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text:
\section{INTRODUCTION}

Since the discovery of high-$T_{c}$ superconductivity in the iron pnictides \cite{Kamihara.Y_etal.Journal-of-the-American-Chemical-Society2008}, various types of carrier doping have been successfully performed to induce superconductivity. Superconductivity appears in BaFe$_{2}$As$_{2}$  (Ba122) by hole doping realized by K substitution for the Ba sites \cite{Rotter.M_etal.Phys.-Rev.-Lett.2008} or by electron doping realized by Co \cite{Sefat.A_etal.Phys.-Rev.-Lett.2008}, Ni, or Cu substitution \cite{Ni.N_etal.Phys.-Rev.-B2010} for the Fe sites. However, Mn substitution for the Fe sites does not induce superconductivity and antiferromagnetic order persists in Ba(Fe$_{1-x}$Mn$_{x}$)$_{2}$As$_{2}$ (Mn-Ba122) in the entire doping range $x$ below $\sim$ 60 K \cite{Kim.M_etal.Phys.-Rev.-B2010, Thaler.A_etal.Phys.-Rev.-B2011}. The orthorhombic distortion of Ba122 disappears at $x\sim0.09$ and the system enters a tetragonal phase. As shown in Fig. \ref{resis}, the resistivity of Mn-Ba122 \cite{Kim.M_etal.Phys.-Rev.-B2010} shows a jump at the magneto-structural phase transition temperature and gradually increases below it. This behavior is contrasted with the metallic behaviors of the parent compound and the hole-doped Ba$_{1-x}$K$_{x}$Fe$_{2}$As$_{2}$ (K-Ba122) \cite{Ohgushi.K_etal.Phys.-Rev.-B2012}, where the resistivity drops below the transition temperature. A neutron scattering experiment on Mn-Ba122 \cite{Tucker.G_etal.Phys.-Rev.-B2012} has revealed competition between the stripe-type spin-density-wave (SDW) order [$\bm{Q}_{\text{stripe}}$=($\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},1$)] seen in the parent compound and a G-type antiferromagnetic order [$\bm{Q}_{\text{G-type}}$=($1,0,1$)] predominant in the tetragonal phase; in the orthorhombic phase, there are additional inelastic spin excitation peaks which represent the G-type antiferromagnetic fluctuations. This result indicates that Mn doping predominantly introduces an additional local magnetic order which is distinct from the magnetic order of the parent compound, instead of suppressing the long-range SDW order of the parent compound. It is theoretically suggested that G-type magnetic fluctuations strongly suppress the $s^{\pm}$ superconducting state \cite{Fernandes.R_etal.Phys.-Rev.-Lett.2013}.
According to the proximity scenario of iron-based superconductors to Mott insulators \cite{Misawa.T_etal.Phys.-Rev.-Lett.2012,Ishida.H_etal.Phys.-Rev.-B2010}, Mn doping into the Fe sites is thought to drive the system towards a Mott insulator with the $d^{5}$ electronic configuration. In fact, the end member BaMn$_{2}$As$_{2}$ is a G-type antiferromagnetic insulator with an ordered magnetic moment of $\mu = 3.88 \mu_{\text{B}}$/Mn at 10 K directed along the $c$ axis \cite{Singh.Y_etal.Phys.-Rev.-B2009,Johnston.D_etal.Phys.-Rev.-B2011}. Thus the clarification of the electronic structure associated with the two distinct magnetic orderings may give useful insight into the doping mechanism and superconductivity in the 122 systems.

In this study, we have studied the electronic structure of Mn-Ba122 ($x$=0.08) with angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). ARPES spectra above and below the transition temperature visualize the folding of the band structure due to the stripe-type antiferromagnetic order. Comparison of the XAS spectra at the Mn $2p$-$3d$ absorption edge with those of other reference compounds has made clear that XAS spectra at the Mn and Fe $L_{2,3}$ edges (2$p$ to 3$d$ absorption edges) have similar line shapes characteristic of metallic or strongly $p$-$d$ hybridized compounds. The partial densities of states of Fe 3$d$ and Mn 3$d$ have been obtained by resonance photoemission spectroscopy (RPES) using photon energies at the Mn and Fe $L_{3}$ absorption edges. Based on the obtained spectroscopic data, we shall discuss the origin of the absence of superconductivity in Mn-Ba122 and the nature of electron correlation in the Fe-based superconductors.

Ba(Fe$_{0.92}$Mn$_{0.08}$)$_{2}$As$_{2}$ single crystals were grown by the self-flux technique in evacuated double quartz tubes \cite{Nakashima.Y_etal.Physica-C:-Superconductivity2010}. Thin plate crystals having $ab$-surfaces of the $\sim 2 \times 2$ mm were separated from the flux by using the cleavage property of the material along the $ab$-planes.
Resistivity along the $ab$-plane was measured by the four-probe method using a home-built apparatus with a closed circle He-refrigerator. The resistivity curves of Mn-Ba122 ($x$=0.08) and Ba(Fe$_{0.92}$Co$_{0.08}$)$_{2}$As$_{2}$ (Co-Ba122) are compared in Fig. \ref{resis}. The N\'eel temperature $T_{N}=86.3$ K is determined as the temperature at which the resistivity shows a discontinuous jump. The normal-state resistivity of Mn-Ba122 is about twice larger than that of Co-Ba122, indicative of stronger impurity potential of the Mn atom than that of the Co atom.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=6cm]{Graph_Resistivity.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Resisivity curves of Ba(Fe$_{0.92}$Mn$_{0.08}$)$_{2}$As$_{2}$ (Mn-Ba122) and Ba(Fe$_{0.92}$Co$_{0.08}$)$_{2}$As$_{2}$. }
\label{resis}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

ARPES experiments were performed at Beamline 5-4 of Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource using an R4000 Scienta electron analyzer. ARPES spectra were recorded using 31 eV photons under a pressure better than $1\times 10^{-10}$ Torr. The total energy resolution was set to 12 meV or better and the angular resolution was 0.3 degrees. XAS and RPES experiments were performed at Beamilne 2-C of Photon Factory, High-Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK). Mn-Ba122 single crystals were cleaved \textit{in situ} to obtain fresh surfaces in all the measurements.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{Figure1.eps}
\caption{(Color online) ARPES spectra of Mn-Ba122. (a) Fermi surface mapping of Mn-Ba122 taken at $T$ = 20 K with 31 eV photons. (b) Fermi surface reconstruction due to antiferromagnetic ordering. (c) Second derivative plot of EDC's taken along the cut from the Z point to the X point shown by a red diagonal line in panel (a).}
\label{mapping}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Fermi-surface mapping in the $k_{x}$-$k_{y}$ plane is shown in Fig. \ref{mapping}(a). The in-plane lattice constant $a=4.17$ $\text{\AA}$ is used. The $k_{z}$ position ($\sim$ $\frac{7\pi}{c}$) is close to that of the Z point. In order to see the effect of the magneto-structural transition we have performed measurements below and above $T_{N}$=86.3 K. Figure \ref{mapping}(b) shows the reconstruction of the electron-like Fermi surfaces (FSs) around the zone corner (X point) due to the antiferromagnetic ordering: the circular shape of the FSs  above $T_{N}$ (right panel) changes into a propeller-like one below $T_{N}$ (left panel). The broad ARPES intensity distribution in momentum space and the complexity arising from the folding of multiple bands make it difficult to identify the $k_{F}$ positions of each FS. We shall argue below that this broadness originates partly from the strong scattering of quasi-particles by  randomly distributed Mn local spins. Figure \ref{mapping}(c) shows the second derivative plots of the ARPES intensities along the cut shown in panel (a) at three different temperatures. As one decreases the temperature from 100 K to 20 K, the Dirac-cone-like features below $E_{F}$ show up as bright spots near the Z point as a result of band folding and the bands at the X point start to split due to the orthorhombic structural distortion.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{Figure2.eps}
\caption{(Color online) XAS spectra of Mn-Ba122. (a) Fe $L_{2,3}$-edge XAS spectra of Mn-Ba122 compared with those of Fe metal, FeO, and $\alpha$-Fe$_{2}$O$_{3}$ \cite{Regan.T_etal.Phys.-Rev.-B2001}. (b) Mn $L_{2,3}$-edge XAS spectra of Mn-Ba122 compared with those of Mn metal \cite{Andrieu.S_etal.Phys.-Rev.-B1998}, Ga$_{0.922}$Mn$_{0.078}$As \cite{Takeda.Y_etal.Phys.-Rev.-Lett.2008}, Ga$_{0.958}$Mn$_{0.042}$N \cite{Hwang.J_etal.Applied-Physics-Letters2007}, LaMnO$_{3}$, and MnO \cite{Burnus.T_etal.Phys.-Rev.-B2008}.}
\label{XAS}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

In order to clarify the electronic states of the doped Mn, we have performed XAS measurement in the photon energy regions in the $L_{2,3}$ edges of Mn and Fe. Figure \ref{XAS} shows the Mn and Fe $L_{2,3}$ absorption edges of Mn-Ba122 compared with some reference systems. The peak positions of the Fe $L_{2,3}$-edge XAS spectrum are close to those of FeO, and its line shape is intermediate between those of FeO and Fe metal. These results confirm that Fe atoms in the parent compound has the valence of 2+ in the antiferromagnetic metallic ground state as is widely believed.
The line shapes of the Mn $L_{2,3}$-edge XAS spectrum of Ba(Fe$_{0.92}$Mn$_{0.08}$)$_{2}$As$_{2}$ is intermediate between those of Mn metal and Ga$_{0.922}$Mn$_{0.078}$As (GaMnAs), and does not show fine multiplet structures seen in MnO and Ga$_{0.958}$Mn$_{0.042}$N (GaMnN). The peak position ($\sim$639 eV) is closer to those of MnO, GaMnAs, and GaMnN. The $L_{3}$-edge spectrum of LaMnO$_{3}$ has its weight on higher photon energies ($\sim$642 eV) than that of Mn-Ba122, and has three shoulder structures. These results indicate that the doped Mn-atoms in Mn-Ba122 take the Mn$^{2+}$ state but that the Mn $3d$ electrons are more strongly hybridized with As 4$p$ orbitals in Mn-Ba122 than in GaMnAs.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=9cm]{Figure3.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Resonance photoemission (RPES) spectra of Mn-Ba122. (a), (b) Fe and Mn $L_{2,3}$-edge XAS spectra. Black circles indicate the photon energies used for RPES. On- and off-resonance photon energies are indicated by vertical arrows. (c), (d) Evolution of the Mn-Ba122 valence-band photoemission spectra with photon energy indicated in (a) and (b). Off-resonance photoemission signals shown at the bottom of panels (c), (d) have been subtracted from the original spectra in order to highlight the resonant enhancement of the spectral weight. On-resonance spectra are shown by black curves. Vertical bars indicate constant kinetic energies characteristic of Auger-electron emission. (e) Fe and Mn 3$d$ partial density of states (PDOS) deduced by subtracting the off-resonance spectra from the on-resonance spectra. (f) Mn 3$d$ PDOS of Ga$_{0.957}$Mn$_{0.043}$As \cite{Rader.O_etal.Phys.-Rev.-B2004} compared with that of Mn-Ba122.}
\label{RPES}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

In resonance photoemission spectroscopy, one makes use of the property that the cross-section of photoemission from an atomic orbital is enhanced by quantum-mechanical interference between direct photoemission of a $d$ electron, $3d^{n}+h\nu\rightarrow 3d^{n-1}+e^{-}$, and absorption followed by a Koster-Kr$\ddot{\text{o}}$nig transition $2p^{6}3d^{n}+h\nu\rightarrow 2p^{5}3d^{n+1}\rightarrow 2p^{6}3d^{n-1}+e^{-}$ \cite{Gelmukhanov.F_etal.Physics-Reports1999,Bruhwiler.P_etal.Rev.-Mod.-Phys.2002}. This effect can be utilized to extract the $3d$ partial density of states of a transition element in solids. Following the observed x-ray absorption spectra, we measured the valence-band photoemission spectra with photon energies from the off-resonance to on-resonance regions. Figure \ref{RPES} shows photoemission spectra taken at photon energies around the Mn and Fe $L_{2,3}$ absorption edges. A series of photoemission spectra taken with a small photon energy interval enable us to identify the Auger-electron emission peak, which have a constant kinetic energy, as well as the enhancement of photoemission features.
Figures \ref{RPES}(c) and (d) show the valence-band spectra taken with photon energies in the Fe and Mn $L_{2,3}$ absorption regions, respectively.
The strongest enhancement around the Fe $L_{2,3}$ resonance photon energy mainly originates from the Auger emission process, and its position relative to $E_{F}$ shifts with the incident photon energy as shown by vertical bars. The predominance of the Auger feature at the Fe $L_{3}$ edge arises from the fact that the Fe 3$d$
electrons in the FeAs plane have a high DOS at $E_{F}$ and that they screen the core-hole potential immediately after the photo-absorption. On the contrary, the weaker Auger feature
at the Mn $L_{3}$ edge implies that the Mn 3$d$ electrons are relatively immobile (due to the gap around the $E_{F}$) and that the core hole is not efficiently screened before the Koster-Kr$\ddot{\text{o}}$nig transition occurs. This is in contrast with the strong Auger feature observed
at the Co $L_{2,3}$ edges of Ca(Fe$_{0.944}$Co$_{0.056}$)$_{2}$As$_{2}$ \cite{Levy.G_etal.Phys.-Rev.-Lett.2012}, which clearly demonstrated the metallic nature of
Co 3$d$ electrons and the high Co 3$d$ PDOS at $E_{F}$.

Figure \ref{RPES}(e) shows the deduced Fe and Mn 3$d$ PDOS. While the main feature of the Fe 3$d$ PDOS is located
within 2 eV from $E_{F}$, the Mn 3$d$ PDOS is widely distributed in the range from $\sim$ 2 eV to $\sim$13 eV below $E_{F}$ with little weight around $E_{F}$. This Mn $3d$ PDOS resembles that of Ga$_{0.957}$Mn$_{0.043}$As as shown in Fig. \ref{RPES}(f) and is another evidence for the strong hybridization between the Mn 3$d$ and As 4$p$ orbitals  and the strong Coulomb and exchange interaction between the Mn $3d$ electrons. The distinct Fe and Mn PDOSs are in striking contrast to
the strong similarity between the Fe 3$d$ and Co 3$d$ PDOSs found in Ca(Fe$_{0.944}$Co$_{0.056}$)$_{2}$As$_{2}$ \cite{Levy.G_etal.Phys.-Rev.-Lett.2012}, where the center of
gravity for Co 3$d$ is only $\sim$ 0.25 eV deeper and the spectral line shapes of the Fe and Co PDOS are almost identical. A recent ARPES study of Co, Ni, and Cu-substituted BaFe$_{2}$As$_{2}$ has also shown that the deviation from the rigid-band model is minimal for Co-substitution \cite{Ideta.S_etal.Phys.-Rev.-Lett.2013}.
According to a first-principle calculation on the
effects of transition-metal substitution in LaFeAsO \cite{Konbu.S_etal.Solid-State-Communications2012}, the on-site potential differences between the impurity 3$d$ and the Fe 3$d$ orbitals of La(Fe,$M$)AsO ($M$: transition metal) shifts monotonically as $M$ goes from Mn, Co, Ni, to Zn ($\sim$ 0.29 for Mn, $\sim$ -0.36 for Co, $\sim$ -0.90 for Ni, and $\sim$ -8.0 for Zn in units of eV). In order to reconcile the present Mn PDOS position $\sim$ 2-13 eV below $E_{F}$ with the calculated positive Mn 3$d$ position, we consider that Hund's coupling and on-site Hubbard interaction between Mn 3$d$ electrons are important and play an essential role. For the $d^{5}$ configuration of the Mn$^{2+}$ ion, the Hubbard splitting into the $\uparrow$ and $\downarrow$ bands is given by $U+4J$ (where $U$ and $J$ are the on-site Coulomb and exchange energy), which amounts to at least $\sim$ 5 eV. Therefore, it is natural for the occupied Mn 3$d$ levels to sink several below $E_{F}$. We, therefore, conclude that a large magnetic moment of $S=5/2$ is formed at the Mn site in Mn-Ba122 and that the magnetism of the Mn $3d$ electrons cannot be described by the weak coupling SDW picture. The large Mn magnetic moment serves to maintain the magnetic ordering of the parent compound up to high Mn concentration.

In order to explain the absence of itinerant hole carriers in Mn-Ba122, we show in Fig. \ref{DOS} the schematic density of states of BaFe$_{2}$As$_{2}$, Ba(Fe$_{1-x}$Co$_{x}$)$_{2}$As$_{2}$, and Ba(Fe$_{1-x}$Mn$_{x}$)$_{2}$As$_{2}$. Here, the crystal-field splitting and the hybridization with the As 4$p$ orbitals are neglected for simplicity. In the parent compound, six out of the ten Fe 3$d$ orbitals are occupied. In the Co-substituted compound, the Fe 3d and Co 3d orbitals form a common energy bands as a consequence of weak impurity potential of the Co 3$d$ states. Therefore, Co doping actually introduces electrons into the combined Fe 3$d$-Co 3$d$ bands. On the other hand, due to the splitting of the Mn 3$d$ level into the $\uparrow$ and $\downarrow$ levels caused by the on-site Coulomb repulsion and  Hund's coupling, the Fe 3$d$ and Mn 3$d$ orbitals do not form common energy bands. Because the lower Mn $3d$ level accommodate $5x$ electrons and the DOS of the Fe 3d band is reduced by a factor of $1-x$, the Fermi level remains unshifted by the Mn substitution. The absence of carrier doping by transtition-metal substitution is also found in Zn-substitution, where the deep Zn $3d$ orbitals do not form a combined band with the Fe 3$d$ orbitals \cite{Ideta.S_etal.Phys.-Rev.-B2013}.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{Figure4_1.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Schematic density of states of BaFe$_{2}$As$_{2}$, Ba(Fe$_{1-x}$Co$_{x}$)$_{2}$As$_{2}$, and Ba(Fe$_{1-x}$Mn$_{x}$)$_{2}$As$_{2}$. The number of electrons in the $d$ band per unit formula is given for each compound. Co doping introduces additional electrons into the band near $E_{F}$ because the Co 3$d$ and Fe 3$d$ orbitals form a common (Fe+Co) 3$d$ band and the additional $x$ electrons occupy the latter band. On the other hand, Mn doping does not introduce holes into the Fe 3$d$ orbitals if the Mn $3d$ level is split into the occupied majority-spin and unoccupied minority-spin bands due to the Coulomb and exchange interaction. Because the lower Mn 3$d$ level can accommodate 5$x$ electrons, and the DOS of the Fe $3d$ band is reduced by a factor of $1-x$, one finds that the Fermi level does not shift upon Mn substitution. The Mn atoms with the $d^{5}$ configuration has the spin of $S=5/2$. }
\label{DOS}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The emergence of the large local magnetic moments at the Mn sites may prompt us to consider that the upturn behaviour of  Mn-Ba122 resistivity seen at $\sim$ 200 K for $x=0.08$, or at lower temperatures for smaller $x$, is due to the Kondo effect \cite{Urata.T_etal.ArXiv-eprints2013}. However, as suggested by a dynamical mean-field calculation study \cite{Georges.A_etal.Annual-Review-of-Condensed-Matter-Physics2013}, large $J$ in multiband systems significantly reduce the Kondo temperature. Therefore this behaviour is better ascribed to the weak-localization effect caused by the strong random potentials induced by magnetic Mn atoms.

In conclusion, by using photoemission and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, we have probed the local electronic structure of the Mn dopant in Ba(Fe$_{0.92}$Mn$_{0.08}$)$_{2}$As$_{2}$. The Mn 3$d$ orbitals are strongly hybridized with As 4$p$ orbitals, and the Mn 3$d$ PDOS is widely distributed in the range from $\sim$ 2 eV to $\sim$ 13 eV below $E_{F}$ owing to the energy level splitting by on-site Coulomb interaction and Hund's rule coupling. The energy gap opens at $E_{F}$ in the Mn $3d$ PDOS and hole doping does not occur by Mn substitution.

We are grateful to S. Uchida for enlightening discussions.
This work was supported by the Japan-China-Korea A3 Foresight Program from the
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  and a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative
Area ``Materials Design through Computics''. ARPES experiments were performed at the
Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, operated by the Office of Basic Energy Science,
US Department of Energy. Experiment at Photon Factory was approved by the Photon Factory Program Advisory
Committee (Proposals No. 2009S2-005 and No. 2011G582).

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Furthering Senator Kennedy's lifetime of service and passion for engaging in the public square, the Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate is dedicated to educating the public about our government, invigorating public discourse, encouraging participatory democracy and inspiring the next generation of citizens and leaders to engage in our democracy. Opening in March 2015, we offer public forums, professional retreats, and interactive, technology-rich educational programming.
The materials in this curriculum are designed to enhance the Institute's Senate Immersion Module (SIM) experience, but can also be used separately. The SIM program is an educational, role-playing experience, developed to engage new generations of Americans. The Institute encourages classroom preparation for the SIM, active play at the Institute, and debriefing at the end of the experience.
The purpose of this learning module is to help students learn how a U.S. Senator might address an issue of public significance under consideration in the United States Congress. Learning about personal, state, party, and national interests will help students understand representation more fully. The pre-visit examines how elected representation works. The post-visit lesson supports critical analysis of each student's strategic choices and votes, preparing them to defend their efforts.


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Endometriosis is a condition where the endometrial tissue instead of emerging inside the uterus (womb), starts growing outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes or ovaries or over the intestines, rectum or bladder. The endometrial tissue is the layer that is lined on the uterus.
The body during the menstrual cycle expels the uterine lining via the vagina, while the blood from the endometrial tissue, which develops on the outer surface of the uterus, has no where to go. The consequences of these result in periodic bleeding in the endometrial tissue which leads to the growth of cysts, tumors/lesions and scar tissue which makes the surrounding areas to thicken.
While some women may face a slight or no uneasiness from endometriosis and others may experience severe pain before or during their periods. The symptoms of endometriosis generally tend to diminish as the woman approaches her menopause.
Causes of Endometriosis
The actual cause for endometriosis is still not identified while the estimation of endometriosis among women of reproductive age ranges from 1% to 15%. There are no appropriate explanations given by anyone for the development of endometriosis.
Some specialists believe that during periods, the endometrial tissue retracts its course through the fallopian tubes and then later inhabits and develops in the abdomen.
A few simply say that it is very common for every woman to undergo a menstrual tissue retraction. In many cases the unusual tissue growth is destroyed by the immune system before it affixes with the abdomen. But when the immune system lacks to perform the function of destroying the unusual tissue growth, then it leads to endometriosis.
While others suggest that the remains of a woman's embryonic tissue, that was formed when she was in her mother's womb may have grown into endometriosis during her adult days or may even convert into a reproductive tissue under certain conditions.
Symptoms of Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a case where a few women do not have any symptoms while the others may have one or two warning signals that may be either mild and/or severe. The category and rigorousness of the symptoms depend mainly on the location of the endometriosis growth, the density of the growth and the period from when the woman has been suffering from the same. While the usual symptoms include the following:
1. Persistent pain in the pelvic area
2. Severe pains during periods
3. Excruciating pain during or after sexual intercourse
4. Fertility problems
5. Severe or unusual flow during periods
6. Spotting between the periodic cycles
7. Constipation
8. Discomfort while urination during periods
9. Increase in the frequency to urinate during periods
10. Fatigue
11. Intestinal upsets during periods
Diagnosis of Endometriosis
The diagnosis calls for a thorough evaluation from a doctor which includes a pelvic inspection to verify for any cyst formation, abnormal tenderness or broadening of the pelvic area along with a discussion with respect to the medical history of the patient. Additionally, an ultrasound scan can also be conducted during the 3rd or 4th day of menstruation to assess the pelvis.
A minor surgery process called laparoscopy is done to get a proper analysis of endometriosis. This process can be done anytime during the periods or menstrual cycle. In cases where the abdomen is covered by tissues, a biopsy is always advisable. Biopsy helps in removing the pieces of tissue which cause an obstruction during diagnosis.
Fertility issues arising from endometrial growths
In some cases it has been seen that endometriosis can block the fallopian tubes and cause damage to the ovaries. On an average, the causes of fertility issues because of endometriosis is 3% amongst women; while as a factor which leads to tubal problems that cause fertility issues is up to 17% amongst women.
Endometriosis during pregnancy
Experts believe that if a woman becomes pregnant while having endometriosis, for a few, the situation may go into diminution for a short term. However, after the child-birth, some women may still have endometriosis but may have no more complications when it comes to troubles or symptoms relating to pregnancy.
The association of endometriosis and pregnancy is not only repulsive but also upsetting at the same time. Endometriosis has not been verified to cause any life-intimidating pregnancy connected issues however, it makes conception more intricate for many couples.
Treatment for endometriosis
The main objective of endometriosis treatment includes relief from all the aches and/or improvement in fertility levels. There are two types of treatment given to patients suffering from endometriosis and they are medications or surgery.
Treatment given while planning to conceive a baby
The first step is to meet a fertility expert who will guide you to carry out a laparoscopy and dye, generally known as "lap and dye", in order to evaluate the internal damage caused to the fallopian tubes and ovaries due to endometriosis.
The second step includes an ultrasound scan for evaluating your pelvic area. This is done by inserting an ultrasound probe into a woman's vagina. If the results show a minor endometriosis growth then the doctors usually advises on no medication to check the pregnancy chances for the first six months.
The doctor may suggest another method to remove the endometrial growth called laser surgery. This surgery involves a surgeon who cut-offs the unusual growths and tissue with the help of laser. The other option for treatment involves flushing of the fallopian tubes called tubal flushing to unblock the tubes.
Proper awareness and right treatment can help you keep this condition at bay and enjoy a healthy life ahead.
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Welcome to a political blog for the people.
I hope Joe Biden runs for President.
It is likely he will not, and no one would blame him for wanting to eschew the rigors of a campaign. The recent lost of his son may have convinced him to just finish out his term as VP, and spend his remaining years enjoying his family.
However, I hope Joe Biden runs for president, because I am reminded of what President Obama recently said about his late son Beau during a tearful eulogy. "Beau Biden was an original. He was a good man. A man of character." I think the apple didn't fall far from the tree in this case. I think the country needs Joe Biden -- his straightforwardness and the wisdom that comes from years of public service.
What is also significant to me is that his son Beau volunteered to serve in Iraq. Joe Biden, like many military families, understands what it means to have a child in a war zone.
My desire for a Biden presidential run didn't just start recently. I remember last year discussing the upcoming 2016 election with friends who had worked on the Obama campaigns with me. We discussed the dearth of candidates we could get excited about. These were people who put in "blood, sweat, and tears" to build the momentum and get out the vote for Obama. Our contingent in Riverside County, Calif., included suburban moms, African-American and Latino single women, high school and college students, LGBT activists, and many, such as myself, who had never before been involved in a campaign.
Nevertheless, for those of us who support a Biden candidacy, there are concerns. Namely, that in spite of his outstanding public record in support of women, workers and American families, and his extensive foreign policy experience -- many seem ready to dismiss Joe Biden as a lightweight. His so-called gaffes are brought up often and some in the GOP have started referring to him as a joke. (Ted Cruz even joked about him as he prepared to bury Beau.) I think this characterization of Biden is partially because many potential opponents know he is indeed a contender.
"The criticism of Biden appears to be an attempt to weaken his credentials as one of the only competent members of the Obama administration's foreign affairs inner circle. It also appears to be an effort to lessen his viability as a serious candidate for president in 2016.No matter how politically incorrect Biden -- the working class Joe from Scranton, Pa. -- has been, his mouth, in fact, is his strongest tie to the average American, who can relate not only to what he says, but to how he says it."
"If you follow Vice President Joe Biden, you know he has a reputation for being politically incorrect and too blunt."
To that I say: I agree, but if his heart is in the right place, is that such a bad thing? Does he understand and can he empathize with the plight of today's struggling middle and working class families?
Biden's personal life offers us a glimpse into the heart of this man. We know about the tragedy of him losing a wife and child at the very beginning of his Senate career, and his close relationship with his remaining children. We know about the family he built with Jill. Dedication to family defines him.
Another question is -- is he genuine?
It's not easy being genuine in the political world, especially for politicians of Biden's stature. Every action, every event -- no matter how personal, is placed before the camera and becomes bait for discussion. I don't know Joe Biden, have never met him. Like many Americans I did watch the services for his son. We saw true emotions from this Dad. This wasn't a "be strong for the camera" event.
And that is what we like about Biden. Even with the gaffes, you get the feeling he is the real deal. Not a lot of pretenses or poll driven reactions.
"Don't forget about what doesn't come from this prestigious diploma -- the heart to know what's meaningful and what's ephemeral; and the head to know the difference between knowledge and judgment."
"Resist the temptation of your generation to let "network" become a verb that saps the personal away, that blinds you to the person right in front of you, blinds you to their hopes, their fears, and their burdens."
"He gets it!" I thought. Here is someone who can truly represent the middle class. It has nothing to do with what your net worth is, it's where your heart is. Biden's heart is in the right place, showing empathy with the everyday American.
Biden is beloved by many segments of the populace, including the youth. He may not have the Bernie Sanders effect that some of our young people are embracing, but Biden can actually win over middle America. Even the most fervent Sanders supporters doubt his ability to win the election.
My 16 year old daughter, who will be voting for the first time in the upcoming presidential election, had this to say on why she would vote for Joe Biden, "I feel like he's on Obama's level of chill."
Okay, so like much of what she says I have no idea what "level of chill" means, but I do believe Biden can get the youth and the college-age vote.
And the Black vote. Joe Biden's closeness to Obama endears him to many. For the most part, he is one of the few DC-insiders who has always given Barack Obama respect -- as President and as a man. Biden comes across as the friend you want standing beside you. He won't change with the wind.
And what about Hillary Clinton? Well, I think she would be an excellent Vice President, providing leadership and strength to a Biden administration.
The Obama election represented "hope and change" as its winning theme. A Biden campaign would hopefully be about unity. We are all tired of the divisiveness. The us versus them; rich versus poor; black versus white; red versus blue; female versus male landscape we are now in. This is what Barack Obama alluded to in that famous speech at the Democratic convention that got so many Americans excited about him as a possible presidential candidate. The work continues. I believe the country is ready to unite as Americans and move forward.
Again, no one could blame Joe Biden if he decides to skip the race. But I think, at this time, America needs a guy like him for President. I sure hope he runs.
So much of life is about timing, and this is also true in politics.
Isolationism: a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries.
"My fellow Americans, we live in a time of great change. Tomorrow marks 13 years since our country was attacked. Next week marks six years since our economy suffered its worst setback since the Great Depression. Yet despite these shocks, through the pain we felt and the grueling work required to bounce back, America is better positioned today to seize the future than any other nation on Earth.
Our technology companies and universities are unmatched. Our manufacturing and auto industries are thriving. Energy independence is closer than it's been in decades. For all the work that remains, our businesses are in the longest uninterrupted stretch of job creation in our history.
Despite all the divisions and discord within our democracy, I see the grit and determination and common goodness of the American people every single day, and that makes me more confident than ever about our country's future.
Abroad, American leadership is the one constant in an uncertain world.
It is America that has the capacity and the will to mobilize the world against terrorists. It is America that has rallied the world against Russian aggression and in support of the Ukrainian people's right to determine their own destiny. It is America -- our scientists, our doctors, our know-how -- that can help contain and cure the outbreak of Ebola.
It is America that helped remove and destroy Syria's declared chemical weapons so that they can't pose a threat to the Syrian people or the world again. And it is America that is helping Muslim communities around the world not just in the fight against terrorism, but in the fight for opportunity and tolerance and a more hopeful future.
America, our endless blessings bestow an enduring burden. But as Americans, we welcome our responsibility to lead. From Europe to Asia, from the far reaches of Africa to war-torn capitals of the Middle East, we stand for freedom, for justice, for dignity. These are values that have guided our nation since its founding."
Isolationism as a foreign policy will not work for America. Especially in today's world where we are all interconnected.
The bottom line is, leaders lead..... they do not withdraw or ignore.
We no longer have news; instead, we have trends. And, one thing we can be sure of -- what is trending today, no matter how earth-shattering or horrific, will most likely not be trending a few days later.
We can select our news: what we want to follow, see, and hear. Not only that, we can create our news. With social media, we each have our own private newspaper where we post and display highly-edited versions of our lives for all to see. News - both the personal and the external - is an ever changing slide-show. Big pictures, small headlines. Next.
In the meantime, stuff happens.
Each event is just another Wikipedia entry. Nothing lasting comes from it. Few people even have a 'cause' these days. Unless we are personally involved, nothing seems to make a lasting imprint on us.
I discovered this a few weeks ago during the Santa Barbara shooting rampage (remember that?). During the TV reporting of the incident, it was mentioned that it was nearly a year after a prior shooting in which several were killed at Santa Monica College. Huh? I couldn't remember it. I asked several friends and they too had a hard time remembering. Only my brother, who lives in Denver, could recall a story of two of the victims -- a dad taking his daughter to register for school and both getting caught in the melee.
Some of my Southern Cal friends went back to their calendars to see what they were doing or what else was going on in the world at the time of the tragedy (June 7, 2013). Was there something that trumped it? A reality star wedding?
We live in a world where too many would rather keep up with celebrities than the news of the day. We would rather be entertained than informed. We know more about fake 'real' housewives than about our neighbors.
Our news stories, no matter what they concern, just don't get much time to grab our attention. Sure, if there is a trial involved with many salacious details, we just might tune-in. Media rewards us for this by giving continuous coverage, similar to preempting programs for car chases.
Not only do we forget....we don't act. Columbine, Aurora, Virginia Tech, Sandy Hook, the Arizona shootings -- after each we hear the righteous indignation and calls for gun control and more mental health services. But these calls fall on deaf ears. Our government today is too dysfunctional and too partisan to accomplish anything. So we go back to the fantasy of reality TV and wait for the next episode of real life. If Sandy Hook produced nothing...and has been forgotten...is there any hope for us?
Anyway -- who has time for causes when there are endless ways for us to be entertained? Not to mention the substances we have to provide escapism from the world's problems.
If something does grab our attention (probably involving cats or zombies) -- we can always 'like' or 'favorite' the story and even 'share' it with others. Or, maybe we'll just save it to read later? Yeah right.
There is no shortage of people who are writing and reporting on the news. But they are just voices in the wind. Each story blown away by the next storm. Even with our 'reality' shows, the antics are screaming louder and louder for attention.
Real life is not a hashtag and news is not a trend.
BTW.....where is that Malaysian plane that disappeared? (#WheresThePlane) and where are the Nigerian girls? (#BringBackOurGirls) and why are there so many murders in Chicago? (#MurderCityChicago) and #Gaza and #Ukraine and #Syria and #Iraq and #ClimateChange and #Drought and #Obamacare and #DoNothingCongress and #BorderChildren and #################.
"2012-2014-2016 -- What about the Moms?"
An interview from the 2012 Democratic National Convention. It was for CNN and Headline News. This was a HARD interview for me and my hat goes off to those who do this on a regular basis. I had to be careful with what I said and how I said it because I represented not only my area and California delegates, but also African-Americans and last but not least -- suburban moms. These issues will continue to be important in the 2014 and 2016 elections.
The O.J. Case: "Wink, Wink"
I had seen him working the grounds of the Orlando resort property where I was staying with my mom and my then year-old son. He never acknowledged us. He didn't even look our way although I was sure he saw us on numerous occasions.
I thought this was odd because there were very few African-Americans at the resort and there is an unspoken rule in the black community that in these situations we acknowledge each other... even a nod would do.
I recently thought of that long-ago time at the resort in Orlando because it was there that I heard the verdict in the O.J. Simpson case. We are at the 20-year anniversary of what has been called the "crime of the century" and there is much in the media these days on the murders, the trial, and that infamous car chase. For those too young to remember, they are getting an introduction to the circumstances surrounding the case, albeit with hindsight.
For me, another memory from that resort is of a newspaper headline. One morning, as we waited at the shuttle stop for a ride to the theme park, I glanced at the nearby newsstand. When you spend a few days in the parks with a 4-year-old you can lose track of the outside world, so I was glad to see a newspaper. That is until I took a good look at the cover.
On the cover of the newspaper, there was a large photo of one of the cutest black kids ever, maybe around 5 or 6 and sporting a wide grin. The headline in large letters said something to the effect that this was a portrait of a KILLER! Apparently, he was an adult charged with murder and the paper had used his childhood photo.
The message wasn't even subliminal -- it was like being hit with a freight train. It brought me back to reality quickly, even on the pristine grounds of the resort. I wondered what the black groundskeeper, the man who ignored us, thought about the paper. I'm sure it was not an opinion he could openly express, especially there.
I also understood the reason the groundskeeper didn't feel the need to acknowledge us. He just kept his head down and did his work. He couldn't relate to me, or any of the guests at the resort. It was not a racial slight, it was economic.
Today, 20 years later, most of the articles and stories on the O.J. case still focus on reactions according to race. A few dig deeper to describe the role money, fame, and privilege played in the case and the outcome. However, the common refrain remains: "Your reaction to the verdict depends on your race." Not entirely true, but not entirely false either. As so many recent analyses have told us (as if we don't know this) there has historically been a lack of trust in the black community concerning law enforcement and this affected viewpoints on the case.
We waited in our hotel room at the resort to hear the verdict. Yes, I will admit I was shocked. As we walked through the lobby and toward the shuttle stop there seemed to be a lot of shocked people. I may be wrong, but their glances toward us seemed to be a little unfriendlier.
Once we were outdoors, walking through the lavish greenery, I saw the black groundskeeper. He was not looking down or ignoring us this time. As a matter of fact, he was looking right at us. Still, he did not speak as I approached him and we were face-to-face. Instead, he winked.
"Summertime and Condoleezza for President?"
After a relatively quiet Spring, things are heating up in Washington even though it's not officially summer yet. As we move toward the 2014 mid-term elections in November, and Republicans aim to take control of the Senate, we can be assured there will be no shortage of accusations, investigations, resignations, and recriminations. And of course, the GOP-controlled House will vote to repeal Obamacare a few more times. Also in their sights: inflicting political damage on presumed Democratic Presidential nominee Hillary Clinton.
One of the major civil rights issues we are facing -- Voter I.D. laws, are not going away, especially in swing and southern states with large numbers of minority and young voters. Voting rights will remain an issue as America's demographics shift toward youth and people of color. Maybe the GOP will come up with a successful outreach effort to reach these groups, but it doesn't appear to be the case now. Where are we with Immigration Reform?
An interesting prospect is -- Will the GOP put Condoleezza Rice on the ticket? She is a darling on the right and might even get Southern Conservatives on board (because they will be in an "anybody but Clinton" mode).
African-American women are a key and consistent voting-bloc within the Democratic Party, and at the heart of many campaign volunteer efforts across the country. (However, I would wager that few of the campaign expenditure funds -- and we're talking multi-millions here that are spent on workers, consultants, lawyers, media, etc., make their way to black women or black men!).
I can still remember sitting on the Convention floor amazed and getting a text from my son, who I didn't expect to be watching at his college, saying, "Mom...he is killing it." And, he did. Bill Clinton, more so than any other speaker summed up the reasons to vote for Obama. And then he got out on the campaign trail and campaigned for the President. His appeal remains massive in minority communities.
Still, it is intriguing to ponder -- inside the voting booth, when faced with an African-American woman choice for President, or Vice-President, will black women (some of whom might be considered conservative to moderate) vote for Condoleezza Rice? If so....would the numbers be enough to push the GOP over the top and back into the White House?
Washington Watch: "GOP Betting Against Obamacare?"
The GOPers in the House are going for the gold -- voting for the 50th time to repeal Obamacare!
There are so many pending issues that need attention from our legislators (and isn't this why we send them to Washington?) Let's see....immigration reform, women's rights (fair wages), job creation, supporting veterans, extending unemployment benefits, creating a living wage for all workers, strengthening education -- the list goes on.
Instead of tackling our nation's problems and working to strengthen the middle-class, the GOP wants to ride this dead horse to the elections this year. Still no solutions from them. Just campaign posturing. For this recent vote they picked up 27 Democrats who are worried about re-election, mostly in swing states.
They are all traveling on a slippery slope because Obamacare sign-ups are increasing and health care premiums are being lowered for many Americans. Those who have allowed their anti-Obamanism to prevent them from signing up for new health care, are starting to ask..."Is this something that can actually benefit me?"
"So what exactly did the Obamacare rollout do to cause such a rise? For one, it expanded the Medicaid program, a critical and highly controversial aspect of the law, by adding up to a $19 billion in benefits in January. On top of that, health care enrollees additionally received another near $15 billion in the form of tax credits as a result of the rollout, according to the BEA. Together the two changes have freed up many Americans to spend money that would have gone towards health care premiums on goods and services instead."
Yes....there are Americans whom have seen significant reductions in their monthly premiums. And then there are those with pre-existing conditions who can now purchase health care. In addition, workers who are tied to a job just to get health care benefits, can now go out and start their own business and secure comparable or lower cost premiums.
Access to health care is only part of the problem. Paying for medical services is the other piece of the equation. Medical debts are mostly the result of cost-sharing (the percentage the enrollee pays for each health care service) and deductibles that must be paid before coverage kicks in.
"An estimated 1 in 3 Americans report having difficulty paying their medical bills – that is, they have had problems affording medical bills within the past year, or they are gradually paying past bills over time, or they have bills they can't afford to pay at all. Medical debt – and a host of related problems – can result when people can't afford to pay their medical bills. While the chances of falling into medical debt are greater for people who are uninsured, most people who experience difficulty paying medical bills have health insurance."
We're not done with health care reform if costs for services are escalating to the point where consumers can't pay. The Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) was just the beginning. Repealing it is not the answer. Augmenting it is.
So we might as well accept that we are all in this together. This is the greatest democracy in the history of the earth.
It's like a family. We may want to disavow a sibling, an aunt, a cousin, or any other relative. However, they are still our family. We can't change the DNA or the ties that bind us.
It's OUR country and OUR government. We elect representatives (and maybe we need to pay more attention to whom we send to office) however, the onus is on us to keep this democracy going. To thrive and to prosper. To lead the world. To be inclusive so that ALL of our talent is recognized. And...yeah it's a cliche but really important...to leave a better (and safer) world for our children!
Washington Watch: Week 16 - "The 'Scandals'"
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In my very strong personal opinion, I can truly and easily observe that one, if not the only component of our culture, society and government that hasn't differed one bit, is our education system. When you really think about it, a great majority of the world is relying on their government funded education system to help them achieve their goals, push their limits and explore their creativity and appetite for innovation. Do you trust your government aided 100 year old education system to provide you with the intelligence, skill and determinism that is required in order to grace the world today?
Season 15 Welcome Back !!!! QSLA in the news!