text:
1Provisions and scope
1.1Persons subject to the FCPA
3Enforcement
4Requirements
4.1Anti-bribery/anti-corruption (ABAC) solutions
5Application
5.1Charges
6Exception
United States federal law
Other short titles
Domestic and Foreign Investment Improved Disclosure Act
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Amendment
Unlawful Corporate Payments Act
An Act to amend the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to make it unlawful for an issuer of securities registered pursuant to section 12 of such Act or an issuer required to file reports pursuant to section 15(d) of such Act to make certain payments to foreign officials and other foreign persons, to require such issuers to maintain accurate records, and for other purposes.
Acronyms (colloquial)
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977
Enacted by
the 95th United States Congress
Statutes at Large
91 Stat. 1494
Titles amended
15 U.S.C.: Commerce and Trade
U.S.C. sections amended
15 U.S.C. ch. 2B § 78a et seq.
Introduced in the Senate as S. 305 by William Proxmire (D-WI) on January 18, 1977
Committee consideration by Senate Banking, House Commerce
Passed the Senate on May 5, 1977 (passed)
Passed the House on November 1, 1977 (passed, in lieu of H.R. 3815)
Reported by the joint conference committee on December 6, 1977; agreed to by the Senate on December 6, 1977 (agreed) and by the House on December 7, 1977 (349-0)
Signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on December 19, 1977
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (FCPA) (15 U.S.C. § 78dd-1, et seq.) is a United States federal law that prohibits U.S. citizens and entities from bribing foreign government officials to benefit their business interests.[1]
The FCPA is applicable worldwide and extends specifically to publicly traded companies and their personnel, including officers, directors, employees, shareholders, and agents. Following amendments made in 1998, the Act also applies to foreign firms and persons who, either directly or through intermediaries, help facilitate or carry out corrupt payments in U.S. territory.[2]
Pursuant to its anti-bribery purpose, the FCPA amends the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to require all companies with securities listed in the U.S. to meet certain accounting provisions, such as ensuring accurate and transparent financial records and maintaining internal accounting controls.[3]
The FCPA is jointly enforced by the Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which apply criminal and civil penalties respectively.[4]
Since its passage, the FCPA has been subject to controversy and criticism,[5] namely whether its enforcement discourages U.S. companies from investing abroad.[6] The Act was subsequently amended in 1988 to raise the standard of proof for a finding of bribery.[4]
Provisions and scope[edit]
The core aim of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) is to prohibit companies and their individual officers from influencing foreign officials with any personal payments or rewards.[7] The FCPA applies to any person who has a certain degree of connection to the United States and engages in corrupt practices abroad, as well as to U.S. businesses, foreign corporations trading securities in the U.S., American nationals, citizens, and residents acting in furtherance of a foreign corrupt practice, whether or not they are physically present in the U.S. This is considered the nationality principle of the Act. Any individuals involved in these activities may face prison time.[7][page needed]
In the case of foreign natural and legal persons, the Act covers their deeds if they are in the U.S. at the time of the corrupt conduct. This is considered the protective principle of the Act.[7] Moreover, the FCPA governs not only direct payments to foreign officials, candidates, and parties, but payments made to any other recipient in furtherance of influencing a foreign official, candidate, or party. These payments are not restricted to monetary forms and may include anything of value.[8] This is considered the territoriality principle of the act.[7]
The FCPA is subject to ongoing scholarly and congressional debate regarding its effects on international commerce. Scholars have found that its enforcement discourages U.S. firms from investing in foreign markets.[6] This coincides with the well established observation that companies engaging in mergers and acquisitions in emerging markets face a uniquely increased level of regulatory and corruption risk.[9]
Persons subject to the FCPA[edit]
The term "issuer" is used to describe any U.S. or foreign corporation that has a class of securities registered, or that is required to file reports under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. § 78dd-1)
Domestic concerns
Refers to any individual who is a citizen, national, or resident of the U.S. and any business entity organized under the laws of the U.S. or one of its states, or having its principal place of business in the U.S. (15 U.S.C. § 78dd-2)
Any legal person
Covers both enterprises and individuals (15 U.S.C. § 78dd-3)
In 1975 and 1976, American public life was shaken by dozens of scandals involving bribery of foreign officials by prominent American companies. These disclosures, driven by Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) enforcement actions and high-profile public hearings by the Church Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations, made headlines for months causing serious problems for foreign leaders important to the United States. Some of the most sensational disclosures involved corrupt payments by Northrop, Lockheed, United Brands, Gulf Oil, and Mobile in Saudi Arabia, Japan, Honduras, Korea, Italy, and the Netherlands. The headlines were punctuated by suicides of corporate executives and foreign officials. One CEO [chief executive officer] jumped out a window. A European dignitary stepped in front of a streetcar.[10]
Investigations by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission in the mid-1970s revealed that over 400 U.S. companies admitted making questionable or illegal payments in excess of $300 million to foreign government officials, politicians, and political parties.[11] The abuses ran the gamut from bribery of high foreign officials to secure some type of favorable action by a foreign government, to so-called facilitating payments that were made to ensure that government functionaries discharged certain ministerial or clerical duties.[11] If the official has no choice but to bribe, and bribery is legal in the country, bribing is seen as necessary for "greasing the wheels", i.e. facilitating the conduct of business. Among the major examples of such practices were the Lockheed bribery scandals, in which officials of aerospace company Lockheed paid foreign officials in several countries to favor their company's products,[12]: 10 and the Bananagate scandal, in which Chiquita Brands bribed the President of Honduras for more favorable government policies.
In response to these high-profile revelations, Congress enacted the FCPA to bring a halt to the bribery of foreign officials and to restore public confidence in the integrity of the American business system. The Act was signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on December 19, 1977. The first criminal enforcement action under the Act was against Finbar Kenny.[13] Kenny had advanced Sir Albert Henry, Prime Minister of the Cook Islands, $337,000 from postage stamp revenue for Henry's re-election campaign.[14] In 1979, Kenny became the first American to plead guilty of violating the FCPA, and was fined $50,000.[14]
The Act was first amended by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, where Title V is known as the 'Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Amendments of 1988'. It introduced a "knowing" standard in order to find violations of the Act, encompassing "conscious disregard" and "willful blindness." Other amendments were for "bona fide", "reasonable" and lawful gifts under the laws of the foreign country.[15]
The second amendment was the International Anti-Bribery Act of 1998 which was designed to implement the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, i.e., to include certain foreign persons and extend the scope beyond U.S. borders.
The FCPA dominated international anti-corruption enforcement from its introduction until around 2010 when other countries began introducing broader and more robust legislation, notably the United Kingdom Bribery Act 2010.[16][17] The International Organization for Standardization introduced an international anti-bribery management system standard in 2016.[18] In recent years, cooperation in enforcement action between countries has increased.[19]
Enforcement[edit]
This article contains weasel words: vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. Such statements should be clarified or removed. (December 2020)
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Department of Justice (DOJ) are jointly responsible for enforcing the FCPA, since it amends both an SEC Act and the criminal code. SEC enforcement applies to companies regulated by the SEC while the DOJ enforces the Act against individuals and domestic companies entities not regulated by the SEC. However, enforcement by one agency does not preclude enforcement by the other, and on numerous occasions the DOJ and SEC have initiated enforcement actions against the same company for violations of the FCPA.[20][21] In 2010 the SEC created a specialized unit for FCPA enforcement.[22] In 2012, the SEC and the DOJ issued their first joint guide to the FCPA,[23] the second edition of this guide was published in 2020.[24]
Requirements[edit]
The anti-bribery provisions of the FCPA make it unlawful for a U.S. person, and certain foreign issuers of securities, to make a payment to a foreign official for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business for or with, or directing business to, any person. Since the 1998 Amendment of FCPA they also apply to foreign firms and persons who take any act in furtherance of such a corrupt payment while in the U.S. the meaning of foreign official is broad. For example, an owner of a bank who is also the minister of finance would count as a foreign official according to the U.S. government. Doctors at government-owned or managed hospitals are also considered to be foreign officials under the FCPA, as is anyone working for a government-owned or managed institution or enterprise. Employees of international organizations such as the United Nations are also considered to be foreign officials under the FCPA. A 2014 federal appellate court decision has provided guidance on how the term "foreign official" is defined under FCPA.[25]
Because the Act concerns the intent of the bribery rather than the amount, there is no requirement of materiality. Offering anything of value as a bribe, whether cash or non-cash items, is prohibited. This can even include paying for travel for foreign government officials, when it considered "excessive."
The FCPA also requires companies whose securities are listed in the U.S. to meet its accounting provisions.[26] These accounting provisions operate in tandem with the anti-bribery provisions of the FCPA, and require respective corporations to make and keep books and records that accurately and fairly reflect the transactions of the corporation and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls. An increasing number of corporations are taking additional steps to protect their reputation and reduce their exposure by employing the services of due diligence companies tasked with vetting third party intermediaries and identifying easily overlooked government officials embedded in otherwise privately held foreign firms. This strategy is one element of an effective FCPA Compliance Program, as it shows a sincere attempt to avoid business situations where high risk (prior history or proximity to unethical behavior) individuals are concerned.[citation needed]
Regarding payments to foreign officials, the act draws a distinction between bribery and facilitation or "grease payments", which may be permissible under the FCPA, but may still violate local laws. The primary distinction is that grease payments or facilitation payments are made to an official to expedite his performance of the routine duties he is already bound to perform. The exception focuses on the purpose of the payment rather than on its value. Payments to foreign officials may be legal under the FCPA if the payments are permitted under the written laws of the host country. Certain payments or reimbursements relating to product promotion may also be permitted under the FCPA.[27]
A U.S. company acquiring a foreign firm could face successor liability for FCPA violations committed by the foreign firm prior to being acquired.[28] Generally, acquiring companies may be liable as a successor for pre-existing FCPA violations committed by an acquired company where those violations were subject to the FCPA's jurisdiction when committed.[29] This position was further confirmed by the DOJ in a 2014 opinion stating that pre-acquisition conduct by a foreign target company without a jurisdictional nexus to the U.S. would not be subject to FCPA enforcement.[30]
Anti-bribery/anti-corruption (ABAC) solutions[edit]
Businesses increasingly focus on their core competencies, and as a result engage more third parties to provide critical business functions. Companies do not have direct control over their third-party providers, which expose them to regulatory and reputational risk of FCPA violations by those third parties.[31] Under the FCPA, businesses are accountable for activities involving both their internal and external relationships. Companies that operate internationally, or that engage third parties in countries with a high Corruption Perceptions Index, are especially at risk. Many companies have now adopted "anti-bribery/anti-corruption" (ABAC) solutions to combat this risk and help protect themselves from fines and reputational damage.
ABAC compliance solutions are a subset of third party management. These systems can automatically manage third party information and monitor their ongoing activities in compliance with FCPA regulation.
Application[edit]
Stronger DOJ and SEC enforcement has increased the prominence of the FCPA from 2010 onwards.[32] The SEC website shows a complete list of enforcement cases since 1978.[33] Notable select cases of the application of FCPA since 2008 are with ALCOA, Biomet, Bizjet, Hewlett Packard Company, KBR, Marubeni Corporation, News Corporation, Siemens, Smith & Nephew and Walmart de Mexico as follows:
In 2008, Siemens AG paid $450 million in criminal fines to the DOJ and $350 million to the SEC for violating the FCPA. This is one of the largest penalties ever collected for an FCPA case.[34][35]
In 2012, Japanese firm Marubeni Corporation paid a criminal penalty of US$54.6 million for FCPA violations when acting as an agent of the TKSJ joint venture, which comprised Technip, Snamprogetti Netherlands B.V., Kellogg Brown & Root Inc., and JGC Corporation. Between 1995 and 2004, the joint venture won four contracts in Nigeria worth more than US$6 billion, as a direct result of having paid US$51 million to Marubeni to be used to bribe Nigerian government officials.[36]
In 2012 Smith & Nephew paid US$22.2 million to the DOJ and SEC, and Bizjet International Sales and Support Inc. paid US$11.8 million to the DOJ for bribery of foreign government officials. Both companies entered into a deferred prosecution agreement.[37][38]
In March 2012, Biomet Inc. paid a criminal fine of US$17.3 million to resolve charges of FCPA violations and US$5.5 million in disgorgement of profits and pre-judgment interest to the SEC.[39]
In January 2014, ALCOA paid $175 million in disgorgement of revenues and a fine of $209 million to settle charges that its Australian bauxite mining subsidiary retained an agent that made bribes to government officials in Bahrain and to officers of Aluminum Bahrain B.S.C. to secure long-term contracts to supply the company with bauxite ore.[40]
In March 2014, Marubeni Corporation agreed with the DOJ to pay a US$88 million fine after pleading guilty to taking part in a scheme to pay bribes to high ranking Indonesian officials in order to secure a lucrative power project.[41]
On February 24, 2015, the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company "Goodyear" agreed to pay more than $16 million to settle FCPA charges that two of its African subsidiaries allegedly paid $3.2 million in bribes that generated $14,122,535 in illicit profits.[42] The SEC FCPA charges involved Goodyear subsidiaries in Kenya and Angola for allegedly paying bribes to government and private-sector workers in exchange for sales in each country.[43] According to the SEC because "Goodyear did not prevent or detect these improper payments because it failed to implement adequate FCPA compliance controls at its subsidiaries" and, for the Kenyan subsidiary, "because it failed to conduct adequate due diligence" prior to its acquisition. It was not alleged that Goodyear had any involvement with or knowledge of its subsidiaries' improper conduct.[44]
In July 2017, Ng Lap Seng, a Macau-based Chinese billionaire real estate businessman, chairman of the Sun Kian Ip Group (新建业集团), and a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), was convicted after a five-week trial of two counts of violating the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, one count of paying bribes and gratuities, one count of money laundering and two counts of conspiracy. In 2018 Ng Lap Seng was sentenced to 48 months in prison and three years of supervised release for his role in a scheme to bribe United Nations ambassadors to obtain support to build a conference center in Macau that would host, among other events, the annual United Nations Global South-South Development Expo (GSSD Expo) organised by the United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation (UNOSSC), then headed by Chinese national Yiping Zhou.
Charges[edit]
In 2009, former Representative William J. Jefferson, Democrat of Louisiana, was charged with violating the FCPA by bribing African governments for business interests.[45]
In 2010 the DOJ and the SEC were investigating whether Hewlett Packard Company executives paid about $10.9 million in bribery money between 2004 and 2006 to the Prosecutor General of Russia "to win a €35 million contract to supply computer equipment throughout Russia."[46][47] On September 11, 2014, HP Russia pleaded guilty before U.S. District Judge D. Lowell Jensen of the Northern District of California to conspiracy and substantive violations of the anti-bribery and accounting provisions of the FCPA. The court sentenced HP Russia to pay a $58,772,250 fine.[48]
In July 2011, the DOJ opened an inquiry into the News International phone hacking scandal that brought down News of the World, the recently closed UK tabloid newspaper. In cooperation with the Serious Fraud Office (United Kingdom), the DOJ was to examine whether News Corporation violated the FCPA by bribing British police officers.[49] Nine police officers were convicted including a senior officer in the Met counter-terrorism command, Det Ch Insp April Casburn, former Met anti-terrorism officer Timothy Edwards, former police officer Simon Quinn, former Met officer Paul Flattley and Scott Chapman, an ex-prison officer.[50]
An April 2012 article in the New York Times reported that a former executive of Walmart de México y Centroamérica alleged in September 2005 that Walmart de Mexico had paid bribes to officials throughout Mexico in order to obtain construction permits, that Walmart investigators found credible evidence that Mexican and American laws had been broken, and that Walmart executives in the U.S. "hushed up" the allegations.[51][52] According to an article in Bloomberg, Wal-Mart's "probe of possible bribery in Mexico may prompt executive departures and steep U.S. government fines if it reveals senior managers knew about the payments and didn't take strong enough action, corporate governance experts said."[53] Eduardo Bohorquez, the director of Transparencia Mexicana, a "watchdog" group in Mexico, urged the Mexican government to investigate the allegations.[54] Wal-Mart and the US Chamber of Commerce had participated in a campaign to amend FCPA; according to proponents, the changes would clarify the law, while according to opponents, the changes would weaken the law.[55]
Other cases are with Avon Products, Invision Technologies, BAE Systems, Baker Hughes, Daimler AG, Monsanto, Halliburton, Titan Corporation, Triton Energy Limited, Lucent Technologies.[citation needed]
Exception[edit]
As a general principle of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), in the United States, firms and businesses in the US are prohibited from making any payments to foreign officials for routine governmental action.[56] However, any payment that does not affect the decision of the foreign official is not considered a bribe. For example, a businessman in the States may make a payment to a government official to expedite a deal or transaction. Such a payment is considered a grease payment (and not a bribe), which is lawful under FCPA.[57]
In this regard, it becomes necessary to understand when an amount paid turns from a grease payment to a bribe, which is illegal under law. This is a grey area under the law which is still to be clarified. There are numerous factors that could play a role in demarcation between the two, which include: the amount of payment, the frequency of the payment, the status/level of the foreign official to whom the payment has been made, the outcome of the case regarding which the payment was made, etc.[58]
Bribery Act 2010 in the United Kingdom
Convention against Corruption (disambiguation)
Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act in Canada
Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering, another international agreement
OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, an international agreement
Politically exposed person, a term used in several jurisdictions
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Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (PDF/details) as amended in the GPO Statute Compilations collection
Chinese businesswoman pleads guilty to bribing UN honcho
Oral History, Mark B. Feldman, Association Foreign Studies and Training p. 97 https://adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Feldman.Mark.pdf
US Department of Justice page on the FCPA
Chairman Of Macau-Based Real Estate Development Company Convicted At Trial On All Counts In In Connection With United Nations Bribery Scheme
Former Head Of Foundation Sentenced To 20 Months In Prison For Bribing Then-Ambassador And President Of United Nations General Assembly
Former UN General Assembly President and Five Others Charged in $1.3 Million Bribery Scheme
UNITED STATES V. FRANCIS LORENZO, DOCKET NO. 15-CR-00706-VSB-2
UNITED STATES V. JEFF C YIN, DOCKET NO. 15-CR-00706-VSB
UNITED STATES V. JULIA VIVI WANG, DOCKET NO. 16-CR-00495
UNITED STATES V. NG LAP SENG, DOCKET NO. 15-CR-00706-VSB
Federal prosecution of public corruption in the United States
Mail and wire fraud (honest services fraud)
Hobbs Act
Travel Act
Program bribery
Precedents
United States v. Germaine (1879)
Burton v. United States (1905, 1906)
Glasser v. United States (1942)
United States v. Hood (1952)
United States v. Johnson (1966)
United States v. Nardello (1969)
United States v. Brewster (1972)
United States v. Helstoski (1979)
United States v. Gillock (1980)
Dixson v. United States (1984)
McNally v. United States (1987)
McCormick v. United States (1991)
Evans v. United States (1992)
Salinas v. United States (1997)
United States v. Sun-Diamond Growers of California (1999)
Fischer v. United States (2000)
Sabri v. United States (2004)
Skilling v. United States (2010)
Ocasio v. United States (2016)
McDonnell v. United States (2016)
Kelly v. United States (2020)
Ciminelli v. United States (2023)
Percoco v. United States (2023)
Federal officials
Local officials
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Abscam
Alaska political corruption probe
BRISPEC
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Operation Board Games
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Congressional insider trading scandal
Congressional Post Office
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Institutions dealing
with corruption
Global Financial Integrity
Group of States Against Corruption
International Anti-Corruption Academy
Mo Ibrahim Foundation
UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations
Oficina Anticorrupción (Argentina)
Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission
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National Anti-Corruption Observatory (Cameroon)
National Supervisory Commission (China)
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Commission Against Corruption (Macau)
USKOK (Croatia)
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KPK (Indonesia)
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Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania
BIANCO (Madagascar)
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Investigative Committee of Russia (Russia)
Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission
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Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia
Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission (South Korea)
Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera (Spain)
National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine (Ukraine)
Warioba Commission (Tanzania)
Laws and
Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011 (pending)
Freedom of information laws by country
The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013
UK Bribery Act of 2010
and efforts
Inter-American Convention Against Corruption
International asset recovery
International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities
OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
2011 Azerbaijani protests
2011 Indian anti-corruption movement
Anti-austerity movement in Spain
Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity
Russian anti-corruption campaign
Yo Soy 132
2017–2018 Romanian protests
2017–2018 Russian protests
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act&oldid=1118345412"
1977 in law
United States business law
United States federal criminal legislation
United States federal securities legislation
United States foreign relations legislation
United States federal public corruption crime
Articles with bare URLs for citations from May 2022
Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations
Articles with dead external links from June 2021
Use mdy dates from August 2020
Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2015
Articles with weasel words from December 2020
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015
This page was last edited on 26 October 2022, at 14:15 (UTC).


This competition has been introduced as a new fully inclusive sport which might appeal to a different group of young people.
The event is suitable for children with SEND or additional needs. It may also appeal to your less active children or those that don't normally get an opportunity to represent the school in sporting competition.
New Age Kurling is an exciting target game with teams playing a tactical game of position with the stones.
Aspire Competitions are for pupils predominantly in mainstream schools who have a recognised SEN/D or additional needs. Pupils may be in a lower ability PE group and would not be able to compete in a standard school team. Pupils could have physical, learning or sensory impairments.
Fully Booked! New Age Kurling - 5th February 2019 Free!


text:
Help:Page Editing
Page Editing
This reference provides the general outline on creating pages and instructions for specific sections; for the rest, see Help:House Style. Furthermore, this page does not dwell on details pertaining to the MediaWiki architecture; the reference for such things is Help:Wiki Editing.
Creating a Page
After searching, you may conclude that the page you're looking for does not exist yet. There are several ways to create it.
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Search for the page name which you would like to create. As you have found out by now, the page has not already been created. You will see something that looks like this:
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Don't do this. Only trusted users can delete pages in any event; but this website has a strict non-deletion policy. Hence, deletions on this website happen very rarely.
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The word "of" comes in handy here.
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See also Help:Also known as.
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State the theorem here.
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[[Category:The Category]]
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Let ...
Then '''what is to be defined''' is defined as ...
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Discuss corollaries and other subpages
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* [[Check This Out 1]]
It is understood that definitions should be referenced in this section directly, without providing a reader view. This is to make it easy to see which entries are definitions and which are proofs.
* [[Definition:Increasing Sequence of Sets]]
is a correct entry.
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{{Namedfor|Name 1|cat = Surname 1|name2 = Name 2|cat2 = Surname 2}}
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A similar technique is used for definitions.
If a definition is named for a particular mathematician, then the NamedforDef template is used:
{{NamedforDef|Name of mathematician|cat = Surname of mathematician}}
and again for axioms:
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The same extensions apply for multiple mathematicians.
The Historical Note section is intended as a relatively free-form section in which any interesting information about the concept can be elaborated on.
If there is already a "Source of Name" section, then if what you want to say consists of a sentence or two, it may be better just to add it to directly after your invocation of the namedfor template. See Fermat's Little Theorem for a simple example. On the other hand, see Fermat's Two Squares Theorem for an example of where the author has considered it appropriate to create a separate section.
If you have a great deal to say about the subject in question, then it is worth considering whether to write it as a separate transcluded page.
Indeed, if you have a strong interest and expertise in the history of mathematics and wish to impart that knowledge on this website, then it may be a worthwhile future task setting up a properly structured category for the history of mathematics, into which we may find it worthwhile to migrate, for example, our Mathematicians space into.
This is one area of $\mathsf{Pr} \infty \mathsf{fWiki}$ whose evolution is in progress.
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Also note that if there are differences between UK and US English forms of the spelling, the pronunciation or the plural form of any term, then this is the section to document it.
On definitions pages, typically some notation is introduced.
When rendering this notation using $\LaTeX$ requires some involved trickery, the code for achieving this may be explained in a section named "Technical Note".
See Definition:Convergence in Measure for an example.
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At the very bottom of the page, categories have to be added. See Help:Categories for documentation.
Retrieved from "https://proofwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Page_Editing&oldid=378286"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Bill Joass was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s. He played one season for Canterbury-Bankstown of the New South Wales Rugby League Premiership.

Playing career
Joass had a brief career in the NSWRL with little team success. He made his debut for Canterbury in Round 2 of 1935 - only the club's second game in history. He started at wing, with his side losing badly to the South Sydney Rabbitohs 37-9. He played 3 more consecutive games, before finishing his career 5 rounds into the season's start. In Round 5, Joass played the final game of his career in a record-breaking 6-91 loss to the St. George Dragons. This still stands as the largest winning margin (85) in a game in the history of the NSWRL/NRL.

Joass concluded his career with four appearances and no points. All four games he played were losses.

References

Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs players
New South Wales rugby league team players
Australian rugby league players
Rugby league players from New South Wales

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Keitaro Hase, Atsuhiro Kanda, Kousuke Noda, Susumu Ishida; Increased plasma galectin-1 is correlated with advanced glycation end products and interleukin-1β in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2018;59(9):5372.
Purpose : Galectin-1, a newly recognized hypoxia-induced angiogenic factor, increased in the vitreous of eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) independently of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A (Kanda A, et al., 2015 Sci Rep.). Recently, we reported that advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-induced interleukin (IL)-1β caused the retinal elevation of galectin-1 (Kanda A, et al., 2017 Sci Rep.). In this study, we explored correlations between protein levels of galectin-1 and potentially related molecules in plasma of patients with PDR.
Methods : Plasma samples were obtained from 40 patients, including 20 non-diabetic cases with idiopathic macular diseases (aged 63.4 ± 1.0 y/o), and 20 cases with PDR (aged 62.4 ± 1.9 y/o). Plasma levels of galectin-1, and inflammation-associated and/or hypoxia-induced molecules AGEs IL-1β, IL-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythropoietin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and VEGF-A were determined by using a multiplex bead analysis system and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results : As compared with those in non-diabetic patients, plasma levels of galectin-1, AGEs and IL-1β significantly increased in patients with PDR (p < 0.01), but IL-6, CRP, erythropoietin, LDH, and VEGF-A levels did not (p > 0.05). Increased plasma galectin-1 levels were positively correlated with AGEs and IL-1β levels in patients with PDR (p < 0.01), but not in non-diabetic controls (p > 0.05).
Conclusions : In consistent with our recent report, the current data suggest that AGEs upregulate plasma galectin-1 via IL-1β, although the cellular components involved in the eye are different. Increased plasma galectin-1 may result from AGE-triggered inflammatory stimuli rather than hypoxic induction.


text:
Home Travel Guide
Harbin Railway Station
Written by AppleUpdated Jun. 22, 2021
China Train Ticket Booking
China Train
Int'l Train from China
There are trains for major cities in China, including Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Hankou, Zhengzhou, Jinan, Yantai, Dezhou and Xuzhou.
Bullet trains are available between Harbin and other cities within Heilongjiang Province, such as Qiqihar, Mudanjiang, Suihua, and Jiamusi.
Harbin-Beijing: 10 hours by direct express trains Z2 and Z16, or 8 hours by bullet trains D28 and D26.
Harbin-Guangzhou: 37 hours by train T238/T235.
Harbin-Shanghai: 32 hours by train K58/K55.
Harbin-Zhengzhou: 29 hours by train K928/K925.
Transportation to Harbin Railway Station
Transportation: Passengers can take public buses No. 6, 11, 13, 14, 16, 21, 64, 74, 89, 101, 103, 108, 109, and 115 to get to the train station.
Harbin Railway Station Overview
Harbin Railway Station is located in Harbin city center. It was put to use in 1899. Harbin Railway Station is the second largest railway hub in Northeast China, after Shenyang Railway Station. The five railways, Beijing-Harbin Railway Line, Harbin-Suifenhe Line, Harbin-Manzhouli Railway Line, Harbin-Bei'an Railway Line, and Lafa-Harbin Railway Line intersect here.
Harbin to Yabuli
Yabuli Ski Resort is located 193 km (120 miles) east of Harbin City. Roads in Harbin are iced up in winter, so the safest possible way to travel is by train.
Yabuli South Railway Station is located near the Ski Resort. There are trains traveling between Yabuli and Harbin every day, and a single train ride takes 3 hours..
Harbin-South Yabuli: K7011, 7:46 am - 10:44 am
South Yabuli-Harbin: K7012, 16:20 -19:31
Account: Business Team
Zhengzhou - Urumqi Trains
Shenzhen - Xi'an Trains
Shanghai - Nanjing High-Speed Trains
Suzhou-Dalian Trains
Shanghai – Changsha Train
Luoyang - Nanjing Trains
Nanchang Railway Station
Suzhou-Ningbo High-Speed Trains


text:
Tag: Arabic Poetry
Tree Of Peace
At What Time Do You Become A Poet?
At what time do you become a poet? This is a question I've been pondering?
Can you call yourself a poet, just because you can write some fancy lines?
Or is that a title bestowed upon someone, when his poetry is finally published in a respectable journal?
Who finally says,"that person, he's a poet" and others follow suit and agree?
I'm perplexed by this question? I know clearly its not a full time occupation.
One can't just be a poet without a real job.
I've read of famous poets who were school teachers, bankers, furniture makers and even politicians!
It's not like it used to be in al-Andalus. Where there were patrons supporting one's poetic life.
Where you were paid to write beautiful muwaššaḥs, Arabic lyrical elegies about wine, beauty and love.
Those days are over. Our society demands that we make a living, and frowns upon artistic endeavors.
The usual quip is stated, "he writes poetry but during the day, he has a real job." Or "that's just a hobby"
Ive even read books that qualifies the act of writing poetry as a profession that doesn't pay, so don't get any bright ideas.
Oh my, poetry is so elusive, how do I contribute a verse? And, to call oneself a poet is presumptuous, unless others of stature agree.
Though I come from a lenient position, as long as you write poetry, you are one.
I don't want to cause riffs with the establishment, who am I to give out poetic titles, willy nilly?
I guess I'll just keep on writing poetry, regardless of what others say.
And, leave the bestowing of titles to those more qualified.
I have a special place
for my Suburban.
who would have
thought I'd write her
an elegy?
It hasn't been
since the heyday of
Arabic poetry-that
so trivial a poem
was written.
in between the Abbasid's
Andalusian Muwashshah,
desert poets wrote-
just about everything
even composing
elegies to their dogs.
But, my ode to my
traveling companion-
is composed out of
fondness and love.
For my Black Beauty-
though she lacks
stretch marks,
has safely delivered
me and my family
from one distant
State to another.
And, for that I am
appreciative.
Translation of Emilio García Gómez', Evolution of Oriental Poetry
Emilio Garcia Gomez
The evolution of Oriental Poetry:
Unless the prompts of historical analysis calls them to the scene, Arabs having been ignored, have remained hidden in a corner, concealed from the planet. They were fine and swift as arrows but of short scope: they were depleted of strength in the dunes of their native desert. Only Mohammed certain Sagittarius, knew how to clean the sand off of these darts and shoot them throughout the world. The Muslims call the pre-Islamic epoch Jahiliyyah, in other words "Days of Ignorance". Effectively, nothing was perfected in them, except two things: poetry and love. Whomever reads, The Mu'allaqāt [المعلقات], el Kitab al-Agani [كتاب الأغاني]("The book of Songs") or Abu-l-farach [أبو الفرج الأصفهاني], or any other collection of ancient poems, stays in suspense. The immense sea-all white foam-of the desert, planted with mended tents, stitched by rows of camels, blurred by oasis and palm trees, is a marvelous universe of authentic poetry. And in those times Antara [pans flute] asked:
Have the poets left anything to mend?
Only this initial perfection can explain the later evolution of Arabic poetry. When the political heart of Islam is displaced—first from Arabia and later from Damascus. So close still from the desert, then to be profoundly buried in the bosom of mesopotamian Bagdad, while getting infected with Orientalism. When the Caliphate is exchanged from the hands of the Umayyad [بنو أمية,] in love with the nomadic life, bedouin aristocrats of the old school, to that of the Abbasid's [العبّاسيّون], despots of the ancient orient, enclosed in authoritative towers, traditional poetry loses its reason to exist.
Drowned in their throats is their hoarse and rough pastoral voices. The poet no longer knows how to count the camels vertebrae, nor how to describe the aromatic shrubs of the dunes, or the bloody conflicts, nor the barbarian banquets, or the crystalline freedom so infinite of misery and of famine. It is no longer the political oracle of the tribe, that celebrates victory, insults the enemy or incites revenge, but rather a salaried panegyrist or the insidious lampoonist. His lover in no longer the liberated bedouin of magnificent beauty, in spite of her filthiness and her ragged attire, because she has shut her self off with a lute and the heavy atmosphere of a gynoecium.
(Emilio Garcia Gomez, Arabic Andalusian Poems p. 19-20 translated by Samuel de Lemos)
Translation Notes
Note: The Sagittarius is really a centaur — the lower half is horse, the upper half is a man. The man is holding a bow with an arrow aimed upwards toward the sky. This symbolizes the Sagittarius' drive to overcome basic animal instincts by aiming his thoughts into the divine realms of the heavens. In other words, Sagittarius is hunting for ideas and experiences that draw you into greater awareness. As such, Sagittarius tend to love adventure, travel and philosophy — all ways of extending beyond your immediate surroundings. Sagittarius tend to aim their arrows of thought upward, being the incurable optimists
Note: When a person embraced Islam during the time of the Prophet, he would immediately cut himself off from Jahiliyyah. When he stepped into the circle of Islam, he would start a new life, separating himself completely from his past life under ignorance of the Divine Law. He would look upon the deeds during his life of ignorance with mistrust and fear, with a feeling that these were impure and could not be tolerated in Islam! With this feeling, he would turn toward Islam for new guidance; and if at any time temptations overpowered him, or the old habits attracted him, or if he became lax in carrying out the injunctions of Islam, he would become restless with a sense of guilt and would feel the need to purify himself of what had happened, and would turn to the Qur'an to mold himself according to its guidance. —Sayyid Qutb
With the period before the coming of Islam being defined as the time of "Jahiliyyah", pre-Islamic poetry is commonly referred to in Arabic as "الشعر الجاهلي" or Jahili poetry – literally "the ignorant poetry". Although so named, however, what survives of this poetry is well regarded as the finest of Arabic poetry to date.
Translators note: I found this passage in Dr. Gomez' book to be quite moving, poignant and unfortunately still true. Arabic poetry is still concealed in many ways from any form of mainstream recognition. The fact that Andalusian poetry help to mold lyrical poetry such as; Shakespearean or rock music in the West and has not had its due recognition is incredibly unfair. More should be done to highlight and emphasize the incredible beauty and lyrical vitality of this important poetic genre.
The second paragraph is obviously a soliloquy mourning the exchange of Umayyad dynasty for that of the Abbasid, with this exchange, the poetic paradigm shifts from a more earthy, Arabic authentic desert culture to a more strict, insulated caricature of the former. Metaphorically, Dr. Gomez vivid description of this Arabic poetic transition from Umayyads to Abbasid's, is a picture of losing the resonance of desert life that once gave meaning to Arabic poetry. Desert nomadic poetry was "cast out" along with the Umayyad change in the caliphate.
The gynoecium is [ancient Greek meaning women's apartment] also the reproductive organs of a flower. This metaphor is obviously loaded with images of pregnancy. The fact that she is enclosed (shut off from the rest of the world) with lute and pregnant means that, authentic Arabic poetry during this transition is not being really heard and is in a stage of incubation. In Hebrew a similar term is called Niddah. Literally the feminine noun niddah means moved (i.e. separated), and generally refers to separation due to ritual impurity. Medieval Biblical commentator Abraham ibn Ezra writes that the word niddah is related to the term menadechem (מנדיכם), meaning those that cast you out.


In 2002 I started translating the poetry of Joseph von Eichendorff. I would meet with dad at the library and we would work on the translations together. Dad knew all sorts of techniques of rhythm and tone which not only helped me with the translations but with my own poetry that I was writing as well. In 2009 I published two translations, "Fall Magic" and "The Durande Castle," which were combinations of poems and a short story. This volume contains two novellas: "From the Life of a Loafer" and "The Statue."


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One of Latvia's most legendary brands – herbal bitter Riga Black Balsam® – has come up with a way to join the ever-growing popularity of the global coffee trend. At the beginning of the summer, the brand launched the fifth version of the ancient beverage – Riga Black Balsam Espresso.
"Including coffee in alcoholic beverages is a very current trend worldwide. In numerous bars, restaurants and cafes, these drinks are among the top five in bartenders' choice," says Maris Kalnins, the Global Brand Director of Riga Black Balsam. "With creating the Espresso version of Riga Black Balsam, we have combined two highly valued tastes of consumers: the unique taste of the legendary bitter and the strong, saturated espresso flavor," says Maris Kalnins.
Riga Black Balsam Espresso is made using the balsam extract found in the basic composition of the original drink. As an upgrade, Arabica coffee bean extract and cinnamon extract are added. The coffee beans used in the beverage have a strong taste, aroma and a pleasant aftertaste that resembles black chocolate.
"We are confident about the success of the new balsam flavor in the domestic, Baltic and world markets, with a particular success in the espresso lover's capital – Italy, where we have sent the new drink in early July," says Maris Kalnins. "Riga Black Balsam Espresso is not only a modern drink but also a long-awaited product for Latvian consumers. We're huge coffee enthusiasts because, for example, at least half of the liqueurs that are consumed in Latvia, are with the taste of coffee. In addition, our own drink Moka is ranked as the sixth most popular drink in the world with a coffee flavor! That is why it is a logical continuation – to add the coffee taste and highlight the unique and specific properties of the balsam," says the global brand director.
Riga Black Balsam Espresso is priced the same as the original balsam, has a strength of 40% and is filled in 0.5 liter natural clay bottles. The long-standing Riga Black Balsam partner, the graphic design agency BrandBox, took care designing the new and tasteful packaging of the drink.
Riga Black Balsam® is an herbal bitter created in Latvia, which is based on 24 separate ingredients that create a unique and elegant taste. With a reputable history of over 265 years, Riga Black Balsam is one of the oldest brands in its category worldwide. The legendary beverage is sold in over 30 countries, producing over four million bottles each year. Currently, the Riga Black Balsam product line includes five drinks: Riga Black Balsam Original, Riga Black Balsam Black currant, Riga Black Balsam Cherry and Riga Black Balsam Element.


As require by federal law, the most current Water Quality Report for the 2010 calendar year has been posted to the web site and is mailed out to all NAMUD1 customer. The law requires that this report be made available by July 1st of the following year. Water supplied by North Austin MUD #1 meets or exceeds all water quality parameters. You may view this report by clicking here.


In 1986, organizers with United Way of Cleveland thought they'd generate a publicity stunt and create a beautiful spectacle in the process. With a crowd of volunteers working all hours, they filled 1.5 million helium balloons.
And so one early afternoon in September, 1986, Clevelanders stopped to watch as hundreds of thousands of balloons rose up and floated around Terminal Tower, the tallest skyscraper in the city. It was quite a spectacle until bad weather pushed the balloons back over the city, fouling traffic, grounding planes, and likely causing two deaths.
In 1986, the United Way attempted to break the world record for balloon launches, by releasing 1.5 million balloons all at once in downtown Cleveland, Ohio.
Volunteers worked straight for hours filling balloons with helium under a giant net. When the net was finally released, the balloons rose to the sky.
The massive balloon cloud rose over the city, almost like an explosion of color.
Unfortunately, the stunt was about to go terribly wrong.
The weather that day was not cooperating -- storm was moving in from the Great Lakes. The winds pushed the balloons back down over the city.
The sky of the city was filled with an impenetrable cloud of balloons.
Tragically, two people died when rescue Coast Guard helicopters were unable to reach their overturned boat. They simply couldn't fly in the skies filled with 1.5 million balloons.
The rescue team said they felt like they were flying through an asteroid field.
When they finally got off the ground, they were searching for the heads of the drowning victims, but couldn't tell the difference between them and the balloons that covered the surface of the water.
In one case, a woman's horse was so spooked by the balloons, it seriously injured itself, and the owner sued for $100,000.
The whole event was supposed to be a charity fundraiser, but ended up costing the city millions in lawsuits, and created cleanup headaches for weeks.
Here's a clip of TV news footage taken on the day of the Cleveland Balloon fest in 1986.


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Born in Los Angeles to Honduran parents, America Ferrera made her film debut in 2002 in the independent film, Real Women Have Curves. In 2005, Ferrera had two more Hollywood movies, The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants and the Lords of Dogtown. However, it was in 2006 when Ferrera landed the title role in the hit ABC television show Ugly Betty that she became a household name. Next up on the big screen for Ferrera? Since then, she's been in The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 and Our Family Wedding.
America Georgina Ferrera
America Ferrera Filmography
The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2
America Ferrera News
Cesar Chavez Exclusive: America Ferrera on "Story That Really Mattered"
America Ferrera talks exclusively about making Cesar Chavez with Micahel Pena. The actress dishes re-connecting with Pena after they made End of Watch.
Mar 26, 7:01 pm
Julia Stiles and America Ferrera Cast in It's a Disaster
The two actresses join The Vacationeers in a "crazy story" of love and friendship. It is set to start shooting in L.A. this fall.
Jul 14, 7:24 pm
America Ferrera Photos


IM CREATIVE TRANSLATES BRANDS INTO POWERFUL LIVE EXPERIENCES.
We use theatre, technology, and media to deliver on your business goals. Our team has killer ideas that destroy cliche. We bring people together to realize a vision of strength, productivity and excellence where anything is possible.
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We thrive on bringing new ideas, and push for the best idea to win.
Our pursuit of perfection drives us to bigger and better victories.
No one creates profound brand experiences alone. We need you, and you need us.
We speak up. You don't have to agree, but you will always get honest counsel.
The diversity and size of our clients shows how we are a small company that does big things.


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Sinclair CEO: Locast is a Commercial Entity Masquerading as a Non-Profit
08/07/2019 2:56 p. m. GMT-5 – Jason Gurwin
At the end of July, Locast, a nonprofit streaming service funded in part by AT&T Inc. and founded by a Dish Network Corp. lobbyist was sued by CBS, ABC, NBC and Fox to shut it down. On today's Q2 Earnings Call, Sinclair Broadcast Group CEO, Chris Ripley said that they were "happy to see the networks act."
Sinclair makes over $1 billion in retransmission revenues annually, from cable and streaming services to carry their local affiliates. A service like Locast, that provides locals to consumers for a donation, could dramatically eat into Sinclair's revenue stream if cable, satellite, and streaming companies decide to drop their local affiliates. Satellite providers AT&T (who donated to Locast) and Dish Network have directed customers to the streaming service while is carriage disputes with affiliate owners.
While Ripley says, Locast is "not of any significance in terms of size or subscribers", that is is "Aereo 2.0 — really a commercial entity masquerading as a non-profit." He believes that "it should be shut down and we think that lawsuit will be the start of that process."
Locast bears similarities to Aereo, which was launched in 2012, but shut down through a Supreme Court decision in 2014. The main difference being that Aereo was for-profit and offered a DVR service for the content.
Locast is arguing that it is well within the 1976 Copyright Act, which allows for nonprofits to operate so-called booster and translator stations that strengthen a TV station's signal to reach antennas that otherwise wouldn't receive the channel.
While the service relies on donations from users, they recently received a $500,000 contribution from AT&T and another $800,000 from IOT Broadband LLC, a firm owned by former Dish executive Michael Kelly. To date, Locast says it has signed up more than 250,000 users and while it's not yet available nationwide, it is present in many of the country's largest TV markets and reaches more than 30 million households.


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Format MP3 ALAC FLAC CD FLAC-HD
Keith — 11/29/2022 12:22:24 PM
"Only just finishing set I but it's so hawt I feel compelled to add to the other voices here noting this is potentially one of the best shows this band has ever played. Just an absolute scorcher on all fronts. "
DashBortMan — 9/23/2022 2:41:51 AM
"3rd best show the boys ever played behind 1/27/11 and 2/21/07. This one is pretty much GOLD"
Bandana Dave — 11/8/2011 3:15:43 PM
"I thoroughly concur with you Keegan; this was a monstrous 2-set slab of mostly viciously tight killer prog-rock, with just enough UmphFunk to keep the wheels greased....folks all around me were just shaking their heads in wonder & disbelief...seen about 30 shows over the past 6 years, but this one was indeed one of the heaviest, at least live...Looks like 2 days rest put them in the right place....They came to play, and we obeyed!! Buy it, snuka !.."
Keegan — 11/8/2011 7:50:40 AM
"I could launch into a superlative filled rant about how this show was better than sliced bread/The McRib/beer&porn all rolled together. But, I won't. Just DOWNLOAD THIS SHOW."
Setlist at Northern Lights, Clifton Park, NY on Nov 2, 2011
Example 1 502
Got Your Milk (Right Here) 772
Fool In The Rain 402
Search 4 495
Last Man Swerving 1107
Believe The Lie 523
Der Bluten Kat 1841
I am the Walrus 272
The Bottom Half 655
Slacker 841
Wizard Burial Ground 642
Bright Lights 756


Photography is truly an art form, and it is becoming even more popular now that great cameras are extremely affordable. Large numbers of people avoid fully exploring the art of photography because, despite their interest in the art, they are overly intimidated. Here are some tips to get you going in photography.
Use photo manipulation programs to create images that would have been impossible with ordinary film only, including those that resemble watercolors, pencil sketches, and oil paintings. Lots of companies create digital software for changing your pictures; however, Adobe Photoshop is usually considered by most to be the standard in the industry. Taking your photos and making them a piece of art, is as easy as clicking a button or two in these programs.
Try to avoid including an overcast sky in your shots. Your pictures can appear dull and lifeless if they capture too much of a gray sky in the background. A black and white photo might work best if you have to shoot an overcast sky. If it's a bright day, however, you should include the sky more readily.
Experiment with new ways to use your camera, and take some original pictures. Personal style should be in a good photograph to express your point of view. Avoid classic pictures that you have seen a thousand times. Instead, shoot from unique angles, and be creative with your compositions.
Get a professional camera to take quality pictures. For a quality result, check into buying a dSLR camera. This is what many professionals use, so if you want photos that look like theirs, you will need the same type of camera.
Proper shooting stance is very important in photography. You want to hold your arms tight to the body, while having a firm grip on the camera using both hands. Holding the camera in this way, you will reduce camera shake and make shots that are in clear focus. If you put your hands underneath your camera, you will not drop it as easily.
When taking pictures of people, make sure that the background is slightly blurred. If the background is too crisp or clear, viewers may get distracted by it or be unsure of which part of your photograph to pay the most attention to. You can do this by having your background farther away from your subject.
Discrimination is a vital skill for a good photographer; when you are going to show off photos you've taken, present only your very best work. Resist the urge to show multiple angles of the same setting or showing too many images at a time. It can get very boring for others to see the same thing over and over again. Keep it fresh by showing different facets of your photography.
Make sure you pack your photography equipment with care when going on a trip. Bring along some cleaning accessories, extra batteries, and any lenses you may need. Be sensible about the limitations that your mode of transport will present, and try to take along only what you are sure you will need.
As you take different pictures, accompany each with a brief, written note. When you look at the hundreds of pictures you took, it might be hard to remember where you took all of them, or how you felt at that moment. Use a notepad to jot down a few notes about the pictures you take.
Photograph people often. However, it is important to always ask your subject's permission before snapping shots. When traveling, seeing these photographs will cause you to remember particular memories, even though the individuals you took a picture of don't stand out when you take their picture. When selecting people to photograph, always look for those dressed casually and sporting candid expressions.
Get as close as you can to your subject. You do not want the pictures to come out and not be able to see the subject or have things in the background take attention away from the subject. Make sure that the subject of your photographs get the attention they deserve.
Find a good balance between aperture, shutter speed and ISO. These three features are what determine your photo's exposure. Unless you are seeking a certain mood, try not to take under- or over-exposed photos. Experimentation with these features and how they work together will lead you to the perfect combination.
Consider purchasing a film camera if you enjoy the sentimental feeling that old photographs provide. To achieve the most dramatic effect you should use black and white film that has a rating that is more than 200. The developed film can be printed on art or handmade papers, producing interesting artistic effects.
Master photographers agree, less IS more. You can actually overshadow your intended subject when there is too much going on in the rest of the photograph. Simple is elegant and artistic.
You do not want to miss the perfect shot because you were playing with the settings on your camera. However, you shouldn't choose a preset; this let your camera choose your settings for you. Get familiar with your camera options before you start photographing, so you know which settings will suit each subject and situation.
Using limitation helps you to become very creative. You could restrict yourself to taking pictures intended to represent one concept (like "sweetness") all day, for instance. Make an attempt to take 100 photos from a similar point of view or from the same small location. Working withing these limitations will make your shots more creative.
Take a silhouette shot. A sunset is the traditional method for creating a silhouette, however there are many other methods as well. To create a silhouette, you just need to ensure that your background is much brighter than your subject. To create a perfect silhouette, you can either use a off camera flash in back of the subject or the subject can be placed by a window that is bright. However, keep in mind that occasionally, a face or body outline could highlight a bad feature of your subject.
Filters are simply additions you can purchase for your lenses. You can screw filters directly onto the end of your lens set-up. A UV filter is the most common. It filters the harmful rays out of sunlight. It is also intended to protect the lens from being damaged if the camera is dropped.
Experimenting with the focus can produce some interesting images. You can focus on your subject more by using a smaller depth-of-field to blur the background. When the subject sits close to the lens, such as a portrait shot, this is a great idea. The larger your f-stop is it will give you more depth, and this simply means that your whole photograph will be clear and focused. Make sure to use this for your landscape photos.
Make sure you are aware of where sharpness appears in the picture and how it works. Usually, the very center of the lens, and therefore, the very center of the picture, is where it is most sharp. Distortion begins toward all the camera frame's outside edges.
Make sure your subject is in focus and at the center of your picture. If you need your photos to have good composure, keep your camera in focus at all times. Your main subject should be at the center of your picture, unless you want to create a different effect. Don't worry about the background.
Try keeping something interesting in the foreground of your landscape photos to add more appeal to the images. Even a simple item like a rock could add another dimension to the picture. This helps emphasize the main focal point, along with directing the viewers' eyes around the frame.
When you are trying out your backdrops or working with an unusual subject, take a lot of practice shots. Every location presents a photographer with a new challenge, and snapping practice shots can help you to achieve a perfect finial photograph. In hectic environments, the lighting can change from second to second, so don't feel the need to count every shot as a "real" shot.
When you are going to be taking a close-up shot, be careful if you are using the digital zoom features instead of optical zoom. Many cameras will let you zoom up really far, but the quality will be compromised if you switch from using optical to digital zoom modes. The image quality is significantly worse when you digitally zoom. You may want to check how you can disable this feature on your camera in you owner's manual.
Consider the purpose of your picture before taking it. Some photos are better shot vertically than horizontally and vice versa. You'll be able to edit the shot when you're done, but getting enough in the photo to play with will mean the difference between a usable photo and a failure.
There are settings on your camera that can increase your shutter speed, making it less likely that your photos will come out blurry. The way to capture action is with a higher ISO setting. The result will be a sharper image of the moving subject.
Set your white balance manually. Most cameras automatically choose a white balance for your photos, but for true control of your image, set this manually. If the white balance is properly adjusted, it can eliminate the yellow tinge from a photograph that was taken in incandescent lighting or even transform the general atmosphere of an image.
Increase your camera's shutter speed whenever the environment you're taking your photograph in is lacking in light. This prevents blurs from showing up on your pictures. Go with shutter speeds no faster than .005 second, or perhaps .004 seconds.
Photography is not an art form to rush, not when you are learning it and certainly not when you are waiting for the perfect shot. Whenever a shot is set up, that's the only time it will be there. Forcing a shot before it is ready will give you disappointing results.
If your camera uses lithium batteries you should be aware of airport rules about having such batteries. Airports have banned loose batteries from being allowed in luggage as they are said to pose a risk to overheating and causing a fire. However, you can put these batteries in your camera, and carry the camera onto the plane.
Taking good photographs of food can be surprisingly tough. It is hard because food will move, melt, or wilt while you are trying to get your shot. Prepare place settings before setting up your food. Finally ensure that the lighting is right. At that point, set the food out and take the perfect picture.
As was said earlier, most people are interested by photography. However, many people are intimidated by the amount of technical gadgets and accessories that are used by professional photographers.
You should learn to use all the features on your camera, especially the focus-lock. Many point-and-shoot cameras use auto-focus to target the object that appears in the middle of the frame. If your subject matter is positioned to one side, you must manually focus the camera. In most cases, this can be done by pushing the shutter button to the halfway point while your subject is still centered and then adjusting the camera until your subject is in your preferred position within the frame. Press the shutter down the entire way to capture the image.


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Jeff Weinstein
Mission to Washington
Issue: Aid to Israel
Issue: Iran
Issue: Negotiations
Issue: BDS
College Campus Issues
Legislation combating Iranian Aggression
You can find contact information for your Representative here.
You can find contact information for your Senators here.
Reauthorizing the Iran Sanctions Act (ISA)
The Iran Sanctions Act (ISA), which was suspended as part of last year's international nuclear accord with Tehran, is a law targeting international investment in Iran. It remains on the books but will expire at the end of the year unless Congress extends it.
The renewal of ISA is a crucial step to ensure there are sanctions in place to "snap back" should Iran violate the nuclear agreement. Extension of ISA would also send a strong signal to Iran that Congress is carefully scrutinizing its actions. Failure to reauthorize would send the opposite signal.
There is currently bipartisan support to renew ISA, and recently the Administration has given approving remarks to the Act's extension[1].
What we are requesting of Congress:
A. THANK Congress for reauthorizing the Iran Sanctions Act (ISA)
House and Senate:
Thank you for voting to reauthorize the Iran Sanctions Act (ISA) to maintain the existing architecture of sanctions against Iran in case they violate the terms of the JCPOA.
Articles and Further Reading on the Issue
Iran Conducts Space Launch – Iran this week conducted the first launch of a new rocket that the Pentagon views as a key element of Tehran's effort to build long-range missiles.
Washington Post: Lawmakers say Sanctions legislation would…
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2016/04/05/lawmakers-say-iran-sanctions-legislation-would-allow-u-s-to-speak-with-one-voice/
http://spacewatchme.com/2016/04/irans-simorgh-rocket-failed-launch-successful-test/
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Globe Chief Legal Counsel and Senior Advisor Rodolfo A. Salalima, a recognized authority in the field of telecommunications law, launches his new book titled: "Telecommunications in the Information Revolution".
The book is a compilation of the law and jurisprudence on telecommunications and of insights on the evolving language and fundamental issues of the Internet revolution. It helps provide understanding on the current communications technologies that help shape the change in people's lives and lifestyles. It is also used as a textbook filled with legal commentary for law students, and as a reference material for industry practitioners and non-lawyers.
The book launch will happen at the Radiate Room, the Loft of the Globe Tower, Bonifacio Global City, Taguig on October 9, 2015. If you wish to have a copy of the book, you may buy at the UP Law Center, Malcolm Hall, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City.
About the Author: Atty. Salalima is a recognized authority in the field of telecommunications law. He is one of the principal authors of the NTC rules of procedure. He is on the roster of Lecturers in the Supreme Court's Mandatory Continuing Legal Education (MCLE) program for lawyers and has served as resource person and Philippine delegate in various local and international fora. He is President of the Philippine Chamber of Telecommunications Operators; Chief Legal Counsel and spokesperson of a leading telecom company in the country; and Vice Chairman of the International Telecommunication Union Council working group for the amendment of the ITU Constitution and Convention where he represents the Asia-Pacific region.


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Q: how to build a promise to correctly retrieve data from a callback with timeout simulated api? var message = "I like apple and sunny and crazy bannaas ... and lovey cats";

  var getMsgOneCharATime = function(cb, idx) {
    // Fetches a character from the message. Simulates an API call by adding a delay to the request.
      const apiDelay = 10;
      setTimeout(function() {
        cb(message[idx]);
      }, apiDelay);
  };

//// only after following line I can edit!
var countDistinctAsyncWords = function() {
  const messageArray = [];
  let currentIndex = 0;

  function getPromisedCounter(value) {
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
      if (!value) {
        resolve({
          value,
          index
        });
      } else {
        reject('there is a error');
      }
    });
  }

  var counter = setInterval(() => {
    getMsgOneCharATime(getPromisedCounter, currentIndex);
    currentIndex ++;
  });

  function saveWord(word) {
    if (!word) clearInterval(counter);
    console.log(word);
    messageArray.push(word);
  }
  console.log(messageArray);
  return messageArray.join();
}

console.log('---');
console.log(countDistinctAsyncWords());
console.log('---end-');

The purpose is to use countDistinctAsyncWords to print out the message that got fetched by the fake timeout api getMsgOneCharATime calling. I still not able to come out an idea how should I intercept each character correctly, assuming that the message can be infinity and I do not know the length of it. I am also open to other solutions.
Thanks!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange