text:
\section{Introduction}

The interaction of a nanoscale quantum magnet, realized e.g. by single magnetic atoms or molecules
deposited on substrates or coupled to conducting electrodes, with the environment can have a
strong effect on its properties.
On the one hand, the interaction with the conduction electrons of a nearby electrode can
give rise to the Kondo effect, which leads to the screening of the magnetic moment of the quantum
magnet (see e.g. the book by Hewson\cite{Hewson:book:1997} and references therein).
On the other hand the crystal field of the environment of a quantum magnet in conjunction
with spin-orbit coupling (SOC) gives rise to magnetic anisotropy (MA), which generally leads to a
stabilization of the magnetic moment of the nanoscale magnet.\cite{Gatteschi:book:2006}

These two antagonistic effects can be observed by differential conductance spectroscopy in Scanning Tunneling Microscope
(STM) experiments of magnetic adatoms and molecules deposited on conducting and insulating
substrates,\cite{Madhavan:Science:1998,Li:PRL:1998,Zhao:Science:2005,Iancu:NL:2006,Hirjibehedin:Science:2007}
and in molecular junctions:\cite{Yu:PRL:2005,Parks:PRL:2007,Calvo:Nature:2009,Parks:Science:2010}
The Kondo effect, which leads to the formation of a sharp resonance in the electronic spectrum at the Fermi
level, called the Abrikosov-Suhl or Kondo resonance, is signaled by a corresponding zero-bias anomaly in the
$dI/dV$ spectra.\cite{Madhavan:Science:1998,Schiller:PRB:2000,Ujsaghy:PRL:2000}
Magnetic anisotropy on the other hand leads to spin flip excitations from the ground states,
which are signaled by steps in the $dI/dV$-spectra at finite bias voltages corresponding to the excitation energies
of the quantum magnet.\cite{Hirjibehedin:Science:2007,Fernandez-Rossier:PRL:2009}
Both effects, i.e. Kondo peak plus spin flip excitation steps in the
$dI/dV$, have also been observed simultaneously in the same system, namely in Co adatoms on CuN islands.\cite{Otte:NatPhys:2008}
On the other hand, sometimes the same molecule [iron(II) phthalocyanine (FePc)] can show the Kondo effect on
one substrate [Au(111)]\cite{Tsukahara:PRL:2011} and spin flip excitations on another [oxidized Cu(110)]~\cite{Tsukahara:PRL:2009}.
More recently, it has been shown experimentally and theoretically that the Kondo exchange coupling between a quantum
spin and the conduction electrons in the substrate, also leads to the renormalization of spin excitation energies
associated with the magnetic anisotropy of the quantum magnet.\cite{Oberg:NatNano:2014}
Relatedly, very recently it has been found that by lifting a spin-1 molecule (FePc) from a
Au surface, and thereby reducing the Kondo exchange coupling with the conduction electrons in the surface, the molecule
makes a transition from a Kondo screened state, showing a zero-bias anomaly to an essentially unscreened state, showing inelastic spin
flip excitations at finite bias.\cite{Hiraoka:NatComm:2017}

Here I show, that even in the complete absence of the Kondo effect, i.e. for an integer quantum spin where the
degeneracy of the ground state is completely lifted by a positive uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, the exchange
coupling to the conduction electrons still leads to the renormalization of the MA related spin flip excitations
of the quantum magnet. To this end a multi-orbital Anderson model for the adatom coupled to the substrate
and subject to magnetic anisotropy is solved within the one-crossing approximation (OCA).
While the inelastic steps as well as the Kondo features can also be described using
a Kondo Hamiltonian where the atomic spin is described with a single-ion quantized spin interacting,
via exchange, with the conduction electrons of the surface,\cite{Zitko:PRB:2008,Fernandez-Rossier:PRL:2009,Lorente:PRL:2009,
  Zitko:NJP:2010,Hurley:PRB:2011,Oberg:NatNano:2014,Delgado:SS:2014,Ternes:NJP:2015}
this approach permits to include atomic charge fluctuations that are effectively frozen in the Kondo model.
This can be important since often charge is not quantized in magnetic adatom systems as density functional theory (DFT)
calculations show.\cite{Ferron:PRB:2015,Panda:PRB:2016}
Indeed below I show that charge fluctuations have a similar effect on the electronic spectra and related $dI/dV$,
leading to the renormalization of the spin flip excitations. But in contrast to the renormalization by
exchange coupling, the spectra become increasingly asymmetric as the charge fluctuations grow. Interestingly,
for very strong charge fluctuations this leads to features in the spectra that mimic Fano lineshapes usually
associated with zero-bias anomalies, such as the Kondo resonance.

This paper is organized as follows: In Sec.~\ref{sec:model} the model describing a quantum spin
subject to magnetic anisotropy coupled to a conducting electrode is introduced.
In Sec.~\ref{sec:results} results for an $S=1$ quantum spin with positive uniaxial MA are presented.
Additionally also the effect of charge fluctuations for a $S=3/2$ quantum spin is shown.
Sec.~\ref{sec:conclusions} I conclude with a general discussion of the results.

\begin{figure*}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{model.pdf}
  \end{center}
  \caption{
    \label{fig:model}
    (a) Schematic model of experimental setup for measuring
    excitation spectra of a magnetic adatom on a surface
    with an STM tip.
    (b) Splitting of the spin $S=1$ GS triplet by the MA term in eq. (\ref{eq:imp})
    for positive uniaxial anisotropy $D>0$ and finite in-plane anisotropy $0<E<D/3$, and
    resulting differential conductance $\mathcal{G}(V)$
    spectrum (bottom), showing two inelastic steps features for each bias direction
    corresponding to the two (renormalized) spin excitations $\widetilde\Delta_0$ (green)
    and $\widetilde\Delta_1$ (red). In contrast to the $S=3/2$ case (c) the
    Kondo effect cannot take place as the GS is non-degenerate.
    (c) Splitting of the spin $S=3/2$ GS quadruplet by the MA term in eq. (\ref{eq:imp})
    into two doublets. The GS doublet $\left\{\ket{\chi^\pm_1}\right\}$ can give rise to the
    Kondo feature (blue) in the differential conductance $\mathcal{G}(V)$ spectrum (bottom)
    while the spin excitation to the $\left\{\ket{\chi^\pm_2}\right\}$ doublet gives rise
    to inelastic step features (green) at the (renormalized) excitation energy $\widetilde\Delta_0$.
  }
\end{figure*}

\section{Model and Method}
\label{sec:model}

Let us consider tunneling between an STM tip and a magnetic adatom coupled to a surface
as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:model}(a).
Assuming weak coupling to the STM tip,
the low-bias conductance can be directly related to the
adatom many-body spectral function $\rho_\alpha(\omega)$:\cite{Korytar:PRB:2012}
\begin{equation}
  \mathcal{G}(V) = \frac{2e^2}{\hbar} \sum_{\alpha} \Gamma^{\rm tip}_{\alpha} \rho_{\alpha}(eV)
  \label{GdeV}
\end{equation}
where $\Gamma^{\rm tip}_{\alpha}=\pi|{V_{\alpha}^{\rm tip}}|^2\rho_{\rm tip}$
is the (weak) tunneling rate of electrons between the adatom orbitals $\alpha$ and  the STM tip,
and it is assumed the DOS of the STM tip $\rho_{\rm tip}$ is energy independent around the
Fermi level.
Note however, that in general different orbitals couple differently
to the STM tip so that the contribution of the individual channels
to the total conductance may differ.
Direct tunneling into surface states is neglected in eq.~(\ref{GdeV}). This is
a good approximation when the magnetic atoms are separated from the metallic surface
by a decoupling insulating layer, such as Cu$_2$N/Cu(100),\cite{Hirjibehedin:Science:2007,Oberg:NatNano:2014,Otte:NatPhys:2008}
CuO/Cu\cite{Tsukahara:PRL:2009} and h-BN/Rh(111)\cite{Jacobson:NatComm:2015}. This approximation does not
capture the Fano interference effect relevant\cite{Madhavan:Science:1998} when the tip-atom
channel interferes with the direct tip-surface tunneling path.\cite{Ujsaghy:PRL:2000}
In this case a more complex modeling of the tunneling process would be necessary.\cite{Jacob:JPCM:2015,Baruselli:PRB:2015,Frank:PRB:2015,Dang:PRB:2016,Choi:JCP:2017,Droghetti:PRB:2017}

The magnetic atom on the surface is described by a multi-orbital Anderson model,
\begin{equation}
  {\cal H} = \mathcal{H}_{\rm imp} + {\mathcal H}_{\rm bath} + {\cal V}_{\rm hyb}
  \label{eq:AIM}
\end{equation}
where the Hamiltonian of the Anderson impurity site $\mathcal{H}_{\rm imp}$
describes the strongly interacting $3d$-levels that yield the spin of
the magnetic atom, and includes a term that accounts for magnetic anisotropy:
\begin{eqnarray}
  {\cal H}_{\rm imp} &=& \epsilon_d \hat{N}_d
  + U \sum_{\alpha} \hat{n}_{\alpha\uparrow} \, \hat{n}_{\alpha\downarrow}
  + U^\prime \sum_{{\alpha,\alpha^\prime}\atop{\alpha\neq\alpha^\prime}} \hat{n}_{\alpha} \, \hat{n}_{\alpha^\prime}
  \nonumber\\
  &-& J_{\rm H} \sum_{{\alpha,\alpha^\prime}\atop{\alpha\neq\alpha^\prime}} \vec{S}_\alpha \cdot \vec{S}_{\alpha^\prime}
  + D \hat{S}_z^2 + E (\hat{S}_x^2 - \hat{S}_y^2 )
  \label{eq:imp}
\end{eqnarray}
$\epsilon_d$ are the single-particle energies of the $d$-levels,
$\hat{N}_d=\sum_{\alpha,\sigma}\hat{n}_{\alpha\sigma}$ is the number operator
for all $d$-levels $\alpha=1,\ldots,M$, $\hat{n}_{\alpha\sigma}=d_{\alpha\sigma}^\dagger d_{\alpha\sigma}$
is the number operator of an individual $d$-level $\alpha$ with spin $\sigma$,
$U$ is the intra-orbital, $U^\prime$ the inter-orbital Coulomb repulsion, $J_{\rm H}$ the Hund's coupling,
and $\vec{S}_\alpha$ measures the total spin of an individual $d$-level $\alpha$,
i.e. $\vec{S}_\alpha= \sum_{\sigma\sigma^\prime} d_{\alpha\sigma}^\dagger \vec\tau_{\sigma\sigma^\prime} d_{\alpha\sigma^\prime}$.

The crystal field splitting of the $d$-levels
together with the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) gives rise \cite{Abragam:book:2012}
to magnetic anisotropy (MA) which is taken into account
by the effective spin Hamiltonian given by the last term of (\ref{eq:imp}) where
$D$ is the uniaxial anisotropy and $E$ the in-plane anisotropy.\cite{Gatteschi:book:2006}
For a ground state (GS) with integer spin $S$, and for finite uniaxial anisotropy
$D\ne0$ and in-plane anisotropy $E\ne0$, the $(2S+1)$ degeneracy of the GS multiplet
is completely lifted\cite{Abragam:book:2012,Hirjibehedin:Science:2007}, as illustrated for $S=1$ in Fig.~\ref{fig:model}(b).
For $D>0$ the $\ket{m_z=0}$ state becomes the GS and the $\ket{m_z=\pm1}$ states
an excited doublet. A finite in-plane anisotropy $E>0$ allows for \emph{quantum tunneling}
between both spin directions thus lifting the degeneracy of the excited doublet,
which becomes split by $2E$, leading to the bare excitation energies $\Delta_0=D-E$
and $\Delta_1=D+E$. The quantum states of the split doublet are thus linear combinations
$\ket{\chi_\pm}\sim\ket{m_z=+1}\pm\ket{m_z=-1}$.

In contrast, for half-integer spin the degeneracy of the GS multiplet is never
completely lifted by the magnetic anisotropy, as
illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:model}(c) for $S=3/2$.
For $D>0$ and $E=0$ the GS quadruplet splits into two doublets, with the states $\ket{m_z=\pm1/2}$
forming the GS and the $\ket{m_z=\pm3/2}$ states forming the excited doublet.
A finite in-plane anisotropy $E$ leads to the mixing of states of the GS doublet
and excited doublet, but the double degeneracy of the GS and excited state is conserved.

The second term in (\ref{eq:AIM}) describes the conduction electron bath in the surface:
\begin{equation}
  {\cal H}_{\rm bath}=\sum_{k,\alpha,\sigma} \varepsilon_{k\alpha} c_{k\alpha\sigma}^{\dagger}c_{k\alpha\sigma}
\end{equation}
The third term in (\ref{eq:AIM}) is the so-called hybridization term which describes the
coupling between the impurity and the conduction electron bath:
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:Vhyb}
  {\cal V}_{\rm hyb} = \sum_{k,\alpha,\sigma} V_{k\alpha} (c_{k\alpha\sigma}^\dagger d_{\alpha\sigma} + d_{\alpha\sigma}^\dagger c_{k\alpha\sigma})
\end{equation}
Integrating out the bath degrees of freedom one obtains the so-called hybridization function:
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:hybfunc}
  \Delta_\alpha^{\rm hyb}(\omega)=\sum_{k}\frac{|V_{k\alpha}|^2}{\omega+\mu-\varepsilon_{k\alpha}+i\eta}
\end{equation}
Its (negative) imaginary part $\Gamma_\alpha(\omega)=-\Im\,\Delta_\alpha^{\rm hyb}(\omega)$ describes the single-particle broadening
of individual impurity levels $\alpha$ due to the coupling to the conduction electrons.

The Anderson model (\ref{eq:AIM}) is then solved within the one-crossing approximation (OCA)\cite{Pruschke:ZPB:1989,Haule:PRB:2001,Haule:PRB:2010},
as described in more detail previous work.\cite{Jacob:EPJB:2016}
OCA consists in a diagrammatic expansion of the propagators $G_n(\omega)$ associated with the
many-body eigenstates $\ket{n}$ of the \emph{isolated} impurity Hamiltonian (\ref{eq:imp}) in terms of
the hybridization function $\Delta_\alpha^{\rm hyb}(\omega)$, summing only a subset of diagrams
(only those where conduction electron lines cross at most once) to infinite order.
The spectral function $\rho_\alpha(\omega)$ entering equation
(\ref{GdeV}) for the $dI/dV$ is then obtained from convolutions of the propagators $G_n(\omega)$.

\section{Results}
\label{sec:results}

In order to model a spin-1 adatom or molecule coupled to conducting electrodes, the two-orbital
Anderson model at and around half-filling ($N_d=2$) is now studied. The Hund's rule coupling $J_{\rm H}$ then leads
to an $S=1$ ground state for the isolated impurity $\mathcal{H}_{\rm imp}$ that is split by the
magnetic anisotropy term in (\ref{eq:imp}) with positive uniaxial anisotropy $D>0$ into the GS singlet
$\ket{m_z=0}$ and the two excited states $\ket{\chi_\pm}$.
Furthermore the hybridization function is assumed to be constant and equal for both orbitals, $\Delta_\alpha=-i\Gamma$.
To achieve exactly the half-filled (i.e. the ph symmetric) case, the impurity levels have to be tuned to the energy
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:ed_ph}
  \epsilon_d^\ast = -\frac{U}{2} -\left(U^\prime-\frac{J_{\rm H}}{2}\right)(N_d-1)
\end{equation}
where $N_d$ is the number of electrons.
For all cases the same interaction parameters, $U=3.5$eV, $U^\prime=2.5$eV, and $J_{\rm H}=0.5$eV,
are considered which leads to $\epsilon_d^\ast=4$eV at half-filling ($N_d=2$).

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{spin1_MA.pdf}
  \end{center}
  \caption{
    \label{fig:spin1_MA}
    Effect of magnetic anisotropy on an $S=1$ quantum spin.
    Intra- and inter-orbital Coulomb repulsion are $U=3.5$eV and $U^\prime=2.5$eV, respectively, Hund's rule
    coupling is $J_{\rm H}=0.5$eV and the $d$-level energy is $\epsilon_d=-4$eV (ph symmetric case).
    (a) Effect of increasing uniaxial anisotropy $D$ on the electronic spectrum for $\Gamma/\pi=50$meV and temperature $kT=0.1$meV.
    (b) Effect of increasing in-plane anisotropy $E$ on the electronic spectrum for $D=8.7$meV and $\Gamma/\pi=50$meV and temperature $kT=0.4$meV.
  }
\end{figure}

In Fig.~\ref{fig:spin1_MA} spectra for a spin $S=1$ adatom or molecule with positive uniaxial anisotropy
$D>0$ are shown. Fig.~\ref{fig:spin1_MA}(a) shows how the uniaxial anisotropy $D$ splits the Kondo
peak of the spin-1 Kondo effect at $D=0$. Analogously to the splitting of the Kondo peak for the
spin-1/2 Kondo effect in a magnetic field, the split Kondo peak for small values of $D$ gradually
develops into two step features (one for each direction of energy) for larger values of $D$.
These steps correspond to spin excitations from the $m_z=0$ GS to the excited doublet $m_z=\pm1$.
Such spectra have recently been measured in STM experiments of spin-1 molecules, namely
Fe porphyrins on Au\cite{Karan:NL:2018,Rubio-Verdu::2017} or nickelocene on Cu\cite{Ormaza:NatComm:2017}.
Note that in contrast to the case of a spin-1 quantum magnets with negative uniaxial anisotropy, $D<0$,\cite{Jacob:EPJB:2016}
a Kondo peak at zero energy is absent now from the spectrum, due to the lack of GS degeneracy.
Also note that the simpler noncrossing approximation (NCA) leads to a spurious Kondo-like artifact
in the spectrum in this case. Apparently, the vertex corrections present in the OCA approach remedy this problem
of the NCA approach (see Appendix \ref{app:nca_artifact}).
As can be seen in Fig.~\ref{fig:spin1_MA}(b), the introduction of in-plane anisotropy $E$, leads to the appearance
of two new step features in the spectrum, one for each direction of energy, due to the splitting of the excited
doublet $m_z=\pm1$, which lead to different excitation energies $\Delta_0$ and $\Delta_1$ from the GS to the two
now split excited spin states, as shown schematically in Fig.~\ref{fig:model}.
This double step structure has been observed in the $dI/dV$ spectra of numerous spin-1 quantum magnets such as
FePc on oxidized Cu(110),\cite{Tsukahara:PRL:2009} or hydrogenated Fe atoms on hexagonal boron nitride.\cite{Jacobson:NatComm:2015}

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{spin1_temp.pdf}
  \end{center}
  \caption{
    \label{fig:spin1_temp}
    Temperature dependence of spectra for an $S=1$ quantum spin with (a) very weak uniaxial anisotropy $D=0.1$meV and $\Gamma/\pi=150$meV,
    and (b) substantial uniaxial and in-plane anisotropy ($D=8.7$meV and $E=3$meV) and $\Gamma/\pi=50$meV.
    Same impurity parameters ($U$, $U^\prime$,$J_{\rm H}$,$\epsilon_d$) as in Fig.~\ref{fig:spin1_MA}.
  }
\end{figure}

Next the temperature dependence of the spectra in Fig.~\ref{fig:spin1_temp} is investigated,
specifically the temperature evolution for two cases: (a) for very weak uniaxial
anisotropy ($D=0.1$meV and $E=0$) and relatively strong hybridization ($\Gamma/\pi=150$meV),
and (b) strong uniaxial and in-plane anisotropy and relatively weak hybridization ($\Gamma/\pi=50$meV).
First, in the case of very weak uniaxial MA [Fig.~\ref{fig:spin1_temp}(a)] upon lowering the
temperature a Kondo resonance forms at the Fermi level, associated with a spin-1 Kondo effect,
fully screened by the conduction electrons (there are two screening channels).
Interestingly, even for this very weak anisotropy of $D=0.1$meV the Kondo peak eventually
splits at low enough temperatures, even though the Kondo scale for the spin-1 Kondo effect,
$kT_{\rm K}\sim2$meV (estimated from the half-width of the Kondo peak in the absence of anisotropy)
is now considerably larger than the $D$. Na\"ively, one would expect the Kondo screening
to completely overcome the marginal lifting of the spin triplet degeneracy by the weak MA.
However, scaling arguments as well as NRG calculations of the anisotropic one-channel and
multi-channel Kondo models show\cite{Schiller:PRB:2008,Zitko:PRB:2008} that a magnetic anisotropy
term $\sim{DS_z^2}$ is always reinforced at lower energies (i.e. low frequencies $\omega$ and low
temperatures $T$). Hence for integer spins and $D>0$ in the limit $T\rightarrow0$ the spectral
density always acquires a dip around the Fermi level.
In Fig.~\ref{fig:spin1_temp}(b) the temperature dependence for a spin-1 system with both appreciable
uniaxial and inplane MA is shown. Now on lowering the temperature a dip forms at first instead of the
Kondo peak. On further decrease of the temperature the dip develops into the well known step features
associated with inelastic spin flip excitations. Simultaneously, an ``up bending'' of the spectral
density around the step features occurs when the temperature is lowered, giving rise to the familiar
triangular shapes of the step features well known from STM spectroscopy of magnetic adatoms and
molecules.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{spin1_hyb.pdf}
  \end{center}
  \caption{
    \label{fig:spin1_hyb}
    Effect of hybridization $\Gamma$ on an $S=1$ quantum spin with positive uniaxial anisotropy $D$.
    Same impurity parameters ($U$, $U^\prime$,$J_{\rm H}$,$\epsilon_d$) as in Fig.~\ref{fig:spin1_MA}.
    (a) Effect of increasing hybridization $\Gamma$ on the electronic spectrum for $D=8.7$meV and $E=3$meV, $kT=0.4$meV.
    The spectra have been normalized to their maximum value in the considered energy window and shifted for
    better visibility.
    (b) Effective spin excitation energies $\widetilde\Delta_0$ and $\widetilde\Delta_1$ as a function of
    $\Gamma$ for $D=8.7$meV and $E=3$meV.
  }
\end{figure}

Let us now study the effect of the exchange coupling with the conduction electrons on the spin excitations.
According to Schrieffer-Wolff \cite{Schrieffer:PR:1966} the Kondo exchange coupling $J_K$ of an impurity spin is directly proportional
to the hybridization $\Gamma$ of the impurity with the conduction electrons, $J_K\sim\Gamma/\Delta{U}$ where
$\Delta{U}$ is the charging energy of the impurity shell.
Fig.~\ref{fig:spin1_hyb}(a) shows how the low energy spectra change as the hybridization with the
conduction electrons $\Gamma$ increases, where the uniaxial anisotropy was chosen to model that of FePc
molecules in the gas phase, $D\sim8.7$meV, but with finite inplane anisotropy, $E=3$meV
to account for symmetry breaking on the substrate.\cite{Tsukahara:PRL:2009}
One can see that the effect of increasing the coupling to the conduction electrons is quite strong.
As $\Gamma$ increases, the step features become broader due to the broadening of the electronic levels
by the coupling to the conduction electrons, and importantly move towards the center, i.e. to lower energies,
signaling the renormalization of the corresponding spin flip excitations by the exchange coupling with the
conduction electrons.
Fig.~\ref{fig:spin1_hyb}(b) shows how the \emph{effective} excitation energies\footnote{The excitations energies $\tilde\Delta_0$ and
  $\tilde\Delta_1$ are most conveniently extracted from the pseudo particle spectra associated to the corresponding excited many body
  states which show sharp peak features at the positions of the spin flip steps in the real electron spectrum, as shown in previous work.\cite{Jacob:EPJB:2016}}
$\tilde\Delta_0$ and $\tilde\Delta_1$ shrink as the hybridization with the conduction electrons $\Gamma$, and correspondingly the
Kondo exchange, increases. Note that even for very large $\Gamma$, the Kondo exchange does not overcome the
magnetic anisotropy, due to the above discussed reinforcement of the magnetic anisotropy at lower energies according to
the scaling arguments and NRG results of \v{Z}itko {\it et al.}~\cite{Zitko:PRB:2008}
Also note that for strong hybridization, $\Gamma/\pi\ge200$meV, the inner and outer inelastic steps become close in energy
and thus are not resolved at the temperature considered in Fig.~\ref{fig:spin1_hyb}(a). Lowering the temperature, the individual
steps can be resolved (not shown), similar to the case shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:spin1_temp}(b), although the steps are much less pronounced now.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{spin1_Ed.pdf}
  \end{center}
  \caption{
    \label{fig:spin1_Ed}
    Effect of valence fluctuations on an $S=1$ quantum spin with positive uniaxial anisotropy $D$.
    Same impurity parameters ($U$, $U^\prime$,$J_{\rm H}$) as in Fig.~\ref{fig:spin1_MA}, but with
    $d$-level energy $\epsilon_d$ detuned from ph symmetry.
    (a) Effect of charge fluctuations induced by detuning $\delta\epsilon$ of $d$-level energy
    away from ph symmetry on the electronic spectrum for $D=8.7$meV, $E=3$meV and $\Gamma/\pi=50$meV, $kT=0.4$meV.
    The spectra have been normalized to their maximum value in the considered energy window and shifted for
    better visibility.
    (b) Effective spin excitation energies $\widetilde\Delta_0$ and $\widetilde\Delta_1$ as a function of
    the $d$-level detuning from ph symmetry $\delta\epsilon$. Dashed lines show the renormalization
    only due to the reduction of the spin by the charge fluctuations according to (\ref{eq:Delta}).
  }
\end{figure}

Let us now study the effect of valence fluctuations on the spectra and spin excitations of a spin-1 quantum magnet.
Detuning of the impurity levels away from exact ph symmetry (i.e. half-filling), $\epsilon_d=\epsilon_d^\ast+\delta\epsilon$,
leads to the impurity valence fluctuating between $N=2$ and $N+1=3$ electrons (for $\delta\epsilon<0$).
Accordingly, the charge of the impurity shell takes a fractional value between $N$ and $N+1$:
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:charge}
  N_d=(1-\alpha)N+\alpha(N+1)=N+\alpha.
\end{equation}
Fig.~\ref{fig:spin1_Ed}(a) shows the effect of detuning from exact ph symmetry on the spectrum of an $S=1$ quantum spin
with both uniaxial and in-plane MA (same as in Fig.~\ref{fig:spin1_hyb}). Similar to the effect of increasing hybridization
(Fig.~\ref{fig:spin1_hyb}), the step features move to lower energies, as the detuning $|\delta\epsilon|$ and thus the
concomitant valence fluctuations grow [see blue curve showing impurity charge $N_d$ in Fig.~\ref{fig:spin1_Ed}(b)],
indicating a renormalization of the associated spin excitation energies by the valence fluctuations.
But in contrast to the renormalization by Kondo exchange the spectra become increasingly
asymmetric as $|\delta\epsilon|$ increases, due to the lifting of the ph symmetry.
Note that asymmetric $dI/dV$ spectra are often observed experimentally.~\cite{Karan:NL:2018,Rubio-Verdu::2017}
The increasing asymmetry culminates in the formation of a Fano-like lineshape for strong detuning from ph symmetry
($\delta\epsilon\sim1.8$eV). Fano lineshapes are often observed in STM spectroscopy of magnetic
impurities on conducting substrates, where it is usually accepted as a fingerprint for
the Kondo effect resulting from quantum interference of different tunneling paths from the tip
to the substrate, one(s) going through impurity orbital(s) bearing a Kondo peak,
and others through orbitals without, i.e. simply broadened by the substrate, or
going directly into the substrate.\cite{Frank:PRB:2015}
Here in contrast, the Fano-like feature in the spectral function emerges due to the combined effect of
strong ph asymmetry of the spectrum and the two spin flip steps moving to lower energies.
Hence a Fano lineshape measured by STM spectroscopy of magnetic atoms or molecules on conducting substrates
does not necessarily indicate the occurrence of the Kondo effect.

Fig.~\ref{fig:spin1_Ed}(b) shows the effective spin excitation energies $\tilde\Delta_0$ and $\tilde\Delta_1$
as well as the impurity charge $\langle\hat{N}_d\rangle$ as a function of the detuning $\delta\epsilon$.
Clearly, the decrease of $\tilde\Delta_0$ and $\tilde\Delta_1$ as $|\delta\epsilon|$ grows, is linked to the
corresponding growth of valence fluctuations, indicated by the increasing deviation of $\langle\hat{N}_d\rangle$
from integer occupation of the impurity shell. Part of the reduction of $\tilde\Delta_0$ and $\tilde\Delta_1$
actually stems from the reduction of the spin of the impurity shell due to the deviation from half-filling,
according to
\begin{equation}
  \langle S^2 \rangle_{N_d} = (1-\alpha) \langle S^2 \rangle_{N=2} + \alpha \langle S^2 \rangle_{N+1=3},
\end{equation}
leading to a corresponding reduction in the spin excitation energies, according to
\footnote{The $N+1=3$ subspace has spin-1/2 (one hole) and thus does not give rise to MA.}
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:Delta}
  \tilde\Delta_n(\Gamma,N_d) = (1-\alpha) \tilde\Delta_n(\Gamma,N) \mbox{ with } n=0,1
\end{equation}
where $\alpha$ is determined by (\ref{eq:charge}) and the actual charge of the impurity shell $\langle\hat{N}_d\rangle$.
The dashed lines in Fig.~\ref{fig:spin1_Ed} show the reduction of the spin excitation energies
due to the reduction of the spin alone, according to (\ref{eq:Delta}). It can be seen that only for
small deviations from ph symmetry, and thus for weak valence fluctuations, does the reduction of the
effective spin due to charge fluctuations account for the reduction in the spin excitation energies entirely.
For larger deviations and stronger valence fluctuations, the reduction of the spin only accounts for
part of the reduction in the spin excitation energies. The other part must then originate from the
renormalization due to quantum fluctuations of the charge of the impurity shell, similar to the
renormalization of the spin excitation energies by quantum fluctuations of the spin by the Kondo
exchange coupling.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{spin15_Ed.pdf}
  \end{center}
  \caption{
    \label{fig:spin3/2}
    Effect of valence fluctuations on an $S=3/2$ quantum spin with uniaxial anisotropy $D=5$meV,
    hybridization $\Gamma/\pi=100$meV, direct Coulomb repulsion $U=3.5$eV, $U^\prime=2.5$eV and
    Hund's rule coupling $J_{\rm H}=0.5$eV. The $d$-level energy is $\epsilon_d=-6.25$eV for the
    ph symmetric case. $\delta\epsilon$ is the detuning of the impurity level $\epsilon_d$ from ph symmetry.
    The spectra have been normalized to their maximum value in the considered energy window and shifted for
    better visibility. The inset shows the deviation of the occupancy from ph symmetry $\langle\delta{N}_d\rangle=\langle{N_d}\rangle-N=\alpha$
    as a function of of $\delta\epsilon$.
  }
\end{figure}

Finally, let us revisit the case of an $S=3/2$ quantum magnet with positive uniaxial anisotropy $D>0$
coupled to a conduction electron bath. This models the situation of Co adatoms deposited on large CuN$_2$
islands for which the renormalization of single-ion magnetic anisotropy by Kondo exchange was described
first~\cite{Oberg:NatNano:2014}. This can be modelled by a three-orbital Anderson model at and around
half-filling, so that the Hund's rule coupling leads to a spin-3/2 GS for the isolated impurity.
The MA term in (\ref{eq:imp}) with $D>0$ then splits the GS quadruplet
into two doublets as illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:model}(c). Assuming the same interaction parameters
as for the spin-1 case above ($U=3.5$eV, $U^\prime=2.5$eV and $J_H=0.5$eV), in order to achieve exactly
the half-filled (i.e. ph symmetric) case, the energies $\epsilon_d$ of the three degenerate impurity levels
have to be tuned to $\epsilon_d^\ast=-6.25$eV according to (\ref{eq:ed_ph}) with the number of electrons $N=3$ now.
Also in the case of the spin-3/2 quantum magnet valence fluctuations induced by detuning of the impurity levels
from ph symmetry lead to the renormalization of the spin excitation energies, as can be seen in Fig.~\ref{fig:spin3/2}.
At the same time the Kondo peak grows and becomes increasingly asymmetric.
Generally the spectra become more asymmetric due to the lifting of the ph symmetry, although
the asymmetric character is somewhat less pronounced than in the case of the spin-1 quantum magnet.
As can be seen from the inset of Fig.~\ref{fig:spin3/2}, the induced \emph{total} charge fluctuations, measured
by the deviation of the total impurity shell occupancy from ph symmetry, $\langle\delta{N}_d\rangle=\langle{N_d}\rangle-N=\alpha$,
are of the same order as for the spin-1 case (Fig.~\ref{fig:spin1_Ed}).
However, due to the larger number of orbitals for the spin-3/2 model, the charge fluctuations \emph{per orbital} are smaller by a factor of 2/3,
explaining the somewhat weaker breaking of ph symmetry here.

For Co atoms on large CuN islands, in addition to the already described Kondo exchange coupling to the
conduction electrons also charge fluctuations might contribute to the observed shift of the spin excitation steps to
lower energies and the concomitant growth of the Kondo peak, when the Co adsorption site moves closer to the border
of the island.\cite{Oberg:NatNano:2014}

\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:conclusions}

To conclude, the Kondo exchange coupling of a quantum spin to the conduction electrons in the substrate
leads to the renormalization of the spin excitation energies associated with MA, even in the complete
absence of the Kondo effect. This is relevant for example, for integer spin quantum magnets with positive
uniaxial MA where the Kondo effect cannot take place due to the lack of GS degeneracy. This effect has
recently been observed for an FePc molecule deposited on a Au substrate:\cite{Hiraoka:NatComm:2017}
the Kondo peak at zero bias, observed in the $dI/dV$ in tunneling regime, develops into two step features
situated symmetrically around zero at positive and negative finite bias, typical for the spin excitations
associated with the MA of a spin-1 quantum magnet, when the molecule is lifted from the substrate using the
STM tip, thus reducing the Kondo exchange coupling of the spin carrying orbitals of the Fe center with the
conduction electrons. These findings highlight once more\cite{Oberg:NatNano:2014,Delgado:SS:2014,Hiraoka:NatComm:2017}
that inelastic spin flip excitations and Kondo effect are really two sides of the same coin.

A second important finding is that similar to the renormalization by Kondo exchange, also charge fluctuations,
induced by detuning of the impurity shell away from integer occupancy, lead to the renormalization of the spin
excitation energies, both in the absence and in the presence of the Kondo effect. In the regime of very strong
charge fluctuations, the combined effect of breaking the ph symmetry plus the spin excitation steps moving to
lower energies may lead to a Fano-like feature in the spectral function and corresponding $dI/dV$ spectra, for a
spin-1 quantum magnet with positive uniaxial anisotropy i.e. in the complete absence of the Kondo effect.
Hence Fano-like lineshapes, which are usually taken as evidence for the Kondo effect in STM spectroscopy
of magnetic adatoms and molecules on conducting substrates, should always be taken with a grain of salt.
With respect to the case of Co on CuN islands,\cite{Oberg:NatNano:2014} which can be modeled by spin-3/2 impurities subject to positive
uniaxial anisotropy, also renormalization by charge fluctuations instead of or in addition to the
proposed mechanism of renormalization by Kondo exchange could explain the observed reduction of spin excitation
energies (and concomitant growth of the Kondo peak) for Co adsorption sites closer to the border of the CuN island.

\begin{acknowledgments}
  I am grateful to J. Fern\'andez-Rossier and N. Lorente for fruitful discussions.
  Financial support by "Grupos Consolidados UPV/EHU del Gobierno Vasco" (IT578-13) is gratefully acknowledged.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Is It Safe Purchasing Gold In Diablo 3?
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If Trump has his way, though, Talley, 36, will soon be a federal judge. His qualifications for that honorable — and lifetime — position? They're pretty well nonexistent.
He graduated Harvard Law School in 2007, so there is that. Since then, Talley has worked as a law clerk, a speech writer, and also as a deputy attorney general and solicitor general in his native Alabama. He writes horror novels. And he blogs and tweets.
The one thing the would-be federal judge has never done is, well … judge. Or even try a case. In fact, he's only been a lawyer for three years. The guy Trump thinks fit to oversee a courtroom has never even been in a courtroom as the attorney of record. What, then, are his qualifications?
The aforementioned blogs and tweets are instructive. In them, Talley emerges as a right-wing culture warrior, loudly decrying "Hillary Rotten Clinton," condemning the "outrage" of calling for gun control after the Newtown massacre, urging his readers to join the NRA, and otherwise shredding any lingering illusion of judicial impartiality.
Before Trump came to town, the American Bar Association hadn't rated a judicial candidate "not qualified" since 2006. Counting Talley, it has now given that rating four times since January. Which didn't stop Talley from sailing through the GOP-controlled Senate Judiciary Committee and on to the full Senate, where he's expected to be approved on a party line vote.
Even if he isn't — news broke this week that Talley failed to disclose his marriage to a White House lawyer, which has raised conflict-of-interest questions — it would provide little solace. There's more where he came from, including Jeffrey Mateer, who once called transgender children part of "Satan's plan" and disavowed the separation of church and state.
He was also given a pass by the Judiciary Committee. He is also awaiting confirmation.
And it bears repeating: these are lifetime appointments. Your children's children could end up before one of these men, seeking justice.
It's understandable that we are mesmerized by the frequent, high-profile illustrations of Trump's unfitness. But arguably more frightening and important are the low-profile ways he is institutionalizing Trumpism, imposing changes whose effects will linger long after the stench of him has left the Oval Office.
As Trump bragged last month, "The judge story is an untold story" whose consequences will be felt "40 years out." He's right about that. So let's start telling it. Because you're not worried enough.
You could stand to be angrier, too.


text:
Q: Adding Content-Disposition after an AWS presigned url have been generated As Presigned url suggests it is a signed url that can be validated using the signature. I am able to set the Content-Disposition header on the ResponseHeaderOverrides in order to change the filename when downloading the file using the persigned url.
            GetPreSignedUrlRequest request = new GetPreSignedUrlRequest
            {
                BucketName = bucketName,
                Key = objectKey,
                Expires = DateTime.UtcNow.AddMinutes(duration),
                ResponseHeaderOverrides = new ResponseHeaderOverrides { ContentDisposition =$"attachment; filename=\"MyNewFileName.doc\""}
            };

Is it possible to generate the presigned url and then when using that url use a Content-Disposition header or query param in order to ensure a file downloads with a certain name. Currently the desired file name is not known at the time when the presigned url is generated.

A: No, this is not possible since the specified header is included in the String to Sign.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: What is the correct path I need to see my uploaded image? In my web application one of my pages is uploading a photo to the path
/usr/local/rac/picture-name-goes-here
The photo is uploading fine, but I need to access it in another page and when I try to access it from my JSP, it will not show up, I am guessing my path to the photo is incorrect
The code in my JSP to access the photo looks like the following.

Am I incorrect with this path to the photo?
If it helps, I am running my web application from Tomcat which is in the directory
C:\Tomcat6
I will eventually be moving this over to a linux machine and expect to share the same path to the photo.

A: There is one major misconception here. HTML is executed by the webbrowser, not by the webserver. The webbrowser downloads HTML, scans for any resources which needs to be downloaded as well (CSS, scripts, images, etc) and fires a new HTTP request for each of them. All resources should point to a valid URL, not to some local disk file system path which the client machine has no notion of.
There are basically two ways to solve this "problem":

*

*Add a new Context to Tomcat's  /conf/server.xml:
<Context docBase="/usr/local/agent" path="/images" />

This way they'll be accessible through http://example.com/images/... and you'll be able to use the following

*Create a Servlet which basically gets an InputStream of the image and writes it to the OutputStream of the response along a correct set of headers. You can find here a basic example of such a servlet and here a more advanced example. When the Servlet is mapped on /images/* in web.xml, the images are accessible by http://example.com/contextname/images/... and you'll be able to use it as follows (assuming that the JSP/HTML file is located in the context root):

A: src="/usr/local/agent/photo-name-here.jpg" <- this URL is a local address in your server, to show up your images you have to set a valid HTTP address like:
http://www.yourdomain.com/images/photo-name-here.jpg
To accomplish that you will need to upload the foto to a localpath that is inside in your www root folder.
If your webapp is installed in

*

*/home/apache/www/website/
you will upload your images to a folder like:

*

*/home/apache/www/website/images/
and then your HTTP address will be

*

*http://www.yourdomain.com/images/photo-name-here.jpg
I got a little confuse with your two paths in /usr/ and C:\Tomcat
I encourage you to put the upload localpath folder parametrized, so you will be only modifying the config file instead of every function or method that access to that local path.


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text:
Q: How to wait for text in bash shell output? I'm executing a command in a bash shell and need to wait until a command echos a string. This is the pseudo code for what I have in mind. What do I set currentline to such that the until loop exits when the text output I'm waiting for echos?
currentline=""
until [[$currentline | grep -m 1 "the text output I'm waiting for"]]; do
  echo " == Waiting for the text == "
  currentline=???
  sleep 1;
done

EDIT: the text output I'm waiting for tells the script the executed command is ready to receive input. The command does not terminate after the text output I'm waiting for. I want the script to stop sleeping and continue.
EDIT #2: The script runs on a remote CI/CD service, Codemagic, so I don't think I can use tail or any command that needs the path to the log file? (As described here)

A: So just:
while IFS= read -r line; do
    if [[ "$line" == "the text .... " ]]; then
          break;
    fi
done < <(your-cmd)

if you want to keep your-cmd running, use coproc.
coproc your-cmd

while ..... as above ...
done <&"${COPROC[0]}"


text:
Snippets From Around the Country
Listed below are political snippets from around the country on the presidential, U.S. Senate, U.S. House of Representatives, and gubernatorial races.
U.S. Presidential Race
Many polls are currently being released, but the Trafalgar Group data draws special attention since the research organization was the only pollster to correctly predict Wisconsin and Pennsylvania at the end of the 2016 election cycle. The new Trafalgar Florida poll (6/29-7/2; 1,072 FL likely voters) again finds the race much closer than other pollsters. In this case, Trafalgar sees a dead tie between the two major party contenders, with both President Donald Trump and former Vice President Joe Biden scoring 46% support among the surveyed respondents.
Monmouth University released their new Pennsylvania poll (7/9-13; 401 PA registered voters) and while former Vice President Joe Biden has a strong lead on the ballot test, a majority of the respondents believe there is a hidden vote for President Donald Trump. First, the sample size is small for a state the size of Pennsylvania. A total of 401 registered voters would be more appropriate for a single congressional district. Therefore, the error factor in this poll is high.
Within the entire sample, Mr. Biden leads President Trump, 53-40%. The turnout screens alter the picture, however. In what Monmouth describes as a higher turnout model, Mr. Biden's lead drops slightly to 52-42%. A lower likely voter model allows Mr. Trump to cut the deficit to 51-44%. Yet, a total of 57% said they believe a group of people will vote for Mr. Trump but not admit it, with 27% saying there are many, 17% believing there are only a few, and 13% saying they exist but are not sure of the number. Only 35% said they did not believe Trump has "secret voters."
U.S. Senate Races
Retired Auburn University head football coach Tommy Tuberville easily won the Alabama Republican runoff election early this week with a landslide 61-39% victory margin over ex-US Attorney General and former Alabama Senator Jeff Sessions. Mr. Tuberville advances into the general election where now challenges Sen. Doug Jones (D) in what has become a must-win for the Republicans in order to hold their Senate majority. This could be the most important indicator race in the country to determine majority status for the next Congress.
Public Policy Polling surveyed the Alaska electorate (7/7-8; 1,081 AK voters via automated response device) and finds Sen. Dan Sullivan* (R) to be leading his prospective Democratic opponent, surgeon Al Gross, by only a single-digit margin, 39-34 percent. Close polling in Alaska is not surprising because electoral history reveals that such is typically the case, and not always consistent with the final outcome.
At the beginning of July, Gravis Marketing released an Arizona Senate survey that found appointed Sen. Martha McSally* (R) leading retired astronaut Mark Kelly (D), 46-42%. While the prevailing wisdom suggested this result is an outlier because all other data gives Mr. Kelly a sizable lead, the new YouGov poll (7/7-10; 1,087 AZ likely general election voters) finds the same 46-42% split, but in Mr. Kelly's favor. Though the YouGov poll again posts the consensus Democratic candidate to be holding the lead, this survey seems to confirm that the important Arizona Senate race is getting tighter.
US Rep. Doug Collins (R-Gainesville) released his internal Battleground Connect poll (7/6-8; 600 GA likely general election voters) this week, and the results place him ahead of the entire special election US Senate jungle primary field with 26% support. Interestingly, Gravis Marketing in their July 2 survey of 513 likely Georgia primary voters also found Rep. Collins leading the pack with an identical 26% figure.
The Gravis poll, however, projects a tighter field. They see Mr. Collins leading appointed Sen. Kelly Loeffler (R), 26-24% with Baptist pastor Raphael Warnock, the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee's endorsed candidate, in third position with 18% ahead of Atlanta businessman Matt Lieberman (11%) and former US Attorney Ed Tarver (9%). In the Collins' Battleground Connect poll, the Congressman's lead over Sen. Loeffler is 26-17%, with Mr. Lieberman in third position with 15%, and Rev. Warnock and Mr. Tarver following with 10 and 5%, respectively.
A newly formed organization called Plains PAC just launched what appears to be a $3 million negative media buy against Senate Republican candidate Kris Kobach with a hard-hitting ad in a build-up to the August 4 primary election. Democratic strategists believe they have a chance to win what should be a safely Republican seat if Kobach, who lost the Governor's race in 2018, becomes the nominee and polling suggests they are correct. Western Kansas Rep. Roger Marshall* (R-Great Bend) is the most viable candidate with an opportunity to deny Kobach the party nomination.
The Garin-Hart-Yang Research Group, a top Democratic polling firm, tested the post-primary Kentucky general electorate (7/7-12; 800 KY likely general election voters) and found Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell* (R) leading new Democratic nominee Amy McGrath, 45-41%. The poll appears to be following the pattern one would expect to see in a McConnell Senate race. The contest begins close as the candidates officially enter the general election, and then turns toward Sen. McConnell in the waning days, which results in him scoring a comfortable win. This same conclusion is likely to happen again in 2020.
The Senate Democratic primary race between Massachusetts incumbent Ed Markey and Rep. Joe Kennedy III (D-Newton) is expected to be close at the polls and even appears to be down to the penny in the political money war. Both men are releasing their 2nd Quarter 2020 financial numbers, and each raised just over $1.9 million during the period. They both have almost the same amount of cash-on-hand, too. Sen. Markey reports $4.8 million in his campaign account versus Rep. Kennedy's $4.7 million.
Last week, the incumbent also received some help from his climate change allies. The Senator has been a leader in environmental issues and causes for decades during his congressional service, and his work is being recognized. The Environment America Action Fund, whose supported independent expenditure PAC United for Massachusetts, announced they will spend over $900,000 on a broadcast and digital ad campaign to promote Sen. Markey. The Massachusetts primary is September 1.
Another poll was released in Montana that finds the Senate race between incumbent Steve Daines* (R) and Democratic Gov. Steve Bullock to be a cliff hanger. The prolific Public Policy Polling has released new data of the Big Sky Country electorate. The survey (7/9-10; 1,224 MT "voters") gives Gov. Bullock a 46-44% edge over Sen. Daines. With the same respondent sample yielding President Donald Trump a 51-42% advantage over former Vice President Joe Biden, it is likely that Sen. Daines is the candidate who has more room to grow.
We're seeing a number of instances where polling conducted in the same relative time frame is producing differing results. Such is the case again in Tennessee. The open Senate race hasn't attracted much national attention largely because most analysts believe that former US Ambassador to Japan Bill Hagerty will easily win the Republican primary and the seat in November.
One poll, from the Tarrance Group (6/28-30; 651 TN GOP likely voters over half of whom have voted in the last four Republican primaries), supports such a conclusion. Tarrance finds Mr. Hagerty holding a 46-29% Republican primary advantage over Nashville surgeon Manny Sethi.
Victory Phones, which gained statewide credibility for conducting Gov. Bill Lee's polling in 2018, sees a different result, however. Their study (6/30-7/1; 800 likely Republican primary voters) foresees a much closer contest. While projecting Mr. Hagerty into the lead, it is only by two points, 33-31%, over Dr. Sethi. Tennessee is the only state in the country to hold its primary on a Thursday, and this year the nomination vote is scheduled for August 6.
U.S. House of Representatives Races
AK-At-Large
The Alaska Public Policy Polling survey (7/7-8; 1,081 AK voters via automated response device) also produced a ballot test in the at-large House race between veteran Rep. Don Young (R-Ft. Yukon), the Dean of the House in seniority who was elected in a 1973 special election, and challenger Alyse Galvin, the 2018 Democratic nominee who fell seven percentage points short of unseating the Congressman, 53-46%.
The PPP poll actually finds Ms. Galvin running ahead 43-41% in the new campaign, but such a position is not altogether unusual. In the 2018 campaign, the last poll before the election actually projected Ms. Galvin to a slight one-point advantage.
AZ-6
Rep. David Schweikert (R-Fountain Hills/Scottsdale) represents a Republican suburban Phoenix district, but he is under investigation for allegedly misusing some of his government funds for political purposes. While the campaign here hasn't yet drawn much national attention, his likely Democratic opponent, Dr. Hiral Tipirneni who ran in the 8th District special and general election during the last election cycle, has quietly raised well over $2 million and is reporting more than $1.6 million cash-on-hand. This race will become competitive and is an upset possibility.
KS-2
In a developing story, Rep. Steve Watkins* (R-Topeka) has been indicted on three counts of felony vote fraud from a previous election. Mr. Watkins is charged with registering to vote at a UPS postal center instead of a residence since he moved into the state to run for Congress. He then voted with that registration, which caused an additional violation. Rep. Watkins is already in a competitive Republican primary with state Treasurer Jake LaTurner among others, so the August 4 nomination election certainly includes a new twist. Late last night in a rare move, Kansas Rep. Ron Estes* endorsed Jake LaTurner against a member of his colleague.
MT-AL
Democratic pollster Global Strategy Group, surveying for the Kathleen Williams campaign (6/24-28; 500 MT likely general election voters), finds both Ms. Williams (D) and State Auditor Matt Rosendale (R) in a dead heat tie at 47% apiece for Montana's at-large open congressional seat. This survey, however, disagrees with last week's University of Montana data (6/17-26; 517 MT registered voters) that posted Mr. Rosendale to a relatively strong 45-37% advantage.
NE-2
Nebraska's 2nd District becomes one of the more important CDs in 2020 because of its effect upon the presidential race. Nebraska and Maine are the two states that split their electoral votes, so a candidate winning a district opposite of the statewide count earns an extra EV. The new Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research poll (6/30-7/5; 502 NE-2 likely general election voters) conducted for the Kara Eastman campaign actually gives their client and 2018 Democratic nominee a 50-49% lead over incumbent Rep. Don Bacon (R-Papillion/Omaha) in a race that again promises to be tight.
The presidential numbers are much different, however. GQR finds Joe Biden leading President Donald Trump, 51-44%. Such a result would not likely flip Nebraska to the Biden camp, but could possibly deliver him an important extra electoral vote, one that could conceivably cause a tie in the Electoral College in a close national result.
NY-1
With absentee ballots finally being counted and reported in New York after the state's primary on June 23, one race has already changed from the early tabulated votes. Late last week, 2018 Democratic nominee Perry Gershon, who held Rep. Lee Zeldin (R-Shirley) to a 51-47% re-election victory, conceded defeat in this year's Democratic primary. The surprise winner, by just over 600 votes, is college professor Nancy Goroff who will now advance into the general election. Rep. Zeldin is favored for re-election.
A new Public Opinion Strategies survey (7/11-14; 400 PA-1 likely general election voters) projects two-term Rep. Brian Fitzpatrick* (R-Levittown) to be holding a substantial 53-39% advantage. The poll is surprising in that it contradicts the tight numbers that earlier post-primary polling revealed. Furthermore, Mr. Fitzpatrick's rather weak 63% performance in the June 23 Republican primary also lend credence to the surveys that find his contest with Democratic nominee Christina Finello as falling into toss-up mode.
In another primary election that took a week to decide, former US Foreign Service officer Blake Moore has won the Republican primary to succeed the retiring Rep. Rob Bishop (R-Brigham City) in the state's northernmost congressional district. Mr. Moore looks to have scored an unofficial 31-29% win over Davis County Commissioner Bob Stevenson, a vote spread of 2,872 votes of approximately 126,000 votes cast. The Democrats may have a nominee as Shoshone Tribe chairman Daniel Parry appears to have logged a 454 vote win against party activist Jamie Cheek. The Democratic turnout was under 23,000 voters. Mr. Moore now becomes a virtual sure winner in November.
The state Board of Elections, on a 2-1 vote, will allow both 5th District Republican convention winner Bob Good and 7th District convention candidate Nick Freitas ballot position despite them missing the candidate filing deadline. The 5th District now officially features Mr. Good, who defeated freshman Rep. Denver Riggleman* (R-Manassas) for re-nomination in the district convention, against Charlottesville physician Cameron Webb who won the Democratic primary. Mr. Freitas will now be able to compete in the 7th District nominating convention scheduled for July 18. The winner of that contest faces freshman Rep. Abigail Spanberger (D-Glen Allen).
Gubernatorial Races
The close Republican nomination contest between Lt. Gov. Spencer Cox and former Governor and ex-US Ambassador Jon Huntsman has ended with the former man scoring a close 7,330 vote victory, a 36.4 – 34.6 percentage margin of well over 520,000 votes cast. Mr. Cox now faces Democratic nominee Chris Peterson in the open general election, with the Lt. Governor being an overwhelming favorite to win the November vote. The 520,000+ votes is a turnout increase of 127% over the 2016 Republican primary voter participation figure.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Jazz guitarists are an interesting bunch. We pine over exquisite and costly guitars. Wonderful, but so acoustically inefficient that to play in an ensemble with other musicians we often require the assistance of another instrument: an amplifier. What does this mean? That a guitar can sound no better than the voice its amplifier will deliver. So how do we go about selecting the right amp?
Many iconic Jazz guitarists developed their unique musical concept around a particular type of guitar. It's not just a matter of tone, it's that their musical conception and technique are linked to the way their instrument of choice responds and sounds. Understanding the sonic scope of your guitar and the music you chose to play is integral to defining the correct amplifier for your needs. Your guitar already knows what it wants... listen to it…best unplugged.
Guitarists who prefer playing an acoustic oriented guitar may want to audition full-range systems. Often fitted with multiple drivers, their broad frequency spectrum and inert cabinetry provide a neutral mirror of your instrument's inherent voice.
Should an electric type guitar fit your musical world, you may be more attracted to single speaker systems housed within a voiced resonant cabinet. These have more narrowly focused frequency windows and are tuned to enhance a specific frequency range.
Still, you may wish to experiment and improvise... after all, this is Jazz!
Misconceptions: tube vs. solid state electronics.
The electronic industry has proved it can engineer coveted "warm-yet-clear" sounding amplifiers for the Jazz guitarist in both tube/valve and solid-state formats, from digital and analog technologies, and through speakers with different magnet metallurgies. There is no one simple answer.
You may have practical needs. If you use several guitars or play and sing, then a two-channel amplifier voiced for Jazz guitar may prove useful. You might prefer amplifiers with multiple controls to modulate sound or value simplicity and only want a volume knob. You know yourself... be honest.
Start with your ears: plug in! Read. Speak with fellow Jazz guitarists. Most importantly, contact a reputable dealer with hands-on knowledge of Jazz guitar amps... luckily there are a few good ones around and several are players too.
*Michael Biller is the owner-guitarist of SOUND ISLAND MUSIC, a Seattle WA USA based retail store representing many of the world's leading amplifiers for Jazz and acoustic string instruments. He can also provide you with more information about jazz guitar amp, acoustic guitar amp or even acoustic bass amp.


Good evening! Are you participating in the 5-Day Hotspot Challenge?
Today, we were focused on clearing a bathroom – and honestly if all you had time for was a counter or a cabinet, that's awesome, too!
Remember: Your home's hotspots didn't pop up overnight, and they're not going to disappear overnight, either.
What will get you there is constant, steady attention, using my 7-step process (bottom of this post), coupled with quick daily maintenance!
Here's what I accomplished in 23 minutes and 31 seconds (I keep forgetting to take a picture of my timer!). I know I went a bit over that 20 minute timer, but I also snuck in a quick full cleaning of the bathroom as well.
As I said this morning, part of my challenge is that we never really set up a system for containing our stuff. So, whenever I'd try to organize this chaos, it wouldn't "stick". Because I didn't have a designated spot to (intentionally) put the stuff when I was done with it.
To solve this problem, I first decluttered the heck out of the bathroom. Medications we use once in a blue moon, if that, got relegated to a deeper storage area in our walk-in closet. Now I only keep the stuff we use regularly – Advil, Tylenol and Aleve, plus melatonin and baby Aspirin.
I cut down on our toothbrush collection (how do we always have five times as many brushes as people???) and swapped out the heads on our electric toothbrushes.
I also decluttered under the sink – using up almost empty cleaning supplies and dumping empty shampoo bottles. I corralled like with like – like all our 'sample sizes' (which we use when flying) – and then containerized in simple plastic shoebox. Of course I just had to label them with my beloved Brother P-Touch.
Finally, I grabbed some IKEA containers to contain our q-tips, cotton balls and my hair ties and bands. I am a little nervous about having glass in the bathroom, so I'll let you know how it goes.
But enough about me…. tell us: How is your bathroom hotspot clear-out coming along? UPDATE US!
And if you haven't signed up for my free 5-Day Hotspot Challenge, do that right now, so I can send you my Daily Maintenance Checklist!


text:
Q: Image cropper Android Studio Kotlin I'm newbie and I need help I can't resolve problem i don't know what to do. Very confusing it and need help (if you explain about it i'm very very thank you).
I watching Kotlin Project - Kotlin Android Instagram Clone using Firebase - Kotlin Instagram Clone
He using ArthurHub/Android-Image-Cropper (but it is old version right ?), I find some new version is CanHub/Android-Image-Cropper.

CropImage.activity()
.setAspectRatio(1,1)
.start(this@AccountSettingsActivity)

I can't use this code and i don't know how to resolve this problem, be utterly mystified.
Help me please Thank you very much.
Best regards.
(you can blame me, but not harsh i'm Newbie and I don't know)
I need help I can't resolve problem i don't know what to do. Very confusing it and need help

A: Since you said you're new I'll help you understand what the project page's example usage is showing you. I can only do this in general, I don't have time to go actually creating an example project to test it myself.
If you run into any issues, you'll have to puzzle it out - that's a big part of coding! It's rare that you'll get a nice simple solution that drops neatly into whatever you're doing, and learning how to make it work for you is an important skill to develop.
If you're ever stuck, always look at the project page (in this case the Github page) for a user guide, and they have a sample project in the repository too, so you can see how it works inside a full app. Don't be afraid to look at it, even if you don't understand it all - the more you do this the more you'll understand

Anyway, here are their examples:
Calling crop directly
class MainActivity {
  private val cropImage = registerForActivityResult(CropImageContract()) { result ->
    if (result.isSuccessful) {
      // Use the returned uri.
      val uriContent = result.uriContent
      val uriFilePath = result.getUriFilePath(context) // optional usage
    } else {
      // An error occurred.
      val exception = result.error
    }
  }

I'm going to break the code up here - this first bit is showing you're doing this inside an Activity. You're creating a cropImage object, which is an Activity launcher provided by registerForActivityResult - you're going to call launch on that later to start your cropping Activity.
The lambda in the curly braces is the function that's going to run when you get a result back - this is where you actually do something with the cropped image. In this case they're getting URIs to the image - I don't know what you need, but you can google "get bitmap from URI" or whatever if you need something else.
This whole getResultFromActivity thing is part of the AndroidX Activity and Fragment libraries - if you want to do it this way, you'll need those (and it's a good idea to use them on every project anyway, AndroidX stuff gives you backwards compatibility and saves you work).
Once you've set that up, you can call launch on cropImage to open your cropping Activity. It looks like they're giving you three examples, with different options (you could combine the options, but you only call launch once):
private fun startCrop() {
    // Start picker to get image for cropping and then use the image in cropping activity.
    cropImage.launch(
      options {
        setGuidelines(Guidelines.ON)
      }
    )

They're putting these in a startCrop() function you can call from, say, a button click listener. This one's setting some guideline options on the launched Activity - and like the comment says, it opens an image picker so the user can select an image.
    // Start picker to get image for cropping from only gallery and then use the image in cropping activity.
    cropImage.launch(
      options {
        setImagePickerContractOptions(
          PickImageContractOptions(includeGallery = true, includeCamera = false)
        )
      }
    )

This one (again, like the comment says - this stuff is there to help you) is setting some options on the picker instead, specifically limiting the choice to gallery images.
    // Start cropping activity for pre-acquired image saved on the device and customize settings.
    cropImage.launch(
      options(uri = imageUri) {
        setGuidelines(Guidelines.ON)
        setOutputCompressFormat(CompressFormat.PNG)
      }
    )

This one does a few things: passes the URI of an image to crop (instead of opening a picker for the user to choose), adds guidelines, and sets the output format for the resulting cropped image.
Remember, these are all examples of the different ways you might use this. You can combine options, depending on how you want to configure things - you're setting options before you launch the cropping Activity.

Using CropView
This one looks like it uses a custom View you can add to a layout, which lets you crop an image:
// Add CropImageView into your activity

<!-- Image Cropper fill the remaining available height -->
<com.canhub.cropper.CropImageView
  android:id="@+id/cropImageView"
  android:layout_width="match_parent"
  android:layout_height="0dp"
  android:layout_weight="1"
  />

So you add this to your Activity's layout (might work on Fragments too, maybe with some tweaking - I'm not testing it remember!). The sizing isn't important - you can work out how to make a view as big as you want it to be. It's just a normal View in a layout.
//Set image to crop
cropImageView.setImageUriAsync(uri)
// Or prefer using uri for performance and better user experience.
cropImageView.setImageBitmap(bitmap)

In the Activity, with a reference to the CropImageView in your layout, you call this set image function with the URI of an image you want to use. Or, if you have it, you can set a Bitmap directly. Once it's set on the CropImageView, the user can adjust it
// Subscribe to async event using cropImageView.setOnCropImageCompleteListener(listener)
cropImageView.getCroppedImageAsync()
// Or.
val cropped: Bitmap = cropImageView.getCroppedImage()

Now this one's a bit trickier - to me, it's not completely obvious how you're supposed to use that first one. So let's actually look at the code in CropImageView, where we can see how it works and read the documentation.
Surprise! There is no getCroppedImageAsync() function, just a croppedImageAsync one (without the get) that looks like it does the same thing. That's fine. If you're using an IDE like Android Studio, it'll probably suggest the right function as you type, and you can read the documentation right there:
* Cropped image based on the current crop window to the given uri.
* The result will be invoked to listener set by [setOnCropImageCompleteListener].

Ok, that looks like what the example is hinting at. You call setOnCropImageCompleteListener with a function to do something with the resulting image, like this:
cropImageView.setOnCropImageCompleteListener { view, result ->
    // do something with cropped result
}

and then you call croppedImageAsync (with whatever option parameters you want, check the docs) to start the crop-and-store process. When it's done, that callback function you just set will be called with the result.

And then there's the custom Activity example but that's enough for me - if you really want that, if you can follow what we've gone over so far you should be able to work out the rest.
Since you're already making an app following a tutorial, and it's using a different library (with a different way of doing things) you'll have to work out how to fit this library into your own project. Take a step back and look at what you're doing in the tutorial, what you're trying to achieve (like launching a cropping Activity), and work out how you'd achieve the same task in this library.
A lot of software development is about trying to fit different pieces together like this, and it rarely goes smoothly. Not knowing what you're doing is normal! But then you have to sit down and work it out. Hopefully that gives you an idea of an approach you can take to learning - and there is a lot to learn at first!


Update: With the passing of Margaret Thatcher, one organization caused "#nowthatcherisdead" to trend on Twitter. The problem? The Twitterverse read it as "Now that Cher is dead" instead of "Now Thatcher is dead". Queue the "If only we could turn back time. I believe in love after love. RIP Cher #nowthatcherisdead" tweets. Read over your hashtags before posting them; you never know what viral misunderstanding you could cause.
Let's start at the beginning. Rather than re-write history, Twitter gives a good description of the hashtag in their very useful article: Using Hashtags on Twitter.
Definition: The "#" symbol, called a hashtag, is used to mark keywords or topics in a Tweet. It was created organically by Twitter users as a way to categorize messages.
When used properly, hashtags can be a huge benefit on Twitter. They categorize your tweets, making it so that your tweets are found more easily in searches. It also helps others find your tweets and your brand page, which might lead to gaining a follower or at least gaining interaction.
Although they can quickly and easily boost your online visibility, it's easy to make a hashtag blunder. Don't worry, we've got your back! We've put together what we believe are the top 5 hashtag mistakes and how they can easily be fixed or avoided.
Oh hai, this is the interweb: no spaces and punctuation in a hashtag.
Wrong: #local food. Right: #localfood. Don't use spaces or punctuation in your hashtags. It will end the hashtag at the exact spot you use them. Most likely, this will result in your hashtag not making sense, or not saying what you want it to say. To other Twitter users, your brand will be seen as somewhat inept in the Twitterverse.
To @ or #, that is the question: don't hashtag a brand.
They most likely have a twitter handle – @ reference them instead. They are most likely to see it this way since they are notified when an @ reference is made. You might even have a side-benefit of receiving interaction from the brand or person you're trying to talk to.
Jump on the bandwagon: don't just use trending hashtags because they're trending.
If they don't relate to your business, they are best left unused as they'll only detract from what your brand's message is. Ex: #iHateHowPeople will probably never work in the context of a restaurant or a local business.
I want to understand you: don't use all lowercase letters.
"Do hashtags have capital letters?" No. You want people to be able to read your hashtag. #ImAProHashtagger is much easier to read than #imaprohashtagger, so use capital letters to break up the words in your hashtag.
Having said that, if your hashtag is just one word or relatively short, then all lower-case is more acceptable.
This comes down to readability and common sense. Remember that twitter doesn't distinguish between cases in search. For example, searching for #ILoveTwitter and #ilovetwitter will return the same results.
Easy tiger: don't use too many hashtags.
Your characters are limited! Using actual words will be able to get a message across more than 10 hashtags.
The science behind hashtags is pretty simple.
While the hashtag has become a pop culture phenomenon, it was developed originally to help organize posts for the early days of Twitter search (which wasn't all that clever at the time) and get it seen by those interested in the topic, who may not have seen it otherwise.
Use hashtags only on Tweets relevant to the topic.
Keep an eye on how things are progressing by going to http://search.twitter.com or using http://socialmention.com to keep an eye out for your hashtag performance. Don't be afraid to adjust appropriately.
Don't get down if people aren't instantly loving your hashtag and you're not internet famous the instant you add your first hashtag; it takes time!
Hopefully these simple tips will help you make smart hashtag decisions!
Check out our blog for more tips to master your social media.
it. Look complex to far brought agreeable frolm you!
However, how can we kerp up a correspondence?


text:
Home › A Glorious Death (PDF)
A Glorious Death (PDF)
Find Your Doom in the Frozen Wastes!
South, beyond the Empire's borders, lies a land trapped in ice and snow, a land where people in whom the blood of giants flows, where strange monsters come boiling up from the depths of the earth, spawned by the ichor of gods. It is a place of violence, struggle, and death. It is also a place where heroes are forged on the anvil of adversity. Now you can take on the role of the mighty jotun and find the destiny the gods have written for you. A Glorious Death examines the frozen wastes, the perils it contains, and the peoples living there. In this sourcebook, you'll find:
Rules and story information for playing jotun characters.
New expert and master paths including the juggernaut and skald.
An assortment of new spells such as call the great raven and bloody revelation.
A detailed look at the lands of the frozen wastes, covering the Blasted Lands, the Ice Watch Isles, and mysterious Blötland.
New relics and dreadful new creatures like the kraken and the lindorm.
"Kill Them All," an adventure for master characters.
A Glorious Death pulls back the curtain to reveal a war torn landscape in which people live and die for the amusement of the Dark Gods. This supplement gives you everything you need to bring these lands to life!
Shadow of the Demon Lord (PDF)
Demon Lord's Companion (PDF)
Shadow of the Demon Lord (Print)
Terrible Beauty (PDF)


Play it cool in our Francesca romper. Made out of a light linen fabric, this piece is a perfect addition to your summer wardrobe! Simple and elegant, this romper features a deep v neckline, a low back, and a tie around the waist.


"What a gift to be memorialized / in ten-year-old eyes: / a war hero, a Southern chef / whose vinegary ham hocks / were the smell of Saturday mornings"
surfaces while I empty the attic.
a spare meal in metal pots on the ground.
because it was cool to do that.
a firm hand on the back of the seat.
does the living have to judge the dead?
A buckled photograph, a tarnished dog tag.
CHRISTINE TAYLOR, a multiracial English teacher and librarian, resides in her hometown Plainfield, New Jersey. She serves as a reader and contributing editor at OPEN: Journal of Arts & Letters. Her work appears in Modern Haiku, apt, Glass: A Journal of Poetry, The Rumpus, Eclectica, and The Paterson Literary Review, among others. She can be found at www.christinetayloronline.com.


Control your Autocue App - Professional teleprompter from another iOS Device.
Place the device with the teleprompter app (Remember, must be Autocue App) wherever you want.
- Wifi/bluetooth must be turned on in both devices.
- Launch "Autocue App - Professional teleprompter".
- Launch "Autocue App - Remote control".
- In Remote Control app: "Browse for devices".
- Select the device you want from the list.
- In Autocue App - Professional teleprompter: "Accept" the connection.
- In Remote Control app: "Done".
- In Autocue App - Professional teleprompter: Play some script.
- Now you have the control!


text:
Q: For permissions payload, should I manually list actions or load actions programmatically from controller? In my Rails API app, I am sending a user's permissions payload which resembles:
{
    "permissions": {
        "payment": ["read", "create"],
        "order": ["read", "create", "update", "delete"]
    }
}

Here, payment can be said to be the controller (more likely to be called feature, and a feature may involve multiple controllers). "read", "delete" etc are actions. I am going to use the Pundit gem if you are familiar with it, although that is incidental.
I need a hash of all possible controllers (keys) and their actions (values) to build the full permissions hash. This will be needed in the permission management page, for example.
EDIT: Clarification - Any action being listed in the permissions payload of a user ( which is saved in the DB) means that it is permitted for that user. For examples if permissions["order"] return nil then that user will not have access to any OrdersController actions.
My question is: should I load all the controllers and their actions programmatically or should I list them manually. For example, I can do:
OrdersController.instance_methods(false)

Or in the OrdersController, I can have:
ACTION_LIST = ["read", "create", "update", "delete"]

Which do you think makes more sense and is more secure? Is there any loophole I am missing with this setup?


text:
La estación de Les Noues es una estación ferroviaria francesa situada en la comuna de Goussainville, en el departamento de Valle del Oise, al norte de París. Pertenece a la línea D de la Red Exprés Regional más conocida como RER donde se configura como parte del ramal D1.

Historia
Fue inaugurada en 1859 por parte de la Compañía de Ferrocarriles del Norte con la apertura de un tramo que luego formaría parte de la línea París - Lille. En 1938, la compañía se integró en la actual SNCF.

En septiembre de 1990 se realizó la integración de la estación en la línea D de la red de cercanías.

Descripción
Para acceder a los andenes es necesario usar una pasarela que sobrevuela las vías. En uno de los extremos de la misma se encuentra un pequeño punto de información donde se pueden comprar los correspondientes billetes. Bajando, se accede al único andén central de la estación. Está rodeado por dos vías. Existen otras dos más, sin acceso a andén que surgen del desdoblamiento de la línea y que permiten a los trenes que no paran en la estación circular a mayor velocidad por ese tramo.

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Estaciones de la línea París-Norte a Lille
Estaciones de ferrocarril de Francia inauguradas en los años 1850
Estaciones de ferrocarril del departamento de Valle del Oise
Estaciones de ferrocarril inauguradas en 1859
Estaciones de la línea RER D
Zona 5 de transporte público de Isla de Francia
Francia en 1859

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia