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Godavari Biorefineries Ltd. Expands Its Ethanol Production
Godavari Biorefineries Ltd., one of the pioneers in the manufacture of alcohol-based chemicals in India has increased its ethanol manufacturing capacity from 320,000 liters per day to 400,000 litres ethyl alcohol per day. The company is targeting to divert 40% of its sugar in cane to make ethanol using sugarcane juice and B Heavy molasses. With this development, the company will have a capacity of over 100 million liters of ethyl alcohol in a single location.
Sugar, a low carbon source of energy, is not just an environmentally friendly source to produce ethanol but also drives the rural economy. The livelihood of a significant number of small farmers in rural India depends on the farming of sugarcane, production of Ethanol using sugar will support the growth of such farmers.
Samir Somaiya, Chairman and Managing Director, Godavari Biorefineries Limited, said, "Since the inception of the company, we have worked towards building an environmentally friendly eco-system in our company. With the increase in capacity of production of Ethanol, we are not only growing our business but also helping the entire ecosystem flourish."
While the world is moving towards sustainable practices to reduce carbon footprints, governments all over the world are promoting policies/programs to encourage companies/industries to incorporate green practices. One of such programs introduced by the Indian government is the Ethanol Blending Program, which sought to promote the use of alternative and environment-friendly fuels and to reduce import dependency for energy requirements. The Government expanded the size of this programme by allowing the use of sugarcane juice/syrup and more recently other feedstocks.
Godavari biorefineries Ltd., one of the first companies to associate with the expanded program and supplied a large quantity of ethanol to the Ethanol Blending Program last year. Earlier this year, the company delivered 38 million liters of ethanol to the program. Godavari Biorefineries pioneered the use of sugarcane syrup for making ethanol by diverting almost 30% of sugarcane directly following the Brazilian model. This year, the company is contracting to deliver more than 70 million litres for the ethanol blending programme. In the future, the company plans to produce more than 100 million litres in a single location.
About Godavari Biorefineries Limited
The Godavari Sugar Mills Ltd., incorporated in 1939, demerged to Godavari Biorefineries in 2009. Godavari Biorefineries Ltd. promoted by Late Shri. Karamshibhai Jethabhai Somaiya (Padmabhushan) and his son, Dr. Shantilal Karamshibhai Somaiya, was incorporated in 1939 and has been contributing to the industrial development of India for more than six decades.The Company with three Sugar mills is fully integrated and is among the top ten Sugar complexes out of around 500 sugar manufacturers in India. The Company is one of the largest producers of Alcohol & a pioneer in manufacture of Alcohol based Chemicals in India.
Read more about Godavari Biorefineries Ltd. Expands Its Ethanol Production
Transition to Specialty chemicals
Chemical Engineering World | Jul 01, 2020
How is the market for green / renewable chemicals evolving globally and in India?
We see a big increase in the need for renewable/green chemicals. This trend is more visible globally. Large international companies are making public commitments to us renewable chemicals, biodegradable packaging, carbon neutral processes, and making a more sensitive approach to people, climate and the planet going forward. In this, there is a huge opportunity for companies in the renewable space to go forward.
To what extent renewable chemicals can replace the conventional chemicals and petrochemicals in India and what are the major concerns that will have to be addressed at various levels in India?
Renewable chemicals can be used in various ways and can be 'Identical' except that these are made from renewable sources. For example, one can make acetic acid from renewable sources that is made otherwise from petroleum feedstock. 'Drop-ins', and can completely substitute conventional materials; although they may be chemically different, with no loss of functionality. Green chemicals can also be completely different from material derived from conventional feedstock and have different properties but still may have the same end use. Some of the renewable chemicals may not have a fossil substitute.
In each of these cases, the substitution will depend upon many factors. One of the very first point is if the price of the renewable chemical can compete with that derived from fossil sources. Second, whether the end use segment is willing to pay a price premium for a renewable derived feedstock. We find that this is often the case in the skin care sector. In such cases, responsibly sourced, traceable, renewable and/or biodegradable chemicals can command a price premium from the end customer. Third point is whether the material properties can help command a better price. Finally, in some markets, the Governments are creating policies that promote the use of renewable raw materials. Since your question particularly concerned India. In my opinion, bio-ethanol is a 'Drop-in' and there is a favorable Government policy to help encourage that blend to help our energy security and a lower carbon future. For chemicals, the market needs to mature to give us more value. But I think that consumer preferences are changing, and there are niche markets that reward use of such chemicals, and it is a matter of time before some end use segments grow the use of these feedstocks.
How friendly are the policies in our country to support the growth of renewable chemicals and protect the domestic industry from imports?
In India, there are no policies for renewable chemicals. The Government has created policies for renewable fuel (ethanol blending), and also Bio-CNG. However, this support is not extended to the chemical sector. In the EU and the USA, there are significant policies encouraging the investment in research, pilot plant, and commercialization of renewable processes and technologies. Further, there are policies in place to influence the attractiveness of these products. The US Bio-Preferred Program is one such example. The Carbon markets are also another way to help the economic viability of such initiatives.
Tell us about the Godavari bio-refinery model and how has the organization continued to stay financially viable? How have you addressed the cost challenge across the customers in India though these lead to higher ROIs across for the user industries?
Godavari Biorefineries is using four strategies for the future. The Government has encouraged the making of ethanol from sugarcane juice or syrup for blending in petrol for our transportation needs. Godavari was one of the first companies to aggressively adapt to this environment and supplied a large quantity of ethanol for the purpose this past year. This provides us much needed optionality to swing between ethanol and sugar based on the demand supply gap in sugar or ethanol. Currently, we are increasing our ethanol capacity to 400,000 lpd. With this we will have a capacity of over 100 million litres of ethyl alcohol in a single location. In the chemical sector, we are making a transition to specialty chemicals. In the past few years, we have successfully introduced new chemicals that are in the fragrance or skin care field. We are also establishing more long term relationships with global companies that share our vision of a sustainable future, so that we can jointly develop products with their involvement. This 'joint' development approach helps us know the target product cost and quality of the customer. Achieving the same helps them achieve their ROIs. Bio-refining means products from agriculture and we work closely with the farmer to help enhance yields and productivity, in order for the farmer to be financially better off, and the farm and soil to be healthy. To promote well grown and well processed foods, we have established a brand 'Jivana' to promote pure and high quality food products that we need on a daily basis.
When & why did your organization stop producing acetic acid and took the decision to restart the business on demand in October 2018 which received USDA certification in next few months?
We stopped making Acetic Acid over a decade ago. In this case, we made the same chemical from renewable sources (ethanol) that is also made from fossil resources. With the reduction in import duties, the entire Indian alcohol based chemical industry that made acetic acid from ethanol found itself unable to compete with petroleum sources. Along with all the others, we too shut down. We reinvested and resumed the manufacture of acetic acid only on a very small scale. There are a few customers the world over desire to buy this product because their end market segment is ready to pay a premium for the same. This is a small market and the demand fluctuates. But we are hopeful that the market will grow.
Which is the best suited bio refinery model for India to realize the sustainability goal? How can we build world class bio refineries in our country?
I hope we are working on demonstrating that. It is a model that works closely with farmers. In India, farmers have small land holdings. Any engagement has to help them be financially sustainable and for the farm to be productive in the short and longer term. We are working with our farmers to reduce their water footprint, and encourage the use of intercrops to reduce fertilizer use and give them a dual income. Similarly, biorefining is the process of converting the feedstock into value added products. These find applications in foods, fuels, electricity, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, fragrance chemistry, bio materials, agrochemicals and much more. There has to be a thinking towards a circular and cascading biorefinery that continuously strives to find and add value. A few years ago, we installed an incinerator boiler to recover energy from our waste. Now, we are implementing a process to extract potash from the ash from the incinerator. This potash will then be sold to our farmers. Currently, India imports almost all its potash needs. Through this example, we are showing how we can cascade and add value, and the process is circular. As a country, we need research to keep imagining the future. Research and practice go hand in hand. In Europe, I have seen large pilot plants where lab work can be taken further. We need to have such facilities to further bio-refining in India.
How supportive is the National Biofuels Policy towards setting up 2nd generation bio-refineries and what are the challenges that still need to be addressed?
The National Biofuel policy helps the making of biofuels. India is an agrarian economy and has an abundance of biomass. However, the collection of the biomass will always be a challenge. So the availability of this biomass at the processing site is an entry barrier. At Godavari Biorefineries, we have invested much in energy efficiency and engineering to make available surplus bagasse on site for use as a next generation feedstock. Secondly, ethanol from biomass is what is called 2-G (2nd generation). These are possible, and we are seeing demonstration facilities around the world. However, these are expensive and are made possible with Government support and subsidy. The Government of India is also supporting the creation of such Greenfield facilities to make 2G ethanol. But as in every other location, these facilities are very expensive. The Government makes them possible with 'Viability Gap Funding'. I believe that India should also experiment with our own model. We need to encourage 'bolt on' solutions of adding equipment and technology to existing infrastructure. For example, our sugar mills already have biomass on site and downstream ethanol facilities. A 'bolt on' approach will only add what is necessary to complete the 2G addition, reducing funding needs. The current biofuel policy provides for viability gap funding only for Greenfield facilities. It needs to be modified for 'bolt on' facilities as well. In summary, I think India has a great agriculture base. There is lots of biomass and we have the education and research system to dream. The market is large and people are imagining a better and more sustainable future for their children. Biorefining of biomass is the way for a more sustainable way of life.
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Read more about Transition to Specialty chemicals
GBL inaugurates zero liquid discharge facility at Sakarwadi plant
FNBNEWS.COM | Nov 05, 2019
URL : http://www.fnbnews.com/Top-News/gbl-inaugurates-zero-liquid-discharge-facility-at-sakarwadi-plant-52178
Read more about GBL inaugurates zero liquid discharge facility at Sakarwadi plant
Godavari Biorefineries Limited (GBL) Inaugurates State-of-the-Art ZLD Facility at its Maharashtra plant
ONLINE, INDUSTRY DIGEST | Nov 06, 2019
URL : http://chemindigest.com/godavari-biorefineries-limited-gbl-inaugurates-state-of-the-art-zld-facility-at-its-maharashtra-plant/
Read more about Godavari Biorefineries Limited (GBL) Inaugurates State-of-the-Art ZLD Facility at its Maharashtra plant
Godavari Biorefineries inaugurates ZLD facility in Sakarwadi, India
ONLINE, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING | Nov 05, 2019
URL : https://www.chemengonline.com/godavari-biorefineries-inaugurates-zld-facility-in-sakarwadi-india/?printmode=1
Read more about Godavari Biorefineries inaugurates ZLD facility in Sakarwadi, India
Godavari Biorefineries Limited's Chemical Business Unit Co-Shares 2 Platinum Awards with Larsen & Toubro
ONLINE, CHEMICAL INDUSTRY DIGEST | Oct 11, 2019
URL : http://chemindigest.com/godavari-biorefineries-limiteds-chemical-business-unit-co-shares-2-platinum-awards-with-larsen-toubro/
Read more about Godavari Biorefineries Limited's Chemical Business Unit Co-Shares 2 Platinum Awards with Larsen & Toubro
Godavari Biorefineries Ltd earns USDA Certified Biobased Product Label (100% Biobased content) for NaturoBG ® (1,3-Butylene Glycol), Acetic Acid Glacial and Crotonaldehyde.
Biotech Express (Print- Vol.6- Issue 72) | Jul 18, 2019
Read more about Godavari Biorefineries Ltd earns USDA Certified Biobased Product Label (100% Biobased content) for NaturoBG ® (1,3-Butylene Glycol), Acetic Acid Glacial and Crotonaldehyde.
Text of Samir Somaiya's Gundu Rao Memorial Lecture address at the Annual Convention of the Deccan Sugar Technologists Association held at Belagavi, in July 2017.
Cane (Crop of the past or Feedstock of the future)
The world is living in a fossil fuel economy. And this has led to tremendous growth in the world economy. But as we progress, we have also seen, that the current methods of consumption, we are depleting resources. In the future, we will have to adapt to a more renewable future.
Renewables are interesting, and fundamentally different from fossil resources. The focus on fossil resources, is extraction. Every subsequent year, you will have less of the resource. In renewables, it is how much you can make available, and then what you can harvest. And, if done right, you could have equal resource every year.
So, I will speak on the raw material, the process, and the product. As I go along, I will also give suggestions for research that DSTA could consider.
Imagine having been prescribed medicine for your health, without having had a checkup. Would we even consider doing that? I think that the same is the case today, in the work we do in soil science. In the past couple of years, we have done over 4,000 tests for soil, and we have seen that the application of inputs to the soil is independent of what the soil needs.Farmers apply inputs to the soil as suggested by tradition, what the neighbor is doing, or what the marketing company is recommending.
To get better yields, we must focus on soil health. And to understand soil health, we must first understand it, what it has, and what it needs.
Once we know what it is, we must then focus on how to keep it good for all time. There are various ways in which we can do this. From having an educated understanding and informed application of what is being recommended by the fertilizer companies, to a greater education and understanding of the experiments being done in agro ecology. Using of farm produce itself, to make the farm productive. I have seen farms using a combination of cow urine, garlic, jaggery etc, to make combinations of fertilizer and pesticide additions to enhance soil health and fertility.
Experiments in Brazil (to keep the soil wild). There have also been experiments in Brazil, where the soil and cane have been allowed to grow using organic methods, and biological means of pest control.
Recommendation 1: We must encourage research that integrates modern research and traditional methods
There is also much research on use of some pesticides, and effect on human health. Recently, I read a book 'Living Downstream, by Sandra Steingraber (http://www.livingdownstream.com/) that looks at modern practices and their detrimental effect on our health. Can we look at this research, and examine our response.
Recommendation 2: Being mindful of our agricultural practices and study their effects, if any, human health.
Soil is one aspect of sustainability. The next aspect is water. We are constantly being reminded, that we are in the Deccan plateau, and that water is scarce. Sugarcane drives the local economy. Sugarcane contributes to livelihoods, and provides sustainable energy in the form of renewable electricity (cogeneration), and biofuels (ethanol). The business of sugarcane processing, is also carbon mitigating, when a carbon balance is drawn around the entire sugarcane economic envelope.
But, water is a scarce commodity, and its use must be measured. The advent of drip technology promises much saving, but it has not spread sufficiently. As of today, total penetration of drip is small. Estimates in Maharashtra are about 18% and Karnataka about 10%. Even though the use of this reduces water consumption by 50%, and increases yield by 30-40%. Systematic efforts need to be made by the mills with their farmers to increase adoption.
There is an explosion of technologies that further help in the monitoring of cane (or for that matter, any plant growth). IOT (internet of things) and new wireless technologies allow for monitoring moisture, and subsequent automation in delivering water when dry will further help plant growth and optimization.
Drones are being used in agriculture. They help the farmer see his/her plot in a way that is not seen otherwise. See patterns, multi-spectral, and also over time.
Recently, when in the USA, I saw a chip being implanted in a tree, that wirelessly communicates moisture content.
Recommendation 3: How do we best integrate these technologies including IOT for better yields.
But even if we have so much information, what recommendations are we providing. Are these static? Have these changed with time? There is an explosion of data, are our recommendations dynamic? Are we learning.
Recommendation 4: How do we give personalised recommendations, instead of static, one size fits all approaches
There is a company, 'The Climate Corporation', that was purchased by Monsanto. This gives detailed analysis of the farmer's plot. And what needs to be done on it. Also, the introduction of cane varieties, intercropping, In March this year, there was an article in the New York Times, 'How to Steal a River'. This talks about a river in Kerala. Sand acts as an aquifer. When the rainfalls, it helps recharge the ground. The article said, that illegal sand mining has ensured that what were flowing and perennial rivers have become seasonal, and the water tables have dropped. So, while we try to reduce use of water, we have to also see that the harvesting of water (or its conservation) also takes place. Otherwise, we will continue to see what we have been. Rajendra Singh, waterman of India, says that the water that falls on the ground, must be taken under water. Through the planting of trees, and we have to also ensure, that our sand in the river bed is conserved.
Recommendation 5: Water Conservation, and a holistic approach to achieving this.
Ultimately, all this has to be done, with a view on the farmer, and their livelihood. Unlike Brazil or the USA, where farms are very large, and there is corporate agriculture, our agrarian economy is small holder farming. We have to ensure that the farmer continues to make a good livelihood of cane.
What is the area under cane? Are we going to accept that we will always have 90 tons per hectare of cane, and that recoveries will remain static or decline. Will we look at the growth in recoveries that UP has accomplished this past year? How do we combine higher yields, higher sugar content, and a smarted application of knowledge and inputs, so as to ensure that the farmer gets the best yield, and the earth is healthy enough to sustain this agriculture for a long time to come.
Recommendation 6: Targeting better yields without compromising soil fertility and improving farmer livelihoods.
There are two words that are gaining currency in the world of manufacturing. Cascading, and Circular. What is cascading? And what is circular? By Cascading, we mean the processes that the sugar industry, the world over has been practicing for decades. You make sugar, the molasses cascades to ethanol production, the spent wash cascades to biogas, or steam, or spent wash cascades to make biocompost, etc. Similarly, bagasse cascades to the manufacture of power, or it cascades to make paper or particle board.
By circular, we mean how much of the product Is recycled. So, if I consume water, and sugarcane itself can be considered as a bottle of water, how much of this circles back to the process. Does the water that we get from the sugar plant circle to the fermenters? Does any of this circle back to the power plant? Today, at Sameerwadi, except for the initial filling of water, we require no fresh water to run the sugar process. In fact, the excess condensate is recycled to the cogeneration plant and distillery. It was in recognition of these efforts that the company received an award from ICC and FICCI.
Recommendation 7: Reducing raw water consumption to 0
The use of bio-compost to the farm encircles a wider circular envelope.
This also applies to heat. If I use the heat in the flue gas, to dry the incoming bagasse stream, then once again I have a circular process.
This brings me to energy
How much energy are we putting into the plant? What is the steam % cane? Where are the opportunities for energy recovery? What is the minimum that we can go to? What technologies are we using to discover this minimum, and how do we arrive at what is optimum.
When I joined the business 50% steam on cane was the norm. Exhaust steam used to be used at many places in the plant. And with good reason. One did not want to save bagasse. The creation of a power PPA encouraged energy and subsequent bagasse saving, for use in high pressure turbines for export to the grid. Today, continuous pans and FFEs have made 30% steam on cane possible. When there was no ability to sell excess power, there was no generation of excess power. Today, it is possible to export 110 units per ton of cane crushed. A paper published in 2001, detailing schemes of a gasifier and an integrated gas turbine demonstrated a much larger number of exportable surplus.
Recommendation 7: Steam% cane to 30%
So, the point that I am making is, what do how do we look at the resources we generate. How do we cascade them, and how do we reuse them?
Sugar is our main product. As they say, it is our bread and butter. A few months ago, I attended the NY sugar dinner, and had a chance to meet the head of the WSRO. The website home page of WSRO (www.wsro.org) says, 'researching the effects of sugar on nutrition, health and wellness worldwide'.
I think that this is important. Much money is being spent, by NGOs, and Governments, trying to find evidence to say that sugar is not healthy. And there is no research being done or supported by the industry, to see the effects of sugar on health and nutrition. On whether, our traditional dietary approaches to using sugar are healthy.
She mentioned that there is a storm, but sugar technologists and management are more concerned with their mills, their efficiencies, their climate, and their Government policies. She mentioned that research must be done that addresses the public perception that is being built simply because of the incredible amount of money being spent to find sugar guilty.
We all need to find out what the facts are, and promote a healthy lifestyle, and a healthy diet. But we should be mindful, that our market is being eroded. ANd we should put the correct research there, and not just lose because we did not put our money or resources to the research.
Recommendation 8: Sugar and health, nutrition research
Now we know that ethanol is very versatile, and it can be used for transportation, drinking, and the manufacture of chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
We are here in Belgaum, and I did an analysis of the petrol consumption here. In Belgaum, petrol consumption is 1010.5 KL/month. Or 10 million litres per month, so 1.2 billion litres per year. Or, 12 crore litres per year. The amount of cane crushed in Belgaum district is 79 million tons. At the approximation of about 10 litres of ethanol per ton of cane crushed (assuming that ethanol is only made from molasses), we can have the production of about 8 crore litres of ethanol per year.
Litre for litre, that is 65% of the petrol consumption, and in terms of energy value (since ethanol as 67% of the energy value as petrol), about 40% of the petrol consumption. This means, that at current levels of consumption, if we followed the Brazilian model, where all ethanol, or a percentage of this, could be used as a fuel in the vehicles, we could meet 40% of the need of petrol consumption in this district.
Recommendation 9: Working with auto companies to enable wider use of ethanol as a fuel
Biogas is also produced as a product of bio-methanation. This could also be converted into a transport fuel.
Recommendation 10: Biogas as a fuel
Petrol prices in Belgavi are Rs. 63 per litre. In energy value, this is equivalent to Rs. 42 per litre. Could we not, as the sugar industry be allowed to sell ethanol as a fuel into the market. The demand for petrol is growing, will this demand only be met from imports. When we talk of a circular economy, can we not draw a boundary around what we have.
Many say, where will the ethanol come from. I think we have to take a wider view. Are we going to assume that the productivity of cane will remain static. We are all aware, that in smaller plots, cane yields of over 200 tons/hectare have been witnessed by many of us. Can we not, then target a yield of 125 tons per hectare as an average? There is much happening in the field of cellulosic ethanol. Maybe, in the future, there can be a drop-in conversion costs of converting bagasse to sugars. Coupled with lower steam on cane percentages, the higher bagasse savings can be converted to cellulosic ethanol.
Or, the electricity generation can also be used to power transportation. I have just returned from the USA. My friend has a Tesla. Volvo has just announced, that it will fully transition to electric or hybrid vehicles. At so many places in California, there are electricity charging stations.
On this same trip, I was at San Fransisco airport, there was 2 bins at the airport for trash. One that said 'recyle bottles and cans', and the other for 'composting'. And the sign above it said, almost everything that you purchase here is compostable. Once again, a circular economy. From the earth, back to the earth.
Like compostable utensils from bagasse, or other agricultural residues, much work is happening in bio polymers, bio chemicals, and also using synthetic biology to convert sugars to high value compounds. The possibilities are endless.
We have to transition to a cleaner and a more renewable future, and must certainly, a sustainable future. One that is a more self-contained economy.
Our past has laid the strong foundations. Let us chart out and build a futuristic path.
Samir Somaiya
Read more about Text of Samir Somaiya's Gundu Rao Memorial Lecture address at the Annual Convention of the Deccan Sugar Technologists Association held at Belagavi, in July 2017.
Foundation stone-laying ceremony of Cellulose project and Bagasse based Biorefinery Project
Godavari Biorefineries Limited (GBL) is currently operating in Sameerwadi (Dist. Bagalkot, Karnataka) an integrated sugarcane processing complex which consists of sugar factory of 15,000 MT per day sugarcane crushing capacity, distillery of 2 Lakh Liters per day, Co-generation power plant of 48 MW, bio-fertilizer unit & organic chemicals.
GBL decided to embark upon journey to create unique biorefinery using agro feedstock (essentially sugarcane & its derivatives) & to produce various chemicals which have applications in Paints & Coatings, Construction, Pharmaceutical, Flavour & Fragrances, Personal Care & Cosmetics, Food & Beverage industries.
On 28th April 2017, we laid the foundation stone for our next generation bagasse based biorefinery and ethanol based specialty chemicals projects.
Our proposed next generation bagasse based biorefinery & specialty chemical project in Sameerwadi is a step in achieving the stated objective of creating a biorefinery and to optimize the value from the feedstock currently being used in producing sugar, ethanol & power. The bagasse based biorefinery would produce cellulose & Xylitol, an alternate sweetener in the first phase.This will be one of the few integrated cascading biorefineries in the world.
Read more about Foundation stone-laying ceremony of Cellulose project and Bagasse based Biorefinery Project
Godavari Biorefineries Limited increases production capacity to 50 million litres per year of fuel grade ethanol up from 15 million litres currently
Godavari Biorefineries Limited has commissioned its expanded facility for dehydrated ethanol (fuel grade) manufacturing at Sameerwadi in Karnataka. With this expansion, the company has the capacity to make 50 million litres per year of fuel grade ethanol, up from 15 million litres currently. The expansion of the fully automated plant using Molecular Sieve Dehydration Technology was completed in 5 Months. The facility will use byproducts of their sugar manufacturing process as raw material.
Godavari Biorefineries Ltd. is a biorefining company producing sugar, biofuels, chemicals, power, compost, waxes, and related products, using sugarcane as the primary feedstock. The company has manufacturing plants at Sameerwadi, Bagalkot district in Karnataka and Sakarwadi, Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra.
Samir Somaiya, Chairman and Managing Director said, "The expansion, is an extension of our strategy to create more value from our renewable stocks. The expansion will help our greater participation in the blending Programme of the Government of India that mandates target of 5 percent blending of bio fuel with petrol.
The company had recently raised private equity from Mandala Capital, a part of which was for the setting up of this plant.
Godavari Biorefineries Ltd., a member of the Somaiya Group, was established in 1939 and is one of the leading companies in the Indian sugar industry. It has sugar, power and chemical plants in Karnataka and Maharashtra. Godavari Biorefineries Ltd. expects a turnover exceeding Rs. 1,200 Crores for the year ended March 2016.
The company undertakes continuous research and innovates for making new products and entering new markets in order to derive maximum value from its feedstock. The company has been pioneers in the making of ethanol based chemicals and is now working on the utilisation of biomass to make a wider variety of products.
Read more about Godavari Biorefineries Limited increases production capacity to 50 million litres per year of fuel grade ethanol up from 15 million litres currently
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Miłkowice (niem. Arnsdorf) – wieś w Polsce położona w województwie dolnośląskim, w powiecie legnickim, w gminie Miłkowice, nad potokiem Brochotka (niem. Brocke).

Geografia
Wieś położona jest w odległości 8 km na północny zachód od granic administracyjnych Legnicy oraz 12 km na wschód od Chojnowa.

Historia

Przynależność administracyjna
W latach 1954–1972 wieś należała i była siedzibą władz gromady Miłkowice. W latach 1975–1998 miejscowość administracyjnie należała do województwa legnickiego.

Demografia
 1885 – 495 mieszkańców
 1910 – 638 mieszkańców
 1933 – 2387 mieszkańców
 1939 – 2346 mieszkańców
 2011 – 1949 mieszkańców

Zarys dziejów

Miejscowość powstała w dolinie Czarnej Wody.

Pierwsza wzmianka Miłkowicach pochodzi z około 1320 roku, gdzie opisywano wieś Arnolda (Arnoldisdorph) z 22 łanami. Wieś podlegała parafii w Studnicy. W 1349 pojawiła Arnoldisdorf, a od XV wieku w użyciu była nazwa Arnsdorf.

W 1407 właścicielem Miłkowic był Burgold Slewicz. George Busewoy posiadł miejscowość w lenno w 1422 r. Od 1456 r. miejscowość należała do Bernarda Busvoy z Langenwaldau (Grzymalina).

Przed II wojną światową władze hitlerowskie rozbudowały węzeł kolejowy w celach zbrojeniowych. Powstało osiedle pracowników kolei.
1 września 1937 r. połączono Miłkowice z miejscowością Siedliska. Nowa miejscowość liczyła ponad 2000 mieszkańców. Funkcjonowały: poczta, apteka, mleczarnia, zajazd.

Po II wojnie światowej Miłkowice włączono jako część tzw. Ziem Odzyskanych w granice Polski. Zaraz po wojnie wieś nazwano Kalinowo, a rejon stacji Jaranowo. W 1947 r. obie miejscowości połączono, nadając wspólną nazwę Miłkowice (obecna nazwa została administracyjnie zatwierdzona 12 listopada 1946).

W okresie PRL największym pracodawcą Miłkowic były Polskie Koleje Państwowe, które w miejscowej stacji rozrządowej zatrudniały 80% mieszkańców gminy. Oprócz PKP w Miłkowicach funkcjonowały: wytwórnia wód mineralnych, klub, sklepy. Miejscowość wyraźnie dzieliła się na część zagrodową i osiedlową.

Podczas restrukturyzacji przedsiębiorstwa państwowego PKP w 2000 roku, władze przedsiębiorstwa zdecydowały o ograniczeniu zatrudnienia. Załogę w miłkowickich jednostkach kolei zredukowano o 90% do poziomu 200 osób, wywołując niespotykany wcześniej wzrost bezrobocia w gminie. W 2009 roku bez pracy pozostał co trzeci mieszkaniec gminy.

Perspektywy
W sąsiedztwie Miłkowic zalegają największe w Polsce złoża węgla brunatnego, odkryte w latach 50. XX wieku podczas rozpoznawania złóż miedzi. Rozpoczęcie ich eksploatacji będzie równoznaczne z likwidacją miejscowości, która – według wieloletnich planów – znajdzie się pod zwałowiskiem. Planom sprzeciwia się społeczność lokalna i władze samorządowe gminy.

Zabytki
Do wojewódzkiego rejestru zabytków wpisany jest:
 dworzec kolejowy, z końca XIX w.
inne zabytki:
 folwark, zachowane są jedynie trzy skrzydła. Budynki są w znacznej mierze przebudowane

 kościół parafialny pw. Niepokalanego Poczęcia Najświętszej Maryi Panny
 krzyże pokutne wzdłuż drogi Legnica-Miłkowice
 zabudowania kolejarskie (obiekty dworca, osiedle kolejarskie, wieża ciśnień)

Instytucje oraz infrastruktura

Instytucje
 Gimnazjum
 Gminny Ośrodek Kultury i Sportu
 Gminny Ośrodek Zdrowia
 Gminny Zakład Gospodarki Komunalnej
 remiza Ochotniczej Straży Pożarnej
 placówka Banku Spółdzielczego
 posterunek policji
 Szkoła Podstawowa
 Urząd Gminy
 Urząd Pocztowy

Infrastruktura
 boisko sportowe
 cmentarz
 oczyszczalnia ścieków
 sieć wodociągowa, sieć kanalizacyjna
 stacja kolejowa
 plac targowy

Transport

W Miłkowicach znajduje się czynna w ruchu pasażerskim i towarowym stacja Miłkowice, na węźle linii kolejowej E 30 III europejskiego korytarza transportowego (Berlin – Kijów) oraz linii do Forst (stacja początkowa) przez Żary i Żagań. Obok zlokalizowane są rozległe tereny kolejowe dawnego węzła towarowego, w przeszłości stanowiącego główne źródło utrzymania miłkowiczan. Od 2006 r. ruch pociągów i obsługa szlabanów są sterowane zdalnie z Bolesławca. Budynek dworca jest nieczynny od 2003 r.

Oprócz połączeń kolejowych, bezpośrednie połączenia Miłkowic z miejscowościami gminy zapewniają prywatne autobusy i mikrobusy, kursujące od Legnicy i Chojnowa. We wsi znajduje się sześć przystanków autobusowych.

Najbliższą drogą krajową jest droga nr 94 (odcinek Chojnów-Legnica S3), której wjazdy (skrzyżowanie w miejscowości Studnica) oddalone są o 4,2 km od Miłkowic.

Kultura
Miłkowice oficjalnie stanowią od 2017 r. wioskę tematyczną pn. "Miłkowice – Wioska Kolejarzy". Inicjatywą koordynuje miejscowe stowarzyszenie "Kolejarz" z Siedlisk, które powołała w 2012 roku grupa mieszkańców gminy, w przeważającej części emerytów dawnego przedsiębiorstwa Polskie Koleje Państwowe. Stowarzyszenie przy wsparciu merytorycznym i finansowym władz gminy (wg stanu na rok 2017) organizuje wydarzenia edukacyjne, kulturalne i rekreacyjne (m.in. bieg przełajowy, gry terenowe, eventy) związane tematycznie z kolejnictwem. Powstała ścieżka dydaktyczna z planszami ilustrującymi i opisującymi związek miejscowości z transportem kolejowym.

Sport, turystyka, rekreacja
Od 2015 r. rokrocznie w czerwcu odbywa się Ogólnopolski Bieg Przełajowy pn. "Kolej na bieg".

Miłkowice od 1956 roku posiadają drużynę piłki nożnej – Kolejarz Miłkowice.

Przez Miłkowice przebiega żółty szlak PTTK – "Szlak Dookoła Legnicy":
  Szlak Dookoła Legnicy – odcinek II Raszówka – Kochlice – Głuchowice – Grzymalin – Miłkowice – Jakuszów – Jezierzany (12 km);

Około 2 km od Miłkowic ulokowane są Jezierzany – miejscowość znana z kąpieliska.

Przypisy

Bibliografia

 PTTK Legnica Powiat legnicki, Kraków 2005,

Linki zewnętrzne
 "Miłkowice – Wioska Kolejarzy" – witryna Stowarzyszenia "Kolejarz"
 strona gminy (BIP)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Here, in This Teaching, we do not accept such a statement.
the fact that it is a view that accords with accepted knowledge, (ditthi-nijjhanakkha).
and a thing believed to be false may be true.
and beliefs that displeases may be true.
things which do not follow from what has been heard was the Truth may be true.
things which are contrary to accepted knowledge may be true.
serve as ways of preserving a Teaching.
teaching it afterwords to men and gods.
A saving, enlightening, awakening Dhamma.
not a matter of Time.
deathlessness, freedom, utter detachment, Nibbana."
when he did not know and see?
which would be harmful to them?
then he should examine that teacher as to states of hate.
then he should examine that teacher as to states of confusion.
then one may reasonably place faith in that individual.
to knowing and seeing this Dhamma.
that there is attainment of the goal of This Dhamma.
that which follows from This Dhamma must be unbroken in practice.
is approval of This Dhamma.
is knowledge of This Dhamma.
is lending a ready ear.
is approaching with an open mind.
In the service of approaching with an open mind is faith.


text:
21 Jun 2018 - 23 Jun 18
The Young REP, in association with York Theatre Royal, Polka Theatre, Plymouth Theatre Royal and Bristol Old Vic, presents
The Playhouse Project
Playhouse gives primary school teachers and youth theatre directors the opportunity to direct specially commissioned plays by leading playwrights, with professional support from Birmingham Repertory...
There are currently no events listed for this show.
Playhouse gives primary school teachers and youth theatre directors the opportunity to direct specially commissioned plays by leading playwrights, with professional support from Birmingham Repertory Theatre.
The plays are specifically written for primary school aged casts and the teachers/directors have all taken part in a weekend retreat delivered by the four partnership theatres that developed their directing skills and allowed them to work with the plays' writers.
The Playhouse Project is a national scheme that also runs at Plymouth Theatre Royal, Bristol Old Vic, Polka Theatre in London and York Theatre Royal.
Tickets from £4
As of 15 January, we now charge a transaction fee of £2.50 on all payment types. This covers administration costs and postage and enables us to provide a dedicated booking service. This charge does not apply to transactions under £10, group bookings over 50 and school group bookings. We also waive this charge if you are a REP Friend.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I got two of my prototype boards all ready to debut at CommVEx 2012. CommVEx will be the first public appearance of the Comet+, though it will not be a fully functional demo since not all of the firmware is complete.
Today I tested the General-purpose I/O which the AVR uses to talk to the C64 on the user port. In this test, I wrote a quick BASIC program that changes the state of the user port lines, counting from 0 to 255 and outputting that value on the user port. Then I had a program running on the AVR that monitored the GPIO state and output it to a serial line which I monitored on my PC.
The test passed, but had one strange anomaly. Every time I changed bit 4 from low to high, there would be this long delay. Not sure what that's about, but I'll get it figured out. It might be a bad solder connection or perhaps one of my traces.
This design is not yet final because I am likely moving to another chip which won't require this feature. However, I may still include it in the next design as a user-programmable I/O. All the other peripherals on board will likely be connected without the need for the GPIO.
The text The New Comet Plus Rocks! was stored in Flash and was repeatedly read and displayed.
So it turns out it was not the MISO line at all (see my post from June 21). It is the slave select that was not working. So what I thought to be was NO data coming back from the flash chip was correct - but for the wrong reason.
Update: It appears that ports ADC6 and ADC7 are only analog inputs and are not dual-purpose digital I/O pins. That's gonna change a few things around in my design!
Hooked up the Wiz100SR - the module I used in the Comet64 - to see if the ATMega chip could access it and to make sure that it connected to the Internet in the same way as the Comet64. The test passed.
Hold on there - it wasn't THAT easy, of course... there's always something to go wrong and here's what did go wrong: After soldering it up, I was unable to see the Wiz100SR with the Wiz Config Utility - the LINK LED was working and I saw the ACTIVITY LED blink a few times, but it was dim. Didn't think anything of it at the time. I then tried the module back on a standard Comet64 and saw that the configuration was all screwy. Something changed it.
Later, I uploaded my "Blink LED Test Program" which worked fine until I put the Wiz100SR back in there. I also noticed the power LED was dimmer than usual. This led me to believe that there was some sort of power problem.
Good thing for Thursday night Commodore fun - Agent Friday came over and we did some troubleshooting. First, I tried replacing the capacitors (I wasn't super happy about the soldering job so I thought there could've been an issue with that). Same problem. Next, we decided to plug in only one side (the ethernet side) of the module, leaving the other side dangling. Same thing. A-ha! Now we're getting somewhere. So we started removing the pins on one of the risers, one at a time until the blinking LED program worked. It was the first pin I tried. So I got to thinking... let's try another power source, so we hooked up a different adapter that goes through my breadboard, which is all power regulated to 3.5 volts. It worked!
We then looked at the wall wart (which is one of those universal adapters)... the power was set at 3v - not nearly enough to power all the devices on the board. So I bumped it up to the next choice: 4.5v and that provided enough juice for it to work. Whew! One nice thing about all this is that I discovered the voltage regulator I'm using has a giant voltage drop of 2.2 volts at 350ma (!!), which is partially to blame. I'll now be doing some research on a better regulator.
Now I'm wondering if this power problem is related to the MISO problem I posted earlier... on to the next test!
I ran into some trouble when testing this... I guess there is always something that can go wrong. After a lot of time spent tracking this down with Agent Friday, we noticed that a module used for TX/RX to my PC (converts logic levels into RS-232 levels) requires 5 volts and not 3.3 volts, which is what I was supplying it. After we got that figured out, we discovered one of the AVR pins wasn't soldered down. It figures it had to be one of the pins that I needed for testing this. Once I got it soldered down, I realized that the test program had the TX and RX lines mixed up. Three problems solved at once.
My first test was to solder the wi-fi module to the Comet board. That was a mistake since I couldn't get it communicating. So now I have a board that has a module stuck to it in who knows what kind of state? I guess I'll have to solder up my third prototype board - the first one has the MISO problem and a trace cut. This second one has a wi-fi module surface-mount soldered to it and it may or may not be causing other issues for other testing.
So I'll be soldering up Comet prototype #3. But how will I test it? I have an idea - maybe I can use the original Comet64 wi-fi upgrade prototype module (the one that plugs into the Comet64 where the Wiznet module rests). It basically extends the communication up from the female headers to the module above, so it really should work well.
I tried so many different combinations of things: I soldered up a new board, tried hooking up the flash chip on a breadboard, cut a suspicious trace on the first proto board to see if it affected the MISO line, and more. I did so many different tests that by the time I got around to getting something working, I had forgotten all about what I tried (bad note-taking this time). So while I think it is solved, I will be running some of the same tests again, troubleshooting the original problem from the beginning, but taking better notes this time.
Moving on to my next test... I'll revisit this later.
I then wired up a flash chip (which I have working on the Arduino breadboard) to the breadboard on the Comet. Same behavior, which is that it appears that the MISO line is being held low or low enough during transmission to push back faulty data (usually the equivalent of 0, which would indicate the data is LOW). I have reviewed my traces and they look fine, but something is definitely interfering.
It took some work. I found a few problems with the initial board design so I fixed those up (with wire hackery on the breadboard) and was able to flash the bootloader to the ATMega chip. After I flashed the custom bootloader, I was able to upload a test sketch which blinked an LED on/off. I used the "USR" pin available on the Comet board, tying it to a resistor through to an LED on the breadboard. I can tell having this breadboard is going to be a lot of fun!
I'm so excited about the new boards. This is the first non-breadboard prototype. I'll be first wiring up the ATMega chip just to make sure the AVR is working properly. Once I know that works, I can add the sub-components and test them out individually.
I modified the layout slightly - made the board a little bit bigger and squeezed the IEC ports next to each other. I think this was a good decision. Since the board is so deep, having the IEC cable come out the back would make the space required behind the C64 so much deeper. Of course, this can still be run stand-alone, but then you'd lose out on the User Port.
Another nice thing about this change is that the three buttons are more accessible. In the old layout, they were bunched up against the IEC connector which would have made it difficult to press them. This also opened up the middle area quite a bit so that I could consolidate the LEDs into a single location. It makes the board so much neater looking, in my opinion.
I've submitted this design. It should arrive by early next week.
Well I finally decided upon a name for the new Comet. Since the Comet64 is already known to be an Internet device, I thought it would be nice to keep the name, but distinguish it from the previous version due to its new feature set. Since the Comet+ does so much more, it made sense to call it Plus. Also, I figured I should remove 64 from the name to avoid confusion with people who think the Comet64 can only be used on a C64 (it can indeed be used on a C128, Vic-20, Plus/4 and C16).
One thing I wanted to make sure about was the ability to support all the AT commands for BBS servers. Modems use +++ as a way to draw attention to the modem for an upcoming AT command. I thought it might also be a neat tie-in to the BBS/Modem design to visually show the + character.
So I registered the domain name CometPlus.net to be the official site of my Comet development.
Now to convert all my notes over to this blog... you won't see that progress because the whole site will already be here by the time you read this, hehe. Luckily, I've kept pretty good notes - much of this some of you have seen in my shared Google Docs documents, or other places, but now I have an official place for all of it.
Looks like the 1541 drives and other devices use open collectors to help drive the voltages on the IEC lines. Some devices do not implement this and I've heard that it can cause issues if there are multiple devices on the bus.
Thanks to JBev's help in figuring it out, I'll now be adding this feature so that it will behave well on laregly-populated buses.
Here's a picture of my proposed layout. It was really difficult coming up with a layout since there are so many pieces. Some of my Comet64 customers have said they didn't need the wi-fi and having the LAN cable would be just fine. Keeping the Comet64 parts on-board was a requirement so that people can reuse the module (which is an expensive part) from their original Comet64 to get the upgraded functionality of the other parts.
In an effort to keep the size minimal, I have one IEC port pointing out to the side and one to the back - this would give people an option for where to put the cord. The one that goes out to the side will clear the C128's RGB cable (which is why none of the components point out that way).
As much as I like the idea of having the uIEC on-board, I think it might be quite fun and useful to add a mini breadboard so that you can add your own components and make your own peripheral. Let's say a new component comes out and you want to interface it with your C64. Just wire it up and modify the firmware and presto! A new device. I'm thinking people can share their project ideas and code with one another so that more options are available to everyone.
For example, you could hook up an FTDI chip and a USB connector and interface it to a modern computer. Or the next new interface on the market, whatever that may be. This just allows the Comet to be expanded into new uses without upgrading hardware.
Come to think of it, there's no apparent reason why you couldn't just add the uIEC to the breadboard!
I drew up a little block diagram to show the flow of information between the different components on the Comet board. This makes it much simpler to finish up the final prototype design.
Just a breadboard test today... I was able to wire up both the static RAM and flash RAM to the Arduino and read/write from/to it just fine. It's a pretty good feeling when I remove the power, reconnect, and re-run this program to see the same value in the same memory location of the flash chip. Of course, the static RAM is another story since it gets erased when powered off.
Yesssss!! FINALLY, I was able to get the custom bootloader working. Now I can have the Comet 2 upload Arduino sketches (or firmware) directly from the C64. This was a major hurdle that I'm happy to report is now removed. Let the progress continue.
Well this is a major problem. I discovered that the bootloader was NOT installed correctly, as I thought it was. It turns out that what I thought was the bootloader was just a normal Arduino sketch that happened to be in the bootloader's program space. So being able to talk to it worked just fine. But uploading sketches was not working.
I wrote a little program that interrogates the Arduino for its device information, along with some other parameters. The program runs on the Commodore 64 and it is able to communicate perfectly with the new bootloader that I put on to the ATMega chip. This is good news because it is the start of being able to upload Arduino sketches (and firmware) directly from the C64 (or other computer if the code is ported).
I was able to get the custom bootloader rebuilt. Now I should be able to upload Arduino sketches (or firmware) directly from the C64. Once I figured out how to actually do this, it was a little easier than I thought. Hindsight is always 20/20, huh?
Had a meeting with Agent Friday and Robert Bernardo. I was showing Robert the wi-fi portion of the Comet 2 so we did some "testing in the field". Unfortunately, we were unable to connect to their wi-fi due to an extra layer of security using a Web page with SSL. Starbucks has this same issue which I will need to crack so that I can haul my SX-64 into Starbucks and use it on their free wi-fi!
I've decided to add some static RAM as well - this will be very handy for quick data buffering or as a general-use storage facility / REU-type scenario. Thanks to Mech (from Mechware) who helped me find a good chip to use. It also uses SPI, which is what the other RAM devices will use. This is the Microchip 23K256, which is 256Kbit (32KB).
Now we have the following parts on-board: 4MB Flash RAM, 32KB Static RAM, and a micro SD card. Is that enough?
Agent Friday searched for some RAM for me and found the Atmel AT45DB321D. So I ordered a few for testing. Looks like a nice device and quite affordable, so I will likely be going with that if it works out well, unless I find a better solution.
OK, as long as I'm adding Flash RAM, I might as well add support for an SD card as well. This will provide the ability to load from D64s.
I'm starting to look for some decent, low-cost flash RAM for the Comet 2. The board is packed full of goodies and I've been thinking about scrapping the DE-9 connector altogether. Not sure if people would want that or not since it wouldn't need to be there for Internet access (lots of people connect an RS-232 port to another computer to get Internet access, but that is not necessary on the Comet).
With the on-board RAM, we can use it for storing and caching program files that are loaded from the Internet, loading directly from them, storing account settings, or just a nice general storage for just about anything.
So I started thinking about how clumsy my uIEC is with the dangling wire to power it from the cassette port. It might be nice to have a space on the board to plug in my uIEC and power it that way - especially since I'm adding the IEC ports to the Comet. That way, I can just tie right in to the IEC lines and have my trusty uIEC right there with my Comet.
A little late-night designing while watching Tron on my other monitor.
Well, I didn't submit the boards quite yet. As WizardNJ pointed out to me, I need a way to flash the firmware directly from the C64 (or similar) without having to require people to use the Arduino programmers. Seems obvious now - especially since I was hoping to have the Arduino accessible to others.
This will delay me a bit since I have to customize the Arduino bootloader.
I got the first round of prototyping done - finalized the layout of the boards and am hoping to submit the design by the end of the week.
While talking about the new design, JBev and Agent Friday both independently asked if they could have the Comet 2 provide the ability to have parallel data transfers on the user port. That will provide some amazing data transfer rates and will be fun to see. Thanks for the idea - I'll try my best to add it in.
It's becoming more clear to me that I need to expand on the prototype and possibly go with a full-on new Comet 2.0 with all the bells and whilstles people have been asking me for. One of those features is being able to access the Internet directly from the IEC port. This is something that I've always wanted to do, but lacked the horsepower (no microcontroller) on the original Comet64. But now that I'm both putting in a micro and adding new features, I should be able to accomplish this with a new board design.
Another thing people were asking for is the ability to run a BBS server. That is something that the Comet64 should be able to do, but can't because AT modem commands are just not acceptable to the Comet64. So this will be a firm requirement for the new version.
Over the next few days, I'll be coming up with a list of new features to add to make a better Internet solution to meet the needs of both scenarios and probably even more.
Getting ready to show the new prototype for my Comet64 modification. This modification allows a stock Comet64 to be used with a new module, providing a microcontroller and Wi-fi capability. I have a working prototype and I will be showing it at ECCC in Chicago later this month.
In preparation for ECCC, I decided to write a little room chat bot for CommodoreServer using the Arduino microcontroller that I'll be adding on to the Comet64. His name is Ardie and he answers yes/no questions when asked with answers found in a magic 8-ball. This just goes to show that having a microcontroller on the Comet64 is a useful feature because it allows extra programming to be done outside of the Commodore 64, completely freeing it up from any overhead involved. Interestingly enough, I can plug this in and turn on my C64 without loading any C64 software (since the program runs in the Arduino). It was just a fun little exercise and proof-of-concept to see how a microcontroller could be used.
I've been thinking that it might be fun to put a game server on the Arduino and have it respond to game requests done through CommodoreServer's game rooms. Might be a fun project to tackle later.
Here are some pictures of my earlier wi-fi testing for the Comet64 Internet Modem.


Henry Boot managing director Jamie Boot this week admitted that the group was resigned to making construction and civil engineering margins of less than 1%.
Boot said stiff competition for construction work was squeezing the margins of the Sheffield-based firm. It posted a pre-tax profit up 9% to £12.2m for the year to 31 December 2000.
He said: "I'm not being overly optimistic about raising construction margins, but every little bit helps. If you're very lucky you might make 1%." This compares with the 9% margin in the group's housing division.
He said that tender lists were not as large now as in previous years, but the companies on them were still fighting hard to win the work.
Despite the difficulties in construction and civil engineering, group turnover for the year to 31 December 2000 increased 10% from £205m to £227m.
Boot said the housing division was going well and demand in the market was still strong. The average price for the 650 houses sold increased from £89,200 to £96,136.


text:
Colubraria ochsneri is een slakkensoort uit de familie van de Colubrariidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1968 door Hertlein & Allison.

Colubrariidae


The HERE Urban Mobility Index provides decision makers with a comprehensive picture of how a city moves.
Cities are our greatest invention. Already home to more than half the world's population, they are set to be home to two-thirds of people by 2050. While urban living is more efficient and enables us to put ideas into action more quickly, rapidly expanding populations present major challenges for city governments, businesses, and citizens.
In this era of unprecedented change, staying mobile will be crucial to a city's livability and economic prosperity. The smart cities of the future will be those who use location intelligent data to achieve this. They will glean insights from complex and diverse data sources in order to understand how the city moves, and to keep it moving. They will use these insights to be responsive to the ever-changing demands of urban living, not only to support their economies, but to improve quality of life – whether that be more efficient journeys for everyone or improving driver safety with highly automated cars.
For over 30 years, HERE has witnessed first-hand the growing role that location plays in improving quality of life – from making our air cleaner and roads safer, to helping governments and the private sector work together more efficiently.
The HERE location platform offers a uniquely complete location data set in a flexible framework that can adapt to complex needs. Our singular focus on location data and services means that we are a partner cities and businesses can grow and innovate with, today and tomorrow.
The index brings together the HERE Reality Index as well as open source data, including traffic analysis, mobility management and smart city technology, to develop a series of fourteen indicators that measure specific aspects of city mobility. This complex data has then been visualised to support decision makers with a comprehensive picture of how a city moves.
Our goal is to make the HERE Urban Mobility Index a tool for city planners, businesses and citizens, helping them to identify opportunities and reinvent urban movement for cities of the future.
Discover how HERE can help benefit your city.


Select, well-seasoned tonewoods, including very nicely flamed back and ribs, are highlighted with an artistically shaded varnish, making the Reiner violin an instrument that looks as good as it sounds. The F. Reiner sound is characterized by a crystal clear, full-bodied tone that is bright and open. Our William Harris Lee Workshop set-up assures that the instrument is even and responsive throughout the entire register. This outstanding violin will please the most discriminating player!


Mmm, flaky, soft and delicious pastries stuffed with a sweet cream cheese mixture and strawberry jam.
Flaky pastries with cream cheese and your favorite jam. Yummy!
In your mixer's bowl, beat cream cheese and butter until smooth, light and fluffy. Add flour and salt and continue to mix until thoroughly combined. Lightly dust work area with powdered sugar. Transfer dough to work area and shape into a ball. Divide it into 4 rounds; flatten each round and cover each pastry dough with plastic wrap. Refrigerate for 30 minutes. In the meantime, prepare the filling by combining cream cheese, powdered sugar and vanilla in your mixer's bowl. Beat until creamy and smooth. Set aside. Dust work area with flour. Remove dough from fridge and let rest for 5 minutes. Roll out each ball of dough to a 1/4-inch thickness. Cut into 3x3 squares. Fill the center of each square with 1/2-teaspoon cream cheese mixture and 1/2 teaspoon strawberry jam. For a prettier presentation, using a pastry bag, you can pipe the fillings, one on top of the other. Overlap opposite corners of dough to the center and over the filling. Pinch seams together. Refrigerate for 1 hour. Preheat oven to 375°F. Bake 10 to 11 minutes, or until edges are browned. Cool completely. Serve and enjoy!


Topic: point durability on Military?
Re: point durability on Military?
Are you aware that they make a left-handed version of the Milli?
Yeh but wanted to use the standard.
Despite being lefty I like this one. It's just a bit big for everyday for me.
Excels at slicing veggies tho!
I have one (or a knockoff, not sure, got it used). Did not come very sharp but sharpened up ok and it is an interesting design. I think a spyderco version would be kind of neat.
First non Native5 in weeks!
Topic: Is there any way to purchase a Native 5 steel liner separately?
Re: Is there any way to purchase a Native 5 steel liner separately?
Fair enough Sal. I always admired that when we communicate with spyderco we get a response, not a form letter. I should never even have thought spyderco would... well, but... as the old saying goes... we live in interesting times.
Like i said, I didn't mean to start politicking, I was just curious and a bit concerned.
Topic: What is the most general use Spyderco blade steel in your opinion?
Re: What is the most general use Spyderco blade steel in your opinion?


Built For Maritime and Naval Deployment – The Winmate Marine Panel PC and Display offer flexibility, available in screen sizes ranging from 19", 24", and 26". Also built to survive shock, liquids, extreme temperatures, vibration, dust, and salt,Winmate's Marine products are ready to go to work in harsh environments.
Easy to maintain and clean. The flat design provides a great protection and reduces the gap for possible accumulation of dust and liquid. True flat design also gives a slim and elegant appearance to the device.
The Winmate Marine Displays and Panel PCs are also adjustable to day, dusk or night mode to accommodate for any lighting situation. In the ECDIS-color calibrated model, these quick function keys allow instant brightness adjustment to any of the three modes. Winmate also provides an RGB color table.
Onboard connectivity consist of Ethernet LAN, two USB 2.0, one USB 3.0, HDMI, optional 4-channel isolated digital input and output, optional four COM ports (meet the NMEA 0183 National Marine Electronics Association physical layer standard)-RS232/422/485 switchable via software.
IACS-E 10, IEC 60945 4th Edition).
Powered by the Intel Celeron Bay Trail-M N2930 1.83 GHz, the Winmate Marine Grade Panel PC also comes standard with 4GB of RAM in a DDR3L-1066 SODIMM slot for rapid, reliable processing. Power is 9-36 V DC-in with 1.5kV isolation and 75-to-80db buzzer is also available.
*Note: All certifications mentioned in this newsletter are still ongoing.