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Microhyla laterite sp. nov., A New Species of Microhyla Tschudi, 1838 (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae) from a Laterite Rock Formation in South West India
K. S. Seshadri ,
Contributed equally to this work with: K. S. Seshadri, Ramit Singal, H. Priti, Kotambylu Vasudeva Gururaja
* E-mail: gururaja@gubbilabs.in (KVG); seshadri@u.nus.edu (KSS)
Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Block S3, Singapore, Singapore
Ramit Singal ,
Affiliation Independent Researcher, B-14, Law Apartments, Karkardooma, Delhi, India
H. Priti ,
Affiliations Manipal University, Manipal, India, Suri Sehgal Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Royal Enclave, Sriramapura, Jakkur (P.O), Bengaluru, India
G. Ravikanth,
Affiliation Suri Sehgal Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Royal Enclave, Sriramapura, Jakkur (P.O), Bengaluru, India
M. K. Vidisha,
Affiliation Science Media Center, Gubbi Labs LLP, WS-5, I Floor, Entrepreneurship Center, Society for Innovation and Development, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bengaluru, India
S. Saurabh,
Affiliation Independent Researcher, A/103, Gokul, B. P. Road, Dahisar (W), Mumbai, India
M. Pratik,
Affiliation Independent Researcher, 3C/704, Whispering Palms, Lokhandwala Township, Kandivali East, Mumbai, India
Kotambylu Vasudeva Gururaja
K. S. Seshadri,
Ramit Singal,
H. Priti,
K. S. Seshadri Ramit Singal ... Kotambylu Vasudeva Gururaja
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In recent times, several new species of amphibians have been described from India. Many of these discoveries are from biodiversity hotspots or from within protected areas. We undertook amphibian surveys in human dominated landscapes outside of protected areas in south western region of India between years 2013–2015. We encountered a new species of Microhyla which is described here as Microhyla laterite sp. nov. It was delimited using molecular, morphometric and bioacoustics comparisons. Microhyla laterite sp. nov. appears to be restricted to areas of the West coast of India dominated by laterite rock formations. The laterite rock formations date as far back as the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary and are considered to be wastelands in-spite of their intriguing geological history. We identify knowledge gaps in our understanding of the genus Microhyla from the Indian subcontinent and suggest ways to bridge them.
Citation: Seshadri KS, Singal R, Priti H, Ravikanth G, Vidisha MK, Saurabh S, et al. (2016) Microhyla laterite sp. nov., A New Species of Microhyla Tschudi, 1838 (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae) from a Laterite Rock Formation in South West India. PLoS ONE 11(3): e0149727. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149727
Editor: Michael E. Douglas, University of Arkansas, UNITED STATES
Received: January 8, 2016; Accepted: January 27, 2016; Published: March 9, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Seshadri et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: Funded by 1. Rufford Foundation (www.rufford.org), 15102 to RS, 2. The Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund (www.speciesconservation.org), 14258557 to KSS, 3. Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) Endangered Species Fund to KSS, and 4. Earthwatch Institute India to KVG. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Abbreviations: KSS, K S Seshadri; KVG, K V Gururaja; HP, H Priti; RS, Ramit Singal; IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature; BNHS, Bombay Natural History Society
The Indian subcontinent supports a rich biological diversity despite high human population density [1–3]. This is attributed to the presence of a varied environment and habitats [1, 4], unique biogeographical and geological history [5] and a strong tradition of conservation of nature [1, 6]. The biodiversity across the country is not evenly distributed and is mainly concentrated in and around the Eastern Himalaya and the Western Ghats [4, 7]. Both these regions are known for a high level of endemism across taxa [8, 9].
The Indian subcontinent is one of few regions in the Old World to harbor a rich diversity of amphibians [10]. Currently, there are 391 species recorded from India, predominantly from the Western Ghats and Eastern Himalaya. A total of 220 amphibian species are recorded from the Western Ghats and several more are expected to be described in the near future. The species novelties being described are often from genera that are endemic to the Western Ghats (viz., Beddomixalus, Ghatixalus, Indirana, Mercurana, Micrixalus, Nyctibatrachus, Raorchestes) but such discoveries from widespread genera like Microhyla, Hoplobatrachus, Fejervarya and Euphlyctis are uncommon.
The genus Microhyla Tschudi, 1838 comprises of 38 extant species and is widespread across South and Southeast Asia [11]. There are currently eight valid species of Microhyla in India namely, M. berdmorei (Blyth 1856), M. butleri Boulenger, 1900, M. chakrapanii Pillai, 1977, M. heymonsi Vogt, 1911, M. ornata (Duméril and Bibron, 1841), M. pulchra (Hallowell, 1861), M. rubra (Jerdon, 1854) and M. sholigari Dutta and Ray, 2000 [11, 12].
We encountered a species of Microhyla during surveys between years 2013–2015 as part of a citizen science initiative, 'My laterite: My habitat' led by one of the authors (Ramit Singal). This species of Microhyla did not match descriptions of the eight known species from the region. We undertook further studies to determine its identity and here, we report: 1. the description of Microhyla laterite sp. nov., ascertained using molecular (12S and 16S rRNA genes), morphology and bioacoustic comparisons and 2. Assess the threat status of this species using IUCN Red List criteria.
Fieldwork and sampling was carried out in Manipal, Udupi District of Karnataka. All specimens were collected with permission from the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests and Chief Wildlife Warden, Karnataka State Forest Department (Permission No. PCCF(WL)/E2/CR-23/2015-16). Specimen collection and tissue sampling protocol followed guidelines for use of live amphibians and reptiles in field research by the American Society for Ichthyologists and Herpetologists and was approved by the Gubbi Labs Internal Committee on Animal Welfare and Ethics (Approval No. 2015-16/GLICAWE/01). All collections and tissue sampling adhered to the ethical standards put forth by the committee. Minimum samples were collected and used only for scientific work (M. laterite sp. nov: N = 4). Animals were located and gently picked up by hand and placed in moist cotton bags and transported to field station within 30 min. Individuals were then euthanized using 20% Benzocaine gel, a topical anesthetic. A small volume of the gel (< 0.5 cm3) was squeezed out on a swab and applied on the animals' ventral region. After the animal ceased to show any signs of movement, a small portion of thigh muscle tissue (ranging between 0.1 to 0.25 cm3) was extracted for molecular analysis. A sterilized stainless steel scissor and forceps were used to incise tissue. Tissue was stored in molecular grade ethanol. Specimens were later fixed in 4% formalin for 24h and then transferred to 70% alcohol. Our animal handling protocols strictly following the guidelines for euthanasia of amphibians and use of Benzocaine 20% is well known to effectively minimize any pain or distress to the animal.
Nomenclatural Acts
The electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, and hence the new names contained herein are available under that Code from the electronic edition of this article. This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in ZooBank, the online registration system for the ICZN. The ZooBank LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID to the prefix "http://zoobank.org/". The LSID for this publication is: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BBBDC86C-FE35-4929-A484-62C25C497ACB. The electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an ISSN, and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories: PubMed Central, LOCKSS.
This study was conducted along the West coast of India (Fig 1). The new species of Microhyla was observed between years 2013–2015 in laterite habitats in and around the coastal town of Manipal, Udupi District, Karnataka State, India (13.2868°–13.3757° N and 74.7795°–74.8731° E, 50 m amsl). The region receives an annual rainfall of about 4000 mm. These laterite formations are a part of the 'Deccan Traps' flood plain and are believed to have originated sometime during the mid-Tertiary [13]. The overall habitat comprises of grasses, herbs, shrubs and stunted trees interspersed with agricultural fields and houses.
PowerPoint slide
Fig 1. Map showing type locality of M. laterite sp. nov.
White box with maroon outline: M. laterite sp. nov. Grey line indicates Western Ghats Boundary. Maps were generated using QGIS® Pisa Ver. 2.10. Data was sourced from www.gadm.org for administrative boundary of India and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 90 m database (http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org) for elevation.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149727.g001
Voucher Collection
We photographed the individuals before and after they were euthanized. Four individuals (three males and one female) of the M. laterite sp. nov. were collected on 26th June 2015 between 19:00–21:00 h by KSS and RS from Manipal.
We followed the protocol by Vences et al. [14] for DNA extraction from thigh muscle tissue. PCR amplification and sequencing of 16S and 12S rRNA genes was carried out following Gururaja et al. [15]. Amplified products were then sequenced at Chromous Biotech, Bangalore, India. The sequences were manually checked using Chromas lite 2.01 (http://www.technelysium.com.au/chromas_lite.html). Sequence alignment was carried out using the MAFFT algorithm [16] and manually corrected using MEGA® V5.10 [17]. Sequences are deposited in GenBank (Accession numbers: KT600663, 664–KT600670, 671). The dataset was 1357 base pairs in length. Combined sequence data of 12S and 16S rRNA of 23 species of Microhyla are used for phylogenetic tree construction with Uperodon variegatus as an outgroup (S1 Table).
Maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm and Bayesian inference methods were used for phylogenetic analysis. The ML analysis was executed in RaxML v1.3 [18] with GTR+I+G model selected as the best-fit nucleotide substitution model in jModel test [19] for 1000 bootstrap replicates. The Bayesian analysis was performed in MrBayes 3.2.4 [20]. The combined data set of 16S and 12S gene fragments were used for the analysis with GTR+I+G selected as best fit models in jModel test. The Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis for the dataset was run for 50 million generations and trees were sampled every 500 cycles. The convergence of the runs was analyzed by assessing the split frequency standard deviations (<0.001) and potential scale reduction factor (PSRF ~1.0). The first 10% of the sampled trees were discarded as burn-in and remaining samples were used to generate majority rule consensus tree. For estimating the genetic divergence, un-corrected pairwise genetic distance between the species was calculated in MEGA 5.10.
Morphological Measurements
Individuals were measured using a Mitutoyo® digital caliper to the nearest 0.1 mm. Measurements and terminology follow Seshadri, Gururaja [21] and measured features are abbreviated and listed in S1 Appendix. Measurements of fingers and toes were made in ImageJ® from photographs taken using a Nikon® D90 Digital camera with a Nikkor® 105 mm micro lens. QGIS® Pisa Ver. 2.10 was used for illustrating hand and foot.
For bioacoustic comparison, a Mann-Whitney U test in R v.3.1.3 [22] was used to compare the means of call characteristics.
Call Recordings and Analysis
Calls were recorded using Sennheiser K6® unidirectional microphone coupled with a Marantz PMD 660® solid state recorder. Vocalizations with relatively higher signal to noise ratio were chosen and analyzed using Audacity Ver.1.3 (Beta) and Raven Pro Ver.1.5. Eight calls from two individuals of M. laterite sp. nov., were used. Call terminology follows Kok and Kalamandeen [23]. Duration, dominant frequency and number of pulse of each call were analysed. Air temperature and relative humidity were recorded using a Kestrel® 4500 pocket weather tracker.
Maps and Geographic Range Estimation
QGIS® Pisa Ver. 2.10 was used to generate maps of range and distribution of M. laterite sp. nov. Data was sourced from www.gadm.org for administrative boundary and SRTM 90 m Database (http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org) for elevation. Area under minimum convex hull was computed on occurrence points of frogs to estimate extent of occurrence for IUCN assessment as per existing criteria [24].
Molecular Identification of Microhyla laterite sp. nov.
The intra-specific un-corrected pairwise genetic distance (UPGD) of M. laterite sp. nov. was 0.0% (n = 2) and the inter-specific UPGD of M. laterite sp. nov. was lowest with M. sholigari (range: 4.8–5.03%, n = 5) and was most with M. petrigena (14.14%, n = 2). The UPGD between the 23 species of Microhyla used in the analysis varied from 4.8% to 14.14% (S2 Table). Microhyla laterite sp. nov. is a sister species of M. sholigari, forming a distinct clade as inferred from the phylogenetic tree (Fig 2). However, the relationships with other species are not fully resolved as indicated by the low bootstrap support. Therefore, M. laterite sp. nov. was described as a new species and compared with M. sholigari.
Fig 2. Maximum Likelihood tree for 23 Microhyla species and Uperodon variegatus as an outgroup.
Numbers above and below the nodes indicate Bayesian Posterior Probabilities and Maximum Likelihood Bootstrap values >50, respectively. Asterisk indicates values <50.
Species Description
Microhyla laterite sp. nov.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:321B8493-CD5C-4774-B664-6D6A36EAB0B2
Suggested common name: Laterite narrow-mouthed frog
Holotype: BNHS 5964, an adult male collected from laterite rocks in Kodanga, Herga village, Manipal, Udupi District by KSS and RS at 19:30–20:00 h on 26th June 2015.
Paratypes: Two males (BNHS 5965, 5966) and one female (BNHS 5967) were collected in same locality, date and time as holotype by KSS and RS.
Diagnosis.
The new species is assigned to the genus Microhyla owing to the following set of characters sensu Parker (25), Dutta and Ray (26) and Matsui, Hamidy [27]: Small sized adults with circular pupil; dorsal skin smooth, with markings from back of eye to vent; supratympanic fold present; paratoid glands absent; fingers without webbing, free with or without dilations; tongue oval, entire and free at the base; snout less than twice the diameter of eye; tympanum hidden by skin; palmar tubercles distinct; distinct oval shaped inner metatarsal tubercle and rounded outer metatarsal tubercle; rudimentary webbing in foot.
Microhyla laterite sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other congeners in the Indian subcontinent by the following suite of characters: (i) A very small sized adult frog (Male: 15.3–16.6 mm, n = 3 and Female: 18.4 mm, n = 1); (ii) snout obtuse in dorsal and ventral view with indistinct canthus rostralis, snout protrudes beyond mouth in ventral view (iii) tongue obovate, margin irregular, without lingual papilla (iv) tympanum hidden; (v) head wider than long; (vi) skin smooth on dorsum and venter; (vii) short, dark horizontal band on dorsum on the same plane as forelimbs. (viii) Throat with dense purplish-black pigmentation, reducing in intensity towards belly; (ix) reduced webbing in feet; (x) discs with circum-marginal groves on fingers and toes.
Description of holotype.
A small sized adult (SVL = 16.6, male, BNHS 5964, all measurements in mm, Figs 3A–3J and 4A and 4B, Table 1.), head wider than long (HW = 4.4; HL = 3.9). Snout acute in both dorsal and ventral views, upper jaw protrudes slightly in ventral view. Snout acuminate in lateral profile. Snout 1.4 times longer the eye length (SL = 2.1; EL = 1.9). Canthus rostralis rounded. Loreal region concave. Interorbital space sloping towards snout, 1.2 times larger than upper eyelid width and sub-equal to internarial distance (IUE = 1.2; UEW = 1.0; IN = 1.2). Distance between posterior margins of eyes 1.5 times that of anterior margins (IBE = 3.6; IFE = 2.3). Nostrils rounded, without flap, closer to tip of snout than to eye (NS = 0.7; EN = 1.1). Symphysial knob present, weak. Tongue relatively large, obovate, free at base and with irregular margin. Lingual papilla absent. Vomerine teeth absent. Tympanum hidden, moderate supratympanic fold. Single sub-gular vocal sac with pair of openings at the base of lower jaw. A prominent sub-gular skin fold on throat. Eyes small (EL = 1.9), pupil-rounded.
Fig 3. Plate depicting morphology of M. laterite sp. nov., adult male: BNHS 5964.
(a) Dorsal view. (b) ventral view. (c) ventral view of throat depicting sub-gular skin fold and purplish pigmentation. (d) lateral profile showing tympanic region. (e) ventral view of hand. (f) line drawing of hand depicting palmar and sub-articular tubercles. (g) groove on third finger tip in male. (h) fourth toe tip showing distal notch in male. (i) ventral view of feet. (j) line drawing of feet depicting webbing, tarsal and sub-articular tubercles.
Fig 4.
Plate depicting a laterite pool habitat of M. laterite sp. nov. and adult male in life (a) laterite pool habitat at type locality. (b) Dorso-lateral view of adult male.
Table 1. Morphometric measurements of M. laterite sp. nov.
All measurements in mm. All individuals collected on 26th June 2015 from Manipal. For abbreviations see S1 Appendix. Prefix BNHS to voucher numbers.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149727.t001
Fore limb shorter in length than hand (FLL = 3.0; HAL = 3.9). Dermal fringe present on fingers. Webbing between fingers absent. Relative lengths of fingers I<II<III≤IV (FL I = 1.3; FL II = 1.9; FL III = 2.3; FL IV = 2.0). Finger tips with disc (FD I = 0.5, FD II = 0.4, FD III = 0.4, FD IV = 0.5; FW I = 0.5, FW II = 0.4, FW III = 0.3, FW IV = 0.4). Circum-marginal groove present and notched distally. Palmar tubercles well developed and distinct. Outer tubercle divided in two. Subarticular tubercles distinct (finger: i = 1, ii = 1, iii = 2, iv = 2) rounded. Supernumerary tubercles present. Nuptial pad absent. Hind limbs moderately long, touch when folded at right angles to body. Shank 4.4 times longer than wide (ShL = 8.3; TW = 1.9), longer than thigh length (TL = 7.0) and longer than foot length (FOL = 8.0). Heel to tip of fourth toe (TFOL = 12.2) about 2.88 times longer than fourth toe length (ToL IV = 4.6). Relative toe length I<II<III<V<IV (ToL I = 1.0; ToL II = 1.7; ToL III = 3.0; ToL IV = 4.6; ToL V = 2.7). Toe tips dilated (TD I = 0.3, TD II = 0.4, TD III = 0.5, TD IV = 0.6, TD V = 0.5; ToW I = 0.3, ToW II = 0.3, ToW III = 0.4, ToW IV = 0.4, ToW V = 0.4). Webbing reduced (MTTF = 4.9, MTFF = 4.8, TFTF = 3.7, FFTF = 3.7). Inner and outer metatarsal tubercle distinct. Inner metatarsal tubercle elongated (IMT = 0.6) larger than the rounded outer metatarsal tubercle (OMT = 0.3). Supernumerary tubercles and tarsal tubercle present (toe: i = 1, ii = 1, iii = 2, iv = 3-3rd weak, v = 2-2nd weak).
Skin texture in preservative.
Skin on snout, inter-orbital space and sides of head smooth; Dorsum smooth, interspersed with tubercles increasing in intensity towards vent; Dorsal surface of forelimb and hind limb smooth with tubercles on upper arm, thigh, shank and foot. Skin on ventral side smooth, throat shagreened.
Color in preservative.
Dorsal coloration pale brown; tubercles pale red; a short dark horizontal band on dorsum along the same plane as forelimbs; a pair of black spots at the urostyle bone projections; forelimbs reddish brown with black cross bands. Tympanic region grayish black. Flanks with a black band starting above shoulder and terminating just before the groin. Anterior part of thigh with distinct black band starting from knee and terminating short of groin. Dorsal surface of hind limbs brownish with black cross bands. Vent with a black triangular marking. Anterior and posterior portions of pupil black. Ventral region pale cream colored; throat with dense purplish-black pigmentation, reducing in intensity towards belly; tarsus to tip of toes brownish with pale buff colored webbing.
Color in life.
Overall pale brown with prominent black markings on dorsum, hands, feet and flanks. Distinct black horizontal band on dorsum along the same plane as forelimbs. The band has a red leading edge. Deep purplish black vocal sac when calling. Iris golden yellow with brown mottling. Pupil black. Ventral parts cream white except throat (Fig 4B).
Variations.
Sexes dimorphic, female larger than male (SVL: male, 15.3–16.6 mm, female: 18.4 mm); Sub-gular skin fold absent and when gravid, un-pigmented eggs visible near flanks, belly and groin.
Etymology.
This species is named after the laterite rock formations in the type locality and other parts of its geographic range (Fig 4A). The specific name is an invariable noun in the nominative singular in apposition to generic name.
Comparisons were based on publications [25, 26, 28–30]. Morphologically, M. laterite sp. nov. is distinct from the sister species M. sholigari in the following set of characters (M. laterite sp. nov. vs. M. sholigari, n = 3 males, all values are ratios to SVL): (i) SVL/IUE larger (11.34 vs. 8.13), (ii) SVL/MBE smaller (9.14 vs. 12.44), (iii) SVL/NS larger (19.98 vs. 15.56), (iv) SVL/EN larger (14.00 vs. 12.88), (v) SVL/TW larger (7.46 vs. 6.39), (vi) SVL/IMT smaller (41.78 vs. 43.18), (vii) SVL/TFTF larger (4.87 vs. 3.29), (viii) SVL/FFTF larger (4.57 vs. 3.21). Additionally, M. laterite sp. nov. can be distinguished from M. sholigari by the presence of purplish black vocal sac vs. vocal sac cream with sparse brown pigmentation; dorsal pattern less constricted vs. dorsal pattern strongly constricted; webbing in feet reaching distal tubercle on fourth toe on the inside vs. webbing reaching proximal tubercle on fourth toe on the inside.
Microhyla laterite sp. nov. is also compared with four other species occurring in southern India and Sri Lanka and can be distinguished easily based on the characters below: Microhyla ornata and M. rubra are distinct from M. laterite sp. nov. as they lack finger and toe discs. Microhyla zeylanica is distinct from M. laterite sp. nov. in having a bluntly rounded snout vs. obtuse; elongate ridges and circular warts on dorsum vs. absent and digital discs without a cleft vs. cleft present. Microhyla karunarathnei differs from M. laterite sp. nov. in having toes with dermal fringe vs. absent; venter white with black marbling vs. venter crème white without marbling and vocal sack black with white stippling vs. vocal sac dark purplish black without stippling.
Ecology and Natural History Observations
Microhyla laterite sp. nov. was observed in and around the type locality during the south west monsoon seasons between April–August from 2013–2015. The species was found to be restricted to laterite habitats near rural and peri-urban areas. This species inhabits ephemeral ponds and other marshy areas in laterite habitats. They also occur in wet paddy fields where they were observed to vocalize from the embankment. Vocalization begins about 18:00 h and peaks between 19:15–21:30 h. The vocalization is very similar to that of ground crickets. Males can be located on leaf litter and other debris in dense grass clusters and often change their position while vocalizing. Upon disturbance, a few males were observed to stop calling and retreat backwards into small cavities in laterite rock formations where they lay low and hide for a few minutes.
The tadpoles of M. laterite sp. nov. are small, blackish overall and seen in shoals of over 100 individuals. We have observed Euphlyctis mudigere Joshy, Alam, Kurabayashi, Sumida, and Kuramoto, 2009, to feed on these tadpoles. Other species observed in the type locality are M. ornata; Fejervarya sahyadris (Dubois, Ohler, and Biju, 2001); F. caperata Kuramoto, Joshy, Kurabayashi, and Sumida, 2008; Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin, 1802); Polypedates maculatus (Gray, 1830) and Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Schneider, 1799).
Geographic Range and IUCN Status
Microhyla laterite sp. nov. was found from very few locations in and around Manipal, Udupi District (between 13.2868°–13.3757° N and 74.7795°–74.8731° E, 50 m amsl) and Konaje, Mangaluru District (12.8183° N, 74.9319° E, 80m amsl) M.lateritii, Karnataka State (Fig 1). The geographic extent of occurrence was 146.13 km2. As per IUCN Red List criteria [24], this species qualifies to be listed as endangered (EN) under B1ab(iii),(iv).
Bioacoustic Analysis and Comparison
Calls of M. laterite sp. nov. were recorded on 26th May 2015 between 17:30–18:30 h; Air Temperature: 27.9° C; Relative Humidity: 95% at Manipal 13.3593° N, 74.7979° E, 50 m amsl. The call sounds like 'Zeeeeee….Zeeeee….Zeeeee…' Calls of M. laterite sp. nov. (Fig 5A) had 90–126 pulses in each call (Mean ± SE, 106.88 ± 4.94, n = 8). Average dominant frequency was 3582.63 ± 15.70 Hz (Fig 5B; range: 3538–3664 Hz) and call duration was 0.72 ± 0.04 s (range: 0.60–0.85 s). We observed 2nd harmonics in M. laterite sp. nov. at 6458 ± 35.64 Hz (range: 6326–6607 Hz). A sample audio of M. laterite sp. nov. is given as S1 Audio.
Fig 5. Amplitude and Spectrogram of advertisement calls.
(a) Advertisement call of M. laterite sp. nov. A single call of 0.754s duration having 103 pulses, (b) a dominant frequency of 3664 Hz and 2nd harmonics of 6506 Hz. (c) Advertisement call of M. sholigari. A single call of 0.726 s duration having 70 pulses and (d) a dominant frequency of 3518 Hz.
Calls of M. sholigari were recorded on 4th July 2015, between 23:00 h and 23:45 h at Bisle, 12.7192° N and 75.6915° E, 837 m amsl. Air temperature was 23.25 ± 0.27° C and relative humidity of 92 ± 2%. Calls of M. sholigari had 64–72 pulses (Mean ± SE, 69.63 ± 1.18, n = 8) in each call (Fig 5C). Average dominant frequency was 3620.38 ± 26.41 Hz (Fig 5D; range: 3518–3779) and call duration was 0.72 ± 0.03 s (range: 0.53–0.81 s). A sample audio of M. sholigari is given as S2 Audio. Call duration and dominant frequency were not statistically significant between the two species (Mann Whitney U test: W = 33, P = 0.96 and W = 22.5, P = 0.34 respectively) however, the number of pulses were significantly higher in M. laterite sp. nov. (W = 64, P = 0.0009).
Members of the family Microhylidae comprise about 8% of all amphibians [31]. Having a pan tropical distribution, they have been of considerable interest in taxonomy and systematics. The classification and understanding of their evolutionary relationships has been in flux since Parker's comprehensive monograph in 1934. Several studies have been undertaken but have resulted in contradictory findings [32, 33]. Further, identifying species in this genus based solely on morphology has proven to be difficult, owing to the small size, high morphological similarity and general diminutive habits of Microhyla. Hence, most species discoveries in South and Southeast Asia rely on integrative approach using morphology, molecular and bioacoustic data [34]. Recent studies on Microhyla from Indian subcontinent report several cryptic and un-described lineages [28, 31]. Currently, there are three species of Microhyla found in south India viz., M. ornata, M. rubra and M. sholigari in addition to M. laterite which is described here.
Microhyla laterite is named after the 'lateritie' or 'ferricrete duricrust' habitats where they commonly occur. Laterite formations are a common feature along the western slopes of the Western Ghats and West coast where they are native habitats and not degraded lands [13, 35, 36]. Laterite rocks are anisotropic in nature giving a heterogeneous composition of ferruginous compounds that form a rigid skeletal framework which is often impregnated with relatively softer clay; Cavities and pores are a characteristic structural irregularity of these rocks [36]. Recent evidence suggests that these rock formations formed between late Cretaceous and early Tertiary and have a complex geological history and are of paleontological importance [37].
These laterite plateaus are broadly considered as 'rocky areas' as they are usually devoid of trees and other woody vegetation and are therefore classified as wastelands [38]. Though devoid of tertiary vegetation, these areas are rich in microhabitats as there is an abundance of ephemeral pools and associated vegetation. Vegetation assessments have revealed laterite habitats to harbor a high diversity of plants, dominated by Poaceae with over 45 endemics [39]. Utricularia spp. and Drosera spp. are also common in these habitats.
The localities where we observed the frog (Fig 1), are very few. They are dominated by shrubs, grasses and woody trees like Strychnos nux-vomica, Careya arborea, Macaranga indica, Mangifera indica and plantations of Acacia spp., Gliricidia spp. and Syzygium spp. The geographic range of M. laterite is small (146.13 km2) and warrants immediate conservation attention. We list this species as endangered (EN) under the IUCN Red List criteria B1ab(iii)(iv) where the estimated extent of occurrence is less than 500 km2, the habitat is severely fragmented, there is a continued decline of area, extent and/or quality of habitat and the species is present in less than five locations. Surveys in other regions along the West coast have not detected this species. Laterite habitats receive very little protection from any legislation and are sought after for developmental works and are heavily mined for construction material in form of bricks [36]. They are also subject to destructive anthropogenic activities like dumping of municipal solid wastes; fuel wood collection; conversion to plantations; encroachments; use of ephemeral pools for domestic ablutions and washing of vehicles (Fig 6). All these severely impact the already fragmented habitat and cause irreparable damages.
Fig 6. Depiction of land use change in Laterite habitats.
(a) Garbage dumping. (b) Mining for Laterite. (c) Urbanization. (d) Washing vehicles. (e) Habitat converted to Acacia sp. plantation.
Conservation Interventions
Laterite areas in India receive no protection and are considered as wastelands [38]. Given the threats these fragile habitats are facing, it is imperative to conserve them. The Wildlife Protection Act (1972) in conjunction with the National Wildlife Action Plan (2002–2016) provides opportunities for conserving such areas where they can be declared as 'Conservation Reserves' and/or 'Community Reserves'. These interventions will prevent further degradation by halting land conversion. With Community Reserves, the local community members are empowered to be key stakeholders and be greatly involved in conservation action [40]. Further, other legislations like the Biological Diversity Act (2002), enable areas of biological importance to be protected as 'Biological Heritage Areas' and several regions have already been listed in this framework [41]. These opportunities need to be explored in order to conserve the fragile laterite habitats which are vital for M. laterite.
The phylogenetic tree generated in this study provided low bootstrap support for almost all species except M. sholigari. The overall weak bootstrap support across species and clades is indicative of a spurious phylogenetic association because of missing species. Several attempts to understanding the phylogeny of species across taxa have encountered this issue. This arises either out of 'Linnean shortfall', where many un-described species exist or of 'Wallacean shortfall' where the geographic ranges are poorly understood due to lack of systematic sampling [42, 43]. Another added challenge here is the lack of relevant phylogenetic information of taxonomically valid species, known as the 'Darwinian shortfall' [44]. Therefore, it is imperative that systematic surveys are undertaken across Indian subcontinent, including Sri Lanka for a robust phylogeny and systematics of the genus Microhyla. These efforts would help in overcoming some of the limitations we currently face in understanding amphibian ecology and evolution.
With molecular tools becoming increasingly reliable and affordable; studies could shed light into the population dynamics of these small frogs found in isolated and severely fragmented landscapes. In context of laterite habitats, studies have estimated the early diversification period of Microhylidae to be at the late Cretaceous period and that of Microhyla to be in the lower Tertiary period; signifying that several lineages survived through the KT boundary [45]. Since M. laterite appears to be restricted to laterite rock formations along the West coast, further research on determining divergence times of M. laterite and testing for an association with laterite formations would enable a better understanding of biogeography, systematics and paleo-ecology. This will enable us to explore interesting evolutionary ecology questions in Microhyla.
S1 Appendix. Details of abbreviations used for morphometric measurements.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149727.s001
(DOCX)
S1 Audio. Call record of M. laterite sp. nov.
(WAV)
S2 Audio. Call record of M. sholigari.
S1 Table. List of species and accession numbers used for phylogenetic analysis.
List was based on Howlader, Nair (28).
S2 Table. Un-corrected pairwise genetic distances of Microhyla species used for analysis.
Uperodon variegatus is used as an out-group. Genetic distances are in percentage.
We are deeply indebted to the members of the 'Bisle Kappe Team'—Ashokavardhana, Atul, Deepika G Prasad, Dipin Poojary, Ganesh TL, Guruprasad, Manjunatha TL, Meena Prasad, Prithviraj, Ramya Badrinath, Rohit S Rao, Shashank Balasa, Shashwath Jaiswal, Sudhira HS, Suchith, Suhas Krishna, and Vivek GM. We thank field staff of ATREE and Karnataka Forest Department provided logistical support in BRTTR. Thanks to Sudhira HS, Director, Gubbi Labs LLP, for providing office space. Godwin Rodny D'Souza helped VK collect and transport voucher specimens. Rahul Khot, curator BNHS assisted in deposition of vouchers. We thank Madhukara S Putty and Catharina Gallacher for critical editorial comments to improve the manuscript quality.
Conceived and designed the experiments: KSS RS HP KVG. Performed the experiments: KSS RS HP GR SS MP MKV KVG. Analyzed the data: KSS HP KVG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KSS RS HP GR SS MP MKV KVG. Wrote the paper: KSS RS HP GR SS MP MKV KVG.
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text:
Does the Media Fear a Trump Presidency?
On Wednesday, February 24, 2016 No Comment
IF SO, WHY?
(Feb. 24, 2016) — On Tuesday, as caucus voting in the state of Nevada was under way, NBC News anchor Savannah Guthrie, her co-anchor and "Meet the Press" moderator Chuck Todd discussed "how you would stop (presidential candidate Donald) Trump" in regard to winning delegates in the ongoing caucuses and primaries in the 2016 presidential race.
Trump is a multi-billionaire who earned his wealth in real estate, notably in New York City and in capitals around the world. He is financing his own campaign and has said he is determined to win.
In response to Guthrie's question, which posed "a couple different scenarios," Todd said that "The cleanest way to stop Trump is to hurry up and get this into a one-on-one between Marco Rubio and Trump." Todd outlined several ways in which that might happen while stating that Trump could gain an advantage by beating Cruz and Rubio "in their home states."
The male anchor with Guthrie raised the question of a "brokered convention," which he said is mentioned "every four years." "This thing is going to a convention, and it rarely happens; it hasn't happened for more than 60 years," the anchor said. "Could this be the year, though?"
Todd explained how, if among "three or four different candidates" no candidate has a decisive lead, "we're going to a brokered convention."
Guthrie then said that "one other theory" to stopping Trump's momentum was that a latecomer could file the required documents to run in the Republican primary. Todd replied that someone had suggested to him that Mitt Romney might be such an individual. Todd also suggested that other "favorite sons and daughters" of the Republican Party might enter the race "simply to try to beat Trump, deny him delegates and create another way for a brokered convention."
Todd concluded that that hypothetical situation "is the most farfetched."
After Romney became the nominee in 2012, Trump campaigned for him in the very close contest with Obama. At approximately 4:38 p.m. on Wednesday, as this article was going to press, Romney was quoted by Fox News's Neil Cavuto as having said that he "had reason to believe" that Trump's tax returns may hold "a bombshell."
Guthrie's NBC resume states that one of her keynote interviews was one "in which the billionaire discussed his comments regarding President Obama's birth certificate." On April 27, 2011 the day of its release, Guthrie proclaimed that it contained a "raised seal," purportedly indicating its authenticity.
Guthrie was the only reporter to make such a claim and was promoted two months later to "Today" co-anchor at the network.
Guthrie's tweets regarding the "document" she held in her hand that day as she was interviewed by now-demoted NBC anchor Brian Williams, who was found to have embellished his news reports on several occasions, suspended for six months and reinstated at NBC offshoot MSNBC last year, are no longer accessible.
The "document" was later declared a "computer-generated forgery" by the Maricopa County Cold Case Posse, along with Obama's Selective Service registration form.
Posse lead investigator Mike Zullo reported early in the four-year investigation that the person or people who created the forgery are known and that one or more Obama supporters, termed "Obots," are employed within DARPA, a division of the Department of Defense.
More than a year after the long-form birth certificate image was released, Wolf Blitzer of CNN accused Trump of "beginning to sound a little ridiculous" in regard to his lingering doubts about its authenticity. Blitzer disregarded the announced conclusions of the Cold Case Posse on March 1, 2012 stating that the only documentation the government had released on Obama is fraudulent.
In its minimal reportage of the two press conferences held by Zullo and Arpaio, the mainstream media has failed to include any documentation which would refute the posse's findings and support their doctrinaire approach to the matter.
Contrary to Blitzer's claim that "the state of Hawaii confirmed the legitimacy of Obama's birth certificate.," no one from the Hawaii government ever said directly that the short-form "Certification of Live Birth" released by an unknown party on June 12, 2008 nor the long-form image posted at whitehouse.gov is authentic. In fact, Maricopa County Sheriff Joseph M. Arpaio, who commissioned the posse's investigation, said that "the government of Hawaii" is complicit in the deception of the American people with the birth certificate forgery.
Beginning two days before the release of the long-form birth certificate, CNN produced a two-part series in an apparent attempt to "prove" that the short-form birth certificate bearing Obama's name was legitimate. The second part of the series, aired on April 26, 2011, gave the viewer the false impression that the microfilm containing Obama's original birth certificate was depicted toward the end; that segment is no longer available on the web.
CNN misreported the facts when it claimed that there is a "state law that allows certain public officials to examine a person's actual birth certificate if there is a 'direct and tangible interest.'" Rather, the Hawaii statute invoking "direct and tangible interest" limits those who can obtain a certified copy of any vital record to family members, legal guardians and descendants upon proof of such relationship.
Obama himself has "roasted" Trump over his call for him to release proof that he was born in the U.S. and denied that he was "forced" by Trump to do so.
Trump's doubts about Obama's documentation have been termed "birtherism" now a frequently-used term by the mainstream media.
On October 24, 2012, ABC News reported, "Donald Trump today pledged $5 million to a charity of President Obama's choice, provided the president makes public his college applications and transcripts and releases his passport history, a far cry from the October-surprise bombshell Trump had promised" under the title, "Donald 'Bombshell' Fails to Blow Up."
Last fall, CBS News focused on Trump's failure to "correct" the statements of Americans who perceive that Obama is a Muslim and does not have a legitimate birth certificate to prove that he was born in the United States despite the Cold Case Posse's announced conclusions.
Fox News Channel host Sean Hannity recently asked Trump if he would prosecute Hillary Clinton for using a private computer server and email address while exchanging highly-sensitive government information through unsecured channels, to which Trump responded, "…certainly, it has to be looked at."
In December 2007, Matthews declared that Obama was "born in Indonesia" and had "an Islamic background" but later attacked anyone questioning Obama's birthplace in Hawaii. In December 2015, MSNBC's Chris Matthews dogged Trump about his 2011 push for Obama to release the long-form birth certificate when he asked, "You really believe this guy is an illegitimate president?"
Is that the very discovery which the media fears the most, along with its possible complicity in protecting that "illegitimate president"?
"Birtherism", 2016 presidential race, Brian Williams, brokered convention, CBS News, Chuck Todd, CNN, Cold Case Posse, Donald Trump, Hawaii, Mike Zullo, Mitt Romney, MSNBC, NBC News, Obama's long-form birrh certificate, Obama's Selective Service registration form, Savannah Guthrie, Sean Hannity, Sheriff Joseph M. Arpaio, Wolf Blitzer
Does the Media Fear a Trump Presidency? added on Wednesday, February 24, 2016
Has the Media Meltdown Begun?
Where Are NBC Reporter Savannah Guthrie's "Pics" of Obama's Long-Form Birth Certificate?
The Mainstream Media's Biggest Lie of All
Is Tuesday a Vote on Obama's Lack of "Transparency?"
Does NBC's Ron Allen Have a Paper Copy of Obama's Purported Birth Certificate?
Trump Busy Tweeting on Saturday Morning

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The most important setting for the Church's social teaching is not in a food pantry or in a legislative committee room, but in prayer and worship, especially gathered around the altar for the Eucharist. It is in the liturgy that we find the fundamental direction, motivation, and strength for social ministry.
Catholics understand the connections between the celebration of the sacraments and our social mission as followers of Jesus and members of the Body of Christ.
The Church's obligation to participate in social ministry and shape the moral character of society is a requirement of our faith. It is a basic part of the mission we have received from Jesus Christ, who offers a vision of life revealed to us in Sacred Scripture and Tradition.
The monthly Foundations of Faith establish a stronger foundation for our efforts in social ministry--or perhaps to lay the first bricks of a foundation--through prayer, Scripture, homilies, and Works of Mercy.


The Indian Army is planning to procure Ultra Light Recovery Vehicles (Short chassis) recovery vehicles to provide repair and recovery cover in mountains to all wheeled vehicles up to a gross vehicle weight of 6 tons. The Army has stipulated it requires vehicles with a minimum range of 700 km on road and 500 km in mountains with top speed of at least 80 km and 30 km respectively. The vehicles will need to be capable of unprepared fording up to 760 mm with a ground clearance of 320mm. The ULRV will need to be road and rail transportable, and sport a lifespan of 2,50,000 km or 15 years whichever is earlier. Vendors need to field vehicles with turbocharged diesel engine with minimum power to weight ratio of 20:1, sporting a cold starting device fitted for ease of starting in extreme cold climate. The ULRVs need to be capable of performing their intended role at altitudes of upto 17,500 ft above sea level, and operating in all terrain and climatic conditions prevalent in the country. The Army has also stipulated that vendors need to specify if they are ready to transfer 100% technology alongwith design blue prints for main equipment and its constituents (to include the outsourced components and spares if any), and if not, clearly specify the details of the restrictions.


I have troughout the years had many different creative roles and committments. Here are some examples of things I have done. What can i do for you?
I have designed and developed hompages according to the clients wishes and needs. Below are some examples of websites i have designed.
I have produced and developed product catalogues with trendy new images each season. I came up with the overall concepts in line with the seasonal trends and the product collections as well as styling the images to go in the catalogue. I also designed the layout and produced the actual catalogue to suite the products.
I have designed four jewellery and accessory collections for eight consecuative years for a recognised Swedish fashion brand. The collections were influenced by seasonal trends, as well as function and in line with the values of the brand. Fashion forward jewellery for the fashion consious man and woman.
Each season I represented the fashion brand on at least two fashion exhibitions. I designed the stands and also delt with all logostics and building of it. The stands were designed to enhance the season's collection and to bring out certain key concepts like for example availabillity, fashion forwardness, glow or simplicity.


text:
Slave Bible From The 1800s Omitted Key Passages That Could Incite Rebellion
What's notable about this Bible is not just its rarity, but its contents, or rather the lack of certain contents — It excludes any portion of text that might inspire liberation or revolt.
by Michel Martin Dec 9, 2018 2 minutes
Anthony Schmidt, associate curator of Bible and Religion in America at the museum, says the first instance of the abridged version of the Bible titled, Parts of the Holy Bible, selected for the use of the Negro Slaves, in the British West-India Islands, was published in 1807. Source: Museum of the Bible
On display now at the Museum of the Bible in Washington, D.C., is a special exhibit centered on a rare Bible from the 1800s that was used by British missionaries to convert and educate slaves.
What's notable about this Bible is not just its rarity, but its content, or rather the lack of content. It excludes any portion of text that might inspire rebellion or liberation.
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The Atlantic6 min read
What Kids Are Really Learning About Slavery
A new report finds that the topic is mistaught and often sentimentalized—and students are alarmingly misinformed as a result.
Abraham Lincoln's Secret Visits to Slaves
In the 1930s, former slaves told the Federal Writers' Project that the president came to their plantations in disguise, telling them they'd soon be free.
The First Reparations Attempt at an American College Comes From Its Students
Georgetown's students voted to tax themselves to pay descendants of enslaved people, instead of waiting for the school to do something.
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text:
There is a common recognition among Palestinians and Jews who long for a peaceful solution of the conflict between Palestinians and Israelis, that the creation of an independent state of Palestine is a nefarious solution. A Palestine state headed for instance by Abu Mazin, will have no choice but be subservient to an Israeli state headed by the like of Sharon. The overwhelming military superiority of Israel will give it the possibility to impose its will. It is clear that Israel will retain the possibility of incursions into the "independent" state, either to "protect the settlements" or under whatever other pretext.
I am among those who wish a single secular and democratic state for all the inhabitants of Palestine, Muslims Christians and Jews, in which the rights of the individuals and those of minorities will be respected, in which each ethnicity will have the right to live its life according to its own traditions, as long as it does not imposes its views on other ethnicities. Therefore, even if they would be in minority, Jews could live according to whatever understanding they have of the "Jewish character".
The citizenship policies of the single Palestinian state, will confer citizenship to the actual inhabitants of the one Palestinian state, and would recognize the right to citizenship of all the people who have claims not dating more than four generations. It would imply the right of return of all the Palestinian refugees as citizens of Palestine in no need to request citizenship. As to the Biblical claims, they are obviously older than four generations and are therefore excluded.
It is an ideal solution, but is no solution at all unless we have a plan clarifying how do we get from here to there.
It is clear that this solution does not appeal just now to the Israeli population. This raises the question: can a solution of a one Palestinian state be implemented in spite of the opposition of the Israeli population?
Israel is militarily overwhelmingly powerful. What can make an Israeli establishment, controlling a state as powerful as Israel, give up the "Jewish State" and accept the one-state solution? That establishment would rather chose other solutions. It may complete the security wall, evacuate all occupied territories except the settlements and what it takes to protect them. It may build additional walls dividing the territories into bandoustans, in which the settlements would be more secure. Alternatively, it could make life so difficult for the Palestinians in the territories, to force them to leave Palestine. It would be once more an operation of ethnic cleansing.
One cannot foresee what the Israelis would resort to. But one thing is certain: a one state solution cannot be implemented in spite of the Israeli opposition. Anyone not agreeing to that statement can only be credible if he comes up with a way to go from here to there in spite of the Israeli opposition.
We will now exclude the possibility of implementing the one-state solution in the face of the Israeli opposition.
This does not mean that the one-state solution is impossible. It means that a pre-condition is to have the Israelis change their mind and stop opposing that solution.
Changing the mind of the Israelis regarding the one-state solution, is not an easy proposition to implement.
One way that comes to mind is to exhaust the Israeli ability to withstand the losses inflicted on its society by the suicide-bombings. Has anyone made a scientific study to support the view that the Israelis could renounce their state under the stress of insecurity produced by suicide-bombings? What if the assumption is wrong? Is it not a fact that till now, the israelis have inflicted much more casualties to the Palestinians than the Palestinians have inflicted to the Israelis? Is there not a possibility that the Palestinians could renounce to the one-state solution and accept whatever bandoustani solution implying a stop of Palestinian casualties? I do not know, but no one has been able to prove that the first assumption is more likely than the second.
My guess is that a continuation of the policy of suicide-bombings will convince the Israeli people of the legitimacy of taking the most extreme measures against the Palestinians. It will not end up in a one-state solution but will certainly create a state of deep hate between the two people, not very propitious for the future of a one-state solution.
But there is another way. It consists in wearing the shoes of the Israelis, not to justify the policies they support, but to find out why, against their most fundamental interests of security, peace and prosperity, interests they share with the Palestinians, they do vote for Sharon. Once this is understood, a strategy can be developed enabling the Palestinians to shake the Israeli people out of their fears and abandon their support of the criminal Israeli establishment. How to do it has been described in "Stumbling Blocks" available from me on request.
The Israeli fears cannot be eliminated in one stroke of Palestinian strategy. Once the Israeli people lose confidence in the Israeli establishment, he will be ready to opt for a leadership of a radically new kind. Such a leadership would evacuate the territories and dismantle its Jewish settlements. There would then be two states, but not as being considered today. No two state is worthy of consideration with an Israel lead by the kind of criminal establishment it had since its creation.
If Israel is lead by people like Jeff Halper and Ilan Pappe (and it does not have to be precisely them), the possibility of good neghbourhood becomes real to the point it could become brotherly.
The fact is that there is no single example of a democratic Arab state. Without a demonstration of how really democratic and secular a Palestinian state can be, there is no possibility for the one-state solution to appeal to Israelis. But this could change if the practice of friendly coexistence between the two states will enlighten the existence of a truly democratic Palestinian State.
As stated in a previous paper, A one-state solution is a marriage that has to be preceded by the engagement constituted by a two-states solution
Clement Leibovitz
#56, 3221-119 street
Canada T6J 5K7
e-mail: cleibovi@shawbiz.ca
http://cleibovi.shawbiz.ca
http://cleibovi.shawbiz.ca/appeasement


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Ostrów Południowy – dawna gromada, czyli najmniejsza jednostka podziału terytorialnego Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej w latach 1954–1972.

Gromady, z gromadzkimi radami narodowymi (GRN) jako organami władzy najniższego stopnia na wsi, funkcjonowały od reformy reorganizującej administrację wiejską przeprowadzonej jesienią 1954 do momentu ich zniesienia z dniem 1 stycznia 1973, tym samym wypierając organizację gminną w latach 1954–1972.

Gromadę Ostrów Południowy z siedzibą GRN w Ostrowiu Południowym utworzono – jako jedną z 8759 gromad – w powiecie sokólskim w woj. białostockim, na mocy uchwały nr 22/V WRN w Białymstoku z dnia 4 października 1954. W skład jednostki weszły obszary dotychczasowych gromad Ostrów Południowy, Ostrów Północny i Ostrów Nowy ze zniesionej gminy Szudziałowo oraz miejscowość Ozierskie wieś z dotychczasowej gromady Ozierskie ze zniesionej gminy Krynki w tymże powiecie. Dla gromady ustalono 11 członków gromadzkiej rady narodowej.

31 grudnia 1959 gromadę Ostrów Południowy zniesiono, włączając ją do gromad Szudziałowo (wieś Ostrów Północny), Krynki (wieś Ozierskie) i Górany (wsie Ostrów Południowy i Ostrów Nowy oraz kolonię Podświdziałówka).

Przypisy

Ostrów Południowy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Dailey Memorial Library was constructed on the site of the historic Town House in the mid-century Colonial Revival style in 1957, with funds donated by W.R. Dailey. Since its construction, the library has evolved from a book repository to its current use as a multifunction community center with a range of activities: over 12,000 books, audio, and video offerings with 900 registered borrowers, tax-preparation classes for seniors, reading programs for adult and young children, story and crafts activities for children, family movie nights, lectures, book deliveries to shut-ins, and several other programs. The library now serves the Town of Derby, Charleston, Morgan, and Holland, and the demand for its services and activities have outgrown the building's modest size.
The plan calls for a 1600 sq. ft. addition on two levels attached to the back of the building, increasing the overall usable space to 4,000 sq. ft. A lift, ADA bathrooms, and other changes will bring the library into compliance with ADA. The renovated interior will house a multipurpose community room, children's activity space, study areas, and adult and children's reading areas. The addition in this plan is substantially smaller in size than the original plan which was too expensive and overpowered the historic building.
The current $550,000 plan respects the architecture of the original historic building. A grant of $50,000 will enable the volunteer Board of Directors to complete the project.


Richard Blanco is the fifth presidential inaugural poet and the first Latino immigrant and gay person to serve in such a role. He is the author of numerous award-winning works such as The Prince of Los Cocuyos: A Miami Childhood and An Inaugural Poet's Journey. Blanco is the recipient of three honorary doctorates and has been a guest on numerous television programs as well as NPR. Born in Madrid to Cubanexiled parents and raised in Miami, the themes of his books center on the negotiation of cultural identity and place in society. Whether speaking as the Cuban Blanco or the American Richard, the homebody or the world traveler, the civil engineer or the civic-minded poet, Blanco's writings possess a story-rich quality that illuminates the human spirit. His work asks those universal questions we all ask ourselves on our own journeys: Where am I from? Where do I belong? Who am I in this world? We welcome Mr. Blanco to our series.


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Completed in 1878, St. Patrick's Cathedral stands in New York, New York on Madison Avenue. This exquisite 135 year old cathedral is home to many Catholics under the leadership of Timothy Dolan (2013). The cathedral is right across from Rockefeller Center which makes it a tourist must see in New York City. The property was purchased in late 1828 due to unpaid taxes. The sight was going to be home to a Catholic cemetery, but eventually grew into a bigger and better idea. The Civil War caused the delay of construction for about seven years, but it now stands tall today. Since the cathedral is now aging, and more rapidly because of acid rain, the cathedral is going through restoration that will cost about $177 million. St. Patrick's can hold 2,200 people and takes up a whole city block. The details of the cathedral are very beautiful and thought out. Most of the work is created in the United States. Some of the work includes: stained glass from Boston, spires made of marble from Massachusetts and also New York, and Tiffany & Company designed both the Saint Michael and Saint Lewis altar. The cathedral is truly a work of art.
In 1785, Catholicism wasn't very popular in New York. It was practiced by only two hundred New Yorkers, and the state only had one Catholic priest. However, as New York came into the early 1800s the Catholic population began to grow. It was during this time that the state was elevated to an episcopal see, meaning it gained a bishop to care for the local churches. The duties of this role are (but are not limited to) guiding, delegating, and keeping holy the followers of their Catholic church. Events such as this made for growth in the New York Catholic population until there were enough New York Catholics for an original Cathedral of New York to be built. It was constructed near Mulberry Street in lower Manhattan, which is not where it lives today. The cathedral is named after Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. It was funded by the contributions of many poor immigrants, along with $1000 donations from 103 prominent citizens. This cathedral, created early in the 19th century, was designed by Mr. Joseph Mangin, a famous architect in New York City, and exhibits Gothic architecture.
In the mid 18th-century, Archbishop Hughes wanted to erect a new cathedral that would do justice to the numerical, intellectual, and economic growth of New York's Catholic community. James Renwick, a popular architect, designed the new cathedral, and his plan costed upwards of $850,000. The church was to be located between Madison avenue and 5th avenue, between 50th street and 51st street. The plan was referred to as the "Hughes' Folly," because people believed this location to be too far out of the more heavily-populated downtown area to be successful, but it was executed at the midtown location. Its construction began in the August of 1858, and was interrupted by the Civil War (along with a lack of funds), but construction quickly picked up after the end of the war. The cathedral was finally opened to the public on May 25, 1789. It was praised as the most glorious spiritual center raised in the name of Saint Patrick, and as "the glory of Catholic America" by newspapers.
In 1927, a renovation project for the Cathedral was proposed by Cardinal Hayes, in honor of its 50th anniversary. This renovation included, but was not limited to, sanctuary enlargement choir gallery rebuilding, new organ building, new baptistery construction, and new flooring. In the 1940s many benefactors were willing to fund improvements such as window, door, and altar reconstruction, further improving the already praised Cathedral. At the current time, plans are being put into place to continually preserve Saint Patrick's Cathedral for the glorious piece of history that it is.
http://www.nyc-arts.org/organizations/2478/saint-patrick-s-cathedral http://saintpatrickscathedral.org/historical-timeline http://saintpatrickscathedral.org/history-heritage/
List of Mass Times
Hours of operation vary.
Created by Lora Rutherford on December 2nd 2013, 12:08:44 pm.
Last updated by Emma Vukelj (Instructed by Anthony Valentin, Stuyvesant High School) on November 11th 2015, 12:48:16 am.


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SAD steht als Abkürzung für:
 Schmerz-Angst-Depression
 Schulamtsdirektor
 Schweizerischer Aufklärungsdienst, siehe Heer und Haus
 Seasonal Affective Disorder, siehe Winterdepression
 Security Association Database, Datenbank zur Verwaltung von sicherer Kommunikation mit IPsec, siehe IPsec #Verbindungsaufbau
 Sharpless Asymmetrische Dihydroxylierung, Namensreaktion der Organischen Chemie, siehe Asymmetrische Dihydroxylierung
 Shiromani Akali Dal, politische Partei der Sikhs in Indien
 Sinti Allianz Deutschland
 Slovenská autobusová doprava, ehemalige Staatsunternehmen und heute gemeinsame Marke verschiedener Busgesellschaften in der Slowakei
 Small airway disease, siehe Chronische obstruktive Lungenerkrankung
 Special Activities Division, paramilitärische Spezialeinheit der CIA
 Staatlicher Arbeitsdienst, Organisation in Österreich ab 1936, siehe Freiwilliger Arbeitsdienst #Organisation in Österreich
 Südtiroler Automobildienst, siehe SAD Nahverkehr
 Summe der absoluten Differenzen in der Bildverarbeitung

SAD als Unterscheidungszeichen auf Kfz-Kennzeichen:
 Deutschland: Landkreis Schwandorf

sad steht als Abkürzung für:
 Sandawe (Sprache) (ISO-639-3-Code), Sprache der Sandawe in Tansania

Sad bzw. Sād steht für:
 Sad (Musiker) (auch SAD; * 1977), Schweizer Musikproduzent
 Sād, 14. Buchstabe des arabischen Alphabets
 Sad (Sure), 38. Sure des Korans
 Sad (Einheit), altes nordafrikanisches Volumenmaß

Saʿd ist der Name oder Familienname folgender Personen:
 Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqās (595–664), Wegbegleiter des Propheten Mohammed
 Saʿd ibn Muʿādh, Anführer des Stammes Banū Aus
 Saʿd ibn ʿUbāda († 636), Anführer des arabischen Stammes der Banū Chazradsch
 Ahmad Saʿd (1945–2010), israelisch-arabischer Journalist und Politiker

Sad (ukrainisch Сад) ist der Name folgender Orte in der Ukraine:
 Sad (Sumy), Selyschtsche im Rajon Sumy, Oblast Sumy
 Sad (Synelnykowe), Siedlung städtischen Typs im Rajon Synelnykowe, Oblast Dnipropetrowsk

Abkürzung


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Coaching Football: Tips from a Pro
They say defense wins championships. Few coaches know that better than Joe Daniel.
As the defensive coordinator and offensive line coach at Prince George High School, Joe knows a thing or two about keeping offenses out of the end zone. He's also been writing about the game for years on joedaniel.com and discussing it on The Football Coaching Podcast. So yeah. He's a busy guy.
In this episode, Joe answers some of the toughest questions about coaching youth football. How can you get players to think of themselves as a team rather than an individual? What's it like trying to deal with parents? How can coaches become more proactive about concussion prevention?
If you've been waiting for a podcast with a football coach, you've found it!
TeamSnap Podcast host, Emily Cohen, dreams of living in a world where kids can enjoy sports for the pleasure of a well-hit ball, a faster time, or a corner goal – one without helicopter parents managing their every move. As a youth sports blogger, she's been honored to write for TeamSnap for over half a decade, and now she's taking her wit and wisdom to the airwaves with her new podcast that tackles issues relating to youth sports.
As a Cal grad and long-time Bay Area resident, Emily Cohen knows a thing or two about sports. With two very active teenage athletes, she is well-versed in bleacher-sitting and the conduct of sports parents – the good, the bad, and the ugly. Some topics close to her heart include sideline etiquette, injury prevention, and good old-fashioned sportsmanship.
When she's not on the tennis court, at a game, or managing her kids' teams, she's writing snappy marketing copy for technology companies, walking her dog, or learning to play the drums.
Follow Emily's podcasts and learn more about how to support your children in their athletic pursuits at podcast.teamsnap.com. You can also follow Emily on Twitter at @emilygcohen or email her at [email protected]
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What Does It Take to Be a Great Coach?
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Concussions and CTE: Everything Sports Parents Need to Know
Cross-Training for Young Athletes


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Ben Stokes says his life changed after brawl in Bristol – UKMALAYALEE
UKMALAYALEE > Sports > Ben Stokes says his life changed after brawl in Bristol
Ben Stokes says his life changed after brawl in Bristol
Monday 8 April 2019 1:36 AM UTC
LONDON April 8: Ben Stokes' life underwent a sudden change after his brawl outside a Bristol nightclub in September 2017. Opening up on how the incident changed his life, the English all-rounder, who is a part of Rajasthan Royals (RR) in the Indian Premier League (IPL) 2019, said, he has stopped going out in his own country rather choosing to stay in the comforts of his hotel with his teammates.
The 27-year-old added, one of the prime reason of doing so is because he is recognised easily and there are plenty of people targetting him.
"I don't go out anymore, I mean, I might go out for dinner, but I don't go out-out anymore in England," Daily Mail quoted Stokes as saying to Espn.
"I used to love going out and celebrating with the lads. But we can do that in the hotel and I don't miss it. I don't feel that urge any more. Once you make the transition to not doing it then you don't miss it
"It's pointless. You get recognised and then, after someone has had a few ego boosters, a few vodka and whatevers, they feel they can come up to you and say whatever they feel.
There are people ready to target you everywhere you go. I prefer staying in and chatting nonsense with my team-mates," Stokes who has featured in 52 Tests for his national team added.
Featuring for Rajasthan Royals currently, Stokes has notched up 69 runs from four matches. He has an impeccable strike rate of 176.92 in the IPL 2019 and has hit four boundaries and identical number of sixes to his name.
The all-rounder will also be one of the key players for hosts England in World Cup 2019.


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«Loving Cup» —en español: «Copa de amor»— es una canción de la banda británica de rock The Rolling Stones, que aparece en su álbum Exile on Main St. editado en 1972. Fue escrita por Mick Jagger y Keith Richards.

Historia
Una versión temprana de esta canción, con una introducción completamente diferente tocada en piano, fue grabada entre abril y julio de 1969 en los Olympic Studios de Londres, durante las sesiones de Let It Bleed. (Esta versión, o al menos parte de ella fue empalmada con otro outtake, fue lanzado en 2010 en la versión deluxe remasterizada Exile en Main St.).

Una "Loving Cup" (Copa de amor) es una clase de trofeo. Es uno de esos grandes que tiene la forma de un corazón con manijas en los lados, y por lo general se da por grandes victorias en los eventos deportivos. Esta balada usa la copa para representar una relación amorosa.

La grabación de la versión de «Loving Cup» que aparece en Exile en Main St. comenzó en diciembre de 1971 en los estudios Sunset Sound de Los Ángeles y continuaron hasta marzo de 1972. Mick Jagger canta y Keith Richards aporta los coros. Richards también toca las guitarras. El bajo y la batería son proporcionados por Bill Wyman y Charlie Watts, respectivamente. El piano es provisto por el veterano colaborador de la banda Nicky Hopkins. El saxofón es de Bobby Keys y trompeta y trombón son de Jim Price. El productor del disco, Jimmy Miller, proporciona las maracas. No se sabe quién toca los tambores metálicos.

Después del lanzamiento de Exile en Main St., Allen Klein demandó a los Stones por incumplimiento de acuerdo, ya que «Loving Cup» y otras cuatro canciones del álbum fueron compuestas mientras que Jagger y Richards estaban bajo contrato con su compañía ABKCO. Klein adquirió los derechos de publicación de las canciones, dándole una parte de las regalías de Exile on Main St., y fue capaz de publicar otro álbum de las canciones de Rolling Stones lanzadas anteriormente, More Hot Rocks (Big Hits & Fazed Cookies).

«Loving Cup» ha sido interpretada esporádicamente por los Stones desde su introducción a su catálogo: la tocaron en el concierto que realizó la banda en Hyde Park el 5 de julio de 1969,  fue parte de los shows del American Tour 1972 y fue reintroducida a los setlists durante el Licks Tour entre 2002 y 2003. También grabaron una versión en vivo junto con Jack White durante la etapa 2006 del A Bigger Bang Tour, fue presentada en el documental sobre la banda dirigido por Martin Scorsese Shine a Light (2008) y en el álbum de la banda sonora.

Jonathan Zwickel de Pitchfork considera que "uno de los trabajos más duraderos y conmovedores de The Rolling Stones."

Personal
Acreditados:

Mick Jagger: voz, coros
Keith Richards: guitarra eléctrica, guitarra acústica, coros
Charlie Watts: batería
Bill Wyman: bajo
Nicky Hopkins: piano
Bobby Keys: saxofón
Jim Price: trompeta
Jimmy Miller: maracas

Versiones de otros artistas
La banda Phish ha versionado frecuentemente la canción durante sus shows en vivo.

La banda de rock argentina Ciro y los Persas versionó el tema en vivo en su gira 27/Qué placer Tour.

Referencias

Véase también
 Anexo:Discografía de The Rolling Stones

Enlaces externos

Canciones de 1972
Canciones en inglés
Canciones de The Rolling Stones
Canciones compuestas por Mick Jagger
Canciones compuestas por Keith Richards
Canciones producidas por Jimmy Miller


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Home Filmmaking Making Movies About Bad People Who Do Bad Things by Chris von...
horror filmmaking
Making Movies About Bad People Who Do Bad Things by Chris von Hoffmann
Film Courage: How did making your first feature film and then getting feedback on that film impact how you write things now?
Chris von Hoffmann, horror writer/director: Oh hugely, massively because with making DRIFTER, I'm going to be very, very honest I was not focusing that much on screenplay, on pedestrian narrative, on plotting, on character development. I was very much focused on a cold exercise in style. Very much making scene after scene of stuff that I love and have a thin story stitched together with duct tape, that was 100% the intention of that movie. But I think we were getting a lot of feedback when we were editing it and we knew that there were some irreparable problems that were dictated by the weakness of the screenplay and kind of shot myself in the foot a little bit by rushing into it because people were…they were just taking the movie so seriously. They were being so film school analytical about so many things because if there is a story, it's one of those kind of movies that start off as one thing and by the end it's a very much different thing, it keeps on transforming itself sort of like this hybrid, genre mashup which is definitely the movie I wanted to make at the time. I still think it's a fun picture when I watch it…picture. I sound like I'm in the 40's when I said that.
DRIFTER is now available exclusively on Netflix
But with MONSTER PARTY, that was a really wonderful experience because there is much more pressure on that movie. I have a lot of producers involved, a lot of great people involved that have much more experience than I am. People who are extremely brutally honest from the word go, from the writing stage, to the filming of it, to the editing of it, to the sound, the music, everything. I had people watching every element of that movie. And they were all very strong collaborators, I really love working with these guys.
I think I was always wanting those heavy-hitting cut-throat producers that were going to say Chris, this is not working. You have to fix this because you are going to shoot yourself in the foot later on the editing. And I had a lot of that on MONSTER PARTY, because you get so inside the movie and you need those outside perspectives and I didn't really have that much on DRIFTER because we were all friends and we kind of all came up together so I don't think they were being as harsh as they should have been.
"I like morality tales. I like movies that have a moral tightrope that the characters are walking…"
With MONSTER PARTY that was not the case, but I think that was right in the long run because at the end of the day it's the movie. It's not your auteur personality, it's not your cool stylist, it's the movie. I mean at a certain point it's not even your movie anymore, it has to be as accessible as possible and MONSTER PARTY was a great transition for me. It was almost like a new chapter in my life to really explore new territory and go back to the roots of the storytelling I was attracted to and approach it from a much more mature angle and can I have the soundtrack and the style organically climb inside the movie a little bit and not hijack the movie like DRIFTER .
I'm very proud of the experience with MONSTER PARTY, very proud of the movie.
Film Courage: Do you think most of your characters…let's say any characters in any of your features, do they go through the hero's journey. Because in some ways it's different, a horror movie is not going to end in a great light where this hero has realized their potential or saved something (it's often not the case).
Chris: With DRIFTER I was trying to do that. But MONSTER PARTY I would definitely say has a hero's journey. But I am very attracted to stories that are populated by, I like morality tales. I like movies that have a moral tightrope that the characters are walking that the lead character might do something that you might not agree with and it might be a little bit messed up and I'm going to challenge you if you still want to go on the ride with him.
Photo courtesy of Chris von Hoffmann
A really random example that I bring up because it's so notorious for being so bad it's good which I think it a really genuinely fun movie is SHOWGIRLS, which I love SHOWGIRLS, it's great. I'm not saying that ironically, I really love that movie. The first time I saw it was with my Mother, it was a very random, weird experience. But what's really fascinating about that movie and what I'm trying to do with MONSTER PARTY, a lot was every character in that movie has kind of like has badness in them. I mean they might disguise it but they are all kind of very…they have bad, bad qualities about them, even Nomi (the main character) and the only innocent character in that movie is the girl who is the make-up artist and she gets punished for being innocent in this world of horrible people. She gets punished quite horribly and people forget about that really horrible scene in the third act with her and the rock star guy. That's a very eye-opening, vicious scene where she gets punished for being good, a good pure person around these terrible people including the lead character.
That's sort of what I tried to dabble in with MONSTER PARTY where its very flawed people against even more flawed people and the people you think would not be flawed were way more flawed than you possibly could imagine. But there are a couple very innocent people in the movie who get extremely punished for being very genuine.
It sounds like a sick way of looking at things, that's always been sort of the outlook I saw the world in where sometimes good deeds go, like they always say No good deed goes unpunished or whatever. And innocent people paying the price for being what they are and bad people having this power and the moral corruption of the world in our society and our generation and I'm always trying to make some sort of bold statement about how I see, I'm not just trying to make sort of cool genre movies and violence and cool stuff. That's all fun, but I am trying to sneak in a very bold statement about how I see the world because a lot of it is very personal. As whacked out as some of the stuff is, it is very, very personal about the kind of tone and the kind of nature of certain lead characters that we're supposed to be rooting for.
I think when you're writing stories you have put all of your good traits on screen, but you also have to put a lot of your bad traits on screen and no one wants to see just good traits. You almost embarrass yourself by putting in really bad traits about yourself. Do it in a very fun, kind of accessible way, but those kind of stories I've always been attracted to.
Film Courage: Or CARRIE.
Chris: Yes, CARRIE is great.
Film Courage: Being punished at home, being punished at high school.
Chris: That's such a cynical story and then she has no other options but to terrorize her prom and then she pays the price for it. I mean that's such a sad, great morality tale.
Because everyone has flaws and everyone has darkness inside of them, some people do a better job disguising them. But I like movies that really push the boundaries of what our protagonist are capable of and somewhat bad people against worst people. I've just always been attracted to that kind of storytelling.
Film Courage: Right and when you see the bad people aren't always the stereotypical ones where if you saw them in a dark alley [you'd go the other way]. Sometimes it's the ones whom you would think are a little more trustworthy that are really the worst.
Chris: Yes. One of my favorite directors is Larry Clark and films like BULLY and KIDS and KEN PARK, those films are very disturbing experiences but they are characters that…I grew up around people very much like those kind of people. My brother was very friends with those kind of kids. So I think a lot of that kind of stuff, hearing very revolting things that these kids would say and seeing stuff that they would do and hearing stories about them (what they would do) and I think a lot of that stuff I try to translate in a cinematic format and go back to that…It just comes from growing up and the kind of people I was around in high school and the things that I saw and just really disturbing, tragic things that were happening with people and at a certain point you just can't quite see the world any other ways until you get into your later years. But I'm just stemming about how the world was around me growing up, the kind of people that I interacted with, and the kind that I grew up around and the people's houses that I went to and the kind of stuff I saw and the really whacked out, dysfunctional things that were happening inside these houses and these kids.
I don't know, I'm just very attracted to that kind of stuff and making it as grounded as possible in a cinematic kind of way.
CONNECT WITH CHRIS VON HOFFMANN
About Chris von Hoffmann:
After a short stint at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts and acting in several off-off-Broadway plays, Chris von Hoffmann moved to LA and turned to writing/producing/directing.
Chris von Hoffmann has made several short films including Fuel Junkie, White Trash and Vodka 7. White Trash had its World Premiere at the Chinese Theatre for the 17th Annual Dances With Films film festival and won Best Guerilla short for the 10th Annual Action on Film film festival. Vodka 7 won Best Cinematography at the WILDsound film festival in Toronto and screened at Tribeca Cinemas for the 9th Annual Big Apple film festival while Fuel Junkie had its premiere at Sony Picture Studios. In 2015 he directed his debut feature film Drifter which secured worldwide distribution and was released in 2017.
DRIFTER is now available exclusively on Netflix.
How does a screenwriter break into the business? Is it all about who you know? How much networking, hustle, and craft does it take? Once you break in, how do you survive and sustain a career? In this 2 hour speaker series(that will include Q&A), screenwriter Mark Sanderson (aka @scriptcat) will take us through his journey of graduating from UCLA and how he balanced various odd jobs with his writing for years until he reached the point where screenwriting became his career. It wasn't fast and it wasn't easy. His story shows us it's possible and in this talk Mark is going to share the particulars of how he did it.
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