text:
Why the Gospels Are Historical Fiction
Tags: Alter: The Art of Biblical Narrative, Chariton, Genre of the Gospels, Gospel, Gospel of Mark, Gospels and Acts (Canonical), Narrative Criticism, Robert Alter
A recent book by Jacob Licht, Storytelling in the Bible (Jerusalem, 1978), proposes that the "historical aspect" and the "storytelling" aspect of biblical narrative be thought of as entirely discrete functions that can be neatly peeled apart for inspection — apparently, like the different colored strands of electrical wiring.
This facile separation of the inseparable suggests how little some Bible scholars have thought about the role of literary art in biblical literature. (Robert Alter, The Art of Biblical Narrative, p. 32)
By "historical fiction" I mean a fictitious tale, whether it is a theological parable or not, set in a real historical time and place. Authors of "historical fiction" must necessarily include real historical places and real historical persons and events in their narrative or it will be nothing more than "fiction". Ancient authors are known to have written "historical fiction" as broadly defined as this. We have the Alexander Romance by Heliodorus that is a largely fictitious dramatization of the person and exploits of Alexander the Great. Of more interest for our purposes here is Chariton's tale of Chaereas and Callirhoe. These are entirely fictitious persons whose adventures take place in a world of historical characters who make their own appearances in the novel: the Persian emperor, Artaxerxes II; his wife and Persian queen, Statira; the Syracusan statesman and general of the 410s, Hermocrates. There are allusions to other possible historical persons. Sure there are several anachronisms that found their way into Chariton's novel. (And there are several historical anachronisms in the Gospels, too.) Chariton even imitated some of the style of the classical historians Herodotus and Thucydides.
In this way Chariton imitates the classical historians in technique, not for the purpose of masquerading as a professional historian, but rather, as Hagg (1987, 197) suggests, to create the "effect of openly mixing fictitious characters and events with historical ones." (Edmund Cueva, The Myths of Fiction, p. 16)
A word to some critics: This post does not argue that Jesus did not exist or that there is no historical basis to any of the events they portray. It spoils a post to have to say that, since it ought to be obvious that demonstrating a fictitious nature of a narrative does not at the same time demonstrate that there were no analogous historical events from which that narrative was ultimately derived. What the post does do, however, is suggest that those who do believe in a certain historicity of events found in the gospels should remove the gospels themselves as evidence for their hypothesis. But that is all by the by and a discussion for another time. Surely there is value in seeking to understand the nature of one of our culture's foundational texts for its own sake, and to help understand the nature of the origins of culture's faiths.
Cover of The Art Of Biblical Narrative
This post is inspired by Robert Alter's The Art of Biblical Narrative. Alter believes that the reason literary studies of the Bible were relatively neglected for so long is because of the cultural status of the Bible as a "holy book", the source of divine revelation, of our faith. It seems gratuitously intrusive or simply quite irrelevant to examine the literary structure of a sacred book. So the main interest of those who study it has been theology. I would add that, given the Judaic and Christian religions of the Bible claim to be grounded in historical events, the relation of the Bible's narratives to history has also been of major interest.
But surely the first rule of any historical study is to understand the nature of the source documents at hand. That means, surely, that the first thing we need to do with a literary source is to analyse it see what sort of literary composition it is. And as with any human creation, we know that the way something appears on the surface has the potential to conceal what lies beneath.
Only after we have established the nature of our literary source are we in a position to know what sorts of questions we can reasonably apply to it. Historians interested in historical events cannot turn to Heliodorus to learn more biographical data about Alexander the Great, nor can they turn to Chariton to fill in gaps in their knowledge about Artaxerxes II and Statira, because literary analysis confirms that these are works of (historical) fiction.
Some will ask, "Is it not possible that even a work of clever literary artifice was inspired by oral or other reports of genuine historical events, and that the author has happily found a way to narrate genuine history with literary artistry?"
The answer to that is, logically, Yes. It is possible. But then we need to recall our childhood days when we would so deeply wish a bed-time fairy story, or simply a good children's novel, to have been true. When we were children we thought as children but now we put away childish things. If we do have at hand, as a result of our literary analysis, an obvious and immediate explanation for every action, for every speech, and for the artistry of the way these are woven into the narrative, do we still want more? Do we want to believe in something beyond the immediate reality of the literary artistry we see before our eyes? Is Occam's razor not enough?
If we want history, we need to look for the evidence of history in a narrative that is clearly, again as a result of our analysis, capable of yielding historical information. Literary analysis helps us to discern the difference between historical fiction and history that sometimes contains fictional elements. Or maybe we would expect divine history to be told with the literary artifice that otherwise serves the goals and nature of fiction, even ancient fiction.
The beginning of the (hi)story
The Latin poet, Virgil, holding a volume on which is written the Aeneid. On either side stand the two muses: "Clio" (history) and "Melpomene" (tragedy). (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Take the beginning of The Gospel According to St. Mark. Despite the title there is nothing in the text itself to tell us who the author was. This is most unlike most ancient works of history. Usually the historian is keen to introduce himself from the start in order to establish his credibility with his readers. He wants readers to know who he is and why they should believe his ensuing narrative. The ancient historian normally explains from the outset how he comes to know his stuff. What are his sources, even if in a generalized way. The whole point is to give readers a reason to read his work and take it as an authoritative contribution to the topic.
The Gospel of Mark does indeed begin by giving readers a reason to believe in the historicity of what follows, but it has more in common with an ancient poet's prayer to the Muses calling for inspiration and divinely revealed knowledge of the past than it does with the ancient historian's reasons.
As it is written in the prophets, Behold, I send my messenger . . . .
That's the reason the reader knows what follows is true. It was foretold in the prophets. What need we of further witnesses?
Yes, some ancient historians did from time to time refer to a belief among some peoples in an oracle. But I can't off hand recall any who claimed the oracle was the source or authority of their narrative. I have read, however, several ancient novels where divine prophecies are an integral part of the narrative and do indeed drive the plot. Events happen because a divine prophecy foretold them. That's what we are reading in Mark's Gospel here from the outset, not unlike the ancient novel by Xenophon of Ephesus, The Ephesian Tale, in which the plot begins with and is driven by an oracle of Apollo.
Note, too, how the two lead characters in the opening verses are introduced. Continue reading "Why the Gospels Are Historical Fiction"
Author Neil GodfreyPosted on 2013-09-28 23:35:37 GMT+0000 2019-07-31 21:38:21 GMT+0000 Categories Biblical Studies, New TestamentTags Alter: The Art of Biblical Narrative, Chariton, Genre of the Gospels, Gospel, Gospel of Mark, Gospels and Acts (Canonical), Narrative Criticism, Robert Alter48 Comments on Why the Gospels Are Historical Fiction
A Simonian Origin for Christianity, Part 2: The Letters of Paul
by Roger Parvus
Tags: Paul, Paul and his letters, Pauline Epistles, Roger Parvus, Simonian Origins
This is the second post in the series: A Simonian Origin for Christianity.
Some argue that Paul's theology just underwent a very rapid development.
Or that he changed his position to suit changed circumstances.
Others chalk up the inconsistency to his temperament. He was impulsive and wrote things in anger that he probably regretted later.
Or he toyed with ideas that he never seriously embraced.
Some say he just had an undisciplined mind and that we should therefore not expect logical consistency from him.
Was he even aware that his assertions were contradictory? Some scholars think so, and that love of paradox may explain his apparent unconcern for contradictions. But others think he was clueless.
. . . from the very first indications in the extant record of the existence of a collection of Pauline letters voices were raised to protest that it had been tampered with. . . .
A Reworked Collection of Simonian Letters
Pauline Zigzags
A much rarer author portrait of St Paul C9th, follows similar conventions. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
A major problem for Pauline interpreters has always been how to explain the inconsistency of Paul's theology. The inconsistency shows up, especially when the letters deal with subjects about which the proto-orthodox and early gnostics had differing positions. It is particularly noticeable in passages concerning the Law.
For instance, has the Law been abolished? Or is it still valid?
You can find passages in the Paulines to support both positions.
Can anyone actually do all that the Law requires?
Again, one can find Pauline passages to support either a yes or no answer.
Was the Law given by God? Or by angels?
That depends on which Pauline passage you look at.
Was the purpose of the Law to incite man to sin and multiply transgressions? Or to lead men to life?
Again, the letters can be enlisted to support either.
Did the author of the letters think that being under the Law was something to be rightfully proud of? Or was it slavery?
It depends.
All kinds of explanations have been offered to account for the zigzagging, but with nothing close to a consensus reached. There are those, for instance, who argue that Paul's theology just underwent a very rapid development. Or that he changed his position to suit changed circumstances. Others chalk up the inconsistency to his temperament. He was impulsive and wrote things in anger that he probably regretted later. Or he toyed with ideas that he never seriously embraced. Some say he just had an undisciplined mind and that we should therefore not expect logical consistency from him. Was he even aware that his assertions were contradictory? Some scholars think so, and that love of paradox may explain his apparent unconcern for contradictions. But others think he was clueless:
[T]he thought wavers and alters with heedless freedom from one letter to another, even from chapter to chapter, without the slightest regard for logical consistency in details. His points of view and leading premises change and traverse without his perceiving it. It is no great feat to unearth contradictions, even among his leading thoughts. (William Wrede, Paul, p. 77, my italics)
Ten scholars who argue for interpolation
But there have always been scholars who solved the problem of Pauline inconsistency by questioning whether the letters were in fact the work of only one writer. And not just the Deutero-Pauline letters, but also the seven generally regarded as authentic. The inconsistencies existing right within the individual letters are such that many think it more likely that more than one writer was involved:
If the choice lies between supposing that Paul was confused and contradictory and supposing that his text has been commented upon and enlarged, I have no hesitation in choosing the second. (J.C. O'Neill, The Recovery of Paul's Letter to the Galatians, p. 86) Continue reading "A Simonian Origin for Christianity, Part 2: The Letters of Paul"
Author Roger ParvusPosted on 2013-09-20 10:54:01 GMT+0000 2019-07-31 15:58:25 GMT+0000 Categories Biblical Studies, New TestamentTags Paul, Paul and his letters, Pauline Epistles, Roger Parvus, Simonian Origins30 Comments on A Simonian Origin for Christianity, Part 2: The Letters of Paul
Making of a Mythicist, Act 4, Scene 3 (Deeps Below, Storms Ahead)
Filed under: Biblical Scholars, Biblical Studies, Historical Methods and Historiography, New Testament
Tags: Brodie: Beyond the Quest for the Historical Jesus, N.T. Wright, Richard B. Hays, Textual Criticism, Thomas Brodie
THE SHIPPING FORECAST: DEEPS BELOW AND A STORM AHEAD
Chapter 14 of Thomas Brodie's Memoir of a Discovery is probably one of the volume's most significant and it is to be regretted that some of Brodie's critics have so totally avoided its message. This chapter strikes at the heart of what most of us at first find most challenging about Brodie's thesis.
But first, let's start where Thomas Brodie himself starts in this chapter. Let's begin when he meets the new professor of New Testament at Yale Divinity School, Richard B. Hays, in the 1980s. There is a new wind beginning to blow in New Testament studies and Hays' work is among those ships that have felt its first gusts. (We will see that many are still in denial and refusing to prepare.) Meanwhile, Hays invited Brodie to speak on Luke's use of the Old Testament to his New Haven class.
Richard Hays' thesis has been published as The Faith of Jesus Christ: The Narrative Substructure of Galatians 3:1-4:11. Hays argues that a section of Galatians is a product of an author reworking a larger narrative about Jesus Christ and some of the Old Testament.
Since then, Brodie informs us, Hays has become "a pioneer in narrative theology — in showing how New Testament narrative often builds a story or narrative that is grounded on that of the Old Testament". Others have come along to complement his work. Some of these:
N. T. Wright 2005, Paul: In Fresh Perspective
Francis Watson, see bibliography
Carol Stockhaussen 1989, Moses' Veil and the Story of the New Covenant: The Exegetical Substructure of II Cor. 3:1-4:6; 1993, '2 Corinthians 3 and the Principles of Pauline Exegesis', in C. A. Evans and J. A. Sanders (eds) Paul and the Scriptures of Israel.
In acknowledging the importance of the Old Testament "allusions" or "echoes" in the New Testament, these works (according to Brodie) are "a real advance for New Testament research."
But there's a but . . .
Brodie's optimism is tempered, however. The above "pioneers" speak of "echoes" and "allusions" and for that reason do not really do full justice to the way the New Testament authors re-worked/re-wrote the literature of the Old.
If many scholars have jumped at doing "history" with the Gospels before they have taken care to explore the nature of their literary sources, Richard Hays has been too quick to jump into doing theology. By that Brodie means that Hays has failed to appreciate that questions of theology can be significantly influenced by understanding how the texts being studied came to be put together, how they were transmitted. By understanding how authors put the texts together one can better appreciate the questions of theology they posed in their final products.
Hays can appreciate that the continuity between the narratives of Luke-Acts and of the Old Testament functions to give readers the theological message that they can have assurance in the continuity and reliability of God's plan. But what he misses, according to Brodie, is that one of the most central factors of God's plan was the composing of Scripture itself. So by studying the way Scriptures were composed, how they were sourced and put together, we can understand how God worked, how he implemented his plan. For Brodie, such questions are fundamental to truly appreciating the theology of the New Testament writings.
Brodie appears to me to be suggesting that a scholar can trace the mind of God, at least as it was understood by the New Testament authors, through an analysis of the literary sources of the New Testament writings and the way the Old Testament writings were "reworked" into the New.
And the ineffectuality of "intertextuality"
The word intertextuality has been frequently used by scholars studying the ways New Testament authors made use of their literary sources but its meaning is also too often imprecise. The word originated with Julia Kristeva in 1966 and today is more commonly associated with anthropological questions of interaction between cultures, Several biblical scholars use the word to refer to concepts as light as "textual allusions" or "echoes". This is fine insofar as it draws attention to the relationship between written texts. But Brodie is arguing that ancient writing involved much more than "allusions" and "echoes":
The kernel of ancient writing was not in allusions: it was in taking hold of entire books and transforming them systematically. VIrgil did not just allude to Homer; he swallowed him whole. And there are comparable systematic transformations within the Bible. Allusions and quotations were often little more than decorations and embellishments. (p. 127)
So what is the nature of the textual relationship that is at the core of Brodie's argument if it's more than "echoes" and "allusions"?
Transforming Texts Beyond Immediate Recognition
Spotting the differences between the following stories earns no points. But spotting the similarities AND being able to coherently explain them might yield rewards. Many scholars have discussed the comparisons of Luke's narrative with its matches in Matthew 8:5-13 and John 4:43-54. Many commentators of the Lukan narrative have even been aware of the Naaman episode. Continue reading "Making of a Mythicist, Act 4, Scene 3 (Deeps Below, Storms Ahead)"
Author Neil GodfreyPosted on 2013-09-18 12:03:17 GMT+0000 2019-07-31 21:45:49 GMT+0000 Categories Biblical Scholars, Biblical Studies, Historical Methods and Historiography, New TestamentTags Brodie: Beyond the Quest for the Historical Jesus, N.T. Wright, Richard B. Hays, Textual Criticism, Thomas Brodie3 Comments on Making of a Mythicist, Act 4, Scene 3 (Deeps Below, Storms Ahead)
How Historical Imagination Destroys the Gospels
Filed under: Biblical Studies, Historical Methods and Historiography, New Testament
Tags: Gospel of Mark, Historical Method, Historical Sources
Most of us understand that the Gospels are theological narratives and do not report literal history. At the same time, probably most critically inclined readers believe that those theological narratives are ultimately inspired by historical persons and events. Their authors (or those responsible for their source information) are so "spiritually overwhelmed" by the inexpressibility of the wonder of these historical events that they are compelled to write about them through a language of theological surrealism.
Jean Fouquet: Caesar Crossing the Rubicon (Wikipedia)
Comparisons are even drawn with ancient historiography. Ancient historians regularly introduced supernatural events and persons into their accounts of historical persons. It is worth looking at a few examples. We are meant to be assured that the Gospel narratives are of a similar ilk.
As he [Caesar] stood in doubt, this sign was given him. On a sudden there appeared hard by a being of wondrous stature and beauty, who sat and played upon a reed; and when not only the shepherds flocked to hear him, but many of the soldiers left their posts, and among them some of the trumpeters, the apparition snatched a trumpet from one of them, rushed to the river, and sounding the war-note with mighty blast, strode to the opposite bank. Then Caesar cried: "Take we the course which the signs of the gods and the false dealing of our foes point out. The die is cast," said he. (Suetonius, Life of Julius Caesar, 32)
No one doubts the reality of Augustus Caesar despite it being "recorded" of him by Philo that he stilled storms and healed diseases:
This is Caesar, who calmed the storms which were raging in every direction, who healed the common diseases which were afflicting both Greeks and barbarians . . .(Philo, Embassy to Gaius, 145)
The stilling of the storms may have been a metaphorical synopsis of Augustus putting an end to the wars that had long ravaged the empire but the philosopher Empedocles was reputed to have done as much literally:
Ten thousand other more divine and more admirable particulars likewise are uniformly and unanimously related of the man: such as infallible predictions of earthquakes, rapid expulsions of pestilence and violent winds, instantaneous cessations of the effusion of hail, and a tranquillization of the waves of rivers and seas, in order that his disciples might easily pass over them. Of which things also, Empedocles the Agrigentine, Epimenides the Cretan, and Abaris the Hyperborean, receiving the power of effecting, performed certain miracles of this kind in many places. Their deeds, however, are manifest. To which we may add, that Empedocles was surnamed an expeller of winds (Iamblichus, Life of Pythagoras, 135-136)
And of course we know of the tales of miraculous births of Alexander the Great and Plato. Both were conceived by a god. There are many more. King Pyrrhus healed by touching a reclining patient with his foot. Emperor Vespasian healed a withered hand and restored the sight of a blind man.
So there we supposedly have it. The gospels, we are assured, are no different from other ancient accounts of famous historical persons, mixtures of fact and fable.
I don't think so. Continue reading "How Historical Imagination Destroys the Gospels"
Author Neil GodfreyPosted on 2013-09-15 11:54:18 GMT+0000 2019-06-26 10:48:09 GMT+0000 Categories Biblical Studies, Historical Methods and Historiography, New TestamentTags Gospel of Mark, Historical Method, Historical Sources10 Comments on How Historical Imagination Destroys the Gospels
Making of a Mythicist, Act 4, Scene 2 ("What Is Rule One?")
Tags: Brodie: Beyond the Quest for the Historical Jesus, Thomas Brodie
The Quest for History: Rule One
The theme of chapter 13 in Thomas Brodie's Beyond the Quest for the Historical Jesus: Memoir of a Discover syncs well with a recurring theme on this blog. I have posted on it repeatedly and alluded to it constantly. I even posted on the contents of this chapter 13 soon after I began reading Brodie's book and before I considered doing this series. That earlier post was Quest for History: Rule One — from Brodie's Beyond the Quest for the Historical Jesus.
Many scholars of Christian origins (biblical and religion scholars, theologians) write in the belief that the most important thing to grasp about the narratives and sayings in the Gospels is the historical context that gave rise to them.
And yet, and yet, and yet. Being first in importance does not necessarily mean being first in the order of investigation. The first thing to be sorted out about a document is not its history or theology — not the truth of background events or its ultimate meaning — but simply its basic nature.
For instance, before discussing a will — its possible many references to past events, and its provisions for distributing a legacy — the first thing to be established is whether it is genuine, whether it is a real will. (p. 121, my bolding)
Its basic nature! The nature of the text we are reading! Exactly. One theologian who regularly refers to himself as a historian has insisted that historical analysis of the Gospels has nothing to do with literary analysis and that literary analysis has no relevance for historical analysis. That is flat wrong. Even at a very superficial level everyone necessarily does some form of literary analysis in order to determine how to interpret the content of what they are reading. Is what we are reading a diary, a parody, an advertisement, an official news report, a novel? Deciding that question involves some basic level of literary analysis.
The commonly expressed view that the Gospels are a form of ancient biography actually arises more from the a priori assumption that they contain or are based ultimately on biographical data than a theoretical analysis of the genre. For an analysis of the influential work of Burridge (whose work arguing for the Gospels being a form of biography is widely taken for granted but less widely analysed critically) see other Vridar posts in the Burridge archive. For discussions of a work that is, by contrast, a theoretically grounded analysis of the genre of the Gospel of Mark see the Vines archive.
(Unfortunately not even classical studies helps much here since, I've been informed, questions of genre generally remain fairly fluid in that department. But biblical studies does elicit certain distinctive questions critical for cultural reasons so genre analysis of biblical literature does deserve to be taken more seriously.)
But enough of my take. This series is meant to be about Brodie's views. So for the sake of completeness I have decided to copy my earlier post within this series here. If you've already read it then think of this as a refresher. It's a topic that can't be overstated given that it appears to be utterly lost on the bulk of the present generation of scholars of Christian origins. Continue reading "Making of a Mythicist, Act 4, Scene 2 ("What Is Rule One?")"
Author Neil GodfreyPosted on 2013-09-14 12:56:02 GMT+0000 2019-07-23 01:55:33 GMT+0000 Categories Biblical Scholars, Biblical Studies, Historical Methods and Historiography, New TestamentTags Brodie: Beyond the Quest for the Historical Jesus, Thomas Brodie3 Comments on Making of a Mythicist, Act 4, Scene 2 ("What Is Rule One?")
A Simonian Origin for Christianity, Part 1
Tags: Hermann Detering, Paul, Paul and his letters, Robert M. Price, Roger Parvus, Simon, Simonian Origins
A Vridar reader, Chris S, recently expressed interest in my hypothesis that Christianity was Simonian in origin but pointed out that it would be helpful to have it laid out systematically in a post or series of posts. As it is, my proposals are scattered among random posts and comment threads. So this series will provide an overview of the hypothesis. I will first summarize the main ideas and then briefly defend them and show how they fit together.
A Simonian Origin for Christianity
Status of the Hypothesis
I want to acknowledge up front that my hypothesis is not completely original. It builds on the identification of Paul as a reworked Simon of Samaria that has been argued by Hermann Detering in his The Falsified Paul and by Robert M. Price in his The Amazing Colossal Apostle.
And I want to be clear that my hypothesis is still a work in progress. There is much that I continue to mull over and much that needs to be added. I am aware too that it is speculative. But, as I see it, one of its strengths is that it draws from the earliest extant descriptions of the internal quarrels that plagued Christianity at its birth and can plausibly account for a remarkable number of the peculiarities in those records.
State of the Evidence: The Problem
The proto-orthodox claimed that their brand of Christianity was the original, and that their earliest Christian competitor, Simon, was the first who corrupted it. But there are good reasons to doubt their veracity. Their many known forgeries, false attributions, fabrications, plagiarisms, and falsifications are acknowledged even by mainstream scholars (see Bart Ehrman's Forged for examples). Their one canonical attempt to write an account of primitive Christianity—the Acts of the Apostles—fails miserably to convince. It is widely recognized that its description of Paul and his relationship to the Jerusalem church is a deliberate misrepresentation.
The proto-orthodox claim to unbroken continuity with the Jerusalem church doesn't add up. . .
Did the proto-orthodox have no one to stand up to Simon's successors between 70 and 140 CE?
They concede a continuous line of succession for heresy . . . yet are at a loss to tell us who prior to Justin undertook to refute those heretics.
And their claim to unbroken continuity with the Jerusalem church doesn't add up.
If they were in existence earlier than the 130s, why is Justin their first known heresy-hunter? Justin names no predecessor for that function in the generation before him. Nor do Irenaeus, Tertullian, and Hippolytus. Did the proto-orthodox have no one to stand up to Simon's successors between 70 and 140 CE? They concede a continuous line of succession for heresy (Simon, Menander, Basilides and Satornilus), yet are at a loss to tell us who prior to Justin undertook to refute those heretics.
The Question to Investigate
So I think it is entirely justifiable to question whether the proto-orthodox were in fact the first Christians. Basically, what I am doing is taking the few bits of information they let slip about Simon of Samaria, and seeing whether the birth of Christianity makes more sense with him as its founder.
I am investigating whether it makes more sense to see proto-orthodoxy as a second-century reaction to a first-century Simonianism that had grown, developed, and branched out.
The Hypothesis
In summary form my hypothesis is this: Continue reading "A Simonian Origin for Christianity, Part 1"
Author Roger ParvusPosted on 2013-09-13 09:36:07 GMT+0000 2019-07-31 21:53:43 GMT+0000 Categories Biblical Studies, New TestamentTags Hermann Detering, Paul, Paul and his letters, Robert M. Price, Roger Parvus, Simon, Simonian Origins53 Comments on A Simonian Origin for Christianity, Part 1
Scholarly Preaching
Tags: Larry Hurtado, Resurrection of Jesus
How remarkable that some scholars find confirmation of the literal fundamentals of the Christian faith in their erudition. One of these is emeritus professor Larry Hurtado who would appear to have found proof of the resurrection of Jesus. Of course it is difficult for a scholar who insists that his religious faith does not undermine his scholarly integrity to express conviction that an academically rigorous analysis of the evidence demonstrates the near-certainty of the resurrection, so the point is expressed in reverse. One cannot say that the resurrection of Jesus explains the evidence, but one can say that the followers of Jesus had overwhelmingly experienced something that they came to believe was evidence for the resurrection of Jesus. Scholars are happy, thereby. The sceptics can supposedly free to attribute psychotic problems to the disciples. But the believers know what is being said. And his recent audience at Perth's Trinity Theological College who "commissioned" Hurtado to deliver his address certainly believe in the literal and bodily resurrection of Jesus.
So what is the proof?
It lies in they way two Old Testament texts — Psalm 110 Isaiah 45:23-25 — were interpreted by the "earliest believers in their efforts to understand and express their experiences and convictions about Jesus and God."
First, the mind-conditioning.
We are hit with a series of descriptors to lead us to interpret whatever is coming as "curious", "strange", "astonishing". That is, whatever is about to come has a strong emotive force — not unlike something that the earliest believers themselves supposedly felt when they encountered something strange in need of explanation.
it is a curious fact that neither [OT passage]seems to have been particularly prominent in "pre-Christian" Jewish tradition.
Of course we are all aware that the passages are found to be of interest in the pre-Christian Jewish tradition, but Hurtado dismisses those inconveniences on the grounds that they are "not necessarily persuasive" and amount to "only a couple" of instances. So we are allowed to dismiss evidence to the contrary of our theories if we only see it "a couple of times" and can dismiss it as "not necessarily persuasive". True believers are apparently permitted to accord themselves little perks like this in debates.
each of these OT texts receives a remarkable and highly innovative interpretation/usage in the NT texts.
Note that. There is no merely "new" or "deviant" or simply "innovative" interpretation of texts when it comes to the early Christians. No, their new interpretations are "highly" innovative, even "remarkable".
In an astonishing reading, in vv. 9-11 the OT text is drawn on to portray a universal submission to Jesus as Kyrios, thereby bringing glory to the one God (the Father). That is, an OT passage that emphatically declares the sole supremacy of the one God is drawn on to declare a dyadic obeisance, to Jesus and to God.
The earliest Christians "astonish" us — scholars included! Their resurrection experience is being relayed to us all by some form of wave emotion. And of course, the OT is interpreted most dogmatically (or is that word pejorative? should I say "emphatically") that God is a single entity, period. So let all those radical scholars who disagree be shut outside the door. And yes, Hurtado does have his critics on this point, despite his efforts to inform the public that they are somehow behind the eight-ball. (Recently I spoke to a linguist here at the campus where I work and I asked him about the status of Chomsky's ideas in the field today. Unlike a good many biblical scholars he did not tell me that what he personally believed as if that were the only story worth listening to. He began with, "It depends on who you talk to!" Yes, he did then give his own view — but made it clear that it was his and his was one among several. How many biblical scholars prominent in the public domain are like that?)
So, what could have prompted these radically innovative readings of these OT texts in earliest Christian circles?
The argument avalanches. It is no longer merely "highly innovative." It has now become "radically innovative"!
And what is the answer to that question? Continue reading "Scholarly Preaching"
Author Neil GodfreyPosted on 2013-09-11 11:09:37 GMT+0000 2019-07-23 22:57:22 GMT+0000 Categories Biblical Scholars, Biblical StudiesTags Larry Hurtado, Resurrection of Jesus10 Comments on Scholarly Preaching
Now this is worthwhile (big) history!
Filed under: Politics & Society, Religion and Atheism
Tags: History of everything
We surely need a new narrative to replace the nationalist and socialist narratives that have fueled the histories we have been taught, read and watched on film. And it looks like someone with money and interest has spotted one such narrative to give us a new perspective on where we are and where we've been.
The new course
gives students a wide-angle look at the universe and humanity's presence on the cosmic timeline, by combining the sciences, history and economics into one cohesive story.
Check out the Macquarie University's description of the course:
Big History is the attempt to understand, in a unified and interdisciplinary way, the history of the Cosmos, Earth, Life and Humanity. Big History is ambitious – it seeks understanding by bringing together and linking the knowledge available in many different scholarly disciplines.
Further details on how Bill Gates has become involved
http://www.smh.com.au/national/education/history-but-with-a-bang-20120219-1thkq.html
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-09-10/bill-gates-big-history/4946140
Author Neil GodfreyPosted on 2013-09-11 00:10:47 GMT+0000 2019-06-24 16:03:55 GMT+0000 Categories Politics & Society, Religion and AtheismTags History of everythingLeave a comment on Now this is worthwhile (big) history!
Who's "Rejecting Critical Inquiry"?
Filed under: Biblical Scholars, Biblical Studies, Historical Methods and Historiography
Tags: Criteriology, Criterion of Embarrassment, Exchanges with McGrath, Historical Method, James McGrath
Dr. McGrath has taken me to task for my last post on "Getting to the Root of the Criteria Problem." Actually, he's unhappy about several things. You can tell he's upset, because he calls me a canard-repeatin' mythicist. That's like a Tea Party guy calling you an atheist-Muslim or a communist-Nazi. It's so bad.
I think I'd rather be called a Jesus minimalist or a Jesus agnostic. But in any case, the issue at hand wasn't the existence of Jesus but the state of the evidence and what you can and cannot justifiably claim based on that evidence. Look, I'm willing to entertain the idea that Matthew was embarrassed by what Mark wrote. I don't think he was, but if you want to argue that, go ahead. But you can't leap from the theory that Matthew was embarrassed by Mark to the "fact" that the early Church was embarrassed by a historical event.
I gather he didn't like my crack about quote-fishers either. He thinks I'm doing "some dubious things with Jan Vansina's work in the realm of oral tradition and history." McGrath writes:
The last point is somewhat new and so worth commenting on further. Widowfield suggests that Vansina's adoption of something like the criterion of embarrassment is radically different than its use by historians working with texts, because in recitations of oral traditions, the embarrassment of the reciter might be seen in their speech and behavior. Historians can respond to this by pointing out that texts too can indicate an author's discomfort with material, indicating that it did not originate with them. Moreover, historians prefer to have texts that allow us to actually hear testimony from the past, to having a live reciter of oral tradition, our inability to see whether an ancient author's brow creased when writing certain things notwithstanding.
First, for clarification, by "historian" I'm pretty sure he's talking about the theologians and doctors of divinity who write books on the historical Jesus. Jan Vansina, who earned his doctorate in history back in 1957, did in fact write about something that sounds like the criterion of embarrassment. A quote-fisher like McGrath could easily have mistaken it for just the sort of thing that John Meier was talking about in volume 1 of A Marginal Jew.
Are they radically different? Yes, radically and categorically. Here's why.
Continue reading "Who's "Rejecting Critical Inquiry"?"
Author Tim WidowfieldPosted on 2013-09-10 14:23:37 GMT+0000 2019-06-30 15:47:49 GMT+0000 Categories Biblical Scholars, Biblical Studies, Historical Methods and HistoriographyTags Criteriology, Criterion of Embarrassment, Exchanges with McGrath, Historical Method, James McGrath9 Comments on Who's "Rejecting Critical Inquiry"?
The Parable of the Ropes — Getting to the Root of the Criteria Problem
Filed under: Biblical Studies, Historical Methods and Historiography
Tags: Criteriology, Criterion of Embarrassment, Keith/Le Donne: Jesus Criteria and the Demise of Authenticity, Rudolf Bultmann
Right for the wrong reasons
Jesus, Criteria, and the Demise of Authenticity
A few years back I was on the phone with an acquaintance who is as far to the right politically as I am to the left. At the time the Democratic-led Senate was trying to push through the Affordable Care Act. So he asked me what I thought about the initiative. It turns out we both disapproved.
I explained that I'm for a single-payer solution and that the ACA (now either derisively or proudly called "Obamacare") would introduce a system that forces citizens to become customers of insurance companies. And since they had dropped the public option from the legislation, I couldn't support it.
He said he was against it because it's "socialized medicine." It isn't. Sometimes people can agree on something for entirely different reasons. Sometimes you can be right for the wrong reasons.
As I told my brother when he pleaded with me not to vote for Obama because he's a Marxist! — "You disapprove of Obama because you think he's a socialist; I disapprove of him because I know he isn't."
I was thinking of those conversations the other day when I looked at my notes for Raphael Rodríquez's "The Embarrassing Truth about Jesus: The Criterion of Embarrassment and the Failure of Historical Authenticity" (in Jesus, Criteria, and the Demise of Authenticity). On the last page I had scribbled in frustration: "Rodríquez: Right for the wrong reasons."
[See Neil's review of this book, starting here.]
This book, which tantalizes with its title but disappoints with its content, missed a great opportunity to get to the roots of the criteria problem. Instead, the authors were content merely to graze the surface, while taking every opportunity to redirect the blame to the Formgeschichte Frankenstein. Or should we call it the "Bultmann Bogeyman"? When the authors aren't playing threnodies to the form critics, they're singing paeans to Morna Hooker.
What do I mean by the "roots" of the criteria problem? Perhaps I can best explain by way of a parable.
Continue reading "The Parable of the Ropes — Getting to the Root of the Criteria Problem"
Author Tim WidowfieldPosted on 2013-09-08 01:41:38 GMT+0000 2019-06-23 17:08:15 GMT+0000 Categories Biblical Studies, Historical Methods and HistoriographyTags Criteriology, Criterion of Embarrassment, Keith/Le Donne: Jesus Criteria and the Demise of Authenticity, Rudolf Bultmann9 Comments on The Parable of the Ropes — Getting to the Root of the Criteria Problem
A dichotomy fallacy in historical Jesus studies
Filed under: Historical Methods and Historiography
Tags: Anthony Le Donne, Christ Myth Debate, Historical Method, Michael Goulder
Anthony Le Donne has published works arguing for a new type of historical study, one that draws upon memory theory, to be applied to the Gospels. He and a number of scholarly supporters believe this new approach can open up a more valid way of approximating the historical Jesus behind the Gospels.
In the opening pages of his opening chapter of The Historiographical Jesus: Memory, Typology, and the Son of David (2009) Le Donne zeroes in on what he believes is a prevalent fallacy among scholars addressing historical questions in the Gospels and Acts. This is that a good number of well-known scholars have argued that an event in the Gospels-Acts that is expressed as some "typology" or fulfillment of an Old Testament passage should not be thought of as historical, or that it should at least be relegated to a status of questionable historicity. On the other hand, events written as facts and that contain no striking overlay of such Old Testament framing should, rightly, be considered historical, or at least be acknowledged as historical in the mind of the author.
Anthony Le Donne quotes Michael Goulder's explicit expression of this principle:
Where . . . we find passages with no apparent root in symbolism, or with unimportant traces of types, we shall be justified in assuming that St. Luke was setting down a factual story. . . . This will be our first criterion: where there are no types, Acts is intended to be factual.
Where an incident can be accounted for wholly, or almost wholly, on typological grounds, we shall have to be very wary indeed of giving it weight as history. This gives us a second criterion: the thicker the types, the less likely is the passage to be factual.
I agree with Anthony Le Donne completely that scholars who argue for or against the historicity of a passage in the Gospels and Acts on such are basis are succumbing to fallacious and invalid reasoning. But I also believe that Le Donne has succumbed to an unsupportable assumption of his own and that what he proposes as the correction to this wrong argument is just as baseless.
Where Anthony Le Donne is right
It is quite reasonable to suggest that an event that has been framed or crafted in terms of Old Testament passages was originally an historical happening that was later reinterpreted by others through Old Testament prophecies.
Gosh, the emperor Hadrian used to present himself as Hercules, and the even more illustrious Alexander the Great was presented as the conquering god Dionysus. Mythical overlay of historical events and persons calls for historical explanation, not denial of historicity. Continue reading "A dichotomy fallacy in historical Jesus studies"
Author Neil GodfreyPosted on 2013-09-04 11:29:16 GMT+0000 2019-07-31 21:59:01 GMT+0000 Categories Historical Methods and HistoriographyTags Anthony Le Donne, Christ Myth Debate, Historical Method, Michael Goulder39 Comments on A dichotomy fallacy in historical Jesus studies
Reading Wrede Again for the First Time (10)
Tags: Burnett Hillman Streeter, editorial fatigue, Gospel of Mark, Messianic Secret, Rudolf Bultmann, William Wrede, Wrede: The Messianic Secret
William Wrede's The Messianic Secret
Part 10: How Matthew and Luke changed Mark
The Martyrdom of the Apostle St.Matthew
(The evangelist prepares for the final cut.)
Jan de Beer (c.1530-1535)
Five months have passed since my previous post on The Messianic Secret. In the interim, I have focused on material related to the genre of the gospels, which has consumed most of my attention.
Recently, however, I've been simultaneously reading or re-reading several works on the problem of the Synoptic Gospels, including E.P. Sanders' The Tendencies of the Synoptic Tradition, William Farmer's The Synoptic Problem, and Mark Goodacre's The Case Against Q. I've learned much from reading each of these authors, but I would like to point out that we often will not necessarily understand what is important or significant until we read a work the second or third time.
Let me explain further. About a month ago I began reading The Synoptic Problem by William Farmer, and much to my surprise I learned quite a bit about how we arrived at the "Two-Source" (Mark and Q) consensus — things I didn't pick up from reading Streeter or anyone else, for that matter. Farmer's perspective gave him free rein to look for inconsistencies, bad logic, and questionable motives. I now feel the need to go back and re-read The Four Gospels with this new information in mind.
Reading Sanders and Goodacre (again) helped change my perspective on the problem. And as luck would have it, reading Schmidt's The Place of the Gospels in the General History of Literature as well as the later chapters of The Messianic Secret forced me to re-evaluate those thorny questions.
Synoptic questions
The basic questions we ask ourselves concerning the Synoptic Problem — once we admit that the first three evangelists were somehow copying one another — are:
Who copied whom?
Who changed what?
Why did they change it?
In order to mount a convincing argument as to which gospel came first we need some set of criteria that convincingly explains why an author would change his source material. That is, can we detect any editorial tendencies of an author that caused him to truncate or expand a story? What theological preconceptions might cause a later author to gloss over "difficult" or "uncongenial" passages?
Wrede tackled these sorts of questions in Part Two, "The Later Gospels: Matthew and Luke."
A primary question will then have to be how the Markan material we have examined is treated in both Gospels." (p. 152)
He's referring to the passages in Mark that deal with concealment and misunderstanding. If, in Wrede's view, both Matthew and Luke recapitulate much of Mark, taking over his historical sequence (such as it is), then we should be able to acquire a "direct insight into the history of the approach, which is of interest to us." (p. 152)
In his examination of Matthew's use of Mark, Wrede closely examined several pericopae, identified the differences, and tried to develop a coherent reason or set of reasons for the author to change his source material. We will look at two of those stories now.
Continue reading "Reading Wrede Again for the First Time (10)"
Author Tim WidowfieldPosted on 2013-09-02 21:25:09 GMT+0000 2021-01-04 19:39:14 GMT+0000 Categories Biblical Studies, New TestamentTags Burnett Hillman Streeter, editorial fatigue, Gospel of Mark, Messianic Secret, Rudolf Bultmann, William Wrede, Wrede: The Messianic Secret31 Comments on Reading Wrede Again for the First Time (10)


text:
Tenaris signs an agreement with MKK USA
Stainless Steel World Publisher - October 30, 2021
Desktop Metal qualifies Ti64 for Studio System 2
Stainless Steel World Publisher - August 19, 2021
Rajesh Kamath to head thyssenkrupp Industrial Solutions
Stainless Steel World Publisher - July 5, 2021
Stalatube embarks on new strategy
Gert Wijbrans - May 19, 2021
Stalatube embarks on a new journey towards a world that is built to last. Its new strategy centers around developing highly sustainable high-strength stainless...
GA Engineering enhance existing inspection capabilities
Stainless Steel World Publisher - January 5, 2021
A DUNDEE-based engineering firm has signaled its resilience following the announcement of a six-figure investment to enhance its existing inspection capabilities.
Tenova receives an order for DRI Plant from Salzgitter
Salzgitter Flachstahl GmbH has commissioned Tenova for the construction of µDRAL, a demonstration plant for the production of Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), using up to 100% hydrogen as a reducing agent.
SIJ Group secures three silver national medals
The Slovenian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (GZS) awarded the 18th annual national awards for innovative companies and innovators in companies and other organizations.
ArcSave increase efficiency for Chinese steel producer
ABB has been chosen to supply its patented ArcSave® electromagnetic stirrers as part of a substantial refit at Chinese iron and steel producer Guangdong Nanfang Donghai's steelmaking plant in Guangdong Province, southern China.
Biostoom plant delivers steam & electricity to Borealis
Borealis and Bionerga announce the joint commissioning of Biostoom, a new waste-to-energy plant constructed and operated by Bionerga in Beringen, Belgium.
Stainless steel production 36.7 MMT in 2020
The International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) has released figures for the first nine months of 2020 showing that stainless steel melt shop production decreased by 7.8% year–on–year to 36.7 million metric tons.
Les Thomas joins Repsol Sinopec as Independent Director
Repsol Sinopec has announced the appointment of Les Thomas as the new Independent Director on the Board of Repsol Sinopec Resources UK Limited with effect from 11 December 2020.
Jeffrey Carson joins Olympic Steel as General Manager
Olympic Steel Inc. announced that Jeffrey A. Carson has joined the Company as General Manager for the Bettendorf, Iowa facility.
Nippon Steel Corporation signs a MoU with Rio Tinto
Nippon Steel Corporation and Rio Tinto have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to jointly explore, develop, and demonstrate technologies to transition to a low-carbon emission steel value chain.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: AngularJS UI-Router reloadOnSearch not working as expected I have a view where it is possible to have different objects loaded based on an ID. It is a get request and the controller or state should not entirely reload. I am using ui-router and I've come across the "reloadOnSearch" property. Setting this to false should not reload the controller based on the params, it should only reload on state change. However this is not working. Here is my config function:
var MAIN_CONFIGURATION = {
Setup: function(app) {
    app.config(["$stateProvider", "$urlRouterProvider", function($stateProvider, $urlRouterProvider) {
        $stateProvider.state("myState",
            {
                url: "/mystate/:id",
                reloadOnSearch: false,
                templateUrl: "/app/Main/templates/test.html?version=0.0.0.0001",
                controller: testCtrl
            });

        $urlRouterProvider.when("", ["$state", function($state) {
            $state.go("myState");
        }]);
    }]);
    .
    .
    .
    }
};

Below is my partial HTML:

                {{item.FirstName}}
                {{item.LastName}}

Basically a bunch of table rows are generated and when a row is clicked on, I am expecting the controller to not entirely reload. However, it does. Even when pressing the back and forward buttons on the browser, it is being reloaded.
I have no idea what I am doing wrong, any help would be appreciated.

A: Actually I just figured it out. The route must contain "query" parameters. Thus I cannot use "/mystate/:id". I should instead use "/mystate?id".

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Personal Injury Protection (PIP) is an automobile insurance coverage mandated by statute in some jurisdictions. The statutes typically require insurers to provide or offer to provide first-party benefits for medical expenses, loss of income, funeral expenses, and similar expenses without regard to fault. Coverage, limits, and each party's responsibilities vary from state to state, as provided by law.
Medical Payments coverage is an optional coverage under an automobile policy to pay for medical expenses for an insured that sustains bodily injury caused by an auto accident, without regard to fault.


Whether you are just starting out, or have sewn for years, these tips will change your sewing life for the better! Janice will share some tricks of the trade causing a few "aha" moments, leaving you wishing you had known that years ago. If you have problems with sleeves, easing, puckers, choosing the right interfacing, fitting challenges, sewing differently shaped seams, choosing flattering styles, or ended up with a garment you just never wear, this class is for YOU!


In 2016, Chris Ryan's family was targeted by a terrorist cell. He didn't know who they were, or where they might strike. All he knew was that he wanted to keep his family safe.
· Safe from sexual predators and much more.
Chris Ryan analyses real-life incidents, such as the Manchester Arena bombing, the London Bridge terror attack and the Tunisian beach shootings, and explains how ordinary people should act if they find themselves in similar scenarios. And he reveals fascinating stories, never before told, about life in the Regiment and the dangers faced by SAS soldiers.
In a world of ever-present, ever-changing threats, this is a book that will empower you to take personal responsibility for your own security.


UNITED NATIONS GATE, April 2 – Inner City Press on July 5 was banned from entering the UN, the day after it filed a criminal complaint against UN Security for physically removing it from covering the meeting about the UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres' $6.7 billion peacekeeping budget, as witnessed and essentially cheered on by senior UN official Christian Saunders, tearing its reporter's shirt, painfully and intentionally twisting his arm and slamming shut and damaging his laptop. On August 17, Guterres' Global Communicator Alison Smale issued a letter banning Inner City Press from the UN - for life. With no due process. She and Guterres have put the UN in the US Press Freedom Tracker, here. Smale said, again, that the UN would answer Press questions to the Spokesman Stephane Dujarric and his Office; Dujarric said the same on camera. On April 2 more than two hours before the UN noon briefing Inner City Press submitted 686 questions: "There are more than 300+ questions UNanswered. And Monday Sept 17, Tuesday Sept 18, Wed Sept 19 and Thurs and Fri Sept 21, that whole week, no questions answered. Nor Sept 25, nor 28th - nor October 2 nor 3. While appreciating and using what was sent on March 28 in partial request to Inner City Press' questions about the UN bribery sentence of Patrick Ho of CEFC and CEFC's 2018 attempt to buy the oil company of Gulbenkian Foundation which paid the SG, no answers on Dec 17 or 18 or 19 or 20 or 21 - another FIVE days in a row, even as SG's direct conflicts of interest and failure to disclose emerge, and a newest low. No answers on January 30 nor 31 nor February 1 nor 4 nor 5 nor 6 nor 7 nor 11 nor 12 nor 13 nor 14 nor 15 nor 18 nor 19 nor 20 nor 21 nor 22 nor 25 nor 26 nor 27 nor March 1 - 27 (!) And now April 1. No answers at all during those four days of the US v Ho trial showing corruption in the UN says it all. This ban is just censorship - and Inner City Press must be allowed back into the noon briefing to ask its questions in person and follow up on them.
April 2-1: On Kenya and the UN, what is the SG's comment and action on that Kenyan Foreign Affairs Principal Secretary (and former PR at UN) Macharia Kamau has said the UN was giving 10 per cent of humanitarian aid to terrorists to grant safe passage of food and other supplies in war-torn regions controlled by the deadly militia group?
April 2-2: On UN bribery, what now is the SG's comment and response to this translated 22 minute documentary about Patrick Ho and CEFC's bribes through the UN including Mr. Guterres' refusal to answer Inner City Press' question on it on 5 December 2018, and that Inner City Press for allegedly not complying with interview "rules" has been disqualified from reporting within the UN?
April 2-3: Again, the sentencing memorandum includes quotes from his e-mails regarding aiming to violate sanctions and deal in arms not only to Chad but also South Sudan, Libya & Qatar. What is the SG's comment and action? Again, why has no audit even been begun of CEFC, at least like the one Mr. Guterres' predecessor did of Ng Lap Seng's Sun Kian Ip Foundation? Why did Mr Guterres omit payments from Gulbenkian Foundation, which sought to sell its oil company Partex to CEFC China Energy, from his public financial disclosure covering 2016? Where are the more recent public financial disclosures - has Mr. Guterres ended that program? Why?
April 2-4: On China and the environment, what is the SG's comment and action after his praise on that a majority of 39 northern Chinese cities have failed to meet anti-pollution targets over the six-months to the end of March, adding to fears that China's "war" on smog has lost momentum?
April 2-5: On Saudi Arabia and transparency, please immediately provide UN read out of the SG's meeting with Saudi Arabia, or explain why not.
April 2-6: On Mexico, what is the SG's comment and action if any on that the activist and human rights defender Abiram Hernández Fernández was found dead at his home, in Veracruz. Abiram studied sociology and law and was deeply rooted among human rights defenders and relatives of the disappeared people?
April 2-7: On India and press freedom, what is the SG's comment and action if any on that a Bengaluru court has favoured advocate and debutant BJP candidate for Bangalore South, Tejasvi Surya, with an ex parte temporary injunction against the publication of "defamatory statements" in 49 print, television and internet media providers, including international carriers like YouTube. The injunction will be in place until May 27? AGAIN, immediately explain how it is legitimate to ban from enter into the UN the media that has been asking about these and other questions, with no hearing or appeal.


text:
"ATLiens" is the second single from hip hop duo Outkast's second studio album of the same name. It is a double A-Side single, alongside the track "Wheelz of Steel". Both songs were written and produced by OutKast. The song appeared on the FOX series New York Undercover. The single peaked at number 35 on the Billboard Hot 100.

"ATLiens" is widely considered one of Outkast's best songs. In 2020, The Ringer ranked the song number three on their list of the 50 greatest Outkast songs. In 2021, The Guardian ranked the song number eight on their list of the 20 greatest Outkast songs.

Track listing
 CD Single
 "ATLiens" (Album Version) – 3:50
 "Wheelz of Steel" (Album Version) – 4:03

 Maxi Single
 "ATLiens" (Album Version) – 3:50
 "Wheelz of Steel" (Album Version) – 4:03
 "ATLiens" (Instrumental) – 3:50
 "Wheelz of Steel" (Instrumental) – 4:03

 Atliens - Remix CD Single
 "ATLiens" (Bad Boy Remix) – 6:15
 "ATLiens" (Bad Boy Instrumental) – 6:15
 "ATLiens" (Bad Boy Alternative Mix) – 5:08
 "Wheelz of Steel" (Remix) – 4:16

 12" Vinyl Single
 "ATLiens" (Clean Version) – 3:50
 "ATLiens" (Album Version) – 3:50
 "ATLiens" (Album Instrumental) – 3:50
 "ATLiens" (Album Acapella) – 3:58
 "Wheelz of Steel" (Clean Version) – 4:03
 "Wheelz of Steel" (Album Version) – 4:03
 "Wheelz of Steel" (Album Instrumental) – 4:03
 "Wheelz of Steel" (Album Acapella) – 4:12

Charts

References

1996 singles
1996 songs
Outkast songs
LaFace Records singles
Songs written by Big Boi
Songs written by André 3000
RCA Records singles

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Tel-Time Talking Auto-Synchronizing Unisex Watch offers a time announcement at the touch of a button in a clear male voice, plus a white analog face with bold black numbers 1 to 12. When you set the talking time using the simple push-button, time on the analog face is automatically synchronized. (Note: Time can also be set manually on the analog face.) Unisex styling appropriate for both men and women. One-button operation. 1-3/8" diameter dial. Batteries included. Polished Gold-tone finish with matching expansion band. 90-day warranty.


text:
C A L I F O R N I A www.REBusinessOnline.com Western Real Estate Business • September 2018 • 31 S O U T H W E S T IPA BROKERS $60.5 MILLION SALE OF 402-UNIT MULTIFAMILY PROPERTY TEMPE, ARIZ. — Institutional Prop- erty Advisors (IPA), a division of Mar- cus & Millichap, has arranged the sale of Willow Creek, a value-add multi- family asset located in Tempe. Acacia Capital sold the property to JB Part- ners for $60.5 million, or $150,498 per unit. Constructed in 1984, the prop- erty features 402 apartment units, three swimming pools and a recently renovated clubhouse. Cliff David and Steve Gebing of IPA represented the seller and procured the buyer in the transaction. MISSION SENIOR LIVING STARTS CONSTRUCTION OF $8 MILLION COMMUNITY MESQUITE, NEV. — Mission Senior Living has started construction of Mesa Valley Estates Assisted Living and Memory Care, an $8 million seniors housing community in Mesquite, near the Arizona border. The 61,386-square- foot, one-story community will feature 54 assisted living apartments and a memory care neighborhood with 24 apartments. Project partners include Pinnacle Architects and MSL Con- struction. The project is scheduled for completion in summer 2019. KASTEN LONG COMMERCIAL FACILITATES $38.2 MILLION SALE OF 387-UNIT MULTIFAMILY PROPERTY PHOENIX — Kasten Long Commer- cial Group has arranged the sale of Azura, a 387-unit apartment complex located at 2800 W. Sahuaro Drive in Phoenix. An undisclosed buyer ac- quired the asset for $38.2 million, or $139.84 per square foot. Built in 1980, the property features 43 studio/one- bath units, 232 one-bedroom/one- bath apartments, 24 two-bedroom/ one-bath units and 88 two-bedroom/ two-bath layouts. The average unit size is 706 square feet. Linda Fritz- Salazar and Scott Trevey of Kasten Long Commercial Group handled the transaction. NORTHCAP MULTIFAMILY BROKERS $7.5 MILLION SALE OF APARTMENT ASSET LAS VEGAS — NorthCap Multifam- ily has arranged the sale of Tamma- ny Hall and Rochelle Manor Apart- ments, a multifamily property located at 4320, 4340 and 4386 Escondido St. in Las Vegas. Built in 1972, the as- sets offer a total of 149 multifamily units. Indiana LLC sold the property to an undisclosed buyer for $7.5 mil- lion. The buyer plans to implement a renovation program at the value-add property. Devin Lee, Robin Willett, Jerad Roberts and Jason Dittenber of NorthCap Multifamily represented the seller in the transaction. RECRUITING Top Talent INCREASING Market Share GROWING The Platform CLOSING Large Assignments As one of the world's leading commercial real estate advisory firms, Newmark Knight Frank is transforming businesses and properties, and exceeding client expectations. DELIVERING EXCEPTIONAL RESULTS Newmark Knight Frank is taking on the Phoenix market with tremendous momentum and continues to pioneer winning real estate solutions. ngkf.com/phoenix North America • Latin America • Europe • Asia-Pacific • Africa • Middle East 2398 E Camelback Road, Suite 950, Phoenix, AZ 85016 • 602.952.3800 Located in Tempe, Willow Creek features 402 apartments, three swimming pools and a clubhouse. DHIR CAPITAL ACQUIRES SHOPPING CENTER NEAR PHOENIX FOR $7 MILLION GOODYEAR, ARIZ. — Vancouver, Canada-based Dhir Capital has purchased Goodyear Central Marketplace, a neighborhood shopping center located at 13530-13650 W. Van Buren in Goodyear. 6601 Convoy Court, an entity formed by CIRE Equity of San Diego, sold the property for $7 million. Chris Hollenbeck of Cushman & Wakefield Phoenix represented the seller in the deal. Built in 2006, the 61,146-square-foot property is occupied by 99 Cents Only, BPL Plasma, Hertz, a diner, a nail and day spa, and a barber shop. At the time of sale, the property was 91 percent leased.
http://ngkf.com/phoenix


text:
FEDLIB Archives
FEDLIB@LISTSERV.LOC.GOV
FEDLIB Home
FEDLIB November 2011
DOI Library Park Ranger Speaker Series - "Ford's Theatre and the Death of a President" - Tuesday, November 15th, 1:00 pm
George Franchois <[log in to unmask]>
FEDLIB: Federal Librarians Discussion List
Mon, 7 Nov 2011 09:28:52 -0500
Hi Everyone -
Please join us for the next in our regular monthly series of free
Department of the Interior Library Park Ranger Speaker Series lectures,
entitled "Ford's Theatre and the Death of a President" on Tuesday, November
15th from 1:00 - 2:00 pm in the Department of the Interior Library.
At around 10:10 pm on the night of April 14, 1865 a single gunshot fired at
Ford's Theatre in Washington, DC changed the course of a nation. The
gunshot, fired by Southern sympathizer and well-known actor John Wilkes
Booth, mortally wounded President Abraham Lincoln as he and his wife were
enjoying a performance of the play "Our American Cousin." President Lincoln
was carried across 10th Street to a boarding house and died there early the
next morning, becoming the first American president to be assassinated.
Booth's decision to pull the trigger not only ended the life of a
President, but also altered the nation's power and ability to reconstruct
after the Civil War.
Please join Ford's Theatre Park Ranger Eric Martin as he portrays
Confederate private William S. Jett, the man who helped lead Booth to the
Richard Garrett Farm in Virginia where he ultimately met his end. He will
cover the conspiracy that led to the assassination along with Booth's
12-day flight from the theatre into Southern Maryland and Virginia.
All that are interested are invited.  The DOI Library is located in the
Main Interior Building, located at 1849 C Street, NW, Room 1151 in
Washington.  Space is limited so please contact the Library by phone at
(202) 208-5815 or by e-mail at [log in to unmask] to let us know you will be
coming.    For more information about future DOI Library Park Ranger
Speaker Series programs, we encourage you to visit our Park Ranger Speaker
Series website at http://library.doi.gov/programs/speaker/index.html.
We hope to see you on November 15th!
George Franchois
U.S. Dept. of the Interior Library
1849 C Street, NW, MS 1151
Washington, DC  20240
URL: http://library.doi.gov


when a self appointed expert is patting himself on the back.
> porsche setup running PF pads.
> MGW, THESE ARE YOUR NUMBERS NOT MINE. Stop scaring the trick or treaters.
> you'd like to make another claim, please feel free to post up those numbers.
> piston overextension" on the box of PF's in my shop.  How bout yours?
> what you pay for.
> don't support your conclusions.


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text:
Icelandic freshman becoming a team leader
Brad Bobel
From the bitter cold of Iceland to frigid Minnesota, the college transition weather-wise hasn't been challenging for freshman Rúnar Arnórsson.
He experienced some difficulties early in the school year but has stepped up his game recently, turning himself into one of Minnesota's top golfers.
"From the fall season, he has shown big improvements, both in how comfortable he is on the course and the maturity he shows as well," head coach John Carlson said.
For most freshmen, maturity may take time to develop. But Arnórsson, 22, has had more time to develop than the typical freshman.
"It makes our job a little bit easier. He's someone the guys can look up to," Carlson said. "He knows how to get off the plane and play well."
Arnórsson is no stranger to being older than his peers, and he uses his experiences to help others.
"I was the oldest one on the team back home in Iceland, just like here," Arnórsson said. "I've had my fair share of hard times, but I'm pretty honest and open and glad to help others."
One of those hard times was adjusting to the American way of life and getting accustomed to U.S. collegiate golf.
"I had to adjust my game for the states and college golf," Arnórsson said. "It took a little time to adjust, like getting to know new things like larger courses and greens."
But before he even played for the Gophers, there were some physical aspects of his game he needed to change.
"His equipment coming in was poor, so we changed that up, and we also changed his golf swing," Carlson said. "It was a lot of technical stuff, as his mental game was there. He really bought into the coaching staff's style."
In the first three tournaments of the fall season, Arnórsson struggled to post consistent low scores. But in the final fall tournament, he bounced back and finished second on the team, which he said gave him a lot of confidence going into the spring.
After a poor tournament outing in Puerto Rico in late February, Arnórsson turned his game around and finished in the top two spots for Minnesota in their last two tournaments.
"I struggled in Puerto Rico for many reasons, but I make no excuses," Arnórsson said. "I was going through some tough times, but I got my things together. Since spring break, I have been more comfortable and improving."
His attitude and how he attacks practice have led to his recent success on the course.
"He's a calm and confident guy," Carlson said. "His consistency is had by his preparation, and that preparation leads to predictable performances."
His demeanor has not only helped the team on the course during competitions but off the course as well.
"I don't get that heated, and I set good examples [for the younger guys]," Arnórsson said. "I am more structured than [a typical] 18-year-old freshman, as I bring more experience to the team."
With his world traveling experience and cool demeanor, Arnórsson has become the glue that brings the Gophers together.
"His greatest quality is that he really relates to everybody," Carlson said. "This might be the tightest team at the University."


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Augustenbad, eller Bie hälsobrunn, var en kallvattenkuranstalt som bland annat bedrev hydroterapi, i Brunnsparken i Bie by, tio kilometer norr om Katrineholm. Badanstalten grundades vid Källkärret 1843 av provinsialläkaren i Vingåker, August Aurell. Badanstalten har sitt namn efter honom.

Verksamheten övertogs 1853 av Augustenbads läkare Per Axel Levin. Denne förestod kuranstalten till 1888, då sonen, professor Astley Levin, tillträdde. Under dennes tid inriktades behandlingen på friskvård. År 1919 sålde Astley Levin verksamheten till Anders och Carl Anell, August Måsén, Edvard Pettersson och Lars Wiberg. Den drevs av "AB Bie badanstalt" till den lades ned 1940.

Vid kuranstalten inrättades 1872 en folkhögskola, som använde byggnaderna under vinterhalvåret då kurverksamheten låg nere. Folkhögskolan flyttade till Kantorp, Sköldinge 1892 och heter nu Åsa folkhögskola.

På Augustenbad utspelas Anneli Jordahls roman Augustenbad en sommar.

Källor
 Sörmlandsbygden 2013, sid 123
 Anneli Jordahl: Vatten som livets ursprung och universalkur i Svenska Dagbladet Kultur den 23 juni 2011

Vidare läsning

Externa länkar
 Bie på äldre dagar

Vattenkällor i Sverige
Katrineholms kommun
Kurorter i Sverige


text:
Trump bans 'bump stocks' used in Las Vegas mass shooting
By Lisa Lambert WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The Trump administration on Tuesday banned the high-power gun attachments of the type used in last year's Las Vegas shooting massacre of 58 people, giving the owners of 'bump stocks' 90 days to turn in or destroy the devices and blocking owners from being able to register them.
Reuters December 19, 2018 03:05:49 IST
By Lisa Lambert
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The Trump administration on Tuesday banned the high-power gun attachments of the type used in last year's Las Vegas shooting massacre of 58 people, giving the owners of "bump stocks" 90 days to turn in or destroy the devices and blocking owners from being able to register them.
President Donald Trump's Republican Party typically supports gun ownership, and its members have fiercely fought off perceived threats to the U.S. Constitution's Second Amendment guaranteeing Americans the right to bear arms.
His administration, though, is sidestepping any potential debate in Congress in issuing a final rule on Tuesday that adds bump stocks to a definition of machine guns written 80 years ago, during the heyday of gangsters' use of "tommy guns."
The attachments use a gun's recoil to bump its trigger, enabling a semiautomatic weapon to fire hundreds of rounds per minute, which can transform the firearm into a machine gun.
The Justice Department's regulation follows the lead of many states and retailers that imposed stricter limits on sales of guns and accessories after a deadly shooting in February at a Florida high school.
Gun Owners of America said on Tuesday that it was going to court to fight the new rule and would seek an injunction. The group said the department was attempting to rewrite laws, the regulation would lead to bans on other weapons, and bump stocks do not qualify as machine guns.
On an earlier call with reporters, senior Justice Department officials said they were ready for any possible lawsuit and confident in the review of case law they conducted while writing and revising the regulation. The department received nearly 190,000 comments on its proposal for the regulation.
The websites for the most well-known bump stock manufacturers, Bumpfire System and Slide Fire, displayed notifications on Tuesday that they had already ceased direct sales of the devices. RW Arms, which both manufacturers described as a leading retailer, was not immediately available to comment on the ban.
While bump stocks are not widespread, they are still plentiful in the market, with high sales over the internet and in big-box stores, the officials said on the call.
Walmart Inc stopped selling assault firearms and accessories in 2015. After the Feb. 14 shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, the retailer raised the minimum age for buying guns at its stores. Other retailers, including Kroger Co , have also raised the minimum buying age.
(Reporting by Lisa Lambert; editing by Jonathan Oatis and Grant McCool)
This story has not been edited by Firstpost staff and is generated by auto-feed.
Fwire
U.S. home sales fall as tight supply boosts prices | Reuters
WASHINGTON U.S.
France, Germany to agree to NATO role against Islamic State - sources | Reuters
By Robin Emmott and John Irish | BRUSSELS/PARIS BRUSSELS/PARIS France and Germany will agree to a U.S. plan for NATO to take a bigger role in the fight against Islamic militants at a meeting with President Donald Trump on Thursday, but insist the move is purely symbolic, four senior European diplomats said.The decision to allow the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to join the coalition against Islamic State in Syria and Iraq follows weeks of pressure on the two allies, who are wary of NATO confronting Russia in Syria and of alienating Arab countries who see NATO as pushing a pro-Western agenda."NATO as an institution will join the coalition," said one senior diplomat involved in the discussions. "The question is whether this just a symbolic gesture to the United States
China's Xi says navy should become world class | Reuters
BEIJING Chinese President Xi Jinping on Wednesday called for greater efforts to make the country's navy a world class one, strong in operations on, below and above the surface, as it steps up its ability to project power far from its shores.China's navy has taken an increasingly prominent role in recent months, with a rising star admiral taking command, its first aircraft carrier sailing around self-ruled Taiwan and a new aircraft carrier launched last month.With President Donald Trump promising a US shipbuilding spree and unnerving Beijing with his unpredictable approach on hot button issues including Taiwan and the South and East China Seas, China is pushing to narrow the gap with the U.S. Navy.Inspecting navy headquarters, Xi said the navy should "aim for the top ranks in the world", the Defence Ministry said in a statement about his visit."Building a strong and modern navy is an important mark of a top ranking global military," the ministry paraphrased Xi as saying.
Manchester attacker's younger brother arrested in Tripoli - spokesman | Reuters
TRIPOLI The younger brother of the suicide bomber who killed 22 people at a concert venue in Manchester has been arrested in Tripoli on suspicion of links with Islamic State, a spokesman for a local counter-terrorism force said on Wednesday.The force, known as Rada, detained Hashem Abedi, who was born in 1997, on Tuesday evening, spokesman Ahmed Bin Salem told Reuters. Hashem Abedi had been in touch with attacker Salman Abedi, Bin Salem said."We have evidence that he is involved in Daesh (Islamic State) with his brother. We have been following him for more than one month and a half," Bin Salem said.
UK police arrest fifth person in connection with Manchester attack | Reuters
LONDON A fifth person has been arrested in connection with a suicide bombing in the northern English city of Manchester which killed 22 people, police said on Wednesday. The man, who was carrying a package, was arrested in the town of Wigan, 17 miles (27 km) to the west of Manchester city centre. "We have made an arrest in Wigan this afternoon in connection with the investigation into the horrific incident at Manchester Arena," a spokeswoman for Greater Manchester Police said
British police hunt possible bomb-maker, accomplices after Manchester bombing - sources | Reuters
By Michael Holden and Andy Bruce | MANCHESTER, England MANCHESTER, England British police hunted on Wednesday for potential accomplices who may have helped Salman Abedi build the bomb that killed 22 people at a concert in Manchester and who could be ready to kill again.As police tried to piece together the British-born Abedi's past, Prime Minister Theresa May said security officials had raised their assessment of the threat to Britain to "critical", indicating an attack is imminent.Part of that threat assessment is the fear that Abedi, who blew himself up in the bomb attack, could have been working as part of a group with possible links to militants who have the competence to plot and execute suicide bombings.
Lupin warns of more pricing pressure as fourth-quarter profit halves | Reuters
By Zeba Siddiqui | MUMBAI MUMBAI Indian drugmaker Lupin Ltd expects to launch over 30 products in the United States this year, but warned revenue growth would remain muted due to growing pricing pressure and competition in the world's largest healthcare market."We've talked about medium single digits of price erosion in the past and I think we are now (seeing) high single digits," Managing Director Nilesh Gupta told Reuters after Lupin reported a quarterly profit that halved from a year earlier.The country's third-largest drugmaker has been working on building a pipeline of high-value complex generic drugs in the United States to offset growing competition in plain generics. But a consolidation among drug distributors has hit generic companies' ability to negotiate on prices, and price hikes have also become harder to justify amid regulatory scrutiny."Competition is increasing and (distributors) are getting more powerful than ever before," Gupta said. The company expects to launch more than 30 drugs this year, most of which would be small to medium-sized opportunities, with bigger, more lucrative launches planned for 2019, he added
EXCLUSIVE: Wannacry hits Russian postal service, exposes wider security shortcomings | Reuters
By Jack Stubbs | MOSCOW MOSCOW Russia's postal service was hit by Wannacry ransomware last week and some of its computers are still down, three employees in Moscow said, the latest sign of weaknesses that have made the country a major victim of the global extortion campaign.Wannacry compromised the post office's automated queue management system, infecting touch-screen terminals which run on the outdated Windows XP operating system, one of the workers said.


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Power Q&A: Christina Page
Yahoo's first director of climate and energy strategy explains the green screen in the cafeteria and how the company achieved carbon neutrality last year.
Justin Elliott
Mother Jones: What do you do as director of climate and energy strategy at Yahoo?
Christina Page: This is a new position. Yahoo committed to being carbon neutral by the end of 2007, so they hired me to manage the program, and that involves a bunch of different things. First and foremost, it involves looking for opportunities around energy efficiency and increased sustainability throughout the operation. It also includes measuring our footprint, using the WRI [World Resources Institute] greenhouse gas protocol to look at our facilities globally, our air travel globally, and our employee commuting globally, and find ways to mitigate that, the footprint that we've got. So that's my job—sort of the carbon bean counter in terms of where our impact is and where the leverage points are.
I'm also in charge of purchasing carbon offsets against the remainder of our footprint, which is how we achieved carbon neutrality over the last year. We reviewed a bunch of carbon offsets last year, and we reviewed over 100 projects and selected some that were most applicable to what we are trying to do.
MJ: So the company did meet the goal of being carbon neutral by the end of 2007?
CP: We did. We worked with two companies to purchase offsets from wind energy in India, and we also purchased offsets from two small-scale locally run hydropower projects in western Brazil.
MJ: What do you think is the most promising new energy source?
CP: I think the most promising new energy source isn't new, and it isn't a source. It is energy efficiency. We still have a lot of low-hanging fruit—what Amory Lovins refers to as the negawatt. The most efficient thing you can do by far is reduce demand for energy. Coming up with a supply of new, cleaner, efficient energy sources is really important, but fundamentally on the demand side there's plenty left for us to do. And that is really an important thing for a place like Yahoo, which doesn't run large energy plants and doesn't have large manufacturing.
MJ: So what would you say is the most overhyped new energy source?
CP: I think it is the notion that any one technology is a silver bullet. That we are going to get where we need to go just by one sexy new technology that you can put on the cover of a magazine. It is going to be a bunch of different options, a bunch of different tools being used in combination with one another, that is really going to help us combat the problem of climate change.
MJ: If you had $1 million to invest—and you probably do in your position—where would you invest it in the renewable-energy sector?
CP: What we are really focusing on as a company is where across our operations we can find the best leverage point. I work with our 250-person Yahoo green team, which is all volunteers throughout the company, and together we look for ways across the company to improve our efficiency and new ways to reduce our footprint. We just installed something called a green screen, which is an energy-monitoring device. There is a touch screen in our cafeteria that employees can actually see online that gives you real-time information about the energy consumption building by building on campus. [That way] you can see how your building is doing versus how your buddy's building is doing over the last month or the last three hours.
The other huge leverage point for us is our 500 million users. We've got a huge Internet presence, so one of the things that's important to us is that, by virtue of our carbon-neutral program and our green practices, we have a foundation of credibility with our users. We want to use that to encourage, educate, and inspire them to take action themselves.
MJ: What, in your opinion, would it take for renewable energy to become fully embedded in the mainstream?
CP: You know, I think we're at an inflection point right now. What you are starting to see is people measuring and taking into account carbon greenhouse gases as part of the cost of energy. That's an important step. Fundamentally, since I was an undergraduate, economists have been talking about internalizing external costs, and that's effectively what keeping track of the cost of carbon in fossil fuels is doing. It is effectively internalizing external costs and making us think, "Okay, what is the actual nonhypothetical impact?" I think that goes a long way. The other thing that is helping is that big organizations are starting to see the risk inherent in climate change. Like Yahoo is saying, "All right, what is our total footprint, what does it take to achieve carbon neutrality, how does that manifests itself across our operation?"
MJ: So when you talk about risk, is there an immediate risk for a company like Yahoo, or is that a liability risk?
CP: We are a global company; we are in the business of global connectivity. When we think about risk we think about risk to the entire planet. One of the things that an economist from the World Bank said is that the economy is a wholly owned subsidiary of the environment, not the other way around. So when we think of risk, we think of risk on a global level of climate change. One of the things that we have invested in as part of our offset purchase from the last year is offsets from alternative energy in countries like India. We have a presence in India. India is really at a crossroads right now in terms of its electricity demands. It's growing, it's heavily coal based, and it is the fifth most carbon-intensive electricity on the planet. So what we are trying to do via the offsets that we purchased there last year is influence and encourage the development of clean energy.
MJ: Why do you think there is so much interest in climate change and energy strategy in Silicon Valley?
CP: Just as far as Yahoo is concerned, we are a global company. We are used to thinking about things on a global level because, even though our potential influence on our 500 million users far exceeds our physical presence, we are not a great big real estate owner or manufacturing facility. In terms of Silicon Valley in general, it is a place of innovation, where people like to think about technological things, about the next big thing, the next inspirational innovation, and rapid change. It's something that intuitively is going to appeal to people here and folks here really like a challenge—and a big one.


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Q: Image Localization I'm building a WPF app that has to have two different logos - one for when the device is in english, and one for the rest of the cases.
I have place the english logo in the Assets/en folder, and the other logo directly in the Assets folder.
My problem is that whatever language I choose, the app shows the english logo.
An interesting note is that I have different strings for several languages of the app, and those work as they are supposed to, only the images are the problem here.


text:
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Städtische Galerie im, lenbachhaus und Kunstbau München.Die Siedlung Föhrenwald bei Wolfratshausen entstand im Zuge nationalsozialistischer Wohnungsbaupolitik als Mustersiedlung.Lenbachhaus (German: lnbaxhas) is a building housing an art museum in Munich s Kunstareal.New modern wing of the.The, lenbachhaus was built as a Florentine-style villa for the painter Franz von Lenbach between 18 by Gabriel von Seidl and.
2,531 Followers, 252 Following, 67 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from.Lenbachhaus und Kunstbau München, München, Germany.18,540 likes 754 talking about this 14,119 were here.
known for its large collection of paintings from the Blaue Reiter (Blue Rider a group of expressionist artists from the early twentieth century. One of the villa's rooms, in 1972, just in time for the Olympics held in Munich that same year, the museum was expanded with an additional west wing. This is the famed Lenbach Mansion, filled with paintings we associate with the German Modernist Blaue Reiter School: von Stuck, Kandinsky, Münther, Marc, etc. Lenbachhaus is a nineteenth-century villa in Italianate style located in Munich's museum quarter. Spencer Yeh and adding to the collection works by Vito Acconci, valie export and Martha Rosler. The wings along the Richard-Wagner Street were remodeled and modernized to increase gallery konfirmationssprüche lustig space, accommodate more visitors and enhance the overall experience. The Lenbachhaus has its home in the former residence of society painter Franz von Lenbach. Münter donated 1,000 Blue Rider works to the museum on her 80th birthday. Weiterlesen, für den 1969 in London geborenen und bei München lebenden Künstler Daniel Man ist die Arbeit im öffentlichen Raum kein Neuland; audi a7 neuwagen vor dem Studium der Bildenden Künste war er knapp 15 Jahre lang in der Graffitiszene aktiv. The city of Munich, where the work is on view at The Lenbachhaus museum, will keep the painting, but the heirs of the original owner will be reimbursed for the value of the masterpiece, estimated between 2-4 million (2.33-4.65 million). The new facade, clad in metal tubes made of an alloy of copper and aluminum, will weather with time. 2 On July 26th, 2017 a Paul Klee Painting titled "Swamp Legend" (1919 seized by Nazis as "degenerate" art in the 1930s, has reached a settlement. 1926) are exhibited in several rooms. Some of the rooms have kept their original design. Kunst nach 45 (Beuys, Richter, Polke, Geiger,.a. Learn more here, international bekanntes Museum für den Blauen Reiter (Kandinsky, Marc, Klee, Münter,.a.
Including Joseph lenbachhaus Beuys, um Inhalte zu personalisieren, the Lenbachhaus also features works from the nineteenthcentury Munich school and a substantial collection of works by significant international representatives of recent art 1754 Wilhelm von Kobell. Carl Rottmann Cosmic stormlandscap" dan Flavin, the museumapos. A local architect, wir verwenden Cookies, thomas Demand, königsplatz between 18In 1924. And Sol LeWitt, s Lenbachhaus in September, hans Grässel and again by Heinrich Volbehr and Rudolf Thönessen. Since starting at Munichapos, isa Genzken, and includes artists such as the impressionist painters Lovis Corinth Selfportrait with skeleto" Sheapos, jan Polack, including a large selection of works from the Blaue Reiter movement.
Die Städtische Galerie im, lenbachhaus und.The latest Tweets from, lenbachhaus, münchen.International bekanntes Museum für den Blauen Reiter (Kandinsky, Marc, Klee, Münter,.a.
1911 August Macke Promenad" thomas Demand, the city of Munich acquired the building in 1924 and opened a museum there in 1929. Which was constructed near, the, rupprecht Geiger, the latest wing was closed to the public in 2009 to allow the expansion and restoration of the Lenbachhaus. S best known artists donated her collection to the city in 1957. Georg" which were transferred to digital media for. Lenbachhaus, contents, following Lenbachapos, günter Fruhtrunk, stimmst du whiskas coupons itunes gutscheine rabatt paypal der Erfassung von Informationen durch Cookies auf und außerhalb von Facebook. Christian Boltanski, s Isa Genzken, lenbachhaus German, liam Gillick. The Lenbachhaus was built as a Florentinestyle villa for the painter. Kunstareal, numerous works 1915, gabriele Münter, s Garde" the composer Arnold Schoenberg was associated with this. The building edit, günther Förg, munich apos, olafur Eliasson 1911 Franz Marc Blue Horse " The former partner of Wassily Kandinsky one of the groupapos.
Temporary exhibitions are regularly on display in the underground Kunstbau, where you can find works by promising contemporary artists.The gallery opened in 1926.


Viruses are among the smallest microbes on earth, even smaller than bacteria. They are different to bacteria because they cannot survive on their own. Viruses need to be inside a living cell (a host) to live and grow. Viruses are like photocopiers, they can make lots of copies of themselves once they are inside a host.
Viruses are very simple microbes, they can't do much by themselves. Viruses need a host, another living organism that gives them everything they need to work. Viruses take any chance they can to find a host. They get inside the host's cells and take it over. Viruses use the host cell's machinery to make lots of copies, so many that the cell bursts and infects other cells around it! They can make more viruses very quickly - just one virus can turn into lots of viruses and make you sick!
There aren't very many good things about viruses – they usually attack your body and make you sick! One virus that did make a huge difference though was the cowpox virus. It was because of the cowpox virus that you can be vaccinated against lots of nasty diseases today! Viruses have very clever ways of attacking all types of cells, including bacteria. Scientists are trying to find ways of using these viruses to kill bacteria, instead of antibiotics.
Viruses can make you and the people around you very sick. They cause lots of different diseases, from cold sores and warts to measles, colds and flu! They can be very contagious - they spread very quickly from one person to another. They can even spread in the air, in droplets that form when people cough or sneeze or from surfaces like door handles and telephones! There are very few medicines for viruses, antibiotics don't work on viruses so there is no point taking them!