Morphylogeny: MMPR 113 "No Clowning Around"
#13: MMPR 113: "No Clowning Around".
and up to 10 segments of Original Zyu footage (Zyu½).
The ep, with opening, lasts roughly 20:47;21 from opening's start to end of the end credits and past the Saban logo (also includes a bit of black slug for opening commercials and quickly post Saban logo).
Rita, right eye closed and looking in Repulsascope with her left, smiles, ceases touching scope with right hand, gesturing it while saying "That's... right... Walk into my TRAP, tinheads!" She laughs, jerking her wand just a little offscreen, mouth open wide, tongue visible.
End section recycled, but mostly previously unused.
Might lead into ZOF 17 or 23.
Rita, back to us, walks down stairway to workshop, to our right, passing swinging pendulum.
Likely part of a longer scene.
Rita walks into workshop with her back to us, talking to Finster, who works on Pudgy Pig mold. She stops and gestures as if talking a bit. He keeps working, nodding to what she says, then when she finishes, he responds with a few hand motions and nods.
Recycled, but longest continuous version so far. Fades out to next shot.
Pineoctopus is lying down, until it sits up at knee area, and stands up on its feet.
"Flashback" smudges added to right and left sides of screen. Slowed. Fades in from prior shot.
In close up, Pineoctopus motions left tentacle arm to chest, causing black cord to shoot out of its left shoulder.
"Flashback" smudges added to right and left sides of screen. Slowed.
Zoom out as black cord retracts to shoulder, Pineoctopus then motioning left tentacle arm to chest.
"Flashback" smudges added to right and left sides of screen. Slowed. Reverse of source.
Pineoctopus is standing on its feet, before it drops down to knee area, then lays down on cement.
Recycled. Plays in reverse. "Flashback" smudges added to right and left sides of screen. Slowed. Fades out to next shot.
Finster nods a few times as he stands at his clay workspace.
Near end is recycled, but start is previously unseen, and end goes on longer than prior use.
Trimmed from source to cut excess Rita talking.
Close on Squatt in front of pendulum, shaking head back and forth, talking, jerking both arms up, then shrugging shoulders with arms out.
Likely unseen stuff from previously shown segment.
Rita stands at railing looking at Earth, slapping balcony as she gets a rhythm and holds out arm, shouting. As she does this, Baboo marches in place drumming hammer, and Squatt dances around in background hammering head.
Trimmed heavily from source at start to remove excess singing.
Zoom out from Goldar as he walks up balcony steps and stands as Rita, Squatt & Baboo watch. Rita steps back away from Repulsascope.
Rita smiles wickedly, turns to our right and points with her right hand while shouting, "Attack!"
Pineoctopus lands on stadium seats, jerking arm tentacles upward during slow zoom in.
Removes jump cut materialization at start.
The full standard original morphing sequence, sans Trini.
Recycled. No bolt, but white flash at start. Fades to white at end.
Zoom out from Red as four Rangers pose on outdoor stage.
Zoom out as Goldar, Baboo, and Squatt rush into auditorium, joining Pineoctopus in facing our heroes.
Upward angle as four Putties flip over camera under stage roof's edge.
Zoom in as Putty leaps up and punches at camera.
Quick zoom to the back of the stage area where Black and Red Rangers fight Putties. Red begins to pin the arm of an Extra-Chunk Putty.
Recycled, shortened from source to remove stuff from start and end.
Black Ranger flips over Putty.
Recycled, shortened from source to remove stuff from start and end before zoom in.
Squatt & Baboo watch as Pink Ranger gazes worriedly to the side, ducks under Putty attack.
On stage, Red avoids Putty's high kick, then when he tries to punch him, the Ranger grabs his arm and flips him on his back.
A lot more of him fighting Putties in this segment was trimmed out, though I don't know why.
On hill, Black dives into Putty, taking him down. He gets up, blocks another Putty's attack, then hits him in the chest.
Close up on Pink Ranger's helmet as she turns around and looks.
This is placed here to trim down Black's tossing of Putty.
Continued in progress from two shots ago, Black finishes knocking Putty over, when another kicks at him, he ducks, then footsweeps it down.
Pink Ranger handsprings past attacking Putty on auditorium seats, landing with a kick into one at the end as others swarm around.
Baboo claps while Squatt points ahead.
Recycled, but shortened. Here to cover Pink's "no contact" high hit at Putty.
Continued from two shots ago in progress, Pink finishes one Putty off, then blocks another's high hit, flipping it over before facing a third, blocking its high kick.
Recycled, but slowed. Here to cut Pink's high kick at Putty.
On stage, Blue Ranger high kicks Putty down, then footsweeps one behind him down, before double-punching approaching Putty in chest.
Cuts his face punch to Putty at end.
Black and Red Ranger knock down Putties then look forth at something to our left together.
Continued from earlier, Pink Ranger footsweeps Extra-Chunky Putty off its feet as Squatt & Baboo watch.
Recycled, but shortened to just end of segment.
Squatt & Baboo sit on stadium seats, applauding profusely.
Recycled, but shortened to remove their fade in.
Recycled, but shortened to remove segment's early part.
Black Ranger, holding Putty by the top of the head, then flips him over, sharp zoom in on Black pointing outward briefly.
Recycled, trims head grab at start.
Goldar leaps up with sword drawn in front of trees, zoom in on his feet.
Recycled, cuts before Yellow becomes visible.
Again, Goldar leaps up with sword drawn in front of trees, but this time stays in frame and slashes sword forth.
Goldar raises sword, preparing to attack, when he notices approaching Pineoctopus, Squatt & Baboo in pan over as they join his side.
Four Rangers shift about at the sight of the odd monster.
Close up on Pineoctopus' pair of dangling bulbs as they spray golden sparkles dust.
Close up on Pineoctopus' thorny yellow vined head as it shakes about, golden sparkle dust spraying around.
Close up on Pineoctopus' pair of dangling bulbs as they continue to spray golden sparkles dust while bobbing about.
Close up on Pineoctopus' thorny yellow vined head as it shakes about some more, golden sparkle dust flying around.
Pineoctopus unleashes dust, causing Squatt, Baboo, and Goldar to begin sneezing.
As golden dust fills the air, the four Rangers cover their helmets and attempt to wave it off.
The still-sneezing Squatt, Baboo and Goldar finally vanish into thin air, leaving Pineoctopus to stand triumphant and ceasing his spray.
Trims some sneezing out at start, and cuts down Piney's lengthy talking at end.
The four Rangers look to our left, then at each other, before to the left again.
Zoom in on Pineoctopus gesturing arm tentacles, then flicking them upward.
Upward shot of Pineoctopus gesturing arm tentacles up, shooting cords from shoulders.
Pineoctopus' cords whip past four Rangers, causing their chests to spark as they're thrown back.
Close on Pineoctopus as he dances from side to side at us, spraying gold dust.
Pineoctopus presses toward four Rangers, who cover faces and back up, trying to keep their distance from his dust.
Close on Pineoctopus, dancing and dusting. He finally ceases, motions arm tentacles, and fires balls of red energy forth in zoom out.
Four Rangers are knocked off their feet by multiple sparks bursting around them.
Trimmed heavily from source to remove Rita's lengthy talking.
Close up of Pineoctopus becoming overwhelmed by upward spray of growth smoke.
Pineoctopus grows gigantic amid the fading smoke.
Downward angle on four Rangers jumping back at the sight of the giant monster.
Upward shot of giant Pineoctopus shaking loose a shower of golden dust.
Downward angle on four Rangers covering helmet faces as golden sprinkles rain down, leading to their retreat.
Upward shot of giant Pineoctopus continuing his golden showering of sprinkles, a few getting stuck on the camera lens.
Recycled, but first used in original context, sorta.
Camera follows as Yellow Ranger runs in through woods, joins teammates, who gather around talking, before all look upward our left.
Giant Pineoctopus looms over five small Power Rangers in cheap matte shot.
Yellow takes the lead as all five Rangers turn to our right, reach to sky with right arms, and summon.
Trimmed from source to cut Yellow's zoom out. Don't worry, they use the full version eventually, many times.
Red Ranger drops into his cockpit seat, gestures arm to chest.
Recycled, trimmed to just the open mouth stuff per source.
Sabertooth Tiger cockpit, side angle, of Yellow Ranger giving thumbs up then gripping controls.
Pineoctopus gestures glowing tentacle arms and fires multiple balls of red energy to our left.
Tyrannosaurus is walking toward us when he suddenly bursts with sparks!
First used in ZYU #03.
Red in TRex cockpit suddenly gets a burst of smoke and sparks, causing him to cover helmeted face.
Closer angle on Tyrannosaurus getting sparkily blasted.
Sabertooth Tiger leaps over cliffside while narrowly avoiding explosion.
He IS here, to cause some trouble, and he's here, to do the Pineoctopus shuffle!
Sabertooth Tiger cockpit, side angle, of Yellow Ranger turning and looking back, before forth and pointing briefly.
Triceratops cockpit, Blue Ranger looks to our left and gives fist up, before gripping controls.
Triceratops fires off both of its horns, one at a time.
Horns, with chains, shoot through the air.
Tricera horn-chains hook onto Pineoctopus.
Close on Triceratops' head as it struggles with pulling on chains coming out of its temples.
Triceratops in side foreground keeps Pineoctopus at bay across the way via its hooks and chains.
In Triceratops cockpit, Blue fives a thumbs up, then looks upward.
In Pterodactyl cockpit, Pink Ranger looks downward our right, clasps hands and nods, then looks forth.
In TRex cockpit, side angle, Red Ranger sits up a little and says something quick.
Sabertooth Tiger cockpit, Yellow Ranger points forth, then nods, holds open hand to chest as shot zooms in, looks to left then right, nods and raises fist.
Mastodon cockpit, side angle, Black Ranger looks to our right and nods, then points forth, nods, raises left hand across chest before grabbing controls.
As Triceratops keeps pulling on the chains, Pineoctopus gets covered with a burst of icy air.
Mastodon exhales its icy breath in a different shot than usual.
Close on Pineoctopus as the hook chains fall off while he's overwhelmed by icy mist.
Mastodon exhales its icy breath (without mist already around him).
Close on Pineoctopus' tentacle, showing it now wrapped in ice-mist-created cellophane.
Close on Pineoctopus' head region, ice mist continuing, as the cellophane cools around its vines.
In cockpit, Yellow nods to our left, then points forth.
In cockpit's side angle, Red gives a thumbs up to our right, then looks ahead, grips controls, and shot zooms in.
Recycled, zoom out is shortened.
Close on Blue & Yellow in Megazord, lowering fists, then Blue talks to Red, before making another fist briefly, Yellow looking back and forth.
Close on Red, Pink, Black in cockpit. Pink talks with hand to chest, guys look back at her, then all three look forth.
Close on Pineoctopus, still wrapped in icy cellophane, as another burst of arctic air begins to float in.
Recycled, shortened to just burst and end.
The close-up bright flash-glow of the Megazord's head from the middle of that last segment replays.
Recycled, trimmed to just the brightness to bridge these shots.
Cellophane-wrapped Pineoctopus gets a gust of dirty wind sprayed at it, causing its golden sparkle dust to blow up at it, until a bright flash heralds the monster blowing away to nothing.
Male Rangers raise fists in triumph, while Yellow grabs Blue's arm and Pink looks sharply to our right as she grips backs of chairs.
Recycled, but maybe a second or so longer than prior use at end.
Continued from three shots ago, Rita keeps pitching a fit as she turns from balcony and storms off down stairs, between cowering Finster and kneeling Goldar, while Baboo & Squatt grovel.
Recycled, but runs straight through to end without any cuts for the first time. Fades to black.


text:
Tag: GRB
Physicists Have Created an Artificial Gamma Ray Burst in the Lab
On July 2nd, 1967, the U.S. Vela 3 and 4 satellites noticed something rather perplexing. Originally designed to monitor for nuclear weapons tests in space by looking for gamma radiation, these satellites picked up a series of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) coming from deep space. And while decades have passed since the "Vela Incident", astronomers are still not 100% certain what causes them.
One of the problems has been that until now, scientists have been unable to study gamma ray bursts in any real capacity. But thanks to a new study by an international team of researchers, GRBs have been recreated in a laboratory for the first time. Because of this, scientists will have new opportunities to investigate GRBs and learn more about their properties, which should go a long away towards determining what causes them.
The study, titled "Experimental Observation of a Current-Driven Instability in a Neutral Electron-Positron Beam", was recently published in the Physical Review Letters. The study was led by Jonathon Warwick from Queen's University Belfast and included members from the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, The John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, and multiple universities.
Artist's impression of a gamma ray burst in space. Credit: ESO/A. Roquette
Until now, the study of GRBs have been complicated by two major issues. On the one hand, GRBs are very short lived, lasting for only seconds at a time. Second, all detected events have occurred in distant galaxies, some of which were billions of light-years away. Nevertheless, there are a few theories as to what could account for them, ranging from the formation of black holes and collisions between neutron stars to extra-terrestrial communications.
For this reason, investigating GRBs is especially appealing to scientists since they could reveal some previously-unknown things about black holes. For the sake of their study, the research team approached the question of GRBs as if they were related to the emissions of jets of particles released by black holes. As Dr. Gianluca Sarri, a lecturer at Queen's University Belfast, explained in a recent op-ed piece with The Conversation:
"The beams released by the black holes would be mostly composed of electrons and their "antimatter" companions, the positrons… These beams must have strong, self-generated magnetic fields. The rotation of these particles around the fields give off powerful bursts of gamma ray radiation. Or, at least, this is what our theories predict. But we don't actually know how the fields would be generated."
With the assistance of their collaborators in the US, France, the UK and Sweden, the team from Queen's University Belfast relied on the Gemini laser, located at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the UK. With this instrument, which is one of the most powerful lasers in the world, the international collaboration sought to create the first small scale replica of GRBs.
Artist's impression of a supermassive black hole emitting powerful jets of charged particles. Credit: Robin Dienel/Carnegie Institution for Science
By shooting this laser onto a complex target, the team was able to create miniature versions of these ultra-fast astrophysical jets, which they recorded to see how they behaved. As Dr. Sarri indicated:
"In our experiment, we were able to observe, for the first time, some of the key phenomena that play a major role in the generation of gamma ray bursts, such as the self-generation of magnetic fields that lasted for a long time. These were able to confirm some major theoretical predictions of the strength and distribution of these fields. In short, our experiment independently confirms that the models currently used to understand gamma ray bursts are on the right track."
This experiment was not only important for the study of GRBs, it could also advance our understanding about how different states of matter behave. Basically, almost all phenomena in nature come down to the dynamics of electrons, as they are much lighter than atomic nuclei and quicker to respond to external stimuli (such as light, magnetic fields, other particles, etc).
"But in an electron-positron beam, both particles have exactly the same mass, meaning that this disparity in reaction times is completely obliterated," said Dr. Sarri. "This brings to a quantity of fascinating consequences. For example, sound would not exist in an electron-positron world."
Artist's illustration of two merging neutron stars. The narrow beams represent the gamma-ray burst while the rippling spacetime grid indicates the isotropic gravitational waves that characterize the merger. Credit: National Science Foundation/LIGO/Sonoma State University/A. Simonnet
In addition, there is the aforementioned argument that GRBs could in fact be evidence of Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (ETI). In the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI), scientists look for electromagnetic signals that do not appear to have natural explanations. By knowing more about different types of electromagnetic bursts, scientists could be better able to isolate those for which there are no known causes. As Dr. Sarri put it:
"Of course, if you put your detector to look for emissions from space, you do get an awful lot of different signals. If you really want to isolate intelligent transmissions, you first need to make sure all the natural emissions are perfectly known so that they can excluded. Our study helps towards understanding black hole and pulsar emissions, so that, whenever we detect anything similar, we know that it is not coming from an alien civilization."
Much like research into gravitational waves, this study serves as an example of how phenomena that were once beyond our reach is now open to study. And much like gravitational waves, research into GRBs is likely to yield some impressive returns in the coming years!
Further Reading: The Conversation, Physical Review Letters
New Analysis Sets a Space & Time Zone for Complex Life
If too close to an environment harboring complex life, a gamma ray burst could spell doom for that life. But could GRBs be the reason we haven't yet found evidence of other civilizations in the cosmos? To help answer the big question of "where is everybody?" physicists from Spain and Israel have narrowed the time period and the regions of space in which complex life could persist with a low risk of extinction by a GRB.
GRBs are some of the most cataclysmic events in the Universe. Astrophysicists are astounded by their intensity, some of which can outshine the whole Universe for brief moments. So far, they have remained incredible far-off events. But in a new paper, physicists have weighed how GRBs could limit where and when life could persist and evolve, potentially into intelligent life.
In their paper, "On the role of GRBs on life extinctions in the Universe", published in the journal Science, Dr. Piran from Hebrew University and Dr. Jimenez from University of Barcelona consider first what is known about gamma ray bursts. The metallicity of stars and galaxies as a whole are directly related to the frequency of GRBs. Metallicity is the abundance of elements beyond hydrogen and helium in the content of stars or whole galaxies. More metals reduce the frequency of GRBs. Galaxies that have a low metal content are prone to a higher frequency of GRBs. The researchers, referencing their previous work, state that observational data has shown that GRBs are not generally related to a galaxy's star formation rate; forming stars, including massive ones is not the most significant factor for increased frequency of GRBs.
As fate would have it, we live in a high metal content galaxy – the Milky Way. Piran and Jimenez show that the frequency of GRBs in the Milky Way is lower based on the latest data available. That is the good news. More significant is the placement of a solar system within the Milky Way or any galaxy.
The brightest gamma-ray burst ever seen in X-rays temporarily blinded Swift's X-ray Telescope on 21 June 2010. This image merges the X-rays (red to yellow) with the same view from Swift's Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope, which showed nothing extraordinary. Credit: NASA/Swift/Stefan Immler
The paper states that there is a 50% chance of a lethal GRB's having occurred near Earth within the last 500 million years. If a stellar system is within 13,000 light years (4 kilo-parsecs) of the galactic center, the odds rise to 95%. Effectively, this makes the densest regions of all galaxies too prone to GRBs to permit complex life to persist.
The Earth lies at 8.3 kilo-parsecs (27,000 light years) from the galactic center and the astrophysicists' work also concludes that the chances of a lethal GRB in a 500 million year span does not drop below 50% until beyond 10 kilo-parsecs (32,000 light years). So Earth's odds have not been most favorable, but obviously adequate. Star systems further out from the center are safer places for life to progress and evolve. Only the outlying low star density regions of large galaxies keep life out of harm's way of gamma ray bursts.
The paper continues by describing their assessment of the effect of GRBs throughout the Universe. They state that only approximately 10% of galaxies have environments conducive to life when GRB events are a concern. Based on previous work and new data, galaxies (their stars) had to reach a metallicity content of 30% of the Sun's, and the galaxies needed to be at least 4 kilo-parsecs (13,000 light years) in diameter to lower the risk of lethal GRBs. Simple life could survive repeated GRBs. Evolving to higher life forms would be repeatedly set back by mass extinctions.
Piran's and Jimenez's work also reveals a relation to a cosmological constant. Further back in time, metallicity within stars was lower. Only after generations of star formation – billions of years – have heavier elements built up within galaxies. They conclude that complex life such as on Earth – from jelly fish to humans – could not have developed in the early Universe before Z > 0.5, a cosmological red-shift equal to ~5 billion years ago or longer ago. Analysis also shows that there is a 95% chance that Earth experienced a lethal GRB within the last 5 billion years.
The question of what effect a nearby GRB could have on life has been raised for decades. In 1974, Dr. Malvin Ruderman of Columbia University considered the consequences of a nearby supernova on the ozone layer of the Earth and on terrestrial life. His and subsequent work has determined that cosmic rays would lead to the depletion of the ozone layer, a doubling of the solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface, cooling of the Earth's climate, and an increase in NOx and rainout that effects biological systems. Not a pretty picture. The loss of the ozone layer would lead to a domino effect of atmospheric changes and radiation exposure leading to the collapse of ecosystems. A GRB is considered the most likely cause of the mass extinction at the end of the Ordovician period, 450 million years ago; there remains considerable debate on the causes of this and several other mass extinction events in Earth's history.
The paper focuses on what are deemed long GRBs – lGRBs – lasting several seconds in contrast to short GRBs which last only a second or less. Long GRBs are believed to be due to the collapse of massive stars such as seen in supernovas, while sGRBs are from the collision of neutron stars or black holes. There remains uncertainty as to the causes, but the longer GRBs release far greater amounts of energy and are most dangerous to ecosystems harboring complex life.
The paper narrows the time and space available for complex life to develop within our Universe. Over the age of the Universe, approximately 14 billion years, only the last 5 billion years have been conducive to the creation of complex life. Furthermore, only 10% of the galaxies within the last 5 billion years provided such environments. And within only larger galaxies, only the outlying areas provided the safe distances needed to evade lethal exposure to a gamma ray burst.
This work reveals how well our Solar System fits within the ideal conditions for permitting complex life to develop. We stand at a fairly good distance from the Milky Way's galactic center. The age of our Solar System, at approximately 4.6 billion years, lies within the 5 billion year safe zone in time. However, for many other stellar systems, despite how many are now considered to exist throughout the Universe – 100s of billions in the Milky Way, trillions throughout the Universe – simple is probably a way of life due to GRBs. This work indicates that complex life, including intelligent life, is likely less common when just taking the effect of gamma ray bursts into consideration.
On the role of GRBs on life extinction in the Universe, Tsvi Piran, Raul Jimenez, Science, Nov 2014, pre-print
Posted on May 28, 2014 December 23, 2015
Possible Gamma Ray Burst Detected in Andromeda, Would be Closest Ever Observed
Update (5/28/14 9:20 am EDT): This alert may have been a false alarm. Further analysis showed the initial brightness was overestimated by a factor of 300. An official circular from the Swift-XRT team says "therefore do not believe this source to be in outburst. Instead, it was a serendipitous constant source in the field of view of a BAT subthreshold trigger." Please read our subsequent article here that provides further information and analysis.
Something went boom in the Andromeda Galaxy, our next door neighbor. The Swift Gamma-Ray Burst telescope detected a sudden bright emission of gamma rays. Astronomers aren't sure yet if it was a Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) or an Ultraluminous X-Ray (ULX) or even an outburst from a low-mass x-ray binary (LMXB), but whatever it turns out to be, it will be the closest event of this kind that we've ever observed.
One of the previous closest GRBs was 2.6 billion light-years away, while Andromeda is a mere 2.5 million light years away from Earth. Even though this would be the closest burst to Earth, there is no danger of our planet getting fried by gamma rays.
According to astronomer (Bad Astronomer!) Phil Plait, a GRB would have to be less than 8,000 light years away cause any problems for us.
Andromeda Galaxy. Credit: NASA
This event is providing astronomers with a rare opportunity to gain information vital to understanding powerful cosmic explosions like this.
If it is a GRB, it likely came from a collision of neutron stars. If it is a ULX, the blast came from a black hole consuming gas. If the outburst was from a LMXB, a black hole or neutron star annihilated its companion star.
Astronomers should be able to determine the pedigree of this blast within 24-48 hours by watching the way the light fades from the burst.
How this Blast was Detected
The Swift Burst Alert telescope watches the sky for gamma-ray bursts and, within seconds of detecting a burst Swift relays the location of the burst to ground stations, allowing both ground-based and space-based telescopes around the world the opportunity to observe the burst's afterglow. As soon as it can, Swift will swiftly shift itself to observe the burst with its X-ray and ultraviolet telescopes.
The burst alert came at 21:21 pm Universal time on May 27, 2014; three minutes later, the X-ray telescope aboard Swift was observing a bright X-ray glow.
News of the event quickly spread across the astronomical community and on Twitter, sending astronomers scrambling for their telescopes.
Remember scene in Contact where they got a weird signal & called up astronomers all over the world to look? That happens for GRBs. #GRBm31
— Katie Mack (@AstroKatie) May 27, 2014
According to astronomer Katie Mack on Twitter, if this is indeed a GRB, this gamma-ray burst looks like a short GRB.
No two GRBs are the same, but they are usually classified as either long or short depending on the burst's duration. Long bursts are more common and last for between 2 seconds and several minutes; short bursts last less than 2 seconds, meaning the action can all be over in just milliseconds.
As we noted earlier, more should be known about this blast within a day or so and we'll keep you posted. In the meantime, you can follow the hashtag #GRBM31 on Twitter to see the latest. Katie Mack or Robert Rutledge (Astronomer's Telegram) have been tweeting pertinent info about the burst.
X-ray Burst May Be the First Sign of a Supernova
GRB 080913, a distant supernova detected by Swift. This image merges the view through Swift's UltraViolet and Optical Telescope, which shows bright stars, and its X-ray Telescope. Credit: NASA/Swift/Stefan Immler
The first moments of a massive star going supernova may be heralded by a blast of x-rays, detectable by space telescopes like Swift, which could then tell astronomers where to look for the full show in gamma rays and optical wavelengths. These findings come from the University of Leicester in the UK where a research team was surprised by the excess of thermal x-rays detected along with gamma ray bursts associated with supernovae.
"The most massive stars can be tens to a hundred times larger than the Sun," said Dr. Rhaana Starling of the University of Leicester Department of Physics and Astronomy. "When one of these giants runs out of hydrogen gas it collapses catastrophically and explodes as a supernova, blowing off its outer layers which enrich the Universe.
"But this is no ordinary supernova; in the explosion narrowly confined streams of material are forced out of the poles of the star at almost the speed of light. These so-called relativistic jets give rise to brief flashes of energetic gamma-radiation called gamma-ray bursts, which are picked up by monitoring instruments in space, that in turn alert astronomers."
Powerful gamma ray bursts — GRBs — emitted from supernovae can be detected by both ground-based observatories and NASA's Swift telescope. Within seconds of detecting a burst (hence its name) Swift relays its location to ground stations, allowing both ground-based and space-based telescopes around the world the opportunity to observe the burst's afterglow.
But the actual moment of the star's collapse, when its collapsing core reacts with its surface, isn't observed — it happens too quickly, too suddenly. If these "shock breakouts" are the source of the excess thermal x-rays (a.k.a. black body emission) that have been recently identified in Swift data, some of the galaxy's most energetic supernovae could be pinpointed and witnessed at a much earlier moment in time — literally within the first seconds of their birth.
"This phenomenon is only seen during the first thousand seconds of an event, and it is challenging to distinguish it from X-ray emission solely from the gamma-ray burst jet," Dr. Starling said. "That is why astronomers have not routinely observed this before, and only a small subset of the 700+ bursts we detect with Swift show it."
Read more: Finding the Failed Supernovae
More observations will be needed to determine if the thermal emissions are truly from the initial collapse of stars and not from the GRB jets themselves. Even if the x-rays are determined to be from the jets it will provide valuable insight to the structure of GRBs… "but the strong association with supernovae is tantalizing," according to Dr. Starling.
Read more on the University of Leicester press release here, and see the team's paper in the Nov. 28 online issue of the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society here (Full PDF on arXiv.org here.)
Inset image: An artist's rendering of the Swift spacecraft with a gamma-ray burst going off in the background. Credit: Spectrum Astro. Find out more about the Swift telescope's instruments here.
Did a Neutron Star Create the "Christmas Burst"?
On December 25, 2010, at 1:38 p.m. EST, NASA's Swift Burst Alert Telescope detected a particularly long-lived gamma-ray burst in the constellation Andromeda. Lasting nearly half an hour, the burst (known as GRB 101225A) originated from an unknown distance, leaving astronomers to puzzle over exactly what may have created such a dazzling holiday display.
Now there's not just one but two theories as to what caused this burst, both reported in papers by a research team from the Institute of Astrophysics in Granada, Spain. The papers will appear in the Dec. 1 issue of Nature.
Gamma-ray bursts are the Universe's most luminous explosions. Most occur when a massive star runs out of nuclear fuel. As the star's core collapses, it creates a black hole or neutron star that sends intense jets of gas and radiation outwards. As the jets shoot into space they strike gas previously shed by the star and heat it, generating bright afterglows.
NASA's Swift observatory is a satellite in low-Earth orbit, scanning the sky for the presence of gamma-ray bursts and gravitational wave forces. (NASA)
If a GRB jet happens to be aimed towards Earth it can be detected by instruments like those aboard the Swift spacecraft.
Luckily GRBs usually come from vast distances, as they are extremely powerful and could potentially pose a danger to life on Earth should one strike directly from close enough range. Fortunately for us the odds of that happening are extremely slim… but not nonexistent. That is one reason why GRBs are of such interest to astronomers… gazing out into the Universe is, in one way, like looking down the barrels of an unknown number of distant guns.
The 2010 "Christmas burst", as the event also called, is suspected to feature a neutron star as a key player. The incredibly dense cores that are left over after a massive star's death, neutron stars rotate extremely rapidly and have intense magnetic fields.
One of the new theories envisions a neutron star as part of a binary system that also includes an expanding red giant. The neutron star may have potentially been engulfed by the outer atmosphere of its partner. The gravity of the neutron star would have caused it to acquire more mass and thus more momentum, making it spin faster while energizing its magnetic field. The stronger field would have then fired off some of the stellar material into space as polar jets… jets that then interacted with previously-expelled gases, creating the GRB detected by Swift.
This scenario puts the source of the Christmas burst at around 5.5 billion light-years away, which coincides with the observed location of a faint galaxy.
An alternate theory, also accepted by the research team, involves the collision of a comet-like object and a neutron star located within our own galaxy, about 10,000 light-years away. The comet-like body could have been something akin to a Kuiper Belt Object which, if in a distant orbit around a neutron star, may have survived the initial supernova blast only to end up on a spiraling path inwards.
The object, estimated to be about half the size of the asteroid Ceres, would have broken up due to tidal forces as it neared the neutron star. Debris that impacted the star would have created gamma-ray emission detectable by Swift, with later-arriving material extending the duration of the GRB into the X-ray spectrum… also coinciding with Swift's measurements.
Both of these scenarios are in line with processes now accepted by researchers as plausible explanations for GRBs thanks to the wealth of data provided by the Swift telescope, launched in 2004.
"The beauty of the Christmas burst is that we must invoke two exotic scenarios to explain it, but such rare oddballs will help us advance the field," said Chryssa Kouveliotou, a co-author of the study at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.
More observations using other instruments, such as the Hubble Space Telescope, will be needed to discern which of the two theories is most likely the case… or perhaps rule out both, which would mean something else entirely is the source of the 2010 Christmas burst!
Read more on the NASA mission site here.
Posted on February 18, 2010 December 24, 2015
What is a Supernova?
What is a supernova? Well, "nova" means "new star", and "super" means "really big", like supermarket, so a supernova is a really bright new star. That's where the word comes from, but today it has a rather more precise meaning, namely a once-off variable star which has a peak brightness similar to, or greater than, that of a typical galaxy.
Supernovae aren't new stars in the sense that they were not stars before they became supernovae; the progenitor – what the star was before it went supernova – of a supernova is just a star (or a pair of stars), albeit an unusual one.
From what we see – the rise of the intensity of light (and electromagnetic radiation in general) to a peak, its decline; the lines which show up in the spectra (and the ones which don't), etc – we can classify supernovae into several different types. There are two main types, called Type I and Type II. The difference between them is that Type I supernovae have no lines of hydrogen in their spectra, while Type II ones do.
Centuries of work by astronomers and physicists have given us just two kinds of progenitors: white dwarfs and massive (>8 sols) stars; and just two key physical mechanisms: nuclear detonation and core collapse.
Core collapse supernovae happen when a massive star tries to fuse iron in its core … bad move, because fusing iron requires energy (rather than liberates it), and the core suddenly collapses due to its gravity. A lot of interesting physics happens when such a core collapses, but it either results in a neutron star or a black hole, and a vast amount of energy is produced (most of it in the form of neutrinos!). These supernovae can be of any type, except a sub-type of Type I (called Ia). They also produce the long gamma-ray bursts (GRB).
Detonation is when a white dwarf star undergoes almost simultaneous fusion of carbon or oxygen throughout its entire body (it can do this because a white dwarf has the same temperature throughout, unlike an ordinary star, because its electrons are degenerate). There are at least two ways such a detonation can be triggered: steady accumulation of hydrogen transferred from a close binary companion, or a collision or merger with a neutron star or another white dwarf. These supernovae are all Type Ia.
One other kind of supernova: when two neutron stars merge, or a ~solar mass black hole and a neutron star merge – as a result of loss of orbital energy due to gravitational wave radiation – an intense burst of gamma-rays results, along with a fireball and an afterglow (as the fireball cools). We see such an event as a short GRB, but if we were unlikely enough to be close to such a stellar death, we'd certainly see it as a spectacular supernova!
Would you like to read more about what a supernova is? Check out these webpages: Hubblesite's News Releases on Supernova, Supernova Cosmology Project (Lawrence Berkeley Lab), and Supernovae, Supernova Remnants (etc) (Talk Origins).
Everyone has a fascination for things which go bang!, and so you won't be at all surprised to learn that Universe Today has many articles on supernovae, what a supernova is, etc. Here is selection for your enjoyment and education: Merging White Dwarfs Set Off Supernovae, GRB Central Engines Observed in Nearby Supernovae?, and Another Antimatter Supernova Discovered.
Astronomy Cast too has several episodes on what a supernova is; for example We're All Made of Supernovae, and Gamma-Ray Bursts.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The Great Refugee Picnic 2019 at Ormeau Park Belfast – Sun 23rd June 2019
Belfast City of Sanctuary Great Refugee Picnic with Amnesty International - with the Deputy Lord Mayor, Peter McReynolds
It all started early yesterday morning with an empty tent as we had expected rain at some stage. The rain stayed away and so did the forecasted breeze, though there wasn't much sun.
Then at 1pm, the crowds started to come! Queues started to form, people were mingling and getting into the picnic mode. We reckon that had as many as a thousand attending as we ran out of some food. Our food was from all over the world.
There's so much to report on, that it's difficult to extract highlights. Where to start.
The Deputy Lord Mayor, Councillor Peter McReynolds, arrived and spent much time socialising with those attending. The young ones wanted to be photoed wearing his chain of office and parental consent was duly forthcoming. Our esteemed Chair, Israel Eguaogie escorted Peter around and had worked hard with our Secretary John O'Neill to make this a sensational success.
Mexican dancing and Chinese dance organised by Nisha Tandon and ArtsEkta, our wonderful DJ, Prince, Wilson Magwere and his band and impromptu dancing by a group of exuberant young Syrian men.
The fire brigade came and were popular with the children, face-painting had a steady queue and wanting to be face-painted young children and the bouncy castle was in 'full bounce!'
4pm, the end time of the picnic came and went, the dancing continued, the people continued to mingle and chat. Once the music stopped, people started to leave and our volunteers started to clear up. The tent came down, the bouncy castle got deflated and the tables and chairs were returned to Ballynafeigh Community Centre who are always so kind and obliging.
Over the past year, we have been building our base of supporters. We've always had Amnesty International as close partners as well as the unions and great support from Belfast City Council. Over the coming year, I'm sure we will build further on this support.
We wish to acknowledge with thanks the generous grant from The National Lottery Community Fund, without which as a young organisation we might have struggled to put on this scale of picnic.
Thanks also to Belfast Harbour Commissioners for support and the ever engaged unions FBU, NIPSA, UNISON, UNITE and USDAW.
A footnote. One Sudanese lady came over to me and said "Now for Picnic 2020!" Wow, what an endorsement!
For all the latest, find our Facebook Page - https://www.facebook.com/Belfast-City-Of-Sanctuary-129422394229496


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Add Taj Falaknuma Palace to:


Another day. Another poll. Another miserable result for the Labour party. Yes, the Guardian/ICM poll released today shows Jeremy Corbyn's lot are down to just 25% share of the vote. This equals their joint equal lowest showing, level with 1983 when this fella was in charge.
Grim reading for anyone still in the Corbyn camp. A Tory majority that size might be the only thing that removes Jeremy from office, although I dare say a failure in the up-coming local elections will have another leadership challenge waiting in the wings. Talking of local elections...there's potentially some good news for Labour in those.
There was a report that Labour and the Tories may only be separated by 2% points in the voting in May's council elections. Yesterday it emerged that Colin Rawlings and Michael Thrasher predict a 31%-29% split in those. That might just allow Corbyn some wriggle room in the battle to remain on the Labour throne. For a wee while longer.


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Capturing Sweet Innocence: DP Ellie Ann Fenton on the Cinematography of Slash
Expanded from his 2013 short of the same name, Clay Liford's Slash is a comedy of youthful sexual awakening set against the backdrop of slash fan-fiction, the amateur writing pursuit that places beloved pop culture characters in previously-undreamed-of erotic situations. In his first feature since 2011's Wuss, Liford gives himself an extra challenge by committing to filming the sci-fi universe of Vanguard, a fictional character made up for the film (to duck the cost of obtaining intellectual property costs to existing characters). We interviewed Liford prior to the film's premiere; below, DP Ellie Ann Fenton discusses being equally inspired by the cinematography […]
By Scott Macaulay on Mar 15, 2016Cinematographers
Styling the Comedic Horror Film Another Evil like My Dinner with Andre: DP Drew Bienemann
For his feature debut Another Evil, writer/animator Carson D. Mell tackles the risky horror-comedy genre. A husband and wife discover that their vacation home may be populated by malign spirits, bringing in two separate exorcists to deal with the problem. Comedy is courtesy of a cast of familiar TV presences (including Togetherness' Steve Zissis and Veep's Dan Bakkedahl), horror courtesy of the tone established by Mell and DP Drew Bienemann. Prior to the film's SXSW premiere, Bienemann talked about being guided style-wise by My Dinner with Andre, getting a recommendation for the job from Jody Lee Lipes and the importance of shooting on an Alexa. […]
SXSW: Asperger's Are Us Director/DP Alex Lehmann on Being "In It for the Story"
DP Alex Lehmann leaps to the director's chair with Asperger's Are Us, a documentary about an unusual comedy troupe. With one of its members soon leaving Boston to study abroad, the improv group consisting of four young men on the spectrum prepares for what may be its final performance. Executive produced by the Duplass brothers, the documentary was quickly purchased by Netflix for worldwide distribution. Ahead of Asperger's Are Us's premiere at SXSW, Lehmann discussed acting as his own DP, scrounging for enough cameras to film the climax and following the story. Filmmaker: How and why did you wind up being the cinematographer of your film? What […]
SXSW: Tree of Life Plus the Doors — Rainbow Time DP Nathan M. Miller
In his follow-up to Manson Family Vacation, director Linas Phillips turns his attention to the troubled relationship between Todd (Timm Sharp) and his sex-obsessed, developmentally delayed older brother Shonzi (Phillips). A Duplass brothers production with Melanie Lynskey as Todd's girlfriend, the film premiered this weekend at SXSW. Before, DP Nathan M. Miller spoke about using The Doors (not the movie!) as a reference point, working with a small crew and integrating VHS into the production. Filmmaker: How and why did you wind up being the cinematographer of your film? What were the factors and attributes that led to your being hired for […]
SXSW: Hunter Gatherer DP Jon Aguirresarobe on Shooting Fast, Shooting Super 16mm Dissolves and Emulating Fuji Stocks
Ashley Douglas (Andre Royo) gets out of jail eager to start over, but nothing goes as planned; his girlfriend is now his ex, he's living with his mother, and it's hard to find work. Josh Locy's feature debut Hunter Gatherer (we interviewed the director here) was shot by Jon Aguirresarobe, whose attentive eye brings south Los Angeles neighborhoods to life. Prior to the film's SXSW premiere, Aguirresarobe discussed the difficulties of production on a tight schedule, shooting dissolves on Super 16mm and attempting to emulate Fuji film stock. Filmmaker: How and why did you wind up being the cinematographer of your film? What were the factors […]
SXSW: Five Questions for Boone Director Christopher LaMarca
Placing the viewer amidst the everyday workings of a goat farm in southern Oregon, Christopher LaMarca's Boone represents a daring exercise in direct cinema filmmaking. Originally a photojournalist interested in environmental causes, LaMarca found the setting of the farm to be an ideal location for one of his two feature filmmaking debuts (The Pearl, which he co-directed, premiered recently at True/False). Boone immerses the viewer in the fields, barns and homes of the farm's human and animal inhabitants. As discussed below, LaMarca spent much more time on the farm than originally planned, finding it necessary to fully immerse himself in the day-to-day experience of the strenuous grind. With […]
By Erik Luers on Mar 14, 2016Directors
SXSW: Five Questions for The Arbalest Writer-Director Adam Pinney
As part of the Atlanta-based film collective Fake Wood Wallpaper, Adam Pinney has accumulated credits as an actor, editor, cinematographer, camera operator, grip, producer and director on projects such as Joe Swanberg's 24 Exposures and Alex Orr's A Is for Alex. With his latest project, The Arbalest, which has its world premiere tonight in the narrative feature competition at SXSW, Pinney makes his feature debut as a writer-director with a distinct visual aesthetic. The Arbalest, which was selected for the 2015 IFP Narrative Lab, tells the story of Foster Kalt (Mike Brune), a famous and reclusive toy inventor, who reflects on his lifelong obsession with Sylvia Frank […]
By Paula Bernstein on Mar 14, 2016Directors
SXSW: Five Questions for The Bandit Director Jesse Moss
Jesse Moss' documentaries often take on heavy material, and his last film — 2014's The Overnighters — was no exception. The experience of profiling pastor Jay Reinke — a North Dakota minister whose decision to open up his congregation to homeless laborers seeking oil field work placed him at odds with his flock — took a heavy toll on Moss. His new documentary The Bandit is a completely different kind of movie, an archival-based profile of Burt Reynolds and his good friend Hal Needham. Moss examines their complicated relationship through the making of 1977's Needham-directed Smokey and the Bandit, a film still in regular circulation […]
By Vadim Rizov on Mar 14, 2016Directors
SXSW: Five Questions for Beware the Slenderman Director Irene Taylor Brodsky
An incident so horrific it could only be attributed to an otherworldly paranormal presence, the stabbing of a twelve-year-old girl by two of her friends in Waukesha, Wisconsin made national headlines in the spring of 2014. Lured into the woods, stabbed nineteen times and left for dead, the girl survived and her two assailants, also twelve years of age, were quickly apprehended. Claiming that they were carrying out the deadly attack in honor of the Slenderman, a fictional murderer whose mystique had been bolstered by rabid internet lore and perverse fascination, the girls' reprehensible act was a unique case of the […]
SXSW: Interactive Documentary EXIT: A Mobile Guide to the Post Apocalypse
Audiences are slowly growing accustomed to watching films on their phones — and even watching movies shot on phones — but what about projects made explicitly for phones? Today at Convergence at SXSW, in a session entitled "Cinematic Apocalypse: Storytelling for Smartphones," audiences will get a sneak preview of the first segment of Jongsma + O'Neill's interactive documentary, EXIT: A Mobile Guide to the Post Apocalypse, which was designed to be experienced on a phone. Along with POV and Submarine Channel, Kel O'Neill, one half of the married award-winning Dutch-American filmmaking team of Jongsma + O'Neill, will present the first chapter of the project, A Kid-Friendly Apocalypse. This segment focuses on a Portland, Oregon-based […]
By Paula Bernstein on Mar 14, 2016Director Interviews
All These Wonderful Things
American Society of Cinematography
Coffee and Celluloid
Self Reliant Film
Silent Bob Speaks
@arincrumley
@AVAETC
@Edward_Burns
@jasonreitman
@joe_swanberg
@JuddApatow
@lanceweiler
@laurelnakadate
@lixilamb
@lodgekerrigan
@markduplass
@Miranda_July
@remixeverything
@rodriguez
@TerenceNance
@Ti_West


SINGAPORE — World stocks were mixed on Tuesday ahead of the release of U.S. housing data and more earnings reports. Oil prices soared to their highest level since October on supply fears, after the Trump administration said it would soon impose sanctions on all buyers of Iranian oil.
Markets across Europe reopened after the Easter holiday. France's CAC 40 dropped 0.2% to 5,570.15 while Britain's FTSE 100 was up 0.4% at 7,488.75 in early trading. The DAX in Germany was 0.1% lower at 12,212.35.
Wall Street was set for a flat open. Futures for the broad S&P 500 index fell less than 0.1% to 2,911.70, while Dow futures were almost unchanged at 26,515.00.
Traders are waiting for a slew of U.S. earnings reports from big companies such as Twitter, Facebook and Microsoft starting Tuesday.
"Market players seem to be adopting a cautious approach ahead of the next wave of corporate earnings and this continues to be reflected across global stocks," Lukman Otunuga of FXTM said in a market commentary.
"With earnings season kicking into higher gear, this will certainly be another busy week for financial markets as investors try to access the health of the global economy," he added.
There was no strong impetus for buying in Asia. Reports from a recent high-level meeting in China, which was chaired by President Xi Jinping, showed willingness to fine-tune monetary policy but raised questions about future government stimulus.
Japan's Nikkei 225 index was 0.2% higher at 22,259.74 and the Kospi in South Korea added 0.2% to 2,220.51. Hong Kong's Hang Seng was flat at 29,963.24. Australia's S&P ASX 200 gained 1% to 6,319.40 while the Shanghai Composite gave up 0.5% to 3,198.59.
On Monday, the Trump administration said it would no longer exempt any countries from U.S. sanctions if they continue to buy Iranian oil. The administration had granted eight waivers when it reimposed sanctions on Iran in November. These expire May 2.
The move will choke off more than $50 billion of annual Iranian income, which the U.S. says funds destabilizing activity in the Middle East and beyond. China, India, Japan and South Korea and Turkey are major importers of Iranian oil.
"The prompt contracts quickly repriced higher on panic fears that markets could face an immediate supply crunch, adding more pressure to the already tenuous global supply squeeze," Stephen Innes of SPI Asset Management said in a commentary.
ENERGY: Benchmark U.S. crude added 52 cents to $66.07 per barrel in electronic trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange. The contract surged $1.48 to $65.55 per barrel on Monday. Brent crude, used to price international oils, gained 44 cents to $74.48 per barrel in London. It jumped $2.07 to $74.04 per barrel in the previous session.
CURRENCIES: The dollar eased to 111.86 yen from 111.93 late Monday. The euro fell to $1.1255 from $1.1257.


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Deze lijst van voetbalinterlands is een overzicht van alle officiële voetbalwedstrijden tussen de nationale teams van Australië en Tsjecho-Slowakije. De landen speelden in totaal acht keer tegen elkaar. De eerste ontmoeting, een vriendschappelijke wedstrijd, werd gespeeld in Canberra op 27 januari 1980. Het laatste duel, eveneens een vriendschappelijke wedstrijd, vond plaats op 6 februari 1991 in Sydney.

Wedstrijden

Samenvatting

Wedstrijden bepaald door strafschoppen worden, in lijn met de FIFA, als een gelijkspel gerekend.

Zie ook
Lijst van voetbalinterlands Australië - Slowakije
Lijst van voetbalinterlands Australië - Tsjechië

Tsjecho-Slowakije
Australië

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Home | Llanilar Tourist Information and pictures of Llanilar, Ceredigion, Wales.
Llanilar is a village in Ceredigion, West Wales. It stands on the A485, in the beautiful Ystwyth Valley, between the towns of Aberystwyth, to the north west, and Tregaron to the south east.
The village contains a parish church (St Hilary's), a Welsh Presbyterian chapel, a Pub (the Falcon Inn), a primary school, GP Surgery and garage.
The historically important St Hilary's Church, parts of which date back to the 13th Century, is set in the middle of the village of Llanilar. St Hilary's has a squat and crenellated square tower, a chancel, nave and porch, and an interesting oak roof built in 1431. In the porch is a hollowed stone for holding holy water, and above the door an ancient beam with carved heads and animals.
Llanilar railway station on the line from Carmarthen to Aberystwyth opened in 1867 and closed in 1964 following severe flooding in the Llanilar area.
Also in the centre of the village is the Falcon Inn - a good village pub which also acts as the local shop. It has a pleasant beer garden and serves food to both visitors and the local community.
Walkers and cyclists are well catered for in Llanilar as the landscape is criss-crossed with trails and rights of way. Indeed the 21 mile (34km) Ystwyth Trail connecting Aberystwyth, on the shore of Cardigan Bay, with Tregaron in the northern Teifi Valley, passes through the village.
Much of the Ystwyth Trail runs along the disused railway track and these comparatively level sections lend themselves to family cycling - involving younger children, wheelchair users, and the entire route is suitable for walkers. Substantial sections are also suitable for horse riding.
The remains of a Roman Fort can be found at Trawsgoed to be found a short way along the trail to the east of the village.
The annual Llanilar Show is a great attraction in the summer months with classes for Cattle, Sheep, Horses, Ponies, Show-jumping, Sheep Shearing, Companion Dog Show, Farm & Garden Produce, Cookery, Preserves, Wines, Honey, Handicrafts and Children's competitions.
And of course anglers are well catered for with access to the banks of the Ystwyth River just yards from the village centre. Llanilar Angling Association offers both expert and novice game fishermen exciting sport on one of the premier Sea Trout rivers in Wales.
The Ystwth offers the opportunity to go night fishing for double-figure sea trout, or sewin as it is known in Wales, and the chance to catch a salmon straight from the Irish Sea. Twelve miles of mostly double bank fishing, from Pontrhydygroes to the sea at Aberystwyth.
Public fishing is available: day, week and season permits are available.
You may make an instant secure hotel or cottage reservation close to Llanilar. Hotel and cottage availability and letting rates are confirmed online prior to booking. Simply click through to the accommodation page, choose a suitable property, check availability, including dates of stay, to confirm the exact room rate and reserve the accommodation.


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Q: Quiver or Barb with a date axis What is the standard way of plotting a timeseries (dates) of quiver or barbs? I often have timeseries in a Pandas DataFrame and plot them like this:
plt.plot(df.index.to_pydatetime(), df.parameter)

This works very well, the x-axis can be treated as genuine dates which is very convenient for formatting or setting the xlim() with Datetime object etc.
Using this with quiver or barbs in the same way result in:
TypeError: float() argument must be a string or a number

This can be overcome with something like:
ax.barbs(df.index.values.astype('d'), np.ones(size) * 6.5, df.U.values, df.V.values, length=8, pivot='middle')
ax.set_xticklabels(df.index.to_pydatetime())

Which works, but would mean that everywhere i have to convert the dates to floats and then manually override the labels. Is there a better way?
Here is some sample code resembling my case:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

size = 10

wspd = np.random.randint(0,40,size=size)
wdir = np.linspace(0,360 * np.pi/180, num=size)
U = -wspd*np.sin(wdir)
V = -wspd*np.cos(wdir)

df = pd.DataFrame(np.vstack([U,V]).T, index=pd.date_range('2012-1-1', periods=size, freq='M'), columns=['U', 'V'])

fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1, figsize=(15,4))

ax.plot(df.index.values.astype('d'), df.V * 0.1 + 4, color='k')
ax.quiver(df.index.values.astype('d'), np.ones(size) * 3.5, df.U.values, df.V.values, pivot='mid')
ax.barbs(df.index.values.astype('d'), np.ones(size) * 6.5, df.U.values, df.V.values, length=8, pivot='middle')

ax.set_xticklabels(df.index.to_pydatetime())

A: I ended up using the following code:
idx = mpl.dates.date2num(df.index)
ax.xaxis.set_major_formatter(mpl.dates.DateFormatter('%d-%m-%Y'))

ax.plot(idx, df.V * 0.1 + 4, 'o-',color='k')
ax.quiver(idx, np.ones(size) * 3.5, df.U.values, df.V.values, pivot='mid')
ax.barbs(idx, np.ones(size) * 6.5, df.U.values, df.V.values, length=8, pivot='middle')

A: I would suggest converting your dates to timestamps, and then using a custom formatter (doc) to convert the seconds to date format of your choice.  You will probably have to play with the locator (doc) a bit to get it to look good (in terms of spacing/labels fitting).
import datetime
def tmp_f(dt,x=None):
    return datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(dt).isoformat()
mf = matplotlib.ticker.FuncFormatter(tmp_f)

ax = gca()
ax.get_xaxis().set_major_formatter(mf)
draw()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Genealogical notes with birth and marriage dates, newspaper clippings, commission as Supreme Court of Appeals judge, and one Westel Willoughby letter in William F. Willoughby Papers, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va.
Self-reported birth date and place in passport application, July 19, 1889, General Records of the Department of State, Record Group 59, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.
Willoughby's alumnus file, Hamilton College Archives, Clinton, N.Y.
Will dated December 24, 1895, Washington, D.C., Register of Wills.
Death date in Washington, D.C., death records index, Department of Health, Washington, D.C.
Annual Report of the Adjutant-General of the State of New York For the Year 1903 (1904): 1024.
Anthony J. Gaughan, The Last Battle of the Civil War: United States versus Lee, 1861–1883 (2011).
Stafford County Circuit Court Minute Book (1865–1910), p. 53.
Supreme Court of Appeals Order Book (Richmond Session), 22:59, Accession 31022, Library of Virginia.
Willoughby's published opinions in (19 Grattan) Virginia Reports, 60:547–555 (A. C. Smith v. R. P. Smith, 1869), 581–591 (Griffin's executor v. Cunningham, 1870), 600–624 (Washington, Alexandria and Georgetown Railroad Company v. Alexandria and Washington Railroad Company et al., 1870), 630–634 (Wright v. Commonwealth, 1870), 642–652 (Whitehead v. Commonwealth, 1870), and 654–655 (Shelly v. Commonwealth, 1870).
Legal brief by Lucius E. Chittenden and Willoughby in Bennett v. Hunter (1870) (9 Wallace), United States Reports, 76:330–332.
Legal brief by Willoughby and Lunsford Lomax Lewis in George W. C. Lee v. Frederick Kaufman, R. P. Strong, et al. (1879), in Robert W. Hughes, ed., Reports of Cases Decided in the Circuit Courts of the United States for the Fourth Circuit (1877–1883), 3:43–102.
New York Times, July 25, 1854.
Alexandria Gazette, July 6, 1864; August 16, 1867; May 2, 1868; May 10, 1870; March 11, 1871; May 23, 1873; January 17, 1876; November 1, 1884.
New York Revolution, May 19, 1870.
Washington Post, August 12, 1881.
Washington, D.C., Evening Star, September 18, 1889; October 3, 1890.
Alexandria Gazette, December 23, 1897 (variant report of death on "Wednesday night," i.e., December 22, 1897).
Washington Post, December 23, 1897; December 24, 1897 (account of funeral).
Hamilton Literary Monthly 32 (1898): 236.


Diffraction refers to various phenomena associated with the bending of waves when they interact with obstacles in their path. It occurs with any type of wave, including sound waves, water waves, and electromagnetic waves such as visible light, x-rays and radio waves. As physical objects have wave-like properties, diffraction also occurs with matter and can be studied according to the principles of quantum mechanics. While diffraction always occurs when propagating waves encounter obstacles in their paths, its effects are generally most pronounced for waves where the wavelength is on the order of the size of the diffracting objects. The complex patterns resulting from the intensity of a diffracted wave are a result of interference between different parts of a wave that traveled to the observer by different paths.
The effects of diffraction can be readily seen in everyday life. The most colorful examples of diffraction are those involving light; for example, the closely spaced tracks on a CD or DVD act as a diffraction grating to form the familiar rainbow pattern we see when looking at a disk. This principle can be extended to engineer a grating with a structure such that it will produce any diffraction pattern desired; the hologram on a credit card is an example. Diffraction in the atmosphere by small particles can cause a bright ring to be visible around a bright light source like the sun or the moon. A shadow of a solid object, using light from a compact source, shows small fringes near its edges. All these effects are a consequence of the fact that light is a wave.
Diffraction can occur with any kind of wave. Ocean waves diffract around jetties and other obstacles. Sound waves can diffract around objects, this is the reason we can still hear someone calling us even if we are hiding behind a tree. Diffraction can also be a concern in some technical applications; it sets a fundamental limit to the resolution of a camera, telescope, or microscope.
The effects of diffraction of light were first carefully observed and characterized by Francesco Maria Grimaldi, who also coined the term diffraction, from the Latin diffringere, 'to break into pieces', referring to light breaking up into different directions. The results of Grimaldi's observations were published posthumously in 1665. Isaac Newton studied these effects and attributed them to inflexion of light rays. James Gregory (1638–1675) observed the diffraction patterns caused by a bird feather, which was effectively the first diffraction grating. In 1803 Thomas Young did his famous experiment observing diffraction from two closely spaced slits. Explaining his results by interference of the waves emanating from the two different slits, he deduced that light must propagate as waves. Augustin-Jean Fresnel did more definitive studies and calculations of diffraction, published in 1815 and 1818, and thereby gave great support to the wave theory of light that had been advanced by Christiaan Huygens and reinvigorated by Young, against Newton's particle theory.
The very heart of the explanation of all diffraction phenomena is interference. When two waves combine, their displacements add, causing either a lesser or greater total displacement depending on the phase difference between the two waves. The effect of diffraction from an opaque object can be seen as interference between different parts of the wave beyond the diffraction object. The pattern formed by this interference is dependent on the wavelength of the wave, which for example gives rise to the rainbow pattern on a CD. Most diffraction phenomena can be understood in terms of a few simple concepts that are illustrated below.
The most conceptually simple example of diffraction is single-slit diffraction in which the slit is narrow, that is, significantly smaller than a wavelength of the wave. After the wave passes through the slit a pattern of semicircular ripples is formed, as if there were a simple wave source at the position of the slit. This semicircular wave is a diffraction pattern.
If we now consider two such narrow apertures, the two radial waves emanating from these apertures can interfere with each other. Consider for example, a water wave incident on a screen with two small openings. The total displacement of the water on the far side of the screen at any point is the sum of the displacements of the individual radial waves at that point. Now there are points in space where the wave emanating from one aperture is always in phase with the other, i.e. they both go up at that point, this is called constructive interference and results in a greater total amplitude. There are also points where one radial wave is out of phase with the other by one half of a wavelength, this would mean that when one is going up, the other is going down, the resulting total amplitude is decreased, this is called destructive interference. The result is that there are regions where there is no wave and other regions where the wave is amplified.
Another conceptually simple example is diffraction of a plane wave on a large (compared to the wavelength) plane mirror. The only direction at which all electrons oscillating in the mirror are seen oscillating in phase with each other is the specular (mirror) direction – thus a typical mirror reflects at the angle which is equal to the angle of incidence of the wave. This result is called the law of reflection. Smaller and smaller mirrors diffract light over a progressively larger and larger range of angles.
Slits significantly wider than a wavelength will also show diffraction which is most noticeable near their edges. The center part of the wave shows limited effects at short distances, but exhibits a stable diffraction pattern at longer distances. This pattern is most easily understood and calculated as the interference pattern of a large number of simple sources spaced closely and evenly across the width of the slit.
This concept is known as the Huygens–Fresnel principle: The propagation of a wave can be visualized by considering every point on a wavefront as a point source for a secondary radial wave. The subsequent propagation and interference of all these radial waves form the new wavefront. This principle mathematically results from interference of waves along all allowed paths between the source and the detection point (that is, all paths except those that are blocked by the diffracting objects).
The diffraction angles are invariant under scaling; that is, they depend only on the ratio of the wavelength to the size of the diffracting object.
When the diffracting object has a periodic structure, for example in a diffraction grating, the features generally become sharper. The third figure, for example, shows a comparison of a double-slit pattern with a pattern formed by five slits, both sets of slits having the same spacing, between the center of one slit and the next.
For more details on this topic, see Diffraction formalism.
To determine the pattern produced by diffraction we must determine the phase and amplitude of each of the Huygens wavelets at each point in space. That is, at each point in space, we must determine the distance to each of the simple sources on the incoming wavefront. If the distance to each of the simple sources differs by an integer number of wavelengths, all the wavelets will be in phase, resulting in constructive interference. If the distance to each source is an integer plus one half of a wavelength, there will be complete destructive interference. Usually it is sufficient to determine these minimums and maximums to explain the effects we see in nature. The simplest descriptions of diffraction are those in which the situation can be reduced to a 2 dimensional problem. For water waves, this is already the case, water waves propagate only on the surface of the water. For light, we can often neglect one direction if the diffracting object extends in that direction over a distance far greater than the wavelength. In the case of light shining through small circular holes we will have to take into account the full three dimensional nature of the problem.
Multiple-slit arrangements can be described as multiple simple wave sources, if the slits are narrow enough. For light, a slit is an opening that is infinitely extended in one dimension, which has the effect of reducing a wave problem in 3-space to a simpler problem in 2-space.
and θ is the angle at which constructive interference occurs.
For an array of slits, positions of the minima and maxima are not changed, the fringes visible on a screen however do become sharper as can be seen in the image. The same is true for a surface that is only reflective along a series of parallel lines; such a surface is called a reflection grating.
We see from the formula that the diffraction angle is wavelength dependent. This means that different colors of light will diffract in different directions, which allows us to separate light into its different color components. Gratings are used in spectroscopy to determine the properties of atoms and molecules, as well as stars and interstellar dust clouds by studying the spectrum of the light they emit or absorb.
Another application of diffraction gratings is to produce a monochromatic light source. This can be done by placing a slit at the angle corresponding to the constructive interference condition for the desired wavelength.
Slits wider than a wavelength will show diffraction at their edges. The pattern is most easily understood and calculated as the interference pattern of a large number of simple sources spaced closely and evenly across the width of the slit. We can determine the minima of the resulting intensity pattern by using the following reasoning. If for a given angle a simple source located at the left edge of the slit interferes destructively with a source located at the middle of the slit, then a simple source just to the right of the left edge will interfere destructively with a simple source located just to the right of the middle. We can continue this reasoning along the entire width of the slit to conclude that the condition for destructive interference for the entire slit is the same as the condition for destructive interference between two narrow slits a distance apart that is half the width of the slit. The result is a formula that looks very similar to the one for diffraction from a grating with the important difference that it now predicts the minima of the intensity pattern.
n is now an integer greater than 0.
For an array of slits that are wider than the wavelength of the incident wave, we must take into account interference of wave from different slits as well as interference between waves from different locations in the same slit. Minima in the intensity occur if either the single slit condition or the grating condition for complete destructive interference is met. A rigorous mathematical treatment shows that the resulting intensity pattern is the product of the grating intensity function with the single slit intensity pattern.
When doing experiments with gratings that have a slit width being an integer fraction of the grating spacing, this can lead to 'missing' orders. If for example the width of a single slit is half the separation between slits (i.e. the duty cycle of the grating is 50%), the first minimum of the single slit diffraction pattern will line up with the second maximum of the grating diffraction pattern. This expected diffraction peak will then not be visible. The same is true in this case for any even-numbered grating-diffraction peak.
where h is Planck's constant and p is the momentum of the particle (mass × velocity for slow-moving particles) . For most macroscopic objects, this wavelength is so short that it is not meaningful to assign a wavelength to them. A Sodium atom traveling at about 3000 m/s would have a De Broglie wavelength of about 5 pico meters.
Because the wavelength for even the smallest of macroscopic objects is extremely small, diffraction of matter waves is only visible for small particles, like electrons, neutrons, atoms and small molecules. The short wavelength of these matter waves makes them ideally suited to study the atomic crystal structure of solids and large molecules like proteins.
Relatively recently, larger molecules like buckyballs, have been shown to diffract. Currently, research is underway into the diffraction of viruses, which, being huge relative to electrons and other more commonly diffracted particles, have tiny wavelengths so must be made to travel very slowly through an extremely narrow slit in order to diffract.
For more details on this topic, see Bragg diffraction.
θ is the angle of the diffracted wave.
and m is an integer known as the order of the diffracted beam.
Bragg diffraction may be carried out using either light of very short wavelength like x-rays or matter waves like neutrons whose wavelength is on the order of the atomic spacing. The pattern produced gives information of the separations of crystallographic planes d, allowing one to deduce the crystal structure.
The description of diffraction relies on the interference of waves emanating from the same source taking different paths to the same point on a screen. In this description, the difference in phase between waves that took different paths is only dependent on the effective path length. This does not take into account the fact that waves that arrive at the screen at the same time were emitted by the source at different times. The initial phase with which the source emits waves can change over time in an unpredictable way. This means that waves emitted by the source at times that are too far apart can no longer form a constant interference pattern since the relation between their phases is no longer time independent.
The length over which the phase in a beam of light is correlated, is called the coherence length. In order for interference to occur, the path length difference must be smaller than the coherence length. This is sometimes referred to as spectral coherence as it is related to the presence of different frequency components in the wave. In the case light emitted by an atomic transition, the coherence length is related to the lifetime of the excited state from which the atom made its transition.
If waves are emitted from an extended source this can lead to incoherence in the transversal direction. When looking at a cross section of a beam of light, the length over which the phase is correlated is called the transverse coherence length. In the case of Young's double slit experiment this would mean that if the transverse coherence length is smaller than the spacing between the two slits the resulting pattern on a screen would look like two single slit diffraction patterns.
In the case of particles like electrons, neutrons and atoms, the coherence length is related to the spacial extent of the wave function that describes the particle.
For diffraction through a circular aperture, there is a series of concentric rings surrounding a central Airy disc. The mathematical result is similar to a radially symmetric version of the equation given above in the case of single-slit diffraction.
where λ is the wavelength of the light, f is the focal length of the lens, and a is the diameter of the beam of light, or (if the beam is filling the lens) the diameter of the lens. The diameter given is enough to contain about 70% of the light energy; it is the radius to the first null of the Airy disk, in approximate agreement with the Rayleigh criterion. Twice that diameter, the diameter to the first null of the Airy disk, within which 83.8% of the light energy is contained, is also sometimes given as the diffraction spot diameter.
By use of Huygens' principle, it is possible to compute the far-field diffraction pattern of a wave from any arbitrarily shaped aperture. If the pattern is observed at a sufficient distance from the aperture, or projected onto a screen with a collimating lens, it will appear as the two-dimensional Fourier transform of the function representing the aperture.
^ Dietrich Zawischa. Optical effects on spider webs. Retrieved on 2007-09-21.
^ Jean Louis Aubert (1760). Memoires pour l'histoire des sciences et des beaux arts. Paris: Impr. de S. A. S.; Chez E. Ganeau, 149.
^ Sir David Brewster (1831). A Treatise on Optics. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green and John Taylor, 95.
^ Brezger, B.; Hackermüller, L.; Uttenthaler, S.; Petschinka, J.; Arndt, M.; Zeilinger, A. (February 2002). "Matter-Wave Interferometer for Large Molecules" (reprint). Physical Review Letters 88 (10): 100404. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.100404. Retrieved on 2007-04-30.
Google Maps - Satellite image of Panama Canal entry ocean wave diffraction.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Diffraction". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.


text:
Q: What would be a prime element in the field of rational numbers? It is clear to understand what prime elements will be in case of ring of integers and many other rings. However, I find it confusing in case of fields, more specifically field of rational numbers. So will prime elements in ring of integers still be prime elements in the field of rational numbers? What would be the example of prime elements in the field?

A: In the field of rational numbers (and in any other field) there are no primes because all nonzero elements are units!

A: As mentioned by Ferra, the field of rational numbers has no prime elements.
However, it is true that every nonzero rational number has a unique decomposition into a product of prime integers with positive and negative exponents. In this sense, the "primes" of the field of rational numbers are exactly the primes in the ring of integers.
The same holds for the field of fractions of every UFD.


This month I turned into the Gingerbread man. I hosted a decorating party every weekend so my house and car was concerted into a candy factory. I could have stopped to build a house at a moment's notice (not that that's a skill that actually comes in handy). I couldn't let the month end without sharing one of my favorite 'Book & Bites' pairing. Check out my favorite gingerbread story and recipe on the blog- even if you have to archive it to use next year.
There are so many reasons to love Fall and I don't think I've met a person that doesn't enjoy the season. There is something wonderful about the transition occurring in nature and magical about the colors swirling around us. Watching Fall through my girls eyes amplifies the splendor. Read more to see our favorite Fall books and a fun food craft to enjoy making and snacking on.
What do your kids do during Thanksgiving break? It can be challenging to keep them occupied without relying on the screen or loosing your marbles. A week off seems like a long time but we are very excited to have time together without the regularly scheduled programming. Last year, over the span of a couple of days, the girls and I worked on creating a family masterpiece. Each day we used a different art medium to completely cover a white canvas. It is one of our favorite memories so are going to do the same thing this year. I am sharing our day by day guide so you can recreate this in your home.
It's time to head back to school which means getting back into a regular routine complete with a new set of chores. The girls recently received Octopus Watches by Joy to help remind them of their daily tasks and responsibilities. Today I am sharing my review of these watches as well as sharing the chores and responsibilities that the girls will be helping with. Make sure to check out the discount code at the end…. Do you have regular chores for kiddos? Would you like a "mommy assistant" to help keep them on track? If yes, then read on for my thoughts from one mama to another.
"I carried a watermelon." I actually carried two (these 2) in my tummy and during both pregnancies consumed more watermelon than I probably should have. So we are all HUGE watermelon fans and will gladly carry them any distance to enjoy the perfectly sweet, crispy, juicy fruit. We can easily polish off a small watermelon each in one sitting so I always purchase more than one. If you're looking for a cool treat to beat the heat and like watermelon than today's recipes are for you. Also, I rarely share motherhood advice but rather tips that I've picked up along the way but recently learned an important lesson that I think is important to share with other mamas.
As a mom snacks play a big role in our lives. Our kiddos constantly request them. We always stuff them in our bags as to never leave home without them. We are usually cleaning them out of the hard to reach crevices of the car. Snacking seems so routine and mindless but is really an opportunity to fill our kiddos (and us) with nutrient dense foods. Today I'm sharing some thoughts on snacking and Little Miss is blending up one of our favorite afternoon snacks- Peanut Butter Protein Bites.


Recently I was tasked with building a tool that would create customers and rules in vCloud Usage Meter to help enhance our monthly usage reports. The way this tool needed to work was to connect to all of our vCenter Servers, pull some data from them then connect to vCloud Usage Meter and create a customer, then make a rule that would tie their inventory to some managed object. Normally I do most of my code work in Groovy using the Grails framework, but for this project I decided to use python. The main reason for that was we needed to run this tool once a month, and they wanted it hands off. I knew our Ops Team would want to create a crontab for it on one of our Linux servers so I wanted to make something very portable. Python was an obvious choice for this based off of that requirement.
Before we even get started I have to say this. What follows in this article is 100% completely unsupported in anyway form or fashion. You should only even consider doing this if you are in a situation like me where you need to do some form of automated testing. Some of these things may even violate the EULA of one or more technologies used. Last but not least: In no way is this something my employer (current or former) endorses doing or had any role in. This mess is all mine.
What Problem Are You Trying To Solve Here?
I am a software developer. I work full time developing applications that interface directly with various VMware (and at times OpenStack) technologies. While working on the VMware stuff I almost always need a vCenter with a complete inventory to test my code with. Thankfully people like William Lam have created wonderful blog posts that have helped me get a lot of what I needed done with out even having to do anything myself except modify a script to meet my needs. This blog post is going to take what I have learned from doing this stuff manually and wrapping it all up into Vagrant using Virtualbox and a couple of command line tools from VMware.
The profile does not allow you to run the products on this system.
Proceeding to run this installation will leave you in an unsupported state and might impact your compliance requirements.
You will also know how annoying it is to have to press any key to continue during subsequent boots post install. These issues make it very difficult to create automated test environemts that you can spin up and down as need. Thankfully the VCSA is a Linux box so if you are crafty you can do some things to bypass these checks before they ever happen.
What Are All Those Tools in Your Toolbox?
Before we start making any changes I found this whole process works best if you import the VCSA OVF into Virtualbox first. To do that start Virtualbox.Next click on the File menu, and select Import appliance. Now navigate to where you downloaded the VCSA files from VMware. Select the OFV file and follow the instructions to complete the process. You do not need to power on nor should you power on the newly created VM. If you skip this step you can end up struggling with your mounted VMDK going read-only as soon you as try to make any changes to files on its file system further along in this process. With that out of the way I am now going to move on to the changes that have to be made.
Now with the disk mounted we can make some changes to the proper files. There are several files we are interested in. For Vagrant to work happily we need to make some changes to the sshd_config file. Next to stop the pesky messages we get on boot we need to modify a file called boot.compliance. Lets makes these changes now. Lets start with sshd_config. In this file we want to enable password auth, turn off DNS lookups.
Just a note on the PasswordAuthentication. It is optional and honestly not used in this process. We will be using keys, I only enable it for some other not discussed in this blog stuff. First off I found this value listed 2 times. The first value was set to yes already, then near the bottom of the file it was set again and was set to no. I simply removed the second entry leaving only the first one. Leaving it to no does not keep ssh password auth from working. The sshd_config documentation can be confusing here because you can set this to no and still get prompted for a user name and password. This is normally from the keyboard-interactive login method (which still uses a password which is where people can get confused). There is a really boring RFC you can read about it here if you need some help getting to sleep some time. UseDNS no tells the sshd server not to do a reverse lookup of people trying to connect. Since this will be running from my own local host on virtualbox there is no need for the DNS lookup to happen. The last line removes the requirement for being in the shellaccess or wheel group. Next lets shut up the warnings about being unsupported, and disable having to press the any key. For that we have to edit that boot.compliance file.
Here I add the -q which tells the isCompliant script (which is GPL code and looks to be part of the base SUSE install) to run in quiet mode and not output any of the messages it finds when something isnt compliant. Next I hard code CODE=0 because I know that isCompliant will return a non 0 status causing yet another message to pop up on screen. This is the message asking us to "press any key to continue". Setting this value to 0 makes that message not show and the boot process to continue with out human intervention being required.
Next I need to add the vagrant user. Normally I might use something like adduser/useradd but here I will just make the changes those tools do manually. To do that Ill be editing the passwd and shadow files by hand.
For an explination of what each of the colon seperated sections mean see the passwd(5) Linux man page. Next I edit the shadow file.
I add the following info to the file and save it. FYI The shadow file is read only even for root so I have to force the save.
Here I am setting the password to for the vagrant user to vagrant. For a full explaination of what each colon seperated section means see the shadow(5) Linux man page. Now I need to add a home directory and copy in the basic files that come with a home directory. Those files are typically located in /etc/skel and on the VCSA that is no exception.
Finally I need to add the vagrant user to the sudoers file and give them full access with out a password.
We are getting close to being finished. Now there are only a few steps left. The next few steps took me some time. Not because they are hard but because finding the packages needed to do them was not easy. Almost everything I am doing is to make it so I can use Vagrant and Virtualbox. After having done all this Im still not 100% sure it was worth all this effort, but I digress. Lets move on to finish this.
Unmount the system vmdk we mounted earlier.
Start the VCSA (but do not do anything other than power it on).
Once this process finishes you are done-ish.
Thanks for going through this. I know it was long. It took me a while to get this all working and I tried to keep this blog to only important bits about the process. Again I must say you are 100% not supported by doing this stuff. First the VCSIM is not supported but furthermore making all these crazy changes like I did to the VCSA really goes beyond the realm of no support. If you have question or comments about this process please feel free to reach out to me. I will be glad to help where I can, but dont read into this as me offering to support you if you do this.. Its a very advanced topic and one that should only be attempted if you are comfortable doing this stuff.


text:
Nokia 2 gets Android 8.1 Oreo, though trade-offs and restrictions apply
The advent of Android Go software for lightweight smartphones and Google's mandate on coupling them together has made the update difficult.
Fitbit Versa Lite joins family along with Ace 2 and new Inspire bands
Published on 06 March 2019, 15:30 EST
Jules Wang
Android 8.1,
Android Go,
Android Oreo,
Beta,
HMD Global,
The difficult part about working with a low-spec Android device in an era where Google has started to lock down the software for such devices is making sure that an older phone is able to upgrade operating systems.
Which never happens if you have a low-end phone from most any manufacturer. But HMD Global is special.
In the case of the Nokia 2, which launched in 2017 with a full build — and, at the time, the only build — of Android 7.0 Nougat, it has had the challenge of working out how to upgrade the device when Google is pretty much adamant that a device with 1GB of RAM should use the Android Go version of any particular build.
Unfortunately, HMD could not format the Android Oreo upgrade for the Nokia 2 into the Go edition as it would've wanted. But it still wanted to provide an OS upgrade regardless of the challenges.
So, according to our partners at XDA-Developers, the company has been working with Google and Qualcomm to bring up the full version of Android 8.1 to the Nokia 2. The company is warning users that performance may not be at "the same level as enjoyed with Nougat" and that some applications could become incompatible with the device. That's why users who want the upgrade must sign into the software beta testing program for the Nokia 2.
Existing users who are on the beta track will receive an over-the-air upgrade. However, due to network clearance issues, new signees to the program from the countries or with the following carriers will not be able to receive the upgrade, period. More details are at the source link below this story.
[one_fourth]
[/one_fourth][one_fourth]
Ireland (except Vodafone)
[/one_fourth][one_fourth_last]
Movistar (Ecuador)
Tigo (Guatemala)
Cosmot (Greece)
Telekom Romania
DiGI (Romania)
Orange (Romania)
[/one_fourth_last]


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