text:
Q: Angular 9: How show with a HttpInterceptor the stacktrace of a request? I have a HttpInterceptor and I want for developing purpose print the stack trace of the functions that have made the request:
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import {
  HttpRequest,
  HttpHandler,
  HttpEvent,
  HttpInterceptor
} from '@angular/common/http';
import { Observable } from 'rxjs/Observable';

@Injectable()
export class HttpInterceptorService implements HttpInterceptor {

  intercept(request: HttpRequest<any>, next: HttpHandler): Observable<HttpEvent<any>> {
    console.log('Who has made this request?', new Error().stack);
    return next.handle(request);
  }
}

The output of the console log is:
at HttpInterceptorService.intercept (:4200/main.js:1344) [angular]
    at HttpInterceptorHandler.handle (:4200/vendor.js:30718) [angular]
    at HttpXsrfInterceptor.intercept (:4200/vendor.js:31484) [angular]
    at HttpInterceptorHandler.handle (:4200/vendor.js:30718) [angular]
    at HttpInterceptingHandler.handle (:4200/vendor.js:31549) [angular]
    at MergeMapSubscriber.project (:4200/vendor.js:30457) [angular]
    at MergeMapSubscriber._tryNext (:4200/vendor.js:112207) [angular]
    at MergeMapSubscriber._next (:4200/vendor.js:112197) [angular]
    at MergeMapSubscriber.next (:4200/vendor.js:107493) [angular]
    at Observable._subscribe (:4200/vendor.js:116912) [angular]
    at Observable._trySubscribe (:4200/vendor.js:106949) [angular]
    at Observable.subscribe (:4200/vendor.js:106935) [angular]
    at MergeMapOperator.call (:4200/vendor.js:112182) [angular]
    at Observable.subscribe (:4200/vendor.js:106930) [angular]

The output don't show any useful information about what component or service has made the request.
There are some tips for show a useful information for find the stack trace of services and components?

A: The trace inside the interceptor is already messed up. You can also think about using a custom HttpClient. This is untested code though. So if you remove your interceptor provider and replace it with:
{ provide: HttpClient, useClass: TraceHttpClient }

And your TraceHttpClient would look like this:
@Injectable()
export class TraceHttpClient extends HttpClient {
  constructor(handler: HttpHandler) {
     super(handler);
  }

  request(...args: [ any ]): Observable<any> {
    console.trace('Who has made this request?');

    return super.request(...args);
  }
}

You can see a working version here. You can see the stack trace having the different button method calls. You should open the browser console though, because the stackblitz console does not show the console.trace logs.
The HttpClient calls request for every GET/POST/etc.... So it's enough to just extend that method, and put a trace there, and delegate back to the base HttpClient class

A: Here is an alternative to the accepted answer. I don't want the noise of emitting a stack for every http call.
Once in the HttpClient error handler, the stack trace is lost so, console.trace is ineffective. Errors are expensive so I don't want this in production.
/**
 * Extended HttpClient that generates a stack trace on error when not in a production build.
 */
@Injectable()
export class TraceHttpClient extends HttpClient {
  constructor(handler: HttpHandler) {
    super(handler);
  }

  request(...args: [ any ]): Observable<any> {

    const stack = environment.production ? null : (Error()).stack;
    return super.request(...args).pipe(catchError((err) => {
      // tslint:disable-next-line:no-console
      if(stack) console.error('Cloud UI - HTTP Client error stack\n', stack);
      return throwError(err);
    }));
  }
}


With the exception of the key royal sites, such as Stirling and Edinburgh, few Scottish castles were located at strategic points, or were intended to house garrisons required to defend or subjugate towns. Instead they were primarily fortified dwelling houses, erected in an environment of weak Royal authority and endemic feuding between rival clans and groups, in both Highland and Lowland areas. Although some enceinte castles were developed during the 16th and 17th centuries, most defensive construction focused on the tower house, a distinctive vernacular style of Scottish fortification. This book examines the design, development, and purpose of these quintessentially Scottish buildings, and also covers larger sites such as Urquhart and Blackness.
Stuart Reid was born in Aberdeen in1954. His main focus of interest lies in the 18th and 19th centuries, stemming from his ancestors who served in the British Army and the East India Company and who fought at Culloden, Bunker Hill and even in the Texas Revolution. His previous works for Osprey include the titles on King George's Army 1740-93 (Men-at-Arms 285, 289 and 292) and the British Redcoat 1740-1815 (Warriors 19 and 20). He is based in Tyne and Weir, UK.Graham Turner is a leading historical artist, specialising in the medieval period. He has illustrated numerous titles for Osprey, covering a wide variety of subjects from the dress of the 10th-century armies of the Caliphates, through the action of bloody medieval battles, to the daily life of the British Redcoat of the late 18th century. The son of the illustrator Michael Turner, Graham lives and works in Buckinghamshire, UK.


> at least 1 upper, 1 lower and 1 numeric sign.
> How can I tell JtR only to test passwords meeting these requirements?
fairly efficient way (of course, an approach not involving per-"word"
* We should have seen at least one character of each type (which "add up"
8 instances of JtR (maybe all at once on an 8-core system).


text:
Orlando Duque leads 1st round of Cliff Diving World Series
by Jim Glade March 15, 2011
Colombian cliff diver Orlando Duque came number one after the first leg of the Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series in Rapa Nui, Easter Island, Chile.
"I am very content. The competition was really difficult, because of the tsunami we lost training time yesterday (Saturday) and today (Sunday) we had to do eight dives which is quite demanding on the body. However, we have been ready and it worked. My four dives in competition were better than I hoped and I took first place in Rapa Nui, an island really magical and that filled me with good vibes for the rest of the series," the native of Colombia's Valle del Cauca told El Colombiano.
The nine time world champion tops the leader board after the first round with a score of 471.90 and his closest trailer is the Russian, Artem Silchenko, with 428.80 points.
The next stop for Duque and the rest of the series is Yucatan, Mexico on April 10, 2011. The seven-city tour will hit Boston, Massachusetts in August and end in September in Yalta, Ukraine.
The Colombian native living in Hawaii suffered a diving accident in a pool in Cali in mid-February. His injuries were not serious.
orlando duquesportsValle del Cauca
Opposition leader upsets Colombia's plantation owners with stats: sugar kills more people than cocaine
Colombia makes light work of neighbors Panama in Copa America warmup
Former FARC fighters to represent Colombia at international rafting championships

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: cors problem with react js request and jwt i'm trying to fetch data with react from asp.net core 3.1 so i login with a request and get the jwt token. after that i want to send a request for getting data from api but it cause "preflight request "Access to fetch at 'https://localhost:44328/Address' from origin 'http://localhost:3000' has been blocked by CORS policy: Response to preflight request doesn't pass access control check: No 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' header is present on the requested resource. If an opaque response serves your needs, set the request's mode to 'no-cors' to fetch the resource with CORS disabled.
apiAddress.js:24 GET https://localhost:44328/Address net::ERR_FAILED", i work with visual studio localhost as api server and configured startup like below:
     //in ConfigureServices
        services.AddCors(options =>
        {
            options.AddPolicy(name: AllowedOrigins,
                              builder =>
                              {
                                  builder
                                        .AllowAnyOrigin()
                                        .AllowAnyMethod()
                                        .AllowAnyHeader()
                                        .SetIsOriginAllowed(hostName => true);

                              });
        });
//in configure
    app.UseCors(AllowedOrigins);

my fetch request is like below in reactjs:
    const response = await fetch(url, {
        'method': 'GET',
        'mode': 'cors',
        'credentials': 'include',
        'headers': {
            'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8;',
            //'Content-Type':'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
            'Authorization':`bearer ${token}`
        }
    });

and finally my controller is like below:
[ApiController, EnableCors("AllowedOrigins"), Authorize,  Route("[controller]")]
public class AddressController : ControllerBase

what is wrong, i must mention other actions without [Authorize] attribute working ok, but action with it not works?!
some one mentioned that i should enable options in iis, but didn't explained how?

A: You will probably need to enable CORS on IIS. Here are steps how to do.

*

*Open Internet Information Service (IIS) Manager.

*Right click the site you want to enable CORS for and go to Properties.

*Change to the HTTP Headers tab.

*In the Custom HTTP headers section, click Add.

*Enter Access-Control-Allow-Origin as the header name.

*Enter * as the header value.

*Click Ok twice.

A:
Response to preflight request doesn't pass access control check: ....

other actions without [Authorize] attribute working ok, but action with it not works

In this doc, you would find:
A CORS preflight request is used to determine whether the resource being requested is set to be shared across origins by the server. And The OPTIONS requests are always anonymous, server would not correctly respond to the preflight request if anonymous authentification is not enabled.
While hosting on IIS server, you can try to install the IIS CORS module and configure for the site/application to make it work well.
Besides, if you'd like to make it work on local with IIS express, for testing purpose on CORS, you can try to allow anonymous access.
Or run it with kestrel and write custom middleware to correctly respond to the preflight request.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Backed by a team of professionals, we have been a proud manufacturer of Ladies Designer Sling Bag for our clients. This is offered in red color with croco design on it. This can be carried by women of several ages to parties, shopping or at several events depending upon their choices. Finest quality raw material is acquired from our trusted vendors and processed using sophisticated machinery at our unit for making Ladies Designer Sling Bag. It is applauded by our customers for its attractive looks, designs and quality.


text:
Висмар (, д. сак. -{Wismer}-) град је у њемачкој савезној држави Мекленбург-Западна Померанија. Висмар је лучки град на Балтику. Налази се 45 километара источно од Либека и 30 километара северно од Шверина. Висмар има бројне цркве и грађевине, углавном грађене циглом, које илуструју типичну архитектуру градова ханзе. Стога је од 2002, заједно са Штралсундом, стављен на листу светске баштине УНЕСКО. Посједује регионалну шифру (-{AGS}-) 13006000, -{NUTS}- (-{DE806}-) и -{LOCODE}- (-{DE WIS}-) код.

Географски и демографски подаци
Град се налази на надморској висини од 15 метара. Површина општине износи 41,6 -{km²}-.

Становништво
У самом граду је, према процјени из 2010. године, живјело 44.730 становника. Просјечна густина становништва износи 1.074 становника/-{km²}-.

Галерија

Референце

Спољашње везе

 Званични сајт општине
 Њем. Савезни завод за статистику
 Стална конференција градова и општина
 -{KommOn}- - Информациони систем градова, општина и округа.
 План насеља на мапи (-{Mapquest}-)

Градови у Мекленбургу-Западној Померанији
Википројект географија/Насеља у Немачкој
Светска баштина у Немачкој

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: How to start editing contenteditable at clicked position Report designer contains editable, resizable and draggable fields.
Clicking in field places cursor to start of field end editing start alway at beginning of field.
How to place cursor in field to clicked position so that editing start at clicked position ?
jquery, jquery ui, bootstarp, ASP.NET MVC4 are used.

<!DOCTYPE html>

  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.6/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-1q8mTJOASx8j1Au+a5WDVnPi2lkFfwwEAa8hDDdjZlpLegxhjVME1fgjWPGmkzs7" crossorigin="anonymous">

  <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://code.jquery.com/ui/1.11.4/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.css">

IR("Kreedit arvele nr. ")+iif( isnull(g_server),'',psql('select tasudok from dok x where dokumnr= ?dok.krdokumnr'))

IR("Kreedit arvele nr. ")+ iif( isnull(g_server), sql('sele tasudok from dok x where doktyyp+str(dokumnr,7)= "G"+str(dok.krdokumnr,7) ',''),psql('select tasudok from dok where dokumnr= ?dok.krdokumnr'))

vnimi+' '+dok.tasudok

DOK.kuupaev

GroupHeader 1: str(dokumnr)+str(koopia,2)


text:
Pre-Harvest Hail Necessitates Breaking the Green Bridge
The weather all across Nebraska this summer has been a challenge. But wheat growers in western Nebraska have additional concerns because of hailstorms that rumbled through the region in the last three or so weeks before wheat harvest. It is these hailstorms that often result in the rapid germination of shelled seeds resulting in pre-harvest volunteer wheat. Wheat curl mites are very numerous just prior to harvest and will rapidly infest this emerging volunteer and infect it with virus.
Effective management of volunteer wheat in high-risk source fields is critical to protecting the 2020 crop from disease.
Figure 1. "Sphere of Influence" around mite source will vary with distance and direction from the mite source.
Volunteer wheat that emerged shortly before wheat harvest, if left uncontrolled until wheat emergence in the fall, virtually assures serious mite/virus buildup and spread through the fall. Many growers may remember the serious virus issues seen in parts of the Panhandle in 2017 that resulted from widespread hailstorms in 2016. Growers in areas where this pre-harvest volunteer is present need to be serious in their attention to controlling the volunteer and breaking the green bridge to stop the potential for serious virus epidemics in next year's wheat crop.
The "sphere of influence" around fields that serve as mite and virus sources will vary with the distance and direction from that source field (Figure 1). The closer a wheat field is to the source field, the greater the risk. As the distance from the source increases, the risk decreases. However, when hail occurs across large areas, the concentration of serious source fields in a neighborhood can result in that "sphere of influence" extending beyond the original hail areas (Figure 2). In these instances, effective management of volunteer wheat in the high-risk source fields is increasingly important.
Figure 2. "Sphere of influence" for virus spread following an extensive neighborhood-wide hail event. The influence can spread across and beyond the neighborhood affected by the hail.
Pre-harvest volunteer carries the highest risk for developing virus issues the following year, but other risk factors also occur. Poorly controlled volunteer wheat emerging before wheat harvest within summer crops, such as sunflowers, millet, corn, etc., can have a high likelihood of serious mite infestations. The risk level for this will depend on the volunteer density within the crop and subsequent mite density. Additionally, an overlap of growing (green) corn adjacent to emerged winter wheat in the fall can result in virus spread; this risk increases with degree of overlap of the crops. Additional risk can result from mite host crops (e.g., foxtail millet, oats, wheat) or when these crops are used as companion crops or cover crops that emerge before or during wheat harvest in an area, grow over summer, and remain green until after wheat emergence in the fall.
Managing green bridge hosts in these high-risk areas is the most important option available to growers. It is also important to avoid early planting of winter wheat in these high-risk areas as early-planted wheat will be at greater risk. Virus-resistant varieties are beginning to become available in areas of the Great Plains, but adapted varieties with strong virus resistance are limited in Nebraska.
When mite presence is great enough to provide increased risk, several environmental factors also will increase the potential impact. Cool and/or wet summers will encourage volunteer wheat and enhance mite survival. Warm, dry weather through the fall, particularly warm conditions that continue through October and into November, results in increased wheat curl mite reproduction and movement of the mite and buildup of the virus in the new crop wheat.
Because of the significantly elevated risk of virus issues resulting from widespread hailstorms just prior to wheat harvest, every effort should be taken to control this volunteer green bridge before planting the next wheat crop.
To learn more about the scope and scale of seasonal mite movement, see this video: Wheat Curl Mite Time Machine: An animation demonstrating mite movement and virus impact.
To learn about the importance of and methods for controlling volunteer wheat see the following video: Surviving the Green Bridge.


text:
Jim Ross On NWO In WWE – "Hard To Put The Genie Back In The Bottle"
By Lyle Kilbane. Published 26th July 2021.
Jim Ross has discussed the New World Order in WWE and how the group failed to recapture the magic they had during their first run in World Championship Wrestling.
The New World Order was formed at Bash At The Beach in 1996 when Hulk Hogan shockingly turned his back on WCW and joined the two outsiders of Kevin Nash and Scott Hall who had recently joined the company. With their trademark black and white and catchy theme song the NWO soon swept aside all in front of them as they dominated the landscape of WCW.
Fast forward to 2002 and WCW was out of business with Vince McMahon having to share power at least on-screen with Ric Flair. Deciding to inject a lethal dose of poison into his own creation, McMahon revealed that he was bringing in Hollywood Hogan, Kevin Nash, and Scott Hall to reform the NWO in WWE.
Speaking on his Grilling JR podcast [first available early and ad-free at AdFreeShows.com] Jim Ross discussed why the NWO failed to hit the same heady heights the second time around.
Jim Ross explained:
"Well the NWO had their greatest run obviously with Eric [Bischoff] in WCW. It's hard to repackage and put the genie back in the bottle to be quite honest. They contributed a great deal, it just wasn't quite the same and a remake is never as good – as a rule – as the originals. They still did great, it was hard to do things that were new with them because they had done everything so we kinda had to rehash some stuff. So I thought that they contributed very well to what we were doing."
"Here's the irony of the deal, I don't think Vince [McMahon] has probably watched ten consecutive minutes of the NWO when they were in WCW. He wasn't a mark for their work, all those guys had been with us prior to going to Atlanta."
JR then talked about any thoughts Vince McMahon had on the group from their time in WCW, despite not seeing much of them:
"He was impressed with their ratings, he was impressed more with data than the creative process. Vince is like me in a lot of ways as far as being around a long time and seeing everything."
"[Vince] was trying to figure out how to make the NWO feel new again. That's hard to do so I don't know, I think he respected what they accomplished. I know personally, he's always been pretty close with Kevin Nash, they had a good rapport. And he created Hulk Hogan by and large, I know people will disagree with that but go back to the early WrestleManias and he was pulling the wagon. That was Vince's leadership, Vince didn't throw a dart against a wall 'oh Hogan will be…' He had a vision for Hogan and how to create a new hero.
The group did not last long in WWE despite Sean Waltman, Shawn Michaels, Booker T, and Big Show all joining the group at one time or another. Their leader Hollywood Hogan reverted to the red and yellow of the Hulkster after his monumental reaction during his match with The Rock at WrestleMania X8.
Credit: Grilling JR via AdFreeShows.com
If you use any quotes from this article please credit original source and then h/t with a link back to Inside The Ropes.


If there's one product you should always keep within reach during the winter months, let it be hand cream. Regardless of how often you moisturize, it always seems like the thin, delicate skin reverts instantly back to its scaly texture after just one wash … and if you're a frequent applier, you've probably found that most formulas leave your hands greasy, too. If you work at a computer or, really, do just about anything with your hands as part of your work, dryness may seem like the lesser of two evils when compared to slippery fingers. We maintain that, because dry, flaky skin causes premature aging (and you can really tell a woman's age by her hands), hand cream is an absolute must—but that doesn't necessarily mean you have to settle for that unappealing slick feel.
If you're having a hard time choosing, or don't even know where to begin, let our favorites—and Dr. Dele-Michael's, too—guide the way.
"This non-greasy cream is formulated with essential ceramides, niacinamide and hyaluronic acid. [The formula] helps repair your skin's natural barrier while protecting from the harmful irritants and allergens that your hands encounter every day," says Dr. Dele-Michael.
"This formula intensively moisturizes and is enriched with buffered alpha hydroxy to gently exfoliate," Dr. Dele-Michael advises.
Known for their use of powerful anti-aging grape antioxidants, Caudalie's hand cream is a must-have. Its organic shea butter-rich formula instantly absorbs into skin, leaving a soft, silky texture behind. Bonus: It hydrates nails, too.
Don't let the oil in the name fool you—the rich, thick shea butter and dose of water keep the lotion from getting greasy.
This oatmeal-based lotion not only moisturizes without getting slick, but it relieves common itchiness from the cold.


"The Five" on Tuesday reacted to the final report issued by President Trump's school safety commission, which addressed school violence across the country.
Juan Williams and Jesse Watters debated the importance of the case against retired Gen. Michael Flynn -- in which he pleaded guilty to lying to the FBI.
Greg Gutfeld and the panel on The Five reacted to the impending partial government shutdown -- which is largely tied to whether Democrats and some moderate Republicans will vote to fund the government in exchange for appropriating border wall funds.
"The Five" on Monday reacted to former FBI Director James Comey's remarks to reporters after he testified before House lawmakers on Capitol Hill.
Greg Gutfeld ripped Hollywood-area Rep. Ted Lieu for saying Wednesday that he wished he could regulate speech, if not for the First Amendment protections.
Dana Perino said Wednesday that "no nation is free" from acts of terror after three people were fatally shot at a Christmas market in France on Tuesday.


and continue to stir for 5 minutes so it doesn't get lumpy. Remove from the heat and add the grated cheese and lemon zest. Stir until fully combined.
layer. Cover loosely with cling film and leave to set at room temperature for 1 hour.
oil and allow the flavours to infuse for at least 30 minutes at room temperature.
baking tray. Brush with some melted butter and set aside.
Place the polenta chips in the oven and roast for 5 minutes, until crisp on the outside and warmed through.
side for rare, 4 minutes on each side for medium or 5 to 6 minutes on each side for well done. Try not to move the meat while it's on the grill; just turn it once.


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30 hour continuous burn with one wick lit, and 10 hours with all three.


text:
ATI Radeon HD 5870: DirectX 11, Eyefinity, And Serious Speed
By Chris Angelini, Fedy Abi-Chahla
DirectX 11: More Notable Than DirectX 10?
Page 2: Cypress Measures Up
Page 3: Double Or Nothing
Page 4: Stepping Through The Architecture
Page 5: Cypress Becomes The Radeon HD 5800-Series
Page 6: DirectX 11: More Notable Than DirectX 10?
Page 7: DirectCompute
Page 8: Eyefinity: A Tangible Benefit, Today
Page 9: Multimedia: Mostly The Same, Plus High-Def Audio
Page 10: System Setup And Benchmarks
Page 11: Benchmark Results: 3DMark Vantage
Page 13: Benchmark Results: Crysis
Page 14: Benchmark Results: Far Cry 2
Page 15: Benchmark Results: Left 4 Dead
Page 17: Benchmark Results: H.A.W.X.
Page 18: Benchmark Results: Resident Evil 5
Page 21: Heat And Noise
I still remember when ATI launched the original Radeon in 2000. Brian Hentschel called me up to ask for my opinion on the chip's name, and I remember thinking Radeon was horrible. Shows you how well I'd do in PR. That architecture emphasized the gaming experience, with two pixel pipelines and three texture units per pipeline. Though the Radeon had a fairly high texel rate, pixel fill rate was what won the day back then, and the decision to "go pretty" ceded the performance battle to Nvidia.
With R300 in 2002, ATI went the other way, putting its money behind eight pixel pipelines, each with a single texture unit—the focus was on performance—and the bet paid off. ATI smoked the GeForce4 Ti 4600 and fared well enough against an embarrassingly-loud GeForce FX 5800 Ultra.
Performance or experience—which is better? With the Radeon HD 5870, ATI says it's gunning for both. We've already covered the architecture, ATI's key to delivering performance with Cypress. Now let's take a closer look at the experience. ATI is relying on three components enabled through hardware here: its Eyefinity technology, Stream, and DirectX 11.
Right off the bat, I think it's fairly safe to say that for all of the hoopla ATI made about its DirectX 10.1 support, real gamers in the real world never saw a tangible benefit. I've played S.T.A.L.K.E.R.; I've played H.A.W.X. The experience on a DirectX 10 card versus DirectX 10.1 is not worth mention. And for that matter, I'd also argue that DirectX 10 hasn't had as profound on impact on gaming experience as prior versions of the API. Why should we believe DirectX 11 is going to be any more prolific than its predecessor?
The reality of the situation is that DirectX 11 probably won't be as impactful as DirectX 8 or 9, both of which introduced key shading capabilities. But it is seen as the next logical step for ISVs still working with DirectX 9, since it's a super-set of DirectX 10/10.1 supporting existing hardware, plus DX11 cards. Microsoft has made sure it's easier to code with DX11, so we really are expecting to see a faster up-take of the API than DirectX 10.
The notable features supported by DX11 are illustrated in the chart below.
Tessellation - - x
Shader Model - - x
DirectCompute 11 - - x
DirectCompute 10.1 - x x
DirectCompute 10 x x x
Multi-Threading x x x
BC6/BC7 Texture Compression - - x
ATI has included tessellation support in its GPUs since 2001. And while I'm not sure how much play those early hardware implementations actually got in the game development world, they've helped pave the way for tessellation as it exists today, exposed through a number of different implementations (Catmull-Clark subdivision surface modeling, Bézier patch meshes, n-patches, displacement mapping, and adaptive/continuous tessellation). Of course, the benefits of tessellation are apparent—more polygons mean more detail and hence more realism. And because tessellation is now standardized as a component of DirectX 11, ISVs are more likely to lean on it without the frustration of only supporting one vendor's hardware. In fact, we saw Rebellion demonstrate tessellation in its upcoming Aliens Vs. Predator title, launching in Q1 of next year.
Perhaps one of the first games to offer DirectX 11-based tessellation, Aliens vs. Predator will emerge in Q1 '10.
DirectX 11 also introduces Shader Model 5.0, which offers developers a more object-oriented approach to coding HLSL. Ideally, this will help motivate ISVs to adopt the new API quicker, since programming becomes cleaner and more efficient (for a more specific example of this in practice, check out Fedy's DirectX 11 preview).
Gamers with multi-core processors should realize performance gains from DirectX 11-based titles by virtue of threading optimizations made to the API. ATI and Nvidia have been shipping multi-threaded drivers for three years now capable of dispatching commands to the GPU in parallel. According to Nvidia, this was worth anywhere from 10 to 40 percent additional performance back in '06. But DirectX 11 goes even further, allowing the application, DirectX runtime, and driver to run in separate threads. ATI gives the example of loading textures or compiling shaders in parallel with the main rendering thread. In essence, the threading is much more granular, which, almost ironically, should prove more beneficial to AMD and Intel than ATI and Nvidia. Wait. Yeah. That's a real win for AMD, isn't it?
From Allison Klein's Gamefest 2008 presentation
Improved texture compression is another one of those developer-oriented enhancements that will benefit gamers through greater rendering quality without the expected corresponding performance hit to memory bandwidth. DirectX 11 includes two new block compression formats: BC6 and BC7. BC6 enables up to 6:1 compression of 16-bit high dynamic range textures with hardware decompression support. BC7 delivers up to 3:1 compression of eight-bit textures and normal maps.
Current page: DirectX 11: More Notable Than DirectX 10?
Prev Page Cypress Becomes The Radeon HD 5800-Series Next Page DirectCompute
Chris Angelini
Chris Angelini is an Editor Emeritus at Tom's Hardware US. He edits hardware reviews and covers high-profile CPU and GPU launches.
hispeed120
I'm. So. Excited.
crosko42
So it looks like 1 is enough for me.. Dont plan on getting a 30 inch monitor any time soon.
Looks like the NDA lifted at 11:00PM, as there's a load of reviews now just out. Once again it shows that AMD can produce a seriously killer card...
Crysis 2 on an x2 of this is exactly what I'm waiting for.
woostar88
This is incredible at the price point.
LORD_ORION
Err... I thought I was going to see more for the price. Regardless, I think ATI missed the mark here. I am interested in playing games on my HDTV since me and my monitor don't care about these higher resolutions. Fail cakes... Nivida is undoubtedly going to rape ATI in performance with the 300 series. This is good news for mainstream prices however.... you can ptobably upgrade to a current DX10 board soon for a very good price, and then buy a 5850 for $100 in a year from now. Result? Don't but a 5000 series card yet until the price comes down? Heh, I bet the cards will be $100 less in December if the 300 series launches.
This is not to say I am an Nvidia fan, just undoubtedly you would do well for yourself to hold off for a bit if you want to buy a 5000 series... as the price will come down for a good price/performance ratio soon enough.
wait, wait, before I look can it play cry... HOLY SHIT?!
why didn't they thest it against a GTX 295 rather than 280??? its far superior...
cangelini
viper666why didn't they thest it against a GTX 295 rather than 280??? its far superior...
Ran it against a GTX 295 and a 285 and 285s in SLI :)
Annisman
I refuse to buy until the 2GB versions come out, not to mention newegg letting you buy more than 1 at a time, paper launch ftl.


text:
admin Nov,24 2021
Alongside, Apple seems to be working on Face ID profiles for the same user.
Apple has filed a new patent for a pair of glasses that will block out others from viewing the screen content on the iPhone. One of the features spotted in the application is called Privacy EyeWear, which will show the on-screen content on your iPhone only while you are wearing it. This also means that other users next to you will not be able to view the content on the screen.
The patent, spotted by Patently Apple, states that the glasses relates to "providing personalized graphical outputs to systems for displaying vision-corrected graphical outputs and standard graphical outputs on an electronic device."
"In some embodiments, a user may interact with the calibration graphic to intentionally blur the graphical output presented on the display of the device (iPhone). If a user desires privacy or doesn't want a nearby person to view what is presented on the display, the user may interact with the calibration graphic to make the graphical output illegible," the report further reads.
Alongside, Apple seems to be working on Face ID profiles for the same user. The patent describes another system that can distinguish details of the user's face such as the hairstyle, moustache, sunglasses, reading glasses, no glasses, beard, etc. Apple could integrate both the patents and possibly even implement them in future products. That being said, it does not necessarily confirm that the iPhone 13 (Review) maker will certainly include the patented tech in its products.


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text:
April 16, 2010 | Politics
AC TACKLES JONATHAN OVER 'SUCCESSFUL ELECTIONS' COMMENTS
By NBF NEWS
The Action Congress has accused Acting President Goodluck Jonathan of sending wrong signals to Nigerians and the international community with his comments over some 'successful elections' organised by the Independent National Electoral Commission in recent times.
In a statement issued in Lagos on Thursday by its National Publicity Secretary, Alhaji Lai Mohammed, the party also said the Acting President's comments on a Cable News Network interview aired on Wednesday amounted to contempt of court, as the Anambra State Governorship Election Tribunal is due to begin proceedings on Monday.
The statement said, 'The elections which Dr. Jonathan referred to during his interview with CNN were apparently those in Akoko-Edo, Anambra and the Federal Capital Territory, all held under his watch.
'In the first instance, saying that the Anambra governorship election was well conducted, a few days before the Tribunal on that election is supposed to open its proceedings, is capable of biasing the mind of the judges. This is very unfortunate, coming from the Acting President.
'Secondly, how can the leader of a democratic nation say that an election in which over 83 per cent of voters were disenfranchised – as was the case in the Anambra election - was well conducted? That statement is wrong in fact and in law.''
The party also disagreed that the FCT election held last weekend was well organised, saying it suffered from the same 'INEC-perfected booby traps,' like voters not finding their names on the register and election materials arriving late, as in other polls.
It said praising the INEC Chairman, Prof. Maurice Iwu, at a time that Nigerians and the whole world were unanimous that he must be removed as part of an anticipated electoral reform, amounted to bad judgment.
The AC reminded Jonathan that the best impact he can make in the few months left to the end of the tenure of the present administration was in the area of electoral reform. It warned, 'Making the kind of comments attributed to him on some 'successful elections' does not reassure Nigerians that they can look up to the Acting President to rescue them from the scourge of electoral malpractices.
'There is a thin line between perception and reality. The moment Nigerians begin to feel that Dr. Jonathan is not committed to electoral reform, he would have succeeded in shooting himself in the foot, even before he acts on the reform.'


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This post explains how to recover deleted sticky notes widget in Windows 8/7/8.1/Vista if you were previously using it as one of your gadgets and it was accidentally deleted or simply went missing.
Computers are no different than cars, they need maintenance too. In order to keep your computer running smooth and fast, you'll need to take good care of it on a regular basis.
If texts appeared to be too small on some websites that you were having hard time reading them, you can increase the font size in Google Chrome so that they can be read comfortably.


D-Photo: Can you explain more about PB Technologies and the vision it has as a company? For how long has the company been around?
Paul Nicol: PB Technologies was started in 1993 in small premises in Panmure, Auckland. It has a fairly simple philosophy, which is to source what the customer wants and deliver it at an unbeatable price. The company has now grown to have nine superstores in Auckland, Hamilton, Wellington, and Christchurch. In addition, PB Technologies has significant service operations as well as online, distribution, wholesale, education, and commercial divisions.
The underlying mission of the company has not changed since its inception: to deliver the best price, every day, and to have the biggest range. Our entry into the digital-imaging market a couple of years ago was the result of recognizing that many of our existing IT customers are photography enthusiasts, and, with technologies exhibited in devices such as GoPro and drones, elements of that market fit very well with the operations of a strong IT provider.
How can PB Technologies help and encourage photographers, whether they be beginners, amateurs, or professionals?
I think what PB Technologies brings to the photography market is a more flexible and open offer than is traditional. The majority of people do their own online research, and rather than contradict that with sales skills, our value proposition is to get the customer what they want at the best price. We don't pretend to be photography experts — although we have many enthusiasts and semi-pros within our staff of more than 400. I think the expertise role sits very clearly with the specialist shops, and they do a great job in that area.
Have you noticed any trend in the sort of photographic equipment that is being purchased, and, if so, what do you think is the reason for it?
I think the biggest trend we are seeing is the reinvention of video through GoPro and drones, and people wanting to capture their activities and communicate them through social media.
While smartphones may have had a significant impact on entry-level and mid-level cameras, the market for Micro Four Thirds products and DSLR products that feature more sophisticated video and communication functions is growing.
Do you have anything that would be suitable for someone who is interested in picking up a camera for the first time? What about young children who are keen to take a photo or two?
We do carry entry-level cameras, and, in addition, we sell to schools through our education division. To be fair though, our overall range sits at the mid to higher level.
What other types of products do you offer that will ensure a photographer's equipment kit is packed and ready to go — things like storage cards and software?
PB Technologies has a complete range of all the accessories and brands — filters (Zomei), tripods (Manfrotto), bags (Lowepro), etc. As one of the larger sellers of flash memory, we deliver unbeatable pricing on brands such as SanDisk.
How easy is it to locate a PB Technologies store around New Zealand?
We have nine stores nationwide, and we're online. You can find a store near you by using our store locator at pbtech.co.nz.


text:
\section{Introduction}

In the past months, a lot of work have been done on the three dimensional superconformal gauge theory which were conjectured to described the worldvolume of N M2-branes. The first serious attempt has been done by Bagger and Lambert \cite{FirstBL, OriginalBL, ThirdBL} and Gustavsson \cite{Gustav1, Gustav2}. This theory, called BLG theory, has $\cal N$=8 supersymmetries, SO(8) R-symmetry, as expected on N M2-branes, and relies on an algebraic structure called 3-algebra.

The reduction of this N M2-branes theory to the ten dimensional type IIA string theory was done in \cite{Mukhi, M2D2Revisited} where they obtained the expected gauge theory living on a N D2-branes, ie 3 dimensional maximally supersymmetric YM. This was done using a novel Higgs mechanism which generated dynamics from the Chern-Simons (CS) term.

The $\cal N$=8 BLG theory worked on the assumption that the 3-algebra admitted a positive definite metric. This conditon was shown to be satisfied by only one choice of 3-algebra \cite{N8SuperCSThy} and was later relaxed to define Lorentzian 3-algebras \cite{M2D2Revisited, GMR, N8SuperGaugeThy, EMP, CS}. These Lorentzian 3-algebras were used in the compactification to D2-branes and the ghosts appearing there were taken care of in \cite{BLS, GRGVRV}.

In principle, M2-branes could also be reduced to F1 strings in type II string theory with a compactification along the direction of the M2-branes worldvolume. Looking for string actions coming from the reduction of M2-brane actions is the purpose of this paper. The original M2-M5 system then reduces to F1 between D4 or NS5 branes, depending on the embedding of the M5-branes. This was attempted in \cite{Scoopeurs}, but a detailed discussion was not presented therein.

Recently, another new 3 dimensional field theory with $\cal N$=6 supersymmetry and SU(4)$\times$U(1) R-symmetry was conjectured to represent the N M2-branes worldvolume \cite{ABJM}. Shortly after this, Bagger and Lambert also came with a new theory which had the same supersymmetry, R-symmetry and was based on a new complex 3-algebra structure \cite{NewBL}. With a particular choice of 3-algebra, this new BL theory was shown by the authors to be equivalent to the ABJM theory at k=1.

The paper is organised as follows.  In section 2.1, I review the k=1 $\cal N$=8 BLG theory. In section 2.2, I perform a dimensional reduction along the M2-brane worldvolume, i.e. ${\cal M}_2\times S^1$, to get an effective field theory in 2 dimensions which in the IR limit could represent a field theory on the F1 strings in type IIA.

In section 3.1, I review the k=1 $\cal N$=6 BL theory and in section 3.2, I again do a dimensional reduction on ${\cal M}_2\times S^1$ to get an effective fields theory in 2 dimensions which in the IR limit could also represent a field theory on the F1 strings in type IIA.

In both dimensional reductions, the CS action reduces to a particular $\phi$F term. However, the final two dimensional actions still rely on 3-algebras and the scalars and fermions get a ``mass'' term from $\tilde{\phi}$. I end with a brief discussion of the results.

All this work assumes that the 3-algebra admits a positive definite metric and hopes that the eventual ghosts could be taken care of.

Note added: While this work was in progress, \cite{Scoopeurs} appeared which has overlap with section 2.2 of this paper.

\section{The ${\cal N}$=8 Bagger-Lambert-Gustavsson Theory}

\subsection{The original 3D ${\cal N}$=8 BLG}

The BLG theory has $\cal N$=8 supersymmetry, SO(8) R-symmetry and is formulated in terms of real massless 3-algebra valued fields \cite{OriginalBL}. We take k=1 to simplify the calculations, but it should be easy to generalise.

First, let's review the BLG action
\begin{equation}
{\cal L}^{{\cal N}=8}_{3D} = -\frac{1}{2}(D_\mu X'^{aI})(D^\mu X'^I_{a}) + \frac{i}{2}\bar\psi'^a\Gamma^\mu D_\mu\psi'_a + \frac{i}{4}\bar\psi'_b\Gamma_{IJ} X'^I_c X'^J_d\psi'_af^{abcd} - V' + {\cal L}_{CS}^{3D} \label{OrigBLLagran}
\end{equation}

where
\begin{align}
V' = \frac{1}{12}f^{abcd}{f^{efg}}_dX'^I_aX'^J_bX'^K_cX'^I_eX'^J_fX'^K_g = \frac{1}{12}Tr([X'^I,X'^J,X'^K],[X'^I,X'^J,X'^K])\label{PotBLG}
\end{align}

and at k=1
\begin{equation}
{\cal L}_{CS}^{3D} = \frac{1}{2}\varepsilon^{\mu\nu\lambda}(f^{abcd}A'_{\mu ab}\partial_\nu A'_{\lambda cd} + \frac{2}{3}{f^{cda}}_gf^{efgb} A'_{\mu ab}A'_{\nu cd}A'_{\lambda ef}) \label{CSAction}\ .
\end{equation}

Here, $\mu , \nu , \lambda$ = 0,1,2 run along the internal dimensions of the M2, I,J = 1...8 are the transverse directions and a,b, ..., g are the 3-algebra generator indices. I gave all the 3D fields a prime (') because I'll drop it later for the rescaled 2D fields.

To allow the algebra to close, the structure constants must satisfy the following fundamental identity:
\begin{equation}
{f^{efg}}_d {f^{abc}}_g= {f^{efa}}_g {f^{bcg}}_d + {f^{efb}}_g {f^{cag}}_d + {f^{efc}}_g {f^{abg}}_d\ .
\end{equation}
Note that here the structure constants are real and totally antisymmetric.

The SUSY transformations in this theory are
\begin{align}
\delta X'^I_a &= i\bar{\epsilon}\Gamma^I\psi'_a\\
\delta\psi'_a &= D_\mu X'^I_a\Gamma^\mu \Gamma^I\epsilon - \frac{1}{6}X'^I_bX'^J_cX'^K_d{f^{bcd}}_a\Gamma^{IJK}\epsilon \\
\delta \tilde{A}'_\mu {^b}_a &= i\bar{\epsilon}\Gamma_\mu\Gamma_IX'^I_c\psi'_d{f^{cdb}}_a
\end{align}
where any the tilde represents contraction with the structure constant, i.e. ${\tilde A} {{}^a}_b = {f^{cda}}_b A_{cd}$. These transformations close on translations, gauge transformations and the following set of equations of motions:
\begin{align}
D^2X'^I_a - \frac{i}{2}\bar\psi'_c{\Gamma^I}_J X'^J_d\psi'_b{f^{cdb}}_a - \frac{\partial V'}{\partial X'^{Ia}} &= 0\label{eom1}\\
\Gamma^\mu D_\mu \psi'_a + \frac{1}{2}\Gamma_{IJ}X'^I_cX'^J_d\psi'_b{f^{cdb}}_a &= 0\label{eom2}\\
{\tilde F'} {{_{\mu \nu}}^a}_b + \varepsilon_{\mu \nu \lambda}(X'^J_c D^\lambda X'^J_d + \frac{i}{2}\bar\psi'_c \Gamma^\lambda\psi'_d){f^{cda}}_b &=0\label{eom3}\ .
\end{align}
These equation of motions led to the lagrangian \eqref{OrigBLLagran}.\\
The $\tilde{F'} {^{\mu \nu\ a}}_{b}$ and the covariant derivatives are defined as
\begin{align}
-\tilde{F'} {^{\mu \nu\ a}}_{b} &= \partial^\mu \tilde{A'} {^{\nu \ a}}_b - \partial^\nu \tilde{A'} {^{\mu \ a}}_b + \tilde{A'} {^{\mu \ a}}_{c}\tilde{A'} {^{\nu \ c}}_{b} - \tilde{A'} {^{\nu \ a}}_{c}\tilde{A'} {^{\mu \ c}}_{b}\\
(D_\mu X^I)_a &= \partial_\mu X^I_a - \tilde{A} {{_\mu}^b}_aX^I_b\ .
\end{align}

\subsection{Reduction of the ${\cal N}$=8 BLG to 2D}

Now, let's do a dimensional reduction along one internal direction of the M2. In order to do so, I reduce my $A'_\mu$ from 3 to 2 dimensions and I isolate the dependance on the extra $A'_2$. So, we are left with 2 $A'_{iab}$ and a scalar $A'_{2ab} = \phi'_{ab}$, where $i,j = 0,1$ are the remaining 2D indices, a,b,...,g indices are the 3-algebra indices and I choose fields to be independent of $x^2$. I integrate over the $x^2$ circle of circumference R, i.e. $\int dx^2=R$. More precisely\footnote{In this paper, I am not considering the effects of non-zero gauge fields and Wilson lines. I will leave it for future work.}, I take
\begin{equation}
\partial_2A'_\mu = \partial_2X'^I_a = \partial_2\psi'_a = 0
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
g_{\mu \nu} = \left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
g_{ij} & 0 \\
0 & 1
\end{array} \right) \label{RedMetric}
\end{equation}
and I rescale  the 3D fields to 2D fields with canonical kinetic and CS terms:
\begin{align}
X^I = R^{\frac{1}{2}}X'^I\qquad
\psi = R^{\frac{1}{2}}\psi'\qquad
A_{i} = A'_{i}\qquad
\phi_{} = RA'_{2}\ .
\end{align}

Applying this to the original $\cal N$=8 theory and after some tedious but simple calculations, the lagrangian becomes
\begin{align}
{\cal L}^{{\cal N}=8}_{2D} = -&\frac{1}{2}(D_i X^{aI})(D^i X^I_{a}) - \frac{1}{2R^2}\tilde{\phi}^{ab}\tilde{\phi} {_a}^cX^I_bX^I_c\nonumber\\
&+ \frac{i}{2}\bar\psi^a\Gamma^i D_i\psi_a - \frac{i}{2R}\bar{\psi}^a\Gamma^2\tilde{\phi} {_a}^b\psi_b\label{reduceBLaction}\\
&+ \frac{i}{4R}\bar\psi_b\Gamma_{IJ} X^I_c X^J_d\psi_af^{abcd} - V + {\cal L}_{CS}^{2D}\nonumber
\end{align}

where
\begin{align}
V = \frac{1}{12R^2}f^{abcd}{f^{efg}}_dX^I_aX^J_bX^K_cX^I_eX^J_fX^K_g = \frac{1}{12R^2}Tr([X^I,X^J,X^K],[X^I,X^J,X^K])\ .
\end{align}

The reduction of the CS action is done in the following way:
\begin{align}
{\cal L}_{CS}^{2D} &=\frac{1}{2}f^{abcd}(\phi_{ab}\partial^iA^j_{cd} + A^i_{ab}\partial^j\phi_{cd})\varepsilon_{ij}\  \big(-\frac{1}{2}\partial^j(\phi_{ab}A^i_{cd}\varepsilon_{ij}f^{abcd})\big) \nonumber \\
&\qquad +\frac{2}{2\cdot 3}{f^{cda}}_g f^{efgb}\big(\phi_{ab}A^i_{cd}A^j_{ef} - A^i_{ab}\phi_{cd}A^j_{ef} + A^i_{ab}A^j_{cd}\phi_{ef}\big)\varepsilon_{ij}\\
&= \big(\phi_{ab}\partial^i\tilde{A}^{jab}+\phi_{ab}\tilde{A} {^{ia}}_g \tilde{A} ^{jgb}\big)\varepsilon_{ij}\\
&=-\frac{1}{2}\phi_{ab}\tilde{F} ^{ijab}\varepsilon_{ij} \label{FinalCS}
\end{align}
where I added a total derivative in the first line and I used the following equality which follows from the fundamental identity:
\begin{equation}
\phi_{ba}\tilde{A} {^{ia}}_g\tilde{A} ^{jgb}\varepsilon_{ij} = \tilde{\phi}^{fg}\tilde{A} {{^i}_g}^e {A^j}_{ef}\varepsilon_{ij}\ . \label{IdenDeFund}
\end{equation}

The equations of motions \eqref{eom1} and \eqref{eom2} now become
\begin{align}
D^2X^I_a +\frac{\tilde{\phi} {^c}_a \tilde{\phi} {^b}_c}{R^2} X^I_b
- \frac{i}{2R}\bar\psi_c{\Gamma^I}_J X^J_d\psi_b{f^{cdb}}_a - \frac{\partial V}{\partial X^{Ia}} &= 0\\\
\Gamma^iD_i\psi_a + \frac{1}{R}{f^{cdb}}_a\big(\frac{1}{2}\Gamma_{IJ}X^I_cX^J_d-\phi_{cd}\Gamma^2\big)\psi_b=0
\end{align}
and the $\tilde{F} {^{ab}_{\mu \nu}}$ equations of motion is now split in two equations, one for $F_{ij}$ and the other for $F_{2i}$:
\begin{align}
{\tilde F} {{_{ij}}^a}_b + \varepsilon_{ij}{f^{cda}}_b(-\frac{1}{R^2}\tilde{\phi} {^e}_dX^I_eX^I_c + \frac{i}{2R}\bar\psi_c \Gamma^2\psi_d) &=0\\
D_i\tilde{\phi} {^a}_b + \varepsilon_{ij}{f^{cda}}_b(X^I_c D^j X^I_d + \frac{i}{2}\bar\psi_c \Gamma^j\psi_d) &=0\ .
\end{align}

The SUSY transformations expand as
\begin{align}
\delta X^I_a &= i\bar{\epsilon}\Gamma^I\psi_a \label{susy1}\\
\delta\psi_a &= D_i X^I_a\Gamma^i \Gamma^I\epsilon -\frac{1}{R} \tilde{\phi} {^b}_a X^I_b\Gamma^2\Gamma^I\epsilon - \frac{1}{6R}X^I_bX^J_cX^K_d{f^{bcd}}_a\Gamma^{IJK}\epsilon\\
\delta \tilde{A}_i {^b}_a &= \frac{i}{R}\bar{\epsilon}\Gamma_i\Gamma_IX^I_c\psi_d{f^{cdb}}_a\\
\delta \tilde{\phi} {^b}_a &= i\bar{\epsilon}\Gamma_2\Gamma_IX^I_c\psi_d{f^{cdb}}_a\label{susy4}\ .
\end{align}

Thus we find a simple action in 2D given by~\eqref{reduceBLaction} which may have some connection to F1 strings in type IIA. We will discuss more about this later. Next we go to the ${\cal N}$=6 new BL theory.

\section{The ${\cal N}$=6 new Bagger-Lambert theory}

\subsection{The original 3D ${\cal N}$=6 BL theory}

The new BL theory has $\cal N$=6 supersymmetry, SU(4)$\times$U(1) R-symmetry and is formulated in terms of complex massless 3-algebra valued fields. Here too, we take k=1 to simplify the calculations, but it should be easy to generalise for arbitrary k.

An important difference here with the BLG theory is that $f ^{abcd}$ is no longer assumed to be real and totally antisymmetric, but rather that it satisfies
\begin{equation}
f^{abcd} = -f^{bacd} = -f^{abdc} = f^{*cdab} \label{Contraintesf}\ .
\end{equation}
This means that we have to be more careful with 3-algebra indices. Also, the fundamental identity (which is chosen to ensure closure of the algebra) is changed accordingly. It becomes
\begin{equation}
 {f^{efg}}_b {f^{cba}}_d + {f^{fea}}_b {f^{cbg}}_d + {f^{*gaf}}_b {f^{ceb}}_d + {f^{*age}}_b {f^{cfb}}_d=0
\end{equation}
which is equivalent to
\begin{equation}
{f^{cef}}_gf^{gbad} - {f^{cba}}_gf^{gefd} = {f^{bcd}}_gf^{gefa} - {f^{bef}}_gf^{gcda}\ . \label{fund2ndvers}
\end{equation}
The contraction of the algebra indices is now defined as:
\begin{equation}
\tilde{A} {{_\mu}^c}_d = {f^{cba}}_d A_{\mu ab}\ .\footnote{Note the sign difference with the previous definition in BLG. This is to the origin of the sign difference between equations~\eqref{FinalCS} and~\eqref{CSNewBL}}
\end{equation}
As mentioned in \cite{NewBL}, $\tilde{A} _\mu ^{ab}$ is antihermitian, i.e. $(\tilde{A} _\mu ^{ab})^* = -\tilde{A} _\mu ^{ba}$. In order for this to be true and for the action to be real, $A _\mu ^{ab}$ also has to be antihermitian. Note that in the $\cal N$=8 BLG theory we did not need any such assumption since the symmetric part was eliminated by contraction with f, but here antihermiticity has to be imposed from the start.

The lagrangian in this theory is
\begin{align}
{\cal L} _{3D}^{{\cal N}=6} = &-D_\mu Z'^A_aD^\mu \bar{Z'}^a_A - i\bar{\psi'}^A_a\gamma^\mu D_\mu \psi'^a_A - V' +{\cal L}_{CS}^{3D}\nonumber\\
&-if^{abcd}\bar{\psi'}^A_d\psi'_{Aa}Z'^B_b\bar{Z'}_{Bc} + 2if^{abcd}\bar{\psi'}^A_d\psi'_{Ba}Z'^B_b\bar{Z'}_{Ac}\\
&+ \frac{i}{2}\varepsilon_{ABCD}f^{abcd}\bar{\psi'}^A_d\psi'^B_cZ'^C_aZ'^D_b - \frac{i}{2}\varepsilon^{ABCD}f^{cdab}\bar{\psi'}_{Ac}\psi'_{Bd}\bar{Z'}_{Ca}\bar{Z'}_{Db}\nonumber
\end{align}
where, ${\cal L}^{3D}_{CS}$ at k=1 is given by
\begin{equation}
{\cal L}_{CS}^{3D} = \frac{1}{2}\varepsilon^{\mu\nu\lambda}(f^{abcd}A'_{\mu cb}\partial_\nu A'_{\lambda da} + \frac{2}{3}{f^{acd}}_gf^{gefb} A'_{\mu ba}A'_{\nu dc}A'_{\lambda fe})\ .\footnote{Note that two indices are reversed from the first formulation in~\cite{NewBL}. Private discussions with J. Bagger confirmed this is the correct formulation.}
\end{equation}

The scalar potential is
\begin{equation}
V' = \frac{2}{3}\Upsilon'^{CD}_{Bd}\bar{\Upsilon'}^{Bd}_{CD}\ . \label{PotNewBL}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\Upsilon'^{CD}_{Bd} = {f^{abc}}_dZ'^C_aZ'^D_b\bar{Z'}_{Bc} - \frac{1}{2}{f^{abc}}_d\delta^C_BZ'^E_aZ'^D_b\bar{Z'}_{Ec} + \frac{1}{2}{f^{abc}}_d\delta^D_BZ'^E_aZ'^C_b\bar{Z'}_{Ec}\ .
\end{equation}

The SUSY transformations in this theory are
\begin{align}
\delta Z'^A_d &= i\bar{\epsilon}^{AB}\psi'_{Bd}\\
\delta \psi'_{Bd} &= \gamma^\mu D_\mu Z'^A_d\epsilon_{AB} + {f^{abc}}_dZ'^C_aZ'^A_b\bar{Z'}_{Cc}\epsilon_{AB} + {f^{abc}}_d Z'^C_aZ'^D_b\bar{Z'}_{Bc}\epsilon_{CD}\\
\delta\tilde{A'} {{_\mu}^c}_d &= -i\bar{\epsilon}_{AB}\gamma_\mu Z'^A_a\psi'^B_b{f^{cab}}_d + i\bar{\epsilon}^{AB}\gamma_\mu \bar{Z'}_{Ab}\psi'_{Ba}{f^{cba}}_d\ .
\end{align}
These transformations close on translations, gauge transformations and the following set of equations of motions:
\begin{align}
0 &= \gamma^\mu D_\mu \psi'_{Cd} + {f^{abc}}_d\psi'_{Ca}Z'^D_b\bar{Z'}_{Dc} - 2{f^{abc}}_d\psi'_{Da}Z'^D_b\bar{Z'}_{Cc} - \epsilon_{CDEF}{f^{abc}}_d\psi'^D_cZ'^E_aZ'^F_b\label{Psieom}\\
0 &= \tilde{F'} {{_{\mu \nu}}^c}_d + \varepsilon_{\mu \nu \lambda}\big( (D^\lambda Z'^A_a)\bar{Z'}_{Ab}- Z'^A_a(D^\lambda\bar{Z'}_{Ab}) - i\bar{\psi'}^A_b\gamma^\lambda\psi'_{Aa}\big){f^{cab}}_d\ .
\end{align}
The equation of motion of the Z scalars should be found taking the supersymetric variation of the $\psi$ equation of motion~\eqref{Psieom}.
The covariant derivative is defined this time as:
\begin{equation}
D_\mu Z^A_d = \partial_\mu Z^A_d - \tilde{A} {{_\mu}^c}_d Z^A_c, \qquad D_\mu \bar{Z}_{Ad} = \partial_\mu \bar{Z}_{Ad} + \tilde{A} {{_\mu}^c}_d \bar{Z}_{Ac}\ .
\end{equation}

\subsection{Reduction of the ${\cal N}$=6 BL to 2D}

Now, I can do a similar dimensional reduction as before. I choose every fields to be independent of $x^2$, use the metric \eqref{RedMetric}, rename $A_2$ by $\phi$ and I rescale the 3D fields to 2D fields with canonical kinetic and CS terms in the following way:
\begin{align}
Z^A = R^{\frac{1}{2}}Z'^A\qquad
\psi_A = R^{\frac{1}{2}}\psi_A'\qquad
A_{i} = A'_{i}\qquad
\phi_{} = RA'_{2}\ .
\end{align}

Applying this to the original ${\cal N}$=6 theory, after some long and tedious calculations, the lagrangian becomes
\begin{align}
{\cal L} _{2D}^{{\cal N}=6} = &-D_\mu Z^A_aD^\mu \bar{Z}^a_A - \frac{1}{R^2}\tilde{\phi}{^c}_a\tilde{\phi}^{ea}Z^A_c\bar{Z}_{Ae} - V +{\cal L}^{2D}_{CS}\nonumber\\
&-i\bar{\psi}^A_a\gamma^\mu D_\mu \psi^a_A + \frac{i}{R}{\phi}^{ac}\bar{\psi}^A_a\gamma^2\psi_{Ac}\nonumber\\
&-\frac{i}{R}f^{abcd}\bar{\psi}^A_d\psi_{Aa}Z^B_b\bar{Z}_{Bc} + \frac{2i}{R}f^{abcd}\bar{\psi}^A_d\psi_{Ba}Z^B_b\bar{Z}_{Ac}\label{reduceNewBLaction}\\
&+ \frac{i}{2R}\varepsilon_{ABCD}f^{abcd}\bar{\psi}^A_d\psi^B_cZ^C_aZ^D_b - \frac{i}{2R}\varepsilon^{ABCD}f^{cdab}\bar{\psi}_{Ac}\psi_{Bd}\bar{Z}_{Ca}\bar{Z}_{Db}\nonumber
\end{align}
where
\begin{equation}
V = \frac{2}{3R^2}\Upsilon^{CD}_{Bd}\bar{\Upsilon}^{Bd}_{CD}
\end{equation}
and $\Upsilon^{CD}_{Bd}$ are defined now with rescaled fields as:
\begin{equation}
\Upsilon^{CD}_{Bd} = {f^{abc}}_dZ^C_aZ^D_b\bar{Z}_{Bc} - \frac{1}{2}{f^{abc}}_d\delta^C_BZ^E_aZ^D_b\bar{Z}_{Ec} + \frac{1}{2}{f^{abc}}_d\delta^D_BZ^E_aZ^C_b\bar{Z}_{Ec}\ .
\end{equation}
The CS action in this theory reduces to
\begin{align}
{\cal L}_{CS}^{2D} &= \frac{1}{2}\varepsilon^{ij}\big[f^{abcd}(\phi_{cb}\partial_i A_{jda} + A_{icb}\partial_j \phi_{da}) + \big(\frac{1}{2}\partial_i(f^{abcd}\phi_{cb}A_{jda})\big)\nonumber\nonumber\\
&\qquad + \frac{2}{3}{f^{acd}}_gf^{gefb} (\phi_{ba}A_{idc}A_{jfe} - A_{iba}\phi_{dc}A_{jfe} + A_{iba}A_{jdc}\phi_{fe})\big]\nonumber\\
&= \varepsilon^{ij}\big[\phi_{cb}\partial_i \tilde{A}_j^{bc} + \frac{1}{3}(\phi{^b}_a\tilde{A}{{_i}^a}_g\tilde{A}{{_j}^g}_b - A{{_i}^b}_a\tilde{\phi}{^a}_g\tilde{A}{{_j}^g}_b + A{{_i}^b}_a\tilde{A}{{_j}^a}_g\tilde{\phi}{^g}_b)\big]\nonumber\\
&= \varepsilon^{ij}\big[\phi_{cb}\partial_i \tilde{A}_j^{bc} + \phi_{ba}\tilde{A}{{_i}^a}_g\tilde{A}{_j}^{gb}\big]\nonumber\\
&= \frac{1}{2}\phi_{cb}\tilde{F}^{bc}_{ji}\varepsilon^{ij}\label{CSNewBL}
\end{align}
where I added a total derivative in the first line and I used the following identity which comes from the fundamental identity as expressed in~\eqref{fund2ndvers}:
\begin{equation}
\tilde{A}_\mu^{gd}A_{\nu dc}\tilde{A}{{_\lambda}^c}_g - \tilde{A}{{_\mu}^c}_gA_{\nu dc}\tilde{A}{_\lambda}^{gd} = A_{\mu ab}\tilde{A}_\nu{^{b}}_g \tilde{A}{{_\lambda}^{ga}} -A_{\mu ab}\tilde{A}_\nu^{ga} \tilde{A}{{_\lambda}^b}_g\ .
\end{equation}

The equation of motion of the fermion becomes
\begin{equation}
0 = \gamma^i D_i \psi_{Cd} + \frac{1}{R}\big(\tilde{\phi}{^c}_d\gamma^2\psi_{Cc} + {f^{abc}}_d\psi_{Ca}Z^D_b\bar{Z}_{Dc} - 2{f^{abc}}_d\psi_{Da}Z^D_b\bar{Z}_{Cc} - \epsilon_{CDEF}{f^{abc}}_d\psi^D_cZ^E_aZ^F_b\big)
\end{equation}
and the gauge field equations of motion split again in $F_{ij}$ and $F_{2i}$ in the following way:
\begin{align}
\tilde{F} {{_{ij}}^c}_d &= \varepsilon_{ij}\big(\frac{1}{R^2}(\tilde{\phi}{^e}_a Z^A_e\bar{Z}_{Ab} + Z^A_a \tilde{\phi}{^e}_b \bar{Z}_{Ae}) + \frac{i}{R}\bar{\psi}^A_b\gamma^2\psi_{Aa}\big){f^{cab}}_d\\
R\tilde{F} {{_{2i}}^c}_d = D_i\tilde{\phi}{^c}_d &= -\varepsilon_{ij}\big( (D^j Z^A_a)\bar{Z}_{Ab}- Z^A_a(D^j\bar{Z}_{Ab}) - i\bar{\psi}^A_b\gamma^j\psi_{Aa}\big){f^{cab}}_d\ .
\end{align}

The SUSY transformations become
\begin{align}
\delta Z^A_d &= i\epsilon^{AB}\psi_{Bd}\\
\delta \psi_{Bd} &= \gamma^i D_i Z^A_d\epsilon_{AB} +\frac{1}{R}\big(- \tilde{\phi}{^c}_dZ^A_c\gamma^2\epsilon_{AB} + {f^{abc}}_dZ^C_aZ^A_b\bar{Z}_{Cc}\epsilon_{AB} + {f^{abc}}_d Z^C_aZ^D_b\bar{Z}_{Bc}\epsilon_{CD}\big)\\
\delta\tilde{A} {{_i}^c}_d &= \frac{-i}{R}\big(\bar{\epsilon}_{AB}\gamma_i Z^A_a\psi^B_b{f^{cab}}_d - \bar{\epsilon}^{AB}\gamma_i \bar{Z}_{Ab}\psi_{Ba}{f^{cba}}_d\big)\\
\delta\tilde{\phi}{^c}_d &= -i\bar{\epsilon}_{AB}\gamma_2 Z^A_a\psi^B_b{f^{cab}}_d + i\bar{\epsilon}^{AB}\gamma_2\bar{Z}_{Ab}\psi_{Ba}{f^{cba}}_d\ .
\end{align}

Thus to conclude, by dimensional reduction here I get another action~\eqref{reduceNewBLaction} which should also be related to F1 strings in type IIA.

\section{Discussion}

The original 3D CFT described above are conjectured to described a M2-M5 system in M-theory. The IR limits, i.e. small R limit, of the compactifications presented above should be a reduction from M-theory to type IIA string theory. We could then be tempted to associate our 2D field theories to the worldvolume field theories of F1 strings between branes in type IIA (D4 or NS5, depending on the compactification of the M5). In the UV, i.e. large R limit, the actions~\eqref{reduceBLaction} and~\eqref{reduceNewBLaction} reduce to kinetic and CS terms, but this limit does not lead to IIA string theory. Looking at the $k\neq1$ case would be relevant since the real IR limit of the compactification implies different limits of k and R \cite{ABJM}.

Let us comment on the form of the 2D actions~\eqref{reduceBLaction} and~\eqref{reduceNewBLaction} that we are left with. The first notable difference between the compactification presented here and the one described in \cite{Mukhi, M2D2Revisited} is that the compactification direction is along the M2, ie perpendicular to the scalars. The associated R-symmetries in each theories are then fully preserved. The potentials~\eqref{PotBLG} and~\eqref{PotNewBL} and the Yukawa terms also remain unaltered by the compactification.

Secondly, its not clear to me what is the precise connection between the two 2D theories. However, it is important to notice that the full 3-algebras still applies at the 2D level and is not broken to a Lie algebra like in previous compactifications. This is related to the fact that we did not make any additional assumption about the 3-algebras. It would be interesting to see how other types of 3-algebra \cite{Classification3Alg} could be reduced to a 2D EFT.

Note also that $\tilde{\phi}$ introduces ``mass'' terms for the scalars and fermions in the action, almost like with a Higgs mechanism. Remember that $\phi$ and $A_\mu$ are still non-dynamical fields. The $\phi F$ term in the action is expected from the reduction of a CS term. We had to use the fundamental identity to reduce it to this form. What is particular here is the presence of the two 3-algebra indices on each of those two fields.

\begin{figure}[ht]
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=5cm]{Dualities.eps}
    \caption{Set of dualities to map F1 strings to D2-branes}
    \label{SetDualities}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

It is possible that our F1 string action could be related to D-brane actions. For example, it is possible that the $\frac{1}{R}$ terms in the actions could be mapped to the higher orders in $\alpha'$ of the D2-branes action shown in \cite{NewMukhi} through the set of dualities illustrated in fig.~\ref{SetDualities}. The large $\frac{1}{R}$ factors could be mapped to small $\alpha'$ factors because of the S-duality. Again, looking at the $k\neq1$ case would be relevant here.

\section{Acknowledgements}
The author would like to thank Jonathan Bagger and Keshav Dasgupta for useful discussions and comments on the first draft. The author also would like to thank Simon Caron-Huot, Andrew Frey, Rhiannon Gwyn and Alisha Wissanji for useful discussions and support. The work of the author was is supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC).

\section{Appendix: 2D chiral formulation of $\cal N$=8 BLG}

Due to the presence of the $\Gamma^2$ matrices in the reduced action, we could be tempted to expand the fermions into chiral components. Remember that in 2D (and 3D) \cite{Polchinski}

\begin{equation}
\Gamma^0 =
\begin{bmatrix}
0 & 1\\
-1 & 0
\end{bmatrix}
, \qquad \Gamma^1 =
\begin{bmatrix}
0 & 1\\
1 & 0
\end{bmatrix}
\qquad \text{and} \qquad \Gamma^2 = \Gamma^0 \cdot \Gamma^1 =
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0\\
0 & -1
\end{bmatrix}
\end{equation}
where $\Gamma^2$ can be used to define the projection matrix in 2D (like the $\gamma^5$ in 4D).

I can split the 11D fermion into its 3D chiral and anti-chiral and 8D parts:
\begin{equation}
\psi_{11D} = \left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
\psi^+_{8D}\\ \psi^-_{8D}
\end{array} \right)_{3D}
= \left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
\psi^+\\ \psi^-
\end{array} \right)
\quad \text{and} \quad \bar{\psi} = \left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
-\bar{\psi}^- & \bar{\psi}^+
\end{array} \right)\ .
\end{equation}
Writing this expansion explicity in~\eqref{reduceBLaction}, we get
\begin{align}
{\cal L}_{2D} = &-\frac{1}{2}(D_i X^{aI})(D^i X^I_{a}) - \frac{1}{2R^2}\tilde{\phi}^{ab}\tilde{\phi} {_a}^cX^I_bX^I_c - V + {\cal L}_{CS}^{2D}\label{LagrBL2D}\nonumber\\
&- \frac{i}{2}\big(\bar\psi^{+a}\Gamma^i D_0\psi^+_a - \bar\psi^{+a}\Gamma^i D_1\psi^+_a + \bar\psi^{-a}\Gamma^i D_0\psi_{-a} + \bar\psi^{-a}\Gamma^i D_1\psi_{-a}\big)\nonumber\\
&+ \frac{i}{2R}\tilde{\phi} {_a}^b\big(\bar{\psi}^{-a}\psi^+_b + \bar{\psi}^{+a}\psi^-_b\big)\\
&+ \frac{i}{4R}\big(-\bar\psi^-_b\Gamma_{IJ} \psi_a^+ + \bar\psi^+_b\Gamma_{IJ} \psi_a^- \big) X^I_c X^J_df^{abcd}\nonumber
\end{align}
and the SUSY transformations~\eqref{susy1} to~\eqref{susy4} become
\begin{align}
\delta X^I_a &= -i\bar{\epsilon}^-\Gamma^I\psi^+_a + i\bar{\epsilon}^+\Gamma^I\psi^-_a\\
\delta\left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
\psi_a^+\\
\psi_a^-
\end{array}\right)
&= D_0 X^I_a\Gamma^I\left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
\epsilon^-\\
-\epsilon^+
\end{array}\right)
 -\frac{1}{R} \tilde{\phi} {^b}_a X^I_b\Gamma^I\left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
\epsilon^-\\
\epsilon^+
\end{array}\right)
- \frac{1}{6R}X^I_bX^J_cX^K_d{f^{bcd}}_a\Gamma^{IJK}\left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
\epsilon^+\\
\epsilon^-
\end{array}\right)\\
\delta\left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
\tilde{A}_0 {^b}_a \\
\tilde{A}_1 {^b}_a
\end{array} \right)
&= \frac{i}{R}{f^{cdb}}_aX^I_c\left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
\bar{\epsilon}^+\Gamma_I\psi^+_d + \bar{\epsilon}^-\Gamma_I\psi^-_d\\
\bar{\epsilon}^+\Gamma_I\psi^+_d - \bar{\epsilon}^-\Gamma_I\psi^-_d
\end{array} \right)\\
\delta \tilde{\phi} {^b}_a &= -iX^I_c{f^{cdb}}_a\big(\bar{\epsilon}^-\Gamma_I\psi^+_d + \bar{\epsilon}^+\Gamma_I\psi^-_d\big)\ .
\end{align}

This could probably be done also with the reduced ${\cal N}$=6 BL lagrangian \eqref{reduceNewBLaction}.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv