For other uses, see Jefferson Davis (disambiguation).
Jefferson Finis Davis (June 3, 1808 – December 6, 1889) was an American politician who was a U.S. Representative and Senator from Mississippi, the 23rd U.S. Secretary of War, and the President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. He took personal charge of the Confederate war plans but was unable to find a strategy to defeat the more populous and industrialized Union. His diplomatic efforts failed to gain recognition from any foreign country, and at home, the collapsing Confederate economy forced his government to print more and more paper money to cover the war's expenses, leading to runaway inflation and devaluation of the Confederate dollar.
Davis was born in Kentucky to a moderately prosperous farmer, and grew up on his older brother Joseph's large cotton plantations in Mississippi and Louisiana. Joseph Davis also secured his appointment to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. After graduating, Jefferson Davis served six years as a lieutenant in the U.S. Army. He fought in the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), as the colonel of a volunteer regiment. He served as the U.S. Secretary of War from 1853 to 1857 under President Franklin Pierce, and as a Democratic U.S. senator from Mississippi. Before the war, he operated a large cotton plantation in Mississippi and owned more than 100 slaves. After the war had ended, he remained a proud apologist for the cause of slavery for which he and the Confederacy had fought. Although Davis argued against secession in 1858, he believed that each state was sovereign and had an unquestionable right to secede from the Union.
Davis's first wife, Sarah Knox Taylor, died of malaria after three months of marriage, and he also struggled with recurring bouts of the disease. He was unhealthy for much of his life. At the age of 36 Davis married again, to 18-year-old Varina Howell, a native of Natchez who had been educated in Philadelphia and had some family ties in the North. They had six children. Only two survived him, and only one married and had children.
Many historians attribute the Confederacy's weaknesses to the poor leadership of President Davis. His preoccupation with detail, reluctance to delegate responsibility, lack of popular appeal, feuds with powerful state governors and generals, favoritism toward old friends, inability to get along with people who disagreed with him, neglect of civil matters in favor of military ones, and resistance to public opinion all worked against him. Historians agree he was a much less effective war leader than his Union counterpart Abraham Lincoln. After Davis was captured in 1865, he was accused of treason. He was never tried and was released after two years. While not disgraced, Davis had been displaced in ex-Confederate affection after the war by his leading general, Robert E. Lee. Davis wrote a memoir entitled The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, which he completed in 1881. By the late 1880s, he began to encourage reconciliation, telling Southerners to be loyal to the Union. Ex-Confederates came to appreciate his role in the war, seeing him as a Southern patriot, and he became a hero of the Lost Cause in the post-Reconstruction South.
Davis's paternal grandparents each immigrated separately to North America from the region of Snowdonia in North Wales in the early 18th century. The rest of his ancestry was English. After arriving in Philadelphia, Davis's paternal grandfather Evan settled in the colony of Georgia, which was developed chiefly along the coast. He married the widow Lydia Emory Williams, who had two sons from a previous marriage.
Their son Samuel Emory Davis was born in 1756. He served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, along with his two older half-brothers. In 1783, after the war, he married Jane Cook. She was born in 1759 to William Cook and his wife Sarah Simpson in what is now Christian County, Kentucky. In 1793, the Samuel Davis family relocated to Kentucky, establishing what is now the community of Fairview on the border of Christian and Todd counties. Samuel and Jane Davis had ten children; Joseph was the oldest son, born in 1784; Jefferson was the last and was born on June 3, 1807 or 1808, on the Davis homestead in Fairview. The year of his birth is uncertain; Davis gave both 1807 and 1808, at different points in his life. Samuel had been a young man when Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Jefferson was the third President of the United States, and Samuel, admiring him greatly, named his last son after the president. Coincidentally, Abraham Lincoln was born eight months later, less than 100 miles (160 km) to the northeast in Hodgenville, Kentucky. In the early 20th century, the Jefferson Davis State Historic Site was established near the site of Davis's birth.
During Davis's youth, his family moved twice: in 1811 to St. Mary Parish, Louisiana, and less than a year later to Wilkinson County, Mississippi. The international slave trade was prohibited in 1808, and planters used the domestic slave trade to procure laborers for developing cotton culture in the Deep South. Three of Davis's older brothers served in the War of 1812. In 1813, Davis began his education at the Wilkinson Academy in the small town of Woodville, near the family cotton plantation.
His brother Joseph, who was 24 years older, acted as a surrogate father and encouraged Jefferson in his education. Two years later, Davis entered the Catholic school of Saint Thomas at St. Rose Priory, a school operated by the Dominican Order in Washington County, Kentucky. At the time, he was the only Protestant student at the school. In 1818 Davis returned to Mississippi, studying at Jefferson College at Washington. Three years later in 1821, he returned to Kentucky, where he studied at Transylvania University in Lexington. (At the time, these colleges were like academies, roughly equivalent to high schools.) His father Samuel died on July 4, 1824, when Jefferson was 16 years old.
Davis fell in love with Sarah Knox Taylor, daughter of his commanding officer; future president Zachary Taylor. Both Sarah and Davis sought Taylor's permission to marry. Taylor refused, as he did not wish his daughter to have the difficult life of a military wife on frontier army posts. Davis's own experience led him to appreciate Taylor's objection. He consulted with his older brother Joseph, and they both began to question the value of an Army career. Davis hesitated to leave, but his desire for Sarah overcame this, and he resigned his commission in a letter dated April 20, 1835. He had arranged for the letter to be sent to the War Department for him on May 12 when he did not return from leave; he had made no mention to Taylor of his intention to resign. Against his former commander's wishes, on June 17, he married Sarah in Louisville, Kentucky. His resignation became effective June 30.
Davis's older brother Joseph had been very successful and owned Hurricane Plantation and 1,800 acres (730 ha) of adjoining land along the Mississippi River on a peninsula 20 miles south of Vicksburg, Mississippi. The adjoining land was known as Brierfield since it was largely covered with brush and briers. Wanting to have his youngest brother and his wife nearby, Joseph gave use of Brierfield to Jefferson, who eventually developed Brierfield Plantation there. Joseph retained the title.
In August 1835, Jefferson and Sarah traveled south to his sister Anna's home in West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana; the plantation was known as Locust Grove. Their goal was to spend the hot summer months in the countryside away from the river floodplain, for their health, but both of them contracted either malaria or yellow fever. Sarah died at the age of 21 on September 15, 1835, after just three months of marriage. Davis was also severely ill, and his family feared for his life. In the month following Sarah's death, he slowly improved, although he remained weak.
In late 1835, Davis sailed from New Orleans to Havana, Cuba, to help restore his health. He was accompanied by James Pemberton, his only slave at that time. Davis observed the Spanish military and sketched fortifications. Although no evidence points to his having any motive beyond general interest, the authorities knew that Davis was a former army officer and warned him to stop his observations. Bored and feeling somewhat better, Davis booked passage on a ship to New York, then continued to Washington, D.C., where he visited his old schoolmate George Wallace Jones. He soon returned with Pemberton to Mississippi.
In 1844, Davis met Varina Banks Howell, then 17 years old, whom his brother Joseph had invited for the Christmas season at Hurricane Plantation. She was a granddaughter of New Jersey Governor Richard Howell; her mother's family was from the South and included successful Scots-Irish planters. Within a month of their meeting, the 35-year-old widower Davis had asked Varina to marry him, and they became engaged despite her parents' initial concerns about his age and politics. They were married on February 26, 1845.
During this time, Davis was persuaded to become a candidate for the United States House of Representatives and began canvassing for the election. In early October 1845 he traveled to Woodville to give a speech. He arrived a day early to visit his mother there, only to find that she had died the day before. After the funeral, he rode the 40 miles (64 km) back to Natchez to deliver the news, then returned to Woodville again to deliver his speech. He won the election.
Jefferson Davis, Jr., was born January 16, 1857. He died of yellow fever at age 21 on October 16, 1878, during an epidemic in the Mississippi River Valley that caused 20,000 deaths. Joseph Evan, born on April 18, 1859, died at the age of five due to an accidental fall on April 30, 1864. William Howell, born on December 6, 1861, was named for Varina's father; he died of diphtheria at age 10 on October 16, 1872. Varina Anne, known as "Winnie", was born on June 27, 1864, several months after her brother Joseph's death. She was known as the Daughter of the Confederacy as she was born during the war. After her parents refused to let her marry into a northern abolitionist family, she never married. She died nine years after her father, on September 18, 1898, at age 34.
In 1846 the Mexican–American War began. Davis resigned his House seat in early June and raised a volunteer regiment, the 155th Infantry Regiment, becoming its colonel under the command of his former father-in-law, General Zachary Taylor. On July 21 the regiment sailed from New Orleans for Texas. Colonel Davis sought to arm his regiment with the M1841 Mississippi rifle. At this time, smoothbore muskets were still the primary infantry weapon, and any unit with rifles was considered special and designated as such. President James K. Polk had promised Davis the weapons if he would remain in Congress long enough for an important vote on the Walker tariff. General Winfield Scott objected on the basis that the weapons were insufficiently tested. Davis insisted and called in his promise from Polk, and his regiment was armed with the rifles, making it particularly effective in combat. The regiment became known as the Mississippi Rifles because it was the first to be fully armed with these new weapons. The incident was the start of a lifelong feud between Davis and Scott.
In September, Davis participated in the Battle of Monterrey, during which he led a successful charge on the La Teneria fort. On February 22, 1847, Davis fought bravely at the Battle of Buena Vista and was shot in the foot, being carried to safety by Robert H. Chilton. In recognition of Davis's bravery and initiative, Taylor is reputed to have said, "My daughter, sir, was a better judge of men than I was." On May 17, President Polk offered Davis a federal commission as a brigadier general and command of a brigade of militia. Davis declined the appointment, arguing that the Constitution gives the power of appointing militia officers to the states, not the federal government.
Honoring Davis's war service, Governor Brown of Mississippi appointed him to the vacant position of United States Senator Jesse Speight, who had died on May 1, 1847. Davis took his temporary seat on December 5, and in January 1848 he was elected by the state legislature to serve the remaining two years of the term. In December, during the 30th United States Congress, Davis was made a regent of the Smithsonian Institution and began serving on the Committee on Military Affairs and the Library Committee.
Franklin Pierce won the presidential election, and in 1853 made Davis his Secretary of War. In this capacity, Davis began the Pacific Railroad Surveys in order to determine various possible routes for the proposed Transcontinental Railroad. He promoted the Gadsden Purchase of today's southern Arizona from Mexico, partly because it would provide an easier southern route for the new railroad; the Pierce administration agreed, and the land was purchased in December 1853. He saw the size of the regular army as insufficient to fulfill its mission, and maintained that salaries would have to be increased, something which had not occurred for 25 years. Congress agreed and increased the pay scale, and added four regiments which increased the army's size from about 11,000 to about 15,000. Davis also introduced general usage of the rifles that he had used successfully during the Mexican–American War. As a result, both the morale and capability of the army was improved. He became involved in public works when Pierce gave him responsibility for construction of the Washington Aqueduct and an expansion of the U.S. Capitol, both of which he managed closely. The Pierce administration ended in 1857 after Pierce's loss of the Democratic nomination to James Buchanan. Davis's term was to end with Pierce's, so he ran for the Senate, was elected, and re-entered it on March 4, 1857.
In the 1840s, tensions were growing between the North and South over various issues including slavery. The Wilmot Proviso, introduced in 1846, contributed to these tensions; if passed, it would have banned slavery in any land acquired from Mexico. The Compromise of 1850 brought a temporary respite, but the Dred Scott case, decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1857, spurred public debate. Justice Taney ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and that African Americans had no standing as citizens under the constitution. Northerners were outraged and there was increasing talk in the South of secession from the Union.
Jefferson Davis is sworn in as President of the Confederate States of America on February 18, 1861, on the steps of the Alabama State Capitol.
Anticipating a call for his services since Mississippi had seceded, Davis had sent a telegraph message to Governor John J. Pettus saying, "Judge what Mississippi requires of me and place me accordingly." On January 23, 1861, Pettus made Davis a major general of the Army of Mississippi. On February 9, a constitutional convention met at Montgomery, Alabama and considered Davis and Robert Toombs of Georgia as a possible president. Davis, who had widespread support from six of the seven states, easily won. He was seen as the "champion of a slave society and embodied the values of the planter class," and was elected provisional Confederate President by acclamation. He was inaugurated on February 18, 1861. Alexander Stephens was chosen as Vice President, but he and Davis feuded constantly.
Davis was the first choice because of his strong political and military credentials. He wanted to serve as commander in chief of the Confederate armies but said he would serve wherever directed. His wife Varina Davis later wrote that when he received word that he had been chosen as president, "Reading that telegram he looked so grieved that I feared some evil had befallen our family."
Several forts in Confederate territory remained in Union hands. Davis sent a commission to Washington with an offer to pay for any federal property on Southern soil, as well as the Southern portion of the national debt, but Lincoln refused to meet with the commissioners. Brief informal discussions did take place with Secretary of State William Seward through Supreme Court Justice John A. Campbell. From Alabama, he later resigned from the federal government. Seward hinted that Fort Sumter would be evacuated, but gave no assurance.
On March 1, 1861, Davis appointed General P. G. T. Beauregard to command all Confederate troops in the vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina, where state officials prepared to take possession of Fort Sumter. Beauregard was to prepare his forces but avoid an attack on the fort. Lincoln dispatched a small fleet of warships, troops, and transports from the navy yard in New York to resupply and re-enforce Fort Pickens and Fort Sumter, although he told Davis they would not fire unless fired upon. They did arrive but were unable to help and just watched the action from 10 miles out.
Davis faced the most important decision of his career: to prevent reinforcement at Fort Sumter or to let it take place. He and his cabinet decided to demand that the Federal garrison surrender and, if this was refused, to use military force to prevent reinforcement before the fleet arrived. Major Anderson did not surrender. Beauregard bombarded the fort on April 12. The Confederates launched an artillery attack on Fort Sumter until it surrendered. No one was killed in the artillery duel, but the attack on the U.S. fortress meant the fighting had started. President Lincoln called up state militia to march south to recapture Federal property. In the North and South, massive rallies were held to demand immediate war. The Civil War had begun.
At the start of the war, nearly 21 million people lived in the North compared to 9 million in the South. The North had vastly greater industrial capacity, built nearly all of the locomotives, steamships, and industrial machinery, and had a much larger and more integrated railroad system. Nearly all of the munitions facilities were in the North, while critical ingredients for gunpowder were in very short supply in the South. The Union had a large navy, whereas the new Confederacy had only a few captured warships—the handful it built were failures. The Union blockade made imports via blockade runners difficult and expensive.
When Virginia joined the Confederacy, Davis moved his government to Richmond in May 1861. He and his family took up his residence there at the White House of the Confederacy later that month. Having served since February as the provisional president, Davis was elected to a full six-year term on November 6, 1861 and was inaugurated on February 22, 1862.
In June 1862, in his most successful action, Davis assigned General Robert E. Lee to replace the wounded Joseph E. Johnston in command of the Army of Northern Virginia, the main Confederate army in the Eastern Theater. That December he made a tour of Confederate armies in the west of the country. Davis had a very small circle of military advisers. He largely made the main strategic decisions on his own, though he had special respect for Lee's views. Given the Confederacy's limited resources compared with the Union, Davis decided that the Confederacy would have to fight mostly on the strategic defensive. He maintained a mostly defensive outlook throughout the war, paying special attention to the defense of his national capital at Richmond. He attempted strategic offensives when he felt that military success would both shake Northern self-confidence and strengthen the peace movements there. The campaigns met defeat at Antietam in Maryland (1862) and Gettysburg in Pennsylvania (1863), as well as in Kentucky during the Confederate Heartland Offensive (1862).
In 1862 Randolph resigned from the War Department, and James Seddon of Virginia was appointed to replace him. In late 1863, Watts resigned as Attorney General to take office as the Governor of Alabama, and George Davis of North Carolina took his place. In 1864, Memminger withdrew from the Treasury post due to congressional opposition, and was replaced by George Trenholm of South Carolina. In 1865, congressional opposition likewise caused Seddon to withdraw, and he was replaced by John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky.
Cotton was the South's primary export and the basis of its economy, and the system of production the South used was dependent upon slave labor. At the outset of the Civil War, Davis realized that intervention from European powers would be vital if the Confederacy was to stand against the Union. The administration sent repeated delegations to European nations, but several factors prevented Southern success in terms of foreign diplomacy. The Union blockade of the Confederacy led European powers to remain neutral, contrary to the Southern belief that a blockade would cut off the supply of cotton to Britain and other European nations and prompt them to intervene on behalf of the South. Many European countries objected to slavery. Britain had abolished it in the 1830s, and Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 made support for the South even less appealing in Europe. Finally, as the war progressed and the South's military prospects dwindled, foreign powers were not convinced that the Confederacy had the strength to become independent. In the end, not a single foreign nation recognized the Confederate States of America.
Most historians sharply criticize Davis for his flawed military strategy, his selection of friends for military commands, and his neglect of homefront crises. Until late in the war, he resisted efforts to appoint a general-in-chief, essentially handling those duties himself. On January 31, 1865, Lee assumed this role, but it was far too late. Davis insisted on a strategy of trying to defend all Southern territory with ostensibly equal effort. This diluted the limited resources of the South and made it vulnerable to coordinated strategic thrusts by the Union into the vital Western Theater (e.g., the capture of New Orleans in early 1862). He made other controversial strategic choices, such as allowing Lee to invade the North in 1862 and 1863 while the Western armies were under very heavy pressure. When Lee lost at Gettysburg, Vicksburg simultaneously fell, and the Union took control of the Mississippi River, splitting the Confederacy. At Vicksburg, the failure to coordinate multiple forces on both sides of the Mississippi River rested primarily on Davis's inability to create a harmonious departmental arrangement or to force such generals as Edmund Kirby Smith, Earl Van Dorn, and Theophilus H. Holmes to work together.
Davis has been faulted for poor coordination and management of his generals. This includes his reluctance to resolve a dispute between Leonidas Polk, a personal friend, and Braxton Bragg, who was defeated in important battles and distrusted by his subordinates. He was similarly reluctant to relieve the capable but overcautious Joseph E. Johnston until, after numerous frustrations which he detailed in a March 1, 1865 letter to Col. James Phelan of Mississippi, he replaced him with John Bell Hood.
Davis gave speeches to soldiers and politicians but largely ignored the common people, who came to resent the favoritism shown the rich and powerful; Davis thus failed to harness Confederate nationalism. One historian speaks of "the heavy-handed intervention of the Confederate government." Economic intervention, regulation, and state control of manpower, production and transport were much greater in the Confederacy than in the Union. Davis did not use his presidential pulpit to rally the people with stirring rhetoric; he called instead for people to be fatalistic and to die for their new country. Apart from two month-long trips across the country where he met a few hundred people, Davis stayed in Richmond where few people saw him; newspapers had limited circulation, and most Confederates had little favorable information about him.
— William J. Cooper, Jr.
On April 3, with Union troops under Ulysses S. Grant poised to capture Richmond, Davis escaped to Danville, Virginia, together with the Confederate Cabinet, leaving on the Richmond and Danville Railroad. Lincoln sat in Davis' Richmond office just 40 hours later. William T. Sutherlin turned over his mansion, which served as Davis's temporary residence from April 3 to April 10, 1865. On about April 12, Davis received Robert E. Lee's letter announcing surrender. He issued his last official proclamation as president of the Confederacy, and then went south to Greensboro, North Carolina.
After Lee's surrender, a public meeting was held in Shreveport, Louisiana, at which many speakers supported continuation of the war. Plans were developed for the Davis government to flee to Havana, Cuba. There, the leaders would regroup and head to the Confederate-controlled Trans-Mississippi area by way of the Rio Grande. None of these plans was put into practice.
It was reported in the media that Davis put his wife's overcoat over his shoulders while fleeing. This led to the persistent rumor that he attempted to flee in women's clothes, inspiring caricatures that portrayed him as such. Over 40 years later, an article in the Washington Herald claimed that Mrs. Davis's heavy shawl had been placed on him to protect him from the "chilly atmosphere of the early hour of the morning" by the slave James H. Johnson, Davis's valet who served Davis during the Civil War. Meanwhile, Davis's belongings continued on the train bound for Cedar Key, Florida. They were first hidden at Senator David Levy Yulee's plantation in Florida, then placed in the care of a railroad agent in Waldo. On June 15, 1865, Union soldiers seized Davis's personal baggage from the agent, together with some of the Confederate government's records. A historical marker was erected at this site. In 1939, Jefferson Davis Memorial Historic Site was opened to mark the place where Confederate President Jefferson Davis was captured.
Pope Pius IX (see Pope Pius IX and the United States), seeing himself a prisoner in the Vatican, after learning that Davis was a prisoner, sent him a portrait inscribed with the Latin words "Venite ad me omnes qui laboratis, et ego reficiam vos, dicit Dominus", which correspond to Matthew 11:28, "Come to me, all you that labor, and are burdened, and I will refresh you, sayeth the Lord". A hand-woven crown of thorns associated with the portrait is often said to have been made by the Pope but may have been woven by Davis's wife Varina.
Varina and their young daughter Winnie were allowed to join Davis, and the family was eventually given an apartment in the officers' quarters. Davis was indicted for treason while imprisoned; one of his attorneys was ex-Governor Thomas Pratt of Maryland. There was a great deal of discussion in 1865 about bringing treason trials, especially against Jefferson Davis, and there was no consensus in President Johnson's cabinet to do so. Although Davis wanted such a trial for himself, there were no treason trials against anyone, as it was felt they would probably not succeed and would impede reconciliation. There was also a concern at the time that such action could result in a judicial decision that would validate the constitutionality of secession (later removed by the Supreme Court ruling in Texas v. White (1869) declaring secession unconstitutional).
After two years of imprisonment, Davis was released on bail of $100,000, which was posted by prominent citizens including Horace Greeley, Cornelius Vanderbilt and Gerrit Smith. (Smith was a former member of the Secret Six who had supported abolitionist John Brown.) Davis went to Montreal, Canada to join his family which had fled there earlier, and lived in Lennoxville, Quebec until 1868 also visiting Cuba, and Europe in search of work. At one stage he stayed as a guest of James Smith, a foundry owner in Glasgow, who had struck up a friendship with Davis when he toured the Southern States promoting his foundry business. Davis remained under indictment until Andrew Johnson issued on Christmas Day of 1868 a presidential "pardon and amnesty" for the offense of treason to "every person who directly or indirectly participated in the late insurrection or rebellion" and after a federal circuit court on February 15, 1869, dismissed the case against Davis after the government's attorney informed the court that he would no longer continue to prosecute Davis.
In 1869, Davis became president of the Carolina Life Insurance Company in Memphis, Tennessee, where he resided at the Peabody Hotel. Upon General Lee's death in 1870, Davis presided over the memorial meeting in Richmond. Elected to the U.S. Senate again, he was refused the office in 1875, having been barred from Federal office by Section Three of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. He turned down the opportunity to become the first president of the Agriculture and Mechanical College of Texas (now Texas A&M University).
During Reconstruction, Davis publicly remained silent on his opinions; but privately he expressed opinions that federal military rule and Republican authority over former Confederate states was unjustified. He considered "Yankee and Negroe" rule in the South oppressive. Like most of his white contemporaries, Davis held the belief that blacks were inferior to whites. The historian William J. Cooper has stated that Davis believed in a Southern social order that included "a democratic white polity based firmly on dominance of a controlled and excluded black caste."
In 1876, Davis promoted a society for the stimulation of US trade with South America. He visited England the next year. In 1877, Sarah Anne Ellis Dorsey, a wealthy widow who had heard of his difficulties, invited him to stay at her estate and plantation house of "Beauvoir" on the Gulf Coast (facing the Gulf of Mexico) in Biloxi, Mississippi. She provided him with a cabin for his own use and helped him with his writing through organization, dictation, editing, and encouragement. Knowing she was severely ill, in 1878 Dorsey made over her will, leaving Beauvoir and her financial assets of $50,000 (equivalent to $1,227,000 in 2014) to Jefferson Davis and, in the case of his death, to his only surviving child, Winnie Davis. Dorsey died in 1879, by which time both the Davises and Winnie were living at Beauvoir. Over the next two years, Davis completed The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government (1881).
Davis's reputation among ex-Confederates was restored by the book and by his warm reception on his tour of the region in 1886 and 1887. In numerous stops, he attended Lost Cause ceremonies, where large crowds showered him with affection and local leaders presented emotional speeches honoring his sacrifices to the would-be nation. Such events helped the South come to terms with their defeat and continued for decades after the war. The Meriden Daily Journal stated that Davis, at a reception held in New Orleans in May 1887, urged southerners to be loyal to the nation. He said, "United you are now, and if the Union is ever to be broken, let the other side break it." Davis stated that men in the Confederacy had successfully fought for their own rights with inferior numbers during the Civil War and that the northern historians ignored this view. Davis firmly believed that Confederate secession was constitutional. The former Confederate president was optimistic concerning American prosperity and the next generation.
Davis completed A Short History of the Confederate States of America in October 1889. On November 6, he left Beauvoir to visit his plantation at Brierfield. While in New Orleans, he was caught in a sleety rain, and on the steamboat trip upriver, he had a severe cold; on November 13 he left Brierfield to return to New Orleans. Varina Davis, who had taken another boat to Brierfield, met him on the river, and he finally received some medical care; two doctors came aboard further south and found he had acute bronchitis complicated by malaria. They arrived in New Orleans three days later, and he was taken to the home of Charles Erasmus Fenner, an Associate Justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court. Davis remained in bed but was stable for the next two weeks; however, he took a turn for the worse in early December. Just when he appeared to be improving, he lost consciousness on the evening of December 5 and died at 12:45 a.m. on Friday, December 6, 1889, in the presence of several friends and with his hand in Varina's.
His funeral was one of the largest in the South. Davis was first entombed at the Army of Northern Virginia tomb at Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans. In 1893, Mrs. Davis decided to have his remains reinterred at Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond. After the remains were exhumed in New Orleans, they lay for a day at Memorial Hall of the newly organized Louisiana Historical Association, with many mourners passing by the casket, including Governor Murphy J. Foster, Sr. The body was placed on a Louisville and Nashville Railroad car and transported to Richmond, Virginia. A continuous cortège, day and night, accompanied his body from New Orleans to Richmond. He is interred at Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond.
Some portions of his legacy were created not as memorials, but as contemporary recognition of his service at the time. Fort Davis National Historic Site began as a frontier military post in October 1854, in the mountains of western Texas. It was named after then-United States Secretary of War Jefferson Davis. That fort gave its name to the surrounding Davis Mountains range, and the town of Fort Davis. The surrounding area was designated Jeff Davis County in 1887, with the town of Fort Davis as the county seat. Other states containing a Jeff Davis County or Parish include Louisiana, Georgia and Mississippi.
In 1913, the United Daughters of the Confederacy conceived the Jefferson Davis Memorial Highway, a transcontinental highway to be built through the South. Portions of the highway's route in Virginia, Alabama and other states still bear the name of Jefferson Davis.
Davis appeared on several postage stamps issued by the Confederacy, including its first postage stamp (issued in 1861). In 1995, his portrait appeared on a United States postage stamp, part of a series of 20 stamps commemorating the 130th anniversary of end of the Civil War. Davis was also celebrated on the 6-cent Stone Mountain Memorial Carving commemorative on September 19, 1970, at Stone Mountain, Georgia. The stamp portrayed Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson on horseback. It depicts a replica of the actual memorial, carved into the side of Stone Mountain at 400 feet (120 m) above ground level, the largest high relief sculpture in the world.
Robert E. Lee's United States citizenship was posthumously restored in 1975. Jefferson Davis had been specifically excluded from earlier resolutions restoring rights to other Confederate officials, and a movement arose to restore Davis's citizenship as well. This was accomplished with the passing of Senate Joint Resolution 16 on October 17, 1978. In signing the law, President Jimmy Carter referred to this as the last act of reconciliation in the Civil War.
Several memorials to Davis have become contentious in recent years. In some instances, such controversies have resulted in the renaming, relocation or removal of a memorial.
In May 2015, the student government at the University of Texas at Austin voted almost unanimously to remove a statue of Jefferson Davis that had been erected on the campus South Mall. Beginning shortly after the Charleston church shooting of 2015 "black lives matter" had been written repeatedly in bold red letters on the base of the Davis statue. Previous messages had included "Davis must fall" and "Liberate U.T."
The University of Texas officials convened a task force to determine whether to honor the students' petition for removal of the statue. Acting on the strong recommendation of the task force, UT's President Gregory Fenves announced on August 13, 2015 that the statue would be relocated to serve as an educational exhibit in the university's Dolph Briscoe Center for American History museum. The statue was removed on August 30, 2015.
In the former Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, the Museum of the Confederacy was involved in a controversy regarding a statue of Davis donated by the Sons of Confederate Veterans in 2008. Likewise, a statue of Abraham Lincoln, donated to the Civil War Visitor Center in Richmond in 2003, resulted in protests.
In 2011, the County Board of Arlington County, Virginia, voted to change the name of Old Jefferson Davis Highway, the original route of Jefferson Davis Highway in the county, after the board's chairman made disparaging remarks about Davis. However, the name of Jefferson Davis Highway itself, a portion of U.S. 1 that only the Virginia General Assembly could rename, remained unchanged.
In its 2016 legislative package, the Arlington County Board asked the Virginia General Assembly to rename the portion of Jefferson Davis Highway (U.S. 1) that was within the county. However, no member of Arlington's legislative delegation offered any such legislation during the 2016 session of the General Assembly.
In February 2016, the Virginia Attorney General's office issued an advisory opinion that the City of Alexandria, unlike the neighboring Arlington County, had the legal authority to change the name of the portion of Jefferson Davis Highway that was within the city's jurisdiction. In September 2016, the Alexandria City Council voted unanimously to change the name of the city's portion of the highway.
In 1998, officials of the city of Vancouver, Washington, removed a marker of the Jefferson Davis Highway (Washington State Route 99) and placed it in a cemetery shed in an action that several years later became controversial. The marker was subsequently moved twice, and eventually was placed alongside Interstate 5 on private land purchased for the purpose of giving the marker a permanent home.
In 2002, the Washington House of Representatives unanimously approved a bill that would have removed Davis' name from the road. However, a committee of the state's Senate subsequently killed the proposal.
In March 2016, the Washington State Legislature unanimously passed a joint memorial that asked the state's transportation commission to designate the road as the "William P. Stewart Memorial Highway" to honor an African-American volunteer during the Civil War who later became a pioneer of the town and city of Snohomish. In May 2016, the transportation commission agreed to rename the road.
↑ Davis 1996, p. 6, states: "Thus it was with a touch of humor, leavened by wishful thinking, that the boy born to her on June 3, 1808, found himself endowed with the middle name Finis, testimony to his father's familiarity with Latin and both parents' hope that this baby would be their last." However, Cooper 2000, p. 10, writes: "His parents also gave him a middle name, which by early manhood he dropped completely; only the initial F. survived."; and again Cooper 2000, p. 711n1, writes: "Some have also questioned whether Davis ever had a middle name. He used the initial at West Point, as did his mother in her will. Again, I assume that both would not have invented it... No evidence supports Hudson Strode's claim that the actual middle name was Finis, signaling the final child."
↑ "Reconstruction and Fusion: Jefferson Davis on race and slavery in his memoirs, no lessons learned". Confederate Truths: Documents of the Confederate & Neo-Confederate Tradition from 1787 to the Present. 2013. Archived from the original on February 18, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
↑ "The Anti-Secessionist Jefferson Davis". National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-07-27.
1 2 Cooper 2000, pp. 70–71.
↑ Cooper 2008, pp. 3–4.
↑ Wiley, Bell I. (January 1967). "Jefferson Davis: An Appraisal". Civil War Times Illustrated. 6 (1): 4–17.
1 2 Strawbridge, Wilm K. (December 2007). "A Monument Better Than Marble: Jefferson Davis and the New South". Journal of Mississippi History. 69 (4): 325–347.
↑ Rennick, Robert M. (1987). Kentucky Place Names. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 97–98. ISBN 0813126312.
↑ Davis 1996, p. 709.
↑ Strode 1955, p. 3.
1 2 "Jefferson Davis State Historic Site". Kentucky State Parks. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
↑ Strode, 1955, pp. 11–27.
1 2 3 Hamilton, Holman (1978). "Jefferson Davis Before His Presidency". The Three Kentucky Presidents. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813102467.
↑ U.S. Military Academy, Register of Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy from March 16 to January 1, 1850. Compiled by Capt. George W. Cullum. West Point, N.Y.: 1850, p. 148.
↑ Strode 1955, p. 76. Cooper 2000, pp. 53–55.
↑ Cooper 2000, p. 65.
↑ Strode 1955, pp. 86–94.
↑ Davis 1996, pp. 70–71.
↑ Davis 1996, p. 69.
↑ Davis 1996, pp. 69, 72.
↑ Strode 1955, p. 94.
1 2 Cooper 2000, pp. 81-83, 616.
1 2 Davis 1996, pp. 74–75.
↑ "Sarah Knox Taylor Davis 1814–1835, Wife of Jefferson Davis". la-cemeteries.com. Retrieved 2013-01-25.
↑ Davis 1996, p. 75.
↑ Davis 1996, pp. 75–76.
↑ Davis 1996, p. 76. Strode 1955, p. 108–109.
↑ Strode 1955, pp. 105, 109–111.
↑ Cooper 2000, pp. 75–79, 229. Davis 1996, p. 89.
↑ Strode 1955, pp. 121–123.
↑ Cooper 2000, pp. 84–88, 98–100.
↑ Strode 1955, pp. 125, 136.
↑ Strode 1955, pp. 140–141.
↑ Strode 1955, pp. 242, 268.
↑ Strode 1955, p. 273.
↑ "Margaret Howell Davis Hayes". The Papers of Jefferson Davis. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
↑ Harkins, John E. (December 25, 2009). "Memphis". The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Tennessee Historical Society. Retrieved 2013-01-20.
1 2 Allen 1999, pp. 197–198.
↑ "Margaret Howell Davis Hayes Chapter No. 2652". Colorado United Daughters of the Confederacy. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
↑ Strode 1964, p. 436.
↑ Cooper 2000, p. 480.
↑ Cooper 2000, p. 595.
↑ Strode 1964, pp. 527–528.
↑ "Varina Anne Davis". The Papers of Jefferson Davis. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
↑ "Varina Howell Davis". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
↑ Potter, Robert (1994). Jefferson Davis: Confederate President. Steck-Vaughn Company. p. 74.
↑ Allen 1999, pp. 135–136.
↑ Strode 1955, pp. 157–162.
↑ Taylor, John M. (1997). While Cannons Roared. Brasseys Inc. p. 2.
1 2 Strode 1955, pp. 164–167.
↑ Strode 1955, p. 188.
↑ Dodd 1907, pp. 12, 93. Cooper 2000, pp. 165–166.
↑ Strode 1955, p. 195.
↑ Rives, George Lockhart (1913). The United States and Mexico, 1821–1848. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 634–636.
↑ McPherson 1989, p. 104.
↑ Strode 1955, p. 210.
↑ Strode 1955, p. 211.
↑ Strode 1955, pp. 211–212.
↑ Rowland, Dunbar (1912). The Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi. Mississippi Department of Archives and History. Nashville, Tennessee: Press of Brandon Printing Company. p. 111. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
↑ Dodd 1907, pp. 130–131.
↑ Kleber, John E., ed. (1992). "Davis, Jefferson". The Kentucky Encyclopedia. Associate editors: Thomas D. Clark, Lowell H. Harrison, and James C. Klotter. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813117720.
↑ Cooper 2000, p. 257.
↑ Cooper 2000, p. 251.
↑ Dodd 1907, pp. 80, 133–135.
↑ Cooper 2000, p. 259.
↑ Dodd 1907, pp. 152–153.
↑ Dodd 1909, pp. 122–129.
↑ Allen 1999, p. 232.
↑ Dodd 1907, pp. 12, 171–172.
↑ Cooper 2000, p. 3.
↑ "Jefferson Davis' Farewell". United States Senate. Retrieved 2011-06-09.
↑ Cooper 2000, p. 322.
↑ Cashin, Joan E. (2006). First Lady of the Confederacy: Varina Davis' Civil War. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 102–103.
↑ Coulter 1950, p. 25.
↑ Strode 1955, pp. 402–403.
↑ "Inaugural Address of President Davis". Montgomery, Alabama: Shorter and Reid, Printers. February 18, 1861. Retrieved 2011-07-17.
↑ Coulter 1950, p. 24.
↑ Cooper 2000, pp. 337–340.
↑ Donald, David Herbert (1995). Lincoln. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 285–299.
↑ McPherson 1989, pp. 313–319.
↑ McPherson, James M. (2012). War on the Waters: The Union and Confederate Navies, 1861-1865. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807835883.
↑ Strode 1959, pp. 90–94.
↑ Dodd 1907, p. 263.
↑ Dawson, Joseph G. III (April 2009). "Jefferson Davis and the Confederacy's "Offensive-Defensive" Strategy in the U.S. Civil War". Journal of Military History. 73 (2): 591–607. doi:10.1353/jmh.0.0262.
↑ Cooper 2000, pp. 401–402.
↑ Patrick 1944, pp. 49–50, 56.
↑ Patrick 1944, pp. 53, 89.
↑ Patrick 1944, p. 53, 116–117.
↑ Patrick 1944, p. 57.
↑ "Preventing Diplomatic Recognition of the Confederacy, 1861–1865". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
↑ Beringer, Richard E., Hattaway, Herman, Jones, Archer, and Still, William N., Jr. (1986). Why the South Lost the Civil War. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
↑ Woodworth 1990, p. 309.
↑ Woodworth, Steven E. (1990). "Dismembering the Confederacy: Jefferson Davis and the Trans-Mississippi West". Military History of the Southwest. 20 (1): 1–22.
↑ Woodworth 1990, pp. 92–93.
↑ Hattaway and Beringer 2002, pp. 338–344.
↑ Jefferson Davis to Col. James Phelan, March 1, 1865, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office,1895), Vol. 47, pt. 2, pp.1303-1312.
↑ Escott 1978, pp. 269–270.
↑ Barney, William L. (2011). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Civil War. Oxford University Press. p. 341. ISBN 9780199782017.
↑ Cooper 2000, pp. 475, 496.
↑ Andrews, J. Cutler (1966). "The Confederate Press and Public Morale". Journal of Southern History. 32 (4): 445. doi:10.2307/2204925. JSTOR 2204925.
↑ Cooper 2000, pp. 447, 480, 496.
↑ "General Orders No. 14". Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1855-1865. Kansas City: The Kansas City Public Library. Archived from the original on November 5, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2014. [I]t does not extend freedom to the slaves who serve, giving them little personal motivation to support the Southern cause. Ultimately, very few blacks serve in the Confederate armed forces, as compared to hundreds of thousands who serve for the Union.
↑ Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission Staff (June 1969). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Danville Public Library" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources.
↑ Keegan, John (2009). The American Civil War: A Military History. Vintage Books. pp. 375–376. ISBN 9780307273147.
↑ Dodd 1907, pp. 353–357.
↑ Winters, John D. (1963). The Civil War in Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 419. ISBN 9780807117255.
↑ Cooper 2000, pp. 528–529.
↑ Cooper 2000, p. 533.
↑ "Jefferson Davis Was Captured". USA.gov. 2007. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
↑ From Varina Banks Howell Davis to Francis Preston Blair, Savannah, Ga., June 6, 1865. In Blair, Gist. Annals of Silver Spring, Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C., Vol. 21 (1918), pp. 155-185.
↑ "Capture of Jefferson Davis". The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2011-06-08.
↑ "People of Note. Davis' Old Servant," The Washington Herald, 4 November 1906: 6, col. 5.
↑ Boone, Floyd E. (1988). Florida Historical Markers & Sites: A Guide to More Than 700 Historic Sites. Houston, Texas: Gulf Publishing Company. p. 15. ISBN 9780872015586.
↑ "Historical Markers in Alachua County, Florida — DICKISON AND HIS MEN / JEFFERSON Davis' BAGGAGE". Alachua County Historical Commission. Retrieved 2011-08-04.
↑ "Historic Markers Across Florida — Dickison and his men / Jefferson Davis' baggage". Latitude 34 North. Retrieved 2011-08-04.
↑ Dodd 1907, pp. 366–368.
↑ TR Media: Sir Charles Coulombe, America 1861-1865, with Stephen Heiner, 2011 on YouTube (5:45 - 10:00). Retrieved: 27 March 2014.
↑ "Pope Pius IX and the Confederacy". The Catholic Knight. 2 February 2009. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
↑ Strode 1964, p. 302.
↑ Kelly, Brian (30 October 2008). "Blessed Pius IX and Jefferson Davis". Catholicism.org. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
↑ Levin, Kevin (27 September 2009). "Update on Jefferson Davis's Crown of Thorns". Civil War Memory. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
↑ Blackford, Charles M. The Trials and Trial of Jefferson Davis. Vol. XXIX, in Southern Historical Society, edited by R. A. Brock, 45–81. Richmond, VA: William Ellis Jones, 1901, p. 62.
1 2 Nichols, Roy Franklin (1926). "United States vs. Jefferson Davis, 1865-1869". American Historical Review. 31 (2): 266–284. JSTOR 1838262.
1 2 Blight, David W. (2009). Race and Reunion. Harvard University Press. p. 57. ISBN 9780674022096.
1 2 (1) Deutsch, Eberhard P. (February 1966). "United States v. Jefferson Davis: Constitutional Issues in the Trial for Treason". American Bar Association Journal. American Bar Association. 52 (2): 139–145. ISSN 0747-0088. JSTOR 25723506. OCLC 725827455. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
(2) Deutsch, Eberhard P. (March 1966). "United States v. Jefferson Davis: Constitutional Issues in the Trial for Treason". American Bar Association Journal. American Bar Association. 52 (3): 263–268. ISSN 0747-0088. JSTOR 25723552. OCLC 725827455. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
↑ (1) Jefferson Davis (2008). The Papers of Jefferson Davis: June 1865-December 1870. Louisiana State UP. p. 96.
(2) Kennedy, James R; Kennedy, Walter Donald (1998). Was Jefferson Davis Right?. Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Co. p. 104. ISBN 156554370X. OCLC 39256326. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
(3) Texas v. White. Wikisource.
↑ Strode 1955, p. 305.
↑ Hopper, Tristin (2014-07-25). "Freshly defeated in the U.S. Civil War, Confederate leader Jefferson Davis came to Canada to give the newly founded country defence tips". National Post. Retrieved 2014-07-26.
↑ Cooper 2000, pp. 568–584.
↑ "Picture of former President on Scots visit found". The Herald. Glasgow, Scotland. 3 September 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
↑ Strode 1964, pp. 402–404.
↑ Cooper 2000, p. 702.
↑ Cooper 2000, pp. 675–676.
↑ Cooper 2000, pp. 676–678.
↑ Wyatt-Brown, Bertram (1994). The House of Percy: Honor, Melancholy and Imagination in a Southern Family. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 165–166.
↑ Strode 1964, pp. 439–441, 448–449.
↑ Wilson, Charles Reagan (2009). Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 1865–1920. University of Georgia Press. pp. 18–24. ISBN 9780820340722.
↑ "Jefferson Davis' Loyalty". The Meriden Daily Journal. May 14, 1887. p. 1.
↑ Cooper 2000, p. 658.
↑ Strode 1964, p. 505–507.
↑ Fenner, Charles E. "Eulogy of Robert E. Lee". Washington and Lee University.
↑ "History Slideshow, slide 22". Hollywood Cemetery. 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-12.
↑ Urquhart, Kenneth Trist (March 21, 1959). "Seventy Years of the Louisiana Historical Association" (PDF). Alexandria, Louisiana: Louisiana Historical Association. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
↑ "Hollywood Cemetery and James Monroe Tomb". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2013-10-19.
1 2 Weingroff, Richard F. (April 7, 2011). "Jefferson Davis Memorial Highway". Highway History. Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2011-09-29.
↑ "Map of the Jefferson Davis Memorial Highway". World Digital Library. Retrieved 2013-07-25.
↑ "130th Anniversary of End of American Civil War 1995". USA Stamps. Retrieved 2013-06-20.
↑ "32c Jefferson Davis single". Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Retrieved 2014-04-28.
↑ "Stone Mountain Memorial Issue". Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Retrieved 2014-04-28.
↑ "Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library". Mississippi Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans. Retrieved 2011-07-17.
↑ "An Interview with Bertram Hayes-Davis". Civil War Trust. October 2012. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
↑ "The Papers of Jefferson Davis". Rice University. Retrieved 2011-07-17.
↑ "The 2010 Florida Statutes (including Special Session A)". The Florida Legislature. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
↑ "2.110 Public holidays". Kentucky Legislative Research Commission. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
↑ "Days of public rest, legal holidays, and half-holidays". The Louisiana State Legislature. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
1 2 "Memorial Day History". United States Department of Veterans Affairs. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
↑ "Official State of Alabama Calendar". Alabama State Government. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
↑ "Mississippi Code of 1972 – SEC. 3-3-7. Legal holiday". LawNetCom, Inc. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
↑ "State holidays". Texas State Library. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
↑ "Jimmy Carter: Restoration of Citizenship Rights to Jefferson F. Davis Statement on Signing S. J. Res. 16 into Law". American Presidency Project. Retrieved 2013-02-06.
↑ "UT student government votes to remove Jefferson Davis statue". KXAN.com.
↑ Tom McCarthy, "Drive to call time on Confederate flag sweeps south – 150 years after civil war", The Guardian, 23 June 2015.
↑ "Confederate monuments tagged with anti-racist messages", The Guardian, June 26, 2016.
↑ Associated Press, "'Emancipate UT': Confederate statue defaced at University of Texas", The Guardian, May 9, 2015.
↑ "Jefferson Davis Statue to be Relocated to Educational Exhibit at History Center". UT News - The University of Texas at Austin.
↑ Associated Press, "Texas university removes Confederate president statue from campus," The Guardian, August 30, 2015.
↑ Rothstein, Edward (September 2, 2008). "Away Down South, 2 Museums Grapple With the Civil War Story". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
"Old Jefferson Davis Highway to be Renamed 'Long Bridge Drive'". Newsroom. Arlington County, Virginia government. September 21, 2011. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved 2012-08-14.
McCaffrey, Scott (September 28, 2011). "Road Renaming Proves Another Chance to Re-Fight the Civil War". Arlington Sun Gazette. Springfield, Virginia: Sun Gazette Newspapers. Archived from the original on August 14, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-14. Four of the five board members were generally silent on the historic ramifications, but County Board Chairman Chris Zimmerman took the opportunity of a late-night board meeting on Sept. 20 to take a swipe at the Confederate president, who often is maligned for incompetence and other shortcomings.
"I have a problem with 'Jefferson Davis' [in the road's name]," said Zimmerman, who hails originally from the Northeast. "There are aspects of our history I'm not particularly interested in celebrating."
"I don't believe Jefferson Davis has a historic connection to anything in Arlington," Zimmerman said. "He wasn't from Virginia. I don't really see why we need to honor him."
Sullivan, Patricia (July 10, 2015). "A road named for Confederate leader comes under fire 150 years after war". Virginia Politics. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 10, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
McCaffrey, Scott (November 12, 2015). "Arlington may seek removal of 'Jefferson Davis' from highway". Inside NOVA. Leesburg, Virginia. Archived from the original on February 10, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
Arlington County Manager (November 19, 2015). "County Board Agenda Item: Meeting of December 12, 2015: Subject: Adoption of the 2016 General Assembly Legislative Package". Government of Arlington County, Virginia. p. 2. 7. Renaming Jefferson Davis Highway: Work with General Assembly and the community toward renaming the Arlington portion of Jefferson Davis Highway in a way that is respectful to all who live and work along it.
McCaffrey, Scott (December 17, 2015). "Arlington County Board finalizes state legislative priorities". Inside NOVA. Leesburg, Virginia: INSIDENOVA.COM. Archived from the original on February 10, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
↑ McCaffrey, Scott (January 28, 2016). "No push in Richmond to nix name of Jefferson Davis from highway". InsideNOVA. Leesburg, Virginia: Northern Virginia Media Services. Archived from the original on February 10, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
↑ McCaffrey, Scott (August 29, 2016). "'Jefferson Davis' hanging on, but for how long?: Jurisdictions have different routes to removing highway name". InsideNOVA. Leesburg, VA: Northern Virginia Media Services. Archived from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
↑ Sullivan, Patricia (September 17, 2016). "Alexandria will seek to move Confederate statue and rename Jefferson Davis Highway". Washingon, D.C.: The Washington Post. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
↑ "Road Named for Jefferson Davis Stirs Spirited Debate". The New York Times. 2002-02-14. Retrieved 2009-05-08. Another granite marker proclaiming the road's designation as the Jefferson Davis Highway was erected at the time in Vancouver, Wash., at the highway's southern terminus. It was quietly removed by city officials four years ago and now rests in a cemetery shed there, but publicity over the bill has brought its mothballing to light and stirred a contentious debate there about whether it should be restored.
↑ "History of the Jefferson Davis Park". Retrieved October 30, 2008.
↑ "Jefferson Davis Park". Retrieved October 30, 2008.
↑ Verhovek, Sam Howe (February 14, 2002). "Road Named for Jefferson Davis Stirs Spirited Debate". The New York Times. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
↑ "Senate Committee Kills Plan To Rename Jefferson Davis Highway". KOMOnews.com. Seattle, Washington: Sinclair Interactive Media. August 30, 2006. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
↑ (1) "House Joint Memorial 4010: As Amended by the Senate" (PDF). 64th Legislature: 2016 Regular Session. Washington State Legislature. March 8, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
(2) "History of the Bill as of Tuesday, September 20, 2016". HJM 4010 - 2015-16: Requesting that state route number 99 be named the "William P. Stewart Memorial Highway". Washington State Legislature. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
↑ (1) Cornfield, Jerry (May 17, 2016). "SR 99 to be renamed for Snohomish black Civil War soldier". HeraldNet. Everett, Washington: Everett Herald and Sound Publishing, Inc. Archived from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
(2) Muhlstein, Julie (May 21, 2016). "Highway 99 renamed in honor of Snohomish settler William P. Stewart". HeraldNet. Everett, Washington: Everett Herald and Sound Publishing, Inc. Archived from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
Davis, Jefferson (2003). Cooper, Jr., William J, ed. Jefferson Davis: The Essential Writings.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jefferson Davis.
1. Because of Mississippi's secession, the Senate seat was vacant for nine years before Ames succeeded Davis.


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Take me where memory makes my legs move.
Take me where moss holds language.
Take me where we have a name for the things we do.
In this challenging and rewarding book, the poet births grotesque monsters to awaken her audience, and then coaxes them to sleep with remnants of a song.
Millicent Borges Accardi is the author of four poetry books: Injuring Eternity, Woman on a Shaky Bridge, Practical Love Poems and Only More So. The recipient of fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), Fulbright, CantoMundo, Creative Capacity, the California Arts Council, Fundação Luso-Americana, and the Barbara Deming Foundation (Money for Women), Accardi has been in residence at Yaddo, Milkwood in Cesky Krumlov, Fundación Valparaíso in Spain; Jentel, and Vermont Studio Center. She holds degrees in English literature and writing from California State University, Long Beach (CSULB) and the University of Southern California (USC).
Based on the Jan Lukas photograph of Vendulka Vogelova, taken a few hours before the young girl was transported to a concentration camp.
the food the earth the sidewalk.
sometimes, dull copper paint on the back of a lake.
of ale. Crisp indignities of foam.
in the dark. I shine in the snow.
her heart compact as plywood.
getting the best he had to offer.
She thought she had a talent for being aloof.
On him, she made few demands.
while a diamond-point blade cut through.
sewer pipes, inches from open graves, lie like illness.
in a white whirl of cameos, sand, and milk.
tagged with numbers, wait for a turn to be whole again.
Here, dates are rounded to the nearest hundred.
dark as tunnels, joints like fists, teeth.
Here, there are no pebbles of prayer left behind.
are planted like corn rows, and evening settles like water.
for the innocent, tombs for generations.
The poetic subject transits between the United States culture, the Portuguese culture and many others, trying to explore transcultural landscapes and with them to create transversalities that cross different cultures and borders.
The poems in Only More So, stand with the authority of one able to bring the lyrical imagination to bear on human lives and survival. Whatever the element—world history, personal life, health—Accardi fashions poems that evoke and stay true to human life. This search for meaning in the face of hardship, ultimately, is where the heart of this collection lies. What makes the search compelling is Accardi's ability to linger and meditate on ways that the search can go awry or be subverted.
Millicent Borges Accardi harmoniously strings together a collection of unabashedly vulnerable, declarative poems in 2016's Only More So, and its release could not be more timely. Each poem feels like breathing and quiet observing; words slowly weave in and out in natural resolve. Ms. Borges' speaker, like a doctor in the examination room, performs quiet palpation on the reader—her patient—feeling for nerve, for crying, for laughing. The voice in these poems reads at once girlish and maternal, and yet, also reveals itself capable of universality. Only More So expertly covers personal terrain ("The Well," "Arrythmia," "Buying Sleep,") while also engaging vaster territories ("Portrait of a Girl, 1942"). These poems will ring out and continue to be relevant as long as humans are intricate, tangled, and of this world.
And measures we could take.
Than time if you had gotten this at 70 or 80.
And make into our own.
Perhaps the disease is the language the couple, or at least the speaker, tries "to adopt and twist and make into [their/her] own". The complicated feelings of dealing with the disease of a loved one, especially that of one's partner, are examined exceptionally well in just a few lines. This last line is my favorite, in fact, in the whole collection.
The ground. Harder than granite.
The speaker is constantly "searching" without moving, further grounding an image of passive resistance. Understanding she is in need of help, she waits in "boredom" instead of taking it upon herself to search and find. Instead of stubbornness, though, this move on the speaker's part reads more as an admirable weakness. "Boredom" implies a certain self-awareness; she understands, perhaps, what she can do, but chooses to act contrarily. And in choice, lies strength. At the end of "The Well," the speaker listens to a voice that tells her to "Climb up. Slide down," and she listens. The poem reveals the power of choice and its way of conquering passiveness that is ultimately hindering.
Only More So is a collection that I would like to keep close to me as 2017 continues to unfold in all its chaos and dizziness. Ms. Borges' poems remind me that it is okay to feel vulnerable, swept off my feet, and in limbo—that we still have choice, bravery, and might at arm's reach… that everything can be observed, breathed in, and battled as needed.
Jessica A. Gonzalez is an editorial assistant and freelance writer and translator based in New Jersey and New York. She recently graduated from Rutgers University with a BA in English and also writes poetry.
"Readers familiar with Accardi's work know that the almost moonstruck effect of sexuality – wanted or not – on the speakers who populate her poems is an ongoing theme. Here, she metamorphoses the old myth once more by making Apollo not a force from without but something within that the poem's subject is unable to free herself of. It is subtly done and Accardi only reveals the source of her poem when she writes.
Accardi posits a situation or even an opening line and follows it through to see where it leads her. In her most successful poems, such as "Start Here" the reader who follows her is lead to a point where they find themselves standing on an emotional ledge.
Accardi's strategy works best when the poet follows a more or less linear trajectory. In the poems where the progression is associative, the reader sometimes wonders how they got to where they have ended up and why they are there.
While the tendency among many contemporary poets is to rely on the context of an entire book to imbue individual poems with greater depth of meaning, this is not the case with Only More So. Though there are certainly recurring themes and images, the individual poems stand (or fall) on their own. This may be old school, but it works.
One of the most fruitful poems from the point of view of a disability literary journal like Wordgathering is "Under Different Conditions." The poem works through the repetition of the first words in the beginning line of a new stanza, "They say…."
of every poem you read.
In the final four lines of the poem, the third person pronoun switches to second person pivoting responsibility for response, "'Write it; you can say this.'/ Breast cancer." The poem not only toss out the many literal reactions that people have upon hearing someone has received what could be a life threatening diagnoses, but, as in the stanza above, illustrate how it works on the mind "inside the bones of the imagination."
jobs. Girls who had babies out of wedlock.
equity loans and didn't pay off their first mortgage.
who should just get it together and try harder.
As in the previous poem, "The World in 2001" works off of a litany of concrete examples, but this time supporting one central idea. The poem that turns on the phrase, "We thought…that New York and the Twin Towers would always be there."
Readers familiar with Accardi's work know that the almost moonstruck effect of sexuality – wanted or not – on the speakers who populate her poems is an ongoing theme. Here, she metamorphoses the old myth once more by making Apollo not a force from without but something within that the poem's subject is unable to free herself of. It is subtly done and Accardi only reveals the source of her poem when she writes.
Though the poem leads to resolution, it is not one open to easy interpretation. Is the solution to avoiding this invasion of the blood, to cease being human? Does holding close to the earth or returning to our roots mean giving up aspirations or flights of imagination? One of the pleasures of the poem is the possibilities it allows.
the linen table cloth into the wind.
When readers learn that a poet one has enjoyed in the past comes out with a new book, it is always both with anticipation and with the fear that somehow this new book will not measure up to expectations. Followers of Millicent Borges Accardi have no reason for concern. Not only does Only More So provide a comfortable transition by actually including some of the poets best poems from the past, it takes the themes that her readers are familiar with and extends them. In the process of stretching herself as a poet, Accardi plays with some new forms – some with more success than others – but she never takes those who know her too far from home.
Michael Northen is the editor of Wordgathering and an editor with Jennifer Bartlett and Sheila Black of the anthology Beauty is a Verb: the New Poetry of Disability. He is also an editor of the upcoming anthology of disabiity short fiction, The Right Way to Be Crippled and Naked (Cinco Puntos Press).
I have enjoyed Millicent Borges Accardi's poetry for years. She is so clean with her poetic intentions. Every poem begins with a clear exposition and then unravels into pure lyricism. Her poems are full of craft; they have a distinct architecture. I think I could recognize her poetry solely by its voice. It is a great gift to be a poet with such "a voice." Her new collection, Only More So, explores the big subjects such as war, dysphoria, economic / social inequities, religion, faith, and the loss of faith.
You see it was very much like this.
yellow fire, to swallow up her walls.
A escritora luso-americana Millicent Borges Accardi acaba de lançar o seu terceiro livro "Only More So", que pode ser obtido online através da Amazon.com. "Only More So" (Salmon Poetry) é uma coletânea de poemas. . .
When one first picks up a copy of Only More So the new collection of poetry by Millicent Borges Accardi from Salmon Poetry in Ireland, there is an overwhelming expectation that delicacy is about to mingle with honesty, resulting in some magnificent looking words as the children from that union. With that to hold on to, as well as the book's surprisingly magnetic artwork, the reader is immediately hit with an understanding that Ms. Borges Accardi is not new to the challenges that contemporary poetry serves up.
The first poem, "On a Theme by William Stafford," shows, among other things, an immediate sense of gratitude for those who have come before. Even dusty, old Wallace Stevens is made new again here. As the reader gets further into the book and discovers some of Ms. Borges Accardi's more urgent themes, a prescient respect continues to build for the skills it takes to pull off truly fine work, such as this, in a genre many people seem determined to look quizzically upon, if they look at all.
These are the poems of a person fully engaged in the 21st Century and all of its endless dramas, sometimes political in nature, sometimes personal, but always maintaining a sense of true ancestral history. Surprisingly, some of Ms. Borges Accardi's power as a poet comes when these two approaches meet head on, as in the delicious poem "The World in 2001." It is certainly true that, for those of us who were cognitively aware and physically a part of that time, the year alone is enough to conjure great sadness and regret. However, here, Ms. Borges Accardi masterfully includes the unexpected from that time, along with the obvious examples of things related, directly or indirectly, to 9/11. The resulting bond that occurs between reader and word is both human and humane at once.
On a far more personal level, the poet wraps us up against her immediate world—so much so, that the reader can almost sense the breathing, the expectations, and the regrets of what it can be to survive in today's setting. In particular, the poem "Under Different Conditions" brings all of the aforementioned elements to the table. It is a poem that offers a powerful list of emotional responses—used by virtually everyone at some point in their lives—and yet, the reader is left with only questions, until the very end of the poem, as to just why these responses are so apropos.
you ever gave me do not stand for love.
What do you want, what do you want.
The only answer that should come to mind for that question, once the reader puts down this splendid new work of poetry is: Everything!
Sam Pereira has appeared earlier in the print edition of Poetry International (Double issue #18/19). He attended California State University, Fresno (BA) and the University of Iowa Writers' Workshop (MFA). His books include A Café in Boca (Tebot Bach, 2007), The Marriage of the Portuguese—Expanded Edition (Tagus Press, 2012), Dusting on Sunday, (Tebot Bach, 2012), and Bad Angels (Nine Mile Press, 2015).
Review: Only More So reviewed by Lisa Hartz, Executive Director, Seven Cities Writers Project, "An Entrancing Encounter"
Accardi is the rebel-muse. The wise traveler. The Aunt who always brought you good books along with sweets from a faraway place. The one with the best stories, who seems to be listening carefully even as she's sharing with you what she's learned, what she's still struggling to understand about the wide, marvelous and confounding world.


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McCalister recalled one instance when he received a text message at almost midnight about a play call out of a specific formation.
His teammates' desire to absorb the new system left McCalister with a feeling of appreciation. It reflected their determination after falling short of reaching the College Football Playoff the previous season.
"Everybody wants to be the best," he said, "and they want to learn, which is great."
The role of McCalister for Ohio State's rebuilding defense has been significant. His presence helped reduce the learning curve for the Buckeyes, who have allowed only one touchdown through their first two games.
"It's like a coach on the field," coach Ryan Day said. "That certainly shortened the time of learning the scheme."
McCalister's mother, Alice, noticed an unselfishness from him in high school. Her son tutored elementary school children, spoke to youth football teams and volunteered at their church without the typical resistance of a teenager.
"He was just a guy, that if you asked him to do something, it wasn't like, 'Man, I really don't want to do it,' " she said. "He was very happy to do it."
McCalister's ambitions at Ohio State, though, extend beyond being a source of playbook knowledge.
He sought to join a national championship contender, giving the Buckeyes a steady presence as their primary slot defender after they featured a revolving cast of nickel corners and safeties in previous seasons. He also brought and versatile coverage skills to cover multiple types of receivers. With an additional season of eligibility, he also hopes to move up NFL teams' draft boards next spring.
"That's why he came here," Knowles said. "He wanted to improve his game."
The goals are high.
"It's cool my teammates trust me to be that quote-unquote 'coach on the field,' and the coaches trust me," McCalister said, "but at the same time, I'm here to make some plays. I'm here to improve my draft stock. And then obviously do all I can to help us get to where we want to be as a team, and that's to win a national championship."
Roots in Texas
Before becoming an integral part of the Buckeyes' secondary, McCalister imagined being a running back.
His bedroom walls in the Dallas suburb of Rockwall featured a Fathead poster of LaDainian Tomlinson, who grew up in Waco before becoming a Pro Football Hall of Fame running back.
On youth league teams, he wore No. 21, the jersey number donned by Tomlinson in the NFL.
"I was an offensive guy," McCalister said. "I wanted to score touchdowns, run the ball, stiff-arm guys."
It wasn't until he joined the varsity team as a freshman at Rockwall-Heath High School in 2014 that he saw a future on defense.
Mickey Moss, then the Hawks' coach, placed him at cornerback to fill a hole in the defensive backfield. He also felt it was a long-term fit.
McCalister was thin in high school, weighing tens of pounds below the frame of top running back prospects. Almost a decade later, he remains below 200 pounds.
Buckeyes in the NFL:Ohio State football tied with LSU for second-most NFL players heading into 2022 season
Xavier Johnson:Ohio State receiver Xavier Johnson has an alter ego named Jose
It was one of the reasons Moss thought he would be more durable as a cornerback or safety.
"You'll be delivering hits instead of taking hits," McCalister recalled hearing.
McCalister at first learned a lot from DeShon Elliott, who was a senior when he was a freshman and was a budding safety prospect. Elliott since went on to become an All-American at Texas and a starter in the NFL, where he's now with the Detroit Lions.
"He was a great player to play under," McCalister said, "and he kind of took me under his wing."
The two of them remain in touch, and McCalister got advice from Elliott last winter when he was looking at transfer options.
McCalister didn't give up playing running back, though, until he enrolled at Oklahoma State in 2018.
He would line up on both sides of the ball at Rockwall-Heath. When he was a sophomore, he was featured in two-back sets with his older brother, Tyler. He saw nearly 200 carries as a senior, rushing for 1,329 yards and 15 touchdowns, in addition to his role at cornerback and safety.
"He carried the load," Moss said, "and he didn't shy away from it."
Moss recalled games in which McCalister played every snap on defense and ran for more than 100 yards, feats rare for the highest division of high school football in Texas.
The Hawks relied on his playmaking.
"For us to be successful, we needed him on the field," Moss said.
McCalister committed to Arkansas before his senior season at Rockwall-Heath and looked forward to becoming a cornerback in the Southeastern Conference. But after the Razorbacks fired coach Bret Bielema in late 2017, it prompted McCalister to decommit. He signed months later with Oklahoma State, where he would be introduced to Knowles.
When McCalister put his name in the transfer portal in December following four seasons with the Cowboys, the first person he heard from was Knowles, who had left Stillwater to become Ohio State's defensive coordinator.
The Buckeyes are selective with plucking players out of the portal, often adding only a couple of transfers each offseason.
But McCalister drew plaudits from Knowles and star receiver Jaxon Smith-Njigba, who also grew up in Rockwall.
Smith-Njigba's older brother, Canaan, was Rockwall-Heath's starting quarterback when McCalister was a junior before pursuing a career in baseball. He debuted in the major leagues this season with the Pittsburgh Pirates. Their families are close.
The praise left Day with belief that McCalister could be a key part of Knowles' safety-driven defenses.
"He's a veteran," Day said. "He's an experienced guy, but he fit our culture just by the way he immediately stepped in and has been really helpful to the guys."
Joey Kaufman covers Ohio State football for The Columbus Dispatch. Contact him at jkaufman@dispatch.com or on Twitter @joeyrkaufman
Get more Ohio State football news by listening to our podcasts

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Tunisia, Birthplace of "Arab Spring," Erupts in Protest After Opposition Leader Assassinated
Posted on February 6, 2013 by soopermexican No Comments
Picture from protest via Miriam Ben Ghazi
The politician #ChokriBelaid assassinated this morning in front of his house..Another black day for #Tunisia #RIPChokriBelaid #TNgov #Tunis
— Ourida Ben Romdhane (@OuridaTunsiaa) February 6, 2013
More than a thousand protesters have taken to the streets in Tunisia after Chokri Belaid was shot dead in front of his house:
Tunisian opposition politician Chokri Belaid has been shot dead outside his home in the capital, Tunis, his brother and officials
say. They say that Chokri Belaid was shot in the neck and head on his way to work.
Mr Belaid was a prominent secular opponent of Tunisia's moderate Islamist-led government. Crowds have gathered outside the interior ministry chanting they want a "second revolution", the BBC's Sihem Hassaini in Tunis says.
Prime Minister Hamadi Jebali said his murder was an "act of terrorism" and a blow to the country's Arab Spring revolution, which took place in January 2011.
"This is a criminal act, an act of terrorism not only against Belaid but against the whole of Tunisia," Mr Jebali told Tunisia's privately owned FM Radio Mosaique, promising to pursue all efforts to "immediately" arrest the murderer.
They go on to explain:
Mr Belaid was the co-ordinator of the left-leaning Democratic Patriots party, part of a group of opposition parties which has been challenging the government since it came to power following the country's first post-Arab Spring election in October 2011.
On Saturday, he accused "mercenaries" hired by the Ennahda party of carrying out an attack on a Democratic Patriots meeting.
Video from the protest:
And on twitter, rumors that live ammunition is being fired at protesters:
Protesters are running around annoucing that live ammunition has been used against fellews in sousse #tunisia #ripblaid — myriam ben ghazi(@myriambenghazi) February 6, 2013
Tunisia was the 'birthplace' of the Arab Spring, as many source the self-immolation of a street vendor in frustration over government impeding his livelihood. Unfortunately, as governments were toppled, it has stoked fears, especially among conservatives, that we are merely displacing secular tyrants for Islamo-Fascist dictators.
This should be alarming, especially as the other "benefactor" of the Arab Spring, Egypt, spins towards autocratic rule under the Muslim Brotherhood. Indeed, this news came while Islamist extremist Mahmoud Ahmadinejad makes a historic visit to Egypt, receiving appreciative smooches from President Morsi. No, really.
THIS is why we need to go back to the streets! WE need a new revolution! #EnnahdhaCrimes MUST BE STOPPED! #FreeTunisia #RIPChokriBelaid — Ourida Ben Romdhane (@OuridaTunsiaa) February 6, 2013
From in front of the Ministry of the Interior, in Downtown Tunis:
via tunisia live
Reports that the protests are spreading beyond the capital to neighboring towns:
BREAKING NEWS: Ennahda offices attacked, protests in several Tunisia towns english.ahram.org.eg/News/64159.aspx
— Ahram Online (@ahramonline) February 6, 2013


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Home » Mental health » Mental health resources » Joseph Campbell's reading list (A collection of 11)
Joseph Campbell's reading list (A collection of 11)
From the article below, you will learn about the famous American author Joseph Campbell and a collection of 12 his greatest books.
About Joseph Campbell
Joseph Campbell (1904–1987) was an American author and teacher best known for his work in the field of comparative mythology. He was born in New York City in 1904, and from early childhood he became interested in mythology. He loved to read books about American Indian cultures, and frequently visited the American Museum of Natural History in New York, where he was fascinated by the museum's collection of totem poles. Campbell was educated at Columbia University, where he specialized in medieval literature, and continued his studies at universities in Paris and Munich. While abroad he was influenced by the art of Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse, the novels of James Joyce and Thomas Mann, and the psychological studies of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. These encounters led to Campbell's theory that all myths and epics are linked in the human psyche, and that they are cultural manifestations of the universal need to explain social, cosmological, and spiritual realities.
After a period in California, where he encountered John Steinbeck and the biologist Ed Ricketts, he taught at the Canterbury School, and then, in 1934, joined the literature department at Sarah Lawrence College, a post he retained for many years. During the 40s and '50s, he helped Swami Nikhilananda to translate the Upanishads and The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna. He also edited works by the German scholar Heinrich Zimmer on Indian art, myths, and philosophy. In 1944, with Henry Morton Robinson, Campbell published A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake. His first original work, The Hero with a Thousand Faces, came out in 1949 and was immediately well received; in time, it became acclaimed as a classic. In this study of the "myth of the hero," Campbell asserted that there is a single pattern of heroic journey and that all cultures share this essential pattern in their various heroic myths. In his book he also outlined the basic conditions, stages, and results of the archetypal hero's journey.
Throughout his life, he traveled extensively and wrote prolifically, authoring many books, including the four-volume series The Masks of God, Myths to Live By, The Inner Reaches of Outer Space and The Historical Atlas of World Mythology. Joseph Campbell died in 1987. In 1988, a series of television interviews with Bill Moyers, The Power of Myth, introduced Campbell's views to millions of people.
For more on Joseph Campbell and his work, visit the web site of Joseph Campbell Foundation at JCF.org.
The Hero with a Thousand Faces (The Collected Works of Joseph Campbell)
About : A new expanded edition of the classic work on comparative mythology amasses the characteristics exemplified by mythological heroes and religious leaders of all centuries and cultures into a unified whole as it outlines the Hero's Journey as a universal motif of adventure running through all of the world's mythic traditions. 35,000 first printing.
The Mythic Dimension: Selected Essays 1959-1987 (Collected Works of Joseph Campbell)
About : In these pages, the Collected Works of Joseph Campbell presents twelve eclectic, far-ranging, and brilliant essays gathered together for the first time. The essays explore myth in all its dimensions: its history; its influence on art, literature, and culture; and its role in everyday life.
This second volume of Campbell's essays (following The Flight of the Wild Gander) brings together his uncollected writings from 1959 to 1987. Written at the height of Campbell's career and showcasing the lively intelligence that made him the twentieth centuries premier writer on mythology these essays investigate the profound links between myth, the individual, and societies ancient and contemporary. Covering diverse terrain ranging from psychology to the occult, from Thomas Mann to the Grateful Dead, from Goddess spirituality to Freud and Jung, these playful and erudite writings reveal the threads of myth woven deeply into the fabric of our culture and our lives
The Hero's Journey: Joseph Campbell on His Life and Work (Collected Works of Joseph Campbell)
About : Joseph Campbell, arguably the greatest mythologist of the twentieth century, was certainly one of our greatest storytellers. This masterfully crafted book interweaves conversations between Campbell and some of the people he inspired, including poet Robert Bly, anthropologist Angeles Arrien, filmmaker David Kennard, Doors drummer John Densmore, psychiatric pioneer Stanislov Grof, Nobel laureate Roger Guillemen, and others. Campbell reflects on subjects ranging from the origins and functions of myth, the role of the artist, and the need for ritual to the ordeals of love and romance. With poetry and humor, Campbell recounts his own quest and conveys the excitement of his lifelong exploration of our mythic traditions, what he called "the one great story of mankind."
Myths to Live By (Compass)
About : "There is no one quite like Joseph Campbell. He knows the vast sweep of man's panoramic past as few men have even known it." -The Village Voice
What is a properly functioning mythology and what are its functions? Can we use myths to help relieve our modern anxiety, or do they help foster it? In Myths to Live by, Joseph Campbell explores the enduring power of the universal myths that influence our lives daily and examines the myth-making process from the primitive past to the immediate present, retuning always to the source from which all mythology springs: the creative imagination.
Campbell stresses that the borders dividing the Earth have been shattered; that myths and religions have always followed certain basic archetypes and are no longer exclusive to a single person, region, or religion. He shows how we must recognize their common denominators and allow this knowledge to be of use in fulfilling human potential everywhere.
A Joseph Campbell Companion: Reflections on the Art of Living
About :Celebrated scholar Joseph Campbell shares his intimate and inspiring reflections on the art of living in this beautifully packaged book, part of a new series to be based on his unpublished writings.
Pathways to Bliss: Mythology and Personal Transformation (Collected Works of Joseph Campbell)
About : The author of The Hero with a Thousand Faces applies the collective wisdom of mythology to everyday life, making connections among ancient symbols, modern art, mental illness, and the journey of the Hero, all with characteristic wit and insight.
The Inner Reaches of Outer Space: Metaphor as Myth and as Religion (The Collected Works)
About : In these pages, beloved mythologist Joseph Campbell explores the Space Age. He posits that the newly discovered laws of outer space are actually within us as well, and that a new mythology is implicit in that realization. But what is this new mythology? How can we recognize it? Campbell explores these questions in the concluding essay, "The Way of Art in which he demonstrates that metaphor is the language of art and argues that within the psyches of today's artists are the seeds of tomorrow's mythologies."
Campbell writes in his introduction:"My desire and great pleasure in the preparation of this little volume has been as rendering a return gift to the Graces for the transforming insights of these recent years, which…we have been testing out in a broadly shared spiritual adventure."
Primitive Mythology: The Masks of God, Volume I
About : The author of such acclaimed books as Hero With a Thousand Faces and The Power of Myth discusses the primitive roots of mythology, examining them in light of the most recent discoveries in archaeology, anthropology, and psychology
Goddesses: Mysteries of the Feminine Divine (Collected Works of Joseph Campbell)
About : Previously uncollected lectures and writings trace the evolution of the Goddess, from Neolithic Old Europe to the Renaissance, and interpret classical motifs, offering insight into self-actualization for women. 20,000 first printing.
The Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake: Unlocking James Joyce's Masterwork (Collected Works of Joseph Campbell)
About : Countless would-be readers of Finnegans Wake — James Joyce's 1939 masterwork, on which he labored for a third of his life — have given up after a few pages and dismissed the book as a perverse triumph of the unintelligible." In 1944, a young professor of mythology and literature named Joseph Campbell, working with novelist and poet Henry Morton Robinson, wrote the first guide to understanding the fascinating world of Finnegans Wake. Page by page, chapter by chapter, A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake outlines the basic action of Joyce's book, simplifies and clarifies the complex web of images and allusions, and provides an understandable, continuous narrative from which the reader can venture out on his or her own. This edition includes a foreword and updates by Joyce scholar Dr. Edmund L. Epstein adds the context of sixty subsequent years of scholarship.
Flight of the Wild Gander: Explorations in the Mythological Dimension (The Collected Works of Joseph Campbell)
About : The author of The Hero with a Thousand Faces explores the origins of myth from the Grimm fairy tales to Native American legends, explaining in a collection of essays how the symbolic content of myth is linked to universal human experience and how myths and experiences change over time.
Historical Atlas of World Mythology
About : Masterful, as all of Joseph Campbell's works. It ties together mythology and history in a way that allows meaning to emerge in the weird and wonderful ways of our ancestors.
Rating : 5/5
From the article above, you got a collection of 12 of Joseph Campbell's reading list.
If you've enjoyed the Joseph Campbell's reading list mentioned above, I would recommend you to take a look at "How old is Geralt of Rivia?" a character from a hit series about mythology.
FAQs: Joseph Campbell's reading list
What was one of Joseph Campbell's famous quote?
If you do follow your bliss
What does the hero with a thousand faces mean?
A new expanded edition of the classic work on comparative mythology amasses the characteristics exemplified by mythological heroes and religious leaders of all centuries and cultures into a unified whole as it outlines the Hero's Journey as a universal motif of adventure running through all of the world's mythic traditions. 35,000 first printing.
What is Joseph Campbell theory?
Campbell's concept of monomyth (one myth) refers to the theory that sees all mythic narratives as variations of a single great story.
What does all the gods all the heavens all the hells are within you mean?
Actually , it is all the gods, all the heavens, all the hells are within you. With that said, basically it means, it's in us, we create our own heaven and hell, we believe in our own God or gods. Find peace in yourself and you find heaven, be at war with yourself , you find hell.
Is Joseph Campbell still alive?
Deceased (1904–1987)
References: The Masks of God: Complete Four Volume Set
9 Adolescent activities
Can I take Effexor and Trintellix together?
Should You Combine Nootropics Into A Stack?


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SINS OF THE MOTHER
SINS OF THE MOTHER aired on Lifetime Television
Starring Jill Scott, Nichole Beharie and Mimi Rogers
Shay Hunter is a nervous breakdown in the making. She is a twenty-five year old grad student who has hit rock bottom; asked to leave school by her counselor, about to be evicted and carrying baggage that would break the back of the strongest of women. Home is the last place Shay wants to be, but she has no choice. She has spent the last few years distancing herself from Tacoma, Washington and her past.
Raised by an alcoholic, Shay finds it hard to forgive her mother's past neglect but that is exactly what her mother is asking--forgiveness. Shay returns to find her mother has made a transformation. Nona is now an employed homeowner replete with Martha Stewart living, a healthy lifestyle and a flower and herb garden. She is also the mother of another daughter, five-year old Sunshine. Shay watches as her mother is the epitome of motherhood as she dotes on Sunshine, something that was lacking when Shay was a child.
Shay has even more issues, that need fixing; she has a nervous habit of pulling out her hair, she is socially inept and her background is such that she guards against getting close to people. Shay gets a job in a record shop, reconnects with the only friend she has ever had and begins to navigate through her issues to reclaim her sanity and find balance. She is forced to step outside of herself as she begins dating, forges new ties, and begins the journey of repairing the most fragile of all relationships, that of mother and daughter.
Won, Image Award
Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special
Jill Scott (actor) Kaufman Company, The (production company), Deacon Entertainment (production company)
Outstanding Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special
Damon Lee (executive producer), Paul A. Kaufman (executive producer) Kaufman Company, The (production company), Deacon Entertainment (production company)
Nominated, Prism Award
TV Movie or Miniseries
Performance in a TV Movie or Miniseries
ENTERTAINMENT WEEKLY - "As a reformed alcoholic mother trying to reconnect with her tightly wound emotionally stunted daughter, Jill Scott (HBO's 'The No. 1 Ladies Detective Agency') delivers a performance that makes you forget you knew her as a singer."
NATIONAL ENQUIRER - "With great acting all around, including Mimi Rogers as Nona's sponsor, this adaptation of Carleen Brice's novel, Orange Mint and Honey is one dramatic powerhouse of a TV movie. It'd be a sin to miss it!"
TV GUIDE - "The only thing Jill Scott is guilty of here is giving a powerful and moving performance."
THE READER - "Scott is a powerhouse as Nona, the mother in recovery from alcoholism. Beharie is intense as Shay, the resentful daughter. There are some small, closely observed moments, too, like in the prayer garden where Nona and Shay surrender their fears. It all rings true and cathartic. Director Paul A. Kaufman makes Nona's house and garden charged characters."
NEW YORK POST - "...this sob-sister scenario jumps the fence from the other run-of-the-mills."
"Scott, memorable in HBO's "The No. 1 Ladies Detective Agency," manages to morph easily from Precious into Nona here. Her big future on the small screen is assured."


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Home » News » Americas
15 Mexican cities rank among the world's most violent; bishop asks for prayer
Mexican federal police in riot gear. Credit: Frontpage/Shutterstock.
Cuernavaca, Mexico, Apr 2, 2019 / 12:00 am (CNA).- The Bishop of Cuernavaca, Mexico has encouraged Catholics to intensify their prayers for peace, after the publication of a report that 15 Mexican cities figure among the most violent in the world.
Mexico's Citizen Council for Public Safety and Criminal Justice prepares each year a list of the 50 most violent cities in the world, on the basis of the number of homicides per 100,000 inhabitants. The March 12 report said that during 2018 the most dangerous global cities were Tijuana and Acapulco.
Victoria, Juárez and Irapuato hold fourth, fifth and sixth place. Further down the list are Cancún, Culiacán, Uruapan, Obregón, Coatzacoalcos, Celaya, Ensenada, Tepic, Reynosa and Chihuahua.
Caracas, Venezuela, holds third place. Only eight cities are not in Latin America, among them are St. Louis, Baltimore, Detroit, and New Orleans, ranking 15th, 23rd, 46th and 50th respectively.
In a video message, Bishop Ramón Castro Castro said the fact that Mexican cities head the list "makes evident the situation of violence and lack of safety that Mexico is going through."
"What do we do, brothers? I invite you, once more, to continue the prayer vigils for peace, for justice."
The Mexican prelate said that praying for peace "Is worth the effort. In itself prayer does us so much good. During this Lent we invite you to increase it."
"And if we offer that prayer we also feel that we're not idle but that we've done something to change the sad reality we are experiencing."
"Be courageous! It's worth it," he concluded.
This story was originally published by ACI Prensa, CNA's Spanish-language sister agency. It was translated and adapted by CNA.
Tags: Catholic News, Mexico
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