text:
A Series of Trials and Tribulations
Although training a retriever is hardly duck soup, the participants get to whistle while they work
Robert H. Boyle
Its adherents claim that no sport is more demanding, time-consuming and nerve-racking than running a retriever in field trials. Some retriever addicts train or trial 365 days a year, and this commitment is necessary if success is to follow. Ordinarily, it takes several years of hard work to qualify a dog for either the National Amateur or the National Open, and the average age of a dog in a National is six.
Licensed trials are held throughout the U.S. every week except in December and January, when many dogs are taken South or to California for two months of intensive training. For a field trialer the hours are onerous; trials begin early Friday morning and end late Sunday. On a Thursday evening handlers and their dogs start arriving at field-trial headquarters, usually a motel in the boondocks, handy to the swamps and fields that serve as the trial grounds.
The retriever people are occupationally a disparate lot—fireman, airline captain, housewife, contractor, doctor, lawyer, Wall Street chief—but sartorially they are strangely of a piece. There is a profusion of fedoras studded with club medallions, white jackets that enable a handler to stand out against the background when he or she seeks to direct a dog at 100 yards, and always—but always—a lanyard with two whistles, usually plastic, hung around the neck. Why two whistles? One might not work. Why plastic? In cold weather metal can stick to the lips. Retriever people leave little to chance. Through experience, they have arrived at Branch Rickey's great truth: luck is the residue of design.
Above all, there are the dogs. Excited dogs, ecstatic dogs, dogs that would gladly swim the English Channel to retrieve a feather duster. Under American Kennel Club rules, six breeds are permitted to compete in retriever field trials: the Labrador, the golden, the Chesapeake Bay, the fiat-coated, the curly-coated and the Irish water spaniel. The Labrador dominates the field, and about 90% of competing dogs are black Labs. In the U.S. the yellow Lab is a favorite in the show ring, but in the field the black Lab rules.
A number of golden retrievers and some Chesapeakes have done well in trials, but, so the thinking goes, goldens do not like the water as much as Labs, and Chessies are considered hard-headed. Flat-coated and curly-coated retrievers are rarely seen, and an Irish water spaniel last competed in a licensed trial a couple of years ago. He was eliminated after he suddenly stopped halfway back from his retrieve to dig a hole to bury the duck.
The sport of field trialing retrievers started in England at the turn of the century and began in this country in the 1930s on Long Island under the aegis of the Big Rich. In the last 10 years the sport has grown enormously, mostly for the simple reason that a lot of people are attracted by a dog that does something. It is still possible to buy a pup of good breeding for $250 or $300, sometimes even less, but older dogs that have been working well command a high figure. Recently a very promising 2-year-old sold for $23,000, and a field champion brought $30,000. Last year there were 22,000 entries in licensed trials, almost triple the number for 1963.
Although the sport has spread, Long Island remains its spiritual home, and the photographs shown here were taken at the spring trials of the Long Island Retriever Field Trial Club. A number of established amateur handlers competed, including August Belmont, Roger Vasselais and Mrs. George H. (Torchy) Flinn Jr., all of whom have champions. And there was the inevitable cluster of professionals: Paul Genthner, Bud Hedges, Ray Staudinger and J.J. Sweezey.
Typical of the relative newcomer to the sport was David B. Bandler, who commutes from suburban Hartsdale in southern Westchester to New York City, where he works as a securities analyst. A genial man in his 60s, Bandler brings perspective to retrievers; he was in beagle trials for 30 years. "I don't regret any of the time I spent with beagles," he says, "but after a beagle is a year and a half old, he's cast in a mold, and you can't teach him to do any different. With retrievers you continue to teach and to learn yourself."
In 1967 Bandler and his wife Ruth bought a Lab from the Whygin Kennel in Bedford Hills, N.Y. They named the puppy Whygin Wellmet Angus, and began training him with canvas dummies, mostly on a dammed-up portion of the Saw Mill River. This small stretch of water is hardly an ideal training area, Bandler points out, because "the Saw Mill River Parkway is on one side and the New York State Thruway on the other. In between are the Putnam Division tracks of the Penn Central."
When Angus was six months old he began running in puppy stakes, in which a handler is permitted to hold the dog before it is sent out to retrieve the bird, usually a shot pigeon. Angus did very well, and when he was a year old he moved into the derby class. Bandler suddenly began finding himself hundreds of miles from home on weekends. Instead of taking a regular vacation, he now takes 15 to 20 Fridays off a year to run Angus in trials.
In derbies, the dog cannot be restrained while waiting to retrieve but must sit obediently by the handler's side until the judges call his number. Derby dogs are tested in land-and-water retrieving, and training a dog to hold steady and not break after he sees the first pheasant can be a task, especially since a good prospect is just about ready to explode with excitement when he spots any kind of a bird—even a starling on the lawn. Angus showed promise in derbies, accumulating seven licensed points. He was not among the leaders of the national derby championship but, adding the unofficial points he won in sanctioned trials, he was the top-scoring derby dog for 1969 owned by a member of the Westchester retriever club, and the Bandlers left the organization's annual dinner with a pewter cup.
After graduating from the derby stake at age two, Angus began running in amateur and open stakes. In these stakes a dog must—among other things—be able to work blinds. A blind is a bird hidden, say, 135 yards away, across the third channel in the marsh just to the left of that little bush. No, not that little bush, the other one. The handlers are told all this, but the dogs, back in their crates, are blissfully unaware of where the bird is planted. When a dog is brought up for the blind the handler must "line" him toward the bird. If the dog starts to veer off course, pulled, say, by a tempting swerve of a channel to the right, the handler blows his whistle, extends his left arm and shouts, "Over!" Not all dogs, especially young dogs, take heed. Many get sudden notions of independence or feign deafness to the whistle when 50 yards away, and in training a handler has to run out and correct the dog on the spot. Too much correcting, however, and a dog may start to "pop"—that is, turn around every 10 yards or so as if to ask, "Where now?"
In four years of competing in championship stakes, Angus has won 13½ amateur points. He would be a champion now except for the fact that Bandler committed a couple of memorable goofs. The worst occurred when he cost Angus a sure win: out of sheer nervousness he spoke to the dog on line before his number was called. Bandler didn't realize what he had done until Angus was out retrieving a bird and a judge quietly told Bandler his dog was eliminated.
Last year Bandler began a new training technique with Angus, making him wait between double or triple retrieves. "Logic would tell you that you should send the dog out quickly before he forgets where the birds have fallen," Bandler says, "but I think he has a mind like a Polaroid camera, and so I just wait a little longer between birds and let the picture develop more."
Last May in Maryland, Angus had his biggest day when he earned five points for a first-place finish in an open, and he now has, by the arithmetic of the sport, 8½ points toward a 10-point open championship and 13½ points toward a 15-point amateur field championship. Angus did not score at the Long Island trials, but if he manages to earn only 1½ more open points by November, he will not only win his field championship but be one of 70 to 80 dogs eligible to run in the National Retriever Championship later that month. For almost anyone, but particularly for a latecomer like Bandler, running in the National Open is like a weekend golfer being invited to play in the Masters. Says Bandler, "Why, that would be the opportunity of a lifetime."
STEPHEN GREEN-ARMYTAGE
ELEVEN PHOTOS
THE DOGGY BUNCH at the Long Island spring trials included Dave and Ruth Bandler (left row, center) and Gordon Allen, who is sending his black Labrador out on a practice retrieve.


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Home » Forums » General Forums » General Conversation
Two Tennessee High School Girls Basketball Teams INTENTIONALLY try to lose a state playoff game...a WTF
Posted on: March 7, 2015 - 10:57am
Burnedout
Riverdale, Smyrna girls deliberately try to lose game, get kicked out of playoffs
http://www.tennessean.com/story/sports/high-school/2015/02/23/riverdale-smyrna-girls-basketball-teams-removed-from-postseason/23889277/
I HOPE this link works in one of my OPs.
‹ "To Kill a Mockingbird" sequel after 50 some odd years Useless TV trivia ›
http://www.tennessean.com/s
Again...MY a link fails. I HATE this format. The link in the OP failed and I placed the whole link in this post and it will not form a link. Just copy and paste this in the browser. Sorry about the technical difficulties.
Lol!I guess, strategically,
I guess, strategically, it was the right decision. Maybe if they had not been so obvious.
Posted on: March 8, 2015 - 6:10am #3
Can someone give me a
Can someone give me a cliff notes on it, went to the link keep gettin stuck on a pop up add, no "x" to close it.
Brian37 wrote: Can someone
Both teams wanted to lose so that they wouldn't have to play a school who was really good and who had beaten them both earlier in the season.
The loss would put them in a different bracket for the play offs.
What was amazing is that the coaches told the girls to make shots on the other basket, meaning, "shoot the ball in to our rival basket so they will gain points".
At one point the refs of the game knew what was going on but no one knew why.
As much as I hate the
As much as I hate the utopian sale of "if you don't win or move up the ladder, you are a piece of shit", this really is not a good message to send kids. I don't think society should sell winning, titles and paychecks as automatic morality, or that "if you just do it" crap, but this is just stupid.
Brian37 wrote: As much as I
Honestly, this type of shit
Honestly, this type of shit happens all the time in professional sports everywhere, whether it be NBA, MLB, both footballs, hockey, etc. Tanking to get a better draft pick, putting your best players on the bench for the next game, faking an injury for points and field position, intentionally hitting the other team with the ball out of spite...you name it, it's been done. (steroids, anyone?)
It actually annoys me how so many people are reading this story and immediately chastising these girls from their moral high horses. The TSSAA annoys me too. They made some money off of it; that's probably all they care about.
The only thing these girls did wrong, imo, was they made it too obvious to the referees and the crowd. Hypothetically, if only one of these teams had played with the intention of losing and had not made it obvious, then both teams would had moved on, but with the winning team having to play Blackman, the defending national champion, in an elimination game. It's certainly plausible for that team to then lose to Blackman while the other team continues to regionals. If most of the people watching the video were on that eliminated team, would they say, "Oh, it sucks that the other team lost on purpose so that we had to play Blackman. Our season is over now while they're going to regionals. Oh well, we have our integrity."?
Sounds like socialism in
Sounds like socialism in action. Reward failure and everyone decides not to try.
That is why tournoments normally reward the best teams with the easiest seeding. What happened in this case?
Remember suck for Luck?
EXC wrote:That is why
Yep, maybe the TSSAA should set up the brackets for every sport, every year, such that high schools that lose non-elimination games will be placed in a better position for elimination games later on. Then, whenever they think a school isn't trying their hardest to win, they can slap them with a fine. They should increase the fine too, since Tennessee values integrity, hehe.
$PROFIT$ *cough* I mean, uh..... $$INTEGRITY$$
Posted on: March 9, 2015 - 6:41pm #10
butterbattle wrote:Yep,
So the reward will be for the best actors.. As a fan a Shakespear, you should be happy.
So societies that don't sell winning are winners in your mind?
But In order to achieve this change, you have to win in politics. So people should pursue political power instead of wealth. Still a game to win at, right? How do you win with people that don't think winning is important?
Time to outlaw Darwinism.
Soccer had an even weirder
Soccer had an even weirder one once.
In a qualification game for the 1994 Caribbean Cup, Barbados deliberately scored a late own goal in a successful attempt to qualify for the finals by forcing golden-goal extra time against Grenada, as an unusual tournament rule stated that golden goals counted double in calculating goal difference. Needing a two-goal victory to qualify, Barbados found themselves 2–1 up with three minutes left of normal time. After the Barbadians scored an own goal to bring the scoreline level at 2–2, Grenada tried to score in either net while Barbados defended both goals for the final three minutes of normal time.[3] Barbados won the game in extra time and advanced to the next round.[4]
Theists - If your god is omnipotent, remember the following: He (or she) has the cure for cancer, but won't tell us what it is.
EXC wrote: So the reward
So the reward will be for the best actors.
Teehee. Train them early so they can compete with the best?
At least they're not high school soccer players. Oooooohhhhhhh!!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TyK1owU3e6Y
Posted on: March 9, 2015 - 10:48pm #14
They could solve this
They could solve this problem by having a single elimination tournament, like the NCAA tournament. You would not have all these silly shenanigans.
EXC wrote:Brian37 wrote: As
UGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
No, Darwin was a man, not a political ideology, "Darwinism" is a fucking stupid term. It was created as a demonzation to his contribution to scientific knowledge.
Our species is diverse, it is a range, and unfortunately both cruelty and cooperation work. No one should say winning is always bad. No one should say there should be no inequity. "Winning" is a point of view issue, not an ethical issue. The winner is certainly going to think from their point of view they are doing the right thing.
The part our species misses is we can succeed by replicating and spreading ideas that we think work for the group we belong to. In evolution that does work, but that does not always make it moral. We can all think of justifications for our success, where humans fail morally is our lack of understanding that we are not a separate species.
I get it. To you, the real winners should be those that pretend to show the most compassion and fiegn the most victimization. I need to learn to be an actor, then I'll be a winner.
You want to change the rules(to the victims goes the spoils) so you'll have a better shot at winning, and I'll be the loser.
But actually examining or even discussing the root cause of the intense competition is strictly verboten. So we just fight over what the rules should be.
EXC wrote:Brian37
Oh fuck off, if you want me to feel sorry for those with way more than they need, cry me a river. Please tell me you are not that stupid to think those with less hate all wealth. Inequity is not the issue, gap is.
Brian37 wrote:EXC
So just because somebody has more in your mind than what they need is an excuse for government to come in and steal it from them even if they lawfully acquired it? That is what socialism is. Government stealing from those who have simply because they have it. Matches a dictionary definition of theft.
Brian37 wrote:Oh fuck off,
Compassion is a game I don't play for anyone(neither is the fuck off game). I want you to examine what you really believe and why you believe it. Isn't that what you ask theists to do?
Darwinism implies that the world should be a very competitve place. So you just want to change the rules a little, so you'll win more at others expense. Correct?
In order to change the rules, don't all the players need to believe the change will benefit themselves? You failed at doing that, the compassion/victitimization stratagy is a big time loser.
EXC wrote:(neither is the
(neither is the fuck off game.)
yeah, neither you nor brian play the fuck off game, which is why i found it ironic he used the phrase with you. but please, the two of you have at it, like two parrots squawking catchphrases at each other from separate cages on opposite ends of the room. "EVOLUTION!" "POPULATION!" "SOCIALISM!" "LAMBORGHINI!" (squawk, whistle)
iwbiek wrote:EXC
Yes, just generalize your critisism instead of addressing sepecific points that you disagree on. That way you can avoid laying out a rational rebuttal.
That game doesn't work with me either.
EXC wrote:Yes, just
interesting, considering that's the game you just tried to play over on the OU thread.
iwbiek wrote: interesting,
No. That game is called kicking your ass.
EXC wrote:iwbiek wrote:
hoss, you'll have to pull your head out of yours if you ever want to have a hope of finding mine. you're a dilettante and a laughing-stock on this forum, and everyone knows it. even your likeliest ally, beyond, thinks you're full of shit.
That sounds remarkably familiar. Didn't South Park do something similar?
Oh my god I nearly shit myself laughing.
iwbiek wrote:[hoss, you'll
So I should to conform my beliefs to be the popular with the group? Resist saying what I really think so as to not be thought of as stupid? I played that game already, it was called religion.
At least this site has helped me understand why the world is so fucked up. And how persistent group preesure caused be to accept religion indoctrination at a naive age.
believe it or not there's a
believe it or not there's a middle way. being a conformist is not usually a wise decision, but when absolutely everyone is telling you you're oversimplifying things, that should at least give you pause. i know i've been lumping you with brian a lot lately, but unlike him i don't think your ego is significantly involved in hanging onto your arguments, nor does it seem to me you either ignore what others write or else have serious comprehension problems. surely others can persuade you to at least temper your thinking somewhat?
Dude, EXC is the ORIGINAL
Dude, EXC is the ORIGINAL Brian. Every single thing Brian does to piss you off, he learned from EXC. The only differences between them is political stripe and number of posts per day. This idiot has been using the exact same strawman argument against me for more than seven fucking years. Evrery single thing that he posts is a direct copy of shit that got shot down nearly a decade ago.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Come See Us at the Fly Fishing Show This Weekend!
Happy New Year to everyone! January is upon us, which means it is once again time for the Fly Fishing Show in Somerset, NJ at the Garden State Convention Center. For a change of pace, our booth will be in the Lobby of the show, and we would love to see you there, so please stop by for a visit.
Guide Bob Lewis will also be making a presentation each day of the show entitled, "Taming the Delaware," which will have great information for both the novice and veteran angler alike, so be sure not to miss it!
Wednesday turned into another good day of dry fly fishing, on both the West and Main. When I closed the shop up around 6 yesterday, we still had fish rising in Home Pool, taking Pseudos, most likely. I had reports of Stenos and Isos mixed in with the Pseudos on the Main Stem yesterday, starting around 1 PM or so, and continuing until dark. The larger fish were caught in the slower water at the end of the pools, but weren't so picky that you needed to drop below 5.5X or 6X tippet. Today we're starting with cloud cover, and will likely have some rain coming our way as well. This will likely delay the hatches a bit, but with warmer weather (mid 60s) we could still see some decent activity. Looking forward, I would expect the Pseudos to hang around well into November, so long as the weather stays warmer in the mid-afternoon. Don't be scared to come up and wet a line just because winter is coming – the bugs will still be here for a bit, as will the fish! Thanks again for a great season!
Once again, things actually went according to schedule. Bugs and fish on the West from about 2PM until 5:30 PM or so, mostly olives but with the occasional Iso thrown in for good measure. Today we'll likely see it start a bit earlier, as the temps will be in the mid to high 50s, and hopefully go a bit longer into the evening. NYC did drop our flows a tad down to a 593 release, but that should not adversely affect the fishing too much. There are still a handful of Stenos out there, so be looking for yellow bugs, as well as the possibility of some late season flying ants, at least on the Main Stem – had a report of those guys being out yesterday! Get out there and have some fun while the season is still here!
Ended up being cloudier than expected yesterday, which made the Olives very happy, as well as the trout up and eating them. They started a bit later on the West Branch, more towards 3 or so, but kept going until past 5. The Lower Main (below Buckingham) picked up a bit earlier, as the water temps were a bit warmer down that way. We're cooling off a bit today, with temps not quite hitting 50, and a good amount of cloud cove, so I'd expect the bugs to hatch a bit later in the day again, and likely continue on a bit more into the evening as well.
Sunday was definitely a much calmer, sunnier day overall, and the fish did respond in the mid-day hours to flushes of Isos and Pseudos taking advantage of the warmest part of the day. The West fished a bit more than the Main, and the fish were super-spooky over on the East and Beaverkill, which is no surprised based on the low flows that direction. We still have higher water on the West thanks to directed flows keeping Montague as high as it needs to be, which makes it perfect for both wading and floating. We've got similar days for the rest of the week, so hopefully the pattern will continue, giving everyone a chance to sleep in if they choose, without missing the majority of the action!


It's Monday so I have a MASCULINE card for you! The stamp set GUY GREETINGS has been around for a couple of years, and honestly, I never really liked it because I don't like the "man" in it! I think he is "creepy!" OK–sorry if you like, just being "ME" with you! Anyways–I LOVE ALL THE OTHER STAMPS in the set!!!
Today's card is QUICK & EASY, like most of my cards…..but it's perfect for any guy!
Stamp Husband, Father, Grandpa and Brother in Basic Black. If using Clear Mount or Photopolymer you can put all 4 words on one clear block and stamp all at once!
Here are the main products used. You can click on any of the pictures to go to the online store and place an order.


Articles by Mark Cullen | Good. A brand agency. London. Glasgow.
Most brands fail to get their core values right. And Kylie has a new album out today. Let the tenuous link commence.
Talking the talk. Five ways to nail your brand's tone of voice.
One of the biggest challenges facing clients and agencies is how to keep a brand's tone of voice alive on day 1000, not just day 01.
It's been a stellar month for two of our whisky clients.
Today has seen the launch of Scottish Power's new 'Copped it' campaign.


On the lake, water birds glide gracefully with harmonious precision, the subtleties of each feather reflected on the calm surface of the glassy pond. In like fashion, the DGA-1 reflects the spell- binding quality of the sonic moment. If that moment has thunder claps or gentle waves meeting the beach, it is given to you in a way you can feel to the depth of your being. You will be blessed by its presence, if you take the opportunity to listen to this, the most basic member of the Whammerdyne Truth family.


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Q: MapCache not storing files I'm using MapCache with MapServer.
When I use the link to MapCache the map is served but I look in the /tmp/mapcache directory and no files are list.  I've made the /tmp/mapcache directory world writable and still no luck.
Here is my mapcache.xml
<mapcache mode="combined_mirror">
   <cache name="disk" type="disk">
           <base>/tmp/mapcache</base>
      <symlink_blank/>
   </cache>

   <source name="vmap0" type="wms">
      <getmap>
         <params>
            <FORMAT>image/jpeg</FORMAT>
            <LAYERS>default</LAYERS>
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      <http>
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      </http>
   </source>

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            <http>
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            </http>
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   </service>
   <service type="wmts" enabled="true"/>
   <service type="tms" enabled="true"/>
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   <service type="ve" enabled="true"/>
   <service type="demo" enabled="true"/>

   <errors>report</errors>
   <lock_dir>/tmp</lock_dir>
   <log_level>debug</log_level>

</mapcache>

The Apache mapcache.conf
<IfModule mapcache_module>
   Header add Access-Control-Allow-Origin "*"
   <Directory /mapcache>
      Order Allow,Deny
      Allow from all
   </Directory>
   MapCacheAlias /mapcache "/etc/apache2/mods-enabled/mapcache.xml"
</IfModule>

If I run mapcache_seed with this xml file it seems to generate the cache files properly

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Yesterday I got an extra day off work as the day before was Saudi Arabian National Day. As a result I was able to go back to Bahrain again for another afternoon ringing session this time at the Refinery Pond. We had to cut a new ride in the reeds and when we got there we found that the water was much too deep for setting nets. As a result we were only able to cut one ride and it was not in an optimal position. Abdulla set another net between the acacia trees to see if we could catch anything there as we had seen eight Ortolan Bunting in the trees as we drove into the site. We did not catch many birds but saw about 50 Yellow Wagtail coming into roost in the late evening. Abdulla caught a Spotted Flycatcher and let me ring it as I had not ringed this species before (Nicole ringed the bird yesterday as she had not ringed one either) and the new net through the reeds caught two (Caspian) Reed Warbler both of which I ringed. The Spotted Flycatcher looked quite different in plumage to the bird caught yesterday.


To celebrate the 60th Anniversary of Southern Hills UMC, we will be producing a new pictorial directory! Beginning today, you can make your appointment for photographs through our online process.
Final Make-Up Photo Date is May 17th at Southern Hills. Sign-up at the link above.


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Greenwich Village+ Shoes & Handbags+
10012 Prince
10013 Canal Street
10003 Cooper
Kazuyo Nakano, 10012 Prince
117 Crosby Street - Manhattan - New York, NY
http://www.kazuyonakano.com/
A designer who puts her personality into the bags she makes.
Sigerson Morrison, 10012 Prince
28 Prince Street - Manhattan - New York, NY
http://www.sigersonmorrison.com
Two cool kids, one cool vision.
Rafe, 10012 Prince
1 Bleecker Street - Manhattan - Manhattan, NY
http://www.rafe.com/
In 1989, Rafe left a successful business that he started in Manila to pursue his dream of a career in fashion design. He moved to New York, enrolled in FIT, and supported himself as a design assistant. In 1994, he produced his first collection of accessories: belts and watchbands ¬for a SoHo boutique, they sold out instantly. When the shop asked him if he had bags to go with the items, he enthusiastically said 'yes'...even if he didn't have a single bag to show for it. One year later, the first collection of Rafe New York handbags debuted at uptown department store Bergdorf Goodman. Since then, Rafe has become one of the most acclaimed of a new generation of New York designers.
Kate Spade, 10013 Canal Street
454 Broome Street at Mercer Street - Manhattan - New York, NY
http://www.katespade.com
while growing up in kansas city, missouri, katherine noel brosnahan, now kate spade, was both the epitome and antithesis of the all-american girl. there was always something charmingly familiar yet wonderfully original about kate. her fresh sense of style and singular personality reflect a keen sense of wit, propriety, and a no-nonsense approach to life. kate has spent most of her professional career in the accessories business.
Jamin Puech, 10012 Prince
247 Elizabeth Street - Manhattan - New York, NY
http://www.jamin-puech.com/
In a market that is becoming more and more uniform, personalised and precious handbags have conquered the public. Creativity and quality allowed Jamin Puech to build up a strong image of designing unique handbags. Very often being the source of new trends and looks, they have always managed to distinguish themselves by constant creation of new models.
The Jamin Puech style offers an aesthetic and poetic multifaceted world, mixing past and present, western world fashion with other cultures, precious with sophisticated. The collections also express humour and joy.
Hollywould, 10012 Prince
198 Elizabeth Street - Nolita - New York, NY
HOLLYWOULD Creative Director, Holly Dunlap, began her career in fashion at the young age of 17 as an intern for New York socialite designer Carolyne Roehm. Although Holly was not paid a salary during her time with Carolyne, she was paid in the next best thing: Manolo Blahnik Shoes. From her first pair of Manolos, Holly realized that there were shoes and there were shoes.
From New York, Holly attended design school in Paris and landed her dream job working for Christian Lacroix upon graduation. Next, Holly moved to London to work for her long-time fashion idol, Vivienne Westwood. Although Holly loved working for Vivienne, she missed the beaches of sunny Los Angeles and headed back to the states to work as a celebrity stylist.
Kirna Zabête, 10012 Prince
96 Greene Street - Manhattan - New York, NY
http://www.kirnazabete.com/
Located on Greene Street in the SoHo neighborhood of New York City, Kirna Zabete is one of the giants when it comes to searching for retail fashions from some of the most recognized designers in the industry. One you will find on their shelves is Alexander Wang, a designer who likes to incorporate classic looks with fresh and modern twists. The Alexander Wang Spring and Summer 2012 Collection catalog is currently available and many of the items are available at Kirna Zabete, including the Gia Zip Sandals and a wide selection of clothing items and handbags to freshen your wardrobe. Rachel Zoe is another name brand designer with a wide selection of products at Kirna Zabete. You can find a variety of clothing items below $500 if you are on a tight budget as well as the more upscale pricing range if you are looking for something more exclusive. In addition to the name brand designers, you can also find fashion accessories like sunglasses, scarves, belts, jewelry and much more. Kirna Zabete also has a line of KZ Originals which includes a completely unique fragrance. For all of your designer shopping desires, be sure to visit Kirna Zabete in Manhattan on your next shopping adventure.
DSW, 10003 Cooper
46 East 14th St. 3rd floor - Manhattan - New York, NY
http://www.dswshoes.com/
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The premier destination for shoe lovers. You'll find the latest designer and fashion brands for fall and winter like Blowfish, Madden Girl, Chinese Laundry, Rocket Dog, JS by Jessica Simpson, b.o.c., Columbia, Minnetonka, Converse, Clarks, Skechers, Puma, New Balance and BCBG at a value you can't resist. Shop womens boots, mens boots, womens suede boots, ankle boots, mens and womens leather boots, womens shoes, pumps, heels, mens shoes, running shoes, sneakers, classic dress shoes, handbags and more in stores and online at dsw.com.
The Shoe New York, 10012 Prince
262 Mott Street - Manhattan - New York, NY
http://theshoeny.com/
Can't wear your zebra-print coat because you're having trouble looking like a fashionista with mismatched shoes? Fret no more! The Shoe New York carries a compendium of comprehensive gems that'll satisfy even the most scrupulous accessory fanatic.
Highway, 10012 Prince
http://www.highwaybuzz.com/
Highway is a full line of designer shoulder bags, laptop bags, handbags and wallets.
In the Winter of 2000, long-time New York fashion and fabric designer Jem Filippi, inspired by street fashion, fine art and industrial design, established Hiponica---her original line of bags and accessories. Jem's design-conscious retail vision culminated by opening her Hiponica accessories store in Nolita, Manhattan's local fashion neighborhood.
Juno Shoes New York, 10012 Prince
543 Broadway - Prince and Spring Street - New York, NY
Founded in 1987, Juno Shoes is one of the leading fashion houses in New York. The principle of a Juno Shoes is respect for the foot`s anatomy and all its functions, in agreement with the laws of fashion.
Juno Shoes has served the needs of the customers who prefer Juno`s unique fashion and quality shoes. Juno`s concept for the enterprise is to make well-designed and high quality shoes at prices that everyone could afford. That basic vision supported by continuous innovation and tireless customer service now represents Juno brand.
Steve Madden, 10012 Prince
529 Broadway - Manhattan - New York, NY
http://www.stevemadden.com/
Steve Madden, the footwear fashion mogul of the 21st century, has immersed his company into virtually every aspect of the fashion industry. With his primary success and initial endeavor as a shoe designer, Mr. Madden has maintained the direct day-to-day responsibility for the design and marketing of the company's trend setting shoes for the past two decades.
Expanding now into other accessories such as handbags, belts, socks, watches, as well as the apparel segment with dresses and outerwear, Steve Madden is evolving into a lifestyle brand.
MZ Wallace, 10012 Prince
93 Crosby Street - Manhattan - New York, NY
http://www.mzwallace.com
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The line includes bags, luggage and accessories for women and men. Innovative yet classic, MZ Wallace appeals to a multitude of personal styles. Its goal is to create a quality product whose style endures.
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text:
HELEN FISHER, PH.D.
Speaking of Sex: Integrating Couples and Sex Therapy (Online Course)
Helen Fisher is a biological Anthropologist at Rutgers University. She studies the evolution, brain systems (using functional Magnetic Resonance--fMRI) and cross-cultural patterns of romantic love, marriage, adultery, divorce, gender differences in the brain, personality, temperament, and mate choice. She has written five internationally bestselling books including, Why Him? Why Her?, Why We Love, and Anatomy of Love. Other publications include articles in Journal of Comparative Neurology, Journal of Neurophysiology, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences, Archives of Sexual Behavior, Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, The Journal of NIH Research, The New York Times Book Review, Psychology Today, Natural History, Scientific American, New Scientist, The Chronicle of Higher Education, and books published by Smithsonian Press, Greenwood Press, Columbia University Press, Cambridge University Press, Oxford University Press, MIT Press and Yale University Press. She lectures worldwide; among her speeches are those at the World Economic Forum at Davos, TED, United Nations, Smithsonian and Aspen Institute. For her work in the media, Fisher received the American Anthropological Association's Distinguished Service Award.


text:
Needed: A European institutional union
Elias Papaioannou 12 February 2016
Institutional redesign and reform are currently being debated and implemented at the EU and EZ levels. However, there is a growing institutional gap across member countries – especially between the core and periphery. This column illustrates the extent of this gap. Weak institutions have already stifled reform efforts, such as the Economic Adjustment Programs undertaken by Greece and Portugal. The success of pan-European reforms and the future of the Eurozone will require coordinated action to close this institutional gap.
New VoxEU eBook: How to fix the Eurozone
Richard Baldwin, Francesco Giavazzi
The future of the Eurozone
Stefano Micossi
Reforming Greece
Nauro Campos, Fabrizio Coricelli
Did the euro kill governance in the periphery?
Jesús Fernández-Villaverde, Luis Garicano, Tano Santos
The recent crisis in Europe has revealed an institutional void at the EU and the Eurozone levels. For example, at the onset of the global financial crisis in 2007-2008, the EU and the currency union lacked a centralised institution for fiscal policy coordination. Transfer and risk sharing mechanisms were almost non-existent, as the EU budget is small – approximately 1% of EU GDP. In spite of some regulatory-legislative harmonisation policies in the 2000s, the supervision of banks and other financial intermediaries differed considerably across member states and the EU and the Eurozone were far from offering unified financial services to European citizens across the border. At the same time, core EU institutions, most notably the EU Commission, were not in a position to offer leadership and coordinate the policy response to a crisis that threatened the existence of the EU. The EU Council of Heads of State and Economics and Finance Ministers (the ECOFIN/EuroGroup) responded to market turmoil sluggishly without having coherent plans. If anything, EU politicians added risk to the system (Baldwin and Giavazzi 2015, Corsetti 2015). Given these flaws and the evident institutional void, the ECB took a central role, coordinating not only monetary policy, but also pushing for the banking union project, for the establishment of transfer mechanisms (the European Stability Mechanism, ESM), and even assisting in the design of policy reforms in product and labour markets. Some have argued that the ECB is even involved in fiscal policy.
The apparent institutional void has led to some modest reform, most notably the banking union project (with a single supervisory mechanism regulating large systemic European banks, common capital requirements, and a common bank resolution system) and the creation of the ESM, which can assist member states in crisis times. And there are many proposals in the direction of more centralisation, such as launching Eurobonds, the establishment of an EU centralised fiscal authority,1 and the empowerment of existing EU institutions, such as increasing the balance-sheet of the European Investment Bank (see Tabellini 2016). These proposals are in the right direction, though unfortunately – and in a very European manner – they move slowly and are filled with exemptions and loopholes.2
Institutional gaps at the National-level
At the same time, there is a non-negligible gap on EU-EZ countries' national institutional capacities (quality of justice system, tax collection, administrative performance, control of corruption); this gap, which has not received much attention either from policymakers or from academics, is equally dangerous to the weak and dysfunctional pan-European institutions.
In the countries of the European core (e.g., Germany, Netherlands, Austria), legal institutions are well-functioning, adequately protecting investors from managerial fraud; property rights are well-defined; public bureaucracies are professional and public goods-provision is decent; red tape and corruption, while not absent, are not huge issues. While there is always room for improvement, the European countries of the core enjoy strong state capacity, being able to enforce their government's legislated policies, collect taxes, and apply the rule of law. In contrast, in the European periphery (Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain), legal protection of shareholders and creditors is weak, both because laws are conflicting, ill-designed and not-well-thought-out, and because courts are slow, inefficient, and often produce conflicting rulings. Public administration and national bureaucracies are largely inefficient, characterised by political interference, graft, and lack of professionalism. And states' fiscal capacity is not particularly strong, as tax evasion is sizable and it is challenging for the government to enforce its decisions (Besley and Persson 2011). Moreover the size of the unofficial economy is considerable with sizable costs for the state coffers and negative spillovers in the formal sector.3
Figure 1 below illustrates this gap using some proxies of national institutional quality from the World Bank's Governance Matters Indicators Database (Kaufman et al 2011). The graph plots the mean values of three governance quality measures (rule of law, control of corruption, and government-bureaucratic effectiveness) for seven core EZ nations (Finland, France, Luxemburg, Germany, Netherlands, Austria, and Belgium), the seven EZ periphery countries (i.e., Greece, Malta, Cyprus, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, and Italy) and the five EZ member countries in Eastern Europe that transitioned from centrally-planned to market economies in the 1990s (Slovakia, Slovenia, Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania). There is an evident gap between the core and other two sets of countries across all categories. And while these indicators are survey-based, proxies containing perhaps non-negligible noise, a similar picture emerges when considering other indicators that measure specific aspects of the institutional environment, such as legal quality, court efficiency, red tape in product markets, and easiness of registering property. In Figure 2 we tabulate the mean values of a proxy of court efficiency that measures the days needed to resolve a simple legal dispute in courts. There are sizable differences in court delays across the Eurozone with countries in the South (namely Greece, Italy, Portugal, Malta, and Cyprus) having formalistic and slow court systems. It takes roughly 800 days to resolve a simple commercial dispute in the countries of the European South, double the time needed in the EZ core. Data from the European Justice Scoreboard that provides a much more analytical overview of the performance of courts across Europe suggests that the problem of delays is even more pronounced when one focuses on cases pending in administrative courts; for example in Greece it takes more than 3 years to resolve a straightforward dispute in Greece (Papaioannou and Karatza 2016).
Figure 1. Institutional gap across the Eurozone
Figure 2. Court inefficiencies across the Eurozone
Institutional divergence
The institutional gap across EU-EZ member states is not news and by no means a recent phenomenon. Due to historical, cultural, geographical and other deep-seated reasons, EU and EZ member countries have followed heterogeneous economic and institutional development paths.4 Yet two aspects have not received much attention.
The First-Phase: Economic convergence without institutional convergence
During the transition period in the 1990s and during the initial years of the single currency (roughly 2000-2007), the economic convergence in the European periphery was not accompanied by any noticeable improvement in national institutions; corruption remained relatively high across most countries in the European south, legal quality even deteriorated in Italy and in Greece, tax evasion remained high, and the performance of public administration and local bureaucracies remained at low levels. So while institutional and economic development usually goes in tandem (as in the case of former communist countries), this is not what we observed during 1993-2007 in the initial EZ member countries. If anything, there was a slight deterioration in institutional capacity of most countries in the periphery and across many dimensions. Figure 3 shows the evolution of the World Bank's control of corruption index in Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Greece from 1996 till 2014. After some improvement in the late 1990s, there is clear deterioration. A similar pattern emerges when one examines the evolution of the rule of law index that captures the quality of property rights and contractual institutions and the index of government effectiveness. By contrast, the control of corruption, rule of law, and government effectiveness indicators are quite stable in the countries of the core.
Figure 3. Evolution of control of corruption in the European south
Institutional persistence can explain part of the continuation of the institutional gap across the EU; yet EU and EZ policies did not help. There were at least four policy mistakes:
To start with, the Maastricht Treaty and the Stability and Growth Pact criteria and rules that set the stage for the currency union in the 1990s focused myopically and exclusively on outcomes (e.g., inflation rates, fiscal targets) rather than on improving the associated institutional environment of members states (Papaioannou 2015). The targets were purely fiscal and monetary and there were no specific goals to improve the institutional environment of conducting business. And while in the 1990s the countries of the periphery did implement some reforms, mostly on product markets, to meet the Maastricht Treaty targets, the reform effort tuned down and eventually got abandoned when countries joined the Eurozone (see also Fernandez-Villaverde et al 2013).
There was not much effort by EU-EZ bodies (Commission, ECB, the European Parliament, and the Council) to improve dysfunctional institutions, even though administrative red tape, corruption, and slow courts were interacting with EU policies. For example many member-states in the South and in Eastern Europe could not fully absorb EU structural funds aiming to improve infrastructure and welfare states due to slow, inefficient, and corrupt local bureaucracies. So not only did the EU fail to set up specific institutional targets, but it did not seem to bother much, even when ineffective national institutions were impeding EU policies.
While institutional reform was part of the Lisbon Agenda of 2000 that aimed to make the EU "the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion", these reforms and ideals were abandoned. The Lisbon Agenda as it stands is arguably one of the biggest EU failures.
At the national level, the fall in interest rates in the periphery led to capital flow bonanzas, investment spikes (mostly in non-tradeable sectors), and an associated decline in unemployment; thus the local political establishment did not prioritise institutional reform. Thus, unfortunately, the countries of the EZ periphery are forced to undertake institutional reform amidst deep recessions, something quite challenging for the political establishment.
The crisis and institutional divergence
The crisis uncovered the institutional deficiencies of the European periphery that somehow were hidden by the robust foreign-capital-driven growth of Greece, Ireland, Spain, and Portugal in the period 2000-2007. As the crisis intensified and countries demanded huge external financial support packages, attention shifted to growth prospects, as this is a crucial element in any debt sustainability analysis. The market's focus was on tax evasion and the size of the shadow economy, as they matter crucially for debt sustainability.5 EU and national policymakers started delving into the institutional details as it became apparent that tackling corruption, improving public administration, reforming legal protection of investors, and speeding-up the judicial process were necessary conditions for a recovery.
Figure 4a shows the sizable differences in courts' delays at the beginning of the crisis between core countries (in blue bars) and periphery countries (in red bars). There are massive delays in Italy and Greece, with Portugal, Spain, and Ireland following. Yet, as Figure 4b that plots the data in 2014 illustrates, things have not improved. Actually the situation in Greece has deteriorated sharply due to the interactive effects of the deep recession that increased incoming cases and troika's policy to lowered courts' funding and cut judges' compensation. The same applies when one looks at courts' ability to deal with bankruptcy and insolvency. World Bank's Doing Business around the World Statistics show that the time spent in bankruptcy in Greece has increased from roughly 2 years (in 2008) to 3.5 years (in 2014), while mean recovery rates have fallen from 46% to 34%.
Figure 4a-b. Courts' inefficiencies before and after the crisis
This pattern of institutional deterioration in the European South over the crisis years applies when one looks at other indicators capturing distinct (though related) aspects of local institutional capacity. For example, Figures 5a-5b tabulate the mean values of the control of corruption and rule of law indicators in 2007 and in 2014 for the three EZ group countries – core, periphery, and former transition.
Figure 5a-b. Control of corruption and rule of law before and after the crisis
Arkolakis et al (2016) provide further evidence of a deterioration of the institutional environment in Greece and other countries of the European periphery during the crisis. For example the ranking of Greece in the rankings of the Global Competitiveness Indicators of the World Economic Forum has fallen from 67 (out of 134 countries) in 2008-2009 to 91 (out of 148 countries) in 2013-2014. The drop is especially pronounced in the 'institutions' subcategory were Greece's rank fell from 58 to 103.
Consequences of institutional gap and divergence
The apparent and growing institutional gap between the core and periphery (and also the former communist countries) has important implications for the functioning of the EU and the Eurozone for at least two reasons.
First, the institutional gap maps into non-negligible differences in output, productivity, labour utilisation, and unemployment, between the core and periphery. A voluminous theoretical and empirical literature provides ample evidence that institutional quality – namely sound investor's protection, efficient judicial processes and courts, absence of red tape, control of corruption, and state capacity to enforce contracts and collect taxes – matter crucially for productivity (see for an overview Acemoglu et al 2005, Acemoglu and Robinson 2012, Besley and Persson 2012, La Porta et al 1997, 1998, Djankov et al 2003). The resulting gap in economic performance has contributed to the large European balance of payment imbalances (trade deficits in the periphery financed with capital from banks in the core), which have been a key driving force of the crisis (Baldwin and Giavazzi 2015).6 One should stress here that research shows that institutions are crucial for total factor productivity ('new growth-style') growth, as they are disproportionally more important for exports, entrepreneurship, innovation, and the process of creative destruction. It is no coincidence that the severity of the crisis and length of the economic downturn map almost one-to-one to institutional deficiencies and the associated current account deficits in the beginning of the crisis (see also Micossi 2016).
Second, malfunctioning national institutions in many EU-EZ countries and the resulting institutional heterogeneity impede the conduct of EU-EZ policies, as their implementation depends on local institutional structures and member countries' state capacity. For example, the enforcement of EU legislation (EU Directives and EU Regulations) on a variety of issues, related to product markets, financial intermediation, industrial policy, depends on national courts, parliamentary acts, and administrative actions. Another example of how failing national institutions block EU-EZ reforms comes from the Economic Adjustment Programs (EAP) that Greece, Ireland, and Portugal had to undertake as well as the strict EU policy guidelines in Italy and Spain. Many provisions and policies detailed in the EAPs on strengthening tax collection mechanisms, reducing red tape for businesses and entrepreneurs depend crucially on local public administration, courts, and state ability to convert wills and laws into action. So the partial – at best – success of those programs should not be surprising, as they initially just set some fiscal and economic targets without delving into the institutional frictions. Greece's initial EAP in the spring of 2010 is perhaps the most illustrative example of a program based on nominal targets that would be met with salary and pension cuts, tax hikes, and public expenditure freezes that ignored the malfunctioning Greek courts and inefficient public administration. As the IMF (2013) acknowledged in its self-assessment of the Greek program, a key policy mistake was to underestimate the country's state capacity to enforce legislation.
An example: Dealing with private debt
It has become apparent that the Eurozone has to deal with the large stock of private debt that increased considerably in the euphoria years before the crisis (CEPR 2014).7 Dealing with private sector's debt (households, corporates) is crucial as many firms are faced with a debt overhang issue that drags investment. Moreover, European banks seem to hold large amounts of non-performing loans on the books and resolving this issue is desperately needed in some countries – most notably Greece (but also Italy) – where banks have stopped lending to new firms and entrepreneurs. There are now calls to EU-EZ institutions to design pan-European policies and plans to deal with private debt and promote restructuring-reprofiling. Yet what is well-understood is that the success of any European-wide plan and regulation dealing with private debt will depend not so much on the design but on its enforcement by EU-EZ member states' insolvency and bankruptcy institutions. As Figure 6 shows there is massive heterogeneity on the performance of bankruptcy and insolvency practices across the EU and the Eurozone. In Greece dealing with bankruptcy takes more than 3.5 years and quite often more than 6 years (Papaioannou and Karatza 2016) and recovery rates are well below 40 cents on the euro. Time spent in bankruptcy is high and recovery rates are also low in Malta, France, and Luxemburg. The scatter-plot illustrates that with the exception of Ireland where the process is fast and the cost low, all countries of the EZ periphery (and all countries of the European South) are on the bottom-right of the figure with slow and inefficient processes. Moreover, in many countries, insolvency is dealt-with by professionals and specialised judges, while in other countries there are no specialised procedures. And in many nations, mostly in the North, the focus is on reorganisation and restructuring, while in most countries in the South the bankruptcy code is focused on liquidation. Given those large differences in bankruptcy and insolvency practices around the Eurozone, it is hard to see how a common policy can succeed across member states. If Europe is to deal with the perils of private debt, it needs to move beyond EU Directives and/or Regulations; it is vital to reform the anachronistic, formalistic, and in many cases absurdly slow legal institutions in the South (and also in France and Luxemburg).
Figure 6. Bankruptcy-insolvency practices across the Eurozone
Institutional reform at the EU-EZ level and institutional convergence towards best-practices should be at the top of the priority list of European leaders and policymakers. Institutional change at both the EU and the national level is desperately needed, if Europe is to meet the growing challenges faced by globalisation (competition from industrial and emerging markets, migration), avoid destruction, and fulfil the needs and aspirations of its citizens. While institutional redesign and reform at the EU-EZ level are currently implemented and debated, there is not much discussion and action on designing a concrete, thorough, and ambitious plan of improving national institutions so as to close the persistent and, if anything, growing institutional gap across the EU and the EZ. This has to change. In this regard the EU-EZ should consider the following:
To begin with, the EU needs to set a clear, ambitious, and succinct program aiming to address the large institutional differences across the EU, focused on improving governance, promoting growth, and raising equity.
Consider establishing a European-level Institute that will monitor institutional performance and state capacity across the EU and the Eurozone.8 This Institute should produce league tables and thorough statistics measuring institutional capacity and reforms in a wide range of areas, such as product markets, regulation, state administration, courts, etc. The European Justice Scoreboard can serve as a starting point, though the analysis has to be more far-reaching and in-depth. This Institute should produce annual reports that should be submitted to the European Parliament, National Parliaments, and the Council of Heads of State.
EU structural funds – and even subsidies in agriculture – should be linked to well-defined reforms of national institutions. The current system, where the EU finances infrastructure projects mostly in Southern and Eastern Europe (that are plagued by corruption) is a disgrace; and it contributes to the rising distrust of citizens towards Europe.
Likewise, any debt forgiveness and reprofiling (in Greece or elsewhere) should be linked to countries meeting well-defined targets on improving legal protection of shareholders and creditors, removing administrative barriers to entry, reducing legal formalism, and safeguarding the independence of public administration.
The EU should even consider altogether blocking transfers to member states when national governments do not safeguard basic EU liberties and values, such as interfering with the independence of the judiciary or other independent national agencies.
The EU should offer direct technical and financial assistance to member states in improving the functioning of public administration and courts. After identifying best-practices across the EU and with the assistance of the Institute, the EU could assist in the transfer of knowhow, covering all the expenses.
Currently there is little – if any – coordination between the European and the National Parliaments, and the power is mostly in the hands of the executive branch of the EU, the Commission, and the Council. Perhaps the EU Parliament can get a more active role in promoting institutional reform across EU-EZ member states.
One could clearly come up with additional proposals. Yet it is of utmost importance for Europe to address the institutional gap – citizens are becoming quite distrustful towards the EU as well as local institutions, courts, political parties, and politicians. And this distrust is also quite heterogeneous, with much higher levels in the South than in the core.9
It is hard to imagine an 'ever closer union' in Europe with the currently large institutional gap in courts, public administration, red tape, corruption, and fiscal capacity. The asymmetries in national institutions across the Eurozone are destabilising both because they impede real economic convergence and because EU-EZ policies' depend crucially on local institutional structures, disparities and imbalances.
Referring to the adjustment program of Greece and the slow progress in reforms, the German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schäuble recently (January 2016) said to the Greek Prime Minister "It is the implementation, stupid!" He and his colleagues should not be mistaken, though; policy implementation depends, more than anything else, on sound institutions. And Europe has done little to assist Greece and the other countries of the EZ periphery to reform their malfunctioning institutions. "It's the institutions, stupid!"
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Papaioannou, E (2015) "Nominal rather than institutional convergence in the Eurozone", in The Eurozone Crisis: A consensus view of the causes and a few possible solutions, by R Baldwin and F Giavazzi, VoxEU.org, September.
Papaioannou, E and S Karatza (2016) "The Greek justice system: Collapse and reform", in Reforming the Greek economy, MIT Press, C Meghir, C Pissarides, D Vayanos, N Vettas, eds, Forthcoming, May.
Pagoulatos, G and E Papaioannou (2016) "The three sagas of the Greek crisis", mimeo, London Business School.
Sapir, A and G Wolf (2015) "Euro Area governance: What to reform and how to do it", Bruegel Policy Briefs, February.
Schneider, F, A Bruehn and C E Montenegro (2011) "New estimates for the shadow economies all over the world", International Economic Journal, 24: 443-461.
Tabellini, G (2015) "The main lessons to be drawn from the European Financial Crisis", in in The Eurozone Crisis: A consensus view of the causes and a few possible solutions, by R Baldwin and F Giavazzi, VoxEU.org, September.
Tabellini, G (2016) "Which fiscal union?" in Rebooting the Eurozone, edited by Richard Baldwin and Francecso Giavazzi, VoxEU.org, February.
1 See Sapir and Wolf (2015) and Guiso and Morelli (2014) on the European Financial Institute proposal.
2 For example the key issue of a common deposit insurance scheme has been postponed and the ESM's funds are quite small given the size of the countries in the 'danger zone' (Italy, Spain).
3 See the estimates in Schneider et al (2011). In a novel study that compares declared with estimated-by-banks income of professionals in Greece, Artavanis et al (2016) estimate that non-reported professionals' income in Greece was around 28 billion euros in 2009. The foregone revenue is around a third of the record-high fiscal deficit of 2009 that exceeded 15% of GDP.
4 See Acemoglu et al (2005) and Nunn (2014) on institutional persistence and on the historical origins of contemporary development.
5 See Markellos et al (2016) for the role of the informal sector and the shadow economy on sovereign debt markets.
6 See Arkolakis et al (2016) for the link between economic institutions, trade deficits, and misallocation, focusing on Greece.
7 See Liu and Rosenberg (2013) and Buttiglione et al (2014) for an overview and some descriptive evidence.
8 In principle the EU Commission could undertake this responsibility, perhaps establishing a new Directorate. Yet currently the Commission lacks vision and necessary capacity to undertake this goal.
9 See Papaioannou (2014), Guiso et al (2016), and Guiso et al (2016) on the European trust crisis and the link between heterogeneity in beliefs and institutional divergence.
Topics: EU institutions EU policies Europe's nations and regions
Tags: EU, EZ, eurozone, Greece, institutional gap, institutions, weak institutions, reform, Corruption, rule of law, core, periphery, court inefficiency
Elias Papaioannou
Professor of Economics, London Business School; CEPR Research Affiliate


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The modern district of Bruntsfield lies east of Bruntsfield Links, beyond which lies the district of Marchmont. Merchiston is to the west and Tollcross to the north. To the south and east lies the former estate of Greenhill, and to the south Morningside. The estate built on land originally belongng to Bruntsfield House is called Marchmont, which the Warrender family began feuing in 1872. Many of the street names reflect the association with that family. The whole area lay within the Burgh Muir of Edinburgh, from which a former farm Burghmuirhead took its name which passed eventually to a small area within Bruntsfield. The Burgh Muir stretched all the way through from the present-day Meadows to the Braid Burn at the foot of the northern slopes of the Pentland Hills. The junction where Bruntsfield meets Burghmuirhead on the road to Morningside is popularly known as "Holy Corner" from its cluster of Victorian churches. Bruntsfield Links is home to a pitch and putt golf course which serves as a reminder that it was one of the earliest places where golf was played in the Edinburgh area. The Links continue north east to Melville Drive where they meet The Meadows, a park formed after the old Burgh Loch was finally drained in the 19th century. At the southern end of the links, near Bruntsfield House, a sunken area formed by a former quarry is known locally as Tumbler's Hollow.


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}

According to the Nielsen--Ninomiya theorem \cite{NiNi81a} there is no way to
avoid the explicit breaking on the lattice of the chiral symmetry of the
continuum QCD (at least if one wants to keep the fundamental
locality property).
In the simplest discretization, given by the Wilson action, the explicit
breaking  introduces many annoying artifacts in the lattice theory,
the most popular being the quark mass renormalization
with related fine tuning problem; more in general, features and
mechanisms of the continuum theory associated to the chirality find
no correspondence in the lattice theory.
For example, the Atiyah--Singer theorem \cite{AtSi71},
relating the chirality of the
zero modes of the Dirac operator in a finite volume to the
topological charge of the background configuration, has no lattice
counterpart; the study of the spontaneous breaking of the symmetry
is awkward since the explicit breaking introduces spurious
effects which are not under full theoretical control
(e.g. an order parameter analogous to the fermion condensate is missing).

Ginsparg and Wilson provided the condition \cite{GiWi82} under which
the breaking of the chirality of the lattice action is the mildest
possible, compatibly with the Nielsen--Ninomiya theorem.
This is the so called Ginsparg--Wilson condition (GWC)
for the lattice Dirac operator.

Recently, it has been realized that the Dirac operator associated to
a fixed point of a renormalization group transformation \cite{Ha98c}, and the
one coming from the `overlap formalism' \cite{ovlap}, both satisfy the GWC
\cite{Ha98c,Ne98a}.
Further analysis has shown that the main mechanisms of
QCD related to chiral symmetry find correspondence on
the lattice with Ginsparg--Wilson fermions \cite{HaLaNi98,Ha98a,Lu98-Ch98}.
Formulation of chiral gauge theories describing Weyl fermions
is also possible \cite{Lu98a}.
All this is somehow miraculous, taking place in a scenario
where the chirality {\em is explicitly broken}.

Here we concentrate on one particular aspect, i.e. the
Leutwyler--Smilga sum rules \cite{LeSm92}
for the eigenvalues of the Dirac
operator of chiral QCD. These can be explicitly derived in the continuum
(regularized) theory, from the analysis of the finite volume partition
function in a limit (large volumes and small quark masses) where QCD reduces
to a simple matrix model and chiral symmetry plays the fundamental role.
Starting from this, Shuryak and Verbaarschot put forward the hypothesis
\cite{ShVe93} that the sum rules are an universal feature,
i.e. model independent,
the only precondition being chiral symmetry. The simplest chiral model
is a chiral Random Matrix Theory \cite{ShVe93};
here Leutwyler--Smilga sum rules
have been verified, enabling also a systematic classification of the
different universal behaviors \cite{Ve94}.
First checks of the predictions from chiral Random Matrix Theory
have been done in the framework of
lattice gauge theory  with staggered fermions \cite{rmt-latt},
which however restore the chirality on the lattice only partially.

Ginsparg--Wilson fermions, which {\em effectively} restore chiral symmetry,
appear the ideal environment for studying \cite{rmt-gw} Shuryak
and Verbaarschot's chirality--induced universality on the lattice.
Equivalence of a Random Matrix Theory complying with
the GWC to the ordinary chiral Random Matrix Theory
has been proved in \cite{Sp98}.

Here, we explicitly show how Leutwyler--Smilga sum rules are
recovered in lattice QCD, in a framework of explicitly broken chiral symmetry,
with Ginsparg--Wilson fermions.\footnote{After the completion of the work,
the author realized that this result was already derived, with a
slightly different approach, by F. Niedermayer in his talk \cite{Ni98}
at Lattice 98 conference.}We consider
the simplest case of just one quark flavor,
where the absence of massless excitations allows to avoid
the complications related to the management of finite--size effects.
We follow the line of reasoning of the seminal paper
\cite{LeSm92}.

\section{Finite volume partition function}
\label{sec:part}

We start from the lattice action
\begin{equation}
S\:=\:S_G(U) \,+\, \sum_x\:\bar{\psi}_x(\D_{x,x^{\prime}}(U)+\M)\psi_{x'}\;\;,
\end{equation}
(Dirac and color indices are omitted) where
\begin{equation}
\M\:=\: m\, \frac{(1+\gamma^5)}{2}\, +\, m^*\,\frac{(1-\gamma^5)}{2}\;\;
\end{equation}
(m is a complex mass); $\D$ is any Ginsparg--Wilson Dirac operator
satisfying
\begin{equation}
\left\{\, \D_{x,x^{\prime}},\gamma^5\,\right\}\;=\;\left(\,
\D\,\gamma^5\,\D\,\right)_{x,x^{\prime}}\;\;.
\label{eq:gwc}
\end{equation}
The latter relation is a particular case of a broader (but still equivalent)
condition
\begin{equation}
\left\{\, \D_{x,x^{\prime}},\gamma^5\,\right\}\;=\;\left(\,
2\,\D\,\gamma^5\,R\,\D\,\right)_{x,x^{\prime}}\;\;,
\label{eq:gwcg}
\end{equation}
where $R$ is an operator depending only on color and space--time (not Dirac)
indices, whose matrix elements have finite range
in space--time indices, or exponentially
decay with the distance. Our case corresponds to
$R_{x,x'}=(1/2)\,\delta_{x,x'}$.
We assume for $\D$ also the $\gamma^5$--hermiticity property
$\D^{\dagger}=\gamma^5\D\gamma^5$ which implies in particular
that the spectrum is invariant under complex conjugation
$\lambda\rightarrow\overline{\lambda}$.
We consider the theory on a finite lattice of extension
$L$, with periodic (anti--periodic) boundary conditions for
gauge (fermionic) degrees of freedom.
All quantities are expressed in lattice units.

As a consequence of (\ref{eq:gwc}) the spectrum of $\D$  $\{\lambda\}$
is constrained on a unit circle in the complex plane centered in (1,0)
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:constr}
|\lambda-1|^2\:=\:1\;\;;
\end{equation}
the set of its eigenvectors $\{v_\lambda\}$ form
an orthonormal complete basis, and have definite chiral
properties:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:chipr}
\gamma^5\,v_{\lambda}\:=\:\left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
v_{\overline{\lambda}} & \;\;\;\mbox{if $\lambda\not=\overline{\lambda}$}\\
\pm\,v_{\lambda} & \;\;\;\mbox{if $\lambda\in\mathbb{R}$}\;\;.
\end{array}
\right.
\end{equation}
In particular, the index of $\D(U)$, $\nu(U)$, can be
defined \cite{HaLaNi98} as the number of zero modes counted with their
chirality. \footnote{We assume \cite{LeSm92} that different
chiralities cannot mix.}

In analogy with the continuum, the partition function $\Z(\theta,m)$ is
defined as:
\begin{equation}
\Z(\theta,m)\:=\:\sum_{\nu=-\infty}^{\infty}\:e^{i\theta\nu}\,\Z_{\nu}(m)\;\;,
\end{equation}
where $\Z_{\nu}(m)$ is obtained by integrating just on configurations with
associated index $\nu$:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:znu}
\Z_{\nu}(m)\:=\:\int[dU^{(\nu)}] \,e^{-\beta S_G}\,{\rm det}
(\D(U^{(\nu)})+\M)\;\;.
\end{equation}
As a consequence of (\ref{eq:chipr}) the matrix $\M$ is (as in the continuum)
block--diagonal in the basis $\{v_\lambda\}$, each block living in
the 2--dimensional subspace spanned by $v_{\lambda}$ and
$v_{\overline{\lambda}}\:$:
\begin{equation}
\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
{\rm Re}(m) &  i\,{\rm Im}(m) \\
i\,{\rm Im}(m) & {\rm Re}(m)
\end{array}
\right)\;\;;
\end{equation}
in the case $\lambda\in{\rm \mathbb{R}}$ (i.e., because of (\ref{eq:constr}),
$\lambda=0,2$) $v_{\lambda}$ is also
an eigenvector of $\M$ with eigenvalue $m$ for positive chirality
and $m^*$ for negative chirality.

Using these properties and exploiting the constraint (\ref{eq:constr})
as well, we can write an explicit expression for the fermion determinant
in (\ref{eq:znu}) in terms of the eigenvalues of $\D$; for $\nu>0$:
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:det}
{\rm det}(\D(U^{(\nu)})+\M)\:=\:(2+m)^{N^+_{rm}}\,(2+m^*)^{N^-_{rm}}\nonumber\\
{m^{\nu}\,\prod_{i}}''\,\left(\,(1+{\rm Re}(m))\,|\lambda_i|^2+|m|^2\,\right)\;\;,
\end{eqnarray}
where the double--primed product indicates the product over half of
the complex eigenvalues and $N^+_{rm}$ ($N^-_{rm}$) is the number
of positive (negative) real modes;
for $\nu<0$, $m^{\nu}\rightarrow (m^*)^{-\nu}$
in the above formula.

Following \cite{LeSm92} we now consider the problem
of finding  an explicit representation for $\Z(\theta,m)$ in the limit
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:lim}
L\rightarrow\infty, \;\;\; m\rightarrow 0, \;\;\; m\,L^d=const\;\;
\end{equation}
($d$ is the number of space--time dimensions).
We rewrite the determinant in (\ref{eq:det}):
\begin{eqnarray}
{\rm det}(\D(U^{(\nu)})+\M)\:=\:(2+m)^{N^+_{rm}}\,
(2+m^*)^{N^-_{rm}}\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\nonumber\\
\left[(1+{\rm Re}(m))^{\frac{1}{2}\,(N_c\,N_D\,L^d-\nu-N_{rm})}\right]\,m^{\nu}\,{\prod_{i}}''\,
\left(\,|\lambda_i|^2+\frac{|m|^2}{(1+{\rm Re}(m))}\,\right)\;\;,
\end{eqnarray}
where $N_c$ and $N_D$ denote the number of color and Dirac degrees of freedom
respectively and $N_{rm}=N^+_{rm}+N^-_{rm}$.
In the limit (\ref{eq:lim}) we can replace
\begin{eqnarray}
(1+{\rm Re}(m))^{\frac{1}{2}\,(N_c\,N_D\,L^d-\nu-N_{rm})}&\:\rightarrow\:&e^{\frac{1}{2}N_c\,N_D\,L^d\,{\rm Re}(m)}\;\;,\nonumber\\
\frac{|m|^2}{(1+{\rm Re}(m))}&\:\rightarrow\:&|m|^2
\end{eqnarray}
and the factor related to the real modes reduces to $2^{N_{rm}}$;
we obtain
\begin{equation}
{\rm det}(\D(U^{(\nu)})+\M)\:\rightarrow\:
\,
e^{\frac{1}{2}N_c\,N_D\,L^d\,{\rm Re}(m)}\,2^{N_{rm}}\,m^{\nu}\,{\prod_{i}}''\,\left(\,|\lambda_i|^2+|m|^2\,\right)\;\;.
\end{equation}
Apart from the multiplicative factor $e^{\frac{1}{2}N_c\,N_D\,L^d\,{\rm Re}(m)}$,
the expression of the continuum is recovered (except that the
$\lambda$s are complex and not purely imaginary); in particular, if we write:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:fac}
\Z(\theta,m)\:=\:e^{\frac{1}{2}N_c\,N_D\,L^d\,{\rm Re}(m)}\,\Z'(\theta,m)\;\;;
\end{equation}
we see that in the limit (\ref{eq:lim}) $\Z'(\theta,m)$
is invariant under the symmetry
(applying in the continuum for $Z(\theta,m)$):
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:sym}
m\:&\rightarrow&\: e^{i\phi}\,m \nonumber \\
\theta\:&\rightarrow&\: \theta-\phi\;\;,
\end{eqnarray}
which implies
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:par}
\Z'(\theta,m)\: =\: \Z''(me^{i\theta})\;\;.
\end{equation}
If the theory has a mass gap non--vanishing for
$m\rightarrow 0$ (which is true in the one flavor case),
in the infinite volume limit we can assume
\begin{equation}
\Z(\theta,m)\:=\:\exp\left\{-L^d\epsilon_0(\theta,m)\right\}\;\;,
\end{equation}
where $\epsilon_0(m,\theta)$ is the lattice analogous of the
vacuum energy density.
The corrections to this relation are exponentially small,
$O(e^{-m_0L})$, where $m_0$ corresponds to the mass--gap of
the theory \cite{LeSm92}.

Using the factorization property (\ref{eq:fac})--(\ref{eq:par})
we parametrize $\epsilon_0(\theta,m)$ as
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:part}
\epsilon_0(\theta,m)\:=\:C\,-\,\Sigma\,{\rm Re}(m\,e^{i\theta})\,-\,
\frac{1}{2}N_c\,N_D\,{\rm Re}(m)\,+\,O(m^2)\;\;;
\end{equation}
the last but one term is an ultraviolet divergent
and topology--independent contribution to the vacuum energy density
$\sim 1/a^{D-1}$. It is a lattice artifact (absent in the
continuum \cite{LeSm92}) appearing because of the explicit breaking
of the chirality; it must be subtracted in order
to get the correct continuum limit. The parameter $\Sigma$ is expected to
scale as a physical quantity of dimension $D-1$ and gives a lattice
definition of the fermion condensate in the infinite volume limit.
From (\ref{eq:part}) it follows:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:subco}
\Sigma\:=\:-\,\langle\bar{\psi}_x\psi_x\rangle_{m=0,\,L\rightarrow\infty}\,
-\,\frac{1}{2}N_c\,N_D\;\;;
\end{equation}
observe that in the case of absence of massless excitations
the two limits $L\rightarrow\infty$ and $m\rightarrow 0$
can be interchanged.

In the framework of Ginsparg--Wilson fermions a subtracted fermion condensate
can be defined \cite{Ha98a} (see also the discussion in \cite{Ne98d}),
which for $N_f>1$ represents an order parameter
for spontaneous breaking of the $SU(N_f)_A$ symmetry:
\begin{equation}
\ensuremath{\langle\bar{\psi}_x\psi_x\rangle_{\rm sub}}{}\:=\:\langle{\rm tr}^{DFC}(-\,\D_{x,x}^{-1}\,+\,R_{x,x})
\rangle_{\rm gauge}\;\;,
\end{equation}
where ${\rm tr}^{DFC}$ is a trace over Dirac, flavor and color indices
and $\langle\cdots\rangle_{\rm gauge}$ denotes
the gauge average (including the fermion determinant);
in our case, where $R_{x,x'}=(1/2)\,\delta_{x,x'}$
and $N_f=1$, we argue from (\ref{eq:subco})
\begin{equation}
\Sigma\:=\:-\,\ensuremath{\langle\bar{\psi}_x\psi_x\rangle_{\rm sub}}{}\;\;.
\end{equation}

Using  (\ref{eq:part}) the calculation
of $\Z_{\nu}(m)$ is readily worked out:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:zeta}
\Z_{\nu}(m)\:=\:\int\,d\theta\,e^{-i\nu\theta}\,Z(\theta,m)\:=\:
\left(\frac{m}{|m|}\right)^{\nu}\, e^{\frac{1}{2}N_c\,N_D\,L^D\,{\rm Re}(m)}\,
I_{\nu}(L^d\Sigma|m|)\;\;.
\end{equation}

\section{Leutwyler--Smilga sum rules}

Now we exploit Leutwyler and Smilga's idea to obtain the wanted sum rules;
we write (from now on we take $m$ real and positive and $\theta=0$):
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:trick}
\Z_{\nu}(m)\:=\:m^{\nu}\,\int[dU^{(\nu)}]\,e^{-\beta S_G}\,
\left({\prod_i}'\lambda_i\right)\,\left[{\prod_i}'\left(1+\frac{m}{\lambda_i}
\right)\right]\;\;,
\end{equation}
where the primed product is intended over non--zero modes.
We rewrite
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:prod2}
{\prod_i}'(1+\frac{m}{\lambda_i})\:=\:(1+\frac{m}{2})^{N_c\,N_D\,L^d-\nu}\,
{\prod_i}''\left[1+\left(\frac{m}{1+\frac{m}{2}}\right)^2\,\frac{1}
{\tilde{\lambda}^2}\right]
\end{equation}
where we have introduced the new real variable:
\begin{equation}
\tilde{\lambda}(\lambda)\:=\:\frac{-i\,\lambda}{1-\frac{1}{2}\lambda}\;\;;
\end{equation}
geometrically, $\tilde{\lambda}(\lambda)$ is obtained from $\lambda$
by the stereographic projection of the unit circle centered in (1,0)
(where $\lambda$ lives) onto the imaginary axis; clearly
$\tilde{\lambda}(\bar{\lambda})=-\tilde{\lambda}(\lambda)$.

In the limit (\ref{eq:lim}) the r.h.s. of (\ref{eq:prod2}) may be replaced by
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:prod}
e^{\frac{1}{2}N_c\,N_D\,L^d\,m}\,
{\prod_i}''\left(1+\frac{m^2}{\tilde{\lambda}^2}\right)\;\;,
\end{equation}
again an expression analogous to the continuum one apart from the
multiplicative factor $e^{\frac{1}{2}N_c\,N_D\,L^d\,m}$.
Inserting (\ref{eq:prod}) in the r.h.s. of (\ref{eq:trick}),
we come to the relation, exact in the limit (\ref{eq:lim}):
\begin{equation}
\langle\langle\,{\prod_i}''\left(1+\frac{m^2}{\tilde{\lambda}^2}\right)\,
\rangle\rangle_{\nu}\:=\:e^{-\,\frac{1}{2}N_c\,N_D\,L^d\,m}\,
\frac{m^{-\nu}\Z_{\nu}(m)}{\lim_{m\rightarrow 0}
\left(m^{-\nu}\Z_{\nu}(m)\right)}
\end{equation}
where $\langle\langle\cdots\rangle\rangle_{\nu}$
is the average over gauge configurations with associated index $\nu$
in the massless case, the fermion determinant
being replaced by the product of non--zero eigenvalues
of the Dirac operator.
Using the explicit representation (\ref{eq:zeta})
and
\begin{equation}
I_{\nu}(x)\:\simeq\:\frac{1}{|\nu|!}\,\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)^{|\nu|}\;\;,\;\;\;\;x\ll 1\;\;,
\end{equation}
we obtain (for any sign of $\nu$)
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:master}
\langle\langle\,{\prod_i}''\left(1+\frac{m^2}{\tilde{\lambda}^2}\right)
\,\rangle\rangle_{\nu}\:=\:|\nu|!\left(\frac{2}{x}\right)^{|\nu|}\, I_{\nu}(x)\;\;,
\end{equation}
where $x=L^d\Sigma m$.
So we recover formally the same result of the continuum, from which
Leutwyler--Smilga sum rules originate, with the only difference
that in the sums the original eigenvalue $\lambda$ is replaced
by the projected one $\tilde{\lambda}$. \footnote{Or any other definition
$\tilde{\lambda}'$ such that
$\tilde{\lambda}'=\tilde{\lambda}(1+O(\tilde{\lambda}))$}
For example
from (\ref{eq:master}) it follows \cite{LeSm92}
\begin{equation}
\lim_{L\rightarrow\infty}\,\frac{1}{(L^d\,\Sigma)^2}\,\langle\langle\,{\sum_i}''\,\frac{1}{\tilde{\lambda_i}^2}\,\rangle\rangle_{\nu}\:=\:
\frac{1}{4(\nu+1)}\;\;.
\end{equation}

{\bf Acknowledgment:}
We are grateful to C.~B. Lang and K. Splittorff
for stimulating discussions on the subject.
Support by Fonds zur F\"orderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
in \"Osterreich, Project P11502-PHY is gratefully acknowledged.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Home Latest News Galaxsys Partners with Quantum Gaming
Galaxsys Partners with Quantum Gaming
Niji Narayan
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Niji Narayan has been in the writing industry for well over a decade or so. He prides himself as one of the few survivors left in the world who have actually mastered the impossible art of copy editing. Niji graduated in Physics and obtained his Master's degree in Communication and Journalism. He has always interested in sports writing and travel writing. He has written for numerous websites and his in-depth analytical articles top sports magazines like Cricket Today and Sports Today. He reports gaming industry headlines from all around the globe.
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text:
Woman arrested after 'test-driving' car for two months, police say
By Jared Leone, Cox Media Group National Content Desk
A Michigan woman pulled over driving an unregistered vehicle told police she was on a test drive with it -- for the past two months.
The 32-year-old woman was pulled over Jan. 6, after an officer noticed her license plate was just a yellow registration tab, the News-Herald reported.
Police said the officer asked why the vehicle was not registered and she replied that she was test-driving it. The officer then asked how long she had been trying out the vehicle and she said, "about two months."
The driver's license had been suspended nine times. She had two convictions for driving with a suspended license in the last seven years. She also had multiple warrants, the News-Herald reported.
She was arrested and charged with driving with a license suspended as a repeat offender and driving an unregistered vehicle, the News-Herald reported.
Jared Leone, Cox Media Group National Content Desk


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