text:
Andrea Boyles
Visiting Associate Professor of Sociology and Africana Studies, Tulane University
Chapter Member: New Orleans SSN
Connect with Andrea
Boyles's research focuses on topics such as racial segregation and neighborhood containment, poverty, black citizen-police conflict, neighborhood gun violence, social ties and gendered-centered networks, and social movements and collective action. Overarching themes in Boyles's writings include socio-historical examinations of race and ethnicity; the significance of place and racial-spatial politics in driving policies and conflict; the social construction and intersection of race, gender, and class discrimination; community and neighborhood disorder; racial consciousness, resilience, and socio-political mobilization; and social control.
Will Mayor Ella Jones Be Able to Turn Around Ferguson?
Commentary, June 2020
"They Still Can't Figure It Out: One Year After George Floyd's Murder," Andrea Boyles, Opinion, Newsweek, June 1, 2021.
Andrea Boyles quoted on disagreeing that more law enforcement personnel automatically translates into safety by Ramon Antonio Vargas, "NOPD Furloughs Could Make City's Rise in Violent Crime Worse, Watchdog Warns" The New Orleans Advocate, November 9, 2020.
"Breonna Taylor's Case Says It Loud and Clear: Black Lives Don't Matter," Andrea Boyles, Opinion, Newsweek, September 24, 2020.
Andrea Boyles quoted on suburbs being created to accommodate the postwar population growth and being idealized by white populations, "The Killing of Elijah McClain and the Silent Crisis of Racism in Suburban Policing" Yahoo News, September 11, 2020.
Andrea Boyles quoted on making sure if police are defunded that funds go to communities, organizations and agencies that are actually engaged with the people, "Ask Reuters: Why the U.S. Protests Against Police Brutality Are Different This Time" Yahoo News, July 8, 2020.
Interview on We Are Trying to Change 400 Years of Racial Discrimination Andrea Boyles, La Presse, June 7, 2020.
Andrea Boyles quoted on subjects saw looting as retribution for the economic exploitation of black communities, "Why People Loot" The Atlantic, June 2, 2020.
Andrea Boyles quoted by Alex Yablon, "The Suburbs Aren't Scared of Criminal Justice Reform" Slate, February 7, 2020.
"The St. Louis American," Andrea Boyles, Interview with Clark Randall , The St. Louis American, March 19, 2018.
Andrea Boyles quoted by Kurt Erickson, "Proposal Aims to Address Police Bias" St Louis Post Dispatch, March 1, 2016.
"Racial-Spatial Politics: Policing Black Citizens in White Spaces and a 21st-Century Uprising" American Ethnologist 47, no. 2 (2020): 150–154.
Researches extended traditional examinations of racialized policing in urban spaces to examine Black residents' experiences of policing in suburban locations, such as Ferguson.
Race, Place, and Suburban Policing: Too Close for Comfort (University of California Press, 2015).
Shows encounters between black citizens and police in urban communities, there have been limited analyses of such encounters in suburban settings. Examines a fraught police-citizen interface, where blacks are segregated and yet forced to negotiate overlapping spaces with their more affluent white counterparts.
You Can't Stop the Revolution Community Disorder and Social Ties in Post-Ferguson America (University of California Press, 2019).
Vivid three year participant ethnography of Ferguson protests. Offers an everyday montage of direct action, social ties, and empowerment and examines how black citizens work to combat disorder, crime, and police conflict, amid twenty-first century resistance.
The Effects of De Facto Segregation: Socio-Economic and Political Alienation, Crime, and Contentious Black Citizen-Police Exchanges (Springer International Publishing, 2018).
Explains de facto segregation as perpetual, cyclic, and institutionally linked to political alienation, crime, and black citizen-police conflict. Describes how cumulative factors show the residual effects of racial and ethnic construction, colonization, and enslavement.


text:
Ozone mitigates the adverse effects of diesel exhaust pollutants on ground- active invertebrates in wheat
James M . W. Ryalls, Tom Staton, Neil Mullinger, Lisa M. Bromfield, Ben Langford, Christian Pfrang, Eiko Nemitz, James Blande, Robbie D. Girling
There is growing evidence to demonstrate that air pollution is affecting invertebrates both directly (e.g., causing physiological stress responses) and indirectly (e.g., via changes in host plant chemistry and/or by disruption of communication by volatile odours). Many of the studies to-date have focused upon winged insects and disruption of in-flight foraging. Therefore, in this study we investigated how the community composition of predominantly ground-dwelling invertebrates in fields of winter wheat are affected by two of the most ubiquitous lower tropospheric air pollutants, diesel exhaust emissions (including nitrogen oxides–NOx) and ozone (O3), both individually and in combination, over 2 years. Pitfall traps, located within the rings of a Free-Air Diesel and Ozone Enrichment (FADOE) facility, were used to sample invertebrates. The facility consisted of eight 8 m-diameter rings, which allowed elevation of the pollutants above ambient levels (ca 49–60 ppb NOx and 35–39 ppb O3) but within levels currently defined as safe for the environment by the Environmental Protection Agency. The invertebrates collected were taxonomically identified and characterised by diet specialisation, mobility and functional group. Taxonomic richness and Shannon's diversity index were calculated. Even under the relatively low levels of air pollution produced, there were adverse impacts on invertebrate community composition, with greater declines in the abundance and taxonomic richness of invertebrates in the diesel exhaust treatment compared with O3 treatment. In the combined treatment, pollutant levels were lower, most likely because NOx and O3 react with one another, and consequently a lesser negative effect was observed on invertebrate abundance and taxonomic richness. Specialist-feeding and winged invertebrate species appeared to be more sensitive to the impacts of the pollutants, responding more negatively to air pollution treatments than generalist feeders and wingless species, respectively. Therefore, these results suggest a more severe pollution-mediated decline in specialist- compared with generalist-feeding invertebrates, and in more mobile (winged) individuals. Understanding how invertebrate communities respond to air pollutants alone and in combination will facilitate predictions of how terrestrial environments respond to changes in anthropogenic emissions, especially as we shift away from fossil fuel dependence and therefore manipulate the interactions between these two common pollutants.
Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.833088
10.3389/fevo.2022.833088Licence: Creative Commons: Attribution (CC BY)
RyallsJMW2022OzoneFinal published version, 2.71 MBLicence: Creative Commons: Attribution (CC BY)
Dive into the research topics of 'Ozone mitigates the adverse effects of diesel exhaust pollutants on ground- active invertebrates in wheat'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
ozone Agriculture & Biology 100%
pollutants Agriculture & Biology 91%
invertebrates Agriculture & Biology 79%
adverse effects Agriculture & Biology 77%
wheat Agriculture & Biology 60%
air pollution Agriculture & Biology 33%
air pollutants Agriculture & Biology 24%
United States Environmental Protection Agency Agriculture & Biology 12%
Anthropogenic air pollutants reduce insect-mediated pollination services
Ryalls, J. M. . W., Langford, B., Mullinger, N., Bromfield, L. M., Nemitz, E., Pfrang, C. & Girling, R. D., 15 Mar 2022, In: Environmental Pollution. 297, 7 p., 118847.
Pollination 100%
Air Pollutant 77%
Air Pollutants 75%
pollination 74%
Odors 71%
Degradation of Odour signals by air pollution: chemical Mechanisms, plume dynamics and INsect-Orientation behaviour (DOMINO)
Pfrang, C.
Project: Research Councils
Insecta 60%
ozone 60%
Ryalls, J. M. . W., Staton, T., Mullinger, N., Bromfield, L. M., Langford, B., Pfrang, C., Nemitz, E., Blande, J., & Girling, R. D. (2022). Ozone mitigates the adverse effects of diesel exhaust pollutants on ground- active invertebrates in wheat. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 10, [833088]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.833088
Ryalls, James M . W. ; Staton, Tom ; Mullinger, Neil et al. / Ozone mitigates the adverse effects of diesel exhaust pollutants on ground- active invertebrates in wheat. In: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2022 ; Vol. 10.
@article{6507571e434d4fc497ec08beeec178a7,
title = "Ozone mitigates the adverse effects of diesel exhaust pollutants on ground- active invertebrates in wheat",
abstract = "There is growing evidence to demonstrate that air pollution is affecting invertebrates both directly (e.g., causing physiological stress responses) and indirectly (e.g., via changes in host plant chemistry and/or by disruption of communication by volatile odours). Many of the studies to-date have focused upon winged insects and disruption of in-flight foraging. Therefore, in this study we investigated how the community composition of predominantly ground-dwelling invertebrates in fields of winter wheat are affected by two of the most ubiquitous lower tropospheric air pollutants, diesel exhaust emissions (including nitrogen oxides–NOx) and ozone (O3), both individually and in combination, over 2 years. Pitfall traps, located within the rings of a Free-Air Diesel and Ozone Enrichment (FADOE) facility, were used to sample invertebrates. The facility consisted of eight 8 m-diameter rings, which allowed elevation of the pollutants above ambient levels (ca 49–60 ppb NOx and 35–39 ppb O3) but within levels currently defined as safe for the environment by the Environmental Protection Agency. The invertebrates collected were taxonomically identified and characterised by diet specialisation, mobility and functional group. Taxonomic richness and Shannon{\textquoteright}s diversity index were calculated. Even under the relatively low levels of air pollution produced, there were adverse impacts on invertebrate community composition, with greater declines in the abundance and taxonomic richness of invertebrates in the diesel exhaust treatment compared with O3 treatment. In the combined treatment, pollutant levels were lower, most likely because NOx and O3 react with one another, and consequently a lesser negative effect was observed on invertebrate abundance and taxonomic richness. Specialist-feeding and winged invertebrate species appeared to be more sensitive to the impacts of the pollutants, responding more negatively to air pollution treatments than generalist feeders and wingless species, respectively. Therefore, these results suggest a more severe pollution-mediated decline in specialist- compared with generalist-feeding invertebrates, and in more mobile (winged) individuals. Understanding how invertebrate communities respond to air pollutants alone and in combination will facilitate predictions of how terrestrial environments respond to changes in anthropogenic emissions, especially as we shift away from fossil fuel dependence and therefore manipulate the interactions between these two common pollutants.",
author = "Ryalls, {James M . W.} and Tom Staton and Neil Mullinger and Bromfield, {Lisa M.} and Ben Langford and Christian Pfrang and Eiko Nemitz and James Blande and Girling, {Robbie D.}",
doi = "10.3389/fevo.2022.833088",
journal = "Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution",
publisher = "Frontiers",
Ryalls, JMW, Staton, T, Mullinger, N, Bromfield, LM, Langford, B, Pfrang, C, Nemitz, E, Blande, J & Girling, RD 2022, 'Ozone mitigates the adverse effects of diesel exhaust pollutants on ground- active invertebrates in wheat', Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, vol. 10, 833088. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.833088
Ozone mitigates the adverse effects of diesel exhaust pollutants on ground- active invertebrates in wheat. / Ryalls, James M . W. ; Staton, Tom; Mullinger, Neil et al.
In: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Vol. 10, 833088, 11.03.2022.
T1 - Ozone mitigates the adverse effects of diesel exhaust pollutants on ground- active invertebrates in wheat
AU - Ryalls, James M . W.
AU - Staton, Tom
AU - Mullinger, Neil
AU - Bromfield, Lisa M.
AU - Langford, Ben
AU - Pfrang, Christian
AU - Nemitz, Eiko
AU - Blande, James
AU - Girling, Robbie D.
N2 - There is growing evidence to demonstrate that air pollution is affecting invertebrates both directly (e.g., causing physiological stress responses) and indirectly (e.g., via changes in host plant chemistry and/or by disruption of communication by volatile odours). Many of the studies to-date have focused upon winged insects and disruption of in-flight foraging. Therefore, in this study we investigated how the community composition of predominantly ground-dwelling invertebrates in fields of winter wheat are affected by two of the most ubiquitous lower tropospheric air pollutants, diesel exhaust emissions (including nitrogen oxides–NOx) and ozone (O3), both individually and in combination, over 2 years. Pitfall traps, located within the rings of a Free-Air Diesel and Ozone Enrichment (FADOE) facility, were used to sample invertebrates. The facility consisted of eight 8 m-diameter rings, which allowed elevation of the pollutants above ambient levels (ca 49–60 ppb NOx and 35–39 ppb O3) but within levels currently defined as safe for the environment by the Environmental Protection Agency. The invertebrates collected were taxonomically identified and characterised by diet specialisation, mobility and functional group. Taxonomic richness and Shannon's diversity index were calculated. Even under the relatively low levels of air pollution produced, there were adverse impacts on invertebrate community composition, with greater declines in the abundance and taxonomic richness of invertebrates in the diesel exhaust treatment compared with O3 treatment. In the combined treatment, pollutant levels were lower, most likely because NOx and O3 react with one another, and consequently a lesser negative effect was observed on invertebrate abundance and taxonomic richness. Specialist-feeding and winged invertebrate species appeared to be more sensitive to the impacts of the pollutants, responding more negatively to air pollution treatments than generalist feeders and wingless species, respectively. Therefore, these results suggest a more severe pollution-mediated decline in specialist- compared with generalist-feeding invertebrates, and in more mobile (winged) individuals. Understanding how invertebrate communities respond to air pollutants alone and in combination will facilitate predictions of how terrestrial environments respond to changes in anthropogenic emissions, especially as we shift away from fossil fuel dependence and therefore manipulate the interactions between these two common pollutants.
AB - There is growing evidence to demonstrate that air pollution is affecting invertebrates both directly (e.g., causing physiological stress responses) and indirectly (e.g., via changes in host plant chemistry and/or by disruption of communication by volatile odours). Many of the studies to-date have focused upon winged insects and disruption of in-flight foraging. Therefore, in this study we investigated how the community composition of predominantly ground-dwelling invertebrates in fields of winter wheat are affected by two of the most ubiquitous lower tropospheric air pollutants, diesel exhaust emissions (including nitrogen oxides–NOx) and ozone (O3), both individually and in combination, over 2 years. Pitfall traps, located within the rings of a Free-Air Diesel and Ozone Enrichment (FADOE) facility, were used to sample invertebrates. The facility consisted of eight 8 m-diameter rings, which allowed elevation of the pollutants above ambient levels (ca 49–60 ppb NOx and 35–39 ppb O3) but within levels currently defined as safe for the environment by the Environmental Protection Agency. The invertebrates collected were taxonomically identified and characterised by diet specialisation, mobility and functional group. Taxonomic richness and Shannon's diversity index were calculated. Even under the relatively low levels of air pollution produced, there were adverse impacts on invertebrate community composition, with greater declines in the abundance and taxonomic richness of invertebrates in the diesel exhaust treatment compared with O3 treatment. In the combined treatment, pollutant levels were lower, most likely because NOx and O3 react with one another, and consequently a lesser negative effect was observed on invertebrate abundance and taxonomic richness. Specialist-feeding and winged invertebrate species appeared to be more sensitive to the impacts of the pollutants, responding more negatively to air pollution treatments than generalist feeders and wingless species, respectively. Therefore, these results suggest a more severe pollution-mediated decline in specialist- compared with generalist-feeding invertebrates, and in more mobile (winged) individuals. Understanding how invertebrate communities respond to air pollutants alone and in combination will facilitate predictions of how terrestrial environments respond to changes in anthropogenic emissions, especially as we shift away from fossil fuel dependence and therefore manipulate the interactions between these two common pollutants.
UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2022.833088/abstract
U2 - 10.3389/fevo.2022.833088
DO - 10.3389/fevo.2022.833088
JO - Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
JF - Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
Ryalls JMW, Staton T, Mullinger N, Bromfield LM, Langford B, Pfrang C et al. Ozone mitigates the adverse effects of diesel exhaust pollutants on ground- active invertebrates in wheat. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2022 Mar 11;10:833088. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2022.833088

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
ExecutedToday.com
Archive for August 31st, 2013
1876: Jesse Pomeroy's sentence commuted
Add comment August 31st, 2013 Meaghan
(Thanks to Meaghan Good of the Charley Project for the guest post. -ed.)
On this date in 1876, serial killer Jesse Pomeroy was reprieved by a 5-3 vote of the Governor's Council of Massachusetts. Rather than hanging him, they elected to bury him alive instead.
With a "mere" two deaths to his name, at first glance Jesse Pomeroy may not seem like much of a serial killer. In fact, according to some definitions that require a higher body count, he wasn't a serial killer at all. But give the kid some credit: he was only fourteen years old when he was caught. What's more, his two murders were committed in a most brutal, sadistic manner.
Jesse was born in Massachusetts in 1860, the son of a violent and abusive father and a doting mother. He'd always been considered a "difficult" child and had tortured the family pets, but his known criminal career didn't begin until he was twelve years old.
Over the course of nine months, he lured eight young boys between five and eight years old to remote areas and attacked them, beating them badly with a stick, a belt or his hands. In his later attacks he took to biting, and started using a knife as well. He tried to stick a needle into one child's eyes, another boy, age six, was stabbed between the shoulders and had his penis nearly half cut off. Eventually Jesse would let his victims go, leaving them physically and mentally scarred for life.
Each attack was worse than the last, and each time the intervals between them got shorter. There were three months between the first assault and the second, and only five days between the seventh incident and the eighth (which was the last).
In his biography of Pomeroy, Fiend: The Shocking True Story of America's Youngest Serial Killer, Harold Schechter described the assaults vividly:
The seventh attack occurred … on Wednesday, September 11. This time the "boy torturer" lured a seven-year-old named Joseph Kennedy to a vacant boathouse near the salt marshes of South Boston bay. Once inside the building, he slammed his victim's head against the wall, stripped him naked, and administered a ferocious beating, breaking the little boy's nose and knocking out several of his teeth. Then, pulling out his pocketknife, he forced the seven-year-old to kneel and ordered him to recite a profane travesty of the Lord's Prayer, in which obscenities were substituted for Scripture.
When young Joseph refused to commit this blasphemy, his tormentor slashed him on his face, his back, his thighs. Then he dragged the bleeding child down to the marsh and — laughing delightedly at the little boy's suffering — doused his wounds with salt water.
Most serial killers have a basically normal appearance, and some are downright handsome.
Jesse, however, actually did look pretty creepy. His head was too large for his body, he was blind in his right eye and the eyeball was covered by a whitish film that was deeply unsettling to look at. One of the boys he attacked said the eye looked like a "milkie," a white marble. After that, the press often referred to the unknown assailant as "The Boy with the Marble Eye."
On the day of his arrest on September 20, 1872, the police brought Joseph Kennedy, one of Pomeroy's victims, around to various local schools to see if the child could find his attacker in the classrooms.
When little Joseph entered Jesse's classroom, Jesse lifted his head when the teacher told him to but kept his gaze directed down at his desk. Joseph couldn't see his deformed eye and didn't recognize him. That afternoon, however, for some reason Jesse decided to pop in to the local police station on the way home from school. The boy was there and this time he recognized him.
Arrested and subjected to several hours of grilling, Jesse quickly confessed to his crimes, saying he "could not help himself" and wasn't sure why he'd done such terrible things.
His victims identified him as the boy who had hurt them, and five of them testified against him in juvenile court. Jesse was sent off to the Lyman School for Boys, a juvenile reformatory.
The authorities were supposed to keep him locked up until he turned 18, but Pomeroy, who was no fool, read the fine print in his sentencing and discovered that if he "reformed," he would be released early.
He immediately set about becoming an absolutely angelic inmate. He obeyed all the rules, did all the work assigned to him and didn't talk back to the staff. When the other boys tried to bully him, he ignored them.
Before long, he was awarded the coveted position of dormitory monitor, with some responsibility over the other boys. On the outside, his devoted mom, who never believed in his guilt, kept up a letter-writing campaign, asking anyone with influence to help get her son released.
Jesse's good behavior was rewarded and he was paroled to his mother's custody in February 1874. He had been in custody for less than a year and a half. By then, his mother had left his father and was running a small store in South Boston.
On March 18 that year, six weeks after Jesse was released from the reformatory, ten-year-old Katie Curran disappeared. She was last seen when she went into the Pomeroy family's store to buy a notebook for school. A neighbor boy saw her go into the store, where Jesse was manning the counter, but no one ever saw her come out.
Shockingly, in spite of his antecedents, the police at the time didn't consider him a suspect in Katie's disappearance, didn't thoroughly search the store, and accepted his story that he hadn't seen Katie at all that day.
This may have been because Jesse had never been known to attack little girls. In any case, over the ensuing six weeks the search instead concentrated on the Boston Wharf, on the theory that she'd accidentally fallen off a dock and drowned. Another theory was that she had been kidnapped.
The investigation went nowhere.
On April 22, Jesse accosted four-year-old Horace Millen while the child was on the way to the bakery with a few pennies to buy a sweet. Numerous witnesses saw them together, hand in hand, walking to the harbor; most of them assumed they were brothers out for an adventure.
What happened next is unprintable.
Suffice it to say that at 4:00 p.m., Horace's body was found beyond a hill in a remote area near the shore. He'd been stabbed eighteen times in the chest, his throat was cut, and his face and genitals were mutilated. His fists were still clenched, the nails biting into his palms, indicating he'd been conscious during the attack and died in considerable pain.
As the police began their murder investigation, someone remarked that Horace's injuries were remarkably similar to the attacks Jesse Pomeroy had committed before he was locked up two years ago.
As soon as the cops discovered Jesse was in fact on parole, they rushed to his house and took him into custody. His boots were caked with mud and grass was stuck to the soles, his face was scratched and his pocketknife was bloodstained.
At first, Jesse denied having done anything wrong. But when he was confronted with Horace Millen's corpse, he cracked and started sobbing. "Please don't tell my mother," he pleaded. "Put me somewhere, so I can't do such things."
Unaccountably, more than a month passed from the time Jesse was arrested until Katie Curran's body was found, and it was located by accident. Jesse's mother and brother had to move out of their store in the wake of the murders. A new tenant moved in to the building and decided to refurbish the basement. Workers found Katie's body. Her throat had been cut and her genitals mutilated.
When confronted with the news about Katie, Jesse denied any knowledge of her death and seemed indignant. "After all," Harold Schechter noted, "aside from the fact that he was already in custody for child-murder and the little girl's decomposed corpse had been found in the cellar of his family's store, there was no reason in the world suspect him."
Jesse ultimately confessed to killing the girl as well. He said he'd lured Katie down into the basement by saying there were some notebooks down there for her to look at. As soon as they reached the bottom of the steps, he took hold of her and cut her throat. He hadn't even concealed her body very well, just tossing it in the ash heap.
The police search of the Pomeroys' store must have been perfunctory indeed to have missed it.
(Jesse would later retract both confessions and claimed, to the end of his days, that he had never harmed a child in his life and was the victim of circumstances, coercive tactics by the police and a deliberate frame up.)
At his trial, his defense was one of insanity.
Three psychiatrists, or "alienists" as they were known in those days, examined him, one for the defense and two for the prosecution. Jesse told them he would get "a sudden feeling" that prompted his violence to small children and "I could not help doing it."
Jesse Pomeroy, young and old.
The doctors noted his lack of remorse or any sympathy for his victims. They believed Jesse would always be dangerous to society. His attorney argued that he should be found not guilty by reason of insanity and then locked away in a mental institution for good.
In the end, the jury convicted him of first-degree murder, for which the mandatory penalty was hanging. However, they issued a recommendation of mercy on account of his youth.
Although juveniles had been executed in the United States before and would be again, the state of Massachusetts had never hanged a boy of fourteen. On the other hand, Jesse had committed no ordinary crimes. By any standard he was a monster. His case was extremely controversial and the governor, William Gaston, was besieged with petitions both for and against clemency.
Gaston didn't want to hang Jesse Pomeroy and stalled on the issue for as long as he could. It may well have cost him re-election. But his successor, Alexander Rice, didn't want to hang Jesse either, campaign promises to the contrary.
So in August 1876, two years after Jesse's murder conviction, by which time the furor in the press had died down, Rice commuted the now-sixteen-year-old's sentence to life in prison. But there was a catch: the sentence had to be served in solitary confinement.
He would spend 41 years in a tiny cell, isolated from the world. His mother visited him once a month until her death. The only other people he saw were the guards. He was allowed to exercise alone in the prison yard and was allowed to read books. He wrote some bad poetry. Most of his efforts, however, were concentrated on escape. Schechter records:
Nothing — no amount of time locked in a dungeon, no beatings administered with a brass-tipped cane, no efforts at reinforcing his cell — discouraged Jesse for long. When plates of boiler-iron were bolted to his walls to keep him from digging at the stones, he set to work prying loose the bolts. When the walls were painted with a white preparation that would make even a pin-scratch conspicuous, he turned his attention to the floor, cutting loose one of the heavy boards, then digging at the ground underneath … Over the course of fifty years, virtually everything that fell into his hands became a potential implement of escape … He managed, over the decades, to fashion an amazing assortment of tools: awls, chisels, saws, drills, files, pry bars.
He never even came close to breaching the prison walls and his escape attempts mainly just made him a pain in the prison's collective ass. Then again, a man needs a hobby.
In 1887, his ninth year in the solitary cell, he caused an explosion that blasted a hole in the ceiling and temporarily blinded him but didn't get him anywhere. Only in 1912 was he ever able to actually make it out of the cell, something that took three years of work to accomplish — and he was caught within minutes. By then he was fifty-two.
His sentence was relaxed in 1917 and he was allowed into the general population. By then, Jesse's health was failing, and his crimes were passing out of local memory. New inmates to the prison no longer recognized his name, something that deeply upset him. In 1929, he was transferred to the prison farm at Bridgewater. He took a car to get there, his very first automobile ride, but didn't he didn't seem interested in his surroundings. One reporter described him as "a deadened creature gazing with lusterless eyes upon a world that means nothing to him."
He died at the Bridgewater Prison Farm on September 29, 1932, having spent sixty of his seventy-two years behind bars.
On this day..
1816: Joaquim Camacho - 2018
1860: Samuel Brust - 2017
1767: Thomas Nicholson, hung in chains - 2016
1807: Jenkin Ratford, Chesapeake-Leopard affair casualty - 2015
1526: 2,000 Hungarian prisoners after the Battle of Mohacs - 2014
1887: Henri Pranzini, repentant? - 2012
1900: William Black, nearly lynched - 2011
1923: Nathan Lee, the last public hanging in Texas - 2010
1852: Fatimih Baraghani, Tahirih the pure - 2009
1593: Pierre Barrière, undeterringly - 2008
Possibly related executions:
1896: Four in New Mexico, in three different towns
1827: Isaac Desha pardoned by Gov. Joseph Desha
1638: Three (of four) English colonists for murdering a Native American
1898: Alfred C. Williams
1890: Otto Leuth
1828: James "Little Jim" Guild
1900: Bill Brown, Sonnie Crain and John Watson
Entry Filed under: 19th Century,Capital Punishment,Children,Common Criminals,Crime,Death Penalty,Execution,Guest Writers,Hanged,History,Massachusetts,Murder,Not Executed,Other Voices,Pardons and Clemencies,Serial Killers,USA
Tags: 1870s, 1876, august 31, jesse pomeroy
Categories Select Category Categories for Search Capital Punishment Crime Death Penalty Execution History How Back broken Beheaded Guillotine Maiden Bludgeoned Burned Drowned Urophagia Electrocuted Gassed Gruesome Methods Blown from Cannon Boiled Broken on the Wheel By Animals Crucifixion Crushed Peine forte et dure Disemboweled Dismembered Drawn and Quartered Flayed Gatching Impaled Lingchi Mazzolatura Running the Gantlet Stoned Whipped Hanged Lethal Injection Poison Precipitated Put to the Sword Tomahawked Shot Shot with Arrows Spearing Starved Immured Strangled Garrote Trampled Uncategorized What Administrative Messages Arts and Literature Fictional Borderline "Executions" Lynching Botched Executions Cycle of Violence Essays Famous Last Words Gallows Humor Mass Executions Mature Content Milestones Myths Not Executed Cheated the Hangman Escapes Executed in Effigy Executions Survived Lucky to be Alive Mock Executions Pardons and Clemencies Last Minute Reprieve Reprieved Too Late Notable for their Victims Notable Jurisprudence Notable Participants Notable Sleuthing Notably Survived By Occupation and Colonialism Other Voices Guest Writers Interviews Podcasts Popular Culture Language Posthumous Executions Posthumous Exonerations Public Executions Auto de Fe Gibbeted Ripped from the Headlines Scandal Summary Executions The Supernatural The Worm Turns Themed Sets Corpses Strewn Daily Doubles Torture Disappeared Wartime Executions Wrongful Executions When 11th Century 12th Century 13th Century 14th Century 15th Century 16th Century 17th Century 18th Century 19th Century 20th Century 21st Century Ancient Early Middle Ages Uncertain Dates Where Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Argentina Armenia At Sea Australia Austria Habsburg Realm Ayyubid Empire Azerbaijan Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Byzantine Empire Caliphate ISIS/ISIL Cambodia Cameroon Canada Quebec Central African Republic Chad Chile China Hong Kong Colombia Comoros Congo (Brazzaville) Congo (Kinshasa) Costa Rica Crusader Kingdom Cuba Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark Dominican Republic East Timor Egypt El Salvador England Channel Islands Guernsey Gibraltar Isle of Man Pitcairn Island Tyburn Equatorial Guinea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Burgundy Reunion Island Saint Pierre Gambia Georgia Germany Concentration Camps East Germany Prussia Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Hanseatic League Holy Roman Empire Honduras Hungary Iceland India Maratha Empire Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ferrara Florence Genoa Lucca Milan Naples Papal States Pisa Ravenna Sicily Venice Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kenya Kiribati Korea North Korea South Korea Kurdistan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malaysia Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Maya civilization Mexico Micronesia (FSM) Mongolia Mongol Empire Morocco Mughal Empire Namibia Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Ottoman Empire Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Persia Peru Philippines Poland Polar Arctic Portugal Roman Empire Ostrogothic Kingdom Romania Russia Rus' USSR Rwanda Saudi Arabia Scotland Seljuk Empire Senegal Sierra Leone Singapore Slovenia Somalia South Africa South Sudan Spain Al-Andalus Canary Islands Sri Lanka St. Kitts and Nevis St. Vincent and the Grenadines Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Tahiti Taiwan Thailand Tibet Timurid Empire Trebizond Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey UAE Uganda Ukraine USA Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Confederates Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Navassa Island Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee State of Franklin Texas U.S. Federal U.S. Military US Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington DC West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Uzbekistan Venezuela Vietnam Wales Yemen Yugoslavia Croatia Kosovo Serbia Zimbabwe Rhodesia Who Activists Animals Artists Assassins Businessmen Children Common Criminals Organized Crime Outlaws Serial Killers Diminished Capacity Disfavored Minorities Homosexuals Jews Racial and Ethnic Minorities Doctors Entertainers Athletes Executioners Famous Freethinkers Heads of State Pretenders to the Throne Hostages Inanimate Objects Infamous Innocent Bystanders Intellectuals Known But To God Lawyers Judges Martyrs Nobility Pirates Politicians Religious Figures Revolutionaries Royalty Separatists Slaves Soldiers Guerrillas Mercenaries Spies Terrorists Volunteers Women Why Arson Chosen by Lot Crimes Against Humanity Drugs Espionage God Heresy Kidnapping Military Crimes Desertion Mutiny Murder Abortion and Infanticide Attempted Murder No Formal Charge Pelf Counterfeiting Piracy Power Political Expedience Rape Rioting Sex Theft Treason War Crimes Witchcraft
your ad right here on the scaffold
Execution Playing Cards
Exclusively available on this site: our one-of-a-kind custom playing card deck.
Every card features a historical execution from England, France, Germany, or Russia!
Recently Executed
1743: The Black Watch mutineers
1931: Charles Simpson, "make it snappy"
1860: George Waines, forensically boned
1958: Nuri al-Said
1958: King Faisal II of Iraq and his family
Daily Double: Iraq's 14 July Revolution
1928: Seven electrocuted in Kentucky
1391: Amerigot Marcel, cast down
1958: Peter Manuel, the Beast of Birkenshaw
1507: Paolo da Novi, Doge of the people
Ken L on 1997: Pedro Medina, en flambe
Val Baker on 1923: Edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters
William Davidson on 1891: The Namoa pirates
Ken L on 1999: Allen Lee "Tiny" Davis, the end of the road for Old Sparky
Louis Granados on 1883: Leoncio Prado, for defending his homeland
© Copyright 2019 ExecutedToday.com :: All Rights Reserved :: A WordPress joint
Theme originally by WarAxe at Negative99, modified by
Brian at Logjamming
Contact the Headsman


text:
Year : 2013 | Volume : 2 | Issue : 1 | Page : 1-2
Reducing salt intake, for a healthier world
Sanjay Kalra1, Manisha Sahay2, Manash P Baruah3
1 Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital and BRIDE, Karnal, Haryana, India
2 Department of Nephrology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, India
3 Department of Endocrinology, Excel Hospitals, Guwahati, India
Date of Web Publication 1-Jan-2013
Sanjay Kalra
Bharti Hospital and BRIDE, Karnal, Haryana,
DOI: 10.4103/2278-019X.105283
Kalra S, Sahay M, Baruah MP. Reducing salt intake, for a healthier world. J Med Nutr Nutraceut 2013;2:1-2
Kalra S, Sahay M, Baruah MP. Reducing salt intake, for a healthier world. J Med Nutr Nutraceut [serial online] 2013 [cited 2021 Jan 20];2:1-2. Available from: https://www.jmnn.org/text.asp?2013/2/1/1/105283
Foods which are bitter, sour, salty, over hot, pungent, dry and burning, and which cause suffering, grief and sickness, are dear to the Rajasika.
- Bhagavad Gita 17:9
Recently, the United Nations has called for a global effort to reduce salt intake. Agreement has been achieved to set various global health targets for 2030, including a reduction in daily salt intake to 5 g/day. [1]
The United Nations call is backed by a Cochrane review, which clearly points out the perils of the health benefits of reducing sodium intake. [2] A low-salt diet reduces the incidence of hypertension and other cardiovascular disease. Thus, reducing dietary salt intake to 3 g/day, i.e., 1.2 g of sodium/day, can positively impact public health. [1] This simple, (and free-of-cost) measure will help reduce morbidity and mortality related to hypertension and cardio-vascular disease, including stroke, coronary artery disease, and peripheral vascular disease. This in turn will lead to huge savings in medical costs.
The physiologic and biochemical basis of these findings is not difficult to fathom. What is relevant for India, and for many other developing countries, however, is that Blacks and Hispanics tend to have a greater beneficial response to a low-salt diet than Caucasians. [2]
There is a small body of literature, highlighted by the website of the Salt Institute, [3] which warns against the dangers of a low-salt diet. It is difficult; however, to reconcile the messages contained in these publications with those of the vast collection of epidemiological, preclinical and clinical studies, which advise lowering of sodium content.
What the United Nations and the Cochrane review tell us has been known to the Yanomoto Indians of Brazil for centuries. One of the few "salt-free" communities on earth, their diet does not contain extra salt, apart from what is present in the meat and vegetables they consume. This indigenous Indian group enjoys lower levels of blood pressure than other ethnic groups, which consume salt. [4]
In India, unfortunately, salt intake is on the higher side. [5] Measuring salt intake in India is not easy, given the vast range and heterogeneity of the Indian kitchen. An Indian Council of Medical Research survey reported a daily salt intake of 13.8 g in 13 states, which was greater than the 10 g/day limit set by the National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) at that time (1986-1988). [5] The Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study reported a mean dietary salt intake of 8.5 g/day in 2007, with greater consumption in richer and elder persons. A significantly high prevalence of hypertension was noted in high salt consumer. [6]
Difficulty in measuring salt intake is compounded by the fact that drinking water also contains sodium chloride. While the content of sodium chloride is minimal (20 mg/L) in most water supplies, ground water in certain areas of the country (for e.g., some parts of Rajasthan), may have higher salt content. [7] The same holds true for drinking water purified by certain water softeners.
Indian cuisine is rich in diversity of taste, but unfortunately in salt content as well. Salt is ubiquitous in our curries, salads and biryanis, reaching extremely high levels in papads and pickles. While the high salt content is deplorable in itself, it is unnecessary as well: Indian cuisine is rich in non-sodium containing spices, such as asafoetida (heeng) and cumin (zeera), which can be used as salt substitutes, to enhance the flavor of food.
A sustained and concerted effort should be made to raise public awareness regarding the harmful effects of excessive salt intake. Perhaps health care professionals need to understand, and follow recommendations for optimal salt intake before counseling others. The lead should be taken by endocrinologists and nephrologists, who observe sodium-related morbidity in a significant proportion of their patients.
A public awareness program, focusing on reducing consumption of the three Ps: Papads, pakoras and pickles, while encouraging use of sodium-free substitutes, should be started. One can begin work on this through hospital-based or clinic-based education, and gradually roll it throughout the country. In-spite of the simplicity, easy, and utility of this intervention, there seems to be no concerned effort at health advocacy in this field in India. Perhaps hypertension is a Cinderella disease, treated by all medical specialties, but owned by none.
The food industry should be called upon to reduce sodium content in all processed and branded food products, in a gradual, phased manner. Food labels should display sodium content, and mention the daily recommended allowance as well. Standardized serving sizes should be popularized for salt (1 tea spoon = 5 g salt = 2 g sodium), as has been done for other food groups.
Similar actions have already been taken by concerned national bodies. In India, for example, the NIN reduced the recommended daily salt intake from 10 g to 5 g in 2010. [8] In the United Kingdom, a 10% reduction in salt content of processed food over the past decade has saved 6,000 premature deaths per annum, as well as 1.5 billion in health costs. [9] On the other hand, a 'policy paralysis' has prevented many other countries from pursuing such public health interventions.
In 1930, Mahatma Gandhi began the salt movement or Dandi March, highlighting the right to salt manufacture as a symbol of independence for that generation of Indians. A similar movement is required today, albeit in a different direction, highlighting the right approach to remain healthy in an environment of excess salt intake prevailing amongst the current generation of Indians.
1. A draft comprehensive global monitoring framework, including indicators, and a set of voluntary global targets for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. Available from: http://www.apps.who.int/gb/ncds/pdf/A_NCD_INF1-en.pdf. [Last accessed on 2012 Nov 29].
2. He FJ, MacGregor GA. Effect of longer-term modest salt reduction on blood pressure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004:CD004937.
3. Available from: http://www.saltinstitute.org/. [Last accessed on 2012 Nov 29].
4. Mancilha-Carvalho Jde J, Souza e Silva NA. The Yanomami Indians in the INTERSALT Study. Arq Bras Cardiol 2003;80:295-300.
5. The Salt challenge. Available from: http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/salt-challenge. [Last accessed on 2012 Nov 29].
6. Radhika G, Sathya RM, Sudha V, Ganesan A, Mohan V. Dietary salt intake and hypertension in an urban south Indian population--[CURES - 53]. J Assoc Physicians India 2007;55:405-11.
7. Jain P, Sharma JD, Sohu D, Sharma P. Chemical analysis of drinking water of villages of Sanganer Tehsil, Jaipur District. Int J Environ Sci Tech 2006;2:373-9.
8. Dietary guidelines for Indians. Available from: http://www.ninindia.org/DietaryguidelinesforIndians-Finaldraft.pdf. [Last accessed on 2012 Nov 29].
9. Voluntary - Salt Reduction Strategy Reformulation Targets. Available from: http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/BISCore/better-regulation/docs/V/10-1283-voluntary-salt-reduction.pdf. [Last accessed on 2012 Nov 29].
1 Estimation of salt intake of normotensive subjects of Jaipur City
Sonal Dhemla,Kanika Varma
Nutrition & Food Science. 2016; 46(6): 766
Kalra S
Sahay M
Baruah MP


text:
Neapolitan novels
Princesses, Friendship and Democracy @ BYOB Party in December 2016 (Part 7)
The party ended with conversation about women in books, and democracy.
Renu spoke about a book called Princess: A True Story of Life Behind the Veil in Saudi Arabia. The story revolves around Sultana, a Saudi Arabian princess, who is immensely wealthy but is a prisoner in a gilded cage. The story has been told anonymously and recorded by Jean Sasson. For Renu, the trilogy is not as heart wrenching as A Thousand Splendid Suns but she still thinks that the book has great aspirations and talks about some very important issues like women's rights. Where Sultana lives, young girls are forced to marry men five times their age and victims of unreasonable punishments. Baraa believes that while the discriminatory practices of Saudi Arabia are well-known, not all Arabic speaking nations are the same and Arabian history has been forgotten too easily. Anurag mentioned how the ideas that people have about anything, including women's rights, is governed by the society we live in. In China, for instance, it is not surprising when women technicians come home to fix the air-conditioning. In India, this would still raise eyebrows.
Keeping with the woman-inspired book series theme, I've been reading one of Elena Ferrante's Neapolitan novels, the first one of the series My Brilliant Friend. The story is a translation and focuses on the friendship of two women spanning four books. It is hard for you not to order the subsequent parts of the series as the friendship between Elena Greco and Lila is absorbing, filled with the conflicts and rivalries of any close friendship. Simultaneously, Elena's circle of friends reveal the socio-political milieu of Italy during the 1950s.
Abhaya spoke about Democracy: A Very Short Introduction, a short account of democracy published by Oxford University Press. The book speaks about the origins of democracy from ancient Greece and Rome. While democracy entails the concept of liberty, there are no specific duties associated with it, except or jury duty in the US. So participation, which is a defining feature of democracy, is not an absolute necessity. Another contradiction is how in some situations human rights limit democratic claims. It is a good idea to understand democracy, Abhaya said and he quoted: "Man's inclination to justice makes democracy possible, but it is our capacity for injustice that makes it necessary."
And with that we wound up the BYOB Party. The next stop was the food.


On the second day, I took my ex-host family to Osaka castle. It was a rainy day. They didn't have umbrellas. They ware just wearing rain jackets and hats. They said "This is Seattle style!" It looked nice on them. We walked about 15minutes from Morinomiya station to Osaka castle.
Foreign tourists are interested in Japanese history.
We entered the castle tower(admission fee was 600 yen).
There are many displays where one can learn the history of Osaka castle. The miniature figures depicting the Summer War of Osaka were popular among the foreign tourists.
There were so many explanations and dioramas of Hideyoshi's life in the tower. When my host father asked me about how the Summer War of Osaka started. I answered it, but I didn't think I explained it well. I thought I should have learned its history more beforehand.
In fact, I was surprised that they were studying the explanations very carefully. Way more than I expected.
After we left Osaka castle, we visited MIRAIZA OSAKA-JO that is in front of Osaka castle.
There were some souvenir shops and restaurants in the building.
It was fun to see Ninja items and Samurai items. My host parents bought two folding umbrellas which have a ninja-sword style handle for their grandsons.
We felt like we had traveled back in time on that day.
↓Lunch was ramen. It made our body warm.
I went to an "Inbound tourism" symposium on last Wednesday.
I wanted to listen to David Atkinson's talk. He is a special advisor of Japan National Tourism Organization (JNTO). He talked about how to further improve tourism in Japan.
Japan's biggest strength is "natural".
According to him, the tourism industry occupied around 10% of the GDP of the whole world. The number of tourists to Japan ranks 14th in in the world in 2016. In the international tourist revenue ranking, Japan is the 11th place in the world in 2016.
Japan is unique in 4 aspects; nature, climate, culture, food.
Majestic nature is a tourism asset and can earn more revenue than culture. Since natural sightseeing activities usually require long-term stay, tourists tend to spend more money.
On the other hand, the biggest problem is that there are not enough five stars hotels in Japan. U.S.A has 755, Thailand has 110, Japan has 28, even Bali island has 42.
The success of tourism strategy is determined by the number of five stars hotels.
I learned the above from David Atkinson's lecture.
I hope that many Japanese workers would work at five stars hotels in the future.
I realized how attractive and valuable Japan's nature is from his speech.
It is important that many tourists come to Japan and are satisfied with Japan's nature and stay longer and come back again in the future.
I hope that more five stars hotels would be built and rich tourists would spend more money. And I'm looking forward to seeing that many Japanese workers who can speak English would work at five stars hotels in the future.
↑This is Osaka City Central Public Hall where the symposium was held.


Looking to move your QuickBox Pro install to a new server and don't want to deal with the hassle of moving media and files over? The QuickBox Migration Service is designed to help you with just that. Allow a verified QuickBox Staff member to migrate your media from server A to server B and ensure that your files are properly ported over, as well as any existing applications on your install.
If your new server does not currently have QuickBox Pro installed, this service will additionally handle the install for you.
This service is limited to 5TB migration per order. If you'd like to migrate additional data please either raise a support ticket for a quote or purchase multiple quantities of this service.
This is not a community to Pro upgrade service.


Navigating the Toxic Maze is the fourth mission of Hazy Maze Cave in Super Mario 64 and Super Mario 64 DS. The mission involves navigating the toxic Hazy Maze and reaching the Power Star at the end of one of the exits.
From the start of the maze, the player needs to take the path ahead of them, followed by the left path, and then finally climbing up the second ledge, taking care not to take too much damage from Snufits or get trapped in small holes. After entering the room through the door on the ledge, the elevator at the end of the room will take the player to another room containing the Power Star.
This page was last edited on February 24, 2019, at 04:00.


Merry Christmas from Tinman Creative Studios and the Super Science Friends!
Federal Tax Credits for Webseries! Raise Your Voices and Be Heard!
showcase: TRUTH OR DARING, The Canadian Federal Election Cartoon, by Barnabas Wornoff and Friends, UPDATED: Part 1 and 2 are up!
Impotents Kickstarter Update: GOAL ACHIEVED! $20,542!!!!!
Cast your vote for Uberdude!
Bite on Mondo, Round 2!!!!
New Fester Fish on it's way!
Aaaawwwwwwwwwwwww! It's the last episode of SUPER DUPER SUPER HERO.
Super Duper Super Hero! Episode 2!
from the internets: Mike Geiger's Super Duper Super Hero, coming soon!


text:
Q: Menubar's abstract description I want to create some description of menu bars (items and connected with them actions-object or handler's-methods) with some abstraction from gui library. In what way I can do it?
some draft
data structure (without access methods and other stuff):
public class MenuInfoHolder {
    List<Column> menu;

    public static class Column {
        SimpleItem title;
        List<Block> blocks;
    }
    public static class SimpleItem{
        String title;
        char key;
    }
    public static class Block{
        List<SimpleItem> items;
    }
    public static abstract class ActionProducedItem extends SimpleItem {
        abstract void invokeActionHandler(ActionHandler handler);
    }
}

and here might be some using, like
Menu menu = new Menu();
ActionProducedItem item = new ActionProducedItem("Aaaa", 'a'){
    @Override
    void invokeActionHandler(ActionHandler handler) {
        handler.foo();
    }
};
Block block = new Block();
block.add(item);
Column column = new Column("BBB", 'B');
column.add(block);
menu.add(column);

Does exist any other better implementation (probably with Builder pattern or spring framework)?
UPD:
another worlds,
using SWT, smt like:
final Menu popupMenu = new Menu(shell, SWT.BAR);
MenuItem menuItem = new MenuItem(popupMenu, SWT.CASCADE);
menuItem.setText("More options");
Menu subMenu = new Menu(menuItem);
menuItem.setMenu(subMenu);
...
shell.setMenuBar(menu);

using Swing, smt like:
    JMenuBar menuBar = new JMenuBar();
    setJMenuBar(menuBar);
    JMenu fileMenu = new JMenu("File");
    JMenu editMenu = new JMenu("Edit");
    menuBar.add(fileMenu);

But in both case we operate with same data. So I want make some abstraction about this.
Thanks.

A: How to Use Actions is all that comes to mind.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


While upgrading to the new Windows 10 on your Laptop, it is important to figure out the possible errors and configuration issues on the new Microsoft Operating System. When you upgrade your computer/PC to Windows 10, you need to explore it in advance about the best possible solution of the most common issue that is "Bluetooth audio devices and Wireless displays not connecting".
Either the case, you can resolve the Bluetooth and Audio Devices connectivity issues in Windows with the help of below-given points and screenshots.
Click on the Cortona and type "Services" in the search bar. Choose "Services" the desktop app from the list of results.
Click on the "Services". A Window will appear with a huge list of setting options for different windows features. Just search for "Bluetooth Support Service".
Right click on "Bluetooth Support Service" and select "Properties from the popup window.
After clicking on "Properties", from the main menu of the popup "General" look for the highlighted area i.e. "Startup Type" and select "Automatic" from the drop-down menu.
Now you are almost done. Just click on "Apply" and then "OK" button to apply the new settings of your Bluetooth device.
All done! All you need now is just to restart your system in order to configure all the changes in the best way. These were the steps for configuring and resolving the Bluetooth and wireless devices issues on your computer system/Laptop on Windows 10.


Riporto qui un pezzo della fiduciosa mail che ho ricevuto ora dall'Arizona. Domani sera vogliamo darci appuntamento tutti alle nove e mezza ai DS di Trastevere (via masi 2) per condividere le palpitazioni tutti insieme? Incrociamo le dita!!!
But I wanted to let you know, before the votes are counted, that there is growing optimism in our ranks about the prospects for "wiping the smirk off the face of that man in the White House." See www.dailykos.com for the latest "straws in the wind."
Chris and Mike Moffo have been working feverishly as adjuncts to the New Mexico campaign (they're headed today out to an Apache reservation near the Arizona border), but the Arizona campaign machine that Mike had set up is purring along in the hands of the locals. They had registered 450,000 new voters -- and Bush only carried Arizona by 60,000 votes last time. Chris in particular really wishes you could be here for the Finale.


To book artists and talent such as Greg Schwem for your corporate event, private party, fundraiser, or club, just use our Talent Request Form or Contact us.
In good economic times and bad, corporate America consistently turns to Greg Schwem for laughs. Called "king of the hill in the world of corporate comedy" by the Chicago Tribune, Greg's presentation, "Comedy With a Byte," has entertained audiences from coast to coast. Clients such as Microsoft, Cisco, General Motors, IBM, and McDonald's have invited Greg to share his hilarious views on technology and today's business environment. Greg delivers with observations on topics such as Blackberry abuse, social network overload, never-ending conference calls, "frequently" asked questions, text messaging addiction and home office workers.
A former NBC television reporter, Greg has numerous national television appearances to his credit and has shared the concert stage with the likes of Celine Dion and Jay Leno. He can be heard regularly on Sirius Radio and just released his first book, Text Me If You're Breathing: Observations, Frustrations and Life Lessons From a Low-Tech Dad.


Hi! My name is Lacorder. I am never married christian hispanic man without kids from San Jose, Provincia de San Jose, Costa Rica. Now I'm looking for new relationships. I want to meet a woman, love of my life.
Hi! My name is Firy. I am never married christian hispanic man without kids from San José, Provincia de San Jose, Costa Rica. Now I'm looking for new relationships. I want to meet a woman, love of my life.
Hi! My name is Miguel. I am never married atheist hispanic man without kids from San Pedro, Provincia de San Jose, Costa Rica. Now I'm looking for new relationships. I want to meet a woman, love of my life.
Hi! My name is Jon. I am never married christian hispanic man without kids from San Jose, Provincia de San Jose, Costa Rica. Now I'm looking for new relationships. I want to meet a woman, love of my life.
Hi! My name is Rigo. I am never married christian native american man without kids from San José, Provincia de San Jose, Costa Rica. Now I'm looking for new relationships. I want to meet a woman, love of my life.
Hi! My name is Newman. I am never married other mixed man without kids from San José, Provincia de San Jose, Costa Rica. Now I'm looking for new relationships. I want to meet a woman, love of my life.
Hi! My name is Cale. I am divorced spiritual but not religious white man without kids from San Jose, Provincia de San Jose, Costa Rica. Now I'm looking for new relationships. I want to meet a woman, love of my life.
Hi! My name is Andres. I am never married christian hispanic man without kids from San Jose, Provincia de San Jose, Costa Rica. Now I'm looking for new relationships. I want to meet a woman, love of my life.
Hi! My name is Fonseca. I am divorced christian white man without kids from San Rafael, Provincia de San Jose, Costa Rica. Now I'm looking for new relationships. I want to meet a woman, love of my life.
Hi! My name is Black. I am separated christian white man without kids from Santa Ana, Provincia de San Jose, Costa Rica. Now I'm looking for new relationships. I want to meet a woman, love of my life.


TSNAP supports and encourages members to participate in their local regional TSNAP group. 20 regional groups are active across the state and led by an awesome TSNAP director.
Find your district's region on the map, then visit your region's page to get connected with your regional TSNAP group today!


Alpha Trent, 30, of 297 1/2 Mt. Vernon Road, Newark, failure to confine dog, $486.40 and 30 days in jail with 30 suspended and a year of probation.
Michael L. Dawson, 34, of 1126 Lake Forest Dr., Hebron, disorderly conduct, $441.65 and 30 days in jail with 29 suspended and credit for one, and 730 days of probation.
Samuel T. Hoekstra, 23, of 101 Canal Road, Apartment 2F, Hebron, aggravated menacing and obstructing official business, $343.50 and 270 days in jail with 258 suspended and credit for 12, and 730 days of probation.
Amy Dean, 36, of 6131 Gioffre Woods Lane, Columbus, falsification and obstructing official business, $419 and 270 days in jail with 268 suspended and credit for two, and a year of probation.
Tyler J. Turner, 27, of 12108 Eddyburg Road NE, Newark, theft, $519.34 and 180 days in jail with 180 suspended and a year of probation.
Andrew Lyons, 23, of 133 Chateaugay Dr. SW, Pataskala, child endangering, $483.35 and 180 days in jail with 150 suspended and credit for four, and a year of probation.
Katherine L. Miller, 49, of 100 Poplar Ave., theft, $469 and 180 days in jail with 170 suspended and 730 days of probation.
Brock Lewis, 27, of 58 Oakwood Ave., Newark, unauthorized use of a vehicle and theft, $805.45 and 74 days in jail with credit for 74.
Keith Krile, 35, last known address 5324 Jeannie Dr., Carroll, theft, $115 and 10 days in jail.
Deedra A. Hess, 54, of 49 N. Front St., Newark, driving while under OVI suspension, $843 and 90 days in jail with 80 suspended and a year of probation.
Frederick Matthews, 45, of 636 Brighton Blvd., Zanesville, disorderly conduct, $690.88 and 30 days in jail with 28 suspended and credit for two, and a year of probation.
Rickie L. Kneice Jr., 42, of 14735 Township Road 1063, Thornville, telecommunication harassment and violate protection order, $1,361.95 and 180 days in jail with 141 suspended and credit for 39 and 730 days of probation.
Robert Lentz, 41, of 628 Dog Leg Road, Heath, violate protection order, $319 and 180 days in jail with credit for 35, and 730 days of probation.
James A. Jewell, 38, of 556 Prior Ave., Newark, violate protection order, $390.85 and 180 days in jail with 180 suspended and a year of probation.
Steve E. Roberts Jr., 38, of 40 N. High St., Newark, criminal mischief, $596.85 and 60 days in jail with 43 suspended and credit for 17, and 160 days of probation.
Kayla Allen, 27, of 235 Race St., Newark, theft, $363 and 30 days in jail with 30 suspended and a year of probation.
John A. Tanner Jr., 39, of 383 Central Ave., Newark, child endangering, $498.85 and 180 days in jail with 159 suspended and credit for 21, and a year of probation.
Jacob R. Dittoe, 24, of 7783 Kindle Road, Thornville, telecommunication harassment, $444 and 180 days in jail with 179 suspended and credit for one, and 730 days of probation.
Dalton J. Cole, 27, of 210 Essex St., Newark, obstructing official business, $260 and 80 days in jail with credit for 70.
Michael Goler, 53, of 542 Kibler Ave., Newark, assault and disorderly conduct - persistent, $424.20 and 61 days in jail with credit for 61.
Rachel Baker, 23, of 189 Buckingham, Apartment A, Newark, theft and criminal trespass, $339.25 and 210 days in jail with 150 suspended and credit for 30, and a year of probation.
Joseph Bonner, 37, last known address 83 W. Church St., Apartment 70, Newark, domestic violence, $160.15 and 39 days in jail with credit for 18.
Jermeatris L. Hughes, 32, of 187 Clinton St., Newark, driving under OVI suspension, $571 and 180 days in jail with 177 suspended and 730 days of probation.
Dallas W. Belcher, 21, of 327 Union St., Apartment J34, Newark, first offense OVI and failure to maintain control, $786.55 and 180 days in jail with 177 suspended and credit for three, and 730 days of probation.
William T. Zedekar, 43, of 393 Executive Dr. N, Newark, second offense OVI, assured clear distance ahead, $849 and 180 days in jail with 160 suspended and 730 days of probation.
John R. Carney, 51, of 10782 Ohio 757, Somerset, first time offender driving under the influence, no driver's license, fictitious/unauthorized plates, driving within marked lanes, seat belt violation, $857 and four days in jail with four suspended.
Jennifer R. Welch, 36, of 152 Elm St., Johnstown, third offense OVI and driving in marked lanes, $1,334.25 and 365 days in jail with 335 suspended and 1095 days of probation.
Zachary A. Cross, 22, of 7911 Antonio Lane, Blacklick, second offense OVI, driving under OVI suspension, and driving in marked lanes, $1,129 and 360 days in jail with 347 days suspended and 730 days of probation.
Matthew T. Melvin, 27, of 566 Deanna Stroll Road, Heath, first offense OVI, display/expired license plates, $711 and 30 days in jail with 27 suspended and credit for three, and a year of probation.
Micah T. Williams, 29, of 431 Mayfair Blvd., Columbus, third offense OVI, driving under OVI suspension, driving under FRA suspension, driving under suspension, $1,666 and 373 days in jail with 297 suspended and credit for 16, and 730 days of probation.
Robert Friend, 40, of 2890 Medina Ave., Columbus, first offense OVI and driving in marked lanes, $892 and 180 days in jail with 176 suspended and credit for four, and a year of probation.
Travis M. Marteney, 27, of 31 Western Ave., Newark, first offense OVI and driving within marked lanes, $861.35 and 180 days in jail with 177 suspended and credit for three, and a year of probation.
Richard E. Darner, 44, of 5165 Darlington Dr., Zanesville, first offense OVI, driving within marked lanes, tail light/plate illumination, $792 and 30 days in jail with 27 suspended and credit for three, and a year of probation.
Roland T. Moore, 49, of 770 Columbia St., Apartment 306, Newark, driving under FRA suspension, speeding, $600.30 and 30 days in jail with 30 suspended and a year of probation.
Christian C. Row, 30, of 38 Hall Ave., Newark, second offense OVI and refusal, driving within marked lanes, $865 and 180 days in jail with 160 suspended and 730 days of probation.
Grace I. Butler, 19, of 2388 Newark Granville Road, Granville, operate motor vehicle after underage consumption, failure to maintain control, and commission of a violation while distracted, $680 and 30 days in jail with credit for 30 and a year of probation.
Taylor E. Kovach, 24, of 426 Daniel Ave., Newark, first offense OVI, driving within marked lanes, and seat belt violation, $744 and 30 days in jail with 27 suspended and credit for three, and a year of probation.
Karen Burger, 75, of 238 E. Broadway, Granville, first offense OVI and assured clear distance ahead, $755 and 90 days in jail with 87 suspended and credit for three, and a year of probation.
Meagan Rickard, 33, of 8679 Crooked Maple Dr., Blacklick, first offense OVI, speeding, $744 and 60 days in jail with 57 suspended and credit for three, and a year of probation.
Terrance Steele, 27, of 1370 Residence Dr., Newark, second offense OVI, speeding, and seat belt violation, $899 and 180 days in jail with 170 suspended and 730 days of probation.