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Rural Maps - making memories
PUBLISHED: 11:12 04 April 2019
Emily Damment
The Rural Maps team combine beauty and functionality in the most extraordinary way. We visited the cosy converted barn studio near Winchester to talk to the man behind the maps...
Rural Maps is one of those companies that truly epitomises all that Made in Britain has come to stand for. In our modern, mass-produced world, the combination of craftsmanship, personal service and passion for creating inimitable products with help from the UK's top-end manufacturers has proven to be a winning combination for owner, Anthony Pelly.
In a nutshell, the company makes beautiful maps of rural land, both decorative and functional, operating on a worldwide scale with clients as far afield as Australia. I met the man in question one cold afternoon in late January, and was warmly welcomed into the cosy barn that is the Rural Maps studio, situated on the 1,300 acre Pelly family estate. At around half the age I expected him to be, the 34-year-old founder of this unique business clearly had an interesting story to tell.
After studying architecture at university, Anthony returned to the family farm he would one day inherit and began work there. Very quickly, maps became an essential part of that work. On the eastern side of the estate is about 300 acres of new parkland which Anthony created using money from a Higher Level Stewardship grant.
"We had a landscape architect, Kim Wilkie, design the scheme for us, but it involved a huge amount of rejigging and infrastructure change," he explained. "Having an accurate map of what we had to begin with, what we were aiming for and where all the buried utilities like power lines and water pipes lay was crucial in carrying out this project efficiently, and not damaging the infrastructure. Those were the first maps I ever drew."
Later, Anthony took this model and applied for a job at an estate in Suffolk where the owner was also doing large landscaping projects and found Anthony's skills in this area extremely useful. "After I finished working there, I thought there might be a bit of a market for these maps, so I began selling them," he said. "One of the first big breaks we had was a vineyard called Gusbourne Estate in Kent, now regarded as one of Britain's finest wine producers. They commissioned this huge map of their vineyards, and row by row it was drawn with all the individual species and root stocks. That was the first large decorative map we did and it now hangs on their tasting room wall."
After his parents' retirement, Anthony took over the running of the family estate alongside his Rural Maps business. He told me: "I always knew that the farm was coming to me, but I wanted to have a second business which would be my own, one I could run until my parents retired and which would be complementary to running the estate."
Just as he planned it, the combination works perfectly, with maps still being used heavily in the day-to-day running of the family estate. There are grazing maps showing fence lines, water pipes and troughs, as well as utility maps showing, for example, the exclusion zone surrounding a high-pressure fuel pipeline. Anthony also runs a shoot and manages deer on the estate, and being able to provide the deerstalker with a map showing unsafe shooting areas once again highlights how invaluable the maps are to estate management.
I was keen to examine some of Anthony's more impressive commissions. These are maps unlike any I have seen before. The level of detail is breathtaking – from the inclusion of field names and shoot drives to the painstaking positioning of individual trees, they are not just geographically accurate but also serve as a personal memoir that the family can cherish for generations to come. Here are three examples that showcase the best of what this talented team can produce.
"This is the largest map we've ever done at 9ftx5ft," Anthony said. "There are over 16,000 individual trees on the map, which Oliver [Anthony's colleague] had to place. I spent a lot of time out there, mapping the estate, hunting with the owner and learning how the quail, partridge and pheasant shoots are run.
"Some clients have ideas about how they want something to look, but they just have to trust us! For example, they wanted watermarked backgrounds and photos on it, so I just had to say no and instead found the best illustrator, Jonathan Pointer, to draw the things that were special to the owner – the dogs, the house and the Rolls Royce which is actually their gun bus! Even the family's coat of arms was redrawn from a faded photocopy instead of using logos. We used a British traditional frame maker to frame it – it is all hand-carved and gilded using 200-year-old moulds passed down through the generations.
"We also started hiding something specific to each client on their map; in this case, he loves his Labradors, so secretly hidden on this map at the height his grandchildren will be at is a tiny little Labrador. I can ask him in a year's time if they have found the Labrador.
"The finished piece hangs out on his covered veranda, and he has now commissioned different versions of it for his family members and wants smaller versions made up to go in his other houses and yachts, so wherever he goes he has a bit of his ranch with him."
"This was for a wild partridge shoot on an estate," Anthony told me. "It was commissioned by a group of mates who bought this place and they really love their wild partridge shooting. They also love their wine, so at the top they have their vineyards, and on the original is an illustration of the vineyards by the river.
"Their shoot is totally wild, and run very differently to an English shoot – the beaters get a lot closer to the Guns. The Guns themselves, about nine of them in a line, are all double gunning with a loader, a spotter, a recorder and normally their chauffeur as well all stood on the peg, so it's a lot more crowded than an English shoot! They shoot quite a few hundred in a day, but they only do shoots about three or four times a year. "I went out there in 2017 and spent a week with them, went on a partridge shoot and drank their delicious wine – it was a lovely experience. It's very important to spend time with the owner and find out what is special to them about these properties, as just by looking at it from our desks in England we don't really know. When they stop and say: 'Look at that view, you can see that steeple in the background', I'll put that on the map.
"There are beautiful old ruins and plenty of history to the place, there are vistas and view points, and they've planted lots of pine plantations along the lovely sweeping curves of these contours, which on a map I think look quite beautiful. The challenge here was the time it took to draw all of this, all of the individual trees placed along the contours."
"This was a fairly early commission in 2015 of 5,000 acres up in the wilds of Scotland and, of course, they're into their grouse shooting," Anthony said. "We've got all their grouse butts laid out and all of the different names mapped out, for example the 'crags' and 'bogs', and there's lots of ruins and an old castle here.
"We draw the woodland on different to the grassland and the moor, and where there are scrubby areas we mark those as scrub.
"What is crucial to all these maps is that Ordnance Survey is mapping for the masses, and it shows what everyone calls these places, but within these areas is a whole different layer of detail, and that's how areas are run. What the owners and the people who work there call all these places is very personal. There will be special names for little knolls and hills and woodland, which Ordnance Survey have no idea about. Field names and shoot drives are another thing that we will add onto the maps.
"In the UK, we rarely go on site because it is a different price bracket and Ordnance Survey is very good, whereas with overseas clients it's often the first thing they offer – to come and stay with them."
UK MAPS: After making an enquiry either by phone or through the website, the client will be called up by Anthony's colleague Catherine, who will ask them to send her any existing maps they might have, and gain access to the Rural Payments Agency – a government organisation that has the field boundaries for everyone in the country. From there, the team will draw up a quote and a mock-up of the map, with scale is indicated using the silhouette of a person in order to give an idea of how big it will be hung on their wall. Once the quote has been agreed, they will begin drawing the map and send the client a first draft for them to add to – this is when field names, shoot drives etc will be added. Once the client is happy, it is printed and sent. The whole process takes a couple of months, depending on how communicative the client is. British maps are mainly done using Ordnance Survey and planes taking aerial photos.
OVERSEAS MAPS: These typically involve the client calling up or making an enquiry online, followed quickly by an invitation for Anthony to visit the property in question. First, the team will work on a draft map showing the basics, and the draft will then be taken with Anthony when he does fly over to visit. He will usually spend a week or so on site, heading out each day with the client on quads or horses for a tour of the property, and will confirm from a long, pre-made list any suspected ponds, wells etc. while doing the rounds. This is also an important chance to spend time with the client and find out what is really important to them about the ground. For overseas maps in very remote locations where even planes rarely pass over, for example an Australian ranch on top of a mountain, Anthony commandeers a satellite to take the aerial photos needed! He explained this cool fact further: "Airbus Defence & Space, the world's second largest space company, allow us to task their satellites. We can see on their website orbit paths and expected light levels etc, and can give them coordinates and an area of interest, and that will beam up to the satellite and tell it to turn its lens to this place and it will take a photo. Twelve hours later it comes back to us… it's amazing! A fun thing we've done with some of our clients in the past is to tell them when the satellite will take the photo – it is a very specific time – and they'll often write something on the ground to make the most of this photo opportunity. And when I say write, I mean in tyre tracks or they'll burn an area or something, and then they can keep the photo!"
However the vital information is obtained, the map is then drawn and the finished piece sent to the client – when they finally unveil it, it will be the first time they see the completed product.
Visit www.ruralmaps.co.uk for more information or to get a quote
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It's no surprise how human emotion could power someone to do some changes capable of affecting everyone in a wide scale. Much more if that emotion comes from a powerful being, who happens to have the capability and the power to do great things. Lucky if that happens to come from a positive emotion, but what if it's driven by jealousy and bitterness, just like what happened to this powerful Snow Queen.
Elsa, the Snow Queen, is driven to bring eternal winter to the Kingdom out of spite and jealousy. But the youngest member of her family, her sister Anna, is on the adventure to correct her evil doing by restoring the blissful summer their kingdom used to have.
Watch the new official trailer of Walt Disney Animations' Frozen.
Experience an early winter with Walt Disney Animation Studios' Frozen, coming to theaters on November 27, 2013!


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Meet Johnny Ward: The Millionaire Blogger Who Has Travelled Every Country in the World
Meet Johnny, an Irish guy who left home 10 years ago with no money but with a dream to live a better life. He taught English in Asia, traveled a…
On Our Lust List: The Isle of Arran, Scotland
We first heard of these enchanting islands from this tiny gem of a book published by the Scottish Tourist Board. And the sentence that got our attention was the one…
Editor's Picks, TS Loves, Vagabonds We Love
Kumari : The Living Goddess of Nepal
Regarded as a Living Goddess, a young Newar girl with no blemishes is chosen to represent the Goddess Kumari as an incarnation of Goddess Taleju, the tutelary deity of the…
Editor's Picks, Vagabonds We Love
Shot Story: Yamuna Ghat, Delhi
Bali Shopping Secret
In the heavy tourist areas of Bali, such as Kuta Beach, the colour of the shopping bag given to you reveals if you got a good deal or got ripped off….
Meet Zoha Zuberi – A Singer Adventurer From Pakistan
Zoha Zuberi is a singer-songwriter by profession who started her musical journey in 2012. It took just one dynamic experience to make her fall in love with travel. She hasn't…
How Kinza Raheel Travels The World On a Budget
Recently we watched an episode by popular travel blogger Drew Binsky, featuring the inspiring story of an "Unconventional Pakistani Woman" named Kinza Raheel. We reached out to her for a…
Meet the Local: Summi Mohato of Jamshedpur, Jharkhand
Ours is a city of early risers and people are always in a hurry. Every morning, I wake up to vehicles honking and sunlight filtering into my window. It takes me 75…
Why is Greenland Called The Land of the Midnight Sun?
Midnight sun can be experienced north of the Arctic Circle for a period lasting from a single day to five months, depending on how far north you travel. In central…
Tristan Ridley: Around the World On a Bicycle
It all began in 2015, with a 3-month bike tour of New Zealand. Now, Tristan Ridley plans to spend the next five years cycling more than 100,000 km through over 100 countries…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Head of Product
@wdavidturner
David Turner is the Head of Product at Po.et. David has been in publishing and adtech leadership roles for the past decade. He is an advisor to multiple early stage startups and is a former YCombinator-backed founder (PageLever S11, acquired by Unified Social).
Before joining Po.et, David led the development of the platform for managing one of the world's largest influencer networks and was responsible for programmatic operations, technology, and revenue at Guff Media. At Unified, David assembled a globally distributed product and engineering team that built the Unified Social Operating Platform, an award-winning social advertising buying, optimization and analytics platform used by global brands such as Honda, Spotify, and Starbucks.
Website: https://po.et
Saturday, 11:30 am - Blockchain to Power Journalism


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<?php namespace Prhost\Phreal\Exceptions;

/**
 * Created by PhpStorm.
 * User: Hélio
 * Date: 7/16/2015
 * Time: 1:05 PM
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class InvalidMessageFormat extends \Exception
{

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Tucked away in Chelsea in the 150 seat Linda Gross Theater that arose from a converted church two extremely talented performers Rebecca Naomi Jones as Marie Knight and Kecia Lewis as Sister Rosetta Tharpe reenact their beginnings as a rockin and rollin pop gospel duo in a showroom for coffins where they are having their first rehearsal together in Mississippi 1946.
There was no room at the inn for black folks then. So they rehearse where no one can be bothered. Among empty coffins. Rehearse to sing in warehouses and barns for other black folks who want to hear music bursting with joy.
Sister Rosetta – already a star is on the outs with the Church because she has appeared in clubs. Looking to make a comeback she plucks Marie out of a Quartet as her protégé. She sees something in this naïve young girl. More importantly she hears something. Her voice and her piano playing.
Marie has been a fan. Listening to Sister Rosetta's recordings and cannot believe her good luck.
In a rather surface telling of their similar backstories by George Brant they test their musical comradery and at times it's difficult to believe how they harmonize so beautifully – in the moment. The songs are the show. The performers make the songs.
They have a beautiful rapport. The powerful voiced and confident Sister Rosetta and the shy wide eyed too serious Marie who voice is clearly a gift from above. As her confidence grows, she surprises even herself in the music they make together allowing Sister Rosetta to teach her how to loosen up and put a bit of boogie into her life.
Tucked away behind a scrim are two equally talented musicians Felicia Collins (Guitar) and Deah Harriott (Piano) who will play for the aforementioned Marie and Sister Rosetta as they mime the music (on piano and guitar) to the songs they so expertly sing.
Sometimes softly. Sometimes loud enough to raise the dead. It's a special music. Churchlike with a hip swaying rhythm that is both beautiful and rousing.
Neil Pepe has staged the show simply emphasizing the songs. In a bizarre epilogue that you might see being foreshadowed in the opening moments we sadly say adieu to these two gifted women.


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US admits to train militants in Syria this week
The US defense officials claimed that 400 Americans will train militant groups fighting against the ISIS in Syria.
The trainers who are in Turkey and Jordan now can set to work this week.
The US officials marked that trained foreign-backed militants would be able to decide to fight the government of Syrian President as well.
The United States will also provide the militants with weapons, trucks and tactical radios for their communication.
The ISIS terrorists, who were initially trained by the CIA in Jordan in 2012 to destabilize the Syrian government, now control large parts of Syria and Iraq.
A string of advances by terrorist groups took place in the northwestern Idlib Province, where the city of Jisr al-Shughur recently fell into the hands of the militants.
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey are also supporting the militants operating inside the country.
"We are not talking about tens or hundreds but thousands of battles and... it is the nature of battles for there to be advances and retreats, victories and losses, ups and downs," Bashar al-Assad said, urging the Syrian people to be more vigilant against "the spread of a spirit of frustration or despair at a loss here or there."
Also read: USA and Turkey agree to strike Syria
Read more on the subject here


22-karat yellow gold with textured finish.
Round stations with bezel-set diamonds, sapphires, and rubies.
1.47 total diamond carat weight.
2.62 total sapphire carat weight.
2.69 total ruby carat weight.
Founded by painter Jacline Mazard and her entrepreneurial father-in-law, Jean-Mahie, in the late 1960s, Parisian brand Jean Mahie has achieved cult-classic status among collectors in the jewelry world. Signature hand-hammered finishes decorate link necklaces, bracelets, cuffs, earrings, and more. In 1971, one of Jacline's handcrafted pieces in 22-karat yellow gold caught the eye of none other than Stanley Marcus at a party. He personally worked to make the collection available to NM customers, a partnership that continues today.
For in-store inquiries, use sku #292108.


Moana Pool users were treated to a synchronised swimming display at the weekend.
The South Island Synchronised Swimming Championship was held on Saturday and Sundayattracted competitors from Invercargill, Queenstown, Christchurch and Dunedin.
Invercargill had the largest contingent of the 42 competitors, while Christchurch was also well represented.
Meet manager Phyll Esplin said Moana Pool was a great place to host the event and people at the pool stopped to watch the competitors' routines.
There were two Dunedin competitors in the championship as synchronised swimming was in a "rebuilding phase" locally as some members had stopped the sport in recent years, she said.
Esplin said there was a lot of parent support poolside as well as people using the pool.
Synchronised swimming was a difficult sport to learn as it involved a lot of core strength, she said.
"When you have done it a few years, it looks graceful because those kids know how to do it.


NEW YORK— Mayor Bill de Blasio and NYC Chief Service Officer Patricia Eng announced that NYC Service has engaged nearly 2,000 volunteers to answer letters from 3,400 New York City children and families in need this holiday season through Secret Snowflake, a holiday gift giving initiative. Secret Snowflake recruits over 150 City employees as well as private sector employees from nearly 30 NYC businesses and matches them with thousands of youth and families across the City. NYC Service supplements these gifts with donations from more small and large businesses across the city and received 2,100 in-kind donations this year. Secret Snowflake has served over 13,000 New York City children through answered letters and in kind donations over the last five years.
Secret Snowflake reminds us of how acts of kindness can make a real impact for many children and families in our City. I want to thank the nearly 2,000 volunteers who answered letters, as well as all the businesses who donated to make this holiday season brighter for thousands of New Yorkers. I also commend our City agencies for growing this initiative and inspiring our City to give back.
Secret Snowflake is a tradition that I'm honored to be part of, alongside a dedicated community of service-minded people in this spirit of giving. NYC Service is proud to partner with our sister agencies on this important initiative and I want to thank the thousands of volunteers from across the city that have are helping put smiles on the faces of thousands of children and families. That is what it looks like when 8.6 million New Yorkers work together to serve each other.
Secret Snowflake relies on the support of City agency partners to fulfill the holiday wishes of children and families in need. The Administration for Children's Services (ACS), the Department of Social Services (DSS), the Department of Homeless Services (DHS), and the Mayor's Office to End Gender-Based Violence (ENDGBV) collect letters from children and families served by their agencies before the holiday season.
The holidays are a time to make children in our city feel special. Secret Snowflake engages New Yorkers to spread joy to children and families in need. I want to thank NYC Service and all the volunteers for giving back to our young people in care.
The Secret Snowflake program highlights the values of New York City by spreading joy and kindness to those who need it the most. We are proud to join other City agencies and private entities participating in this initiative to give back to children in need in the true spirit of the holidays.
Thanks to NYC Service's Secret Snowflake initiative, more than 1,000 children experiencing homelessness will receive toys, books, clothing and school supplies this holiday season. Homelessness affects every neighborhood in our City, and we are grateful for New Yorkers' dedication to spreading the holiday spirit through generosity and compassion for neighbors in need.
Our office is proud to partner with so many others in making special wishes come true for our youngest New Yorkers. This important collaboration is one of many ways that we honor our commitment to supporting survivors and their families during the holiday season.
The Mayor's Office for International Affairs also engages the diplomatic community in service during the holidays. This year, participants included the Permanent Missions of Afghanistan, Austria, Bahamas, Belgium, Colombia, Fiji, Germany, Japan, Mexico, Montenegro, New Zealand, Peru, Russian Federation, Singapore, and Sweden. The Consulates General of Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Lebanon, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Seychelles, and Singapore also participated, along with the Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations in New York, the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office, the United Nations, and members of the Mayor's Office for International Affairs.
The Secret Snowflake initiative offers us the opportunity each year to engage with the world's largest diplomatic community to help bring joy to vulnerable New Yorkers. This year, representatives from more than 25 countries and international organizations collected gifts for over 175 youth and their families. We appreciate the generosity of our international partners, and we are grateful for this annual chance to serve the local communities of New York City in celebration of the season.
Brookfield is proud to partner with NYC Service and the Mayor's Office on the Secret Snowflake initiative for the 10th consecutive year. This year, 238 Brookfield employees are fulfilling 476 letters for young people in all five boroughs, nearly twice as many as we did last year. It's a wonderful opportunity for us to give back, and we are grateful to participate.
Greenlight Bookstore is proud to participate in this program for the third year in a row. Thanks to the generosity of our customers and our publishing partners, each year our donations have grown. We were proud to be able to donate over 1,000 books this year. Having books in your life, especially during the formative years as a child, is incredibly important and we are happy to help ensure that NYC children receive books as holiday gifts as a part of this NYC Service program.
Every year Mizuho employees look forward to participating in the Secret Snowflake initiative and brightening the holidays for families in New York City. Thank you NYC Service for creating a holiday tradition that benefits some of our city's most vulnerable children.
As a charter member of NYC Service's Good for Me. Good for My City. campaign, NYCFC is proud to participate in NYC Service's Secret Snowflake for the third year in a row. We are always looking for ways to bring together our staff, fans, players and partners to support the local NYC community. It's a lovely initiative to help meet simple needs of children in NYC's foster care and shelters and hopefully bring more smiles to their faces over this holiday season.
We at Zwanger-Pesiri Radiology feel blessed and fortunate that we were able to provide the children of NYC with the holiday they deserve.
Chante' Jordan, VP of Marketing, Zwanger-Pesiri Radiology.


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Kansas sweeps Friday doubleheader against NIU
GRAND PRAIRIE, Texas – Backed by a scoreless start from redshirt-junior hurler Ryan Cyr, the Kansas baseball team completed the Friday doubleheader sweep, 7-2, against the Huskies at AirHogs Stadium.
Cyr (1-0) paced the Jayhawks (7-3) to a 7-0 lead through a personal-best six and 2/3 innings of work where he allowed Northern Illinois (2-8) to scatter six hits and while striking out four.
Junior reliever Nathan Barry came on in relief to get out of the seventh and pitched one inning with two strikeouts. Three more relievers were used to close out the final one and 1/3 innings.
The Huskies worked counts and loaded the bases in the ninth before redshirt-sophomore Jonah Ulane came on to strike out three consecutive batters to pick up his third save of the season.
Freshman right fielder Casey Burnham boasted a perfect 3-for-3 effort at the plate with a RBI and a run scored while junior left fielder Brett Vosik connected for a pair of knocks with a RBI. In addition, sophomore third baseman Skyler Messinger led all hitters with two RBIs.
Redshirt-sophomore reliever Jonah Ulane struck out three straight hitters in the ninth with the bases loaded for his third save of the season.
Redshirt-junior righty Ryan Cyr tossed a career-high six and 2/3 innings on the bump for his first victory on the season.
Freshman right fielder Casey Burnham connected for a personal-best three base knocks.
On Jonah Ulane's performance:
"It was special. I'm so proud of him. We red-shirted him his freshman year because he wasn't ready to help us yet. It's been amazing to watch his development. There's not a better teammate in our dugout. Now to see him grow into an impact player, that's why we coach. That's one of the greatest young men walking this planet."
On Ryan Cyr's outing:
"I thought he was really good. The strike zone was really small today, and it frustrated a lot of guys that came in. Like I told him, you've got to pitch through it. You can't walk out there and worry about it. You can't go out there and get emotional and lose your focus. Next thing you know, you get yourself in all kinds of trouble. The strike zone changes week-to-week and umpire-to-umpire, and you need to adjust. He got ahead of the count and had a good mix, and he gave us six good innings and it was a great bounce-back performance."
With the threat of inclement weather hitting Texas on Sunday, Kansas and Northern Illinois elected to move the series finale to Saturday, March 2 at the Melissa Sports Complex in Melissa, Texas. First pitch is slated for 11 a.m. and can be heard on the Jayhawk Radio Network via KUAthletics.com/Radio.
/KansasBaseball
@KUbaseball


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Taxing sugar-sweetened beverages: impact on overweight and obesity in Germany
Falk Schwendicke1Email author and
Michael Stolpe2
BMC Public HealthBMC series – open, inclusive and trusted201717:88
Received: 6 July 2016
Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) increases the risk of overweight and obesity. Taxing SSBs could decrease daily energy consumption and body weight. This model-based study evaluated the impact of a 20% SSB-sales tax on overweight and obesity in the context of Germany.
The population aged 15–79 years was modelled. Taxation was assumed to affect energy consumption via demand elasticities, which affected weight and BMI. Model-based analysis was performed to estimate the tax impact on BMI in different age, gender and income groups.
Implementing a 20% SSB tax reduced energy consumption mainly in younger age groups, males, and those with low income. Taxation decreased the mean BMI in younger groups, with the largest decrease in those aged 20–29 years, while effects in groups 60 years or above were minimal. In absolute terms, taxation was estimated to avoid 1,028,000 (−3% relative reduction) overweight individuals and 479,000 obese individuals (−4%). Overweight decreased the most in males aged 20–29 years (408,000 fewer cases /−22%), the same applied for obesity (204,000/−22%).
An SSB tax could have significant impact on overweight and obesity, which could translate into substantial reductions of morbidity and mortality.
Overweight (defined as a body mass index of 25–29.9) and obesity (BMI ≥30) are increasingly common, burdening billions of people around the world [1], while being associated with a large range of diseases spanning from cardiovascular (including hypertension and coronary heart disease) over endodocrinologic diseases (including diabetes mellitus type 2 and hyperlipidemia) to neoplasms and psychologic disorders [2, 3].
Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are an important dietary energy source. As they are freely available and actively marketed [4], their consumption has been increasing in many countries, contributing to the growing prevalence of obesity [5, 6]. Given that the major SSB consumers are children, adolescents, and (often poorly educated) individuals from lower socio-economic status, who are less aware of SSBs' harmful effects, there have been calls calling for governmental action to act to reduce SSB consumption [7].
An SSB tax has been suggested to restrict SSB consumption. Given the consumption profile, such tax would likely reduce SSB and energy consumption and associated morbidities mainly in low- instead of high-income groups, thereby alleviating existing inequities in health [8–10]. The revenues of the tax could be further used for further public health actions against overweight and obesity, like subsidizing healthy drinks or foods [4]. SSB taxes are in place in several US states, Mexico and a number of European and Pacific countries [7, 11], and have been found effective for reducing SSB consumption in natural experiments [12, 13].
A number of health economic modeling studies found an SSB tax to reduce the risk of overweight and obesity [4, 14–18]. At present, no evidence on how this tax would reduce overweight and obesity in Germany are available. The present study aimed to provide such evidence.
This modelling study was built on the rationale that price increases as a consequence of additional SSB taxation would change SSB and other beverage purchases. The basis for our predictions as to this purchase reaction were empirical price elasticities of demand. Changed purchases resulted in altered energy consumption and, eventually, impacted on an individual's weight, thereby changing the BMI. We further assumed that beverage consumption and weight/BMI differed according to gender, age and income groups in the II German Nutrition Survey (NSV II). Elasticities were also assumed to differ between income groups. The model underlying this study (Fig. 1) has been previously used to estimate the impact of an SSB tax on dental caries and to estimate potential revenues as well as cost savings from such a tax in the context of German healthcare [19].
The SSB tax was assumed to affect consumption of different beverages via elasticity of demand, which in turn affected energy consumption and, consequently, body weight and BMI. The references for different data sources are additionally shown
Theoretically, an SSB tax can be levied per calorie value or gram of sugar ("specific tax"), or per value of sales unit ("ad valorem tax"), and can be implemented as an excise tax (before sales) or as a sales tax (at point of sale). We modelled the implementation of a national 20% sales tax on SSBs as an addition to existing value added tax (VAT). In our study, SSBs were beverages with added caloric sugars such as lemonades, fruit or sport drinks, but not fruit juice, milk products, non-sweetened (tea or coffee) or artificially sweetened beverages. The comparator was current practice, i.e. 0% SSB tax.
Setting and perspective
The setting of this study was Germany. As we did not assess any cost of disease impact or tax revenues, no further specifications of the perspective of this study needed to be made.
Target population and horizon
We simulated the 2015 German population aged 15–79 years. Those aged 14 years or younger were not investigated because consumption data were unavailable, while those aged >79 years were excluded because their SSB consumption was negligible. Modeling was stratified by sex and in 10-year age bands (except for 15–19 years). Population data were drawn from 2012 federal statistics, assuming no changes since then [20]. Household income data were used to construct three income strata, assuming that income was associated with beverage consumption and obesity (as reported in the II German Nutrition Survey, NSV II) as well as own- and cross-price elasticities (using additional data from a recent meta-analysis [17]). As we assumed any changes in energy intake to result in steady state weight changes (see below), we did not need to follow-up patients (i.e. the horizon of this study was a few months until this steady state of weight was reached). Note that this also assumes our price-elasticities explain short-term changes in demand; in the longer term, price elasticities tend to be higher and the effect of the SSB tax on obesity would likely be even larger.
Beverage and energy consumption
Details on beverage and energy consumption can be found elsewhere [19]. Briefly, estimates of beverage consumption (specifically, SSB, fruit juice, milk) in different gender, age and income groups from the NSV II [21] were matched with population age groups. While the overall volume of consumed beverages was known, the specific consumption of each beverage type was reported only by gender and income. We assumed that relative differences between gender and income groups as to the share of different consumed beverage types per overall volume were constant across age groups, too. This approach was validated by comparing the expected overall consumptions with the summed consumptions of different beverage types in all groups (Table 1). Beverage consumption was transformed into energy consumption via energy density (Table 2) using a Standard Reference [22].
Consumption of SSBs, juice and milk (ml/day per capita) in different groups
Male Income groups
Female Income groups
Note that consumption data for water etc. is not given
Price-elasticities of demand and mean (min/max) energy content of different beverages
Low or middle income stratum
High income stratum
Energy content (kcal/100 ml)
Own-/Cross-price elasticity
95% lower CI
95% upper CI
−1.21
Long 2015 [17]
Own price elasticity is highlighted in bold
Data from a recent meta-analysis [17] were used to estimate elasticities for SSBs (lemonade, fruit drinks), fruit juice and milk (average of whole and skim milk as far as this was assessed). Since elasticity differs by socio-economic (income) status [13, 23], we constructed two elasticity strata (low/middle and high income). Beverage consumption was transformed into energy consumption via energy density using a Standard Reference [22]
Our health outcome parameter was the BMI, i.e. an individual's weight in kg per squared body height in meters. Implementation of an SSB tax was assumed to change energy consumption and, thereby, weight. As body height was stable, BMI changed.
Price elasticity and pass-on rate
Price elasticity is consumers' relative increase or decrease in purchases of goods (here: beverages) in reaction to relative price changes (in this case resulting from taxation). Own-price elasticity is the percentage change in purchases of a good when the price of this good changes by one percent; cross-price elasticity is the percentage change in purchases of a good when the price of another good changes by one percent. Since no elasticity data for Germany were obtainable, data reported in a recent meta-analysis [17] were used, details on this can be found elsewhere [19]. Briefly, own- and cross-price elasticities for SSBs (lemonade, fruit drinks), fruit juice and milk (average of whole and skim milk as far as this was assessed) were extracted. Elasticities differ by income status [13, 23], which is why we modelled elasticities in low and middle income groups separately from those in high income groups. Elasticities were assumed to not differ by age or gender (Table 2). As this assumption might lead to distortions via cross-price elasticities (specific age and gender groups who consume only minimal amounts of SSBs are likely to have a lower cross-price elasticity than high-SSB consuming groups), we additionally performed a sensitivity analysis, adjusting cross-elasticities in different age groups for the consumed amount of SSB. This was done by dividing the cross-price elasticities by the average SSB consumption over all age groups in a specific stratum (like male individuals with high income) and multiplying them with the estimated age-group specific SSB consumption, based on the plausible assumption that any consumer's cross-price elasticity would be zero in the limiting case of zero pre-tax SSB consumption (as there would be no post-tax reduction in SSB consumption to be substituted). That way, cross-price elasticities decreased in (mainly elderly) low SSB consuming groups and increased in (mainly young) high SSB consuming groups.
Manufacturers can pass a tax onto consumers as a price increase. Theoretically and assuming a fully competitive market, this pass-on rate should be 100%, which we modelled in our base-case. However, many markets (the beverage market being one of them) are not fully competitive, with increased costs (as a result of the tax) being possibly absorbed by the manufacturer or even over-shifted to consumers [12, 24–28]. We therefore modelled an 80% pass-on rate in a sensitivity analysis.
Impact on BMI
To estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity, data from the most recent national census was used [29], which builds on self-reported data for body weight and height in different sex, age, and income subgroups aged 18 years or above. For those aged 15–17, we used data from the German Study on Children and Adolescents [30]. Both body weight and height were modelled using the gamma function [31].
To estimate changes in BMI per changes in consumed energy, we used published energy balance equations [32], which had been used before for similar modelling studies, assuming that a daily reduction in energy intake of 94 kJ (SD: 2.96) would lead to a body weight reduction of 1 kg [18, 31], with a new steady state body weight established thereafter [33]. We also assumed that the physical activity level of each individual would be unaffected by weight loss.
Discounting was not applied in this study given the short horizon.
Spreadsheet-based Monte Carlo simulations were used to estimate the effect of an SSB tax on body weight and, subsequently, BMI. Parameter uncertainty was introduced by randomly sampling variables from triangular or gamma distributions. Note that parameters were drawn independently, ignoring a possible correlation. For each modeled group, 100 individuals were simulated, each group then being modeled 100 times. Computational constraints prevented a higher number of walks, which might have enhanced the reliability of results. Moreover, confidence intervals were only calculated for the primary analyses (changes in energy intake and BMI), while for population level estimates, only point estimates were reported based on the sum of estimates yielded for separate groups [16]. Microsoft Excel (Microsoft, Redwood, USA), YASAIw (University of Washington) and SPSS 20 (IBM, Armonk, USA) were used for modeling and analysis.
Based on our simulations, a 20% SSB tax reduced daily energy consumption in males and, to a lesser degree, females (Table 3). The reduction was higher in younger than older people, and in low- than in middle- or high-income individuals. In older individuals, especially females, taxation even increased energy consumption slightly. This was, as the assumed cross-price elasticity led to increased consumption of fruit juices (which have significant caloric value), while SSB consumption decreased only minimally (as absolute consumption was low in this age group even without taxation).
Mean (SD) change of daily energy consumption (kJ/capita) at 20% SSB tax
−166 (125)
−65 (93)
−159 (99)
−5 (47)
−52 (459
Different gender, age and income groups were modelled. Note that in some groups, an SSB tax increased energy consumption, as SSB consumption was minimal even without taxation, but cross-elasticity increased consumption of juice, resulting in higher energy consumption
The mean BMI under current conditions was generally higher in male than female populations (except for those aged 15–19 years), and increased with age up to the age group 60–69 years. BMI was also inversely associated with income. Most individuals aged 30 or above were overweight according to the mean BMI (Table 4). Assuming implementation of an SSB tax, the BMI decreased mainly in younger groups, with the largest decrease in those aged 20–29 years (Table 4). Taxation also decreased the BMI in groups with low rather than high income, and males rather than females. Taxation had no or even minimally disadvantageous effect on BMI in groups 60 years or above (given the described increased consumption of fruit juice).
Mean (SD) BMI of different gender, age and income groups with and without implementation of an SSB tax
29.1 (5.1
Note that in few groups, assumed cross-elasticity led to increased consumption of juice, while SSB consumption was low anyway; this led to higher BMI if a tax was implemented
On the population level, taxation avoided 1,028,000 (−3%) overweight individuals and 479,000 (−4%) obese individuals. The benefit of a tax for reducing the prevalence of overweight and obesity was largest in those aged 20–29 years and male groups (Table 5). Obesity was also reduced mainly in male populations. Translating these relative changes in the prevalence rates to absolute numbers of avoided cases of overweight and obesity (Table 6) shows that the largest benefit would, again, occur in younger and mainly male groups.
The relative difference in prevalence rates (in %) of overweight and obesity when levying a 20% SSB tax compared with no tax, in different gender, age and income groups
Avoided number of overweight or obese individuals (in thousand) per different gender, age and income groups
Surprisingly, taxation had no benefit at the population level in most female groups with middle or high income and, generally, in groups aged 60 years or above. Within the applied model, mean energy consumption even increased in these groups (compare with Table 3). That was as absolute consumption levels of SSBs, milk and juice differed markedly in the older compared with younger groups (absolute SSB consumption was very low among the elderly to begin with). Based on age-invariant cross-price elasticities that also did not allow the size of the elasticities to be contingent on initial consumption levels, the same exogenous price change due to a given SSB tax level led to a greater absolute increase in juice consumption among the elderly than their SSB consumption was decreased. Moreover, as both milk and juice were assumed to have higher energy densities than SSBs, this shift in absolute consumption was additionally aggravated when transformed into energy consumption. Last, older age groups generally consumed lower amounts of energy containing beverages (and instead more water), which reduces any impact of an SSB tax in this group.
As one reason for the net-increase in the elderly's energy consumption from taxation in Table 3 is the implausible invariance of cross-price elasticities with respect to age and initial SSB consumption levels, we additionally applied age-adjusted cross-price elasticities, based on the observation that the elderly have lower SSB consumption before tax and cross-price elasticities would be zero for any person with zero pre-tax SSB consumption, to evaluate the relative changes in the prevalence rates of overweight and obesity (Additional file 1: Table S1). It was notable that except for the age group 15–18 years, the reductions in prevalence were more homogenously distributed across age and income groups, with all groups benefiting from taxation, albeit in some groups at a lower level.
Compared with the base-case, assuming a lower pass-on rate reduced the absolute benefit of taxation (Table 7), as did decreasing the tax rate to 10% or 5%. Applying age-adjusted cross-price elasticities had only limited impact on the overall absolute numbers of avoided overweight or obesity (Table 7).
Scenario analyses
Number of avoided overweight individuals (thousand)
Number of avoided obese individuals (thousand)
Base-case
Pass-on 80%
Tax 10%
Tax 5%
Applying estimated age-adjusted cross-price elasticities
Based on this study, an SSB tax could decrease calorie consumption and average population BMI in Germany. Such findings are in line with observational studies confirming an effect of a tax on SSB purchases [12, 34]. An SSB tax would be especially beneficial for younger individuals, males, and those with low income (i.e. the main SSB consumers), and could thus be valuable with regard to health equity, too [35]. Future studies should focus on this age group to assess benefits but also potential risks of an SSB tax. Overall and in absolute terms, one could expect a significant number of avoided overweight or obese individuals. The magnitude of the reduction both in relative and absolute terms is also similar to that reported for other countries, assuring us as to the validity of the used model [15–17]. However, when comparing estimated prevalence rates in different groups, we found certain under- and over-estimations in subgroups of income strata (especially for the prevalence for obesity), while the overall estimate (regardless of income groups) was near congruent with those found in epidemiologic surveys [30, 36].
Based on our findings, it is likely that the group to benefit the most are those aged 20–29 or, more generally, younger individuals, with higher benefits in male than female. This was mainly due to SSB consumption being high in these groups, while juice and milk consumption were low. It should be highlighted that, as discussed, it is uncertain if there would truly be an overall increase in energy consumption in elder and female groups, as our results in Table 3 suggest. Among the elderly, relatively stable behavioral patterns might have formed, which would mean that their own- and cross-price elasticities are lower than estimated for all age groups combined. Moreover, cross-price elasticities are likely to be lower at low initial levels of SSB consumption, as observed among the elderly. Applying different cross-price elasticities in low SSB consuming groups adjusted for the possible distortion and found the benefits of the tax to be more homogeneously distributed. However, as these age-specific estimates of elasticities were constructed on the basis of plausible behavioral assumptions instead of empirical evidence (to assess the robustness of our findings rather than to estimate precise effects), caution is needed when interpreting the findings of this sensitivity analysis.
This study has a number of strengths and limitations. First, nationally representative consumption data was used, which increases confidence in the policy implications. However, NSV II used dietary recording via diaries for estimating beverage consumption, which is prone for bias by misreporting. Further studies should strive and validate these consumption estimates using sales data. Data from NSV II could also be regarded as potentially outdated, as they were more than 7 years old; given the historic secular trend of an increasing consumption [7, 37] we could have under-estimated the effects of a tax on energy consumption and weight. Similarly, weight and height estimates were self-reported, with possible bias leading to underestimation of the BMI and possible underestimation of the benefits of a tax.
Second, elasticities were derived from a number of sources, as reported in a recent meta-analysis, and might not fully apply to Germany, leading to some distortions. Moreover, the used elasticity estimates are not age-specific and may thus lead to an over-estimation of the increase in juice consumption that an SSB tax triggers among the elderly, an issue which requires further study on the basis of age-specific elasticities. Ideally, one should also allow elasticity estimates to vary with initial SSB consumption levels (as attempted in our sensitivity analysis).
Third, the very concept of price elasticity of demand is an inevitable simplification based on the assumption that observed market demand is informative of individual behavioural responses to exogenous price changes, raising the issue of aggregation. Yet in research on tax policy, price elasticity is a well-established analytical tool to characterize (in one precise and easily compared summary measure) the shape of demand curves, i.e. plots of the geometric location of observed demand in a diagram with given prices of a good on the vertical axis and the quantities demanded at these prices on the horizontal axis, and to predict the empirical incidence of new taxes or tax changes. While in economic theory it is possible to specify downward-sloping demand curves by means of mathematical functions with constant price elasticity along the entire curve, the exact shape of real-world demand curves is usually unknown and could only be estimated with a very large number of individual observations. Their price elasticity is likely to vary with the initial level of demand before an exogenous price change, such as a tax, is introduced so that any elasticity estimate can only be an approximation for the relevant initial price level. An additional caveat is that price elasticities tend to ignore income effects of price changes, i.e. the reduction in available income for other goods after a purchase is made, but these effects are likely to be negligible in the present context as spending on SSBs is likely to be only a small proportion of consumers' total spending on consumption goods.
Fourth, substitution of SSBs with sugary foods has also not been modelled but might have some impact on energy consumption; there might even be a complementary relationship, implying an even larger benefit from taxing SSBs [38]. Fifth, the association between energy consumption and weight was assumed to be linear, leading to a new steady state after weight reduction occurred. This assumption is certainly a simplification, as different equations for men and women are likely to apply [15, 16, 39]. Metabolic rates might change after weight loss (for example due to different mobility of lighter than heavier individuals). Moreover, changes in energy intake due to elasticity might take place over a long-term period, which we did not account for. Similarly, we did not draw parameters from a correlation matrix, while weight, height and SSB consumption are likely to be correlated. Last, our study only describes the effects of a tax on obesity, while a range of other diseases may be triggered or aggravated. That, in turn, would also affect the cost-effectiveness. In general, it would be relevant to assess not only the effects of sugar consumption via increased energy intake, but also other proposed harmful effects of sugary diets [40].
Within these limitations and the specific assumptions made in this study, implementing a 20% tax on SSBs is likely to reduce overweight and obesity mainly in younger age groups, males and those with lower income. This finding, however, is highly dependent on estimates of the underlying own-price and cross-price elasticities, which might be improved through future research. In general, we expect significant relative and absolute benefits, which could translate into relevant effects on morbidity and mortality.
SSB:
Sugar sweetened beverages
This study was funded by the authors and their institutions. The authors deny any conflict of interest.
All data is available in this manuscript.
FS conceived and designed the study, constructed the model, performed the analysis, interpreted the data, wrote and approved the manuscript. MS designed the study, validated the model, interpreted the data, critically revised and approved the manuscript.
Additional file 1: Table S1. Sensitivity analysis. The relative difference in prevalence of overweight and obesity rates when levying a 20% SSB-tax compared with no tax, when applying age-adjusted cross-price elasticities (in %). Compare with Table 5, where cross-price elasticities were not age-adjusted. (DOC 39 kb)
Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany
Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Kiellinie 66, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Health policies, systems and management in high-income countries


As students of Cabrini High School, we have been taken under the wing of a saint; we have walked, learned, and prayed in the steps of Mother Cabrini. We have been blessed and we have benefitted from Saint Frances Cabrini's mission and a Cabrinian Catholic education. The mission of the Alumnae Association of Cabrini High School is to knit our alumnae community together, honoring the past, sharing the present, and providing stewardship for the continuance of Saint. Cabrini's mission through increased support for Cabrini High School's growth.


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text:
Q: Rails 4 - writing a route with concerns I'm trying to figure out how to write a route using the concerns function.
Section 2.8 of the Rails guide sets out an example of how to do this, as:
resources :messages, concerns: :commentable

I have models for Project and Potential Uses. The associations are:
Project
belongs_to :profile
has_many :potential_uses

Potential Uses
belongs_to :project
belongs_to :user

I have a view partial in my projects folder, with:
<%= link_to 'Add a potential use', new__potential_use_path(@project) %>

In my routes file, I am trying to figure out how to link project with potential use so that the new potential use path is associated with the project. I think I need concerns for this because user also has potential uses, so the route to potential use cannot be nested inside project.
I am trying:
    resources :projects do
    concerns: :potential_uses,
    member do

      put "publish" => "projects#publish", as: :publish
      put "remove" => "projects#remove", as: :remove
      put "approve" => "projects/approve", as: :approve
      put "closed" => "projects/closed", as: :closed

    end
    resource :favourite, module: :projects
  end

I can't start the server while the routes are expressed like this. An error message says:
routes.rb:137: syntax error, unexpected ':', expecting keyword_end (SyntaxError)
    concerns: :potential_uses,

The rails guide does not show the example of using concerns as needing additional end statements. Can anyone see what I've done wrong here?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home Opinion Tribute
12:00 AM, July 16, 2019 / LAST MODIFIED: 01:09 AM, July 16, 2019
Politics loses its Ershad factor
Hussain Muhammad Ershad (1930-2019). Photo: File Photo
Zayadul Ahsan Pintu
With the death of General Ershad, a prominent factor in Bangladesh politics has come to a close. From a soldier to a military dictator and then to a political leader, Ershad would surely be regarded by many as lucky. The man, who was supposed to be in prison until death, will now be laid to rest with the honour of the leader of the opposition in parliament and former special envoy to the PM. Not only that. Many of those who had once been his arch enemies are now grieving his passing.
So how did the "Ershad factor" come about?
To understand Ershad, his life has to be divided into three phases. First, his life in military service—from the Liberation War to 1982. Second, his stay in state power from 1982 to 1990 and third, from 1991 to his death.
That Ershad was opportunistic and power-hungry was clear since long before he entered politics. His role during the Liberation War is quite telling. As a senior officer with the rank of a Lt Colonel, he squandered the opportunity to join the war and chose to go to Pakistan instead. He did so when his colleagues, including Major General Abdul Monjur,fled to Bangladesh risking their lives to join the war. A trial is now underway over the allegation that Monjur was later killed on Ershad's instructions.
Ershad enjoyed the favour of Bangabandhu, Mushtaq and Zia governments. Bangabandhu's government sent him to India for training in June 1975. At that time, he was an official of colonel rank, but the training was meant for the officials of Brigadier rank. The then government promoted him accordingly so that he could take part in the training. He showed his true colours after the August 15 tragedy when he visited Bangladesh just to meet Bangabandhu's killers at the Bangabhaban. At the time, he had been attending a national defence course at the Agra Cantonment in India.
On August 24, within two weeks of Bangabandhu being killed, he was promoted to major general and made the deputy chief of army while he was still in training in India. His lucky streak was evident: becoming a major general and deputy army chief from a colonel in a span of only three months.
Another military ruler, General Zia, made Ershad the military chief. He thought Ershad, who was known to be a philanderer, would be more interested in other pursuits rather than enter the theatre of politics. Zia picked Ershad over other generals thinking that Ershad would pose no threat to his ambition. But Ershad was lying in wait. Ershad, who returned from Pakistan in 1973, sought to drive a wedge between the army officers who took part in the Liberation War and those who returned from Pakistan.
In 1981, when General Zia was murdered at the height of that division, Chattogram's GOC General Manzur was killed allegedly upon Ershad's instructions. The trial of the case has been ongoing since 1995. The court ordered reinvestigation of the case just a day before the verdict was to be delivered. Here too, Ershad, who was the number one accused in the case, was lucky.
Ershad began working his way to state power soon after Zia's murder. He appeared hell-bent on proving that Justice Abdus Sattar, who became the president after Zia's death, was a failure. At one point, he demanded that the army be given a share of state power and that it should be included in the constitution. In November 1981, then army chief Ershad called a number of newspaper editors and handed them a list of his demands, breaching all protocols. He told them that the army should have a constitutional right to hold state power. He couldn't wait any longer and seized state power by issuing a military decree on March 24, 1982, and ousted an elected government without bloodshed.
Immediately afterwards, he launched a campaign of repression to consolidate his power. Later, he himself formed a political party, following the footsteps of his predecessor. Like Zia, Ershad too bought politicians from different parties and gathered them in his party. He had by his side politicians of every hue. Those from the BNP constituted the mainstay of his party.
Ershad came to be known as a ruthless dictator during his tenure from 1982 to 1990. He took harsh measures to repress the simultaneous movements waged by the Awami League, the BNP and the left-leaning political parties. He resorted to bullets to quell the movement initiated by the students in mid-February of 1983. His campaign of repression had soon escalated into a campaign of murders in cold blood. And at this point in time, state-sponsored corruption gained a firm foothold. The concept that one can get away with corruption began to take shape during Ershad's regime.
Ershad set an ultimate example of using religion as a tool to cling to power. The vibrant presence of religious fundamentalism that we see in politics today was started by Zia and carried forward more deftly by Ershad.
Not only did he make Islam the "state religion" but also instigated communal conflict—in order to stay in power. In his personal life, he was far from being religious but he never shied away when it came to using religion for political gain.
Though hundreds of Nur Hossains and Dr Milons shed blood to see him ousted, Ershad managed to cling to power for nine years.
But nothing could save him eventually. Even his closest ally, the army, turned its back on him at one point. In December 1990, Ershad, once depicted as bishwa behaya by artist Kamrul Hasan in an artwork, had to resign in the face of a mass uprising.
With his ouster, the possibility of ushering in a liberal, non-communal nation was rekindled. Thethree-party alliancedid prepare a design but that too was hit hard with Khaleda Zia soaring to power while holding the hand of Jamaat in the fifth parliamentary election in 1991. Ershad was slapped with a few dozens of cases. He faced trial and sentences. He was behind bars throughout that five-year rule of Khaleda Zia. Despite being in jail, he won in five constituencies in the 1991 national election and his party secured 35 seats in parliament. Thus, the tyrant who was ousted through a mass upsurge found his way back into politics.
He won in five constituencies in the election of 1996 and his party won 33 seats. He managed a cabinet berth for his party's secretary general by lending support to Awami League, although the BNP envoys had met him in jail and requested him not to do so. Some of his party leaders also met him inside jail, but Ershad, having spent six years behind bars and resentful of the BNP, would not budge. Six months into the formation of Awami League government, he walked out of jail and two years later, he lent his support to Khaleda Zia and joined her four-party alliance. This made him a member of the opposition outside parliament but pro-government inside parliament. This situation led to a split in his party, which in the past as well had cracked due to Ershad's relations with a woman.
Before the 2001 election, the Jatiya Party split into three parts due to Ershad's confusion over which party to align with. Ershad was sentenced by the trial court in a graft case during the regime of Khaleda Zia. But in that case, the final judgement came from the Appellate Division during the regime of Awami League. He lost his position as a member of the parliament and was declared unqualified to contest elections. Once again, he was jailed. He was released after paying fines to the state exchequer. Khaleda Zia, who had kept Ershad in jail for six years, who gained the reputation of an uncompromising leader for participating in the anti-autocracy movement, and who had accused Ershad of murdering her husband, went to Ershad's place to show sympathy the very night he was released from jail. Once again luck was on his side because BNP soared to power through the eighth general election in 2001 and Ershad's party got 14 seats.
He joined the Awami League-led grand alliance right before the ninth general election, got 27 seats. After changing decisions multiple times in dramatic manner, he contested the 10th general election despite resistance from his wife Rowshan Ershad. The Awami League needed Jatiya Party by its side to hold the election which was boycotted by the BNP. Ershad ended up as a subordinate to his wife, the opposition leader in parliament. He contested the latest election from the grand alliance as well and got elected as the opposition leader of the parliament.
This man, who once refused to address Sheikh Mujib as "Bangabandhu" (the Father Of The Nation) while in power, made one of Bangabandhu's assassins a contestant in the presidential election and gave him the chance to sit in parliament, was lucky enough to become a member of the committee formed to celebrate the 100th birth anniversary of Bangabandhu.
Despite restoration of democracy after the fall of Ershad, the two main political parties, the Awami League and the BNP, prioritised politics of getting to power over that of principle. Thus, Ershad and his party gained legitimacy in politics, kept taking advantage of the conflicts between these two parties. The two parties have used Ershad time and again by intimidating him of jail terms and punishments and this is how Ershad survived.
Because of the politics of getting to power, Ershad could play one party against the other. The question of ideological coherence remained ignored. Those who prosecuted Ershad for murder, jailed him for corruption, pledged to build a democratic social system by removing him, only removed the person Ershad but not his ways. This is why, December 6, the day Ershad was removed from power has been celebrated as the "Democracy Day" in the first few years but no one remembers it anymore.
Zayadul Ahsan Pintu is Editor, DBC News.
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What are Your Rights as a Grandparent in Arizona?
The effects of an Arizona divorce are far-reaching. Not only are the spouses and children impacted by the failed marriage, but often the grandparents as well. Sadly, the amount of time grandparents get to spend with their precious grandchildren is sometimes limited following a painful divorce. The good news is that in Arizona, grandparents have rights that are specifically defined by the law.
It has been at least three months since your grandchild's parents have been divorced.
One of the parents has been deceased or missing for at least three months. There are two circumstances in which a parent would be considered missing – either the parent's location is unknown or law enforcement has declared him or her missing.
The parents were not married when your grandchild was born.
Our state is unique in that it also gives great-grandparents rights under the law. If you are a great-grandparent wondering about the possibility of obtaining a court-ordered visitation, you should talk with an Arizona family law attorney who can explain what is involved.
Your historical relationship with the child.
Your motivation in pursuing visitation.
Why visitation might have been denied.
The amount of visitation time that you have requested and the possible impact on the child's customary activities.
The benefit of continuing an extended family relationship, if one or both of your grandchild's parents is deceased.
Dealing with a family law issue, such as grandparent rights can be overwhelming. There are often a lot of emotions involved and knowing what steps should be taken can be downright confusing. We can help. Our Arizona family lawyers will walk you through the entire process of getting court-ordered visitation and will be available to answer your questions.
Contact the law firm of Curry, Pearson & Wooten, PLC by calling 602-258-1000 or toll free at 1-888-9AZLAWCOM (888-929-5292).


This whimsical, rustic little birds nest is made from wrapped antique brass colored wire. Nestled inside are three robin's eggs made from soft blue glass beads.
A wonderful gift either for a mother depicting her love for her children or for the nature or bird lover!
Dimensions: The diameter of the nest is approx 7/8 inch.


When I looked at my TELO this morning only the numbers 1 and 2 are lit blue. No flower. No dial tone.
I pulled the power cord and left it unplugged for 10 minutes. On plugging it in, again only the numbers 1 and 2 lit up...no boot sequence.
focuspuller wrote: When I looked at my TELO this morning only the numbers 1 and 2 are lit blue. No flower. No dial tone.
Probably had a power surge or lightening strike.
Remove power from the Ooma Telo.
Remove all Network cables, Phone cords, and USB devices from your Ooma Telo, leaving only the power cord connected.
Repower the Ooma Telo and see if it will boot farther then the Line 1 & Line 2 lights. If it will boot to the red flashing Ooma symbol, remove power and reconnect everything.
Otherwise if it only boots to the Line 1 & Line 2 lights, the boot loader is damaged and the Ooma Telo is unserviceable.
thunderbird wrote: Otherwise if it only boots to the Line 1 & Line 2 lights, the boot loader is damaged and the Ooma Telo is unserviceable.
Do you know how this could happen? It was fine last night, and this morning down and out.


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T-Mobile Says Data of 37 Million Customers Exposed in Second Data Breach in 2 Years
U.S. wireless carrier T-Mobile said on Thursday it was investigating a data breach that may have exposed 37 million postpaid…
T-Mobile says investigating data breach involving 37 million accounts
T-Mobile, the No.3 US wireless carrier by subscribers, said it was investigating a data breach involving 37 million postpaid and…
T-Mobile data breach exposes about 37 million accounts
US wireless carrier T-Mobile said on Thursday it was investigating a data breach that may have exposed 37 million postpaid…
Update on T-Mobile leaving AT&T and Verizon in the 5G dust
Ookla has just published its latest market report revealing where U.S. mobile carriers and smartphone manufacturers stand in terms of…


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Bob Jones University
BJUtoday
Matt DeHart Serves as Intern for WGTK-FM
by BJU PR | @bju_pr | public@bju.edu | June 15, 2016
GREENVILLE, S.C. (June 15, 2016) – Matt DeHart, a sophomore journalism and mass communication major at Bob Jones University, is serving this summer as an intern for WGTK-FM radio station in Greenville, South Carolina.
DeHart, a resident of Taylors, South Carolina, serves by producing live and prerecorded shows, editing website content, consulting with social media platforms, editing radio clips, and assisting with various remote broadcasts.
"I am excited to be able to use the skills that I gained at BJU in the journalism and mass communication department in my everyday work here at the radio station," says DeHart. "This internship has given me the opportunity to make an impact at the station, but it has also challenged and pushed me to be better at my craft."
BJU Presents Pirates of Penzance
by BJU PR
BJU to Host 48th Annual Invitational Basketball Tournament
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Take a Bow, BJU: Awards Presented For Best in State
by David Lewandowski
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BJU Students Volunteer on Martin Luther King Jr. Day of Service
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Stuff Available In:
Jazz, Funk
Jazz, Funk, Instrumental, Soul, Christian And Gospel, R&B, Rock, Blues, Classic Rock, Disco, World, Singer Songwriter, Folk, New Wave
Signed, Sealed, Delievered, I'm Yours
Stuff's Stuff
The Gadd Solo
Feelin' Alright
Life Every Voice And Sing / Oh Happy Day
Ode To Stuff
You Are So Beautiful
Brian Setzer's Rockabillity Riot! Osaka Rocka Live in Japan 2016
Three-time Grammy-award-winner BRIAN SETZER's new concert experience ROCKABILLY RIOT: OSAKA ROCKA! - LIVE IN JAPAN was filmed on February 18 at Namba Hatch in Osaka, Japan. Live and loud, the concert encompasses songs from SETZER's acclaimed 2014 studio album Rockabilly Riot! All Original a sizzling rockabilly album from start to finish featuring SETZER's trademark twang and fretboard fire. Also included are classic hits from his Stray Cats days, Brian Setzer Orchestra tunes and tracks from his solo albums. In front of the wildly enthusiastic audience, Brian Setzer and his band Noah Levy (Drums), Kevin McKendree (Piano and Guitar) and Mark Winchester (Bass) are firing on all cylinders.
Band in Seattle
Mctuff
Hammond organist Joe Doria brings together some of the best of the NW music scene to create a powerful and jaw-dropping funk and jazz sound like you've never heard. A mix of stellar musicianship, seasoned songwriting and deep groove where no musical stone gets unturned.
Live at Montreux - 1974
Formed by John McLaughlin in 1971, the Mahavishnu Orchestra pioneered the fusion of jazz elements into rock music while still undeniably retaining the power and muscle of a full on rock band. With McLaughlin as the ever-present, the line-up went through various phases and these two concerts from Montreux showcase the band at distinctively different times of their career, with the seventies show featuring later stars Jean-Luc Ponty and Michael Walden and the eighties concert featuring saxophone maestro Bill Evans.
David Sanborn has been a frequent visitor to the Montreux Jazz Festival, either headlining in his own right, as a sideman or as part of nineties "super group" Legends. This program focuses on his second headlining appearance in 1984 when he was touring in support of his "Straight To The Heart" album, which would see him win the second of his six Grammy Awards to date. The set combines tracks from that album with others from across his career. It features a special guest appearance by Rickie Lee Jones on piano and vocals on the track "Autumn Leaves". In 2008 David Sanborn released his 23rd album and his diverse career continues to thrive both on stage and in the studio.
Episode 110: Band In Seattle
Big World Breaks And Nicholas Russel Band
Get a sneak peek into the lives of Seattle Jazz and Funk bands: Big World Breaks and Nicholas Russell Band.
Cory Henry
Cory Henry takes a nostalgic journey back to his home church with The Revival, an ode to icons who have influenced modern music and a professional snapshot of Henry's discography. This live performance features the Hammond organ, Henry's first instrument, which has a rich history going back to the 1940s. Noting that it doesn't get as much recognition today, Cory Henry wants the audience to not only experience the organ from a gospel perspective, but also appreciate its vital contribution to diverse genres of music.
Return To Forever were at the forefront of jazz/rock fusion in the seventies and like their contemporaries Weather Report and Mahavishnu Orchestra were formed by a former Miles Davis sideman, in this case the great Chick Corea. Return To Forever hit their commercial and artistic peak with a string of albums in the mid-seventies featuring the line-up of Chick Corea on keyboards, Stanley Clarke on bass, Al Di Meola on guitar and Lenny White on drums. In 2008 this classic line-up reunited for their first tour in 25 years and proved that their musicianship and the chemistry within the band were as strong as ever. This concert was filmed at Montreux in July 2008 with the bonus tracks being filmed in Clearwater, Florida later the same month.
Live at Montreux: 1984
Live in Stockholm
2010 marked the 30th anniversary of the dawn of Rickie Lee Jones' storied recording career, which exploded in 1979 with her self-titled debut album and its top 10 hit, "Chuck E's In Love." Jones had an immediate impact on pop culture, enjoying the massive buzz, an instantaneous Rolling Stone cover, and winning the Grammy for Best New Artist. Three decades' later and she's still one of the most vital, distinctive and instantly recognizable voices in music. As evidence, March 7, 2010 a very special night in Stockholm, Sweden at the historic and regal Berns Salonger, built in 1862. Rickie delivered to a packed house the best of her catalog from her debut album all the way up to her latest release. It's all captured on this remarkable evening that no one in attendance will likely forget.
Hymns For Peace: Live at Montreux 2004
On July 15 2004, Santana took to the stage in Montreux accompanied by a stunning line-up of guests to perform a concert of songs about peace and understanding that they dubbed Hymns For Peace. Joining the regular Santana line-up in the band were Chick Corea, John McLaughlin, Herbie Hancock, Wayne Shorter, Ravi Coltrane and Idrissa Diop with further guest appearances through the night from Angelique Kidjo, Barbara Morrison, Patti Austin, Sylver Sharp, Steve Winwood and Nile Rodgers.
LADYSMITH BLACK MAMBAZO is the most famous and successful Zulu vocal group of all time. Founded and led by Joseph Shabalala in 1974, they quickly became hugely popular in their native South Africa, but it was their collaboration with Paul Simon on his classic Graceland album in the mideighties that brought them to a worldwide audience. The group's stunning vocal harmonies, combining a number of bass voices with a single tenor and alto and with Shabalala singing lead, are instantly recognizable and extraordinarily powerful and their live shows are also a showcase for athletic Zulu dancing. LADYSMITH BLACK MAMBAZO has played Montreux on three occasions and this program is a combination from all three performances. It features classic tracks such as "Hello My Baby", "King Of Kings", and the song cowritten with Paul Simon, Homeless, which has become their signature tune.
Mike Oldfield took the world of music by storm at the age of 19 in 1973 with the release of his debut album, "Tubular Bells", which hit the No.1 spot in numerous countries and has gone on to sell in excess of 16 million copies worldwide. A naturally shy man, it was not until the end of the decade that he began to play live on a regular basis. In 1981, by now a confident stage performer, he embarked on his European Adventure Tour, which took in the Montreux Festival in July, where he performed in front of an enthusiastic sold out audience.
We Live Here
Pat Metheny Group
Some six years after their previous studio album, the Pat Metheny Group regrouped in 1995 to release the album We Live Here. This was to be the first of a set of three albums that the band refer to as the triptych, the others being Quartet (1996) and Imaginary Day (1997). Following the release of the album, the Pat Metheny Group embarked on a world tour during which this concert was filmed in Japan. Many of the tracks from the We Live Here album are included along with others from their various eighties albums. There are short interview segments with the band members inserted between some of the songs which give an insight into the creation of the album and life on the tour.
Nina Simone one of the great female vocalists of the 20th Century, made four appearances at the Montreux Festival between 1968 and 1990. This film features the whole of the performance from 1976 as the main item, which is supplemented as bonus features by two tracks from her concert in 1987 and four from her final show in 1990. This is the definitive Nina Simone live film.
The first live album by saxophonist Kenny G was released in 1989, peaking at number 2 on the Contemporary Jazz Albums chart and number 16 on the Billboard 200. This performance was recorded live at Humphrey's Concerts By the Bay in San Diego, California. The concert film includes one of his most popular recordings 'Songbird' as well as 'Don't Make Me Wait For Love'.
Live At Montreux, 2003
Simply Red are one of the most successful British acts of all time with global album sales in excess of 50 million. Both the band and Mick Hucknall as a solo artist have been frequent visitors to Montreux across their 25 year career. This concert, filmed in the summer of 2003, was part of the tour in support of their multi-platinum album "Home". It features several tracks from that album, including many of their biggest hits and best loved album tracks. It's a typically polished and sparkling Simply Red performance with Mick Hucknall in excellent voice and the band in fine form.
Status Quos album Pictures (released in November 2008) celebrated 40 years of Status Quo filling the UK charts with hit after hit. The album was an instant success, charting at No.8 and selling over a quarter of a million copies in the UK alone. In July 2009 the Pictures live tour landed at Montreux in Switzerland as part of the world famous festival. The band, led as always by the twin Telecasters of Francis Rossi & Rick Parfitt, delivered a blistering set of hits and classic tracks from across their career including no less than 18 UK Top 20 hits. Huge screens behind the stage illustrated high points from Quos career and the usually reserved Swiss crowd were rockin all over the Auditorium.
Talk Talk were one of the most innovative and original British bands of the eighties. They enjoyed a string of successful albums and singles both in the UK and right across Europe. 1986 was the band's only appearance at Montreux and caught them at the height of their success. With a set list packed with hit singles and lead singer / main songwriter Mark Hollis' charismatic performance they delivered an outstanding concert that draws a great response from the packed Swiss crowd.
Live at Montreux Jazz Festival 1989
Youssou N'Dour is one of the true superstars of African music. A native of Dakar in Senegal he has been singing and performing since his childhood. He has performed with many leading western artists including Paul Simon, Neneh Cherry and Branford Marsalis but is perhaps best known for his association with Peter Gabriel. He was one of the stars of the 1988 Amnesty Tour and appeared at 8 Live concerts in Hyde Park, the Eden Project, Paris and Edinburgh – three of them on the same day! This concert from 1989 features Youssou N'Dour with his band Le Super Etoile de Dakar and was the first of four appearances he has made at the Montreux festival to date. N'Dour's voice is as fine as ever and the show is a showcase for the colour, emotion and energy so characteristic of his performances.
Puppet String
Live at Red Rocks