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Persistent Structural Modifications in Nucleus Accumbens and Prefrontal Cortex Neurons Produced by Previous Experience with Amphetamine
Terry E. Robinson and Bryan Kolb
Journal of Neuroscience 1 November 1997, 17 (21) 8491-8497; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-21-08491.1997
Terry E. Robinson
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, and
Bryan Kolb
Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
Experience-dependent changes in behavior are thought to involve structural modifications in the nervous system, especially alterations in patterns of synaptic connectivity. Repeated experience with drugs of abuse can result in very long-lasting changes in behavior, including a persistent hypersensitivity (sensitization) to their psychomotor activating and rewarding effects. It was hypothesized, therefore, that repeated treatment with the psychomotor stimulant drug amphetamine, which produces robust sensitization, would produce structural adaptations in brain regions that mediate its psychomotor activating and rewarding effects. Consistent with this hypothesis, it was found that amphetamine treatment altered the morphology of neurons in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. Exposure to amphetamine produced a long-lasting (>1 month) increase in the length of dendrites, in the density of dendritic spines, and in the number of branched spines on the major output cells of the nucleus accumbens, the medium spiny neurons, as indicated by analysis of Golgi-stained material. Amphetamine treatment produced similar effects on the apical (but not basilar) dendrites of layer III pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex. The ability of amphetamine to alter patterns of synaptic connectivity in these structures may contribute to some of the long-term behavioral consequences of repeated amphetamine use, including amphetamine psychosis and addiction.
Golgi staining
psychostimulant drugs
The repeated intermittent administration of many drugs of abuse results in a progressive increase in their psychomotor activating and rewarding effects, a phenomenon known as behavioral sensitization (Segal and Schuckit, 1983; Robinson and Becker, 1986; Robinson and Berridge, 1993). Behavioral sensitization is interesting for at least two reasons. First, it is a compelling example of experience-dependent plasticity. Sensitized animals remain hypersensitive to the psychomotor activating and rewarding effects of drugs for months to years (Paulson et al., 1991;Valadez and Schenk, 1994). Second, the neuroadaptations that underlie behavioral sensitization may contribute to drug-induced psychopathology in humans (Segal and Schuckit, 1983; Robinson and Becker, 1986; Robinson and Berridge, 1993; Berridge and Robinson, 1995).
The psychomotor activating and rewarding effects of psychostimulant drugs are mediated by their actions on the nucleus accumbens or related circuitry, especially afferents arising from dopamine-containing cells in the ventral tegmental area and glutamate-containing cells in the prefrontal cortex (Wise and Bozarth, 1987; Koob and Bloom, 1988;Carlezon and Wise, 1996). For this reason, studies on the neurobiological basis of behavioral sensitization have focused on the accumbens system. A number of neurochemical and neurophysiological correlates have been found, including an increase in the ability of amphetamine, cocaine, or morphine to enhance the overflow of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (Robinson and Becker, 1986; Kalivas and Stewart, 1991) and dopamine D1 receptor hypersensitivity (Henry and White, 1991; White and Wolf, 1991). However, experience-dependent changes in behavior that can persist for months, years, or a lifetime may not be mediated simply by changes in neurotransmitter dynamics or receptor characteristics, because of the rapid turnover of proteins involved in these processes (Greenough, 1984). Researchers who study other forms of experience-dependent plasticity, such as that involved in learning, environmental enrichment, or recovery of function, have emphasized that truly persistent alterations in behavior are probably mediated by structural modifications in neural circuitry, especially alterations in patterns of synaptic connectivity (Greenough, 1984; Greenough and Bailey, 1988;Kolb et al., 1997b).
Thus, the purpose of the experiment reported here was to determine whether an amphetamine treatment regimen known to produce robust and persistent behavioral sensitization would produce structural modifications in the nervous system similar to those seen in association with other forms of experience-dependent plasticity. Because the behaviors that are sensitized by amphetamine are mediated in part by drug actions in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex, we hypothesized that neurons in these brain regions would be affected. A common approach to examine the impact of experience on synaptic organization is to use Golgi-stained material to quantify the structure of dendrites (Greenough, 1984; Greenough et al., 1990; Kolb et al., 1997b). In adult animals there is a good relationship between the dendritic surface available for synapses and the number of synapses on a neuron (Greenough and Chang, 1988; Harris and Kater, 1994; Purves, 1994). Therefore, we used this method to quantify the effect of repeated amphetamine treatment on the dendritic structure of medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens and layer III pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex, the major output neurons in these brain regions.
Male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 255–355 gm were housed individually with food and water available ad libitum. Half of the animals (n = 5) were pretreated withd-amphetamine sulfate using an escalating-dose regimen similar to that described previously (Paulson et al., 1991). Each rat received two intraperitoneal injections per day, ∼8 hr apart, for 5 consecutive days, followed by 2 drug-free days for a total of 5 weeks, beginning with 1 mg/kg (weight of the salt) and escalating to 8 mg/kg for the last 4 d of treatment. Control animals (n= 5) received 0.9% saline. All injections were given in the home cage. The animals were then left undisturbed for 38 d.
This treatment regimen was used because we have characterized its behavioral effects and some of its neurochemical effects in a series of previous studies (Robinson and Camp, 1987; Paulson et al., 1991;Paulson and Robinson, 1995, 1996). This treatment regimen produces very robust behavioral sensitization that persists for up to 1 year after the discontinuation of drug treatment. It is also important to note that it is not neurotoxic to dopamine neurons, as is the case with continuous amphetamine administration or with much higher dose regimens. As might be expected, amphetamine neurotoxicity is associated with signs of cellular degeneration (Ricaurte et al., 1982; Ryan et al., 1990).
Thirty-eight days after the last treatment with amphetamine or saline, the rats were deeply anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and then were perfused intracardially with 0.9% saline. The brains were removed and prepared for Golgi–Cox staining. Traditional Golgi–Cox methods provide capricious staining of spines, but the modified method used here allows consistent visualization of spines (Kolb and McClimans, 1986; Kolb et al., 1997a). Briefly, the brains were first placed in Golgi–Cox solution for 14 d followed by 3 d in 30% sucrose. They then were cut into 200 μm coronal sections using a vibratome and stained (Kolb and McClimans, 1986). To be included in the analysis, the dendritic tree of a cell had to be well impregnated and not obscured with stain precipitations, blood vessels, or astrocytes, and the dendritic fields had to appear primarily intact and visible in the plane of section. The relevant brain regions were identified at low power (100×), and five layer III pyramidal cells from each hemisphere were drawn using a camera lucida (at 250×) in cortical areas Cg 3 (prefrontal), Par 1 (parietal), and Oc 1 (occipital), as defined byZilles (1985). Medium spiny neurons in the core and shell of the nucleus accumbens were identified and drawn in the same manner.
A Sholl analysis (Sholl, 1981) of ring intersections was used to estimate dendritic length, and for cortical cells, dendritic length was also estimated using the branch order method (Greenough and Chang, 1985). Spine density was quantified by counting spines on one third-order terminal tip from the basilar and apical dendrites of each pyramidal cell and on one terminal tip of each accumbens cell. A length of dendrite (>10 μm) was traced (1000×), and the exact length of the dendritic segment was calculated. In a second analysis to examine the frequency of branched spines on nucleus accumbens cells, this procedure was repeated, but dendritic segments were drawn at 2000×, and both total spines and spines with more than one head were counted. Branched spines were defined as described by Comery et al. (1996), that is, spines with more than one head clearly connected to a common shaft. Thus, this analysis represents both a replication of the initial analysis, because different dendritic segments were drawn, and an extension to determine whether amphetamine had a disproportionate effect on the number of branched spines (i.e., those with multiple heads), as reported recently for rats raised in a complex environment (Comery et al., 1996).
Cell selection and drawing were done by a person blind to treatment conditions. Statistical analyses were performed by averaging across cells per hemisphere, and group differences were assessed using Student's t tests.
Figure 1 shows camera lucida drawings of representative medium spiny neurons in the core and shell regions of the nucleus accumbens from saline- and amphetamine-pretreated rats. It is evident from inspection of Figure 1that there was an increase in dendritic length and spine density in amphetamine-pretreated rats, an impression that was verified by quantitative analyses (Fig.2A). Dendritic length was increased by 16.5% in the core of the accumbens (t= 8.77; p = 0.0083) and by 8.2% in the shell of the accumbens (t = 4.37; p = 0.051). Spine density was increased by 19.6% in the core (t = 108.8;p < 0.0001) and by 25.9% in the shell (t = 179.3; p < 0.0001). Figure3 shows camera lucida drawings of representative dendritic segments from shell and core cells magnified 2000×. These were used to examine the frequency of branched spines. This analysis replicated the initial one, because, as shown in Figure3, total spine density was increased in amphetamine-pretreated rats by 32.1% in the shell of the accumbens (t = 241;p < 0.0001) and by 27.8% in the core (t = 287; p < 0.0001). More interestingly, there was a disproportionate increase in the number of branched spines (Fig. 3). In amphetamine-pretreated rats, the number of branched spines was increased by 203.6% in the shell of the accumbens (t = 157; p < 0.0001) and by 117.6% in the core (t = 124; p < 0.0001). Thus, in saline-pretreated rats, branched spines comprised 6.9 and 8.9% of total spines in the shell and core regions, respectively, whereas in amphetamine-pretreated rats, branched spines comprised 16 and 15.2% of total spines in these regions.
Camera lucida drawings of medium spiny neurons in the shell (top) and core (bottom) regions of the nucleus accumbens of saline- and amphetamine-pretreated rats. These cells were selected for illustration because their values were closest to the group average of any cells studied. The drawing to the right of each cell represents a dendritic segment used to calculate spine density. Coronal drawing is adapted fromPaxinos and Watson (1997).
Quantitative analysis of dendritic length (left) and spine density (right) in the nucleus accumbens shell and core subregions (A), the prefrontal cortex (B), the parietal cortex (C), and the occipital cortex (D) of rats treated with saline (indicated byS) or amphetamine (indicated by A). Thebars represent the values of mean plus SEM. Dendritic length was estimated using a Sholl analysis, and therefore thenumbers indicate ring intersections. Spine density refers to the mean total number of spines per 10 μm of dendrite.Asterisks indicate a significant difference between saline- and amphetamine-pretreated groups (see Results).
Left, Camera lucida drawings of representative dendritic segments from medium spiny neurons in the core (top) and shell (bottom) subregions of the nucleus accumbens of rats pretreated with saline (S) and amphetamine (A). These drawings were magnified 2000× and were used to count branched spines. Enlarged examples of different forms of branched spines that were observed in amphetamine-pretreated animals are shown in thethird column from the left.Right, Bar graphs showing the results of the quantitative analyses. Asterisks indicate that in amphetamine-pretreated rats there was a significant increase in total spines per 10 μm of dendrite and in the number of spines with multiple heads (branched spines).
Another effect that is obvious from Figure 3 is that the dendritic segments from amphetamine-pretreated rats were thicker than those from saline-pretreated rats. This effect was not quantified, but it was clearly evident in all of the accumbens cells examined.
The only other region examined in which amphetamine pretreatment altered dendritic length was the prefrontal cortex (Figs.2B, 4), and only apical dendrites were altered. Amphetamine pretreatment increased apical dendritic length of layer III prefrontal cortical neurons by 12.4% (t = 4.57; p = 0.048), whereas basilar dendritic length was unchanged (Fig. 2B;t = 0.15). Similarly, spine density was increased on apical dendrites (t = 80.8; p < 0.0001) but not on basilar dendrites (t = 1.41) of prefrontal cortex cells (Fig. 2B).
Camera lucida drawings of representative layer III pyramidal cells in the prefrontal cortex (area Cg 3) of saline- and amphetamine-pretreated rats. The drawing to the right of each cell represents an apical or basilar dendritic segment used to calculate spine density. Coronal drawing is adapted from Paxinos and Watson (1997).
In the two other cortical regions examined, there was no effect of amphetamine pretreatment on dendritic length for either apical or basilar dendrites (Fig. 2C,D; for the parietal cortex, t values < 0.3; for the occipital cortex,t values < 0.5). There was, however, a significantdecrease in spine density in both the parietal and occipital cortices (Fig. 2C,D; for parietal apical,t = 197.0 and p < 0.0001; for parietal basilar, t = 73.25 and p < 0.0001; for occipital apical, t = 140.7 and p < 0.0001; for occipital basilar, t = 41.14 andp < 0.0001).
A branch order analysis on cortical cells in all three regions yielded the same pattern of results as seen with the Sholl analysis reported above (data not shown).
Repeated exposure to psychostimulant drugs results in many neurobehavioral adaptations that outlast the acute effects of the drug. Some of these are relatively transient, such as those associated with withdrawal syndromes, and others are remarkably persistent, such as those associated with behavioral sensitization. The amphetamine treatment regimen used here has been shown many times both to produce a withdrawal syndrome (nocturnal hypoactivity) and to produce behavioral sensitization (Robinson and Camp, 1987; Paulson et al., 1991; Paulson and Robinson, 1995, 1996). Withdrawal symptoms subside ∼1 week after the discontinuation of drug treatment, at which time animals begin to express hypersensitivity to a drug challenge (Paulson et al., 1991). Sensitization is fully evident 2 weeks to 1 month after the last drug treatment and can persist at least 1 year (Paulson et al., 1991).
Relatively transient behavioral sequelae associated with withdrawal may be caused by transient adaptations in those neurochemical processes involved in mediating acute drug effects. However, very persistent experience-dependent changes in behavior are thought to involve a different class of adaptations, changes in synaptic connectivity (Greenough, 1984). Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that 1 month after the last treatment with amphetamine there was an increase in dendritic surface and in the number of dendritic spines on medium spiny neurons located in the shell and core subregions of the nucleus accumbens and on the apical (but not basilar) dendrites of layer III pyramidal cells in the prefrontal cortex.
Changes in dendritic structure reflected in Golgi material are considered strong evidence of changes in synaptic connectivity. It has been estimated that >90% of all excitatory synapses are on dendritic spines, and in adult animals, as the amount of dendritic surface increases so does the number of synaptic contacts (Harris and Kater, 1994). A strong relationship between measures of dendritic structure and synaptic input has been confirmed in studies using electron microscopy (EM) to quantify directly synaptic density. For example, Greenough and colleagues have shown that in rats raised in complex environments, or subjected to various learning experiences, increases in the dendritic surface of cortical neurons assessed using Golgi-stained material are accompanied by increases in the number of synapses per neuron assessed with EM (Greenough and Bailey, 1988;Greenough et al., 1990). More recently, Purves (1994) and colleagues have shown a direct relationship between the number of dendritic branches and the number of synapses in sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia. Of course, without ultrastructural studies we cannot be certain that the increase in dendritic surface and spines found here is accompanied by an increase in synaptic contacts, but normally in adult rats nearly all spines in the cortex and striatum have a synaptic contact (Gray, 1959; Peters and Feldman, 1976; Wilson et al., 1983). If this is also true for amphetamine-sensitized rats, it would seem that repeated exposure to amphetamine produces fundamental alterations in the pattern and number of synaptic connections on the major output neurons of the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex.
The increase in the number of branched spines is especially intriguing, because this may provide a very effective mechanism to enhance synaptic efficacy (Trommald et al., 1990). Very little is known about branched spines (Harris and Stevens, 1988; Chicurel and Harris, 1992), but an increase in branched spines has been reported in dentate granule cells after long-term potentiation (Trommald et al., 1990) or kindling produced by medial perforant path stimulation (Geinisman et al., 1989) and in the dorsolateral striatum after rearing in a complex environment (Comery et al., 1996). Trommald et al. (1990) reported that after long-term potentiation both branches of a branched spine were always associated with normal-appearing presynaptic active zones, and in all cases each branch was innervated by a different axon. Whether this will be the case here remains to be tested, but as pointed out by Trommald et al. (1990), the addition of a second spine head to an existing spine may provide a very efficient way to double the input effect at a specific location.
The increase in spine density and the number of branched spines produced by past exposure to amphetamine was found on the terminal dendrites of medium spiny neurons and pyramidal cells. We need to consider, therefore, the nature of the synaptic inputs onto this portion of the dendritic tree. For medium spiny neurons, the most complete information is for cells in the dorsal striatum. The distal dendrites of medium spiny neurons receive inputs primarily from two structures extrinsic to the striatum (Smith and Bolam, 1990). The heads of spines are innervated by boutons that form an asymmetric contact; these boutons are thought to arise in the neocortex and to use an excitatory amino acid (EAA), probably glutamate, as their transmitter. Approximately 50% of these spines also receive a dopaminergic input that forms a symmetric contact with either the neck of the spine or an area nearby on the shaft of the dendrite (Smith and Bolam, 1990;Groenewegen et al., 1991). Thus, a fundamental unit on the distal portion of medium spiny neuron dendrites is a "triad" consisting of a spine that receives both an excitatory (asymmetric) input from the cortex and an inhibitory (symmetric) input from dopamine-containing cells in the tegmentum (Smith and Bolam, 1990; Groenewegen et al., 1991). More proximal portions of the dendrites and the cell body receive inputs that arise primarily intrinsic to the striatum.
This triad structure is also found in the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex (Goldman-Rakic et al., 1989, 1992; Smith and Bolam, 1990; Berger et al., 1991; Groenewegen et al., 1991). In the nucleus accumbens, asymmetric (presumed EAA) inputs arise from structures such as the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus (Totterdell and Smith, 1989;Sesack and Pickel, 1990, 1992; Smith and Bolam, 1990; Groenewegen et al., 1991). Similarly, in the prefrontal cortex, spines on pyramidal cells that have presumed dopaminergic synapses also have asymmetric (presumed EAA) synapses (Berger et al., 1991; Goldman-Rakic et al., 1992). It has been suggested, therefore, that in both the striatum and neocortex, triads provide the structural means by which dopamine modulates or gates the major excitatory drive produced by EAA inputs onto output neurons (Smith and Bolam, 1990; Berger et al., 1991;Groenewegen et al., 1991; Goldman-Rakic et al., 1992). This convergence of dopaminergic and presumed glutaminergic inputs at the site of morphological adaptation reported here is especially intriguing, because both of these neurotransmitter systems have been prominently implicated in amphetamine sensitization. Psychomotor sensitization to amphetamine is prevented by cotreatment with either dopamine or glutamate antagonists (Kalivas and Stewart, 1991; White and Wolf, 1991). Furthermore, psychostimulant sensitization is associated with alterations in the responsiveness of nucleus accumbens neurons to both dopamine and glutamate agonists (Henry and White, 1991; White et al., 1995). Thus, changes in triads, the sites of convergence of dopamine and glutamate inputs onto medium spiny neurons, may provide the structural basis for sensitization-related alterations in the responsiveness of nucleus accumbens neurons to both dopamine and glutamate inputs. The structural adaptations reported here would require new protein synthesis, so it is also important to note that sensitization is prevented by cotreatment with protein synthesis inhibitors (Robinson, 1991; Karler et al., 1993).
Figure 5 summarizes one proposed site of morphological plasticity associated with repeated amphetamine treatment, the triad found on the distal dendrites of medium spiny neurons and prefrontal pyramidal cells. Amphetamine pretreatment increased dendritic length, increased spine density, and increased the number of branched spines in those regions in which triads are prevalent. These latter two modifications are represented diagrammatically in Figure 5B. Figure 5 also indicates that the relationship between these postsynaptic modifications and presumed new patterns of synaptic connectivity is not known, and there are a number of ways the triad arrangement could be altered (for discussion, see Fig. 5). Of course, there could also be structural changes in the presynaptic boutons (e.g., Uranova et al., 1989) or other changes in dendritic structure (Harris and Kater, 1994). Whatever the case, the present results suggest that repeated amphetamine treatment can produce persistent morphological adaptations in the basic "processing unit" associated with distal dendritic branches of output neurons in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex, the synaptic triad.
A schematic illustration of the effect of amphetamine pretreatment on spine density in the nucleus accumbens.A, Two spines on a distal dendrite of a medium spiny neuron are illustrated. In the striatum, spine heads on distal dendrites are innervated by presumed EAA inputs from the cortex (e.g., prefrontal cortex or hippocampus in the case of the accumbens) that form asymmetric contacts. Approximately half of these spines also receive a dopaminergic (DA) input onto the neck of the spine or nearby onto the dendritic shaft (Smith and Bolam, 1990;Groenewegen et al., 1991). The lower spine inA illustrates one of these triads. After amphetamine treatment, there was an increase in dendritic surface and spine density in the regions occupied by triads. B, Amphetamine treatment produced an especially large increase in the number of branched spines. What is not known, of course, is the relationship between this altered postsynaptic surface and patterns of synaptic connectivity (indicated by the dashed terminals). There are a number of possibilities. It is possible, of course, that the additional spines are unoccupied. This seems unlikely because previous studies on experience-dependent plasticity suggest that in adult animals spines are not typically vacant. Alternatively, the heads of the additional spines could receive new asymmetric contacts (dashed terminal 1 in B). If normal proportions were maintained, it would be expected that approximately half of these new spines would receive both a symmetric dopaminergic input onto their neck and an asymmetric EAA input onto the spine head. The other half of the new spines would receive only an asymmetric contact. But there are a number of ways the DA inputs could be arranged. One very interesting possibility is that the original DA input would remain near the base of the common spine neck, near or on the dendritic shaft (dashed terminal 2), where it could modulate both EAA inputs onto the spine heads. This might provide a mechanism by which DA could exert greater modulatory control over the excitatory drive onto medium spiny neurons without any "sprouting" of additional DA terminals. This idea is consistent with observations that nucleus accumbens cells in sensitized rats are more sensitive to DA agonists (Henry and White, 1991) but less sensitive to glutamate (White et al., 1995). Alternatively, the DA input on the original spine could move out to the neck of the original branch (dashed terminal 3). If there was no additional DA terminal added to the neck of the new branched spine (dashed terminal 4), this could result in a decrease in dopaminergic control over EAA inputs at this location because the asymmetric input onto the new spine head would be "unopposed" by a symmetric input onto the same spine. An unlikely possibility is that there is an increase in the number of dopaminergic synapses onto spines that have no EAA input. This would be unusual, because in normal animals symmetric contacts are almost always accompanied by an asymmetric contact (Smith and Bolam, 1990; Groenewegen et al., 1991). Finally, some spines on the distal dendrites could become occupied by inputs that normally are not found there, for example, from sources intrinsic to the nucleus accumbens. To determine which of these, or other, scenarios is correct will require detailed ultrastructural studies. Whatever the new pattern of synaptic connectivity, it is obvious that there are many ways by which the structural modifications reported here could produce enduring changes in the effects of DA and glutamate neurotransmitters on the excitability of nucleus accumbens medium spiny neurons (and prefrontal pyramidal neurons).
In closing, it is interesting to speculate about what role these structural adaptations might play in some of the long-term behavioral consequences of repeated exposure to psychomotor stimulant drugs in humans. One consequence of repeated amphetamine use is amphetamine psychosis, a syndrome characterized by paranoid schizophrenic-like symptoms (Segal and Schuckit, 1983; Robinson and Becker, 1986). It has been suggested that aberrant dopamine–glutamate interactions in corticostriatal thalamocortical loops play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (Carlsson and Carlsson, 1990); therefore, amphetamine-induced changes in dopamine–glutamate triads in the prefrontal cortex and striatum could contribute to the development of amphetamine psychosis. Another consequence of repeated exposure to psychostimulant drugs is addiction. Sensitization-related neuroadaptations in brain reward systems may be important in the development of addiction (Robinson and Berridge, 1993; Berridge and Robinson, 1995), and the medium spiny neurons have been proposed to "serve as the final common path of opiate and psychostimulant reward" (Carlezon and Wise, 1996, p 3120). It is possible, therefore, that the compulsive pattern of drug-taking behavior that characterizes addiction may develop in part because of the ability of some drugs to alter patterns of synaptic connectivity in the very brain regions that mediate drug reward. Of course, how they do so, what role structural modifications actually play in mediating behavioral change, including sensitization, and whether other drugs of abuse produce similar adaptations will require further study. Although we are left with many unanswered questions, the results reported here suggest a promising new avenue for exploring drug-dependent plasticity in the nervous system.
This work was supported by grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse and from the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada. We thank G. Gorney and R. Gibb for excellent technical assistance and K. C. Berridge, K. Browman, and K. M. Harris for helpful comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript.
Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Terry E. Robinson, Biopsychology Program, Department of Psychology, The University of Michigan, 525 East University (East Hall), Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
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Segal DS,
Schuckit MA
(1983) Animal models of stimulant-induced psychosis. in Stimulants: neurochemical, behavioral and clinical perspectives, ed Creese I (Raven, New York), pp 131–167.
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(1990) In the rat medial nucleus accumbens, hippocampal and catecholaminergic terminals converge on spiny neurons and are in apposition to each other. Brain Res 527:266–279.
(1992) Prefrontal cortical efferents in the rat synapse on unlabeled neuronal targets of catecholamine terminals in the nucleus accumbens septi and on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. J Comp Neurol 320:145–160.
Sholl DA
(1981) The organization of the cerebral cortex. (Methuen, London).
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(1990) The neural network of the basal ganglia as revealed by the study of synaptic connections of identified neurons. Trends Neurosci 13:259–265.
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(1989) Convergence of hippocampal and dopaminergic input onto identified neurons in the nucleus accumbens of the rat. J Chem Neuroanat 2:285–298.
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text:
Prologis Supports Customer Plans for Growth in Central Bedfordshire
Prologis UK has announced that it will build a new logistics facility for its customer Rajapack, close to the company's existing facility at Prologis Park Marston Gate.
Prologis recently secured planning permission for the 261,230 sq. ft square foot industrial logistics building and work on site started in July, when representatives from Prologis, Rajapack and Central Bedfordshire Council met to hold a groundbreaking ceremony.
Rajapack currently operates out of a 100,000 sq. ft facility on Prologis Park Marston Gate; however, due to a growing requirement for space, the company needed a larger building. Moving away from the area would have resulted in significant business disruption and a loss of local jobs and, therefore, Prologis worked with Rajapack to help the French-owned packaging company realise its ambitions for growth from a Prologis-owned site in the neighbouring area of Brogborough.
"By structuring a deal which will enable Rajapack to move from its existing building and seamlessly expand into a larger building nearby, we were able to avoid local job loss and business disruption for the company," said Oliver Bycroft, Director in the leasing and development team at Prologis UK. "It's great to see the company investing in the Central Bedfordshire area and we look forward to supporting their continued success."
"This new building is absolutely crucial to our plans for growth," said Tom Rodda, Managing Director for Rajapack UK. "Not only will the new building enable us to better serve our customers and provide them with a greater range of products and services, it will also be a great new facility for our employees and will provide them with a bright, modern environment in which to work, including an employee gym. Being able to stay in the Central Bedfordshire area was important for us as it enables our employees to grow with us and we look forward to creating news jobs in the area as part of our plans"
Councillor Kevin Collins, Executive Member for Planning and Regeneration at Central Bedfordshire Council, said: "Marston Gate is already a thriving strategic employment site within Central Bedfordshire, so we're delighted that it will be generating even more local jobs in the future. The area has been allocated for housing development in our draft Local Plan, so there will be greater access to a new local workforce and jobs for our residents."
Prologis has been investing in central Bedfordshire for almost two decades and has worked closely with Central Bedfordshire Council on the development of sustainable logistics facilities which bring valuable jobs and amenities to the local area.
Customer Case Study – Rajapack, Prologis Park Marston Gate
Supporting plans for growth
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We're constantly looking at ways to reduce our food waste.
We've partnered with Too Good To Go, a tech social enterprise that helps find grateful recipients of our unsold cafe dishes at the end of every day.
The Magic Hat Cafe (part of The Real Junk Food Project), take our surplus and leftover ingredients and turn them into delicious meals at pop-up "pay as you feel" events.
Warrens ensure that our waste is handled responsibly, recycling as much as possible and minimising our environmental impact.
You can follow our sustainable food journey on our Fresh Element Instagram.


text:
Cerneahiv (în ) este un sat în comuna Mohîleanî din raionul Ostroh, regiunea Rivne, Ucraina.

Demografie

Conform recensământului din 2001, majoritatea populației localității Cerneahiv era vorbitoare de ucraineană (%), existând în minoritate și vorbitori de alte limbi.

Note

Cerneahiv, Mohîleanî, Ostroh, Rivne
Cerneahiv, Mohîleanî, Ostroh, Rivne
Cerneahiv, Mohîleanî, Ostroh, Rivne

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text:
Magic Mushrooms Relieve Depression, Anxiety in Cancer Patients, Studies Show
By Keri Blakinger 12/07/16
The day after their medically supervised trips, 80% of the NYU patients stopped qualifying as clinically anxious or depressed.
Shrooms might offer a magical mental boon for some cancer patients, according to a new pair of studies. Psilocybin – the active drug in magic mushrooms – can help combat anxiety and depression in cancer patients, according to two small-scale studies reported on by the Associated Press.
Currently, the naturally occurring drug is illegal in the U.S., so any federal approval would likely hinge on administering it in clinical settings.
Published in the Journal of Psychotherapy, the studies – headed up by scientists at New York University and Johns Hopkins University – looked at barely 75 patients combined, so the conclusions are limited.
But in both studies, the fun fungi treatment worked better than a placebo. The day after their medically supervised trips, 80% of the NYU patients stopped qualifying as clinically anxious or depressed, a notably rapid response. That effect was true for only about 30% of the placebo group.
That speedy reaction could be critical in the case of cancer patients, according to Dr. Stephen Ross, who led the NYU study. "Cancer patients with anxiety and depression need help immediately, especially if you consider that they are at elevated risk for completed suicide," he told the New York Times.
The two studies used different methods to create a placebo group. In the NYU study, patients were dosed with niacin, which can imitate some of psilocybin's effects; at Johns Hopkins, placebo group patients were given low doses of psilocybin.
After the study, scientists followed the patients for another six months and found that the depression-fighting effects lasted for at least that long. None of the patients in either study suffered severe side effects.
At this point, it's not clear whether the drug would be effective in depression and anxiety patients not battling cancer, according to Roland Griffiths, who led the Baltimore study.
Until the early 1970s, scientists explored psychedelic drugs for use in cancer patients, but tightening regulations halted the studies in light of the substances' spike in popularity for recreational use, according to the Associated Press.
Even so, this isn't the first time in recent memory that scientists have probed the magic of mushrooms. Almost five years ago, British researchers found that psilocybin could have an effect on the brain similar to anti-depressants. Other studies found that the drug could reduce death anxiety in terminal cancer patients, remove cluster headaches, and boost positive moods.
Right now, another drug study is looking to parse the possibility of trippy solutions to post-traumatic stress disorder treatment.
At the end of last month, the FDA green-lighted a study using MDMA to treat PTSD.
drug research
Keri Blakinger
Keri Blakinger is a former drug user and current reporter living in Texas. She covers breaking news for the Houston Chronicle and previously worked for the New York Daily News and the Ithaca Times. She has written about drugs and criminal justice for the Washington Post, Salon, Quartz and more. She loves dogs and is not impressed by rodeo food. Find Keri on LinkedIn and Twitter.
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Fachwirt Betriebswirt Management-Studium Bachelor Master MBA Doctoral Programme
Economics & Philosophy Accounting & Finance Management AI & Data Science FS-UNEP Centre International Projects
Awards EcoPol Journal Student Initiatives Semester Abroad
Technology that saves lives? AI in the fight against coronavirus
AI & Data Science / 16 March 2020
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AI Pontryagin or how neural networks learn to control complex systems
AI & Data Science / 19 January 2022
Drivers of political polarization in the USA from 1994 to 2017
Research & Advisory / 20 May 2021
Responsible AI?
Bachelor in Management, Philosophy & Economics / 18 December 2020
As they battle against the novel COVID-19 virus, experts around the world are focusing on diagnostics, prevention, infection containment measures and contingency plans. But they have yet to find a fast, effective way to halt the spread of the pathogen because they have not yet developed or discovered any remedies or therapies that directly counter the respiratory disease. Identifying coronavirus symptoms at an early stage so immediate action can be taken could be a decisive turning point.
Artificial intelligence in the health sector
In an earlier blog post entitled "Über die Herkunft des Begriffes Artificial Intelligence" (= On the origins of the term Artificial Intelligence), we explored the current capabilities of artificial intelligence. By collating vast quantities of data, the technology is able to extrapolate missing information. Thus you can generate the information you need based on information you already have.
In China, the Alibaba Group, one of the world's largest online retailers, used precisely this approach as a starting point – and has now presented an innovation in the early screening of the coronavirus. On February 5, the Chinese National Health Commission expanded the criteria for diagnosing new cases of infection by declaring computer tomography (CT) scan results to be an effective method of detecting the virus, alongside the existing nucleic acid test method. Following this announcement, Alibaba made use of exactly this information. The company reported that one of its research institutes, Damo Academy, has developed an algorithm which, by using CT scans, can tell whether or not the person being examined is infected with the coronavirus – with 96 percent accuracy. The online giant is relying on the sheer versatility of artificial intelligence to produce such applications.
From theory into practice
According to Asian Review, the new diagnostic tool was first introduced at the Qiboshan Hospital in Zhengzhou, Henan province. According to Alibaba, more than 100 hospitals in Hubei, Guangdong and Anhui provinces are now using the AI technology for COVID-19 diagnoses. Given that the recognition process takes just 20 seconds – whereas a human doctor needs between five and 15 minutes to make a diagnosis – the new algorithm could enormously reduce the pressure on hospitals. Using artificial intelligence in this way is a textbook example of machine learning or "deep learning". The system is trained by inputting an enormous number of CT images of the lungs of patients who are already known to be infected with COVID-19. The more images the algorithm can compare, the more easily it can recognise what an infected lung looks like on a CT scan. It can learn to distinguish symptoms with a degree of precision well beyond the ability of most human diagnosticians.
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Dr. Feiz is very professional and explains everything he is performing and in going over the results he is open to any of a patient's questions. Can't ask for more than that from a doctor today. Many thanks Dr. Feiz. He also has a very professional staff in his office.
Very professional people, good service .
Dr. Feiz treated my mother for cataracts and advised on a problem she had with her retina. He took the utmost best and quality care of her precious eyes and continued with several follow up visits to be sure things were progressing as they should. When we think of the large number of patients he sees, it is remarkable that he gives so much of his time to each one. I feel my mother was in the best of hands with Dr. Feiz!
Dr Feiz was wonderful. He explained what my cataract surgery would involve and that put me at ease. The result was just as I hoped it would be and I am so pleased. In my opinion Dr Feiz is the best and his staff in the office and at the surgery center very professional, kind, and knowledgeable.
Results and explanations are excellent. Having other cataract removed in 4 months.
Excellent treatment for my cataract surgery that was performed in a very professional manner with special attention to my concerns.
The staff is very helpful and the facilities are excellent, Dr Feiz goes out of his way to be helpful and answer all your questions, five stars!!
Went on a Friday afternoon, which isn't busy, so wait was minimal.
Dr Feiz is kind, gentle, funny, knowledgeable, & trustworthy. He is patient to nudge me to switching to daily disposable lens. He is empathetic to clearly explain about cataract.
I visit Dr. Feiz once/year for a diabetic eye exam. He's great! He's very thorough, friendly and has a nice sense of humor. His front office people and technicians are also very good.
Cataract surgery is working. At this time I have alternating monocular vision at every distance. The eye operated on has lost the yellow cast.
Friendly and informative doctor, felt I was in very good hands.
Am highly satisfied with Dr Feiz so far. I haven't had the cataract surgery yet, but Dr Feiz has taken the time to explain the process in a way I can understand, and he has patiently answered all my questions. I have high confidence in him and I believe the surgery will go smoothly..


For the past few years I've always intended to acquire a pair of designer espadrilles, but usually by the time I've made the decision they cannot be found anywhere in my size. This summer I planned on making a purchase before they unexpectedly sell out! (I'm still grieving for missing out on those amazing palm tree Saint Laurent espadrilles from last year! Still holding out hope that one day they will re-issue them).
Previous years I have chosen summer footwear from a wide variety of brands – Bottega Veneta, Tods and their ilk. But more often than not, they end up chewing up my feet with excessive wear and time after time I slink back to my tried and tested Toms. They never hurt my hurt and are a fraction of the price! So once again I stepped out into unknown territory and chose a pair of Givenchy Star Embossed Leather Espadrilles from the French fashion label. Naturally I decided to give them a full review on my mens fashion blog.
They arrived in a suitably minimalist packaging, sleek white box with just the Givenchy logo emblazoned upon the top in black lettering. Inside the shoes are secured well, each individually wrapped in tissue paper, within each shoe there is yet more paper and a curled roll of foam to ensure it is all held together (making sure the shoes hold their shape during transport and when stored within your collection). The obligatory dust bag is also part of the package.
As soon as my hands touched the leather I was amazed at how soft and supple it is! This instantly gave me high hopes that they will be kind to my feet! The iconic Givenchy star logo sits just above the toe area of the shoe, printed in white ink and positioned expertly across the embossing. Inside the shoe itself is particularly minimal, a small amount of leather is stitched where your heel will sit for added traction and comfort. The remaining area is the bare thread (my initial thought was how potentially dangerous this could be to naked feet!). The sole itself is a fairly decent thickness, so very little worry of them wearing out too soon. Additionally they are crafted in Spain, the home of the espadrille. So you are guaranteed a quality product!
When slipping the shoes on for the first time, I found that they were the perfect fit. I chose my usually size of a UK 8 / EU 42. However, I did have a worry that my biggest toe was pushing against the tip of the shoe ever so slightly (I hoped this wouldn't have any adverse effects during regular wear!). The real test of course is a journey outside wearing them, so I planned on wearing them on a typical shopping trip (this would surely test comfortability). Over the course of the few hours that followed, I'm happy to report that I felt no adverse affects! No rubbing, pain or discomfort! (I actually took a pair of low profile socks just in case, which is my usual protective measure when wearing new shoes these days). When I finally returned home, there wasn't even a hint of a red mark anywhere on my foot! In summary, these Givenchy Star Embossed Leather Espadrilles have passed all the tests! Look great with the star logo adding a special touch, they feel sublime on your feet and most importantly are super comfortable! Finally a win for a designer brand for summer footwear!
Please let me know what you think of these men's espadrilles in the comments below.
Hi Maxwell, I'm glad you liked my review! Yes, after these I'm now a big fan of Givenchy!
These are the only Givenchy shoes I have tried on, sorry about that. I normally wear a 42 in most of my premium footwear. I also have a 42 in Tods and a 42 and 41.5 in Bottega Veneta driving shoes, if that will help any!


2. Central Pattana Public Co.,Ltd.
3. Central Department Store Co.,Ltd.
by Central Pattana Public Co.,Ltd.
Shopping Mall with construction area 92,500 sq.m.
6-storey with 1-basement shopping arcade center total area 77,000 sq.m.
7-storey car park building, food court and cineplex on area approximately 55,000 sq.m.


text:
és una cineasta nipona.

Biografia
Nascuda a Shimonoseki, un port pesquer que connecta les illes de Honshū i Kyūshū, Tanaka debutà en el cinema com a actriu l'any 1924, als catorze anys, per als estudis Shōchiku, una companyia d'abans de la Segona Guerra Mundial especialitzada en els subgèneres gendai geki i josei eiga, durant la dècada del 1930 participà en diverses pel·lícules, entre les quals la primera amb so en japonés, Madamu to nyōbō de Heinosuke Gosho (1933); durant la segona guerra sinojaponesa i la Guerra del Pacífic, Tanaka participà en films propagandístics, en els quals representà el paper de «bona esposa, mare intel·ligent» (ryōsai kenbo) promogut per l'Imperi Japonés; després de la caiguda del règim, s'adaptà a una nova representació de la dona d'acord amb els ideals estatunidencs —fins al punt que se l'acusà d'«americanitzada» després d'un viatge als EUA com a ambaixadora cultural— i actuà en la «trilogia de l'alliberament de la dona» del director Kenji Mizoguchi.

La col·laboració amb Mizoguchi en catorze pel·lícules entre 1940 i 1954, durant els quals Tanaka madurà com a actriu, contribuí a augmentar el reconeixement internacional dels dos i, de retruc, alimentà rumors d'una relació sentimental entre ells, segons l'estereotip del «la musa del director», que ella sempre negà —abans ho havia sigut de Gosho—: entre els títols conjunts, es troben ,  i ; a més, Tanaka també va ser dirigida per altres directors destacats com Yasujirō Ozu en  i  o Akira Kurosawa en . L'any 1975 guanyà l'Ós de Plata a la millor interpretació femenina per Sandakan hachiban shōkan: Bōkyō de Kei Kumai.

Referències

Actors de cinema japonesos
Directors de cinema japonesos
Persones de la Prefectura de Yamaguchi
Guanyadores de l'Os de Plata a la millor interpretació femenina
Morts de càncer al Japó
Actors japonesos del segle XX


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I will leave you with this song by Paul Simon.
Hello, that is some big bubble wrap. Thank you for linking up and sharing your post. Happy Sunday, enjoy your week ahead!
My cats go crazy over a simple paper bag, or box. I can only imagine how much fun they'd have with this.


text:
Q: Accesssing Firebase Firestore from a script I have a flutter Andriod app that can be used to store data in the firestore. Now I want to access that stored data from a Dart script to perform some operations on the data.
How can I access the firestore with a Dart script?
Updated the question: Looking only for dart package/library to access firebase firestore.

A: The Firebase docs provides good help with how to set up environment and a lot of examples.

A: It is possible with firedart.
import 'package:firedart/firedart.dart';

String pi = 'example-app';

void main(List<String> arguments) async {
  Firestore.initialize(pi);
  var map = await Firestore.instance.collection("users").get();
  print(map);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
USDA mum on details pertaining to USDA-Mexico food stamp partnership, non-citizen participation in welfare (Mexican, party)
All American NYC
Non-citizen participation in SNAP has quadrupled since 2001 and doubled since 2008....Despite the swelling food stamp rolls, the USDA has been partnering with the Mexican government since 2004 to promote nutrition assistance among Mexican-Americans, Mexican nationals and migrant communities...."I have serious concerns about this [Mexico partnership]. It defies rational thinking for the United States — now dangerously $16 trillion in debt — to partner with foreign governments to help us place more foreign nationals on American welfare,
This is the first step of the DemocRAT party to redistribute America's wealth to other countries and turn us into a third world country too.
(USDA) Working wit Mexican Government to promote participation by illegal aliens in the U.S. food stamp program., Politics and Other Controversies, 1 replies
Obama's Sequester: Cuts to Food Safety Inspections, But Lavish Wine Tasting "Getaways" for USDA Employees Still On, Politics and Other Controversies, 102 replies
New Mexico Food Stamp Fraud Investigation, Politics and Other Controversies, 40 replies
obama's USDA and Mexico to partner, Politics and Other Controversies, 41 replies
NYC Welfare Worker Admits To Running $7 Million Food Stamp Scam, Politics and Other Controversies, 16 replies
More To Get Mad About: Medicaid, Medicare, Food Stamp, Welfare Fraud, Politics and Other Controversies, 2 replies


Summary: Contentment is trusting God, no matter what the cost. It is living out the principles of stewardship where Jesus is Lord over all. It is finding contentment in God's covenant of love, His sustaining power and rulership and in His will for us.
Our baby daughter, Janae-Grace, is only three months old, and she has already shown us signs of contentment. Provided her nappy is dry and she has had her sleep and feeding, she is a very happy child. She can be awake and left by herself for a few minutes while we are doing something else and be quite content. Just today, some friends took us out for lunch, and they commented, "She is a very contented baby." They remarked about her healthy skin, smiling face and cheerful expressions. As parents, we took their comments to mean that our baby's needs are being met; she is satisfied, comfortable and relaxed. Contentment is a quality of life expected by God's children.
Included in the Ten Commandments given to Israel at Sinai is the tenth command, which calls for God's people to be satisfied with the blessings God Himself gives them (Ex 20; Dt 5). Interestingly, like the other nine, this commandment is in the context of a God who had invited Israel to be in a covenant relationship with Him (Ex 19:5-6). They were to be His special people in the world. In Exodus 20, contentment is an experience and consequence that is made possible because of connectedness to God.
Another significant aspect of contentment for the people of Israel was the awareness that God had already saved them (Ex 20:1-2), and as such, He expected them to be content with what they received from Him through grace (Ex 20:17). More importantly, contentment is an expression of our worship of God and a demonstration of our love toward our neighbors.
The psalmist David was content with God when he said, "The Lord is my shepherd, I shall not want" (Ps 23:1). In this psalm, he pictures himself as a sheep—feeding in green pastures, drinking from a quiet, slow-flowing stream, being watched over by the "Good Shepherd." To David, the psalm was a hymn of gratitude and testimony to a God who provides and sustains daily. It is a psalm about a God who always watches and protects His flock. It is the story of the Almighty who reaches out to His people in all generations and blesses them, because of His everlasting love. Psalm 23 is a promise of God's divine providence, protective power and His constant presence with David then, and with us today.
The disciples had been with Jesus—their teacher and mentor—as observers and ministry assistants, but the time had now come for them to live out the principles of His Kingdom. "Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are those who mourn for they will be comforted. Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they will be filled" (Mt 5:3-6).
In this sermon, Jesus clearly demonstrates how God deals with people who are in relationship with Him. He blesses them before He asks for a love response from them. Moreover, the sense of well-being, inner peace and contentment experienced by the disciples, in spite of the pressing challenges of the world outside, is a reflection of a life that is under the control and lordship of Jesus Christ.
The willing submission of the disciple's heart to the will of God (as taught by Jesus in the above passage) is what stewardship and discipleship is all about. It is practical Christian living—for discipleship means surrendering self fully to God. What matters is not just giving Him our resources, time and skills; it is releasing all we have in Him to Him, including our hearts. Contentment is trusting God, no matter what the cost. It is living out the principles of stewardship where Jesus is Lord over all.
A key element of the Lord's Prayer that Christ taught the disciples is the double emphasis on God's "kingdom" and "will" (Mt 6:10). Both concepts speak to the one reality: that God must rule supremely. For Jesus, this desire to live the life of the Father was paramount in all He did during His earthly ministry. At Gethsemane, when He struggled alone while His associates were asleep, His commitment to this divine purpose was demonstrated as He prayed, "My Father … your will be done" (Mt 26:42). And, even on the cross of Calvary where He suffered death as the Savior of the world, He continued to trust God with these words, "Father, into your hands I commit my spirit" (Lk 23:46).
Contentment for Jesus is living the will of His Father, always. But what about us, His stewards and people today? Are we willing to live out His will in our life and service for Him?


text:
Q: Create 200 dirs & copy main.cpp to all of them in batch Hello i want to do 200 directories and copy to it file "main.cpp", i tryed this, but this don't working and consumes lot of time, my code:
@echo off

mkdir 17
copy main.cpp 17/main.cpp

mkdir 18
copy main.cpp 18/main.cpp

A: From the Command Prompt, [cmd]:
For /L %A In (1,1,200) Do @XCopy main.cpp %A\ >Nul

From a batch file, [batch-file]:
@For /L %%A In (1,1,200) Do @XCopy main.cpp %%A\ >Nul

A: If you want to have a better sorting with equal length folder numbers,
padded with leading zeros use this batch:
@Echo off & Setlocal EnableDelayedExpansion
For /l %%A in (1001,1,1200) Do (
  Set "Folder=%%A"
  XCopy main.cpp !Folder:~-3!\ >Nul
)


text:
https://www.smartertimes.com/648/boomers
The lead news article in the national section of today's New York Times runs under the headline, "Wheelchair Users Fly More, And Airlines Try to Adapt; Balancing Aging Boomers and New Security."
Interest piqued, Smartertimes.com scoured the article for an example of a single "aging boomer" who uses a wheelchair on an airplane. But there are only two wheelchair users whose ages are given in the article. One is 63 and another is 72. That makes them too old to be part of the baby-boom generation.
The Times's own stylebook has an entry on "baby boom" that states, "as allusions to the population surge after World War II -- between 1946 and 1964 -- 'baby boom' and 'baby boomer' are overused; ration them." Using that Times stylebook definition, baby boomers are now between 56 and 38 years old. That makes them a bit young to be "aging" enough to be using wheelchairs, unless it is for a knee injury sustained while playing squash or while downhill skiing. It also makes them a bit young to have retired to Miami, where the Times news article is datelined.
The only reference to baby boomers in the article is one that says, "the airlines say they expect an even greater demand for services geared toward passengers with limited mobility as more graying boomers begin to request wheelchairs at airports." Again, the article doesn't cite a single specific example of a "graying boomer" who is beginning to request a wheelchair at an airport. If there are such examples, the boomers are likely to be requesting the wheelchairs for the use of their elderly, non-boomer parents. And in any case, the headline does not refer to an expected surge but to one that already exists: "Wheelchair Users Fly More." It would be reasonable for a reader to expect from the headline that these "wheelchair users" who "fly more" are the same "aging boomers" mentioned elsewhere in the headline; in that sense, the headline is misleading.
Snubbing Moynihan? A front-page news article in today's New York Times reports, "While many of those who landed in the coveted seats on the steps of City Hall were familiar to any New Yorker -- two current New York senators and one famous former one, two former mayors, the departing City Council speaker, Peter F. Vallone, and former Comptroller Alan G. Hevesi, to name but a few -- there was also a fresh bevy of faces." So, the Times noticed "one famous former" U.S. senator from New York on the City Hall steps. The text of the article runs alongside a photograph that clearly shows both Senator D'Amato and Senator Moynihan on the steps of City Hall. Is the Times trying to suggest that Mr. Moynihan is not famous? Or is it a snub of Mr. D'Amato? In any event, with Mr. D'Amato and Mr. Moynihan both sitting on the City Hall steps, the reference to the presence of "one famous former" senator, without specifying which former senator is the one the Times is referring to, is the kind of coy mischief that doesn't belong in a front-page news article.
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Mavuno Lifeway began 1st March 2015, as part of our vision to plant culture defining churches in the capital cities of Africa.
Lifeway is our third campus of Mavuno planted in Nairobi along the Thika Super Highway, and is now led by Pastor Kevin Kilonzi with a team of other Pastors and associates.
We exists to church the unchurched teens in Nairobi bringing them to the knowledge of Jesus Christ which then transforms them to become fearless influencers of society. Secondly, to show a teen how much fun they can have in church today despite the pressure the world puts on them.
Our desire is to lead children to desire the deeper fun of intimacy with God. In the process, we believe that the children are ministers of the gospel, as they have talents and abilities that they can be nurtured to bless the church and wider community.
Mizizi (Swahili for "Roots") is an exciting ten-week experience designed to help you connect with God, connect with your purpose, and connect like-minded people on a journey of discovering and living out their purpose.
Do you want to strengthen your life and gain victory over personal challenges? Are you looking to overcome past baggage, current struggles, or conquer fear? This is the experience to sign up for.
Joining a Life Group is the best way to get connected at Mavuno. In the Life Groups, we encourage & support each other, serve together, share life and simply have fun together!


text:
Last edited by Akikinos
5 edition of Theogony found in the catalog.
Theogony
translated, with an introd.
by Hesiod
Published 1953 by Liberal Arts Press in New York .
Microfiche (negative). Toronto : University of Toronto Library, Preservation Services, 1989. 1 microfiche.
Statement by Norman O. Brown.
Series The Library of liberal arts, no. 36
Contributions Brown, Norman Oliver, 1913-2002
LC Classifications PA4010 E5 T5 1953
Pagination 87p.
This book is a literary attempt at the genre of Greek theogony by Hesiod, which means he will tell the stories of the gods. In Hesiod's story, the first reality is absolute cosmic Chaos from which the first things suddenly appear spontaneously. Works and Days and Theogony (Hackett Classics series) by Hesiod. The publisher has supplied this book in encrypted form, which means that you need to install free software in order to unlock and read it. Required software. To read this ebook on a mobile device.
Theogony - Ebook written by Hesiod. Read this book using Google Play Books app on your PC, android, iOS devices. Download for offline reading, highlight, bookmark or take notes while you read Theogony/5(8). Theogony literally means the "birth or genealogy of the gods." It is the name of an epic poem by Hesiod, a Greek poet who is believed to have lived between and BC. He was thus a contemporary of Homer, the author of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey." Along with Homer's works, the "Theogony" .
Jun 27, · The new streaming series Theogony of Kairos takes viewers on a rarely explored aspect of Dungeons & Dragons: prolonged high-level gama-uk.comed by Wizards of . Open Library is an initiative of the Internet Archive, a (c)(3) non-profit, building a digital library of Internet sites and other cultural artifacts in digital gama-uk.com projects include the Wayback Machine, gama-uk.com and gama-uk.com
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Theogony by Hesiod Download PDF EPUB FB2
Oct 01, · Theogony is a part of Greek mythology which embodies the desire to articulate reality as a whole; this universalizing impulse was fundamental for the first later projects of speculative theorizing. The Amazon Book Review Author interviews, book reviews, editors' picks, and more.
Read it now. Theogony book Enter your mobile number or email address below and /5(29). Hesiod, Theogony Muses of Helicon, let us begin our song with them, who hold the great and holy mountain of Helicon, and around its violet-like spring and altar of exceedingly strong Kronios, dance on dainty feet, and who, after bathing their soft skin in the Permessos 5 or.
The "Theogony" is essentially a large-scale synthesis of a vast variety of local Greek traditions concerning the gods and the universe, organized as a narrative that tells about the creation of the world out of Chaos and about the gods that shaped the cosmos.
To Theogony book extent, it represents the Greek mythology equivalent of the book of Genesis in the Hebrew and Christian "Bible", as it. This translation of Hesiod's Theogony is both beautifully poetic and very readable.
It has excellent notes to guide the reader, and each line of the translation is positioned alongside the original Greek text, which will be very helpful to students of Classical Greek, as well as to such armchair enthusiasts as myself.
When we were introduced to classical Greek mythology in grade seven English, our teacher used Hesiod's Theogony as part of the required, assigned reading materials (maybe a bit convoluted and even advanced for young teenagers, but I personally much enjoyed this, as it gave an interesting, poetical and above all historically and culturally authentic introduction to the genealogies of the Greek /5.
HESIOD was a Greek epic poet who flourished in Boeotia in the C8th B.C. He was alongside Homer the most respected of the old Greek poets. His works included a poem titled the Theogony, a cosmological work describing the origins and genealogy of the gods, Works and Days, on the subjects of farming, morality and country life, and a large number of lost or now fragmentary poems including the.
The Theogony (Greek: Θεογονία, Theogonía, Attic Greek: [tʰeoɡoníaː], i.e. "the genealogy or birth of the gods") is a poem by Hesiod (8th – 7th century BC) describing the origins and genealogies of the Greek gods, composed c.
– BC. It is written in the Epic dialect of Ancient Greek. Our Series and Imprints Chris Kennedy Publishing currently has three major shared universes--the Four Horsemen universe (mil scifi), the Salvage universe (scifi) and the Fallen World (post-apocalyptic).
CKP has seven active imprints--one for Military Science Fiction (Theogony Books), one for Fantasy (New Mythology Press), one for Young Adult (Anticipation Press), one for Post-Apocalyptic.
Theogony (Focus Classical Library series) by Hesiod. Digital Rights Management (DRM) The publisher has supplied this book in encrypted form, which means that you need to install free software in order to unlock and read it.
What other book might you compare Janissaries: The Theogony, Book 1 to and why. The book can be compared to most any other contemporary sci fi book around. The author's attempt to meld the world's religions into the book is a nice touch, but if you are very very highly religious and can't stand anything that seems like blasphemy to your faith.
Janissaries: The Theogony, Book 1 Publisher's Summary The war with China was over and Lieutenant Shawn "Calvin" Hobbs just wanted his life to go back to normal. The hero of the war, he had a small ream of paperwork to fill out, a deployment with his Navy F squadron to prepare for, and a new girlfriend to spend some quality time with.
The Theogony Of Hesiod is a poem describing the origins and genealogies of the Greek gods, composed circa BC. Although it is often used as a sourcebook for Greek mythology, the Theogony is both more and less than that. Get this from a library. Hesiod's Theogony.
[Hesiod.; Richard S Caldwell] -- Hesiod's straightforward account of family conflict among the gods is the best and earliest evidence of what the ancient Greeks believed about the beginning of the world.
Includes Hesiod's "Works and. Jul 26, · The Paperback of the Theogony and Works and Days by Hesiod at Barnes & Noble. FREE Shipping on $35 or more. The Theogony contains a systematic genealogy and account of the struggles of the gods, "Readers who have no previous knowledge of Hesoid will find this an extremely accessible book, written in such a way that the non-specialist Brand: Oxford University Press.
May 01, · Buy a cheap copy of Theogony/Works and Days book by Hesiod. Greek poet Hesiod took many lines of thought and knowledge - myth, fable, personal experience, practical understanding - and wove them into one great whole.
He did Free shipping over $Cited by: 8. This summary of Theogony includes a complete plot overview – spoilers included. We're considering expanding this synopsis into a full-length study guide to deepen.
Theogony is an outline or description of the creation of the universe as well as everything and everyone that resides within it.
As such, Theogony begins with Chaos: nothingness. Out of this Chaos, the first beings were born. May 06, · Hesiod's Theogony, written by legendary author Hesiod, is widely considered to be one of the greatest classic texts of all time.
This great classic will surely attract a whole new generation of readers. For many, Hesiod's Theogony is required reading for various courses and curriculums. And for Brand: CreateSpace Publishing. Book Review: Terra Stands Alone (The Theogony Book 3) Standard.
Hey Space Cadets, here is the next installment in my series of book reviews. As I've mentioned earlier, I'm a member of the TRMN.
Terra Stands Alone (The Theogony Book 3) " Eugene Mowder. This new translation by a leading expert on Hesiodic poems combines accuracy with readability and includes an introduction and explanatory notes on two works by one of the oldest known Greek poets: the Theogony, a systematic genealogy and account of the struggles of the gods, and the Works and Days, a compendium of moral and practical advice for a life of honest husbandry/5(7).
The Theogony book. Read 25 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. Hesiod's straightforward account of family conflict among the gods is /5.Written in the late eighth century BC by Hesiod, one of the oldest known of Greek poets, Theogony and Works and Days represent the earliest account of the origin of the Greek gods, and an invaluable compendium of advice for leading a moral life, both offering unique insights into archaic Greek society.
There are a number of modern translations of Hesiod available, rendered in serviceable.Book Review: When the Gods Aren't Gods (The Theogony Book 2) Standard. Hey Space Cadets, here is the next installment in my series of book reviews. As I've mentioned earlier, This is the second book in The Theogony Trilogy, and I'm still hooked on this world!
gama-uk.com - Theogony book © 2020


text:
Share this Story: 'He looked very scary': Spa owner met at door by triple homicide accused killer
'He looked very scary': Spa owner met at door by triple homicide accused killer
Jenny Yuen
Cory Kyle Fenn, 29 (R), is accused of killing Krassimira "Krissy" Pejcinovski, 39, her son, Roy Pejcinovski, 15, and her daughter Venallia "Vana" Pejcinovski, 13, on March 14, 2018. Photo by Facebook
When Krassimira "Krissy" Pejcinovski didn't show up to work on Wednesday, her boss became concerned.
Sherry Robinson, the owner of Spa Sedona in Ajax, went to her staffer's Hilling Dr. home and was met by Cory Fenn, Pejcinovski's on-again-off-again boyfriend, who now stands accused of killing the mother of three and two of her teen children.
'He looked very scary': Spa owner met at door by triple homicide accused killer Back to video
She told the Sun on Friday he was "glassy eyed" as he told her Pejcinovski was sick and would call her later. But suspicion rose to alarm when Robinson noticed blood on his arm.
Cory Fenn, 29, is accused of the second-degree murder of Krassimira Pejcinovski and her two children, Roy, 15, and Venallia, 13, in Ajax, Ont., on March 14, 2018. Photo by Facebook
"I never thought he had that in him, that he was dangerous in that way — I thought he had beat her up," Robinson said. "He looked very scary."
She drove up the street and called police. When they were on their way, minutes later, she saw Fenn had taken off in his pickup truck.
Still on the phone with 911, she entered the home and called out her friend's name. She said she's thankful she didn't make the grisly discoveries of her body along with her son, Roy, 15, and daughter Venallia (Vana), 13.
"I didn't go looking around, I didn't touch anything. They were asking me to look for blood and there was no blood in that area that I could see," she said. "There's an apartment downstairs where Cory lived when he lived there."
Murder victim Roy Pejcinovski, 15, played goal in the GTHL for the Don Mills Flyers as well as for his high school hockey team, Crestwood Preparatory School. Photo by Instagram
Venallia 'Vana' Pejcinovski, 13 (Twitter)
Robinson said she couldn't verify whether the kids died trying to protect their mom, but said such heroics sound in character with Roy.
"I've watched them grow up, great kids," she said. "Roy would've protected her. All those kids would have protected her, but Vana's 13 years old. Why? Why did he have to (allegedly) do that?"
Pejcinovski, 39, had worked at the spa for a decade as head esthetician. Her oldest child, daughter Victoria, 16, also works at the business as a spa attendant. The business was closed Thursday to provide staff with grief counselling.
Accused triple killer had history of violence
Accused triple killer 'very jealous,' victim's ex-boyfriend says
FAMILY SHATTERED: Man charged in murders of Ajax mom, son, daughter
"She was a wonderful person, touched so many people," Robinson said of Pejcinovski. "This has broken hearts of so many people. She was bubbly, so caring. People who moved away to Toronto came back just for her. She's going to be so missed. The grief counsellors (say) we're trying to make this understandable for us and we can't."
Robinson said she has been texting with Victoria — who was not at home on Wednesday when the murders occurred, and is believed to be staying with her father.
"She says she's overwhelmed right now," she said. "She's lost her brother, sister and mother."
Robinson said Fenn recently left Pejcinovksi and was romantically linked with one of the two mothers of his children.
Durham Regional Police secure a crime scene following the triple homicide of a mother and her two children on Hilling Dr. – south of Bayly St. W. and Westney Rd. S. – in Ajax, Ont. on Thursday March 15, 2018. Cory Fenn, 29, of Ajax, is charged with three counts of second-degree murder. (Ernest Doroszuk/Toronto Sun) Photo by Ernest Doroszuk /Ernest Doroszuk/Toronto Sun
"She never came in with any bruises or anything," Robinson said. "We always looked for that if we thought there was domestic violence. There's nothing we could. We didn't like this guy, we didn't trust him. He's very controlling and we started to see changes in her back in late 2016."
Some controlling tactics, Robinson said, included Pejcinovski not being allowed to speak with her friends or Fenn going through her phone.
"She had broken up with him," she said. "I told her, 'You've got to get him out of the house.' And so finally, she got him to leave, but last weekend, he wanted to come back. And she let him come back on Monday. She wanted to get away from him and she should've."
Friends of the victims embrace after arriving to leave flowers following the triple homicide of a mother and her two children on Hilling Dr. – south of Bayly St. W. and Westney Rd. S. – in Ajax, Ont. on Thursday March 15, 2018. Cory Fenn, 29, of Ajax, is charged with three counts of second-degree murder. Ernest Doroszuk/Toronto Sun/Postmedia Network Photo by Ernest Doroszuk /Ernest Doroszuk/Toronto Sun
Fenn has been charged with three counts of second-degree murder. His next court appearance is March 29.
A GoFundMe campaign to help the family has raised more than $46,000 as of Friday morning.
so sad that the sweetest most wonderful people had to be taken, i don't wish this upon anyone. anything helps & means a lot please share & help out the remainder of the family. may you all rest in peace👼🏻❤ https://t.co/Ii3JDPjnwP
— Daytona Moyes (@DaytonaMoyes) March 15, 2018
"The remaining proceeds will cover therapies for the remaining family, a leave of absence for the father since he will not be returning to work for quite awhile, and hopefully tuition for the daughter," the fundraising campaign says.
Meanwhile, the York Simcoe Express tweeted Friday it will wear special stickers for the remainder of the OHL Cup to honour Roy, who was a Don Mills Flyers Bantam goaltender.
@2002_yse will wear special stickers for the remainder of the #OHLCup to honor the life of Roy Pejcinovski of the @03DMF #RP74 pic.twitter.com/040VAlGyHI
— York Simcoe Express (@YSExpress) March 16, 2018
Former Maple Leaf Tie Domi also expressed his condolences, saying he had watched Roy play the week before his death. "I stood behind him for two periods he was the difference in win," he said Twitter.
I saw him play when he was 10yrs old at the Brick Tournament and watched him last week I stood behind him for 2 periods he was the difference in win
So sad & heart broken to think something like this would happen.
Deepest condolences to father and family, friends & teammates
🙏 https://t.co/NG8TJJBJ8v
— Tie Domi (@thereal_tiedomi) March 15, 2018
jyuen@postmedia.com


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