Urban growth gives rise to economies of scale. Industries benefit from concentrations of suppliers and consumers which allow savings in communications and transport costs. Large cities also provide big differentiated labour markets and may help accelerate the pace of technological innovation. Urban growth also allows economies of scale in such services as water supply and electric power to be exploited. Evidence from India suggests that substantial economies of scale are found in cities of up to 150,000 inhabitants.
Against these benefits, a major consequence of rural-urban migration is over-urbanisation. In other words, at some point, diseconomies of scale begin to emerge as cities become too big, although the city size at which these become important has not been demonstrated.
Along with the rapid spread of urbanisation has come the prolific growth of huge slums and shanty towns. Today, slum settlements represent over one-third of the urban population in all developing countries; in many cases they account for more than 60% of the urban total. The enormous numbers of squatters and slum-dwellers, who account for half the populations of cities as diverse as Istanbul, Dar es Salaam and Caracas are a visible sign of the 'lottery' described above.
Surveys confirm that air pollution, congestion, social disturbances, crime and similar problems increase disproportionately with city size. The concentration of people also causes congestion and raises the cost of travel so that scarce resources like time and fuel are wasted. In addition, the mounting pressure on existing services means deteriorating quality and a reduction of what is available per person. As cities expand, the cost of providing basic services can rise enormously.
Over-urbanisation and its related problems (pollution, noise and congestion) are examples of negative externalities. The presence of such externalities causes a market to operate inefficiently. The market failure will lead to a free-market solution which tends towards over-urbanisation or to a size of city that is above the socially desirable one, because there is a clear divergence between private and social marginal costs (i.e. social costs = private costs + external costs).
This idea can be understood from Figure 4. Migrants impose costs on others e.g. congestion, pollution, noise, etc. This is represented by placing marginal social cost curve (MSC) above the marginal private cost curve (MPC) in Figure 4. In this case private costs fail to coincide with social cost because the true social cost is equal to the private cost plus the cost that migration imposes in terms of overcrowded cities. Since the social marginal cost of migration to cities exceeds the private marginal costs, there is a clear sign that too much migration is taking place. Migrants face a choice of whether to stay in the rural areas or to migrate to the city. They will migrate as long as the benefits of migration exceed the their private costs. So migration takes place up to the point where marginal private cost is equal to the marginal private benefits i.e. MPC=MPB and where the size of cities is Q0. However, the optimal size of cities is Q*. Thus, the distance Q*Q0 represents the negative external effects of migration on city-dwellers i.e. the degree of over-urbanisation in cities or the extent to which large cities are too big.
Despite the huge social costs of rural-urban migration, people are still moving to overcrowded cities. This tendency can be understood as a response to large urban-rural wage differentials maintained by minimum wage laws and restrictive practices. Because of the externalities involved in migration decisions there is a good reason to suppose that unregulated markets will tend to promote over-urbanisation. As long as the private costs of migration are less than the social costs and migrants are willing to risk not finding a high-wage job, over-urbanisation is likely to continue to be a serious problem for developing countries.
1. Huge and growing cities are a feature of many developing countries - it is predicted that by early next century 22 of the worlds largest 27 cities will be in developing countries.
2. Whilst cities may have a certain lure in terms of 'bright lights' it is economic factors that largely explain this the tendency towards urbanisation - urban wages are very substantially higher than rural wages.
3. High urban wages are maintained by minimum wage laws, union pressure and the presence of high-wage employers (often governments and multinational corporations) so equilibrium is reached not by the adjustment of wages but by high unemployment.
4. The fact that it is mostly the young and the educated who migrate supports this economic explanation of rural-urban migration because these workers have the most to gain in terms of lifetime earnings.
5. Decisions to migrate to urban areas result in many external costs as cities become large – pollution, noise and congestion are some examples of these external costs.
6. In the presence of migration externalities it is likely that there will be over-urbanisation.


I would like to perform profiling of my windows application. Appcelerator provides profiling for android and iOS through appcelerator and other tools(DDMS/XCODE).
Is there a way I can check performance and do memory usage analysis of my windows application through appcelerator or any other tool?


Pocketing is often described as an "anti-piercing." In piercing, the middle of the jewelry is under the skin and the ends are exposed. In pocketing, the ends of the jewelry are under the skin, and middle is exposed. Small "pockets" hold the jewelry in place.
The jewelry is, generally, just a custom curved bar with rounded ends (no beads, just a smooth end). It is extremely important that the jewelry be perfectly fitted to the skin. Other people have suggested that inverse surface bars may be more appropriate, but the basic model is the same.
Almost all pocket piercings reject and have a similar rejection rate to traditional surface piercings. Placement is extremely important. Depending on the way the skin moves, the pocketed jewelry could actually fall out or stretch incorrectly.
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text:
Haïdo Koukouli-Chyssanthaki, René Treuil, Laurent Lespez and Dimitra Malamidou. Dikili Tash, village préhistorique de Macédoine orientale. Recherches franco-helléniques dirigées par la Société archéologique d'Athènes et l'École française d'Athènes (1986-2001). Bibliothèque de la Société archéologique d'Athènes 254. Athènes: La Société archéologique d'Athènes, 2008. Pp. 416. ISBN 9789608145689. €80.00 (pb).
Reviewed by John K. Papadopoulos, University of California, Los Angeles (JKP@humnet.ucla.edu)
The prehistoric settlement mound or tell (toumba in Modern Greek) Dikili Tash, a Turkish toponym meaning "upright stone", referring to the large Roman funerary monument of Caius Vibius still standing in the immediate vicinity of the site (see p. 4, fig. 1), is located in the plain of Drama some two kilometers east of the ancient city of Philippi. The plain itself, which dominates much of eastern Macedonia, is bordered to the north by the Phalakron mountain range, to the east by Mt. Lekani, to the west by Mt. Menikion, to the southeast by Mt. Symbolon, and to the south by the ore-rich Pangaion massif. The mound, measuring 250 x 180 m at its base, with a height of some 16 m, was first identified as a prehistoric settlement by Carl Blegen and F.B. Welch,1 and the first excavations were carried out there by Louis Renaudin in 1920-1922, with brief published reports in the Bulletin de correspondance hellénique for 1921 and 1922. Full-scale excavations were initiated at the site in 1961 and continued until 1975 as a French-Greek collaboration, under the auspices of the École française d'Athènes and the Athens Archaeological Society, the French team directed by Jean Deshayes, the Greek by Demetrios Theocharis and later by Katerina Rhomiopoulou.2
The volume under review is the first in a series of books representing the final publication of the subsequent round of fieldwork and excavations conducted at the site between 1986 and 2001, directed by Haïdo Koukouli-Chryssanthaki and René Treuil, again under the auspices of the École française d'Athènes and the Athens Archaeological Society, funded by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, the École française d'Athènes, the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Athens Archaeological Society. A projected Volume 2 will include an account of the topography and excavations, stratigraphy and chronology, as well as specialized studies of the pottery of Phase I, the bone tools, and the faunal and floral remains. A final, third volume, will deal with the ceramics of Phases II and III, the architectural remains, the various tools of stone and other materials, as well as the figurines and models. The excavations have shown the site to have been inhabited primarily from the Neolithic period into the Bronze Age.
This first volume of the 1986-2001 excavations provides detailed prolegomena, laying much of the groundwork necessary for a full understanding of the site. The book is divided into three parts that are independent from one another. The first, entitled "Le programme de recherches", by Koukouli-Chryssanthaki and Treuil (pp. 1-19), begins with a brief overview of the site, its relation to Philippi, and its importance in the plain of Drama (A) (pp. 3-4). This is followed by a section (B) outlining the earlier research and publications of the site (pp. 4-6). The final section (C) (pp. 7-14), "Le programme de 1986", is divided into three parts, the first of which deals with the objectives of the fieldwork initiated in 1986 (pp. 7-9). The aims are discussed under the headings of paleo-environment; stratigraphy and chronology; habitation and the organization of space. From its inception, the project was conceived of as a multi-disciplinary one, with the retrieval and full analysis of not only the human-made remains, but the botanical, zoological, and malacological remnants, together with a full palynological study of the immediate surroundings of the site, archaeometric and chemical analyses of the material, and a concern for experimental studies as well as conservation and restoration. In keeping with these broad and admirable aims, the project relied heavily on a robust collaboration with various laboratories and research centers, including the Archaeometry Laboratory at the Demokritos Research Center in Athens, the Department of Restoration of Works of Arts and Antiquities of the Polytechneion of Athens, the Laboratoire de Recherches des Musées de France, the Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, the Centre de Recherche en Physique Appliquée à l'Archéologie de l'Université Bordeaux III, and the Centre des Sciences de la Terre de l'Université Lyon I. This is followed by the second part (pp. 9-13) summarizing the various sectors of the 1986-2001 excavations; the third part (pp. 13-14) provides a synopsis of the projected final publications. At the end of the first part there is appended a full bibliography of research published between 1986 and 2007 (pp. 15-19). The list is impressive: in addition to annual preliminary reports in the Bulletin de correspondance hellénique, To Ergon and Ta Praktika of the Athens Archaeological Society, as well as a summary of the work of the first decade in To Archaiologiko Ergo ste Makedonia kai Thrake, there is a whole slew of specialized studies published in various journals and books on the environment of the site, the nature of the settlement, its relative and absolute chronology, building materials and techniques, studies of the pottery (including residue analysis), chipped and ground stone tools, as well as those of bone and shell, and preliminary reports on the botanical and faunal remains, as well as at least two papers dealing with the symbolism of "un bucrane néolithique".
The second part of the volume, by Laurent Lespez, almost 400 pages (pp. 21-394) could be a monograph unto itself, with its own "Avant-propos", conclusions, bibliography, toponymic index, glossary of principal geomorphological terms, and multiple chapters arranged in three parts. Entitled "L'évolution des paysages du Néolithique à la période ottomane dans la plaine de Philippes-Drama", the study builds on Lespez's 1999 doctoral dissertation at the University of Clermont-Ferrand, with the title "L'évolution des modelés et des paysages de la plaine de Drama et de ses bordures montagneuses (Macédoine orientale, Grèce) au cours de l'Holocène". This is undoubtedly one of the finest and most detailed studies of the landscape and natural environment of a particular region of Greece. It will quickly take its place as a seminal study, a "must read" together with such classic landscape and environment studies such as those of Vita-Finzi, Davidson and Shackley, Bintliff, van Andel and Runnels, and Brown, to mention only a few.3 The introduction (pp. 33-69) lays down the objectives and methods of the study, touching upon the processes of erosion through the prehistoric period, the Roman and Byzantine, as well as in Ottoman times. Methodologically, Lespez has utilized an arsenal of techniques, from analyses of sediments, paleobiology, and C14 dating, to palynology, aerial photography, and remote sensing. More than this, he delves back into historical archives, old maps and photographs, as well as the accounts of early travelers in order to understand better the landscape through time. The photographs of then and now often present stark contrasts.
Following the introduction, the first part of Lespez's study (pp. 71-155), entitled "Un basin intramontagnard dans le sud du Rhodope", deals with, among other things, the basic geology, vegetation, water resources, erosion, and the tectonic activity of the plain of Drama and its mountainous surrounds. The second part (pp. 157-244), entitled "Rythmes de la morphogenèse Holocène", deals in greater detail with the geomorphology and alluvial formations of the different parts of the plain. The first chapter is devoted to the Xeropotamos River, which runs northeast to southwest through the center of valley, as well as the Drama River in the north-northeast of the plain. Chapter 2 deals with the Angitis valley to the northwest, together with associated gorges, like Petra. The Angitis River runs roughly north-northwest to south-southeast, before it turns southwest and eventually flows into the Strymon. Located in this valley are a number of important prehistoric settlements, not least of which is the toumba of Sitagroi, excavated by Colin Renfrew and Marija Gimbutas, and Lespez is able to provide important geological and geomorphological information on that site.4 Chapter 3 focuses on the southern portion of plain, and the course of the Kephalari River. This is followed by a summary of the environment through time.
The third part of Lespez's study, "L'évolution des paysages depuis le Néolithique, l'utilisation par les sociétés humaines de leur environment et ses consequences géomorphologiques" (pp. 245-377), will probably be the one most utilized by archaeologists and social historians. In the introduction to this part, Lespez looks at the paleoenvironment as a whole and its evolution, as well as possible climatic changes or fluctuations. The first chapter deals with the progressive transformations of the landscape from the Neolithic period into the Bronze Age and the geomorphological consequences. It is here where the settlement of Dikili Tas is truly placed in its environmental setting in terms of its soils, its water resources, the various raw materials found in nature utilized by the inhabitants, as well as the effects on the landscape of agriculture, pastoralism, hunting and fishing. Through careful analysis of the palynological record of the area, coupled with a broad understanding of the paleo-landscape of the plain as a whole, as well as the stratigraphy and chronology of the site, Lespez is able to contribute real answers to some of the most basic questions of archaeology, such as choice of site--why here and not there? He focuses on the people and environment of the Late Neolithic period (5350-3200 B.C.) separately from that of the Early Bronze Age (3200-2000 B.C.), and that of the Late Bronze (1600-1000 B.C.) and the Early Iron Age (1000-700 B.C.).
Chapter 2, evocatively entitled "La mise en valeur des milieux aux époques Romaine et Paléochrétienne et ses conséquences sur les paysages et la morphogénèse" is devoted essentially to the period between the 2nd century B.C. and the 6th century A.D. Earlier periods are not overlooked, but the most robust results are those of the Roman and early Christian eras. The two settlements that loom large and that dominated the plain from the Classical and Hellenistic periods to Late Roman times are Philippi, in the southeast of the plain, and Drama in the north-northeast. Smaller settlements, typically of shorter life spans, are related both to the landscape of the plain and to its two main centers. Lespez also looks at the appropriation and cadastration of the land. The effects of agriculture and a mixed economy of farming and pastoralism are assessed, so too the effects of mineral exploitation on the landscape and vegetation, particularly the celebrated gold and silver mines of Mt. Pangaion mentioned by Herodotos, Strabo, and Theophrastos, as well as the rich mines of Skapte Hyle cited by Herodotos (VI.46) and well-known to Thucydides (see IV.105.1). Much of the discussion here depends on the ancient sources, as the precise location of the ancient mines remains a problem, especially the location of Skapte Hyle, where Thucydides himself may have had a mine, and I suspect that more work needs to be done on this aspect in the future.5 H. J. Unger has even suggested that "Skapte Hyle" might be the Greek term based on a Thracian name for the whole Pangaion range, not a specific place name within it.6 It is important to add that prehistoric use of north Aegean mines is indicated at least as early as the early Mycenaean period, as several of the silver objects from the Shaft Graves at Mycenae were made of metal that can be traced to Chalkidike.7 The third chapter deals in a similar vein with the Byzantine and Ottoman periods. It begins with the "Dark Ages" of the 7th-9th centuries, and the demographic revival of the 10th-13th century, before Lespez deals with the crisis years of the 14th century. As for the Ottoman period, the 15th through 17th centuries witness a new system of agriculture, well known from historical records, whereas the 18th and 19th centuries see yet more changes. The primary agricultural products of the different parts of the plain are quantified and discussed: cereals, grape vines, cotton, and saffron. The level of detail here is incredible. For example, the village of Agriani (278 inhabitants) grew only cereals, with some grapes, whereas Kormista (334 inhabitants), produced more grapes than cereals, together with a good amount of saffron (crocuses) and a little cotton. For the Byzantine and Ottoman periods Lespez is able to look at not only the plain but also the mountain areas bordering it with more clarity than for earlier periods; this part of his study essentially ends with the early 20th century.
In his conclusions (pp. 379-385), Lespez well summarizes the results of his study with a series of eight cross-sections through part of the plain of Drama and its mountainous border, from the beginnings of the Holocene to today. Through his study of geology, geomorphology, palynology, paleobiology, and historical sources, Lespez achieves what many archaeologists dream about: he not only evocatively reconstructs a landscape through time, but he is able to people that landscape and understand and assess the effects of humanity on that landscape through the longue durée. This is a model study from which all students of archaeology will benefit.
The final part of the volume, "Cartes archéologiques de la plaine de Philippes-Drama et de ses bordures", is penned by Haïdo Koukouli-Chryssanthaki, Dimitra Malamidou, and Laurent Lespez (pp. 395-416). Two maps are presented that detail the locations and available bibliography on all known sites in the Drama plain and its mountainous borders. The first map lists sites of the Paleolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age (divided into Early Bronze Age, Late Bronze Age, and "Bronze indifférencié"), and Early Iron Age; the second map lists sites of the Classical/Hellenistic, Roman, and early Christian periods, as well as the course of the Via Egnatia and the Aqueduct of Philippi; the map also lists Roman bridges.
As we have come to expect from the publications of the Athens Archaeological Society (this is No. 254 in the monograph series of the Society), the quality of production is excellent. All of the photographs, both color and black-and-white, as well as the figures, are first-class. The quality of the illustrations is matched by the quality of scholarship, and the authors of this volume should be proud of their achievement.
1. F.B. Welch, "Macedonia III: Prehistoric Pottery", Annual of the British School at Athens 23, 1918-1919, 44-50; as Welch notes (p. 44), the pottery was picked up on the surface of the mound.
2. R. Treuil (ed.), Dikili Tash, village préhistorique de Macédoine orientale I: Fouilles de Jean Deshayes (1961-1975) (BCH Supplément 24), Paris 1992; id. Dikili Tash, village préhistorique de Macédoine orientale II: Fouilles de Jean Deshayes (1961-1975) (BCH Supplément 37), Paris 2004.
3. C. Vita-Finzi, The Mediterranean Valleys: Geological Change in Historical Times, Cambridge 1969; D.A. Davidson and M.L. Shackley (eds.), Geoarchaeology: Earth Science and the Past, London 1976; J.L. Bintliff, Natural Environment and Human Settlement in Prehistoric Greece (BAR Supplementary Series 28), Oxford 1977; T.H. van Andel and C. Runnels, Beyond the Acropolis: A Rural Greek Past, Stanford 1987; A.G. Brown, Alluvial Geoarchaeology: Floodplain Archaeology and Environmental Change, Cambridge 1997.
4. For the excavations at Sitagroi, see C. Renfrew, M. Gimbutas, and E.S. Elster, eds., Excavations at Sitagroi: A Prehistoric Village in Northeast Greece, Vol. 1. Los Angeles 1986; E.S. Elster and C. Renfrew, eds., Prehistoric Sitagroi: Excavations in Northeast Greece, 1968-1970. Vol. 2: The Final Report, Los Angeles 2003.
5. As Simon Hornblower notes (A Commentary on Thucydides, Vol. II, Books IV-V.24, Oxford 1996, 335), "Marcellinus 47 locates Thucydides' property at Skapte Hyle, but it is generally discounted as a guess based on Herodotus VI.46. We simply do not know more than Thucydides chooses to tell us here, namely that the mines were in the 'neighbouring district' of Thrace...i.e. near Amphipolis/Eion."
6. H.G. Unger, "Das Pangaion: Ein altes Bergbauzentrum in Ostmakedonien", Prähistorische Zeitschrift 62, 1987, 87-112.
7. It has been suggested by Z.A. Stos-Gale and C.F. Macdonald ("Sources of Metals and Trade in the Bronze Age Aegean", in N.H. Gale [ed.], Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean: Papers Presented at the Conference Held at Rewly House, Oxford, in December 1989, Jonsered 1991, 273-79) that six of the 14 silver objects from the Shaft Graves at Mycenae analyzed at Oxford reveal lead isotope data consistent with Chalkidike; for further discussion and references, see J.K. Papadopoulos, "Euboians in Macedonia? A Closer Look", Oxford Journal of Archaeology 15(2), 1996, 173.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Seeing the first picture you will tell me a red Gold Edition?
A beautiful set both outside and inside.
One thousand nine hundred and seventy-nine, the year of success, it will never sell so much Firebird. The front is remodeled again, this time it is a little more contoured, the four headlights are separated and the air vents are down. The initial study included flares, but the delays did not allow this addition, which will be postponed to 1982.
The "Screaming Eagle" is redesigned, more detailed, bigger, more color and head to the left. The rear has also undergone a small facelift, the taillights are in one striated part across the width of the car. The license plate is lowered into the bumper. The rear spoiler also changes slightly, the profiles are no longer triangular but square.


text:
La reazione di Stickland (detta anche fermentazione di Stickland) costituisce una via biochimica utilizzata da alcune specie batteriche appartenenti al genere Clostridium per produrre energia in assenza di ossigeno.

Questa via metabolica prevede l'uso combinato di due aminoacidi come substrato di una fermentazione.
Di questi aminoacidi, uno viene usato come donatore di elettroni e viene ossidato, l'altro funziona da accettore di elettroni e viene ridotto.

La coppia di aminoacidi più utilizzata è alanina-glicina con produzione di acido acetico, anidride carbonica e ammoniaca.
Il processo è riassunto dalla seguente reazione:
alanina + 2glicina + 2H2O → 3acetato + CO2 + 3NH4  (con produzione di 3 molecole di ATP)

Più in dettaglio:

 L'alanina:
viene deaminata e ossidata ad acido piruvico (con riduzione di una molecola di NAD);
l'acido piruvico viene decarbossilato e coniugato a una molecola di coenzima A (con riduzione di una seconda molecola di NAD) producendo acetil-coenzima A;
l'acetil-coenzima A viene scisso ad acetilfosfato e coenzima A (utilizzando uno ione fosfato);
 infine l'acetilfosfato viene trasformato in acido acetico con produzione di una molecola di ATP.
 Due molecole di glicina vengono ridotte ad acido acetico e ammoniaca utilizzando le due molecole di NAD prodotte nell'ossidazione dell'alanina.

La reazione di Stickland, essendo riconducibile a un trasferimento di elettroni tra composti organici, viene di solito ascritta alle fermentazioni, anche se, dal momento che non usa la stessa molecola come donatore e come accettore di elettroni, non lo sarebbe in senso stretto.

Metabolismo
Batteriologia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Critical Studies/Videos/Los Angeles Sheriff's Deputies Caught on Video Beating Man with Flashlight and Fists
Los Angeles Sheriff's Deputies Caught on Video Beating Man with Flashlight and Fists
by Carlos Miller on August 13, 2015
Los Angeles sheriff's deputies were caught on video beating a man with one deputy punching him repeatedly, another deputy striking him with a flashlight and a third deputy holding his legs to ensure he remain still while getting beaten.
"Hands behind your back! Stop fighting!" one deputy yelled while piling on top of the man, his arm around the man's neck.
The man, who was not fighting, appeared unable to place his hands behind his back.
The incident took place Sunday in East Los Angeles, but not much information is available at the time.
The Los Angeles Sheriff's Department, however, suggested to the local media that the man who was beaten did something to deserve the beating prior to the video.
But they have not explained exactly what he did, who he is and what charges he is facing.
According to the Los Angeles Times:
Sheriff's spokeswoman Nicole Nishida said Thursday that officials are aware of what transpired before the actions captured on video.
"It's important to look at the totality of the situation beyond the 15-second video clip," she said in a statement.
At the time, the department launched a use-of-force investigation, she said. The incident is still being investigated.
"The video will be part of the evidence that is included in the investigation," she said. "The sheriff's department takes all force by personnel very seriously and will take appropriate action."
The video is actually 28 seconds, but perhaps she was only looking at the portion where he was not being beaten, which still would not amount to 15 seconds.
Federal Prosecutions Fail To Bring Justice in New Orleans
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Los Angeles Blames Wildfire on Homeless, But Evicting Them Won't Solve the Real Problems: Climate Change and Urban Sprawl
Bernie's Political Revolution in L.A.—We Are the Ones We Have Been Waiting For
In 'Direct Attack on the First Amendment,' Sessions Declares War on Leaks
Poll: Americans Would Cut Middle East War Spending
By: Carlos Miller
Source: PANIC
Tags: Civil Rights, Police Abuse
Topics:Human Rights,
Places:United States,


We'll of course keep this forum going as always because it serves a good purpose - collecting newbies and old hands in a scooter focused environment where each topic is separated and is searchable.
The facebook page is there for soundbite type stuff, maybe the odd photo and video.
avai007 wrote: We'll of course keep this forum going as always because it serves a good purpose - collecting newbies and old hands in a scooter focused environment where each topic is separated and is searchable.


Malcolm Ball was admitted as an attorney in 1989 and became a partner at Bell Dewar & Hall, where he served on the Executive Committee of the firm. Malcolm practised in the fields of commercial litigation, employment law and dispute resolution.
In 2000, Malcolm joined his former partner Paul Botha in Brait's multi-disciplinary advisory practice. Malcolm has extensive experience in the field of mergers and acquisitions, private equity transactions, human resources law and litigation which greatly benefit Metier's transaction execution capability. Malcolm is a director of Metier and the legal counsel to its private equity funds. He ensures that Metier delivers effective corporate legal solutions to clients and portfolio companies.


Anyone in SoCal like Ron White?
He's playing Friday night in Long Beach. I'm toying with the idea of going, but as comfortable as I am doing things by myself, for some reason a comedy show would seem very lonely to go to by myself.
I socal near here? Damn.
I hope you make it. He's been funny on TV.
You guys and you're whole "I live too far away" excuse. Sheesh!!! Slackers!!


Archivos visuales y etnografía y Memoria en torno a la imagen.
PhD in Anthropology from the School of Advanced Studies in Social Sciences-EHESS of Paris (2016) with a research on archival photography on the Kichwa and Shuar peoples of the Ecuadorian Amazon. She holds a Master's Degree in Aesthetics and History of Contemporary Art and Photography from the University of Paris VIII (2007). In addition to teaching and research, she also works as curator ("Ver para creer", "De frente y de perfil", y "Mapear no es Habitar", Arte-Actual- FLACSO) and editing ("Encuentros de la razón incierta I y II": Arte y memoria, y Cultura y transformación social). She has published several articles in academic journals and participated in colloquia at national and international level. Her research areas are: visual archives and ethnography, with emphasis on the photographic image in its anthropological and artistic uses; and aspects related to circulation, power and memory around the image.


The overseas territories held by Spain from the early 16th century. The twilight of the empire is generally considered to be the early 19th century although it did not formally end until 1975 when Spain withdrew from the Spanish Sahara.
Why was it Spain, not Tlaxcala, that dominated over Mesoamerica despite the Tlaxcaltecs being the major force in the conquest of Tenochtitlan?
What would the Wikipedia page for Spain have said in 1490?
What's the rationale for shipping coins back to Spain from its colonies?
How was the Order of the Golden Fleece involved in the trial of Egmont and Hoorne?
How many Manila Galleons were sacked and by whom?
Did the Incas think Spanish helmets were cooking pots?
Was the British Empire bigger than the combined empires of the Iberian Union in terms of claimed land area?
Was Governor Solá expelled from Mexico?
Why didn't Portugal found universities in its colonies like Spain?
When did Russia learn about the Philippines and the Japanese and Spanish presences there?
Did Japanese castaways land in Spanish California?
For who or what was Cojo Creek named?
Was an adobe fort or a palisade fort more defensible?
Did Taíno natives ever work Spanish galleons?
Did Taíno natives work as slaves or sailors on 16th-century Spanish ships in early to mid-sixteenth century?
How did Spain justify building a major port at San Blas, Nayarit?
Did anyone in Alta California pay in cash?
What were the ranks in the Army of Imperial Spain?
How many cattle were slaughtered in Alta California?
In Alta California, who worked at the Ranchos del Rey?
Who was the Englishman working in 1818 at Mission San Carlos?
Was it common to carry a concealed dagger in Spanish California?
How long did it take mail to get between Madrid and Mexico?
When could California mission priests perform confirmation?
What taxes were assessed on people in Alta California?
Countries and their churches extract rents from their citizens or subjects through various taxes. What taxes were individual Alta Californians required to pay in the Spanish and Mexican periods?
Who was the first retailer in Monterey, California?
How much did Spanish California officials earn?
Was anyone in Spanish or Mexican California tried for homosexuality?
How many women lived in Spanish Californian presidios?
Who was arrested at El Cojo with Eliot de Castro?
What resources did the Nahua value most at the time of Spanish conquest?
Were there regionalist/independentist movements or feelings in mid-19th century Spain?
How was the Spanish Armada coordinated?
Spanish Influence on the Netherlands and Belgium?
Why did the South-American Portuguese colonies unite into one country, Brazil, whereas the South-American Spanish colonies split into many different countries, i.e. Argentina, Peru, Chile, etc?
Did native Mexicans prefer Spanish rulers to the Aztecs?
Why does Latin America have a higher number of surviving Native Americans than North America?
Was anyone a notable participant in both the American Revolution and the Latin American Wars of Independence (as a liberator)?
Where was the Buenos Aires - Lima Spanish Royal Road?
Why didn't the Great Awakening spread to the Spanish Colonies?
Why is the AVR GCC compiler using a full `CALL` even though I have set the `-mshort-calls` flag?


They him disarm'd, and spredding on the ground / Their watchet mantles frindgd with siluer round, / They softly wipt away the gelly blood [...].
(obsolete) Of the color watchet (as of eyes, clothes, etc.).
From Middle English wachet; compare French vaciet, whortleberry, Latin vaccīnium ("blueberry").
"watchet." YourDictionary, n.d. Web. 10 April 2019. <https://www.yourdictionary.com/watchet>.


text:
SHUB NIGGURATH (Mex): "The Kinglike Celebration (Final Aeon on Earth)" Cd 1997 Oz
Technically refined from the previous full-length, yet always a vorticating storm of steel and leather, SHUB-NIGGURATH's Final Aeon Cd really struck me at a first listen: It has all the primitive Death Metal energy of VITAL REMAINS's "Excruvciating Pain" and MORBID ANGEL's "Altars of Madness" concocted with typical southern states ferocity. The Deqath Metal brought forth by SHUB-NIGGURATH is great for many reasons: it's untainted by trends, it's genuine, thrashing and sublime in pure headbanging force, just like older bands in that little transaction between Thrash and Death in the late 80's, everything reinforced by some atmospheric keyboards (do not get me wrong, these keyboards are mmade to reinforce the idea of open universes, and unfathomable gods of the stars.... faithful to their name, SHUB-NIGGURATHìs lyrics and concept beneath the album brings you in the final years of humanity when the Ancients of Lovecraft mithoi get back to Earth for their blasphemous destruction. There is an introduction in the booklet although since obviously inspired by the moment, is a bit confused as well, but I think I got the overall concept. The music is very brutal, crammed with fucking fast parts and twisted riffs, though forget any late American SUFFO clones, this music is different, higher, and definitely more (agh I hate the name... ) "Metallic", it rages and bangs like a beast. Contrarily to many modern acts, each of these songs seem very studied and structured, almost 5 minutes each in length, with a fucking string identity, combining pieces of magical arts and thrashing death rage. Killer stuff, but mainly for those who prefers older stuff.
Tracks (8): 1- The Only One Astral Being 2 - ...From the Stars Nyarlathotep 3 - Sub-Human Immortality 4 - Abominations of Ancient Gods 5 - Unnamable Evokation 6 - Inside the Labyrinth of Illusion 7 - Legions from Absu 8 - Royal Demon


They believe open knowledge can empower everyone, enabling people to work together to tackle local and global challenges, understand our world, expose inefficiency and challenge inequality and hold governments and companies to account. Open Knowledge is a worldwide non-profit network of people passionate about openness, using advocacy, technology and training to unlock information and enable people to work with it to create and share knowledge. They want to see enlightened societies around the world, where everyone has access to key information and the ability to use it to understand and shape their lives; where powerful institutions are comprehensible and accountable; and where vital research information that can help tackle challenges such as poverty and climate change is available to all. They envision a world where: a) knowledge creates power for the many, not the few; b) data frees us to make informed choices about how we live, what we buy and who gets our vote; and c) information and insights are accessible – and apparent – to everyone. This is the world that is chosen. They want to see open knowledge being a mainstream concept, and as natural and important to our everyday lives and organizations as green is today. Open Knowledge central features: 1) International network: We support, encourage and coordinate an international network of individuals passionate about openness and active in making, training and advocating; 2) Opening up information: We advocate and campaign for open release of key information, particularly at national or large scale, and we monitor the level of openness worldwide; 3) Impact through information: We help people learn about openness and gain data skills, and we partner with change-making organisations aligned with our key themes to help them use open data to accelerate their work, creating positive change towards our goals, stories and case studies; 4) Stewardship: a home for projects and communities: helping nurture and support efforts to open up data and see it used for positive change; and 5) Services and consulting: We offer commercial technology services, consultancy and training to help openness reach its full potential. This will be added to Knowledge Discovery Subject Tracer™. This will be added to the tools section of Research Resources Subject Tracer™ Information Blog.


Chaos' birthday, so of course I had carbs.
And of course I have the "hangover" today. Increased Lurgi symptoms. Supremely fuzzy head.
General "fuckit I'm spacing out" attitude seems to be mandatory too.
If I make it through today with anything in relation to work done, I am counting it as a miracle.
Caramel mud cake was totes worth it though.
Challenge #01955-E131: Good Morning! Good Morning!


Foreign imports from South Africa to Port of Long Beach in 2015 were $18,542,114, while exports to South Africa were $29,752,250.
The value of container cargo imported into Port of Long Beach from South Africa represented 98.6% of all vessel imports, $18,286,840 versus $18,542,114.
By weight, container cargo imports to Port of Long Beach from South Africa represented 28.7% of all vessel shippments, 934,569 (kg) versus 3,252,686 (kg).


text:
Dream Chaser mini-shuttle's re-entry will be visible as a 'Shooting Star'
At Kennedy Space Center, Sierra Nevada Corporation talks about its Dream Chaser mini-shuttle's cargo module – and its new name.
Dream Chaser mini-shuttle's re-entry will be visible as a 'Shooting Star' At Kennedy Space Center, Sierra Nevada Corporation talks about its Dream Chaser mini-shuttle's cargo module – and its new name. Check out this story on floridatoday.com: https://www.floridatoday.com/story/tech/science/space/2019/11/19/ksc-sierra-nevada-talks-dream-chaser-mini-shuttles-cargo-module-nasa/4238816002/
Emre Kelly, Florida Today Published 2:00 p.m. ET Nov. 19, 2019 | Updated 2:01 p.m. ET Nov. 19, 2019
Sierra Nevada Corporation's Shooting Star
Astronaut Steve Lindsey talks about Sierra Nevada Corporation's new cargo module named Shooting Star Tuesday morning at Kennedy Space Center Craig Bailey/FLORIDA TODAY
Members of the media get their first look at Sierra Nevada Corporation's new cargo module named Shooting Star Tuesday morning at Kennedy Space Center Craig Bailey/FLORIDA TODAY
Sierra Nevada Corporation's new cargo module named Shooting Star is shown attached to the Dream Chaser vehicle on a model at Kennedy Space Center Craig Bailey/FLORIDA TODAY
Eagle-eyed skywatchers who just happen to be in the middle of the Pacific Ocean in 2021 might notice a streak of light dash across their field of view, the result of a cargo module burning up in Earth's atmosphere after a visit to the International Space Station.
Sierra Nevada Corporation's Dream Chaser, a space shuttle-inspired spaceplane that will launch vertically from Cape Canaveral and land horizontally at Kennedy Space Center, was designed to include a detachable cargo module that will burn up on re-entry with waste and leftovers from the ISS.
At KSC on Tuesday, SNC unveiled the name of that cargo module: Shooting Star.
"When the cargo module's done with its mission, one of the requirements we had from the Commercial Resupply Services contract from NASA is that we had to be able to dispose of cargo," said Steve Lindsey, a former space shuttle astronaut and a current vice president at SNC. "The cargo module burns up as it comes in the atmosphere, so we thought it was appropriate to call it Shooting Star."
Sierra Nevada Corporation's new cargo module named Shooting Star is shown attached to the Dream Chaser vehicle on a model at Kennedy Space Center (Photo: Craig Bailey/FLORIDA TODAY)
The 15-foot-long, conical cargo capsule will be able to take 10,000 pounds of supplies and science experiments to the ISS when it launches. That's on top of the cargo that will already fly in Dream Chaser itself, which currently is not a human-rated spacecraft and will only be used for supplies.
With the cargo module attached, the Dream Chaser system measures at 60 feet in length. Dream Chaser on its own is about 30 feet long.
"You can certainly see that from the ground if you're in the right place," Lindsey said of the capsule's atmospheric entry. "It'd be a lot bigger, though, than a shooting star."
SNC earlier this year announced that it had chosen United Launch Alliance's Vulcan Centaur rocket for its ride to orbit. The next-generation vehicle isn't slated to launch on its maiden flight from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station's Launch Complex 41 until 2020.
Contact Emre Kelly at aekelly@floridatoday.com or 321-242-3715. Follow him on Twitter, Facebook and Instagram at @EmreKelly.
Read or Share this story: https://www.floridatoday.com/story/tech/science/space/2019/11/19/ksc-sierra-nevada-talks-dream-chaser-mini-shuttles-cargo-module-nasa/4238816002/
These roads will be closed for SpaceX launch Saturday
Weather excellent for critical SpaceX Crew Dragon in-flight abort
SpaceX's Crew Dragon in-flight abort is its last major test
SpaceX vs Boeing: Finish line in sight in race to space station
SpaceX Crew Dragon launch: What to expect
Here's why you should watch SpaceX Crew Dragon launch


Pompey's current league placing means they are, technically, the best side in the first round of the Emirates FA Cup.
So they will be keen to avoid an upset when they visit National League strugglers Maidenhead this weekend.
And there will likely be plenty of neutrals cheering on the underdogs, with the game taking place in front of the BT Sport cameras.
The Blues, of course, beat Cardiff to lift the trophy for a second time back in 2008, then returned to Wembley and were narrowly beaten in the final two years later.
But it has been fairly slim pickings since then, with their only victories in the competition occurring during a 2015/16 run to the fourth round.
Their latest opponents needed a replay to see off lower league Chippenham in the fourth qualifying round and set-up this clash with the Blues.
But that is the Magpies only victory since beating Chesterfield towards the end of September and a run of six successive league defeats has seen Alan Devonshire's men drop into the relegation places.
Included in that spell of poor form was a 7-0 defeat at Havant & Waterlooville, with Pompey coach Paul Robinson starting for the hosts.
Pompey will be without Dion Donohue (hamstring) and Joe Mason (groin), although Nathan Thompson is available again following a one-match ban.
The hosts could hand a debut to Alfie Kilgour, who has arrived on loan from Bristol Rovers, but midfielder Christian Smith is suspended.
Read the thoughts of Kenny Jackett and Ben Close or register for a free iFollow account to watch the below videos.
Manager Kenny Jackett chats ahead of Pompey's FA Cup fixture away to Maidenhead United.
Defender Jack Whatmough talks giant-killings, Cup runs, staying injury-free, Craig MacGillivray, Luke McGee, squad banter, cats and dogs and more ahead of Pompey's televised Emirates FA Cup first round clash with Maidenhead United.
There have been no previous meetings between Pompey and Maidenhead.
All of Pompey's tickets have been allocated and no more will be available to buy at York Road on the day of the game.
Supporters without a ticket will be able to watch the game live on BT Sport 1, with coverage starting from 12.15pm.
Domestic iFollow subscribers can listen to live commentary from Andrew Moon and Guy Whittingham by signing into their account and visiting the match centre from 12pm on Saturday.
Supporters based overseas should check their local listings to see if the game is being televised in their region.
Pompey are the 2/7 favourites with Sky Bet to progress to the second round on Saturday, while the hosts can be backed at 9/1.


text:
Behind the Bolt
Practice Snapshot
The Sports Quotient
Game Recap: Falcons at Packers
The Atlanta Falcons had played their best football of the season over the past two weeks against the New Orleans Saints and Buffalo Bills. The Falcons were looking to keep the momentum rolling as they traveled up to Lambeau Field for their Week 14 game against the Green Bay Packers. Matt Ryan lead the offense down the field in a timely manner, but the Falcons were forced to punt on their first drive instead of kicking a field goal due to the cold weather. Backup quarterback Matt Flynn and the Packers then marched their way into the end zone on an amazing 18 play, 86 yard drive which took up 9 minutes and the rest of the first quarter.
Even though it lead to a victory last week, the Falcons were determined to stay within one score and not go down 14-0. Steven Jackson started the drive by finding multiple holes and was able to run for a 22 yard gain. Ryan again marched the Falcons into Green Bay territory and was able to deliver a strike to Drew Davis who avoided multiple defenders and found the end zone for a 36 yard TD.
On the very next play, William Moore forced his second fumble in as many weeks and the ball was recovered by rookie defensive end Malliciah Goodman, giving the Falcons the ball deep in Packers territory. A few minutes later, future Hall of Famer Tony Gonzalez was in the end zone giving the Falcons a 14-7 lead in the 2nd quarter.
Flynn proceeded to lead the Packers to a field goal while the Falcons punted on their next drive. The next series for the Packers featured one of the craziest plays you will ever see. Flynn's pass was deflected at the line of scrimmage and then was kicked by linebacker Paul Worrilow and the ball then floated into Sean Weatherspoon's hands. After what seemed like an eternity, Spoon found his was into the end zone for his first career pick 6 and gave the Falcons a 21-10 lead going into halftime. This gave the team all of the momentum going into the second half and a win seemed almost inevitable.
However, the Packers defense came out with a sense of urgency for the final two quarters and were able to keep the Falcons out of the end zone. After two Mason Crosby field goals in the third quarter, the Packers were able to cut the Falcons lead down to 21-16.
In the fourth quarter, the Falcons had their opportunities but could not capitalize. Key drops by Tony Gonzalez, Steven Jackson, and Harry Douglas would prove to be costly for the Falcons on Sunday. Matt Flynn took advantage and found Andrew Quarless for a touchdown to give the Packers a 22-21 lead. Matt Bryant then missed a 52 yard field goal by inches that would have given the Falcons a two point lead late in the fourth quarter. The Falcons had two late opportunities to score, but Ryan's final pass was intercepted and the Packers were able to come away with a 22-21 victory.
The Falcons fell to 3-10, but can be proud of what they were able to accomplish this game. Paul Worrilow continues to shine for the Falcons' defense and is no doubt going to be an incredible player for many years to come. Fellow rookie Zeke Motta stepped in when Thomas DeCoud left with a head injury and had a very successful game. It is clear that the Falcons are playing with more pride each week. Even though the season has not gone the way that the team hoped it would, it is going to serve as a great learning experience for everyone involved and this team will come out and have a great season next year.
Tagged on: Atlanta Falcons, Green Bay Packers
By Dylan Gannon | December 8, 2013 | Uncategorized | No Comments |
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text:
Q: Efficient way to conditionally populate elements in a pandas groupby object (possibly by applying a function) I'm having a problem about performance when trying to apply a function to a groupby object derived from a dataframe that has about 150,000 rows.
For simplicity, let's work on the dummy dataframe a
arrays = [['bar', 'bar','bar', 'baz', 'baz', 'foo', 'foo', 'foo', 'qux', 'qux'],
             ['one', 'one','two', 'one', 'two', 'one', 'two', 'two', 'one', 'two']]
tuples = list(zip(*arrays))
index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples, names=['first', 'second'])
a = pd.DataFrame(np.random.random((10,)), index = index)
a[1] = pd.date_range('2017-07-02', periods=10, freq='5min')

a
Out[24]:
                     0                   1
first second
bar   one     0.821371 2017-07-02 00:00:00
      one     0.312364 2017-07-02 00:05:00
      two     0.104821 2017-07-02 00:10:00
baz   one     0.839370 2017-07-02 00:15:00
      two     0.307262 2017-07-02 00:20:00
foo   one     0.719300 2017-07-02 00:25:00
      two     0.371118 2017-07-02 00:30:00
      two     0.765483 2017-07-02 00:35:00
qux   one     0.794236 2017-07-02 00:40:00
      two     0.571231 2017-07-02 00:45:00

I want to conditionally populate the bottom element of the 0th column in each first-second group according to the logic described in this function
def myfunc(g):

if( len(g) >= 2): # if each group's length is greater than or equal to 2, then:

    if ((g.loc[g.index[-1], 0] > 0.5)): # If the last element of the 0th column of the group > 0.5, then:

        time_gap = g.loc[g.index[-1], 1] - g.loc[g.index[-2], 1] # Find the time difference between the last two records in 1st column

        g.loc[g.index[-1], 0] = time_gap # and assign it to the last element in the 0th column of that group

    else:
        g.loc[g.index[-1], 0] = 'ELSE' # Assign ELSE to the last element of the 0th column of the group

return g

Applying this function yields,
a.reset_index().groupby(['first', 'second']).apply(myfunc)
Out[23]:
  first second                0                   1
0   bar    one         0.821371 2017-07-02 00:00:00
1   bar    one             ELSE 2017-07-02 00:05:00  correct
2   bar    two         0.104821 2017-07-02 00:10:00
3   baz    one          0.83937 2017-07-02 00:15:00
4   baz    two         0.307262 2017-07-02 00:20:00
5   foo    one           0.7193 2017-07-02 00:25:00
6   foo    two         0.371118 2017-07-02 00:30:00
7   foo    two  0 days 00:05:00 2017-07-02 00:35:00  correct
8   qux    one         0.794236 2017-07-02 00:40:00
9   qux    two         0.571231 2017-07-02 00:45:00

The above result is exactly what I wanted. The problem is that this approach is freezing my 16GB/i5-6200U CPU @ 2.3GHz computer when applied to the dataframe where I have about 150,000 rows.
What is the most efficient way to conditionally populate such elements where (possibly) I need to write a function?
NB: I ran this in a jupyter notebook on windows 10 - if that is important

A: There are several issues here.

*

*You are editing a dataframe from within a group by apply.  This is bound for lot's of debugging.

*When you use apply within a groupby, you create a new dataframe for every group.  We can improve performance by just manipulating the indices of the groups.

*You don't need to reset your index in order to group by the index levels

To start, please make a copy of a just in case something gets lost in translation, I don't want you messing up a... just yet.
a_ = a.copy()

Ok, to make it quicker
g = a.groupby(level=['first', 'second'])

I'm going to use a lot of get_value and set_value where takeable=True.  The takeable option allows me to use the other arguments as positional references.  As, such, I'll want to make sure that I've got the correct positions.
j0 = a.columns.get_loc(0)
j1 = a.columns.get_loc(1)

Conveniently, g has an indices attribute that tells me the positions of all my rows for each named group.  I'll create a dictionary of names and indices that pass the first hurdle of being of length 2 or more using a comprehension.
g_ = {n: i for n, i in g.indices.items() if i.size > 1}

You are placing different kinds of things into column 0 and since I'm going to be using set_value, I'd better cast the column as object ahead of time.
a[0] = a[0].astype(object)

Now, I can loop over the groups that passed the length hurdle above.
for n, i in g_.items():
    i0, i1 = i[-2:]
    cond = a.get_value(i1, j0, takeable=True) > 0.5
    if cond:
        tgap = a.get_value(i1, j1, takeable=True) - a.get_value(i0, j1, takeable=True)
        a.set_value(i1, j0, tgap, takeable=True)
    else:
        a.set_value(i1, j0, 'ELSE', takeable=True)

All Together
g = a.groupby(level=['first', 'second'])

j0 = a.columns.get_loc(0)
j1 = a.columns.get_loc(1)
g_ = {n: i for n, i in g.indices.items() if i.size > 1}

a[0] = a[0].astype(object)

for n, i in g_.items():
    i0, i1 = i[-2:]
    cond = a.get_value(i1, j0, takeable=True) > 0.5
    if cond:
        tgap = a.get_value(i1, j1, takeable=True) - a.get_value(i0, j1, takeable=True)
        a.set_value(i1, j0, tgap, takeable=True)
    else:
        a.set_value(i1, j0, 'ELSE', takeable=True)

Timing
%timeit a.reset_index().groupby(['first', 'second']).apply(myfunc)
100 loops, best of 3: 7.14 ms per loop

%%timeit
a = b.copy()
g = a.groupby(level=['first', 'second'])

j0 = a.columns.get_loc(0)
j1 = a.columns.get_loc(1)
g_ = {n: i for n, i in g.indices.items() if i.size > 1}

a[0] = a[0].astype(object)

for n, i in g_.items():
    i0, i1 = i[-2:]
    cond = a.get_value(i1, j0, takeable=True) > 0.5
    if cond:
        tgap = a.get_value(i1, j1, takeable=True) - a.get_value(i0, j1, takeable=True)
        a.set_value(i1, j0, tgap, takeable=True)
    else:
        a.set_value(i1, j0, 'ELSE', takeable=True)

1000 loops, best of 3: 1.01 ms per loop

A: i came up with a vectorized version to perform your transformation in several steps. If you have a rather complex transformation as you have here i would advice you to try to split it in several steps you can perfrom in pandas.
Your first step would be finding more then two entrys in a group:
to_check = df.groupby(['first','second']).size().apply(lambda x: True if x > 1 else False)
first  second
bar    one        True
       two       False
baz    one       False
       two       False
foo    one       False
       two        True
qux    one       False
       two       False
dtype: bool

Now we can merge (on the index) the results back onto the original df:
df = df.merge(to_check.rename('check').to_frame(), left_index=True, right_index=True)
                   one                 two  check
first second
bar   one     0.821371 2017-07-02 00:00:00   True
      one     0.312364 2017-07-02 00:05:00   True
      two     0.104821 2017-07-02 00:10:00  False
baz   one     0.839370 2017-07-02 00:15:00  False
      two     0.307262 2017-07-02 00:20:00  False
foo   one     0.719300 2017-07-02 00:25:00  False
      two     0.371118 2017-07-02 00:30:00   True
      two     0.765483 2017-07-02 00:35:00   True
qux   one     0.794236 2017-07-02 00:40:00  False
      two     0.571231 2017-07-02 00:45:00  False

Now we can use the 'check' column to locate the groups we are interested and see if we should perform a calculation:
to_calc = df.loc[df['check'], 'one'].groupby(['first','second']).apply(lambda x: 1 if x[-1] > 0.5 else 'Else')
first  second
bar    one           Else
foo    two       0.394365

Now that we have the results we can merge them back onto the df:
df = df.merge(to_calc.to_frame(), left_index=True, right_index=True, how='outer')
                   one                 two  check to_calc
first second
bar   one     0.821371 2017-07-02 00:00:00   True    Else
      one     0.312364 2017-07-02 00:05:00   True    Else
      two     0.104821 2017-07-02 00:10:00  False     NaN
baz   one     0.839370 2017-07-02 00:15:00  False     NaN
      two     0.307262 2017-07-02 00:20:00  False     NaN
foo   one     0.719300 2017-07-02 00:25:00  False     NaN
      two     0.371118 2017-07-02 00:30:00   True       1
      two     0.765483 2017-07-02 00:35:00   True       1
qux   one     0.794236 2017-07-02 00:40:00  False     NaN
      two     0.571231 2017-07-02 00:45:00  False     NaN

This we can use to perform the actual calculation:
df_calc = df.loc[df['to_calc']==1,'two'].groupby(level=['first','second']).apply(lambda x: x[-1]-x[-2])
df = df.merge(df_calc.rename('calc').to_frame(), left_index=True, right_index=True, how='outer')
                   one                 two  check to_calc     calc
first second
bar   one     0.821371 2017-07-02 00:00:00   True    Else      NaT
      one     0.312364 2017-07-02 00:05:00   True    Else      NaT
      two     0.104821 2017-07-02 00:10:00  False     NaN      NaT
baz   one     0.839370 2017-07-02 00:15:00  False     NaN      NaT
      two     0.307262 2017-07-02 00:20:00  False     NaN      NaT
foo   one     0.719300 2017-07-02 00:25:00  False     NaN      NaT
      two     0.371118 2017-07-02 00:30:00   True       1 00:05:00
      two     0.765483 2017-07-02 00:35:00   True       1 00:05:00
qux   one     0.794236 2017-07-02 00:40:00  False     NaN      NaT
      two     0.571231 2017-07-02 00:45:00  False     NaN      NaT

To write the result only into the last field of every group is rather tricky now, but can be achieved by combining pandas nan and duplicated test:
calc_select = (~pd.isnull(df['calc']))&~(
       df.duplicated(subset=['first','second'],keep='last'))
else_select = (df['to_calc']=='Else')&~(
       df.duplicated(subset=['first','second'],keep='last'))
df.loc[else_select, 'one'] =  df.loc[else_select, 'to_calc']
df.loc[calc_select, 'one'] = df.loc[calc_select, calc'].astype('O')

first second              one                 two  check to_calc     calc
0   bar    one         0.821371 2017-07-02 00:00:00   True    Else      NaT
1   bar    one             Else 2017-07-02 00:05:00   True    Else      NaT
2   bar    two         0.104821 2017-07-02 00:10:00  False     NaN      NaT
3   baz    one          0.83937 2017-07-02 00:15:00  False     NaN      NaT
4   baz    two         0.307262 2017-07-02 00:20:00  False     NaN      NaT
5   foo    one           0.7193 2017-07-02 00:25:00  False     NaN      NaT
6   foo    two         0.371118 2017-07-02 00:30:00   True       1 00:05:00
7   foo    two  0 days 00:05:00 2017-07-02 00:35:00   True       1 00:05:00
8   qux    one         0.794236 2017-07-02 00:40:00  False     NaN      NaT
9   qux    two         0.571231 2017-07-02 00:45:00  False     NaN      NaT

My solution actually runs slower then yours (18.4 ms compared to yours with 7.08 ms) for the test data but i would assume that the vectorized solutions runs much faster on a bigger dataset. I would really be interested if you could provide some timings with your dataset.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
By Daniel Estrin,
Aya Batrawy
Majdi Mohammed
Palestinian rescuers inspect the site of a damaged building following an Israeli forces raid in the West Bank city of Jenin, Thursday. Israeli forces killed at least nine Palestinians and wounded several others during the raid, Palestinian health officials said. The Israeli military said it was conducting an operation to arrest suspected militants when a gun battle erupted.
TEL AVIV, Israel — The Israeli military on Thursday carried out its deadliest operation in the occupied West Bank in years, killing at least nine Palestinians, including a woman in her 60s, according to Palestinian officials.
The Palestinian Authority condemned the raid, at a refugee camp in the city of Jenin, calling the killings a "massacre" and announcing it was cutting off the usual security coordination between Palestinian police and Israeli forces. That's a step it has taken in the past but it could increase the chances of further violence. The Palestinian Authority also said it hoped to take the matter to the United Nations Security Council.
The raid also drew condemnation from Middle Eastern governments, which warned of potential fallout in the region.
Thursday's violence was the latest in an ongoing campaign over nearly 10 months of almost daily and often deadly Israeli military incursions into Palestinian areas of the West Bank to arrest suspected militants and confiscate weapons.
A United Nations official, who spoke on condition of anonymity in order to refer to internal statistics, said it was the deadliest single operation in the West Bank since at least 2005, when the U.N. started counting casualties there.
Majdi Mohammed / AP
Palestinians clash with Israeli forces following an army raid in the West Bank city of Jenin, on Thursday.
An Israeli military spokesman said troops raided a home in the Jenin refugee camp to apprehend Islamic Jihad militants planning an imminent attack in Israel, and that the soldiers came under fire. The spokesman said at least six of those killed were armed men — including some who opened fire at troops and others who had tried to flee.
Palestinian social media users shared photos of a Palestinian dairy truck which they said Israeli undercover troops used to enter Jenin on Thursday morning without drawing attention. NPR has not confirmed this.
Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas ordered three days of mourning with flags at half-staff, and called an urgent meeting of the Palestinian leadership. In a statement, presidential spokesman Nabil Abu Rudeineh called it "a massacre carried out by the Israeli occupation government, in light of suspicious international silence."
U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken already had a trip to the region scheduled for early next week. After the Jenin raid, Assistant Secretary of State for the Near Eastern Affairs Barbara Leaf told reporters the U.S. was watching the events and urging both sides to de-escalate and calm the situation.
At least 29 Palestinians have been killed by Israeli troops in the West Bank this year, including the latest casualties Thursday. Last year, Israeli forces killed nearly 150 Palestinians in the West Bank, the highest number since 2004, including five women and 34 children, the youngest of them 12-years-old, according to Israeli human rights group B'Tselem.
"I am deeply alarmed and saddened by the continuing cycle of violence in the occupied West Bank. The deaths today of nine Palestinians, including militants and one woman, during an Israeli arrest operation in Jenin is another stark example," U.N. Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process Tor Wennesland said in a statement. "I urge, and remain actively engaged with, Israeli and Palestinian authorities to de-escalate tensions, restore calm, and avoid further conflict."
Arab countries warn of fallout
Arab governments from Oman to Egypt are condemning the raid, which was front-page on Arab news websites throughout the day.
Jordan and Egypt warned of repercussions that could ripple through the region, particularly in the absence of a peace process.
The United Arab Emirates, which is deepening ties with Israel, called on Israeli authorities to "reduce escalation and not take steps that exacerbate tension and instability in the region."
Israel's new far-right government poses a challenge to relations with Arab states, where the public remains supportive of Palestinian rights.
Qatar described Thursday's operation in Jenin as "brutal" and said it is part of a broader pattern of "heinous and horrific crimes" against Palestinians. It said Israel has become more reassured than ever of impunity. Saudi Arabia said it rejects "the serious violations of international law carried out by Israeli occupation forces."
As these countries condemned the attacks, people around the region were reacting to social media images purporting to show bloodied young Palestinian men shot in the raid and a nearby children's hospital Palestinian officials said was hit by Israeli tear gas.
Israel is considering deploying more of its Iron Dome anti-missile batteries in case militants retaliate with rockets from Gaza, an Israeli military spokesman said.
Aya Batrawy contributed reporting from Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
US / WorldNPR Top Stories
Daniel Estrin
Daniel Estrin is NPR's international correspondent in Jerusalem.


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text:
\section{Introduction}
With high-contrast optical and near-infrared imaging using 8-meter class
telescopes, it has become possible to obtain a detailed view of the surface
structure of protoplanetary disks. This new view of protoplanetary disks reveals
striking patterns, including single rings \citep[e.g.,][]{2017AJ....154...33A} or
multiple concentric rings \citep[e.g.,][]{2017ApJ...837..132V}, $m=2$ spirals
\citep[e.g.,][]{2017A&A...597A..42B}, warps \citep{2015ApJ...798L..44M}, and
moving shadows \citep{2017ApJ...849..143S}. Sometimes the rings seen in these
disks have a radial width that is narrower than the vertical scale height of the
disk, for example~in the case of RXJ 1615 \citep{2016A&A...595A.114D}. Such
structures are hard to explain as equilibrium structures in the disk, and are
more suggestive of a surface wave phenomenon of some kind. The question is then,
what could produce such waves?

The self-shadowing instability \citep{1999ApJ...511..896D,
  2000A&A...361L..17D, 2008ApJ...672.1183W, 2012A&A...539A..20S} could
be one possibility. This could
either lead to inward-moving waves or to stationary-state waves, depending on
the details of the disk structure and the central star.

In this Letter we propose an alternative explanation. We posit that
protoplanetary disks will not be in hydrostatic equilibrium in their
intermediate to outer regions ($r\gtrsim 10\,\mathrm{au}$) if the star and the
inner disk regions ($r\lesssim 1\,\mathrm{au}$) experience accretion outbursts
of the EX Lupi or FU Orionis kind. Such outbursts would, for a period of half a
year to many tens of years, heat the outer disk regions through irradiation.
These regions will thus become overpressurized and will start to expand vertically. Once the outburst is over, the outer disk regions cool again.  However, by
this time, the disk gas is already in motion, and the return to the ``normal''
temperature comes too late, so to speak, to prevent the violent vertical
oscillation of the disk gas. Given that the Kepler frequency is different at
different radii, the vertical oscillation of the gas occurs on different timescales even though the entire disk experienced the same duration of the
outburst.

We tested this hypothesis by numerical radiation-hydrodynamic simulations followed by
diagnostic radiative transfer computations to compute the optical appearance of
the disks.

\section{Model}
We use a modified version \citep{2014A&A...564A.135B, 2014MNRAS.440..683L} of
the legacy FARGO code \citep{2000A&AS..141..165M}, which is designed to
model the hydrodynamics of protoplanetary disks. This modified version
(hereafter FARGOCA) implements the stellar irradiation by radial ray-tracing of
the stellar light followed by a flux-limited-diffusion treatment of the thermal
radiation of the disk \citep{2013A&A...549A.124B}. It is implemented on a  3D
grid in spherical coordinates $(r,\theta,\phi)$. In this Letter we assume
the disk to be axially symmetric, which reduces the problem
effectively to 2D, with coordinates $(r,\theta)$. For stability
the irradiation is blocked within 7$^{\circ}$ of the midplane, mimicking
the shadow cast by the unresolved innermost disk.

Before we can start the actual simulation, we need to find as an initial
condition an unperturbed steady-state disk model. We do this by setting up an
initial guess of a density and temperature distribution, and letting it
undergo radiation-hydrodynamic relaxation. Our initial guess has a power law index $p$ for the
surface density. We then get
\begin{equation}
  \rho_{\mathrm{guess}}(r,z) = \frac{\Sigma_0}{H\sqrt{2\pi}}\left(\frac{r}{r_0}\right)^{-p}\exp\left(-\frac{z^2}{2 H^2}\right),
\end{equation}
where $z$ is the vertical distance from the midplane, approximately equal to
$z=(\pi/2-\theta)\,r$. The quantity $H=H(r)$ is an estimate of the vertical
scale height of the disk at radius $r$. We initialize the disk with a fair guess
of the starting values, assuring that this initial guess has a flaring geometry,
and then wait for the disk to reach hydrostatic equilibrium with irradiation and
heating.

We use reflective boundaries in the $\theta$-direction and in the radial direction at
the inner edge of the disk. The radial outer boundary remains open. For
numerical stability we introduce a floor density of
$\rho_{\mathrm{floor}}=2\times 10^{-17}\,\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{cm}^3$.

We use a grid with 500 logarithmic spaced cells in $r$-direction between 5.2 and
400 au. For $\theta$ we use 100 linearly spaced cells between $\theta=\pi/3$ and
$\theta=\pi/2$ (the midplane), i.e.,~we model only the upper half of the disk.

For our initial guess setup we chose the surface density power law index $p=1$,
and a surface
density value at the fiducial radius $r_0=5.2\,\mathrm{au}$ of
$\Sigma(5.2\,\mathrm{au})=160\,\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{cm}^2$. For the star we chose
$M_{*}=M_\odot$, $R_{*}=1.5\,R_\odot$, and $T_{*}=4370\,\mathrm{K}$. The opacity
model used for the radiation-hydrodynamics is that from
\citet{1994ApJ...427..987B}.

After relaxing the model to a quiescent state, requiring $\approx 20000$ years of
model time, we activated the outburst. Since the outburst occurs in the disk well
within the inner radius of our model, we treated the outburst simply as an
increase in the stellar luminosity by a given factor, lasting for a given time,
after which the star returns to its original luminosity. For numerical stability
we implemented a smoothed increase and decrease in luminosity. We then followed the
evolution for over 1000 years after the outburst had ceased.

To compute scattered-light images, we post-processed our hydrodynamical simulation
using the code package RADMC-3D \citep{2012ascl.soft02015D}. For a given
distribution of dust, RADMC-3D calculates the scattered light image that
would be observed using an instrument such as VLT/SPHERE. We calculated the
dust opacities with a Mie code using the \citet{2003ApJ...598.1017D} optical
constants, assuming a Gaussian distribution of dust grains with a mean size
of $10^{-5}\mathrm{cm}$ and a width of $5\%$.

Because the opacities of \citet{2003ApJ...598.1017D} and
\citet{1994ApJ...427..987B} are not fully compatible with each other, we
increased the canonical dust-to-gas ratio for the RADMC-3D model by a factor of
$1.42$ (leading to a dust-to-gas ratio of $0.0142$), such that the
Rosseland mean opacity computed from the \citet{2003ApJ...598.1017D} matches
that of \citet{1994ApJ...427..987B} for temperatures below about 150 K. In other
words, instead of adding water ice to the opacity,  for simplicity we adjusted the silicate
abundance. Likewise, we adjusted the ``stellar opacity'' (the
opacity of the dust grains at stellar wavelengths) used in FARGOCA to be
consistent with the \citet{2003ApJ...598.1017D} opacity, leading to a gas+dust
absorption opacity for stellar light at $\lambda\simeq 0.66\,\mu\mathrm{m}$ of
$\kappa=25.8\,\mathrm{cm}^2/\mathrm{g}$.

\section{Results}
We show the results for an outburst with a duration of 1.89 years, during which
the luminosity increases by a factor of \revised{30}. The resulting radial-vertical
density structure of the disk at different epochs after the start of the
outburst is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig-density}. It can be seen that the outburst,
leading to heating of the disk, causes strong vertical expansion of the surface
layers of the disk in a wavy manner. Once in motion, the expansion continues
even after the end of the outburst. The wavy character of the expansion is, at
least in part, due to the fact that at any radius $r$ the disk reacts roughly on
the local Kepler timescale. While the outer disk regions are still vertically
expanding, the inner regions have already collapsed and may already be bouncing
back up. The vertical expansion leads to a vertical displacement of the
$\tau=1$ surface of the short-wavelength radiation from the star. The wavy
radial behavior of the vertical expansion/collapse/bounce-back thus leads to
``mountains'' and ``valleys'' on the disk surface.

Soon after the disk has been set in vertical motion, the waves also propagate
outward. This wave is a combination of pressure wave (sound wave) and surface
wave (gravity wave). In particular in the surface layers these waves are
shocks. Their physical character is the same as the spiral waves induced by
companions or planets, but they are radially outward moving, and manifest
themselves as one or multiple concentric rings.

\revised{As can be seen in this figure, after about 200 years the inner regions of the
disk (inward of 10 au) have calmed down, but the wave is still propagating in
the regions beyond that. After 590 years the surface layers of the outer disk
regions (100 -- 400 $\mathrm{au}$) are still vertically expanding due to the
outburst heating event and the outward propagating wave has reached about 90
$\mathrm{au}$.}

\begin{figure}
  \centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{fargoca.pdf}}
  \caption{\label{fig-density}Density structure of the disk at different
    epochs after the start of the outburst. The horizontal axis is the radial
    coordinate in $\mathrm{au}$. The vertical axis is $\pi/2-\theta\simeq z/r$.
    Stellar photons move horizontally in this plot. The color
    scale is logarithmic, normalized to the maximum density of the first
    image. The white line is the radial $\tau=1$ line at
    $\lambda=0.66\,\mu\mathrm{m}$ with scattering included. The albedo at this
    wavelength is 0.8. The radiation-hydrodynamics simulations,
    however, only use the absorption opacity.
  }
\end{figure}

The scattered light images computed for the same time snapshots as in
Fig.~\ref{fig-density} are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig-scatlight-images}. They show
that the ringlike mountains and valleys  have sunny sides and shadowed
sides, visible as bright and dark rings in the images. \revised{The contrast between
peaks and valleys in the image are on the order of a factor of two to four.} For
comparison, the contrast of the rings seen in the scattered light image of TW
Hydra \citep{2017ApJ...837..132V} is \revised{on the order of a factor of two}, and for
RXJ 1615 \citep{2016A&A...595A.114D} it is, \revised{depending on the ring/valley pair, on the order of tens of percent to a factor of 5 to 10.}
The order of magnitude of the ring contrast thus appears to match the
observations of these sources.

\revised{It should be noted, however, that the outburst amplitude of the
  fiducial model shown in this Letter is a bit large for an EX Lupi-like
  outburst. In EX Lupi itself, the bolometric luminosity amplification factor
  during the 2008 outburst was on the order of 10, even though in the V band it
  was up to a factor of 100 \citep{2009Natur.459..224A}. We also made a model
  calculation with luminosity factors of 5 for which we found contrast ratios
  on the order of 1.3 up to $\sim$2. FU Orionis outbursts can be very bright,
  but they also last longer. Our models also find circular waves in those
  cases.}

The rings in our model images move outward with time. The outward speed of the
rings is about 1 km/s amounting to about 0.25 $\mathrm{au}/\mathrm{year}$ for
the current setup. For broad rings, such as those seen in TW Hydra, it may take
a few years between consecutive images to be able to discern the outward
motion. For narrow rings, such as the rings seen in RXJ 1615, the time baseline
may be smaller.

\begin{figure}
  \centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{radmcoutburst.pdf}}
  \caption{\label{fig-scatlight-images}Scattered light images of the disk
    seen face-on at the same epochs as in Fig.~\ref{fig-density}. The color
    scale is logarithmic, normalized to the maximum of the first image.}
\end{figure}

\section{Discussion}
A strong prediction of this model is that the rings seen in scattered light
should move radially outward, meaning that over a time baseline of several
years a discernable change in the radius of the rings should be detectable. If
the rings observed in a specific source can be shown to be static on a timescale on the order of half the wavelength (crest-to-crest radial distance)
divided by the sound speed, then the model is disproven for that source.

Measurement of the radial velocities caused by the outward propagating waves
using CO molecular lines with ALMA would provide strong evidence for the wave
scenario, but the amplitude of these radial velocity waves depends strongly on
the strength and duration of the outburst, and it requires a more
detailed study to determine which radial velocities are  expected for a given
amplitude of the bright and dark rings in the scattered light images.

If our scenario is correct for a particular source, then the radial velocity
pattern, as measured in different CO isotopologues, may also offer the
opportunity to do tomography of the disk in a way similar to the recent work by
\citet{2018MNRAS.474L..32J}. It would also allow us to compute the time in the
past, the duration, and the strength of the putative outburst.

\revised{The present models are still rather simplified. Given that the
  phenomenon is driven by irradiation, a better treatment of the dust opacities,
  possibly with dust settling included, will be necessary in future work. The
  effect of multiple smaller outbursts should be investigated, and in general a
  detailed parameter study with comparison to sources on a case-by-case
  basis should be undertaken.}

\section{Conclusions}
We have shown that the sudden luminosity increase of the central regions of a
protoplanetary disk will cause long-lasting surface waves in the disk's outer
regions. The sudden irradiative heating by the luminosity burst drives the disk,
or at least its surface layers, out of vertical hydrostatic equilibrium. The
ring-shaped mountains and valleys that are formed are seen in scattered light as
alternating bright and dark rings. We speculate that these multi-ringed patterns
in scattered light may explain some of the multi-ringed scattered light patterns
seen in several nearby protoplanetary disks, such as TW Hydra
\citep{2017ApJ...837..132V} and RXJ 1615 \citep{2016A&A...595A.114D}.

Clearly, strong enough outbursts of EX Lupi or FU Orionis type must cause
circular waves in the disk in the way described in this Letter. Whether the
rings we see in scattered light in several nearby disks are caused by such
outbursts remains to be determined, but if they are not due to this mechanism,
then it would be worthwhile to search for these patterns in disks that are known
to have experienced outbursts in the past.

\begin{acknowledgements}
  C.P.D. thanks Antonella Natta for discussions that motivated this work.  We
  acknowledge support from the High Performance and Cloud Computing Group at the
  Zentrum f\"ur Datenverarbeitung of the University of T\"ubingen, the state of
  Baden-W\"urttemberg through bwHPC, and the German Research Foundation (DFG)
  through grant no. INST 37/935-1 FUGG. We also acknowledge support from DFG grant
  DU 414/23-1, which is part of the Forschergruppe FOR 2634 ``Transitional
  Disks''. B.B.\ thanks the European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant
  757448-PAMDORA) for their financial support. We thank the anonymous referee
  for the useful remarks that helped improve the manuscript.
\end{acknowledgements}

\begingroup
\bibliographystyle{aa}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


In data released by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, almost 73,000 companies have been deregistered and have made to deposit more than Rs. 24,000 crore in bank accounts post demonetisation.
The Government started its fight against black money and is working towards tracking down the flow of illicit funds and illicit assets. It has taken steps to deregister the names of around 2.26 lakh companies which have been dormant for many years. It has also come to the government's notice that these companies in the past had also involved in illegal fund flows.
The Ministry, which has compiled the data said that more than 1.68 lakh companies out of the 2.26 lakh deregistered companies have deposited the cash in their accounts post demonetisation. Out of this, 73,000 companies deposited Rs 24,000 crore. Details of companies from various banks are under process, the ministry said in a document. In another report, the data shows that the direct tax collection post demonetisation has increased by 15.3%, which amounts to the collection of Rs. 9.80 crores of direct tax alone.
The Ministry document said that there are 68 companies are under investigation. The Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) is also probing 19 companies while the Registrars of Companies (RoC) are investigating 49 firms, it added.
It seems that the government has taken the issue of black money and illicit fund flows very seriously. Earlier, the Modi government intensified the crackdown on Benami Transactions by announcing a reward scheme to clamp down on benami properties. Under this scheme, the person who passes on any specific information about Benami transactions will be rewarded upto Rs 1 crore.
In several addresses, to the nation, PM Modi has said that he is committed to rooting out black money from the system by cracking down on benami properties. The present government has taken several steps like withdrawing of high currency values, from usage, enforcing strict measures to track illicit funds and other steps to eliminate the menace of black money from the system.


Popular Atlanta radio jock Frank Ski took to the airwaves to address his divorce, financial struggles and his ex-wife's lawsuit against him. Get the scoop.
Atlanta's People's Station V-103 has excitedly announced the return of Frank Ski. Get the scoop and find out when he will be on air!
Rapper Rick Ross celebrates his 40th birthday with a star-studded private party at his Atlanta mansion. See photos.


text:
Is there a cure?
Pituitary Tumors: Scientific Articles
The following featured articles include those from NICHD researchers or NICHD-supported researchers.
Courcoutsakis, N. A., Tatsi, C., Patronas, N. J., Lee, C. C., Prassopoulos, P. K., & Stratakis, C. A. (2013). The complex of myxomas, spotty skin pigmentation and endocrine overactivity (Carney complex): Imaging findings with clinical and pathological correlation. Insights into Imaging, 4(1),119–133. PMID: 23315333
Palumbo, T., Faucz, F. R., Azevedo, M., Xekouki, P., Iliopoulos, D., & Stratakis, C. A. (2013). Functional screen analysis reveals miR-26b and miR-128 as central regulators of pituitary somatomammotrophic tumor growth through activation of the PTEN-AKT pathway. Oncogene, 32(13),1651–1659. PMID: 22614013
Briassoulis, G., Horvath, A., Christoforou, P., Lodish, M., Xekouki, P., Quezado, M., et al. (2012). Lack of mutations in the gene coding for the hGR (NR3C1) in a pediatric patient with ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma, absence of stigmata of Cushing's syndrome and unusual histologic features. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 25(1–2),213–219. PMID: 22570980
Xekouki, P., Pacak, K., Almeida, M., Wassif, C. A., Rustin, P., Nesterova, M., et al. (2012). Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) D subunit (SDHD) inactivation in a growth-hormone-producing pituitary tumor: A new association for SDH? Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 97(3),E357–E366. PMID: 22170724
Xekouki, P., & Stratakis, C. A. (2012). Succinate dehydrogenase (SDHx) mutations in pituitary tumors: Could this be a new role for mitochondrial complex II and/or Krebs cycle defects? Endocrine-Related Cancer, 19(6),C33–C40. PMID: 22889736
Chowdhury, I. N., Sinaii, N., Oldfield, E. H., Patronas, N., & Nieman, L. K. (2010). A change in pituitary magnetic resonance imaging protocol detects ACTH-secreting tumours in patients with previously negative results. Clinical Endocrinology, 72(4),502–506. PMID: 19500112
Stratakis, C. A., Tichomirowa, M. A., Boikos, S., Azevedo, M. F., Lodish, M., Martari, M., et al. (2010). The role of germline AIP, MEN1, PRKAR1A, CDKN1B and CDKN2C mutations in causing pituitary adenomas in a large cohort of children, adolescents, and patients with genetic syndromes. Clinical Genetics, 78(5),457–463. PMID: 20507346
Xekouki, P., Azevedo M., & Stratakis, C. A. (2010). Anterior pituitary adenomas: Inherited syndromes, novel genes and molecular pathways. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism 5, 697–709. PMID: 21264206.
PubMed Search Results
Use the links below to search the PubMed database of more than 20 million citations for scientific articles.
PubMed search results for articles with keyword "pituitary adenoma" that were supported or conducted by the NICHD
PubMed search results for all articles with keyword "pituitary adenoma"
NIH researchers find potential genetic cause of Cushing syndrome
Little Glands, Big Effects: Understanding and Treating Adrenal Gland Disorders


Tag Idea Revolution of Toronto has hired Jeff Robbins as a senior digital specialist. He was most recently at Yield Branding, where he worked on the Porsche, Cavendish and Richardson accounts. Robbins has also previously worked at Rosetta, Bcreative and OgilvyOne. Shane Deen has joined the agency as an account manager. He was most recently at DraftFCB, where he worked on the TD Bank direct marketing and digital account. Jai Paek has been appointed to the position of art director. He has spent the last six years at Match/OSL and BStreet, working on accounts including Pepsi, Tropicana, Yum Brands, Scotiabank, LG, ConAgra Foods, Coca Cola, Weston Foods, Disney, Ferrero and Corby Distilleries.


text: When it comes to book genres, Westerns are one of the most perpetually ignored, but make no mistake, Wild West tales are just as compelling as literary fiction or fantasy. Cowboys with codes of honor, blood-soaked revenge quests, and romances that play out against a prairie backdrop are just some of the tropes you'll find between the pages of an epic set out West. The best Western books have all of those things and so much more, because there's nothing quite like delving into complex characters living in a world where nature and outlaws reign supreme. Whether you're a longtime fan of the genre or a total newcomer, the 25 books on this list are an example of the best that Westerns have to offer.


One way to pray for parliament and government is to do so as part of your normal church service.
We know churches pray in many different ways. One such way is to through the use of liturgy. Below is a liturgy your church may find helpful as it seeks to pray for politics.
You can download a PowerPoint of the prayer here.
Those who pray your kingdom come, your will be done on earth as it is in heaven.
Those who are holy, as you are holy.


VOCE Choir originated in Cambridge University. Their performances are uplifting and invariably sell out.
This fundraising event will take place in the WWF Auditorium with drinks afterwards at The Lightbox.


In the first part, we talked about what is natural sorting and discussed one of the many ways to implement it. We also wrote a class named StringChunk that will help us to implement our natural comparison algorithm.
Before comparing strings we need to identify the text and the numeric parts in the string. The algorithm is very simple: iterate each character of the string, if we find a character that is not a digit, start a Characters chunk, if it's a digit, create a new Number chunk. Process the next character. If it's of the same kind than the previous one, then store it in a buffer and continue. If it's not of the same type, then store the current buffer as a chunk part alongside it's type, then create a new buffer and set the correct chunk type for it. Repeat the process until the end of the string.
Let's take a look at the the structure of our algorithm and the variables we need to implement it. The structure is mostly a loop where we handle each character one by one. For this purpose we need a buffer to store the characters of the same kind while we are collecting them until we found a different kind of character(s). We also need to keep track of the type of chunk being collected. The output condition for the loop is when there is no more character to process. So we need to know the total number of characters in the string and an index to keep a track of which character we are processing. Finally, We'll need a boolean flag to handle the first character. We can't just test if i = 1 because if there are control characters at the beginning of the string, they will be filtered out.
The algorithm is implemented as a private method of the NaturalSortLib module because it's for internal use only.
If it's the first character to be processed, we store the character in the buffer, set theBufferType according to the type and lower the first character flag.
If this character has the same type than the current buffer, just store it.
If it's not the same type, process the buffer to create a chunk, store it alongside its type then create a new buffer with the character and update the type.
Note the use of the ternary/trinary operator If() to determine the type of the character.
// How to handle it?
Right after the loop, the last chunk is processed if needed, and the result of split is returned as an array of StringChunk.
Sorting is comparing. And the more items you have to sort, the more comparisons you make. It also means that a string will be compared multiple times with other strings. In order to avoid redoing what has already be done, let's implement a simple cache to store the result of a natural split. For this purpose, we can use a dictionary, the one from the new framework: Xojo.Core.Dictionary. And to later retrieve the result of the splitting for a particular string, the key of choice is the string itself.
The modifications to our code are very simple. First, we have to add a property to NaturalSortLib module that will hold the said Dictionary.
At the beginning of the NaturalSplit() method, we create an instance of the Xojo.Core.Dictionary if needed, otherwise we check if there already is an entry for the string to split.
Otherwise, we process the entire string and store the result in the cache before returning it, so it will be available the next time we use this string.
// Do we have this string in cache ?
Once the sort is done, the cache may no longer be needed. So we leave it to the developer to decide when to get rid of the cache content and to free memory by providing a protected method ClearNaturalSplitCache() that removes all the entries in the Dictionary.
In the third and last part of this series, we'll see how to compare two StringChunk instances and how it can help us to implement natural sort in a ListBox by using the ListBox.CompareRows() event.