text:
Title: Pontius Pilate
Subject: The Master and Margarita, Jesus, Sources for the historicity of Jesus, Caiaphas, New Testament places associated with Jesus
Collection: 1St-Century Bc Births, 1St-Century Christian Saints, 1St-Century Christianity, 1St-Century Deaths, Ancient Jewish History During the Roman Empire, Eastern Orthodox Saints, Ethiopian Saints, Jesus and History, People from the Province of Teramo, People in the Canonical Gospels, Roman Governors of Judaea
Prefect of Roman Judaea
Ecce Homo ("Behold the Man"), Antonio Ciseri's depiction of Pilate presenting a scourged Jesus to the people of Jerusalem.
Italia, Roman Empire
c. AD 37
Roman governor of Judea
Pontius Pilate ( or ;[1][2][3] Latin: Pontius Pīlātus, Greek: Πόντιος Πιλάτος, Pontios Pīlātos) was the fifth prefect of the Roman province of Judaea from AD 26–36.[4][5] He served under Emperor Tiberius, and is best known from the biblical account of the trial and crucifixion of Jesus.
The sources for Pilate's life are an inscription known as the Pilate Stone, which confirms his historicity and establishes his title as prefect; a brief mention by Tacitus; Philo of Alexandria; Josephus; the four canonical gospels; the Gospel of Nicodemus; the Gospel of Marcion; and other apocryphal works. Based on these sources, it appears that Pilate was an equestrian of the Pontii family, and succeeded Valerius Gratus as prefect of Judaea in AD 26. Once in his post he offended the religious sensibilities of his subjects, leading to harsh criticism from Philo, and many decades later, Josephus. According to Josephus c. AD 93,[6] Pilate was ordered back to Rome after harshly suppressing a Samaritan uprising, arriving just after the death of Tiberius which occurred on 16 March in AD 37. He was replaced by Marcellus.
In all four gospel accounts Pilate lobbies for Jesus to be spared his eventual fate of execution, and acquiesces only when the crowd refuses to relent. He thus seeks to avoid personal responsibility for the death of Jesus. In the Gospel of Matthew, Pilate washes his hands to show that he is not responsible for the execution of Jesus and reluctantly sends him to his death.[7] The Gospel of Mark, depicting Jesus as innocent of plotting against the Roman Empire, portrays Pilate as reluctant to execute him.[7] In the Gospel of Luke, Pilate not only agrees that Jesus did not conspire against Rome, but Herod Antipas, the tetrarch of Galilee, also finds nothing treasonable in Jesus' actions.[7] In the Gospel of John, Pilate states "I find no guilt in him [Jesus]," and he asks the Jews if Jesus should be released from custody.[8]
Scholars have long debated how to interpret Pilate's portrayal in the sources. The significance of the Pilate Stone, an artifact discovered in 1961 that names Pontius Pilate, is similarly debated by scholars.[9][10]
Historicity of Pilate 1
Titles and duties 2
Written accounts 3
Canonical Gospel 3.1
Responsibility for Jesus' death 3.1.1
Jewish literature 3.2
Apocrypha 3.3
Gospel of Peter 3.3.1
Acts of Pilate 3.4
Minor Pilate literature 3.5
Portrayals 5
Portrayals in literature / music 5.1
Portrayals in film / television 5.2
Primary sources 7.1
Secondary sources 7.2
Historicity of Pilate
Limestone block discovered in 1961 with Pilate's tribute in Latin to Tiberius. The words [...]TIVS PILATVS[...] can be clearly seen on the second line.
The only physical, archaeological evidence that confirms the existence of Pilate is the Latin inscription found on a limestone block relating Pilate's tribute to Tiberius.[11] The artifact, sometimes known as the Pilate Stone, was discovered in 1961 by an archaeological team led by Antonio Frova.[12] It was found as a reused block within a staircase located in a semicircular structure behind the stage house of the Roman theater at Caesarea, the city that served as Rome's administrative center in the province of Judaea. Roman governors were based in Caesarea and only visited Jerusalem on special occasions, or in times of unrest. The artifact is a fragment of the dedicatory inscriptions of a building, probably a temple, that was constructed, possibly in honour of the emperor Tiberius,[13][14] dating to 26–36 AD.[11] The dedication states that Pilate was prefect of Judaea, read praefectus Iudaeae. The early governors of Judaea were of prefect rank, the later were of procurator rank, beginning with Cuspius Fadus in 44 AD. The artifact is currently housed in the Israel Museum, Jerusalem,[15][16] while a replica stands at Caesarea.[17]
The remaining text read:[11]
…]S TIBERIÉVM
…PON]TIVS PILATVS
…PRAEF]ECTVS IVDA[EAE]
Titles and duties
Bronze prutah minted by Pontius Pilate.
Reverse: Greek letters ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ (of Tiberius Caesar) and date LIS (year 16 = AD 29/30) surrounding simpulum (libation ladle).
Obverse: Greek letters ΙΟΥΛΙΑ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ (Julia, Caesar's (the Emperor's) (mother – Livia / Julia Augusta)), three bound heads of barley, the outer two heads drooping.
Pontius Pilate's title was traditionally thought to have been procurator, since Tacitus speaks of him as such. However, an inscription on the limestone block known as the Pilate Stone—a dedication to Tiberius Caesar Augustus—that was discovered in 1961 in the ruins of an amphitheater at Caesarea Maritima refers to Pilate as "Prefect of Judaea".[18]
The title used by the governors of the region varied over the period of the New Testament. When Samaria, Judea proper and Idumea were first amalgamated into the Roman Judaea Province (which some modern historians spell Iudaea),[19] from AD 6 to the outbreak of the First Jewish Revolt in 66, officials of the Equestrian order (the lower rank of governors) governed. They held the Roman title of prefect until Herod Agrippa I was named King of the Jews in 41 by Claudius. After Herod Agrippa's death in 44, when Judaea reverted to direct Roman rule, the governor held the title procurator. When applied to governors, this term procurator, otherwise used for financial officers, connotes no difference in rank or function from the title known as "prefect".[20] Contemporary archaeological finds and documents such as the Pilate Inscription from Caesarea attest to the governor's more accurate official title only for the years 6 through 41: prefect. The logical conclusion is that texts that identify Pilate as procurator are more likely following Tacitus or are unaware of the pre-44 practice.
The procurators' and prefects' primary functions were military, but as representatives of the empire they were responsible for the collection of imperial taxes,[21] and also had limited judicial functions. Other civil administration lay in the hands of local government: the municipal councils or ethnic governments such as—in the district of Judaea and Jerusalem—the Sanhedrin and its president the High Priest. But the power of appointment of the High Priest resided in the Roman legate of Syria or the prefect of Judaea in Pilate's day and until AD 41. For example, Caiaphas was appointed High Priest of Herod's Temple by Prefect Valerius Gratus and deposed by Syrian Legate Lucius Vitellius. Normally, Pilate resided in Caesarea but traveled throughout the province, especially to Jerusalem, in the course of performing his duties. During the Passover, a festival of deep national as well as religious significance for the Jews, Pilate, as governor or prefect, would have been expected to be in Jerusalem to keep order. He would not ordinarily be visible to the throngs of worshippers because of the Jewish people's deep sensitivity to their status as a Roman province.
Equestrians such as Pilate could command legionary forces but only small ones, and so in military situations, he would have to yield to his superior, the legate of Syria, who would descend into Palestine with his legions as necessary. As governor of Judaea, Pilate would have small auxiliary forces of locally recruited soldiers stationed regularly in Caesarea and Jerusalem, such as the Antonia Fortress, and temporarily anywhere else that might require a military presence. The total number of soldiers at his disposal would have numbered about 3,000.[22]
Written accounts
Canonical Gospel
Christ before Pilate, Mihály Munkácsy, 1881
Events in the
according to the Gospels
Adoration of the shepherds
Adoration of the Magi
Flight into Egypt
Massacre of the Innocents
Return to Nazareth
Finding in the Temple
Commissioning the Twelve
Sermon on the Mount / Plain
Triumphal entry into Jerusalem
Temple cleansing
Second coming prophecy
Paraclete promised
Agony at Gethsemany
Sanhedrin trial
Herod's court
Pilate's court
Descent from the Cross
Entombment
In rest of the NT
Road to Damascus
John's vision
Portals: Bible
Book:Life of Jesus
According to the canonical Christian Gospels, Pilate presided at the trial of Jesus and, despite stating that he personally found him not guilty of a crime meriting death, sentenced him to be crucified. Pilate is thus a pivotal character in the New Testament accounts of Jesus.
According to the New Testament, Jesus was brought to Pilate by the Sanhedrin, who had arrested Jesus and questioned him themselves. The Sanhedrin had, according to the Gospels, only been given answers by Jesus that they considered blasphemous pursuant to Mosaic law, which was unlikely to be deemed a capital offense by Pilate interpreting Roman law.[23] The Gospel of Luke[24] records that members of the Sanhedrin then took Jesus before Pilate where they accused him of sedition against Rome by opposing the payment of taxes to Caesar and calling himself a king. Fomenting tax resistance was a capital offense.[25] Pilate was responsible for imperial tax collections in Judaea. Jesus had asked the tax collector Levi, at work in his tax booth in Capernaum, to quit his post. Jesus also appears to have influenced Zacchaeus, "a chief tax collector" in Jericho, which is in Pilate's tax jurisdiction, to resign.[26] Pilate's main question to Jesus was whether he considered himself to be the King of the Jews in an attempt to assess him as a potential political threat. Mark in the NIV translation states: "Are you the king of the Jews?" asked Pilate. "It is as you say", Jesus replied. However, quite a number of other translations render Jesus' reply as variations of the phrase: "Thou sayest it." (King James Version, Mark 15:2); "So you say". (Good News Bible, Mark 15:2). Whatever degree of confirmation modern interpreters would derive from this answer of Jesus, according to the New Testament, it was not enough for Pilate to view Jesus as a real political threat. The chief priests began hurling accusations toward Jesus, yet he remained silent. Pilate asked him why he did not respond to the many charges, and Jesus remained silent, so Pilate was "astonished".
Pilate appears to have been reluctant to allow the crucifixion of Jesus, finding no fault with him. According to Matthew 27:19, even Pilate's wife spoke to him on Jesus' behalf. According to the gospels, it was the custom of the Roman governor to release one prisoner at Passover, and Pilate brought out Barabbas, identified by Matthew as a "notorious prisoner" and by Mark as a murderer, and told the crowd to choose between releasing Barabbas or Jesus as per the custom, in the hopes of getting them to request the release of Jesus. However, the crowd demanded the release of Barabbas and said of Jesus, "Crucify him!" In Matthew, Pilate responds, "Why? What evil has he done?" The crowd continued shouting, "Crucify him!"
Pilate ordered a sign posted above Jesus on the cross stating "Jesus of Nazareth, The King of the Jews" to give public notice of the legal charge against him for his crucifixion. The chief priests protested that the public charge on the sign should read that Jesus claimed to be King of the Jews. Pilate refused to change the posted charge, saying "What I have written, I have written." ("Quod scripsi, scripsi"). This may have been to emphasize Rome's supremacy in crucifying a Jewish king; it is likely, though, that Pilate was offended by the Jewish leaders using him as a catspaw and thus compelling him to sentence Jesus to death contrary to his own will.[27]
The Gospel of Luke also reports that such questions were asked of Jesus; in Luke's case it being the priests that repeatedly accused him, though Luke states that Jesus remained silent to such inquisition, causing Pilate to hand Jesus over to the jurisdiction of Herod Antipas, namely Galilee which was not part of Roman Judea. Although initially excited with curiosity at meeting Jesus, of whom he had heard much, Herod (according to Luke) ended up mocking Jesus and so sent him back to Pilate. This intermediate episode with Herod is not reported by the other Gospels, which appear to present a continuous and singular trial in front of Pilate. Luke, however, made further reference to this involvement of Herod along with Pilate in Jesus' execution and linked it with the prophecy about the Messianic King found in Psalm 2, as we can read in Luke's other book, Acts 4:24–28. This could explain why he counted this episode important.
Unlike the synoptic gospels, the Gospel of John gives more detail about that dialogue taking place between Jesus and Pilate. In John, Jesus seems to confirm the fact of his kingship, although immediately explaining, that his "kingdom" was "not of this world"; of far greater importance for the followers of Christ is his own definition of the goal of his ministry on earth at the time. According to Jesus, as we find it written in John 18:37, Jesus thus describes his mission: "[I] came into the world...to bear witness to the truth; and all who are on the side of truth listen to my voice", to which Pilate famously replied, "What is truth?" ("Quid est veritas?") (John 18:38)...
Nikolai Ge, Christ and Pilate ("What is truth?"), 1890.
Whatever it be that some modern critics want to deduce from those differences, the end result was the same for Jesus and Pilate, as it was in all the other three Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke). In the same chapter of John 18 verse 38 (King James Version, compare with other versions) the conclusion Pilate made from this interrogation was: "I find in him no fault at all".
Pilate agrees to condemn Jesus to crucifixion, after the Jewish leaders explained to him that Jesus presented a threat to Roman occupation through his claim to the throne of King David as King of Israel in the royal line of David. The crowd in Pilate's courtyard, according to Mark's gospel, were incited by the chief priests to shout against Jesus. The Gospel of Matthew adds that before condemning Jesus to death, Pilate washes his hands with water in front of the crowd, saying, "I am innocent of this man's blood; see you to it."
Responsibility for Jesus' death
In all gospel accounts, Pilate is reluctant to condemn Jesus, but is eventually forced to give in when the crowd becomes unruly and the Jewish leaders remind him that Jesus' claim to be king is a challenge to Roman rule and to the Roman deification of Caesar. Roman magistrates had wide discretion in executing their tasks, and some readers question whether Pilate would have been so captive to the demands of the crowd. Pilate was later recalled to Rome for his harsh treatment of the Jews.[28][29]
With the Edict of Milan in AD 313, the state-sponsored persecution of Christians came to an end, and Christianity became officially tolerated as one of the religions of the Roman Empire. Afterwards, in 325, the First Ecumenical Council at Nicaea promulgated a creed which was amended at the subsequent First Council of Constantinople in 381. The Nicene Creed incorporated for the first time the clause was crucified under Pontius Pilate (which had already been long established in the Old Roman Symbol, an ancient form of the Apostles' Creed dating as far back as the 2nd century AD) in a creed that was intended to be authoritative for all Christians in the Roman Empire.
Pilate's reluctance to execute Jesus in the gospels has been seen by Anchor Bible Dictionary and critical scholars as reflecting the authors' agenda.[30][31] It has thus been argued that gospel accounts place the blame on the Jews, not on Rome, in line with the authors' alleged goal of making peace with the Roman Empire and vilifying the Jews.[30][31]
In chronicling the history of the Roman administrators in Judaea, ancient Jewish writers Philo and Josephus describe some of the other events and incidents that took place during Pilate's tenure. Both report that Pilate repeatedly caused near-insurrections among the Jews because of his insensitivity to Jewish customs.
Josephus notes that while Pilate's predecessors had respected Jewish customs by removing all images and effigies on their standards when entering Jerusalem, Pilate allowed his soldiers to bring them into the city at night. When the citizens of Jerusalem discovered these the following day, they appealed to Pilate to remove the ensigns of Caesar from the city. After five days of deliberation, Pilate had his soldiers surround the demonstrators, threatening them with death, which they were willing to accept rather than submit to desecration of Mosaic law. Pilate finally removed the images.[32][33]
Philo describes a later, similar incident in which Pilate was chastened by Emperor Tiberius after antagonizing the Jews by setting up gold-coated shields in Herod's Palace in Jerusalem. The shields were ostensibly to honor Tiberius, and this time did not contain engraved images. Philo writes that the shields were set up "not so much to honour Tiberius as to annoy the multitude". The Jews protested the installation of the shields at first to Pilate, and then, when he declined to remove them, by writing to Tiberius. Philo reports that upon reading the letters, Tiberius "wrote to Pilate with a host of reproaches and rebukes for his audacious violation of precedent and bade him at once take down the shields and have them transferred from the capital to Caesarea."[34]
Josephus recounts another incident in which Pilate spent money from the Temple to build an aqueduct. Pilate had soldiers hidden in the crowd of Jews while addressing them and, when Jews again protested his actions he gave the signal for his soldiers to randomly attack, beat and kill – in an attempt to silence Jewish petitions.[35]
In describing his personality, Philo writes that Pilate had "vindictiveness and furious temper", and was "naturally inflexible, a blend of self-will and relentlessness". He writes that Pilate feared a delegation of the Jews might send to Tiberius protesting the gold-coated shields, because "if they actually sent an embassy they would also expose the rest of his conduct as governor by stating in full the briberies, the insults, the robberies, the outrages and wanton injuries, the executions without trial constantly repeated, the ceaseless and supremely grievous cruelty".[34]
Pilate's term as prefect of Judaea ended after an incident recounted by Josephus. A large group of Samaritans had been persuaded by an unnamed man to go to Mount Gerizim in order to see sacred artifacts allegedly buried by Moses. But at a village named Tirathana, before the crowd could ascend the mountain, Pilate sent in "a detachment of cavalry and heavy-armed infantry, who in an encounter with the firstcomers in the village slew some in a pitched battle and put the others to flight. Many prisoners were taken, of whom Pilate put to death the principal leaders and those who were most influential."[36] The Samaritans then complained to Vitellius, Roman governor of Syria, who sent Pilate to Rome to explain his actions regarding this incident to Tiberius. However, by the time Pilate got to Rome, Tiberius had died.[37]
Little is known about Pilate, but tradition has tried to fill the gap. A body of legend grew up around the dramatic figure of Pontius Pilate, about whom the Christian faithful hungered to learn more than the canonical Gospels revealed.
Eusebius, quoting early apocryphal accounts, stated that Pilate suffered misfortune in the reign of Caligula (AD 37–41), was exiled to Gaul and eventually killed himself there in Vienne.[38] The 10th century historian Agapius of Hierapolis, in his Universal History, says that Pilate killed himself during the first year of Caligula's reign, in AD 37/38.[39]
There is an ancient tradition linking his birthplace with the small village of Bisenti, Samnite territory, in today's Abruzzo region of Central Italy.[38] There are ruins of a Roman house in Bisenti alleged to be the house of Pontius Pilate.[40] There is also a tradition in Scotland that Pilate was born in Fortingall, a small village in the Perthshire Highlands.[41] Other places such as Tarragona in Spain and Forchheim in Germany have been proposed as Pilate's birthplace, but it is more likely that he was a Roman citizen, born in central Italy.[42][43] Another legend places his death at Mount Pilatus, in Switzerland.
Other details come from less credible sources. His body, says the Mors Pilati ("Death of Pilate"), was thrown first into the Tiber, but the waters were so "disturbed by evil spirits" that the body was taken to Vienne and sunk in the Rhône: a monument at Vienne, called Pilate's tomb, is still to be seen.[44] As the waters of the Rhone likewise rejected Pilate's corpse, it was again removed and sunk in the lake at Lausanne. The sequence was a simple way to harmonise conflicting local traditions.
The corpse's final disposition was in a deep and lonely mountain tarn, which, according to later tradition, was on a mountain, still called Pilatus (actually pileatus or "cloud capped"), overlooking Lucerne. Every Good Friday, the body is said to reemerge from the waters and wash its hands.
There are many other legends about Pilate in the folklore of Germany, particularly about his birth, according to which Pilate was born in the Franconian city of Forchheim or the small village of Hausen only 5 km away from it. His death was "unusually" dramatised in a medieval mystery play cycle from Cornwall, the Cornish Ordinalia.
Pilate's role in the events leading to the crucifixion lent themselves to melodrama, even tragedy, and Pilate often has a role in medieval mystery plays.
In the [45] but not Pilate, because in the Gospel accounts Claudia urged Pilate not to have anything to do with Jesus. In some Eastern Orthodox traditions, Pilate committed suicide out of remorse for having sentenced Jesus to death.
In Switzerland, near Lucerne, is Mount Pilatus. An old tradition is that Pilate went there and was banished to the mountain as a punishment "for his crime against Christ".
The island of Ponza in the Bay of Naples, Italy, is believed to be named after Pontius Pilate; his family built grottoes named after him.
The Pilat massif, in the French Massif Central to the south of Saint-Étienne, is also named after him.
Gospel of Peter
The fragmentary apocryphal Gospel of Peter exonerates Pilate of responsibility for the crucifixion of Jesus, placing it instead on Herod and the Jews who, unlike Pilate, refused to "wash their hands". After the soldiers see three men and a cross miraculously walking out of the tomb they report to Pilate who reiterates his innocence: "I am pure from the blood of the Son of God." He then commands the soldiers not to tell anyone what they have seen so that they would not "fall into the hands of the people of the Jews and be stoned".
Acts of Pilate
The 4th century apocryphal text that is called the Acts of Pilate presents itself in a preface (missing in some MSS) as derived from the official acts preserved in the praetorium at Jerusalem. Though the alleged Hebrew original of the document is attributed to Nicodemus, the title Gospel of Nicodemus for this fictional account only appeared in medieval times, after the document had been substantially elaborated. Nothing in the text suggests that it is in fact a translation from Hebrew or Aramaic.
This text gained wide credit in the Middle Ages, and has considerably affected the legends surrounding the events of the crucifixion, which, taken together, are called the Passion. Its popularity is attested by the number of languages in which it exists, each of these being represented by two or more variant "editions": Greek (the original), Coptic, Armenian and Latin versions. The Latin versions were printed several times in the 15th and 16th centuries.
One class of the Latin manuscripts contain as an appendix or continuation, the Cura Sanitatis Tiberii, the oldest form of the Veronica legend.
The Acts of Pilate consist of three sections, whose styles reveal three authors, writing at three different times.
The first section (1–11) contains a fanciful and dramatic circumstantial account of the trial of Jesus, based upon Luke 23.
The second part (12–16) regards the Resurrection.
An appendix, detailing the Descensus ad Infernos was added to the Greek text. This legend of a "Harrowing of Hell" has chiefly flourished in Latin, and was translated into many European versions. It doesn't exist in the eastern versions, Syriac and Armenian, that derive directly from Greek versions. In it, Leucius and Charinus, the two souls raised from the dead after the Crucifixion, relate to the Sanhedrin the circumstances of Christ's descent to Limbo. (Leucius Charinus is the traditional name to which many late apocryphal Acta of Apostles is attached.)
Eusebius (325), although he mentions an Acta Pilati that had been referred to by Justin and Tertullian and other pseudo-Acts of this kind, shows no acquaintance with this work. Almost surely it is of later origin, and scholars agree in assigning it to the middle of the 4th century. Epiphanius refers to an Acta Pilati similar to this, as early as AD 376, but there are indications that the current Greek text, the earliest extant form, is a revision of an earlier one.
Justin the Martyr – The First and Second Apology of Justin Chapter 35–"And that these things did happen, you can ascertain from the Acts of Pontius Pilate."
The Apology letters were written and addressed by name to the Roman Emperor Pius and the Roman Governor Urbicus. All three of these men lived between 138–161.
Minor Pilate literature
There is a pseudepigrapha letter reporting on the crucifixion, purporting to have been sent by Pontius Pilate to the Emperor Claudius, embodied in the pseudepigrapha known as the Acts of Peter and Paul, of which the Catholic Encyclopedia states, "This composition is clearly apocryphal though unexpectedly brief and restrained." There is no internal relation between this feigned letter and the 4th-century Acts of Pilate (Acta Pilati).
This Epistle or Report of Pilate is also inserted into the Pseudo-Marcellus Passio sanctorum Petri et Pauli ("Passion of Saints Peter and Paul"). We thus have it in both Greek and Latin versions.
The Mors Pilati ("Death of Pilate") legend is a Latin tradition, thus treating Pilate as a monster, not a saint; it is attached usually to the more sympathetic Gospel of Nicodemus of Greek origin. The narrative of the Mors Pilati set of manuscripts is set in motion by an illness of Tiberius, who sends Volusanius to Judaea to fetch the Christ for a cure. In Judaea Pilate covers for the fact that Christ has been crucified, and asks for a delay. But Volusanius encounters Veronica who informs him of the truth but sends him back to Rome with her Veronica of Christ's face on her kerchief, which heals Tiberius. Tiberius then calls for Pontius Pilate, but when Pilate appears, he is wearing the seamless robe of the Christ and Tiberius' heart is softened, but only until Pilate is induced to doff the garment, whereupon he is treated to a ghastly execution. His body, when thrown into the Tiber, however, raises such storm demons that it is sent to Vienne (via gehennae) in France and thrown to the Rhone. That river's spirits reject it too, and the body is driven east into "Losania", where it is plunged in the bay of the lake near Lucerne, near Mont Pilatus – originally Mons Pileatus or "cloud-capped", as John Ruskin pointed out in Modern Painters—whence the uncorrupting corpse rises every Good Friday to sit on the bank and wash unavailing hands.
This version combined with anecdotes of Pilate's wicked early life were incorporated in Jacobus de Voragine's Golden Legend, which ensured a wide circulation for it in the later Middle Ages. Other legendary versions of Pilate's death exist: Antoine de la Sale reported from a travel in central Italy on some local traditions asserting that after death the body of Pontius Pilate was driven to a little lake near Vettore Peak (2478 m in the Sibillini Mountains) and plunged in. The lake, today, is still named Lago di Pilato.
In the Cornish cycle of mystery plays, the "death of Pilate" forms a dramatic scene in the Resurrexio Domini cycle. More of Pilate's correspondence is found in the minor Pilate apocrypha, the Anaphora Pilati (Relation of Pilate), an Epistle of Herod to Pilate, and an Epistle of Pilate to Herod, spurious texts that are no older than the 5th century.
The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church recognized Pilate as a saint in the 6th century, based on the account in the Acts of Pilate,[46] as it does his wife, Claudia Procula, whose strange dream of Christ induced her to try to stop his crucifixion.
In describing Pilate's personality, Philo writes contrastively in the 1st century that Pilate had "vindictiveness and furious temper", and was "naturally inflexible, a blend of self-will and relentlessness". He writes that Pilate feared a delegation of the Jews might send to Roman Emperor Tiberius, protesting showing leniency in awarding death verdict to Jesus, who is alleged to claim Kingship from the lineage of Israelite prophet, David. If they actually sent an embassy they would also expose the rest of his conduct as governor by stating in full the briberies, the insults, the robberies, the outrages and wanton injuries, the executions without trial constantly repeated, the ceaseless and supremely grievous cruelty.[34][47]
Plays and films dealing with life of Jesus Christ often include the character of Pontius Pilate due to the central role he played in the final days of Christ's life. Writers have found various reasons to make Pilate a main character and to fill in any unknown details of his life. Pilate has been portrayed in a number of different ways:
A weak and harried bureaucrat
A hard governor who rules with an iron fist
A man who clearly sees how the story of Jesus will affect human history
A man who regrets his role in Jesus' death (to greater or lesser extents, depending on the work)
A man who is oblivious to the significance of the Galilean he condemns to death
A tired governor who doesn't care and wants Jesus out of his hands
Portrayals in literature / music
Pilate appears in the Mystery Plays and Passion Plays, the most notable being in the Cornish cycle in which he is summoned to Rome by Tiberius and sentenced to death for killing Jesus because this crime cannot be contained by earth, sea or water and so immediately proceeds (body and soul, rather than just soul) to hell.
In the Vestibule of Hell in Dante's Divine Comedy, a figure is seen "who made the great refusal". This is interpreted to be either Pontius Pilate or Pope Celestine V.
In Anatole France's short story The Procurator of Judaea, Pilate has retired to Sicily to become a gentleman farmer. This story is an example of the "oblivious" interpretation of Pilate. He has forgotten everything about Jesus and the part that he (Pilate) played in his trial.
In song "Blood for blood", of Russian Heavy-metal-band "Aria" from their album "Blood for blood".
Pontius Pilate is portrayed in Mikhail Bulgakov's The Master and Margarita as being ruthless, yet complex in his humanity; the novel describes his meeting with Jesus the Nazarene (Yeshua Ha Nozri in the novel) his recognition of an affinity with and spiritual need for him, and his reluctant but resigned and passive handing over of him to those who wanted to kill him. Here Pilate exemplifies the statement "Cowardice is the worst of vices", and thus serves as a model, in an allegorical interpretation of the work, of all the people who have "washed their hands" by silently or actively taking part in the crimes committed by Joseph Stalin. In Bulgakov's novel, Pilate owns a title of the Fifth Procurator of Judae and the Knight of the Golden Lance.
This novel inspired The Rolling Stones 1968 song "Sympathy for the Devil". The song's title and lyrics may have been derived from Bulgakov's portrayal of the Devil. Pilate is referenced in the verse: "I was around when Jesus Christ / had his moment of doubt and pain / made damn sure that Pilate / washed his hands, and sealed his fate".[48][49] Due to Soviet censorship, the book was not fully published in Russian until 1966 and the first UK translation, by Michael Glenny, appeared in London in 1967.[50] It was an immediate success d'estime and a favourite of (Jagger's then girlfriend) Marianne Faithfull, who pressed a copy into Jagger's hands. Thus the timeline (and, to anyone familiar with the directions from which Culture passed into the Stones circle) seems likely.
The Master and Margarita and Pilate are also referred to in the Pearl Jam song "Pilate", on the album Yield.
In Robert Graves's novel King Jesus, Pilate is an unscrupulous opportunist who tries to prevent Jesus' death by convincing Jesus to become the King of the Jews (in reality a puppet monarch of Rome) because, in the novel, Jesus is the son of Mary, who is of a royal Jewish line and the daughter of the last Hasmonean and Antipater, the son of Herod the Great. Jesus refuses the offer because his kingdom "is not of this world". Pilate eventually grows exasperated and leaves him to die.
Pilate appears in three stories in Karel Čapek's collection Apocryphal Tales. In "Pilate's Evening", the weary governor wonders why Jesus' friends and relatives did not come to try and save him, and wishes that they had. "Pilate's Creed" features a dialogue between Pilate and Joseph of Arimathea. Their argument reflects the conflict between sceptical humanism (Pilate's famous "What is truth?") and religious certainty (Joseph's reply, "The truth in which I believe"). "The Crucifixion" features a world-weary Pilate disgusted with the political machinations that led to Jesus' condemnation.
In Roger Caillois' short novel Pontius Pilate (1961), Pilate is portrayed as a vacillating colonial administrator who, during the day after Jesus' arrest, receives advice from his wife, from Judas Iscariot and from a Chaldaean friend who has amassed an immense knowledge of the world's various religions. In the end, he is shown as "a man who despite every hindrance succeeded in being brave".
In the novel "Scaffold" Soviet writer Chingiz Aitmatov.
In The Flame and the Wind, a novel by John Blackburn, the aged Pilate is wracked by guilt over Jesus' death and directs his heir to find out if Jesus was really the Son of God.
The Dutch writer Simon Vestdijk's 1938 novel De nadagen van Pilatus (The Last Days of Pilate) presents an account of Pilate's life after the crucifixion.
Ann Wroe's Pontius Pilate: The Biography of an Invented Man is an attempt to provide the obscure official with a biography suitable to the man who is so influential to the Christian story.
The Royal Shakespeare Company debuted a performance piece called The Pilate Workshop in the summer of 2004, which attempted to cast Wroe's research in the form of a mystery play.
Retired California politician James R. Mills wrote a novel titled Gospel According to Pontius Pilate in 1978. Pilate is described as an ordinary, cynical politician whose primary concern is to keep the local population content and maintain social order, rather than particular sense of rightness. This view of Judas Iscariot is also featured in Taylor Caldwell's novel I, Judas.
In the rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar, Pilate has three songs. In "Pilate's Dream", he foresees that history will mention his name and leave him the blame of Jesus' death. In the song "Pilate and Christ", an arrogant and mocking Pilate perhaps realizing manipulation by the Sanhedrin, tries to prevent Jesus' death by sending Jesus to Herod. "You're Herod's race! You're Herod's case!". In the song "Trial Before Pilate", a sympathetic Pilate pleads with Jesus to speak to him, saying that he believes the accused has "done no wrong" but "ought to be locked up" for insanity. Receiving no answer from the silent Jesus, Pilate eventually grows exasperated and tells him, "Die if you want to, you misguided martyr." Barry Dennen played Pilate on the "Brown Album", on Broadway and in the 1973 film version of the musical, directed by Norman Jewison, with Fred Johanson taking the role in the 2000 revival, directed by Gale Edwards.
The Collection of Short Stories The Night Chicago Died by Tom Wessex contains a story entitled "An Afternoon on Skull Hill", in which the author supposes that Gestas, one of the thieves crucified with Christ, was in fact Pilate's illegitimate son.
Pontius Pilate is mentioned in the drama The Crucible by Arthur Miller. Protagonist John Proctor yells "Pontius Pilate! God will not let you wash your hands of this!", to Reverend Hale as Proctor's wife is being arrested.
In Nicolas Notovith's "The Lost Years of Jesus" (1894) (an apocryphal Gospel he claims to have found in the Leh lamasery, Ladakh), Pilatus is seen as an evil man and the Jews as mild and compassionate.
In the 2004 Superman storyline "For Tomorrow", a story with strong messianic themes, a priest dying of cancer (and a confidant of Superman) is transformed into a biological war machine, codenamed "Pilate", who rampages through a paradise dimension created by Superman. He retains enough of his humanity to regret his murders and sacrifices himself.
In Jeffrey Archer's 1980 collection of short stories A Quiver Full of Arrows, one of the stories, "The First Miracle" tells of how a 12-year-old Pontius Pilate meets Joseph and Mary as they arrive in Bethlehem, and gives them the food that his mother had sent him to buy.
In Toni Morrison's book Song of Solomon, Pilate is the name of Macon Dead's sister.
Friedrich Nietzsche wrote that Pilate is the one powerful personality in the Gospels.
Hungarian psychologist Péter Popper wrote a novel in 1997 Peloni or the Testament of Pilate in which Pilate portrays himself as a cultivated Roman bewildered by Judea and the Jews. Pilate experiences some of the divine power of Jesus and executes him on Jesus's own impulse.
Pilatus is the central figure in The Karma Killers a 2009 novel by Angelo Paratico.[51] His birthplace is given at Bisenti in South Italy, where he retired meeting every Easter with Longinus in the nearby town of Lanciano.
The preface to [52]
In October 2012, a Spanish journalist speculated on the possibility of Pontius Pilate, as well as some of the soldiers who murdered Jesus, being of Catalan descent.[53]
In the song Elysian Fields off of Megadeth's album Youthanasia where Dave says, "Pontius Pilate is still washing his hands..."
In 1928 William Percival Crozier published a novel, Letters of Pontius Pilate written during his Governorship of Judæa to his friend Seneca in Rome. Although a work of historical fiction,[54] Crozier's book is occasionally mistaken for a genuine record of correspondence between Pilate and Seneca.[55]
Portrayals in film / television
The 1927 silent epic, The King of Kings directed by Cecil B. DeMille featured Victor Varconi as Pilate, a Roman bewildered by the Jewish belief in the One God, who attempts to save Jesus but is ultimately thwarted by his own cowardice.
In the 1935 film The Last Days of Pompeii, Pilate (played by Basil Rathbone) is portrayed as a harried politician who, at first, sees the necessity of crucifying Jesus but becomes a man consumed with guilt reflecting on his judgment.
In the 1951 Family Theater TV presentation, "That I May See", Richard Hale portrays Pilate as a frustrated official hoping to keep Jerusalem quiet in the wake of the Crucifixion.
Also in 1951, Family Theater presented another TV film, as an episode of "A Triumphant Hour" – "Hill Number One". It featured Leif Erickson portraying Pilate as a belligerent administrator, rationalizing the necessity of sending Christ to the cross, yet confused by his wife, Claudia Procles (a variant from ancient doctuments of "Procula", played by Joan Leslie), and her attraction to the dead Nazarene.
In the 1952 "Studio One - Pontius Pilate," Cyril Ritchard's Pilate is an ambitious politician married to the Emperor's daughter, Claudia Procula (Geraldine Fitzgerald). His life falls apart after Claudia leaves him to become a Christian. He spends the next several years vengefully hunting her down.
Lowell Gilmore portrays Pilate as a stern and resolute prefect, a strongman, who is a quite reasonable magistrate in the case of Christ's trial. He was featured as Pilate several times in 1950s: The Living Christ Series (his character was on hand from 1952 to 1957), I Beheld His Glory (1952), and Day of Triumph (1954), an almost shot for shot remake of DeMille's The King of Kings (see above).
Frank Thring portrayed a somewhat jaded though shrewd Pilate in Ben-Hur (1959). He is a good friend of Judah Ben-Hur's Roman adoptive father, Quintus Arrius, but he reminds Ben-Hur that he wields the emperor's own authority to keep peace in Judea. He would go on to portray Herod Antipas two years later for Nicholas Ray.
Hurd Hatfield portrayed Pilate in Nicholas Ray's film King of Kings (1961). The film portrays an overtly militaristic Pilate – his caravan is attacked by Barabbas and his followers in the movie – and he is also characterised as being vain, aloof, cynical and overly legalistic. He and his wife, Claudia Procula (Viveca Lindfors), are also shown as having an interest in the life and actions of Jesus before his trial and crucifixion.
1961 saw the release of Barabbas, in which the murderer and revolutionary (Anthony Quinn) is pardoned in place of Christ by a cynically amused Pilate Arthur Kennedy who is perfectly aware that he is releasing the wrong man. Pilate is equally confident that Barabbas will be arrested once more.
Again in 1961, came George Schaefer's television production of Give Us Barabbas for the Hallmark Hall of Fame. While different from the Anthony Quinn movie, it covers much the same ground. Dennis King plays Pilate as an older, coldly, world-weary aristocrat condemned by the Emperor to keep the peace in the least sophisticated backwater of the Roman Empire. To him the condemnation of Jesus is just another crucifixion in a land that, for him, isn't worthy of being a province of the Empire.
Jean Marais portrayed Pilate in Irving Rapper's film Pontius Pilate (1962) supported in his administration by his wife, Claudia Procula (Jeanne Crain) and opposed by the high priest, Caiphas (Basil Rathbone who played Pilate in Last Days of Pompeii - see above).
The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965) as a gruff strongman. Although Pilate would prefer to crucify Barabbas rather than Jesus, he is not portrayed as being especially sympathetic towards Jesus. As Pilate watches Jesus led away to crucifixion a narrator underscores the scene by repeating the words of the Apostles' Creed and the Nicene Creed: "suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and buried". Angela Lansbury has a cameo as his wife Claudia Procula.
Barry Dennen, in Norman Jewison's musical Jesus Christ Superstar (1973), portrayed a cruel Pilate who after suffering a prophetic dream (which in the Gospel of Matthew is dreamed by Pilate's wife) is very reluctant to put Christ to death, but succumbs to mob pressures.
Rod Steiger portrayed Pilate in Franco Zeffirelli's TV miniseries Jesus of Nazareth (1977). In this version, Though quite intelligent, Pilate is angered by Jesus' refusal to defend himself. After condemning Jesus to death, Pilate is told by one of his aides that he cannot release Barabbas, "an assassin and enemy of Rome." Pilate replies, "I wonder...Who is the real enemy?" In Anthony Burgess's novel Man of Nazareth, based on Jesus of Nazareth, Pilate is portrayed as being more sympathetic towards Jesus, recognising the validity of his doctrine and even telling Jesus he is free to go, although Jesus tells Pilate he has to condemn him to death.
In the comedy Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979), Pilate is portrayed by Michael Palin as a clumsy man who has trouble pronouncing the letter "r" (pronouncing it like a "w"). He is also unable to remember who is in his prisons and seems to be easily offended.[56]
The 1980 TV film, The Day Christ Died based on Jim Bishop's best selling book, featured Keith Michell as Pilate politically aligned with Caiphas (Colin Blakely) working with him to rid the land of Jesus. Hope Lange portrayed Claudia. Bishop's family demanded the elimination of the Catholic journalist's name from the production because the script strayed so far away from his book's narrative.
The 1986 film The Inquiry has Harvey Keitel portraying Pilate as a suspicious, nervous yet ruthless bureaucrat, certain that Titus Valerius Taurus (Keith Carradine) has been sent by Tiberius to investigate him rather than the possibility of the Resurrection of Christ.
David Bowie portrayed Pilate in Martin Scorsese's The Last Temptation of Christ (1988), based on the novel by Nikos Kazantzakis. In the film, Pilate is portrayed as world-weary and somewhat sympathetic towards Jesus (Willem Dafoe), but believes he has to die to preserve the local status quo.
In the 1999 film Jesus, Pilate is played by Gary Oldman as a cynical manipulator of the events surrounding Christ's death, in an effort to overawe the locals.
Pilate was portrayed in both Russian film adaptations of The Master and Margarita: by Mikhail Ulyanov in the 1994 film and by Kirill Lavrov in the 2005 miniseries.
In the 2000 remake of Jesus Christ Superstar for video, Pilate was played by Dutch-born actor Fred Johanson. Johanson's portrayal was different from Dennen's, as he was portrayed as a more Nazi-style macho figure, the costume utilized was noted by critics to be similar to that of Street Fighter villain M. Bison.
In the animated film The Miracle Maker, Ian Holm voices Pilate. He is a stern figure, with a dislike for the Jews and respect for a tribune (Lennie James) who has overseen the crucifixion of several hundred of them. However, he is reluctant to put Jesus to death after meeting him and is only moved to do so after Caiaphas (David Schofield) warns him that Rome will see him as a traitor for protecting this so-called Messiah.
In Mel Gibson's The Passion of the Christ (2004), Pilate is played by Bulgarian actor Hristo Shopov. Pilate speaks fluent Aramaic as well as Latin (his first language) in this film. He is extremely reluctant to sentence Jesus to death and appears very sympathetic to him.
2004 also saw the Paulist Productions television movie, Judas, Tim Matheson plays the role of Pilate.
The Final Inquiry is the 2006 remake of The Inquiry. In this storyline, Hristo Shopov reprises his role as Pilate, but with a much darker strain. He colludes with the High Priest in an attempt to cover up the Resurrection by attempting to convince Taurus (Daniele Liotti) it was all a sham.
Greg Hicks plays the role of Pilate in the 2013 television miniseries The Bible as a stern and ruthless governor determined to keep the peace in Judea. In this depiction, fearing that Tiberius Caesar would blame him for any uprisings, Pilate massacres mobs of Jewish dissenters and threatens the Jewish religious authorities that he will cancel Passover and institute martial law in Jerusalem if disturbances continue, thus pushing them to persecute Jesus in order to avoid even more bloodshed. In turn, he feels pushed to accede to the demands of Caiaphas to have Jesus crucified despite his wife's warnings of the disturbing dreams she's had which convince her that Jesus is an innocent man. While he feels Jesus has too high an opinion of himself and is shown to be both a brutal governor and rabidly bigoted against the Jews, Pilate is uneasy about the persecution of Christ. He is initially hesitant toward applying a Roman punishment to a man who has committed no crime under Roman law, and even seems perturbed that the Jews would choose to release Barabbas over the preacher.
Vincent Regan plays the role of Pilate in the 2015 television miniseries A.D.: The Bible Continues.[57]
^ Lena Olausson, Catherine Sangster, ed. (2006). Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation. Oxford University Press.
^ Timothy M. Milinovich, ed. (2010). Pronunciation Guide for the Lectionary. Liturgy Training Publications.
^ Daniel Jones (2006). Peter Roach, James Hartman, Jane Setter, ed. Cambridge Pronouncing Dictionary. Cambridge University Press.
^ "Britannica Online: Pontius Pilate". Britannica.com. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
^ Jona Lendering. "Judaea". Livius.org. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
^ Flavius Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 18.89.
^ a b c Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.
^ "John 18:38-39 ESV – My Kingdom is Not of This World". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
^ Jerry Vardaman, A New Inscription Which Mentions Pilate as 'Prefect' , Journal of Biblical Literature Vol. 81, 1962. pp 70–71.
^ Craig A. Evans, Jesus and the ossuaries, Volume 44, Baylor University Press, 2003. pp 45–47
^ a b c "Pontius Pilate, Prefect of Judah – Latin dedicatory inscription". The Israel Museum. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem 1995-2015.
^ Sherwin-White, A.N. (1964). "A. Frova, L'iscrizione di Ponzio Pilato a Cesarea". The Journal of Roman Studies 54: 258.
^ , 15.44AnnalsTacitus,
^ , 18.3.3 §63Antiquities of the Jews18.89.
^ Vardaman, Jerry (1962). "A New Inscription Which Mentions Pilate as 'Prefect'". Journal of Biblical Literature 81: 70-71.
^ Evans, Craig A. (2003). Jesus and the Ossuaries (Vol. 44 ed.). Baylor University Press. p. 45-47.
^ Inventory number: AE 1963 no. 104
^ Herry Vardaman, "A New Inscription Which Mentions Pilate as "Prefect,"" Journal of Biblical Literature 81 (1962) 70–71.
^ H. H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-674-39731-2, page 246: "When Archelaus was deposed from the ethnarchy in 6 AD, Judea proper, Samaria and Idumea were converted into a Roman province under the name Iudaea."
^ "Procurator". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved April 15, 2014. From a recently discovered inscription in which Pontius Pilate is mentioned, it appears that the title of the governors of Judea was also "praefectus".
^ Doug Linder. "law.umkc.edu". law.umkc.edu. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
^ "Administrative and military organization of Roman Palestine". Retrieved 24 December 2008.
^ The trial of Jesus: illustrated from Talmud and Roman law – Septimus Buss. Google Books. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
^ "Luke 23:1–2 NIV – Then the whole assembly rose and led". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
^ "LacusCurtius • Roman Law – Majestas and Perduellio (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
^ "Luke 19:1–9 ; NIV; – Zacchaeus the Tax Collector – Jesus". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
^ Hon. Harry Fogle: The Trial of Jesus Jurisdictionary Foundation.
^ Miller, 49–50.
^ Wise, Isaac Mayer (1880). History of the Hebrews' Second Commonwealth: With Special Reference to Its Literature, Culture, and the Origin of Rabbinism and Christianity. v. 41; v. 992. Bloch & co.
^ a b Anchor Bible Dictionary vol. 5. (1992) pg. 399–400. Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc.
^ a b Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The five gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993.
^ Josephus, Jewish War 2.9.2–4
^ Jewish Encyclopedia article on Pilate, retrieved 5 May 2009
^ a b c Philo, On The Embassy of Gauis Book XXXVIII 299–305
^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 18.3.2
^ a b Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiae ii: 7
^ trans. A. Vasiliev"Universal History"Agapius, . 1909.
^ Marcello De Antoniis. "Cenni Storici" (in Italiano). Bisenti.eu. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
^ Undiscoveredscotland.co.uk
^ Pontius Pilate: Man behind the myth
^ Princeton.edu
^ Chapter VII.—Pilate's Suicide at Christian Classics Ethereal Library. (Click on notes 323 and 324 to display both.)
^ "Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States – Q&A". Suscopts.org. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
^ "Pontius Pilate".
^ "On the Embassy to Gaius". Cornerstone Publications. January 3, 2009. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
^ Cruickshank, Douglas. Sympathy for the Devil" - Douglas Cruickshank""". Dir.salon.com. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
^ "News". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
^ Harvill Press, London, 1967
^ "THE KARMA KILLERS: A Novel (9781440142659): ANGELO PARATICO: Books". Amazon.com. Retrieved March 21, 2012.
^ "Results – UK Songwriting Contest". songwritingcontest.co.uk. 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
^ Meseguer, Marina (October 7, 2012). "Un columnista de 'El Mundo' sugiere que los catalanes mataron a Jesús". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved October 10, 2012.
^ Morris, A.J.A. (2004). "Crozier, William Percival (1879–1944)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.
^ King, Jawara D. (2010). The Awakening of Global Consciousness: A Guide to Self-Realization and Spirituality. Author House. p. 131.
^ "Monty Python's Life of Brian Movie Review – The Immaculate Edition of Life of Brian". Classicfilm.about.com. 29 February 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4074084/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast
The references to Pilate, outside the New Testament:
Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews
Josephus, The Wars of the Jews
Philo, Legatio ad Gaium (Embassy to Gaius)
Tacitus, Annals
Bond, Helen K., Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation (1998).
Carter, Warren, Pontius Pilate: Portraits of a Roman Governor (2003).
Taylor, Joan E. "Pontius Pilate and the Imperial Cult in Roman Judaea," New Testament Studies 52 (2006) 555–582.
Wroe, Ann, Pilate: The Biography of an Invented Man (1999).
The Administrative and Military Organization of Roman-occupied Palestine
fresh translation of texts and analysis of evidence by Mahlon H. Smith
Jewish Encyclopedia: Pilate, Pontius
"Pontius Pilate".
1911:Encyclopædia Britannica "Pontius pilate"
The Hausen Legend of Pontius Pilate
Resurrexio Domini in the Cornish Mors PilatiBrian Murdoch, "The
Fictional Memoires of Pontius Pilate – at BBC Radio 4 by Douglas Hurd
Pontius Pilate Inscription
Pronunciation of Ecclesiastical Latin
Pilate and Jesus - an Islamic Perspective
Roman Rulers of Judaea
Valerius Gratus Prefect of Iudaea
New Testament people
in Christianity
Life in the New Testament
Alphaeus
Blind man (Bethsaida)
Man born blind ("Celidonius")
Cleopas
Clopas
Penitent thief ("St. Dismas")
Impenitent thief ("Gestas")
Joseph of Arimathea
Joses
Lysanias
Mary, mother of James
Mary of Clopas
Naked fugitive
Son of Nain's widow
Nicodemus (Nicodemus ben Gurion)
Simon, brother of Jesus
Simon of Cyrene
Simon the Leper
Simon the Pharisee
Jesus's brothers
God-fearers
Herodians
Myrrhbearers
Proselytes
Sanhedrin
Seventy disciples
Zealots
James of Alphaeus (James the Less)
James of Zebedee
"Disciple whom Jesus loved"
Jude Thaddeus
Peter (Simon Peter)
Simon the Zealot
Agabus
Ananias (Damascus)
Ananias (Judaea)
Ananias ben Nebedeus
Aristarchus
Bar-jesus
Blastus
Ethiopian eunuch
Eutychus
Gamaliel
James, brother of Jesus
Joseph Barsabbas
Judas Barsabbas
Judas of Galilee
Manaen
(John) Mark
cousin of Barnabas
Mary, mother of (John) Mark
Mnason
Parmenas
Prochorus
Sceva
Seven Deacons
Silas / Silvanus
Simeon Niger
Sopater
Sosthenes
Theudas
Trophimus
Tychicus
Herod's family
Antipas
Archelaus
"Longinus"
Pilate's wife
Quirinius
Lysias
Paullus
Achaicus
Andronicus
Archippus
Aretas IV
Crescens
Epaphras
Epaphroditus
Erastus
Euodia and Syntyche
Herodion
Hymenaeus
Jesus Justus
John the Presbyter
Nymphas
Olympas
Philetus
Sosipater
Tertius
Whore of Babylon
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013
Articles lacking in-text citations from September 2014
Articles that may contain original research from April 2012
CS1 Italiano-language sources (it)
Use dmy dates from March 2012
1st-century BC births
1st-century Christianity
1st-century deaths
Ancient Jewish history during the Roman Empire
Ethiopian saints
Jesus and history
People in the canonical gospels
Roman governors of Judaea
People from the Province of Teramo
Roman Empire, Augustus, Germania, Rome, Nero
Andrew Lloyd Webber, Broadway Theatre, Tim Rice, Yvonne Elliman, Musical theatre
Crucifixion of Jesus
Jesus, Resurrection of Jesus, Easter, Christianity, Last Supper
The Master and Margarita
Mikhail Bulgakov, Soviet Union, Faust, Internet Movie Database, Jesus
Christianity, Crucifixion of Jesus, Miracles of Jesus, Christology, Resurrection of Jesus
Sources for the historicity of Jesus
Crucifixion of Jesus, Gospel of John, Tacitus, Jesus, Gospel of Mark
Oscar Wilde, Jesus, Acts of the Apostles, Saint Peter, Annas
New Testament places associated with Jesus
Christianity, Jesus, Bethabara, Judea, Perea (Bible)


Typical projects sectors carried out in former architecture practices. Please refer to CV for references.
This £16m award winning leisure centre has a unique design that also incorporates a new library and external MUGA pitches. With a dedicated gymnastics hall specifically for Olympic training, this community facility is giving opportunities for future sporting success. The design of the building included many 'green' credentials to include solar and photovoltaic panels, underground water storage, wind power and natural ventilation.
A former office building was converted into apartments affording panoramic views of Plymouth sound. The building was completely remodelled and balconies added to provide a contemporary and unique aesthetic.
The Glassblowing House, a listed building, set on the quay side of the historic Sutton Harbour, The Barbican was originally built as a demonstration space to display the art of glassblowing to the public.
The design challenge was to convert a building designed to quickly expel excess heat into a comfortable space suitable for dining whilst conforming to current energy efficient building regulations. This challenge was sympathetically met with a stylish interior design and aesthetically pleasing large glazed doors provided to maximise the view of the harbour.
Other projects in this sector include: Conversion of historic boiler house into commercial offices, Bristol Royal Infirmary; Commercial redevelopment of Royal Mail Sorting office, Torquay; Barclays Bank, Southampton; Subway restaurant, Plymouth.
The project brief was to design a day care centre and associated almshouses in the grounds and linked to a grade 2 listed convalescent home. The design was based on an Italian renaissance ordered subservient 'gate house' sensitively reflecting elements of the previously demolished Pearn House. Internally the day care centre was designed with passive natural ventilation, under floor heating and a solar thermal store to provide a comfortable and uplifting environment for the occupants.
© 2019 space design architecture ltd. All Rights Reserved.


Please vote for your favorite racquet company and tell us why that company is the best!
Fun poll 16x19 or 18x20?
Which string pattern do you guys prefer?
Simple poll: Who played worse, Federer in 2011 Dubai F or Djokovic in 2012 Cincinnati F?


text:
Featured Daisy•
The government and the LO calls Nuder-accusations
"We are investigating what has happened and is in contact with the parties involved. We take this very seriously. The department is following the case and we lo
"We are investigating what has happened and is in contact with the parties involved. We take this very seriously. The department is following the case and we look to get us the information right now," writes Frida Färlin in a comment to SVT News.
Styrelseproffset Pär Nuder, the social democratic finance minister 2004-2006, resigned earlier in the week with immediate effect from the post of chairman of the board for the listed skidanläggningsbolaget Skistar.
then there come information to its Ekhaga Development of Nuder behaved inappropriately in connection with the world ski CHAMPIONSHIPS in Åre.
Pär Nuder has rejected the information and said that it is about a power struggle within Skistar.
completed as a board member of Skistar's chairman of the board of the Third Swedish national pension fund on behalf of the government. He is also chairman of the board of pensionsjätten AMF, where the LO and the confederation of Swedish Enterprise owns half each.
"We're trying to find out what happened," says Jon Andersson, press secretary at LO TT.
Before then, LO, nothing more to say.
Pär Nuder is also chairman of the board of the real estate company Hemsö and a board member of the publicly listed real estate company Fabege.
Read also: Pär Nuder's resignation as chairman of Skistar
EXPLAINER - Why 5G is threatening to disrupt travel...
The US will fight wildfires where forests and neighborhoods...
Texas Synagogue hostage-taker stayed in shelters around...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


As the title says, have been playing coop Imperial campaign and now we are at turn 45-50 either before we are in a fight or as we are in a fight the game kicks the second player out and back to the main menu.
Is this a known bug? It was fine from turn 20 to around 40/45.


text:
Steve Greeley
A look at potential head coaches
June 3, 2018 by Matthew Martin
It's been a few weeks since the "David Quinn Era" ended on Commonwealth Avenue and the Terriers are still without a head coach.
Obviously, there are some rumors going around about who is in the running and who is not in consideration for the job.
Current Boston Bruins' assistant coach Joe Sacco had been linked to the job, but according to Mike McMahon of College Hockey News, he is no longer pursuing the gig.
Also, told that Joe Sacco is no longer pursuing the job.
— Mike McMahon (@MikeMcMahonCHN) June 3, 2018
Current Union College coach Rick Bennett had been rumored to be in consideration, but per Jeff Cox, he is staying at Union. It would have been interesting to see how the BU faithful would have reacted to a coach coming from outside.
According to multiple sources Rick Bennett is staying at Union. Believe BU job will come down to Shawn McEachern and Albie O'Connell who recently had a second interview. BU hockey alums/donors would have been very upset if hire was from outside the Terrier family.
— Jeff Cox (@JeffCoxSports) June 3, 2018
Cox also outlined Shawn McEachern and current BU associate head coach Albie O'Connell as the front-runners, so let's take a closer look at them.
We would like to preface this by saying this is an unconfirmed candiates list and that this is just what we have heard on the rumor mill.
Shawn McEachern
McEachern is currently the head coach at The Rivers School in Weston, a position he has held since the 2010-11 season. Prior to his current position, he was an assistant coach at both Northeastern University and UMass Lowell.
McEachern skated three years for BU and is sixth all-time in points (186), eigth in points (107) and ninth in goals (79). After his time wearing the scarlet and white, he spent 13 years in the NHL and scored 579 points. He won a Stanley Cup with the Pittsburg Penguins in 1992.
Albie O'Connell
O'Connell is currently an assosicate head coach on BU, a post he has held since since the 2015-2016 season. Prior to joining the Terriers' coaching staff, he spent time as an assistant coach for Colby College, Niarga University, College of the Holy Cross, Merrimack College, Northeastern University and Harvard University.
O'Connell is also recognized as one of the top recruiters in the county.
In his four years playing for BU, O'Connell won four Beanpots and scored 108 points. He captined the 1998-99 team for BU.
In addition to those names, McMahon has also listed the following as being linked to the position.
Steve Greenely currently is the Buffalo Sabers Assistant General Manager but he is not a stranger to coaching at BU. Greeley left his position as an assitant coach for Quinn's Terriers after the 2014-25 season to take a job in player personal for the New York Rangers.
Greeley has been linked to NHL GM postions, so it seems unlikely that he will get the position.
Jay Pandolfo
The former Terrier captian is currently an assitant coach for the Bruins. Pandolfo played for BU from 1992-96, highlighed by a Nationa Championship in 1995. His winning ways followed him the the NHL where he won two championships with the New Jersey Devils.
Pandolfo has only been an asstiant coach for two seasons and has the smallest coaching resume of any of the candiates listed here.
Categories Albie O'Connell, David Quinn, Steve GreeleyTags Albie O'Connell, Jay Pandolfo, Shawn McEachern, Steve Greeley25 Comments
From the FreeP: Steve Greeley leaves BU with fond memories, strong relationships
I had the chance late last week to chat with departing BU associate head coach Steve Greeley about his time at BU and what the future has in store for him. You can read that article here.
Something that stood out to me that didn't make the cut in the actual story was when I asked him what skills he has that will benefit him in his future. I think his response essentially epitomizes what made him such a successful and impressive coach while at BU:
"I think my work ethic and my passion for the game are two things that have helped me throughout my career working in hockey. I get wrapped up in it in the sense that I follow every league, I know what every box score is. I don't want to let myself get outworked. I didn't want that to happen when I was in L.A., I didn't want that to happen while I was at BU, and I certainly don't want that to happen when I'm in New York. I'm gonna give 100 percent to the New York Rangers to help make them a better organization in any way I can."
Categories Steve GreeleyTags New York Rangers, Steve Greeley86 Comments
New York Rangers formally name Steve Greeley as Assistant Director of Player Personnel
August 13, 2015 August 13, 2015 by
Confirming reports from Tuesday and Wednesday, the New York Rangers officially announced Thursday that Boston University associate head coach Steve Greeley will become the Rangers' Assistant Director of Player Personnel.
OFFICIAL: #NYR name Steve Greeley as Assistant Director of Player Personnel and Nickolai Bobrov as Director of European Scouting.
— New York Rangers (@NYRangers) August 13, 2015
BU has not announced a replacement, though a report from Mike McMahon of College Hockey News says current Director of Hockey Operations Scott Young is expected to be named to the position.
The Terriers tweeted out good wishes for Greeley on Thursday morning:
Best of luck to Coach Greeley. Thanks for all you've done for our program. Proud to call you a Terrier! https://t.co/AYAZnEaHVq
— BU Men's Hockey (@TerrierHockey) August 13, 2015
Categories NewsTags Scott Young, Steve Greeley22 Comments
Reports: Steve Greeley to leave BU, join New York Rangers scouting staff
Boston University associate head coach Steve Greeley is expected to depart BU and accept a scouting position with the New York Rangers of the NHL, according to Jeff Cox of SB Nation.
Multiple sources have indicated BU assistant Steve Greeley will leave Terriers program to join scouting staff with New York Rangers.
— Jeff Cox (@JeffCoxSports) August 11, 2015
UPDATE on Wednesday, 12:40 p.m.: Several reports are indicating that Greeley's new job will include a front-office position.
Regarding my Steve Greeley tweet from last night: his new position with NYR is more front office, player personnel than just pure scouting.
Per NYR source, Greeley's new position w/ the org. will be a front office position in player personnel. Helped build LA's cup teams as scout
— Mike McMahon (@MikeMcMahonCHN) August 12, 2015
Mike McMahon of College Hockey News reports that current Director of Hockey Operations Scott Young is expected to take Greeley's position.
Sources in coaching community expect BU to promote Scott Young to replace Steve Greeley, who is taking a job w/NY Rangers per @JeffCoxSports
Greeley, who played at BU from 2000-04, became associate head coach in 2013, replacing Mike Bavis. Six years prior to that, Greeley was a scout for the Los Angeles Kings. Greeley has been widely praised for his recruiting ability, and is responsible for several of the pieces that helped guide BU to a spot in the national championship game last season.
This story is still developing, so we'll update this post as more information becomes available. Stay tuned.


text:
Q: Use .htaccess to point URL with two parameters to URL with GET variable I want to use .htaccess to point URLs such as these:
www.test.com/regio/bar/foo
www.test.com/regio/something/blabla
To www.test/com/regio/bar/?var = foo and www.test/com/regio/something/?var = blabla
I have tried this so far:
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule ^regio/([^/]+)/([^/]+)$ regio/$1/var=$2 [L]

But it doesn't seem to be working.

A: It writes what you give it. Your replacement has no ? so the var=$2 is not a GET but a path.
https://regex101.com/r/nQ8iW7/1
so try:
RewriteRule ^regio/([^/]+)/([^/]+)$ regio/$1/?var=$2 [L]

and I think it will work for you.
https://regex101.com/r/nQ8iW7/2

A: Try something like this
RewriteRule ^regio/([a-zA-Z0-9]*)/([a-zA-Z0-9]*)/?$ regio/$1?page=$2 [NC,L]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Senior Manager's and Certification regime (SM & CR) is a series of measures aimed at improving standards of financial services through increasing accountability of the most senior individuals within banks and financial institutions.
During 2017 the FCA has proposed to extend the scope of the regime to cover all regulated firms in the UK. More specifically, it will affect all senior individuals in those firms and all 'significant harm individuals'. Certification regime rules also apply to the branches of foreign banks.
Currently, most regulated financial sector firms must apply to have any individuals conducting regulated activity added to the FCA register under the Controlled Functions regime.
The regime commences for all regulated firms the regime has been extended for later in 2018.
WHAT are the key focus areas?
Firms will need to prepare and submit a Statement of Responsibilities for all persons who will be Senior Managers (SMs), this applies to Board members and senior individuals who run the organisation. These individuals need to be chosen before the SM regime commencement, however SMs remain subject to prior approval by the FCA. These individuals will include existing SMs who will 'grandfather' into the new regime.
Firms must map out all responsibilities across the firm and show what those Senior individuals are responsible for. In practise, this means SMs will expect increased scrutiny from the regulators.
In order to prevent 'significant harm' to the firm and its customers, these individuals will need to be tested for fitness and propriety. Firms can issue a certificate to the relevant persons if it finds them fit and proper for their function. Once certified, these individuals will be listed on the The FCA Guidance dictates that the certificates issued are only valid for 12 months, which means firms will need to certify their Significant harm individuals on an annual basis.
There is no requirement for pre-approval of these persons by the FCA, this puts more responsibility on the firms to ensure all relevant persons are fit and proper. Previously such individuals would have normally registered as CF30 (the "customer function") as these individuals would be performing regulated activity for clients. As these individuals are likely to pose the most serious harm to the organisation in the case of misconduct, it is likely that there will be significant crossover between a firm's existing CF30s and individuals coming under the scope of the Certification regime.
required by general rules made by the FCA.
Regulatory reference will be of higher importance, since the rules dictate that firms must request a reference from all previous employees in the last six years for candidates. Firms must also disclose any information relevant to the fitness and propriety assessment covering the previous six years of their career.
This regime is replacing existing Statements of Principles for Approved Persons. The key change here is the widened scope of Conduct rules who now apply to almost all staff with a few exceptions (ancillary staff, eg.: catering staff), in the past these persons had to be approved. Conduct rules include "Individual Conduct Rules", which apply across the whole industry. Firms must ensure that staff who are subject to the rules are aware of them and how they apply to their jobs.
First Tier: Individual conduct rules.
Second Tier: Senior management conduct rules.
Firms must make all staff aware of these rules, as all relevant persons should be notified in advance of the commencement of the regime. Training of staff must be tailored appropriately to their role.
Breaches of Conduct Rules must be reported to the FCA (or PRA if appropriate) within seven days.
WHAT do firms need to do to comply?
Please do not hesitate to contact us to via telephone at +44 (0) 207 100 4058, or visit our Contact page on our website if you require more information on SM&CR or you would like to engage our assistance.
Are you ready for PSD2?


text:
Tuesday, January 5 2021
Congress and Exhibition Latin America and the Caribbean will be Held on 10–11 March, 2021
Upcoming Casino Developments in Canada for 2021
Know About Esports and Its Impact on Gambling
Use Bitcoin Mixers to Hide Your Transactions
Morpheus Labs Joins Shufti Pro to Expand KYC & AML Solutions
Khiron Products to Get Insurance Cover in Colombia
DoT to Renew BSNL License by December to Aid its Revival
Transforming Games on the Blockchain, Avalanche Joins BGA
Fuse and Monerium Tie-Up to Regulate Fiat on Blockchain
IOTA's Sluggish Trend Speculated to Catch Up with the Pace
Daniel Garza Follow on Twitter July 16, 2020
IOTA has marked astounding improvement in the past fifteen days. The currency could jump beyond its crucial resistance but marked a sudden decline yesterday. The news circulating the coin is speculated to be good.
As per the recent market update, IOTA is coming up with a better version of the Chronicle that also includes the CLI application.
IOTA introduced the chronicle in last September to help the organizations to keep a hold on the store transaction for a longer period of time. The node owners were now enabled to remove the previous or age-old transaction records. They were introduced with local snapshots to help them keep the transaction database small. However, the drawback was still hanging for the regular users as they couldn't resolve the query with the specified feature.
It was said that the Chronicle is IOTA's silver bullet for its memory trouble. The same makes the storage of all IOTA transactions fast, scalable, secure, and well-distributed. Precisely, Chronicle enables users to save all transactions in a separate database. This allows the database to support a longer period.
IOTA Price Analysis
IOTA/USD Chart By TradingView
IOTA price movement on the chart reflects the sluggish movement. However, the coin marked a heavy plunge on the intraday chart. The price dropped and hit the support level at $0.229.
July started with a steady upside movement for IOTA. The currency was trading around $0.226, and the improvement picked up the pace from July 06. After the next three days, the coin breached the resistance level at $0.265. However, the selling pressure took over and brought the IOTA price to $0.245.
Later, the currency felt a slight push towards its previous resistance on July 13 but failed to cross and fell to $0.250. The recent plunge is likely due to the market pressure that has been persistent from the opening hour. As per the speculations, the intraday might remain the same.
The moving averages of 20-days & 50-days are at $0.239 and $0.243. Both the moving averages are reflecting bearish crossover, but the increasing distance between them, along with the current price, is indicating stable momentum in the short run. The MACD of IOTA reflects bearish divergence.
Daniel Garza
Daniel Garza is well-known for his writing skills and works as a lead content writer in our team. He also has a deep interest in cryptocurrency funds and guides people on how to deal with a cryptocurrency exchange.
Verge Corrects Down to $0.006 After Hitting $0.0077 Last Week
Simon Cowell buys Sony's stake; Company Rebranded
IOTA Draws a Rising Wedge Like Pattern and Trades at $0.271


text:
Bespoke for sale
Think Scalextric Events entertaining Party pokers players including Simon Lazenby and Tony Dunst
Monaco Inspired Bespoke Scalextric Digital Track
February 2019 Bespoke Custom Monaco Inspired Track
We were asked by a client in Bolton, UK, if we could design, build & deliver a Digital Scalextric Track.
THIS WAS THE CLIENT'S BRIEF:
* Town/Street Racing
* 60/70's Style
* Monaco Themed
* Fan of British & European Cars
* Loves the Martini and Gulf Liveries.
* Must be 3 metres x 2 metres
The Track was completed & delivered to the client in Bolton on 23rd February 2019. This is a montage video of the track we designed & built from start to finish. Throughout the track there are several buildings including a casino, art gallery, restaurants, cafe, boutique and a villa.
All of these buildings were designed & hand built by ourselves. We also used a 3D printer for quite a few items, such as barriers, trash bins, plant pots, table/chairs, loungers, and much more.
All of the scenery (rocks, trees, fencing, etc) was also hand built and sculpted by us from scratch using lots of different types of materials
There are also over 150 Individually hand painted people around the track, from fans to marshals, Waiters to racing drivers.
This track has probably taken close to 1000 hours to design, build and install . With 95% of the track being hand made not from kits, the casino itself has over 80 hours work to bring it to life. Big thanks to Magnetic Racing for the Grandstands, they are so good I am not sure we could build better from scratch.
Think Driver Training LTD © 2019 Terms & conditions


text:
Design: Whoever Dies With The Most Board Games
Whoever Dies With The Most Board Games
Whoever Dies With The Most Board Games - Men's Premium T-Shirt
Whoever Dies With The Most Board Games - Women's Premium T-Shirt
Whoever Dies With The Most Board Games - Sticker


text:
class DnscryptProxy < Formula
  desc "Secure communications between a client and a DNS resolver"
  homepage "http://dnscrypt.org"
  url "https://github.com/jedisct1/dnscrypt-proxy/releases/download/1.5.0/dnscrypt-proxy-1.5.0.tar.bz2"
  mirror "http://download.dnscrypt.org/dnscrypt-proxy/dnscrypt-proxy-1.5.0.tar.bz2"
  sha256 "dd1a09baff5685cf939c429ba0258f66a79d464bc5ac130d8d30e667fb8ee3b2"

  bottle do
    sha256 "e7062b1b7be9232ae720c10a8408947979d067309f858876d69f840682f4c232" => :yosemite
    sha256 "d68a2f9232aff5b1565221fbd188dd0a763cca36bde24edfc7bc41414c06fa93" => :mavericks
    sha256 "13a888618cccd52d7fc902fd209d9c681cbf760f06306022f17bdf94e098cf3a" => :mountain_lion
  end

  head do
    url "https://github.com/jedisct1/dnscrypt-proxy.git"

    depends_on "autoconf" => :build
    depends_on "automake" => :build
    depends_on "libtool" => :build
  end

  option "with-plugins", "Support plugins and install example plugins."
  deprecated_option "plugins" => "with-plugins"

  depends_on "libsodium"

  def install
    system "autoreconf", "-if" if build.head?

    args = ["--disable-dependency-tracking", "--prefix=#{prefix}"]
    if build.with? "plugins"
      args << "--enable-plugins"
      args << "--enable-relaxed-plugins-permissions"
      args << "--enable-plugins-root"
    end
    system "./configure", *args
    system "make", "install"
  end

  def caveats; <<-EOS.undent
    After starting dnscrypt-proxy, you will need to point your
    local DNS server to 127.0.0.1. You can do this by going to
    System Preferences > "Network" and clicking the "Advanced..."
    button for your interface. You will see a "DNS" tab where you
    can click "+" and enter 127.0.0.1 in the "DNS Servers" section.

    By default, dnscrypt-proxy runs on localhost (127.0.0.1), port 53,
    and under the "nobody" user using the default OpenDNS DNSCrypt-enabled
    resolver. If you would like to change these settings (e.g., switching to
    a DNSCrypt-enabled resolver with DNSSEC support), you will have to edit the
    plist file (e.g., --resolver-address, --provider-name, --provider-key, etc.)

    To check that dnscrypt-proxy is working correctly, open Terminal and enter the
    following command:

        dig txt debug.opendns.com

    You should see a line in the result that looks like this:

        debug.opendns.com.	0	IN	TXT	"dnscrypt enabled (......)"

    Note: This will only work if you are using the default OpenDNS DNSCrypt-enabled
    resolver. If you are using a different resolver, you can use a tool like tcpdump
    to verify that everything is working correctly.
    EOS
  end

  plist_options :startup => true

  def plist; <<-EOS.undent
    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-/Apple/DTD PLIST 1.0/EN" "http:/www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
    <plist version="1.0">
      <dict>
        <key>Label</key>
        <string>#{plist_name}</string>
        <key>KeepAlive</key>
        <true/>
        <key>RunAtLoad</key>
        <true/>
        <key>ProgramArguments</key>
        <array>
          <string>#{opt_sbin}/dnscrypt-proxy</string>
          <string>--user=nobody</string>
          <string>--resolver-name=opendns</string>
        </array>
        <key>UserName</key>
        <string>root</string>
        <key>StandardErrorPath</key>
        <string>/dev/null</string>
        <key>StandardOutPath</key>
        <string>/dev/null</string>
      </dict>
    </plist>
    EOS
  end

  test do
    system "#{sbin}/dnscrypt-proxy", "--version"
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package com.hubspot.smtp.client;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.function.Supplier;

import io.netty.handler.codec.smtp.SmtpRequest;
import io.netty.handler.codec.smtp.SmtpResponse;

/**
 * An extension point that supports intercepting commands and data before they are sent.
 *
 *
There are three methods to implement, each of which executes "around" the sending of
 * a request, data or pipelined sequence of requests. The @{code aroundRequest} and
 * {@code aroundPipelinedSequence} methods each receive an argument describing what is being
 * sent. All methods receive a {@code Supplier<CompletableFuture<List<SmtpResponse>>>} called
 * {@code next} that returns a future that will complete when the send has finished.
 *
 *
As an example, consider an interceptor used for timing commands. It can record the time
 * before the command/data is sent, then log the difference when the {@code next} future completes.
 *
 *
{@code
 *  class TimingInterceptor implements SendInterceptor {
 *    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(TimingInterceptor.class);
 *
 *    public CompletableFuture<List<SmtpResponse>> aroundRequest(SmtpRequest request, Supplier<CompletableFuture<List<SmtpResponse>>> next) {
 *      long startedAt = System.currentTimeMillis();
 *      return next.get().whenComplete((response, throwable) -> LOG.debug("{}: {}ms", request, System.currentTimeMillis() - startedAt);
 *    }
 *
 *    public CompletableFuture<List<SmtpResponse>> aroundData(Supplier<CompletableFuture<List<SmtpResponse>>> next) {
 *      long startedAt = System.currentTimeMillis();
 *      return next.get().whenComplete((response, throwable) -> LOG.debug("data: {}ms", System.currentTimeMillis() - startedAt);
 *    }
 *
 *    public CompletableFuture<List<SmtpResponse>> aroundPipelinedSequence(List<SmtpRequest> requests, Supplier<CompletableFuture<List<SmtpResponse>>> next) {
 *      long startedAt = System.currentTimeMillis();
 *      return next.get().whenComplete((response, throwable) -> LOG.debug("{}: {}ms", requests, System.currentTimeMillis() - startedAt);
 *    }
 *  }}

 *
 *  @see CompositeSendInterceptor
 */
public interface SendInterceptor {
  /**
   * Called before a request is sent.
   *
   * @param  request the request that will be sent
   * @param  next supplies a future that will complete when the request has been sent and a response received
   * @return {@code next.get()}, a {@code CompletableFuture} derived from it, or an exceptional future if the send should
   *         be aborted
   */
  CompletableFuture<List<SmtpResponse>> aroundRequest(SmtpRequest request, Supplier<CompletableFuture<List<SmtpResponse>>> next);

  /**
   * Called before data is sent.
   *
   * @param  next supplies a future that will complete when the data has been sent and a response received
   * @return {@code next.get()}, a {@code CompletableFuture} derived from it, or an exceptional future if the send should
   *         be aborted
   */
  CompletableFuture<List<SmtpResponse>> aroundData(Supplier<CompletableFuture<List<SmtpResponse>>> next);

  /**
   * Called before a pipelined series of requests is sent.
   *
   * @param  requests the requests that will be sent
   * @param  next supplies a future that will complete when the requests have been sent and responses received
   * @return {@code next.get()}, a {@code CompletableFuture} derived from it, or an exceptional future if the send should
   *         be aborted
   */
  CompletableFuture<List<SmtpResponse>> aroundPipelinedSequence(List<SmtpRequest> requests, Supplier<CompletableFuture<List<SmtpResponse>>> next);
}


text:
Home » 2018 » February
Pakistan sees measles cases more than double in 2017
The number of measles cases in Pakistan more than doubled in 2017, compared to the number of cases the previous year. According to World Health Organization-Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean...
Universal influenza vaccine: An NIAID priority
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Experts warn meningococcal group B meningitis and septicemia is increasing in China
An international group of expert scientists, doctors and public health officials has reported that cases of meningococcal group B meningitis and septicemia (MenB) are increasing in China, and have recommended...
Ocular herpes simplex 1 infection: Molecule may be useful for developing antivirals
Herpes of the eye, or ocular herpes, is a recurring viral infection that's usually caused by the herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1). This is the same virus that causes cold sores. Ocular herpes can also...
Plague bacteria not only survive, but thrive and replicate once ingested by an amoeba
Amoebae, single-celled organisms common in soil, water and grade-school science classrooms, may play a key role in the survival and spread of deadly plague bacteria. New Colorado State University research...
Yellow fever in Brazil: WHO report
In a follow-up on recent reports on the yellow fever outbreak in Brazil HERE, HERE, the World Health Organization (WHO) released a comprehensive disease outbreak report on this topic Feb. 27: During...
Mumps: 'Several confirmed cases' reported at JMU
Just weeks after James Madison University (JMU) postponed a couple of basketball games due to mumps in the coaching staff, the school announced that they are experiencing several confirmed cases of mumps...
Australia: Listeriosis outbreak linked to rockmelon
Health and Food authorities in New South Wales (NSW) are advising consumers who are most vulnerable to Listeria infection such as older persons, and people who have weakened immune systems due to illness...
Fasciola hepatica: The sheep liver fluke
On today's podcast, we ventured back into the world of trematodes, or flukes and discussed the sheep liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. Parasitology teacher and author of the book, Parasites: Tales...
Scientists find single letter of genetic code that makes African Salmonella so dangerous
Scientists at the University of Liverpool have identified a single genetic change in Salmonella that is playing a key role in the devastating epidemic of bloodstream infections currently killing around...