death of a university student in Lahore is making people talk about uncomfortable things
On November 26, 2018 a student at Beaconhouse National University in Lahore suffered sever injuries after a fall from a multi-story building. She was taken to a hospital where she was allegedly refused service because it was a case of "attempted" suicide at that time hence a police case, she was then taken to General Hospital where she is said to have undergone surgery but she could not survive.
Source: The Videographers / Vimeo
Her death has led to murmurs and rumors that she was suffering from depression.
People have been sharing her Instagram posts and her Facebook statuses where she talks about death and possibly even harming herself as a sort of "sign" that she was suffering from mental health issues and could have possibly been suicidal.
Via: Instagram
There are also people who claim to be from her family saying on social media that the death wasn't a result of suicide but she had slipped.
Believe what you may want to but you can't run away from the trauma of seeing someone die in such a traumatic way before your very eyes. Witnesses of the incident have been posting on social media, sharing how they're unable to process the gravity of what happened before them and there are people who knew the student through social media or only as acquaintance sharing how much they realize she impacted their lives only after her death.
I used to follow Rushaan. I had a strong crush on her and I used to reply to her stories all the time. And she always replied me in a jolly way. She always looked so happy in her Instagram posts.
She ended her life today. It's so difficult for me to absorb.
— Haseeb (@HaseebTheShah) November 26, 2018
Can't even imagine the pain Rushaan must have endured until the point that it became so unbearable that she decided to end her life. I pray that her soul now finds the peace that she was desperately looking for
— 🌻 (@itslamohere) November 26, 2018
There are people who are reminded of the recent death of model Anam Tanoli, also from Lahore, in the wake of this student's
Anam took her own life in what is also being assumed as depression. She was undergoing mental health issues and was said to have a scheduled appointment with her therapist the day she was found dead.
Source: geo.tv
People on social media are making a connection with how important it is to talk about depression in the light of these two incidents.
It is definitely important to talk about mental health issues but are we even providing people that much needed safe space to talk about their issues?
In a society that is quick to dismiss any mental health concern with a swift, "namaz parho, Quran parho yaar, sab theek hojaega. Dil ko tasali milti hai, ye sab baatein insaan tab sochta hai jab Allah se du'ur ho" one really can't expect people to really open up about the struggles they are going through.
Source: health.usnews.com
Ailments of the body can be dealt with through surgery and a rigorous course of antibiotics but ailments of the mind (and heart?) are much more complicated. Certainly there are medicines available for people who have actual chemical imbalances in their minds and bodies that result in those mental issues but you can't treat just about anything by numbing a person's feelings with a heavy doze of medicine.
So what can you as people start doing to make others around you feel safe enough to open about their depression, or any other mental health issue?
If you want people to not take their lives, if you want people to talk about their mental health issues, if you want people to not suffer from depression, then it is your responsibility to make the environment around them safe enough for them to know they can talk to someone about anything that hurts them.
Source: drbenjaminhabib.wordpress.com
You also need to realize that you may not always understand what the other person is going through. What upsets someone else may not upset you but it is important to realize to that whatever has caused them distress is important to them. Don't dismiss it as a "minor" thing or tell them to cheer up just because you would have. It is not always easy to just "cheer up".
Listen, be kind and if you think what they're sharing is something you cannot be helpful in navigating then please offer to help them in finding proper professional help. That's the best thing you can do for someone suffering from mental health issues. That and not mocking them or dismissing them for needing a mental health professional or being "sad".
Model Anam Tanoli's Death Is A Strong Reminder That Pakistani Social Media Seriously Needs Mental Health Awareness
I Went To A Therapist And Here's How It Helped Me Improve My Mental Health
#Combating Depression #depress #depressed #Depression #depression in pakistan #depression pakistan #depression pakistani students #mental health #mental health awareness #Mental Health Awareness Pakistan
Dinly
Auditions For Pepsi Battle Of The Bands Season 5 Are Open And It's Your Chance To Shine Now
Auditions for Pepsi Battle of the Bands are open and if you have a band then this is a call for you to audition. Right Now.
by MangoBaaz Studio
A Woman Who Doctors Said Had Passed Away Came Back To Life In Karachi
Doctors thought this woman had passed away when brought to a hospital in Karachi, but that was far from the truth.
by Noor
Showsha
Yasir Hussain Shut Down An Internet Troll Who Said Iqra Shouldn't Be On Social Media Anymore
As part of Pakistan's celeb power couples, Yasir Hussain and Iqra Aziz are no strangers to the media. Their overall relationship, from them getting...
by Khudeeja Asif
This Muslim Scholar Shared How Angels And Astrology Are Connected
This Muslim scholar's thread on angels and astrology, and their connectedness, is truly out of this world!
by Rameeza Ahmad
The Woman Who Yelled At The Traffic Warden Got Into Another Phadda
The woman screaming at the traffic warden is back and she's still screaming.
by Sana Yasmeen
Here Are The Biggest Moments From The Second Last Episode Of 'Mere Paas Tum Ho'
Mere Paas Tum Ho has a distinct way of showcasing love, cheating, heartbreak and even having a taste of one's own medicine.
by Anoosha Rehan
11 Of The Most Awkward Moments From Iqra Aziz And Asim Azhar's Latest Interview
© 2019 MangoBaaz. All Rights Reserved
Dinly Auditions For Pepsi Battle Of The Bands Season 5 Are Open And It's Your Chance To Shine Now
Showsha Yasir Hussain Shut Down An Internet Troll Who Said Iqra Shouldn't Be On Social Media Anymore
Astrology This Muslim Scholar Shared How Angels And Astrology Are Connected
Dinly The Woman Who Yelled At The Traffic Warden Got Into Another Phadda
Dinly Hareem Shah And Sundal Khatak Have Been Sent Back From Dubai


Our signature 'Chilled Oot' fragrance features a sweet and luxurious blend of coconut and vanilla and will both uplift and relax. A gentle cleanser that instantly lathers, leaving your skin soft and lightly fragranced.
Aqua, Sodium laureth sulfate, Propylene glycol, Sodium chloride, Cocamine oxide, Cocamidopropyl betaine, Citric acid, Tetrasodium EDTA, Polyquaternium-7, Magnesium nitrate, Magnesium chloride, Methylchloroisothiazolinone, Methylisothiazolinone, Parfum, Coumarin.


Contactango offers a space to develop our own movement through the dance forms of contact improvisation and tango. In a playful dialogue between structure, freedom, fluidity, grounding and levity we will expand our physical awareness and creativity in contact with the others.
It is open to all levels and to anyone curious in widening their movement knowledge.
Elements of biomecanics, martial arts, physical theatre, bioenergetics and ecological principles will support our newly developed expressivity.
Please bring comfortable clothes, shoes and/or socks. No need to have previous experience neither to come in couples.
60€ single day. Both days: 100€ (early bird before 19 September), 110€ after.
After 20 years of researching, experimenting and teaching, Argentine-American artist Javier Cura has developed a methodical approach to Movement in general applying it specifically to Physical theatre, martial arts, Contact and or Tango teaching. He has condensed into this system his experience in different fields and art forms ranging from Visual arts, Theatre, Bioenergetics, Somatic Movement and Linguistics.
As a performer, choreographer, artist or teacher you can find him at Contact festivals in Freiburg and San Francisco as well as Fabrik Potsdam Tanztage in Germany, at C.I.R.A in Strasbourg or Alchemie Tango in Prague. He also collaborated on a research about expression in Contact Improvisation at the Berlin Free University.


a cloudy sky. A caption reads "Tvo Climate Watch... Shorts."
Kiwanuka, Climate Watch Shorts host."
THE QUALITY OF THE WATER.
contamination in lakes, which is made worse by more frequent severe storms."
A slim woman with auburn hair in her thirties stands near a beach and speaks.
sewage systems and increase agricultural runoff, which raises E.coli levels."
Region's health department monitors water quality at 14 public beaches.
Weekly tests for E.coli determine whether the water is safe for swimming."
on identifying specific toxins and the sources of pollutants.
IN WATER QUALITY OVER TIME.
Over a cloudy sky, the end slate caption reads "tvo.orgslashclimatewatch."


text:
Pippi Longstocking (World of Astrid Lindgren)
Author(s): Astrid Lindgren
Loved by millions of children around the world Pippi Longstocking is one of the most popular children's characters of all time. This new edition of the classic story by Astrid Lindgren contains brand new black and white artwork by award-winning illustrator Mini Grey, introducing Pippi's adventurous spirit to a whole new generation of readers.
Celebrating 75 years of everyone's favourite quirky heroine!
'Pippi Longstocking may have debuted in 1945, but she feels like a very modern heroine: independent and spirited, underpinned by kindness and warmth'' The Bookseller 'If Pippi met Voldemort she'd make mincemeat out of him and then, because she's a generous, forgiving soul, sit him down and feed him ginger snaps.'
Astrid Lindgren was born in 1907, and grew up at a farm called NAs in the south of Sweden. She began her writing career in 1944 after she won a children's book competition, with Pippi Longstocking published a year later. She published more than one hundred books in her lifetime and is still the most popular children's author in Sweden. Her books have been translated into more than sixty languages, and she received numerous honours and awards. Astrid Lindgren died in 2002. Ingrid Nyman (1916-1959) was a Danish illustrator, noted for her work on the Pippi Longstocking books of which she was the original illustrator.
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Imprint : Oxford University Press
Author : Astrid Lindgren
Illustrator : Mini Grey