Can I Get Social Security Disability benefits for COPD?
I am currently working on a New Orleans social security disability application for a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). I thought it would be good to discuss how a disability claim for COPD is evaluated by SSA under the listings.
COPD is a listing level disease. It is a Respiratory Impairment. It is listed at Listing 3.02(A). This means that if your medical records establish the requirements set forth in the listing then your disability application should be approved at Step 3 of the Sequential Evaluation Process. This is important because if your COPD meets the requirements in the listing, then SSA does not have to evaluate whether or not your COPD prevents you from performing past relevant work or work generally available in the national economy.
What Is Required To Meet Social Security's COPD Listing?
"A. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, due to any cause, with the FEV1 equal to or less than the values specified in Table I corresponding to the person's height without shoes.
FEV1 is defined as the forced expiratory volume at one second – that is – it is the amount of air a person can exhale (blow out) in one second.
If you are close to meeting or do in fact meet, the FEV1, you are in pretty bad shape health wise. The values SSA uses for the FEV1 analysis are considered low because SSA is erring on the side of caution.
Claimants who have COPD usually cannot tolerate dust, smoke, or fumes and can have problems with extreme temperatures or humidity. COPD usually results in an exertional impairment. The full extent of the exertional impairment will have an impact on whether your COPD qualifies for disability.
Many disability applicants with COPD are older than 50 and thus, fall onto the grids. Winning disability for a claimant younger than 50 with COPD is difficult unless the COPD is termed as moderate or worse (and often severe or worse is required) and results in significant exertional impairments.
Social Security will also look at your longitudinal medical record (your medical history over time) to determine whether treatment provides any functional recovery. If you do not have a regular doctor or receive regular medical care despite your COPD, you may not be able to meet the listing, but may be able to equal the listing or show functional limitation sufficient to qualify you for benefits.
Typically, if you apply for social security disability alleging Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or another respiratory ailment, SSA will send you for a consultative examination. At this CE, the doctor will perform a spirometric pulmonary function test. This test measures your FEV1.
SSA has developed detailed rules for interpreting the FEV1 results and uses your most stable state of health values for determining whether or not you meet the listing.
Even if you do not meet the listing for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, your COPD may result in sufficient functional limitations to prevent you from performing your past work or any work in the national economy. At Louisiana Disability Law, we have experience obtaining disability benefits for clients with COPD. If you have COPD and need help applying for Social Security Disability benefits or need to appeal a denial, give us a call at 985-240-9773.
What Is The Any Occupation Review?
2)After the 24 month period, Any Occupation.
Your LTD benefits became effective 12 months ago. To continue receiving benefits after 24 months, you must be disabled from any occupation.
Please be advised that we have initiated an investigation to determine if you will qualify for benefits after the 24 months have elapsed. We will notify you regarding our determination.
What exactly does this mean? You were granted disability benefits because you couldn't work. You still cannot work. What is the insurance company talking about here?
Almost all (at least that I have seen) employer-provided long-term disability policies have a change in the definition of disability after you have been receiving disability benefits for 2-years (or 24-months). I have seen some that change after 1-year (or 12-months).
The change is that you must be disabled from performing any occupation instead of just your own occupation.
For example, if your occupation was a truck driver at a light-medium exertional level, your back injury may qualify you for long-term disability benefits initially. When the definition changes, the question is does your disability prevent you from doing ANY OCCUPATION – such as clerical work, inventory work, or other sedentary type occupations.
The disability company understands that if you are entitled to benefits after this point in time, then chances are you will be receiving benefits for a long time. The disability company does not want this. The "any occupation review" is done by the long-term disability insurance company at or around the time the definition of disability changes in your policy. The change in definition gives the insurance company an opportunity to deny perfectly valid disability claims under the guise of the claimant being able to perform some type of occupation. In doing their "any occupation review," the insurance company will often use a vocational expert (VE) to opine on whether or not with your disability you can perform the substantial and material duties of another occupation.
In some policies, the definition requires that you be suited for the occupation by age, education, training, or skill while others require that the occupation results in you earning, at least, a certain percentage of your pre-disability gross income. However, many policies place no restrictions on the type of occupation the insurance company can say you are qualified for.
You can expect to receive a number of documentation requests and/or interviews in the months leading up to your 24th disability payment. They all have one purpose — finding out what you can do so that they can get you off of claim, and/or bombarding you with so many requests that you may fail to turn one in and then your claim can be dismissed.
You will be faced with a completely new inquiry into your disability. Basically, you will have to prove your disability again, but probably to a more detailed level.
You will probably need to collect additional evidence of your disability and of your inability to perform the tasks the disability company now claims you can do.
If you are lucky, the definition of disability in your policy will give you some added protections – such as you must be able to earn a certain percentage of your pre-disability earnings.
It is important to maintain a good relationship with your doctor. Keep your journal/diary up to date. Make sure your family and friends know of your continued disability and can support your claims if needed.
The unfortunate truth of the "any occupation review" is that many claimants are found by the disability insurance company to be capable of performing, at least, one occupation. Because of this, continued long-term disability benefits will be denied.
If you are faced with an Any Occupation Investigation or Denial, you do not have to fight the insurance company alone. Mandeville long-term disability claimants faced with such a denial can call me for help.
Successfully appealing any occupation denials takes creativity, hard-work, and a detail-oriented approach. If you live in Kenner, or anywhere in Louisiana, and are faced with an Any Occupation long-term disability denial, I may be able to help you. Give me a call at 985-240-9773 or use our simple contact form.
What's the difference between Short-term and Long-term Disability?
As a Louisiana disability lawyer, I have been asked to explain the difference between short-term disability benefits and long-term disability benefits on more than one occasion. This is my attempt to explain the differences and similarities as briefly as possible.
Short-term disability insurance is designed to pay you benefits quicker and for a shorter period of time. The elimination period (the period of time you must be disabled before benefits start) in a short-term disability policy is often from 0-14 days. This means that a short head cold would probably not qualify you for short-term disability. The benefit period usually ranges from 60-180 days (or 2-6 months). This means that you will be paid, if you are disabled, for that period of time.
The universe of ailments and injuries that can qualify you for short-term disability are greater than those for long-term disability because of this. For example, while a broken arm may not last long enough for you to claim a long-term disability, it could qualify you for a short-term disability benefit. For this reason, a short-term disability policy may be referred to as a sick-leave policy.
Short-term disability policies do have terms, conditions, and exclusions that you must be aware of. The number of policies and differences makes it impossible to point them all out here. For this reason, you need to read the policy.
Long-term disability insurance policies, on the other hand, are designed to replace a portion of your income over a longer period of time. For this reason, their elimination period (long-term disability waiting period) is usually longer – often 90-180 days (but policy specific). This means that you will not get paid for the first 3-6 months of your disability. Long-term disability policies can pay you a benefit for a very long time, as long as you are disabled – usually up to a certain age, like 65.
The policy terms, conditions, and exclusions of long-term disability policies are often more onerous (bad for you) than short-term disability policy conditions. Also, because the benefit period is substantially longer, insurance companies carefully review and manage their long-term disability claims.
I should also point out that just because the insurance company approved your short-term disability benefits does not mean they will approve your long-term disability claim. Long-term disability claim denials are common for those coming from short-term disability.
From a legal perspective, I do not see many short-term disability disputes but they do exist. Long-term disability insurance disputes are more common. However, the legal principles applying to reviewing decisions of the insurance company under both short and long-term disability insurance are the same – if the benefits were provided by your employer. There may be a difference if you get one benefit through your job but paid for the other separately.
I hope this brief explanation cleared up some confusion. If you want to discuss your short-term or long-term disability case, call me at 985-240-9773 or use our contact form.
When can I/When should I apply for Social Security Disability Benefits?
If you expect to be out of work for a year or longer or you have a terminal condition, you should not delay in filing a claim for Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) benefits. You may file your claim for SSDI benefits as soon as you become disabled. You must prove that your disability will last at least 12 months or is expected to result in death. You do NOT need to wait to apply until after you have already been disabled for 12 months. You can apply for Social Security Disability benefits online (www.ssa.gov) or at your local Social Security Office. See also blog posting: How long do I need to wait to apply for SSDI?
How Long Should I To Wait To Apply For SSDI Benefits?
The surprising answer is – YOU DON'T NEED TO WAIT!!
You can file for social security disability benefits on the day that your doctor diagnoses you with a disability, or on the first day that you can no longer work because of your disability.
Many people mistakenly believe that they must be disabled for a certain period of time before they can even apply for social security disability benefits. The longer you wait to file, the longer you will have to wait to receive your disability benefits if you are disabled. This is true for Houma social security disability claimants, Thibodaux SSDI claimants, and even those in Galliano applying for social security disability. In fact, it is true throughout Louisiana and the Nation.
If you have a serious illness, disability, or impairment that will last at least a year (or is likely to result in death – like cancer or Lou Gehrig's disease), you can apply on the day the illness, disability or impairment impacts your ability to work.
Now, this does not mean, that if you have a minor illness or injury that will heal within one year, you need to rush out and apply. Don't do it. Your claim will be denied, I cannot help you, and you will be taking up valuable resources needed by those truly disabled.
Remember, a large number of disabled individuals, especially in Louisiana, are denied social security disability benefits when they first apply. Then they have to go through an appeal process, often including a hearing with a judge. Some even have to go to court to have their case approved. The process takes time.
The longer you wait to apply, the longer it takes for the process to get started. I usually recommend that my Louisiana disability clients apply for social security disability as soon as they can no longer work because of their disability to get the process started.
How long does it take to process a Louisiana Social Security Disability appeal?
How long does it take to receive benefits after Social Security Disability approval?
How long does it take for Social Security to make a decision on my SSDI claim?
How Long Does It Take To Get SSDI Benefits After I Am Approved?
Congratulations! Your social security disability benefits claim was approved. If you are like most of my Louisiana disability clients after your SSDI claim has been approved – you want to know WHEN WILL I GET THE DISABILITY BENEFITS I HAVE BEEN AWARDED?
It will usually take a few months for your benefits to start – AFTER YOU RECEIVE A FAVORABLE WRITTEN DECISION.
How long after approval for disability do you get your money?
If you received a favorable decision on your initial application WOW – your benefits will start as soon as the paperwork is processed. You probably won't have to work to obtain back benefits. Your benefits will probably start within 30-90 days, assuming that you have completed the 5 month elimination period.
If your claim went through a hearing with an Administrative Law Judge, you will have to wait longer.; Many ALJs in the New Orleans Social Security and Metairie Social Security hearing offices take about 1-3 months to issue their written decision. When the decision is favorable, the claim file is then sent to the payment processing center, where it can take another 1-3 months for current benefits to start.
How long does it take to get back pay from Social Security?
In some situations, Social Security issues current monthly benefits, but not the back payments. This is because they need to investigate if you received any Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits. If you also have a claim for SSI benefits, you will need to call or go to your local Social Security office for an appointment before your benefits can be released.
Social Security does not have any specific rules on when they will pay you after being approved, but if you have not received your benefits 60 days after your hearing, give your local Social Security office a call.
You can apply for social security disability benefits or supplemental security income benefits in a number of ways.
If an office close to you is not listed, you can find the office that serves you by using Social Security's Find An Office tool.
You should be aware that the in person application, while the most thorough, can take a few hours between the waiting and the application. You should prepare to be there the whole day and have as many records as possible with you. You can also call in advance for an appointment at 1-800-772-1213.
You can also apply for social security disability benefits online.
When Should I Stop Work If Applying For LTD?
You may not be disabled.
In our previous installment, we talked about pre-existing conditions, waiting periods, and effective dates of coverage. Those are important topics to understand when you and your doctor are determining that you can no longer work.
Are you sure that you are covered under your employer's long-term disability policy?
Did you fill out your election timely and has the waiting period passed?
Are you beyond the pre-existing condition exclusion?
These are just a few of the questions that impact whether or not you have coverage and are entitled to benefits at the time you can no longer work.
If you have been following along, you know the importance of having your doctor diagnose your disabling condition.
You also know that your policy contains a specific definition of disability. To get benefits under the policy, you must be disabled according to the definition. Most definitions will require that you could no longer work because of a disability.
Unfortunately, some people stop working BEFORE their doctor diagnoses a disabling condition. When that happens, the person will have no medical proof of a disability until AFTER they stopped working. Sometimes, people file without any medical support.
The long-term disability provider will have an easy decision – that person decided to stop working (quit). The person cannot prove that a disability caused their inability to work. Why? Because they have no medical opinion saying so. The medical opinion only comes after the decision to stop working.
A good example here is the chicken and the egg. You know the one – which came first, the chicken or the egg?
While there is no clear answer on the chicken or the egg, in long-term disability settings there is. You must have a doctor's opinion and medical proof of disability BEFORE stopping work and filing a claim.
You should only stop working after you are certain that you are covered under the long-term disability policy, and you have adequate medical support and documentation. And not before.
Good luck. And, remember the things you need to know before you file your long-term disability claim. If you need help filing a disability claim or appealing a denial, we're here to help. Give us a call at 985-441-3448.


For two young women fresh out of college, the first idea that might spring to mind is a wonderful summer vacation away from home. I could almost hear the seagulls cawing, feel the sand under my feet, and see the waves gracefully meet the beach. On the other hand, two young women fresh out of college also have to think about student loans. What kind of activity can we do that is new and fun… and not far from home? A simple fix, really. Before we get there, everyone meet Kriston, my best friend since before I could talk.
There, much clearer. I guess I should mention that Kriston and I have tried this outdoors exercising routine before. Unfortunately, riding bikes on the trail turned into more of a "can we walk this hill? I don't think I can make it" as well as ceasing all talking because of cotton mouth. Instead of saying no to more fun outdoor activities, Kriston and I took up the idea to go geocaching for the first time. Geocaching, in essence, is an outdoor treasure hunt using GPS devices. As beginners, we received help from Hannah Wiltamuth at the Honey Creek Resort State Park Activities Center. Along with a GPS (and an explanation by Hannah), we were given a map of the caches and a few toys to switch with another at a cache. Without further ado, we said thank you and headed out.
The day is beautiful, if not a little too hot, but what can you expect in June? Our first few steps were to figure out how to follow the GPS now that we were on the trail. For some reason, Kriston held both the map and the GPS. Most likely because I'm terrible at directions. The first cache wasn't too far from the starting point… yet we still managed to pass it. With a little arguing, or what I'd like to call "friendly banter," we backtracked. Not before I got scared half out of my shoes because of a rustling noise in the wooded area. Turns out we weren't the only ones trying to find a cache. We prevailed, though! Our first cache.
As you can see, I now have the GPS and map. Still, we were in the beginning of our treasure hunt and already messed up once. How could we mess up again? Well, you must know not us. The second cache should've just been around the bend. Not quite so close, but close enough. The other geocachers abandoned the hunt after the first one so we were left to fend for ourselves. And when I say that, I actually mean fend for ourselves.
I would feel sorry for her after defending herself from random branches and leaves, but she brought this upon herself. Let's go back and take a look.
Rule number one of geocaching: Just because it looks like there's a trail, doesn't mean that it's supposed to be one. Lesson learned. Of course as we continue in the woods, Kriston quips, "I feel like we're almost there." Rule number two of geocaching: Never trust Kriston's feelings and/or intuition. After a couple (yes, a couple) more wrong turns, we finally find our second cache and switch out a toy. We had a fairly nice view on our walk. It made up for our lack of stamina and overall thirstiness. Actually, the water made it worse. At this point, we were about 45 minutes in and wanted to run into the lake. Next time we're planning on bringing a light pack with some water in it.
Okay. So I feel that I should point out that it wasn't just Kriston that was terrible at finding the caches in the beginning. I was equally responsible. But since I'm writing this, we can keep the responsibility on her shoulders.
So you know that time you lost your car keys and just couldn't find them? The time that your left shoe was nowhere to be found? While you're at it, your right shoe isn't magically appearing, either. This cache was like that. The only difference is that we didn't have the cache before we began.
Eventually we found it. That feeling of "of course it's there" was high on my feeling chart.
In the middle of our adventure, Kriston and I found that I was better at using the GPS and she was better with the map. When I held the map, I never followed it anyway. That left me in Kriston's hands. And we don't want that. We eventually got into a good rhythm of finding the caches. Inside each one, we would sign the logbook with our names.
We made a pretty good team. A rough start, but an awesome middle. Of course, we trekked for 2 and a half hours and needed a break. We found the perfect spot.
Our last cache was the most difficult to find. Like everything that comes around full circle, we unintentionally decided to do the same to this cache as we had to the first. That's right. We passed it and then backtracked. It wasn't really our fault though. I mean, look at this!
However, we kept with the pattern and found this one, too.
Being outside treasure-hunting for three hours was a lot of fun. We were glad to see the path back. Not because we don't like the woods (we're from Iowa, we're used to it!), but because we were thirsty. Oh yeah, remember the toys I was talking about earlier? Look what we ended up with.
Hannah let us keep our prizes. I know we're supposed to act like 22-year-olds, but I felt like a 10-year-old kid. We enjoyed geocaching so much that we're planning on going again. And I'll be sure to post that adventure as well.


After thinking about what you guys have said on my post diesel D7 i got to thinking about the humidity in my humi. I have a desktop 50ct humi. I have a small xikar gel jar and a small tube with beads in it. I have the jar and tube at different ends of the humi. I have my hygrometer at the center and it reads 68%. It is recently calibrated. Had a Rocky Patel do the same thing today. Not as bad as the diesel but not as even as the other cigars out of the same humi. I just seasoned my new coolidor and have som extra KL. should I empty the gel jar and fill it with the KL or could I just had a bad stick? I had a Gurkha yesterday while mowing the grass with no issue. Any advice is appreciated.
Sorry. Yes it is digital.
When'd you get the cigar, and how long was it resting before you smoked it? A lot of retailers ship cigars a little on the wet side, which is why it's good to give them a little rest before smoking.
I can't speak about the beads due to never using them but I will talk about the jar's. If when you fill it with distilled water or Xikar solution and the gels swell's up there good I've had mine way longer than the manufactuter recommends they last a long time I think Xikar recommends there solution but I don't beleive it's neccassary. Depending on what you needs are you can put on or take off the lid with holes in it that comes with them.
i think the beads are great. i used them for years. i switched to the Xikar gel about a year ago. this winter i had a bit more difficult time keeping the RH up. the thing is, a Low RH wont hurt the burn, just the flavor.
im sticking with the gel, but i will still promote the beads.
Did you calibrate your hygrometer ?
Ya. It's calibrated. I just got it about 2 weeks ago. I think I just had to let the smokes rest a little longer. Still might switch out the gel for the kitty litter in my 50ct. Not sure yet.
I give up. I opened up my cooler this am and it jumped up To 77%.I'm done messing with that kitty litter. I'm going to order some beads today. I think I'll get te 65% bc of the high humidity here in Florida. Is that a good idea? Just gotta decide on which ones. The heartfelt beads are a lot more expensive.
The brand of beads you buy does not make a difference, they are the same. When they get to you DO NOT charge them, just place them into your humi. and leave them to soak up the excess moisture. In a day or two you will be golden.
not sure how that works. my KL is sittin pretty. let me know if it makes a difference.
This has been discussed here before. The kitty litter seems like it may work in certain environments. However if you live in an area where there is very high humidity or where the humidity swings a great deal then the kitty litter can't do the job. These beads are designed to both take in and give off humidity within the range they are trained for. It is this ability that the beads have that the kitty litter just can't duplicate. If you live in an area where the kitty litter will work for you year round... consider yourself lucky.
I live 15 minutes away from him, as do the other guys I have given kitty litter to. None have said anything about humidity spikes, so Im thinking his cooler just seals hella tight. My beads keep my cooler at 65-67 year round, and my main humidor at 69-70 with a PG jar in there as well, or a much nicer 67% without it. They definitely absorb and release humidity... that's the whole point of them, is to absorb, but by nature of the material they are made of, release as well. I always see much more stable RH with just KL than I do with KL and PG in the same area... the PG just keep releasing humidity 24/7 and eventually it always creeps higher. That's just my experiences over the last year or more now.
Well, if it is his seal, the results may be similar with the beads. I leave the drain *** of my cooler open all the time and I am in and out of it so much that air exchange is NOT a problem. Have to wait and see if he has any better luck with the beads.
I'm starting to think the seal on my cooler is crazy tight. I took out the litter and only left in the gel. I left it open for a couple hours to air out some. The gel is 70%. Now it's at 73% and holding. I ordered a couple cedar trays hopefully it'll even it out. I couldn't find the conservagel beads. Might order the heartfelt of the trays don't work.
I leave my seal open as well. Mine seals really tight, but I have over a pound of KL in my huge cooler, so it stays consistent.


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text:
How Minimesos is Simplifying the Path from Application Testing to Production
the-new-stack-makers,
17 May 2016 11:23am, by Kiran Oliver
The eternal dilemma: How do you test distributed software on a single machine?
For the Apache Mesos orchestration software, that's where Minimesos comes in. Created to answer the shared frustrations of developers trying to test their applications against their custom frameworks, Minimesos is a series of scripts and tooling that allows Mesos to be run on a local machine. Not only does this new tool run locally, but it also simulates production environments so developers could test their builds against it, speeding up their daily workflow.
In this episode of The New Stack Makers podcast, The New Stack founder Alex Williams sat down with Jamie Dobson, CEO of Container Solutions and Ken Owens, chief technology officer of cloud infrastructure services at Cisco Systems to discuss Minimesos, the challenge of orchestrating microservices, and the future of the enterprise stack. This episode was recorded at Joyent's Container Summit in Las Vegas earlier this month:
Dobson notes developers found that homebrew Mesos frameworks were difficult to test on and deploy into production while Owens noted that Mantl faced similar issues when attempting to tackle workflow automation, particularly when deploying into production for those working locally on their own machines.
"The real problem is not 'it works on my machine' it's 'it orchestrates on my machine' essentially what we're doing with Minimesos is bringing orchestration to the developer's laptop, enabling automated testing and exposure testing. The CI server will also use a Minimesos server," said Dobson.
When developers don't collaborate, the gaps in knowledge are clear to see. These can be disastrous for large IT teams, resulting in scenarios where applications may end up pushed into production with pieces that haven't been properly tested. This is often due to operations teams recreating the wheel for every individual test they run.
"In a large enterprise, you have different developers creating the same testing, and not sharing that knowledge. There's a bunch of silos and test suites built into the development of an app, that once they're pushed into production, they don't know if it will work well. There's a unit versus system dilemma. Mantl focused in on that problem, bridging the gap between unit test and system test," said Owens.
Cisco and Joyent are sponsors of The New Stack.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


that laid a scrambled egg?
It's amazing how stupid people can be, isn't it?
Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice! Moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue.
A Chicken is caged before culling, a gunner is jailed after crime. So a woman wanting gun control is no chicken.


The very best thing about this place besides the fact that it is very beautiful are the Beavers.
This evening, I had a beaver swim by my boat.
I rowed the dinghy ashore for a hike among all the blueberries.
And tonight I ate dinner with Jerry and Cindy on a beautiful Catalina 34.
Tomorrow i will stay put and let a cold front with thunderstorms pass through.


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text:
Q: What is the fastest way to populate one pandas dataframe based on values from another pandas dataframe? I have a pandas dataframe position
        row    column
  1      3     Brazil
  2      6     USA
  3      3     USA
  4      7     Canada

and another x
        Brazil   Canada  USA
  1     False    False   False
  2     False    False   False
  3     False    False   False
  4     False    False   False
  5     False    False   False
  6     False    False   False
  7     False    False   False

I want to populate the second one based on the values from the first one, so the result is:
        Brazil   Canada  USA
  1     False    False   False
  2     False    False   False
  3     True     False   True
  4     False    False   False
  5     False    False   False
  6     False    False   True
  7     False    True    False

I'm doing that using iterrows()
  for i, r in positions.iterrows():
      x.at[r['row'],r['column']] = True

Is there a faster way to do that?

A: I will do crosstab with update
x.update(pd.crosstab(df.row,df.column).eq(1))
x
Out[44]:
  Brazil Canada    USA
1  False  False  False
2  False  False  False
3   True  False   True
4  False  False  False
5  False  False  False
6  False  False   True
7  False   True  False

A: You can pivot the positions table:
s = (df.assign(dummy=True).set_index(['row','column'])
       ['dummy'].unstack(fill_value=False)
    )
x |= s

Output:
   Brazil  Canada    USA
1   False   False  False
2   False   False  False
3    True   False   True
4   False   False  False
5   False   False  False
6   False   False   True
7   False    True  False

A: searchsorted and slice assignment with iloc
This assumes that index and columns in x are sorted.
We'll use iloc and tuples of positions to assign the value of True

i = tuple(x.index.searchsorted(df.row))
j = tuple(x.columns.searchsorted(df.column))

x.iloc[[i, j]] = True
x

   Brazil  Canada    USA
1   False   False  False
2   False   False  False
3    True   False   True
4   False   False  False
5   False   False  False
6   False   False   True
7   False    True  False

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Q: cloud firestore role based access example: can user create a comment? While reading the cloud firestore role based access example https://firebase.google.com/docs/firestore/solutions/role-based-access#rules, step 4, I find it not clear whether the user can create a comment or not.
According to the above link, the comment is owned by a user, here is the data model:
/stories/{storyid}/comments/{commentid}
{
  user: "alice",
  content: "I think this is a great story!"
}

And the rules:
match /comments/{comment} {
  allow read: if isOneOfRoles(get(/databases/$(database)/documents/stories/$(story)),
                              ['owner', 'writer', 'commenter', 'reader']);
  // Owners, writers, and commenters can create comments. The
  // user id in the comment document must match the requesting
  // user's id.
  //
  // Note: we have to use get() here to retrieve the story
  // document so that we can check the user's role.
  allow create: if isOneOfRoles(get(/databases/$(database)/documents/stories/$(story)),
                                ['owner', 'writer', 'commenter'])
                && request.resource.data.user == request.auth.uid;
}

Note the last line of the rules, to create the comment, the authenticated user (request.auth.uid) has to be the user who is the owner of the comment. However, before even create this comment, how can this user property exist? Maybe, when create the comment, do not require the last segment of the rule "&& request.resource.data.user == request.auth.uid". But when update the comment, can add this rule.
Did I miss anything? Btw, do they actually test examples before using them for online reference? It is also a pity that there is no timestamp when these online documents are created. I was told nowadays things two years old can be obsolete.

A: The request.resource variable contains the document as it will exist after this operation is completed (assuming it is allowed). So request.resource.data.user is the value of the user field that the operation is trying to write, not the value as it currently exists (that'd be resource.data.user, without request.).


text:
December 7th, 2015 | by Alex Gramling
4 Ways Healthcare Providers are Innovating with IBM Watson Technology
IBM's top physician says the supercomputing power of Watson will help healthcare providers "personalize and predict outcomes."
Kyu Rhee, MD, is a primary care physician and the Chief Health Officer for IBM's workforce. According to Fortune, Rhee is joining IBM's Watson Health unit with the same title.
"This is really the natural evolution of what I've been doing for the past 20 years," said Rhee recently on Fortune.com. "I remember being in a clinical setting with my paper-based charts and medical textbooks, facing the pressure to try to read all that data and digest it. It wasn't humanly possible.
"Now, Watson has the cognitive computing power to deliver those insights quickly when they're most needed."
Watson is the first commercially available cognitive computing system, designed to analyze high volumes of data and propose evidence based answers. The system continuously learns, increasing its value and knowledge over time.
Earlier this year, IBM announced the formation of Watson Health, a business unit to help providers and insurers gain "new insights from the massive amount of personal health data being created daily."
Rhee is charged with encouraging clinical use of Watson and ensuring the system meets the needs of physicians and other healthcare providers. Several initiatives utilizing Watson technology are already underway or are in the planning stages. Among them:
CVS Health: The retail pharmacy giant is partnering with IBM to help patients better manage chronic conditions. CVS pharmacists or practitioners at its Minute Clinics will use Watson to "draw on a much greater breadth of information to ensure that you get the highest quality outcome," IBM's Steven Gold told Bloomberg TV.
Gold says a pharmacist reviewing a prescription for asthma medication might also take into consideration local pollen counts or information from a patient's wearable device to deliver more personalized health recommendations. A pilot utilizing Watson analytics in CVS stores could be launched early in 2016.
Welltok and Apple Watch: Denver-based population health app developer Welltok uses Watson to provide wellness advice to wearers of the Apple Watch. It has developed an app that users can talk to directly to get answers to questions about health, nutrition or exercise.
The app might also proactively push health information to a user, for example, offering restaurant recommendations to someone watching their cholesterol. For now, the Apple Watch version of the app is only available to internal IBM employees as a pilot program. IBM is offering free or discounted watches to its employees to incentivize use.
Mayo Clinic: A key challenge in launching clinical trials is encouraging patient enrollment. Mayo Clinic hopes to more quickly match prospective participants to trials with help from Watson.
In a joint initiative announced in September, Mayo said its new Watson system is being trained to analyze patient records and clinical trial criteria in order to determine appropriate matches for patients. Watson also may help locate patients for hard-to-fill trials, such as those involving rare diseases.
Cancer Center Research: Fourteen U.S. and Canadian cancer institutes have signed on to share genetic data from tumors with Watson in an effort to generate more personalized drug treatment options. According to Business Insider, "it can take weeks to identify drugs targeting cancer-causing mutations. Watson can do it in minutes and has in its database the findings of scientific papers and clinical trials on particular cancers and potential therapies."
The Cleveland Clinic and Yale Cancer Center are among those participating in the project. Oncology researchers note, however, that even with better data, the utility of personalized drug recommendations may be limited, as chemotherapy and radiation remain the standard of care for many common forms of cancer.
Tags: IBM mhealth wearable
The 18 Most Bizarre ICD-10 Codes [Infographic]
Improve EHR Adoption by Starting at the Beginning
Help Us Find This Year's Top Healthcare IT Blogs


What is the proper way of editing foreign keys in-line in the CMS?
I have a table with around 20 columns. Say the name is 'table1'.
I've been thinking of changing that so that each entry in the table has links to 20 rows in a different table ('table2'), which is basically a key/value store (so contains three columns only: table1_id, key, value).
If I did that using `$has_many` in my `Table1_model`, I'd probably end up with 20 dropdown menus, and editing each of them would open up a new modal window etc, requiring quite a lot of mouse clicks.
Is there an easier way to do this? Or do I need to manually load everything from the database in `form_fields`, set up the field names ensuring they're distinct, and then insert/update rows in `table2` in one of the "hook" methods?
Is there a more elegant way to do this in FuelCMS?
There is a $foreign_keys = array(); property on the model you can set to the column name(s) that are foreign keys to other models.
Hey David, thanks for the reply. Wouldn't using $foreign_keys yield the same result thugh? I mean the database structure would be slightly different as it'd use the fuel_relationships table, but in terms of display, the fields would look the same either way right?
I dug around the source code a bit and found that when layout variables are displayed in the `Pages` view, it does kind of something similar where the variables are all POSTed with names pre-fixed with a special string (I think it was `vars--`), and then re-processed on the other end.
I guess stripping that functionality out would be quite a task though :-( As I understand Layouts in FUELCMS are only used for pages, and cannot be used in any module.


We grow up. Many of us get married. Some of us have children. And when that happens, everything changes. You realize that you're responsible for the positive upbringing of a child, and you can't simply wing it any more. You have to plan for the future now, because your child can't simply make it on his or her own if you can no longer provide.
I went through this very process myself as a young adult. When I was single, I didn't really worry about the future much at all – if I were to suddenly drop dead, it wouldn't really have much of an impact on the rest of the world. When I got married, I occasionally thought about how my passing would affect my wife, but again, it was not something that ever seemed pressing.
When I had children, though, everything changed. As I held my children in my arms and witnessed how defenseless they were, I quickly began to realize that I needed to plan for their future – and protect them in the event of the unthinkable.
This is a resolution that many new parents make. Their heart is in the right place – they sense that they need to protect their kids – but actually taking the steps to ensure protection can be harder than it seems. Thus, like many resolutions, this one falls to the wayside along the road paved with good intentions.
Don't let it happen. Here are some direct actions you can take to protect your family's future right now.
Life insurance A simple term life insurance policy for yourself (and for your spouse) to cover your child-rearing years can go a long way towards ensuring the financial stability of your children during their childhood. For younger adults (such as those with young children), term policy rates are pretty inexpensive – don't hesitate to shop around.
How much should I get? There is no set recipe to follow in terms of amount, but it's probably good to have a policy worth at least enough to pay off all household debts provide at least a couple years' worth of your income to the family.
Long term disability and care insurance Many people overlook these types of insurance, but much like life insurance, they're very low cost for a young adult and they provide protection for your children against an unthinkable situation. Much like life insurance, shop around for both kinds of policies and know what they cover.
Your will This is often something that's done in conjunction with one's spouse. The major decision that most people have to make with regards to their children is who you wish to assign guardianship to in the event of both of you passing.
Don't take this decision lightly. Spend some time considering the options available to you, and don't be surprised if you come to an unexpected conclusion in the end. You may find that as you consider the situation more deeply, the factors of highest importance to you in choosing a guardian actually change, and that may actually change who you would choose to be a guardian for your child.
The actual process of creating a will is simple and only takes a brief session with a lawyer (I tend not to trust do-it-yourself will packages). Even if you've not considered the question above, call now and make an appointment with a lawyer you trust. That way, the date is set in stone and you're sure to go through with it.
College education planning Another important element for parents to consider is their child's college education. Do you intend to pay for all of it, just contribute a portion of the cost, or have the child pay for the cost? Different parents have different philosophies when it comes to this crucial decision, but if you decide to help, you should start as early as possible.
How? The most straightforward route – and one that has solid tax benefits, too – is to open up a 529 college savings plan for your child. 529 plans allow all interest earned to be tax free if it's used for educational costs, and often the contributions are tax-deductible on one's state income tax. Use Google to identify the plans available in your state. Most plans offer a customized investment vehicle that starts off aggressively when the child is young, then scales back to more conservative investments as the child grows older and approaches college age.
The big dilemma will be choosing how much to contribute. I recommend setting up an automatic contribution plan where you contribute a small, reasonable amount each month. This way, once you've set up the plan, you really don't have to actively think about it too much – it just slowly builds up for your child over time.


TORONTO CAT WOMAN: "Aquaman" - Amber Heard Has "Allure"
"Aquaman" - Amber Heard Has "Allure"
"It's interesting," said Heard about her 'Mera' look.
...introduced as the former 'Queen of Dimension Aqua', 'Queen of Atlantis' and wife of 'Arthur Curry' aka 'Aquaman'.
In her first appearance, Mera is fleeing the criminal 'Leron', who seized control of her kingdom, when she arrives on the surface and meets human 'Arthur Currey' aka 'Aquaman' who vows to help her.
Aided by the water spirit known as 'Quisp', Aquaman manages to free Mera and defeat Leron.


text:
Norwegian Police Haven't Killed Anyone in Nearly 10 Years
Police in Norway hardly ever use their guns, a new report released by the Scandinavian country's government shows. In fact, it's been almost 10 years since law enforcement shot and killed someone, in 2006.
Perhaps the most telling instance was when terrorist Anders Breivik opened fire in 2011 and killed 77 people in Utoya and Oslo. Authorities fired back at him, all right, but only a single time. In 2014, officers drew their guns 42 times, but they fired just two shots while on duty. No one was hurt in either of those instances.
Considering that police officers in the United States have killed more than 600 people this year alone, the report certainly is eye-opening. Of course, law enforcement officials in the United States face greater threats of violence while on duty.
Guns are not central to police activity in Norway, which is one reason why the law enforcement shooting rates are so low. As in Britain, police in Norway typically patrol while unarmed and only bear arms in extenuating situations.
In the past, experts have said that reevaluating U.S. law enforcement tactics–specifically having less of an emphasis on force and making face-to-face interactions more common–could help cut the shooting rates there, at least in the short term. A more complicated issue is the relative lack of trust in police officers in the U.S.
Sociologist Guðmundur Oddsson, speaking to Tech Insider, said Norwegians' higher sense of trust in law enforcement was perhaps one of the reasons for the country's low gun violence rates. "Trust is an extremely powerful mechanism of informal social control. In smaller, more ethnically homogeneous countries like Norway, building that trust is easy. People feel a sense of togetherness for many reasons, including the fact that most people look similar and hold similar beliefs," he said.
Related Topics:InternationalNorwegian
Two Trains Derail Sending Carriages Tumbling into River
VIDEO Bin Laden Family Members Killed In Jet Crash
Who are China's Leftover Women?
Turkey Launches Airstrikes Following a Deadly Ankara Bombing
Brazil Government Reels From Massive Protests
#Nirbhaya: Convict in Indian Gang Rape, Murder Case is Released
Air France CEO: Device Found on Flight Was Fake Bomb Made of Cardboard and Timer
Air India Employee Dies After Being Sucked into Plane Engine at Mumbai Airport
Syria al-Qaeda Leader Attacked, Unsure of His Survival
An air strike struck Abu al-Khayr al-Masri in the Syrian province of Idlib on Sunday, based on unconfirmed reports.
The Egyptian is second-in-command to overall al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri, according to BBC News.
Syrian opposition forces, the Local Co-ordination Committees, posted a photo of the car which was targeted for the attack, as stated by them.
Car with roof shattered is shown in photo taken from Syrian opposition activists
The car, in the town of al-Mastuma, was targeted by "international coalition aircraft", the group said.
Additionally, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that an al-Qaeda official was killed in a strike, but did not confirm it was Abu al-Khayr al-Masri.
The Egyptian, whose real name is Abdullah Muhammad Rajab Abd al-Rahman, was reportedly released from custody by Iran in 2015 as part of a prisoner swap.
Last year, Abu al-Khayr al-Masri was reported to have given his blessing to a decision by al-Qaeda's affiliate in Syria, al-Nusra Front, to cut formal ties with the global jihadist network.
The Syrian jihadist with ties broken with al-Qaeda had renamed its name to Jabhat Fateh Al-Sham, as reported by CNN.
According to Ahmad Hasan Abu al Khayr al-Masri, al-Qaeda has embraced the split. The man Masri would replace as an upranking to No. 2 of the leadership position in the terror group, is al Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri. Zawahiri expressed his opinion on the split in a supportive manner and called for infighting between jihadist groups to end.
Although Jabhat Fateh al-Sham was no longer linked to an external entity, the U.S. still kept it on its list of foreign terrorist groups and continued to target air strikes.
Therefore, in January, Jabhat Fateh al-Sham dissolved itself and formed an alliance with four smaller Syrian jihadist groups called Hayat Tahrir al-Sham. The move seemed to deem an attempt by the group to distance itself from al-Qaeda.
Tahrir al-Sham as since then fought rebel groups for control of the Idlib province in Syria, implying that it was them who had instigated suicide bombs on Saturday against the military in the government-controlled city of Homs.
Although the death of Abu al-Khayr al-Masri is uncertain, the Guardian has stated that he has been killed based off of what jihadists are stating.
The immediate circumstances of Masri's death were unclear. Video online showed a tan four-door Kia sedan destroyed at a roadside with a large hole in its canopy but its windscreen mostly intact. The location of the attack was unusually far west for a US drone strike.
Honor Killings are Never Justifiable, Not Ever or Anywhere!
I have decided to shed some light on some insights about honor killings, amidst one that occurred in my parents' home country, Pakistan, yesterday. An upcoming supermodel by the name of Qandeel Baloch was killed by her brother in Multan, Paksitan while her parents were in their bedroom, asleep. The model was allegedly there to visit family or for other reasons. The brother who strangled her to death, reportedly after he drugged her, was interviewed and showed no remorse for his wrongdoing. Of course, what he did is inexcusable in all ways and is unsurpassable as a violation and a wrongdoing!
Baloch's brother, who took her life, was embarrassed by his sister's career as a supermodel and was aghast at her actions in this profession. This, however, can never justify the fact that he felt he had to end her life. Not only in this culture, mostly and especially in Pakistan's rural areas, is this prevalent. It happens in other areas of the world and this is not attributable to Pakistanis or any type of Muslim or the religion itself, Islam. Anyway, surely you can recall the incident that was reported on television a few years ago. A man killed his daughter by running her over with a car, as well as her attempts to kill her boyfriend and his mother. He killed her because she had a boyfriend.
Oppressing women is not taught in any culture or religion, and is inexcusable in any way. A woman has the right to live however she pleases, at least I genuinely believe in this, and she should not have to fear for her life.
Turkish Military Attempts to Overthrow President
Alia Knight
Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan insisted to the nation Saturday that his government is in charge following a coup attempt brought a night of explosions, air battles, gunfire and unrest across the capital and left at least 90 dead, 1,154 people wounded and more than 1,000 military personnel detained.
In a press conference at Ataturk Airport, Erdogan said the architects of the coup attempt would "pay a heavy price" and vowed he would "not surrender this country to intruders."
A senior Turkish official told the Associated Press that 1,563 military personnel have been detained in the coup attempt.
A Turkish lawmaker contacted by Reuters said he and his colleagues were hiding in special shelters in the bowels of the parliament building after at least three explosions near the complex in the capital, Ankara. Parliament Speaker Ismail Kahraman told the Associated Press a bomb hit one corner of a public relations building inside the parliament complex, injuring some police officers.
Elsewhere, troops also fired in the air to disperse a growing crowd of government supporters at the Taksim monument in Istanbul as military helicopters flew overhead. A nearby mosque made an anti-coup announcement over its loudspeakers.
Erdogan insisted that the coup attempt wouldn't succeed.
"They have pointed the people's guns against the people. The president, whom 52 percent of the people brought to power, is in charge," he said. "This government brought to power by the people, is in charge. They won't succeed as long as we stand against them by risking everything."
In his TV address, Erdogan blamed the attack on supporters of Fethullah Gulen.
Erdogan has long accused the cleric and his supporters of attempting to overthrow the government. The cleric lives in exile in Pennsylvania and promotes a philosophy that blends a mystical form of Islam with staunch advocacy of democracy, education, science and interfaith dialogue.
Turkey's allies, fellow NATO member nations and world leaders swiftly reacted Friday to an attempted coup Friday night, which could spur immense implications, not only in the Middle East, but also in the West.
"The United States views with gravest concern events unfolding in Turkey," said Secretary of State John Kerry.
He said the State Department was "monitoring a fluid situation," and "emphasized the United States' absolute support for Turkey's democratically-elected, civilian government and democratic institutions."
The U.S. State Department urged U.S. citizens in Turkey to shelter in place during the attempted coup.
President Barack Obama had been briefed on the situation. "The president and secretary agreed that all parties in Turkey should support the democratically-elected government of Turkey, show restraint and avoid any violence or bloodshed," a White House statement said.
NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg wrote in a tweet that he spoke with the Turkish foreign minister. "I call for calm, restraint & full respect for Turkey's democratic institutions and constitution," Stoltenberg wrote, without saying what actions, if any, NATO would take. Turkey joined NATO in 1952.
United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appealed for calm as the world body sought to clarify the situation, said a U.N. spokesman.
"The Secretary-General is closely following developments in Turkey. He is aware of the reports of a coup attempt in the country. The United Nations is seeking to clarify the situation on the ground and appeals for calm," said spokesman Farhan Haq.
Britain's government was also monitoring the turmoil. "We are concerned by events unfolding in Ankara and Istanbul. Our Embassy is monitoring the situation closely," a British foreign ministry spokeswoman said.
British Foreign Minister Boris Johnson also said he was "very concerned."
The foreign minister of Turkey's neighbor to the east said he was "deeply concerned about the crisis in Turkey."
"Stability, democracy & safety of Turkish people are paramount. Unity & prudence are imperative," Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif wrote in a tweet.
Slovakia, which holds the rotating European Union presidency, said on Saturday it was following the events unfolding in Turkey with serious concern, and was coordinating appropriate reaction with EU partners.
"Foreign Minister Miroslav Lajcak has been in intensive contact all evening with EU high foreign affairs representative Federica Mogherini and other European colleagues," the Foreign Ministry said in a statement.
"He has also been in contact with partners in the Turkish government with the aim to clarify the situation in Turkey and discuss steps that the EU should take with the aim to maintain and support democracy and stability in the country."
EU foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini said she was "in constant contact with EU delegation in Ankara and Brussels from Mongolia." She called for "restraint and respect for democratic institutions."
The Kremlin said it was gravely concerned. Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov told reporters on a conference call that President Vladimir Putin was being kept constantly updated on the situation in Turkey.


text:
Everyday Health Lung & Respiratory Cold & Flu
Taking Antiviral Drugs as Flu Treatment
There's no medication to cure the flu, or any other viral infection. But antiviral drugs can shorten the duration and stop the virus from replicating — helping you to get well sooner.
By Diana Rodriguez
Medically Reviewed by Lindsey Marcellin, MD, MPH
Home Remedies and OTC Treatments to Get Rid of Cold Sores
Is It Ever Too Early or Too Late for a Flu Shot?
When you've got the flu, all you want is to feel better. And when all the hot chicken soup and fluffy pillows in the world aren't enough to help you feel human again, you might have another option — antiviral drugs.
Antiviral drugs are those used to help shorten the duration of flu symptoms — but they're not a flu treatment that will cure you. They won't make you immediately feel back to normal, and they aren't necessary to help you get over the flu. Whether you take antivirals or not, you'll eventually get over the flu.
How Antiviral Drugs Work
"Antiviral medicines work by biochemically making it impossible for the virus to replicate," explains Randy Wexler, MD, assistant professor of family medicine at the Ohio State University College of Medicine in Columbus.
Preventing replication prevents the spawn of new viruses, which in turn keeps them from invading and infecting other cells throughout the body. What that means is that you start to feel better more quickly because the virus doesn't overwhelm your body, and your symptoms overall may not be as severe. Typically, you will get better only a couple of days earlier than you might have.
Some antivirals can even be taken preventively, to help reduce your risk of getting the flu if you've been in close personal contact with someone who has it.
Types of Antivirals
In 1999, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved two antivirals (which currently do not have generic equivalents) to treat the flu:
Zanamivir (Relenza)
Oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu)
There are two older antivirals (which are also available as generics) also approved by the FDA:
Amantadine hydrochloride (Symmetrel)
Rimantadine/rimantadine hydrochloride (Flumadine)
But these older antiviral drugs only work on one main type of flu virus, and even then, many of the strains that circulate today are resistant to these drugs, which means these drugs are not effective against them.
Taking Antivirals
It's clear that antiviral drugs aren't miracle medications, but they can be helpful when you need to drag yourself out of bed and function throughout your day. But there's definitely a catch — you've got to be diagnosed with the flu quickly after symptoms start and begin treatment right away in order to get the benefit of antivirals.
"These medications need to be taken within 48 hours of onset of symptoms or they do not work," says Dr. Wexler. "These medications are typically not indicated for those under age 1, but can be used if done so cautiously."
Tamiflu comes in capsules and in liquid (oral suspension) form. Always follow the directions on the label as to how much to take and how often. Ask your doctor if you have any questions. If you are prescribed the liquid form, store it in the refrigerator and shake it before each use. Also, be sure to carefully measure out the prescribed amount using a syringe marked with the same unit of measure as the medicine label (milliliters, mL, or milligrams, mg). Take the medication only for the amount of time indicated by your doctor. Throw away any leftover medicine after that time.
Pros and Cons of Antiviral Drugs
As with any medication, there are pros and cons to taking an antiviral drug. In addition to helping you get over the flu faster, antivirals can offer some protection from the risk of developing potentially life-threatening complications for people who are at a high risk, such as those with other serious medical conditions. As for the cons, there are some side effects to consider, says Wexler. Though antivirals "are relatively safe," he says, "as with any medication they do have side effects."
Though not typically serious, the side effects can be pretty uncomfortable, and can include vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. More serious side effects including confusion, behavioral changes, and seizures have rarely been reported in children. Allergic skin reactions can also occur.
So before you and your doctor decide if an antiviral regimen is a good option to help you get through the flu, it's important to weigh the pros and cons — the benefits of feeling better faster versus the possible side effects on top of your illness.
Learn more in the Everyday Health Cold and Flu Center.
The Latest in Cold & Flu
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Carry hand sanitizer. Speak up. Get a flu shot — and more. The great-great-granddaughter of Emily Post offers helpful hygiene etiquette tips for stayi...
7 Natural Flu Remedies That Actually Work
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Overview of Xofluza, First New FDA-Approved Drug for Flu Treatment in 20 Years
Flu Season Tips for Washing Your Hands
Whether you use soap and water or hand sanitizers, keeping your hands germ-free can help protect you against influenza.
Number of Children Missing Critical Vaccines Continues to Rise
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New Flu Research May Signal a Novel Treatment
A study has zeroed in on what makes a particular influenza strain so hard to fight.
Staying Healthy on an Airplane May Have to Do With Where You Sit
A germs-on-a-plane study tracked how infectious diseases are spread on passenger flights.
Norovirus Strikes Winter Olympics
Athletes are among those taken ill at the Games as the number of confirmed cases climbs.
Can a Popular Flu Medicine Be Dangerous?
Reports highlight potentially serious side effects for children taking Tamiflu.
Is It a Cold, the Flu, or Pneumonia?
It can be tough to tell the difference between a common cold and something more serious.
Top 10 Home Remedies for the Common Cold
The best cold remedies are often the easiest and the most reliable — chicken soup included.
Why Your Cough Symptoms Get Worse at Night
A persistent cough tends to get worse at night — just when you're trying to get the good sleep you need to feel better. Here's why it happens and what...
Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Phlegm and Mucus
Learn what causes otherwise imperceptible substances to become a noticeable bother.
Why Do We Get Chills With a Fever?
It's one of the human body's great mysteries. Learn how you can shiver with chills in the midst of a burning fever.
10 Tips for Day and Night Cough Relief
From drugstore staples to home remedies, find out what you should include in your arsenal for fast cough relief.
Earache: Is It a Cold or an Ear Infection?
Pain in your ear can be caused by a cold, an ear infection, or both. Learn the cause of your earache to get much-needed relief.
A Lonely Heart Could Worsen a Cold
People who feel isolated tend to have worse symptoms, research shows.
Flu Hospitalizations, Deaths Increasing: CDC
But health officials still characterize the season as average.
Do I Have a Cold or the Flu?
Figuring out if you have a cold or the flu can be difficult. Learn how to spot the differences.
When Should You See a Doctor for a Cold?
The common cold usually goes away within a week or two, but it can sometimes lead to other health-related complications.


text:
<!-- Generated by documentation.js. Update this documentation by updating the source code. -->

### Table of Contents

-   [rotate](#rotate)
-   [extract](#extract)
-   [flip](#flip)
-   [flop](#flop)
-   [sharpen](#sharpen)
-   [blur](#blur)
-   [extend](#extend)
-   [flatten](#flatten)
-   [trim](#trim)
-   [gamma](#gamma)
-   [negate](#negate)
-   [normalise](#normalise)
-   [normalize](#normalize)
-   [convolve](#convolve)
-   [threshold](#threshold)
-   [boolean](#boolean)

## rotate

Rotate the output image by either an explicit angle
or auto-orient based on the EXIF `Orientation` tag.

Use this method without angle to determine the angle from EXIF data.
Mirroring is supported and may infer the use of a flip operation.

The use of `rotate` implies the removal of the EXIF `Orientation` tag, if any.

Method order is important when both rotating and extracting regions,
for example `rotate(x).extract(y)` will produce a different result to `extract(y).rotate(x)`.

**Parameters**

-   `angle` **[Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number)?** 0, 90, 180 or 270. (optional, default `auto`)

**Examples**

```javascript
const pipeline = sharp()
  .rotate()
  .resize(null, 200)
  .toBuffer(function (err, outputBuffer, info) {
    // outputBuffer contains 200px high JPEG image data,
    // auto-rotated using EXIF Orientation tag
    // info.width and info.height contain the dimensions of the resized image
  });
readableStream.pipe(pipeline);
```

-   Throws **[Error](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error)** Invalid parameters

Returns **Sharp**

## extract

Extract a region of the image.

-   Use `extract` before `resize` for pre-resize extraction.
-   Use `extract` after `resize` for post-resize extraction.
-   Use `extract` before and after for both.

**Parameters**

-   `options` **[Object](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object)**
    -   `options.left` **[Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number)** zero-indexed offset from left edge
    -   `options.top` **[Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number)** zero-indexed offset from top edge
    -   `options.width` **[Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number)** dimension of extracted image
    -   `options.height` **[Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number)** dimension of extracted image

**Examples**

```javascript
sharp(input)
  .extract({ left: left, top: top, width: width, height: height })
  .toFile(output, function(err) {
    // Extract a region of the input image, saving in the same format.
  });
```

```javascript
sharp(input)
  .extract({ left: leftOffsetPre, top: topOffsetPre, width: widthPre, height: heightPre })
  .resize(width, height)
  .extract({ left: leftOffsetPost, top: topOffsetPost, width: widthPost, height: heightPost })
  .toFile(output, function(err) {
    // Extract a region, resize, then extract from the resized image
  });
```

-   Throws **[Error](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error)** Invalid parameters

Returns **Sharp**

## flip

Flip the image about the vertical Y axis. This always occurs after rotation, if any.
The use of `flip` implies the removal of the EXIF `Orientation` tag, if any.

**Parameters**

-   `flip` **[Boolean](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Boolean)?**  (optional, default `true`)

Returns **Sharp**

## flop

Flop the image about the horizontal X axis. This always occurs after rotation, if any.
The use of `flop` implies the removal of the EXIF `Orientation` tag, if any.

**Parameters**

-   `flop` **[Boolean](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Boolean)?**  (optional, default `true`)

Returns **Sharp**

## sharpen

Sharpen the image.
When used without parameters, performs a fast, mild sharpen of the output image.
When a `sigma` is provided, performs a slower, more accurate sharpen of the L channel in the LAB colour space.
Separate control over the level of sharpening in "flat" and "jagged" areas is available.

**Parameters**

-   `sigma` **[Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number)?** the sigma of the Gaussian mask, where `sigma = 1 + radius / 2`.
-   `flat` **[Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number)?** the level of sharpening to apply to "flat" areas. (optional, default `1.0`)
-   `jagged` **[Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number)?** the level of sharpening to apply to "jagged" areas. (optional, default `2.0`)

-   Throws **[Error](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error)** Invalid parameters

Returns **Sharp**

## blur

Blur the image.
When used without parameters, performs a fast, mild blur of the output image.
When a `sigma` is provided, performs a slower, more accurate Gaussian blur.

**Parameters**

-   `sigma` **[Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number)?** a value between 0.3 and 1000 representing the sigma of the Gaussian mask, where `sigma = 1 + radius / 2`.

-   Throws **[Error](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error)** Invalid parameters

Returns **Sharp**

## extend

Extends/pads the edges of the image with the colour provided to the `background` method.
This operation will always occur after resizing and extraction, if any.

**Parameters**

-   `extend` **([Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number) \| [Object](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object))** single pixel count to add to all edges or an Object with per-edge counts
    -   `extend.top` **[Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number)?**
    -   `extend.left` **[Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number)?**
    -   `extend.bottom` **[Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number)?**
    -   `extend.right` **[Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number)?**

**Examples**

```javascript
// Resize to 140 pixels wide, then add 10 transparent pixels
// to the top, left and right edges and 20 to the bottom edge
sharp(input)
  .resize(140)
  .background({r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 0})
  .extend({top: 10, bottom: 20, left: 10, right: 10})
  ...
```

-   Throws **[Error](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error)** Invalid parameters

Returns **Sharp**

## flatten

Merge alpha transparency channel, if any, with `background`.

**Parameters**

-   `flatten` **[Boolean](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Boolean)?**  (optional, default `true`)

Returns **Sharp**

## trim

Trim "boring" pixels from all edges that contain values within a percentage similarity of the top-left pixel.

**Parameters**

-   `tolerance` **[Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number)?** value between 1 and 99 representing the percentage similarity. (optional, default `10`)

-   Throws **[Error](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error)** Invalid parameters

Returns **Sharp**

## gamma

Apply a gamma correction by reducing the encoding (darken) pre-resize at a factor of `1/gamma`
then increasing the encoding (brighten) post-resize at a factor of `gamma`.
This can improve the perceived brightness of a resized image in non-linear colour spaces.
JPEG and WebP input images will not take advantage of the shrink-on-load performance optimisation
when applying a gamma correction.

**Parameters**

-   `gamma` **[Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number)?** value between 1.0 and 3.0. (optional, default `2.2`)

-   Throws **[Error](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error)** Invalid parameters

Returns **Sharp**

## negate

Produce the "negative" of the image.

**Parameters**

-   `negate` **[Boolean](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Boolean)?**  (optional, default `true`)

Returns **Sharp**

## normalise

Enhance output image contrast by stretching its luminance to cover the full dynamic range.

**Parameters**

-   `normalise` **[Boolean](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Boolean)?**  (optional, default `true`)

Returns **Sharp**

## normalize

Alternative spelling of normalise.

**Parameters**

-   `normalize` **[Boolean](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Boolean)?**  (optional, default `true`)

Returns **Sharp**

## convolve

Convolve the image with the specified kernel.

**Parameters**

-   `kernel` **[Object](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object)**
    -   `kernel.width` **[Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number)** width of the kernel in pixels.
    -   `kernel.height` **[Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number)** width of the kernel in pixels.
    -   `kernel.kernel` **[Array](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array)<[Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number)>** Array of length `width*height` containing the kernel values.
    -   `kernel.scale` **[Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number)?** the scale of the kernel in pixels. (optional, default `sum`)
    -   `kernel.offset` **[Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number)?** the offset of the kernel in pixels. (optional, default `0`)

**Examples**

```javascript
sharp(input)
  .convolve({
    width: 3,
    height: 3,
    kernel: [-1, 0, 1, -2, 0, 2, -1, 0, 1]
  })
  .raw()
  .toBuffer(function(err, data, info) {
    // data contains the raw pixel data representing the convolution
    // of the input image with the horizontal Sobel operator
  });
```

-   Throws **[Error](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error)** Invalid parameters

Returns **Sharp**

## threshold

Any pixel value greather than or equal to the threshold value will be set to 255, otherwise it will be set to 0.

**Parameters**

-   `threshold` **[Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number)?** a value in the range 0-255 representing the level at which the threshold will be applied. (optional, default `128`)
-   `options` **[Object](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object)?**
    -   `options.greyscale` **[Boolean](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Boolean)?** convert to single channel greyscale. (optional, default `true`)
    -   `options.grayscale` **[Boolean](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Boolean)?** alternative spelling for greyscale. (optional, default `true`)

-   Throws **[Error](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error)** Invalid parameters

Returns **Sharp**

## boolean

Perform a bitwise boolean operation with operand image.

This operation creates an output image where each pixel is the result of
the selected bitwise boolean `operation` between the corresponding pixels of the input images.

**Parameters**

-   `operand` **([Buffer](https://nodejs.org/api/buffer.html) \| [String](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String))** Buffer containing image data or String containing the path to an image file.
-   `operator` **[String](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String)** one of `and`, `or` or `eor` to perform that bitwise operation, like the C logic operators `&`, `|` and `^` respectively.
-   `options` **[Object](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object)?**
    -   `options.raw` **[Object](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object)?** describes operand when using raw pixel data.
        -   `options.raw.width` **[Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number)?**
        -   `options.raw.height` **[Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number)?**
        -   `options.raw.channels` **[Number](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number)?**

-   Throws **[Error](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error)** Invalid parameters

Returns **Sharp**

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub