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-One of comics' quirky masters, Brandon Graham (Prophet, Multiple Warheads, King City), is launching a new series!
-Graham is adept at world building, crafting vast universes filled with diverse alien lifeforms. 8House Arclight will utilize those skills!
-Fans of Dune and/or Heavy Metal will appreciate the surreal narrative of this ongoing series, as a deposed queen has her mind trapped in a root body only to go on the run from the impostor whose taken her place.
-Each couple of issues will also feature a new artist, introducing the comic world to an array of up-and-coming talents!
-For anyone who picked up and enjoyed the Secret Wars Marvel Zombies tie-in from two weeks ago, check out author Simon Spurrier's new Boom! Studios fantasy epic!
-Spire deposits the reader into an expansive fantasy land divided by race and social status.
-The protagonist Shå, the world's equivalent of a police detective, will have to solve a string of serial murders, all while facing bigotry from those she's trying to protect.
-Bright, vibrant artwork from Jeff Stokely brings the comic to life and adds to Boom's long line of colorful, inventive series.
-President of IDW, Chris Ryall, a new Sci-Fi/horror miniseries!
-Ryall is teaming with exceptional artist, Gabriel Rodriguez (Locke & Key), on this miniseries.
-Seemingly inspired by equal parts ROM the Space Knight and Metroid, Onyx stars a female cyborg astronaut whose purpose is ambiguous.
-Four issues of Sci-Fi craziness brought to life by Rodriguez's creative layouts and character designs!
-Saga and Y the Last Man creator Brian K. Vaughn launches a new ongoing Image Comics series!
-Set in the near future, We Stand Guard is a war epic featuring unusual combatants!
-A Canadian resistance force has to defend their homeland against the fiercest military enemy in the world: the United States of America!
-Vaughn is joined by detailed artist Steve Skroce, the artist who storyboarded the original Matrix film.
-So you've seen Avengers: Age of Ultron and loved it!
-And you've picked up your free All New All Different Avengers on FCBD! What's another Avengers entry point?
-Avengers Vs. #1 is that entry point! Perfect for young or old readers who are looking for an introduction to the comic version of these characters.
-A one shot, Avengers Vs. #1 contains four short stories featuring the Avengers battling four of their worst enemies, including Loki!
-The long awaited sequel to the Batman Earth One original graphic novel is finally here!
-Returning as the creative team are Geoff Johns and Gary Frank!
-A young, very different Batman must contend with alternate universe versions of his arch foes!
-Features The Riddler, Killer Croc, and Two-Face!
-Gail Simone is taking Dynamite by storm!
-Simone's acclaimed run on Red Sonja has led Dynamite to hire her talents out on many other series.
-This epic six issue miniseries brings together the famous female stars of the Dynamite universe!
-The three protagonists are Vampirella, Red Sonja, and Dejah Thoris, but they will be joined by Miss Fury, Lady Zorro, and many more!
-It's finally here! The Marvel event that will literally change the universe as you know it!
-For the last three years, the various alternate Earths of the Marvel Universe have been slamming into each other, killing millions. The Illuminati have warded off as many as they can, but no longer.
-Alternate realities smash together, forming a singular Earth called Battlworld. Comprised of major Marvel realities, like Planet Hulk, Days of Future Past, Marvel Zombies, and many more, Battlworld pits them all against each other in a fight for survival.
-If you read any Marvel comic in this year, Secret Wars #1 is THE book to read!


Friday again and we are definitely getting closer to Christmas as there are several Christmas albums on the new release schedule (and I don't want to listen to any of them!!!). Thank goodness there are some great rock releases as well. If you like women rockers, there are two great ones coming out today in The Pretty Reckless and The Pretenders. So many to listen to and can't wait to hear them. My choices are highlighted in Blue.
Pretty Reckless – Who You Selling For – (Razor & Tie): Taylor Momsen and gang are ready for the new hard rock release. Taylor has a great voice that is perfect to rock out. She is amazing and so is this band. High hopes for this one.
The Pretenders – Alone – (BMG): This was an unexpected surprise. So excited that Chrissie Hynde is back. I have followed them since the early 80's and love everything they do. This is a must for me.
Over the last 10 years, the quality of Christian Music is a vast improvement over where it had been. There are so many great bands and artists now that wear the Christian Music label.
Many of the songs could be and should be played on mainstream radio, but sadly will not. There are so many different musical styles and Christian Music has them all pop, rock, metal, singer/songwriter, hip-hop, dance and indie.
As I get older, the Christian Music genre gets to be more important in my life and tends to hold more meaning for me. I follow bands out of this genre just as passionately as I do any other type of music. If I like it, I am going to listen to it…it doesn't matter what style or message the music might be expressing.
Sanctus Real – "Lead Me" – This song is so powerful and the lyrics are so moving. I listen to it and I want to be a better man.


Roger Federer is in New York for the US Open and took the opportunity to sit down with reporters at the Park Hyatt Hotel in midtown Manhattan on Wednesday to discuss his recent partnership with Uniqlo and his future in tennis.
The deal eventually struck between Federer and Uniqlo will reportedly pay the tennis star $300 million over the next 10 years. At 36 years old, Federer acknowledged that he is "probably at the back end of my career," although he has no plans to retire any time soon. "I'm going to try to play as long as possible," he said. "This is not my speech about retiring in any way." Still, the deal was reached with the understanding that Federer would retire at some point during the endorsement.
While it seems unlikely that Nike would ever cede the RF brand to Uniqlo or Federer personally, there does still appear to be a positive relationship between the athlete and the sportswear giant, as Federer continues to wear Nike sneakers at tournaments an in photoshoots. Indeed, in photos of Federer modeling Uniqlo's latest tennis gear that were hung along one wall of the Park Hyatt Hotel suite where the press conference took place, Nike's distinctive swoosh could be seen on his shoes. Uniqlo does not make shoes, so it is possible that a sneaker endorsement deal with Nike still exists, or that, after working with the brand for decades, Federer simply prefers their shoes over others.


this blog has a new purpose starting today. well, to be honest, i only posted once before this so it didn't really have a purpose to begin with. nonetheless, a purpose after not having one is still a new purpose. think i can say purpose any more times in this first purposeful sentence? i did it on purpose…okay, enough.
like i said, the new purpose for this blog is for me to educate my friends and family about life in japan. i can't promise that i'll make constant updates, as my life is pretty darn boring, but i'm hoping that because i don't email everyone all the time, it might be nice for people to check in on how i'm doing.
that all said, today was uneventful as usual. i gave interview tests to 2 classes on the lessons we've been learning for the past month and a half. the students did surprisingly well. actually, i take that back. some students did extremely well, but the average was meh. i think part of it was the bottom of the barrel students. the following is a pretty humorous interview test.
1) what is your name? do you belong to a club? yes: what club do you belong to? no: what do you do afterschool.
2) when you do you feel happy/sad/angry/frightened?
3) what do you think about video games/chinese food/smoking/horror movies/etc.?
there you have it. a month's worth of studying english. hope that was entertaining. until next time.


This entry contains information about Big Falls, Minnesota. For links to small business resources found in and around Big Falls, visit the Big Falls, Minnesota Hub.
Big Falls is a city in Koochiching County in Minnesota.
Link to this page: "https://wiki.smallbusiness.com/w/index.php?title=Big_Falls,_Minnesota&oldid=32500"


text:
The 1997 Speedway Grand Prix of Czech Republic was the first race of the 1997 Speedway Grand Prix season. It took place on 17 May in the Marketa Stadium in Prague, Czech Republic It was the first Czech Republic SGP and was won by American rider Greg Hancock. It was the second win of his career.

Starting positions draw

The Speedway Grand Prix Commission nominated Tomas Topinka from Czech Republic as Wild Card.

Heat details

The intermediate classification

See also
 Speedway Grand Prix
 List of Speedway Grand Prix riders

References

External links
 FIM-live.com
 SpeedwayWorld.tv

Speedway Grand Prix of Czech Republic
C
1997

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: What is the effect that makes components on a circuit board move into place? I am going to apologize ahead of time if this is a really simple question. I started learning to solder during my internship but I had no EE knowledge prior.
When I was working with surface mount soldering my internship adviser mentioned this property or effect, the name of which I'm blanking on, that would cause the pieces when heated to move into place on the pads of the board. Does anyone know what the name of that property or effect is?

A: It's just the surface tension of the solder in liquid state.
A physical system will settle in its lowest achievable energy configuration. Given the surface tension of the solder and the adhesion forces to the different surfaces it is in contact with, the lowest energy configuration would be all the component pins in the center of their respective pads. Of course, this assumes the presence of a solder mask and the resultant force overcoming any friction present.
It is the same principle that generates the meniscus of a liquid in a container.

A: I think you are talking of surface tension.
Here is a video of a BGA that is not centred on the pads being reflowed.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmb3uLqueNU

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
\section{Introduction}

Knowledge graphs have gained increasing importance in science, business, and society in the last years~\cite{Stocker.2022}. However, most knowledge graphs were either extracted or compiled from existing sources. There are few knowledge graphs that were created by an intertwined human-machine collaboration, e.g., Wikidata~\cite{vrandevcic2014wikidata}, Google's knowledge graph~\cite{singhal2012introducing}, or the Open Research Knowledge Graph~\cite{jaradeh_open_2019}.

A number of data quality assessment models have been proposed, since the quality of data and knowledge graphs is of paramount importance~\cite{Bizer2009quality,zaveri2016quality,PipinoData}. A shortcoming of these existing assessment models is that they do not take the specific aspects of intertwined human-machine curated knowledge graphs into account.
Intertwining human and machine collaboration can work in various ways~\cite{oelen2021organizing}. For example, on the one hand, machine intelligence can assist humans in the curation of scholarly knowledge graphs, e.g., by suggesting properties and values to be filled in a curation form. On the other hand, human intelligence can be used to validate the results of machine intelligence, e.g., by voting about the correctness of automatically extracted information pieces. In such scenarios, it is important to assist a community of curators in assessing and \textit{gradually} improving the quality of the scholarly knowledge graph.

   Furthermore, there are some quality problems arise when creating KGs from digital libraries.
   Kroll et al.~\cite{Hermann} ask, ``Why is automatically building knowledge graphs so difficult?" They think that the content selected by digital libraries may be too varied for rule-based methods to produce high-quality knowledge graphs.
   Yadagiri, and Ramesh~\cite{Yadagiri2012SemanticWA} pointed out that organizations' privacy concerns were a significant barrier to linked data technologies adaption in digital libraries.
   Gonzales~\cite{Gonzales2014LinkingLT} mentioned that copyright restrictions and legalities are the primary barriers for libraries to publishing data on the web. As, the libraries must acquire licenses for numerous periodicals, databases, and other online resources.
   Charles et al. \cite{charles2014links} and Cole et al.~\cite{Cole} remarked that a significant problem for Linked Open Data (LOD) on the web is multilingual and data heterogeneity.
   Sergio et al.~\cite{Oramas2014AutomaticCO} mentioned the challenge of enhancing the user experience when the KG is automatically created from a digital library.
   The ``general validity of facts" is mentioned by Kroll et al.~\cite{Kroll}, as they think that the current knowledge graphs on the web wildly vary from those utilized in scientific digital libraries. Even though entity-centric data in reputable LOD sources on the web may or may not be authentic, it is nevertheless likely to be genuine.
   Cole et al.~\cite{Cole} add that, practical LOD uses in a library setting are still few, immature, and mostly untested.

In this work, we propose a graded knowledge graph maturity model (KGMM), which specifically focuses on aspects related to the joint, evolutionary curation of knowledge graphs.
Our research approach leads to the following research question:
\textit{How can a maturity model for a scholarly knowledge graph look like?}
In that regard, we hypothesize that if the KG developers use our model, then the data will be available for the consumers in the most mature, complete, representable, stable, and linkable shape.

Our model comprises 5 maturity stages with 20 quality measures.
In addition, the measures are prioritized in three categories in each level to further support the applicability of the model.
The model is inspired by the FAIR data principles~\cite{Wilkinson2016}, the Linked Open Data star scheme by Berners-Lee ~\footnote[1]{\url{https://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html}}, the Linked Data Quality Framework~\cite{zaveri2016quality} but tailors and augments these frameworks specifically for scholarly knowledge graphs intertwining human-machine collaboration.
Especially for realizing and implementing the FAIR principles aiming at making data \underline{F}indable, \underline{A}ccessible, \underline{I}nteroperable and \underline{R}eusable, we need clear guidance for the developers of knowledge graph applications as well as curators following a principled knowledge graph quality model.

We demonstrate the implementation of our model in a large scale scholarly knowledge graph curation effort with more than 500 collaborators. We show how the model is implemented and can be used to incrementally assess and improve specific parts of the scholarly knowledge graph. Curators are given clear guidelines on how the maturity of a certain part of the scholarly knowledge graph can be improved to reach the next maturity stage.

The article is structured as follows:
We review related work in Section~\ref{sec:related}.
The research method is explained in Section~\ref{sec:research-method}.
Our proposed maturity model is introduced in Section~\ref{sec:kg-maturity-model}.
In Section~\ref{sec:use-case}, we present a use case based on the previously introduced model.
Finally, we discuss and conclude our work in Section~\ref{sec:conclusions}.

\section{Related Work}
\label{sec:related}
According to Proenca~\cite{proenca_methods_2016}, a maturity model is a methodology used to effectively assess elements of objects, such as processes or organizations, in various domains. Based on this assessment, maturity models enable to evaluate the current maturity level of a respective object in order to contribute to its continuous improvement by providing guidance on how to reach the next maturity level. In a literature review~\cite{orkg_comparison_maturity_models}, we found eleven maturity models  from six different domains, such as Software (Engineering), Information Management, and Business Information, that have an average of five maturity levels (minimum: 4, median: 5, maximum: 6) and cover an average of six attributes (minimum: 3, median: 6, maximum: 30). Table~\ref{table:maturity-comparison} shows an excerpt of this comparison. One of the most well-known maturity models is the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) by Paule et al.~\cite{CMMI-Paulk}. CMM enables software development organizations to enhance their consistency and capability to deliver high-quality software within budget and on time. In this work, we follow the same line of thought but focus on maturity in general for all sorts of knowledge graphs. Similar to CMM, our proposed KGMM enables the assessment of the quality of a knowledge graph in order to determine its current maturity level and thus provide guidance on how to achieve its next level.

A knowledge graph is a special kind of database that manages data in a graph structure. Therefore, the quality of knowledge graphs is closely related to the quality of its data. For any information system, data quality is crucial, as data is the cornerstone of the system~\cite{Larryquality}. Wang and Diane~\cite{Wang1996quality} define data quality as data that is ``fit-for-use" for a certain application or use case so that it fulfills its users' needs. This consideration of data quality is in line with ISO 19113 (2002) that describes data quality as the ``totality of characteristics of a product that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs''. Consequently, high data quality ensures that a system or product provides benefits for its users by satisfying their needs. In contrast, low data quality has several negative implications for the users, such as decreased customer satisfaction, increased operating costs, ineffective decision-making processes, and poor performance~\cite{PipinoData}. Therefore, any issues in the quality of data harms its use and thus restricts the value of the system or product from the users' point of view~\cite{zaveri2016quality}.

For this reason, Berners-Lee introduced the star rating system and the Linked Data Principles as instruments for a ``good linked data". This work was the starting point for the development of several approaches that examine and support the quality of knowledge graphs. One of the most well-known and currently prominent approaches is the FAIR principles by Wilkinson et al.~\cite{Wilkinson2016} to boost machines' ability to automatically find and use data (i.e., machine-actionability). Zaveri et al.~\cite{zaveri2016quality} analyzed 30 of these existing approaches, resulting in 23 data quality measures, which they summarized in the Linked Data Quality Framework. This work is one of the most recent and comprehensive frameworks on data quality. We built our KGMM model adopting the work of Berners-Lee, Wilkinson et al.~\cite{Wilkinson2016}, and Zaveri et al.~\cite{zaveri2016quality}, as their work is widely adopted in the data management domain and provides comprehensive guidelines for data quality assurance.

A shortcoming of these works is that they do not consider specific aspects of intertwined human-machine collaboration. However, Zogaj and Bretschneider~\cite{zogaj_analyzing_2014} explain that successful information system projects often also include crowdsourcing. In this context, Wang et al.~\cite{wang_research_2019} further stated that expert crowd members produce extremely accurate knowledge graphs. However, crowdsourcing is often not sustainable due to the limited human resources available. Therefore, crowdsourcing is usually used to refine knowledge graphs for three reasons. First, automatic methods struggle to achieve both high accuracy and broad coverage. Second, the network's documents have a long tail effect, implying that a large amount of knowledge is poorly dispersed. Finally, automatic processing technology is prone to flaws such as excessive noise levels and problems ensuring knowledge accuracy~\cite{qi_knowledge_2021}. We consider these reasons and their effects on the data quality by reflecting these human-machine dimensions in KGMM.

\section{Research Method}
\label{sec:research-method}
For developing and realizing the KGMM we followed a design science approach including the following five-step methodology:

\begin{enumerate}
    \item Reviewing different existing data quality and maturity models~\cite{orkg_comparison_maturity_models}.

    \begin{table}[t]
    \vspace{-2ex}
    \caption{Overview of selected maturity models in various domains.}
    \label{table:maturity-comparison}
    \resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{%
    \begin{tabular}{|p{3.8cm}|c|p{3cm}|c|p{2.5cm}|}
    \toprule
    \textbf{Module Name} & \textbf{Levels/}  & \textbf{Domain} & \textbf{Maturity} & \textbf{Practicality} \\
    & \textbf{Attributes} & & \textbf{Definition} & \\ \midrule
    Capability Model \newline Integration (CMMI)\tablefootnote[2]{\url{https://resources.sei.cmu.edu/library/asset-view.cfm?assetid=9661}} & 5/ 22 & Software & \checkmark & Specific improvement activities \\ \hline
    Model-driven Development (MDD) Maturity Model~\cite{rios_mdd_2006} & 5/ 3 & Product Lifecycle & - & General \newline recommendations \\ \hline
    Assessing Business-IT~\cite{Jerry_Assessing_Business_IT} \newline Alignment Maturity & 5/ 5 & Business Information Technology & - & General \newline recommendations \\ \hline
    Gartner Enterprise Information Management Maturity Model~\cite{Newman2008GartnerIT} & 6/ 4 & Information Management & - & General \newline recommendations  \\ \hline
    A Capability Maturity Model for Research Data Mgmt.~\cite{qin_capability_2014} & 5/ 6& Research Data \newline Management & - & General \newline recommendations\\ \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}%
}
\end{table}
    \item Eliciting requirements for a KG maturity model from the large-scale knowledge graph application Open Research Knowledge Graph (ORKG) aiming at intertwining human and machine collaboration.
    \item Studying the different quality dimensions in the previous works.
    \item Develop the KGMM by prioritizing and weighting various quality dimensions and measures based on the reviewed literature.
    \item Extension of the ORKG application by implementing features catering for the various KGMM measures and their evaluation.

\end{enumerate}

\section{Knowledge Graph Maturity Model}
\label{sec:kg-maturity-model}
In this study, we are proposing a tool to assess the KG maturity by measuring the data quality at each level.
In the KGMM maturity model, we define and prioritize quality measures for each level to boost the data quality and elevate the KG maturity.
We adapted the three priority levels from the FAIR Data Maturity Model Working Group ~\cite{fair_data_maturity_model_working_group_2020_3909563} and apply them to prioritize the quality measures for each level.
The three priorities are defined as follows:
\begin{itemize}
  \item \textbf{Essential}: denotes a quality metric that is crucial for approaching a maturity level, or, on the contrary, that maturity would be practically impossible to reach if the priority was not fulfilled.
  \item \textbf{Important}: addresses a quality metric that may or may not be vital in some situations. Achieving it, if at all possible, would significantly boost maturity.
  \item \textbf{Useful}: is a type of measure that concentrates on a nice-to-have quality metric that is not required.
\end{itemize}
We also use the pass-or-fail approach from the same publication, the FAIR Data Maturity Model Working Group~\cite{fair_data_maturity_model_working_group_2020_3909563}, to identify whether the quality measures for KG are meeting a given maturity level requirement or not. First of all, we associate each quality metric with a priority (Essential, Important, or Useful).
In any event, if a specific quality metric is ``essential", then the KG must fulfill this quality metric (pass) to advance to the next maturity level.
Furthermore, at least 50\% of the quality measures that are ``important" at a given maturity level should ``pass". Otherwise, the maturity level will be ``fail".
In conclusion, to make the KG pass a certain level, the KG should fulfill all the ``essential" quality measures and at least 50\% of the ``important" quality measures.

In \autoref{table:maturity-levels} we list the seven data quality dimensions in the rows and the five maturity levels in the columns. The 20 quality measures themselves are displayed in the table cells.

\begin{landscape}
\begin{table}[t]
\vspace{-2ex}
\centering
\caption{\textit{Overview on the KGMM maturity model.} The five maturity levels are listed in the columns and the quality dimensions in the rows. We also indicate priority levels and relevance for human-machine curation. For more concrete examples of the quality problems and the relevance for human-machine curation, please check our detailed table available on Zenodo. \cite{hussein_hassan_2022_6732786}}
\label{table:maturity-levels}
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{%
\begin{tabular}{|@{}p{2.7cm}|p{3.9cm}|p{4.5cm}|p{3.4cm}|p{3.4cm}|p{3.4cm}@{}|}
\toprule
\textbf{Quality}\newline \textbf{Dimensions} & \textbf{Level 1: \newline Published} & \textbf{Level 2: \newline Completeness} & \textbf{Level 3: \newline Representation} & \textbf{Level 4: \newline Stability} & \textbf{Level 5:\newline Linkability} \\ \midrule
\textbf{Accuracy} & Syntactic accuracy**[H,M] & Timeliness***[H] \vspace{3pt}\hrule\vspace{3pt} Correctness***[H,M]\vspace{3pt}\hrule\vspace{3pt}  Semantic accuracy**[H,M] &  &  &  \\ \hline
\textbf{Completeness} &  & Trustworthiness[H] *** \vspace{3pt}\hrule\vspace{3pt} Instance completeness**[H,M] \vspace{3pt}\hrule\vspace{3pt} Property completeness**[H,M] \vspace{3pt}\hrule\vspace{3pt} Population completeness**[M] &  &  & Linkability*[H,M] \\ \hline
\textbf{Findability} &  &  &  & Identifier stability**[M] &  \\ \hline
\textbf{Accessibility} & Responsiveness***[H,M] \vspace{3pt}\hrule\vspace{3pt} Easiness**[H] & &  & Queryability**[H,M] & Dereferencability *[M] \\ \hline
\textbf{Interoperability} &  & Provenance***[H] & Data representation*[H] & Trackability***[H,M] &  \\ \hline
\textbf{Reusability} & License***[H,M] &  & Reusability***[M] &  &  \\ \hline
\textbf{Succinctness} &  &  & Conciseness***[H,M] &  &  \\ \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
}
{\vspace{2pt}\raggedright*** Essential, ** Important, * Useful\par}
{\vspace{2pt}\raggedright[H] Indicates the relevance to human curation.\par}
{\vspace{2pt}\raggedright[M] Indicates the relevance to machine-actionability.\par}
\end{table}
\end{landscape}

\subsection{Level 1: Published}
At this level, the KG should be published on the web (in any format) with an open license fulfilling the following requirements:
\begin{itemize}
  \item \textbf{Responsiveness (Essential)}: It is marked as ``essential" because the KG is not useful for the end user if the KG is not accessible in a reasonable time. Nah~\cite{nah_study_2004} recommends that the loading time should be below two seconds.
  The exploration and curation Web interface for the KG should be accessible in a responsive manner with small page loading times.

  \item \textbf {Licences (Essential)}: The KG should be licensed under an open licence in order to make the data available for everyone. The licensing information should integrated into the KG interface in a machine-readable manner. The Creative Commons organization created an ontology to provide a machine-actionable representation of license information~\cite{10.2307/j.ctt5vjsx3.16}.
  \item \textbf {Syntactic Accuracy (Important)}:

  The syntactic accuracy according to Hogan et al.~\cite{hogan_knowledge_2022}, is the degree to which the data are accurate in terms of the grammatical rules set for the domain and/or data model.
  The syntactic accuracy is marked as ``important" because even without complete syntactic accuracy the KG might still be usable for both human and machine.
  Syntactic accuracy can be ensured by restricting the user interface (e.g., by form-based interactions) to only allow the entering of syntactically accurate representations.

  \item \textbf {Easiness (Important)}: We mean by easiness, an intuitive way to navigate, explore and curate a KG.
  Also, Garett et al.~\cite{garett_chiu_zhang_young_2016} find the easiness (easy navigation) as one of the unique (important) design factors that affect user engagement.
  Easiness also according to Hogan et al.~\cite{hogan_empirical_2012} means, the simplicity with which a user can interpret data without confusion, which includes at least the availability of human-readable labels and descriptions that allow them to grasp what is being presented.

  We mark this measure as ``important" because it is a key factor for sustaining user engagement with a KG.

  While the other measures in this layer can be largely automatically validated, checking for easiness requires more qualitative assessment means such as user studies, Web analytic, surveys or interviews.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Level 2: Completeness}
Wang and Diane~\cite{Wang1996quality} define completeness as the degree to which data has enough breadth, depth, and scope for the task at hand.
Furthermore, according to Hogan et al.~\cite{hogan_knowledge_2022}, data completeness is the extent to which a data set provides all the needed data. Issa et al.~\cite{issa_knowledge_2021} conducted a review that revealed nine of the most frequently used techniques (automatically or semi-automatically) for assessing dataset completeness.
We adopt semi-automatic techniques to let humans (crowd-members) and machines work jointly to complete KG data.
In Section~\ref{sec:use-case}, we discuss in more detail how we implemented a mechanism that allows intertwined human-machine collaboration.
Based on the previous listed work, we consider complete and current data as a key aspect of KGs.
Therefore, we define the following quality measures relates to completeness:

\begin{itemize}
  \item \textbf {Correctness (Essential)}: Hogan et al.~\cite{hogan_knowledge_2022} use the term ``validity" to refer to correctness.
  This is accomplished by imposing restrictions to prevent validity infringements within the KG.
  According to Batini and Scannapieco~\cite{Batinidata2006}, corrections are essential when the KG data comes from sources that are subject to error (e.g., caused by manual data entry) or from sources whose dependability is unknown.
  We consider correctness as "essential" because incorrect KG data leads to misleading forecasts for the data consumers. If the data is inaccurate, resources, time, and money are wasted.
  \item \textbf {Timeliness (Essential)}:
  According to Pipino et al.,~\cite{PipinoData} timeliness refers to how current the data is regarding the use case or objective.

  Fürber and Hepp~\cite{Frber2011SwiqaA} think that we can compare two timestamps to discover possible data obsoleteness if at least timestamps describing the last update of data are available in the source and destination data sources.
  We consider timeliness as ``essential" because outdated knowledge can lead to inaccurate analyses, which in turn leads to wrong decisions. Additionally, outdated knowledge can be considered incorrect, which relates to the previously described metric.

  \item \textbf {Provenance (Essential)}:
  Provenance data is widely acknowledged as essential for facilitating the reuse, management, and reproducibility of published data~\cite{Simmhan05asurvey}.
  According to Golbeck and Mannes~\cite{Golbeck2006UsingTA}, when it comes to filtering and aggregation, tracking the provenance of Semantic Web metadata is essential, especially when the trustworthiness of the data is in question.
  As previously mentioned, we leverage a crowdsourced approach for KG data creation and curation. To ensure data validity, provenance tracking is a crucial aspect to keep track of the history, and to be able to link data to the original source. Therefore, we consider provenance as ``essential".
  \item \textbf {Trustworthiness (Essential)}:
   According to Zaveri et al.~\cite{zaveri2016quality}, trustworthiness is the degree to which the data is considered correct, verifiable, actual, and believable. The data trustworthiness, according to Jacobi et al.~\cite{bassiliades_rule-based_2011}, is either: trustworthiness of the source, relative content trust (i.e., depending on the domain knowledge of the source, claims are either trustworthy or not), and a combination of factors.
    We have marked trustworthiness as ``essential" because when a KG cannot be trusted, the data consumer cannot make a well-informed decision.
  \item \textbf {Semantic Accuracy (Important)}:
  Hidalgo-Delgado et al.~\cite{Hidalgo-Delgado_quality_2021} define semantic accuracy as the level to which data values accurately represent real-world phenomena, as impacted by inaccurate extraction outputs, an imperfect number of claims, destruction, and other considerations.
  \item \textbf{Instance Completeness (Important)}: According to Micic et al.~\cite{Micic2017TowardsAD}, an instance is complete if a dataset includes all of the real-world objects required for a given task.
  \item \textbf{Property Completeness (Important)}:
  According to Batini and Scannapieco~\cite{Batinidata2006}, the property completeness is an estimate of the incomplete extent for any property in a KG.
  Hogan et al.~\cite{hogan_knowledge_2022} define property completeness as the measure of missing values for a given property in a KG.
\item \textbf{Population Completeness (Important)}:
  According to Batini and Scannapieco~\cite{Batinidata2006}, population completeness compares missing values to a reference population.
  Pipino et al~\cite{PipinoData}. define population completeness as the ratio of the number of represented objects to the total number of real-world objects known to population completeness.
\end{itemize}
Completeness assessment particularly benefits from intertwined human-machine collaboration, because deficiencies of automated or manual completeness assessment methods can be mitigated by the complementary strategy.

\subsection{Level 3: Representation}
At this level, the KG should fulfill the following requirements:
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf {Reusability (Essential)}:
\label{subsec:reusability}
Wilkinson et al.~\cite{Wilkinson2016} state that for data to be reusable, it should be:
\begin{itemize}
\item its meta (data) is thoroughly specified with a variety of precise and important properties.
\item its (meta) data are published with a clear and accessible utilization agreement.
\item its (meta) data are coupled with comprehensive provenance.
\item its (meta) data conform to community-relevant domain guidelines.
\end{itemize}
Moreover, Hogan et al.~\cite{hogan_knowledge_2022} state that reusability is the ability of a dataset to be coupled with other datasets.
We have marked reusability as ``essential" because it is one of the main FAIR principles.
In addition, reusability emphasizes machine-actionability so that the data consumers can use the KG without any or little human intervention.
\item \textbf {Conciseness (Essential)}:
According to Pablo et al.~\cite{Mendes2012SieveLD}, a KG is concise when there are no non-essential schema and data elements in the given KG.
Hidalgo Delgado et al.~\cite{Hidalgo-Delgado_quality_2021} differentiate between:
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{Intentional conciseness (schema level)}: meaning the absence of redundant schema components (properties, classes, shapes, etc.) in the KG.
\item \textbf{Extensional conciseness (data level)}: meaning the absence of duplicated entities and relations in the KG.
\end{itemize}
Batini et al.\cite{batini_methodologies_2009} refer to conciseness as ``uniqueness." They define it as the degree to which data is devoid of duplicates in areas of breadth, depth, and scope.
\cite{Frber2011SwiqaA} considers OWL helpful to avoid data redundancy on the semantic web. OWL can be used to flag synonymous identifiers with \textit{owl:sameAs}.
Batini and Scannapieco~\cite{Batinidata2006} see that when more than one state of the information system matches a state of the real-world system, data values are consistent.
We mark conciseness as ``essential" because the more prominent the KG's conciseness, the more readable and understandable the KG is
\item \textbf {Data representation (Useful)}:
\label{subsec:dataRepresentation}
Batini and Scannapieco~\cite{Batinidata2006} assert that the KG should present the data in a suitable language and unit, with explicit data definitions. They differentiate between different levels of data representation:
\begin{itemize}
    \item \textbf{Concise representation}: the KG presents data concisely without being encumbered.
    \item \textbf{Representational consistency}: Data is always displayed in the same format and is compatible with the older data.
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Level 4: Stability}
The KG should be available using open W3C standards\footnote{\url{https://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/query}} (e.g., RDF or SPARQL). In particular, the following requirements should be fulfilled:
\begin{itemize}
  \item \textbf{Trackability (Essential)}: \cite{bonatti_robust_2011,dividino_querying_2009,K-Automorphism} agree that keeping track of where the data originates from is of paramount importance when working with KGs. So it is ``essential" to verify the data sources in KGs to have a better reputation for accuracy, truthfulness, and fairness in the KG.
  \item \textbf {Identifier stability (Important)}:
  The WC3\footnote{\url{https://www.w3.org/TR/cooluris/}} recommends using URIs as a distinctive identifier for real-world objects. In addition, Hogan et al.~\cite{hogan_knowledge_2022} state that when the KG should be augmented with external data sources, it is necessary to use globally unique IDs to avoid name conflicts and use external identity connections to distinguish a node from an external source. They provide examples of stable identifiers like Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) for papers, ORCID IDs for authors, International Standard Book Numbers (ISBNs) for books, Alpha-2 codes for counties, and other persistent identifier (PID) schemes.
  \item \textbf {Queryability (Important)}:
  The KG should furnish a SPARQL, GraphQL and/or API endpoint to make it straightforward for the data consumers to retrieve data from the KG.
  According to Hidalgo Delgado et al.,~\cite{Hidalgo-Delgado_quality_2021} queryability necessitates data availability via SPARQL endpoints and RDF dumps.
  SPARQL endpoints likewise streamline federated search across several data sources, enhancing and enriching data accessibility.
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Level 5: Linkability}
At this level, the KG should achieve the following prerequisites:
\begin{itemize}
 \item \textbf {Dereferencability (Useful)}:
 Hidalgo-Delgado et al.~\cite{Hidalgo-Delgado_quality_2021} state that we can dereference resources based on URIs. We can correspondingly address the URIs using HTTP calls to return appropriate and authentic data. The resource dereferencing is complete if the HTTP call yields an RDF document and the HTTP status code is 200.
 \item \textbf {Linkability (Useful)}: According to Hogan et al.,~\cite{hogan_knowledge_2022}, linkability is the degree to which data set instances are connected. This measure is again a good example, where human-machine collaboration is beneficial. Automated linking techniques can be applied by machines using human input for training, validation and coherence assessment.
\end{itemize}

\section{Application of KGMM to a Large-Scale Use Case}
\label{sec:use-case}

The Open Research Knowledge Graph (ORKG)~\cite{jaradeh_open_2019} represents a perfect testbed for implementation and experimentation with the KGMM.
The ORKG comprises machine extracted and human curated semantic descriptions of research contributions from more than 10.000 scientific articles in 500 scientific fields~ \cite{karras2021researcher}.

A key element of the ORKG are tabular research contribution comparisons give an overview on the state-of-the-art for a certain research problem~\cite{oelen_generate_2020}.
We implemented the KGMM for the ORKG in particular also for evaluating the maturity of comparisons.
In this section, we first clarify how the ORKG satisfies the KGMM's requirements and then illustrate in detail how we implemented the KGMM for ORKG comparisons.
\begin{figure}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{review.png}
  \caption{\textit{Comparison peer review form for feedback from crowd members.} Box one (orange) contains the comparison's metadata. Box two (purple) contains a question asking the reviewers about the linkability (KGMM level 5). The question in box three (lime) asks the reviewers about the data representation (KGMM level 3). Questions in box four (blue) ask the reviewers about the KG completeness (KGMM level 2). The icons in box five (brown) enable the user to find all the needed reports or send the review to another expert. Box six (yellow) let the reviewers add links to external ontologies, if they can recommend any.}
  \label{fig:comparisonReview}
\end{figure}

\subsection{ORKG Maturity Levels}
The ORKG comparison has five maturity levels, identical to the KGMM model.
   We have illustrated a detailed table that demonstrates how the ORKG implemented the various KGMM maturity levels, quality dimensions, metrics, and measures available on Zenodo. \cite{hussein_hassan_2022_6732786}
\subsection{Application of KGMM to ORKG Comparisons}

One crucial type of content in the ORKG are comparisons of research contributions addressing a specific research question.
We now discuss how the KGMM was specifically applied to this type of content.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[trim={0 .2cm 0 1.1cm},clip,width=\linewidth]{maturity_report.png}
\caption{\textit{Full report about the current maturity level, and the number of added reviews.} The report aims at answering the following questions:
(1) What is the current maturity level?
(2) What are the properties, that the reviewers have recommended?
(3) How many reviews in total are needed for a comparison?
(4) How many reviewers have reviewed the comparison so far?
}
\label{fig:maturityReport}
\end{figure}

\vspace{-.2cm}
\paragraph{The reviews.} Once a comparison is published in the ORKG, peer community members (other than the original author) can add reviews for this comparison.
The comparison author can invite others to review the comparison by sending an email with the review URL.
The comparison review is publicly accessible for all users resembling an open review process.
To ensure data quality and provenance tracking, only registered users can add reviews.

We followed the design approach proposed by Cao et al.~\cite{qi_knowledge_2021} regarding to crowdsourcing task design.
Implicit crowdsourcing tasks excel better in terms of cost and outcomes.
The implicit crowdsourcing task implies that the crowd members are unaware of the existence of the task since it is part of the genuine user interaction with the application.
Additionally, they suggest designing binary choice (true or false) questions for more acceptable results.
As shown in \autoref{fig:comparisonReview}, our implemented review is a relatively straightforward, implicit agree/disagree task, where the reviewers inform us of their thought on the constructed comparison.

\vspace{-.2cm}
\paragraph{Determination of the minimum review number by the community.} We do not know how many reviews would be adequate to review a given comparison. A reasonable solution here is to allow the community to determine that by themselves. We enable the crowd members to decide what the minimum of required reviews should be for a comparison in their field.

\vspace{-.2cm}
\paragraph{The maturity report.} The report illustrates the maturity level of a particular comparison. Moreover, the report answers the question ``Why is a particular comparison at a certain maturity level?" The report helps the comparison author to comprehend what should be done to advance the maturity level by providing concrete steps. Also, the report is publicly available to the community, so others can help to improve the maturity of the comparison (cf. \autoref{fig:maturityReport}).

\vspace{-.2cm}
\paragraph{The feedback report.} The report reveals how the reviewers evaluate a given comparison. It is an aggregative, publicly available report of the reviewer's feedback for a given comparison. The report draws the comparison author's attention to what the reviewers think about his comparison. On the other hand, the report also assists the community in drawing an image of the others' thoughts.

\section{Conclusions and Future Work}
\label{sec:conclusions}

This work is a first of a larger research and development agenda.
We want to lift knowledge graphs to a novel level, by more 1) systematically intertwining human and machine intelligence and 2) developing means for managing more complex information assets in KGs then mere entity descriptions.
For both of these aspects, a maturity model for gradually improving the representations in the KG is of utmost importance.
With KGMM we presented a first version of a graded maturity model for knowledge graph applications aiming to intertwine human-machine collaboration.
The proposed model consists of 5 maturity levels, comprising 20 quality measures.
It has a strong foundation in existing quality assessment frameworks, including the FAIR data guidelines, LOD stars, and a set of additional work related to linked data quality.
The maturity model is complemented with dimensions specifically related to human-machine curated knowledge graphs.

We plan also to do either a qualitative or empirical evaluation. In that sense, we have to wait for one to one and a half years until we have adequate peer-reviews for the KGMM by our users. Afterward, we can have an extended version of the paper as a journal paper describing a detailed evaluation of the KGMM.
\paragraph*{Supplemental Material Statement:} Source code for Section \ref{sec:use-case} is available on Github.\footnote{\url{https://gitlab.com/TIBHannover/orkg/orkg-frontend/-/merge_requests/883}}
\bibliographystyle{splncs04}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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This book centers on narrative rupture, seeking to elucidate its role as a primary epistemological tool. Rupture can be conceived of as a 'travelling concept' (Bal 2002), as a basic cognitive instrument. On account of its elementary structure and rich semiotic implications, it has traversed academic time and space, serving ever more as an integral part of a wide variety of artistic, intellectual and ideological paradigms. This first volume of a series dealing with the relationship between narration and rupture approaches the concept of narrative disruption on a meta-methodological level. By laying the foundations for a general cultural theory of narrative rupture, we hope to contribute to the larger project of a narratology-based theory of culture.


The Office of Pastoral Planning is dedicated to helping pastors and parish leaders make their parishes even better through planning and leadership development. The Office offers a wide range of resources and support for parishes preparing for their Episcopal Visit, developing their parish pastoral plans and addressing priority issues in support of their plan.
Resources are also available for parishes interested in planning, leadership development training, communication, team building and during pastoral transitions.
A major role of the office is to create/update the Diocesan Pastoral Plan (nee Road Map) every 5 years.
The office also provides support for the Diocesan Pastoral Council.
Instrumental in helping develop new pastoral councils, the Office of Pastoral Planning provides updated guidelines and ongoing training for existing councils in the areas of pastoral planning, data collection, goal setting, developing evaluation measures and improving relationships with parish staff and ministries.
The office also provides training workshops addressing the areas listed above.


Contrary to popular belief, Paschimottanasana (seated forward bend) is not about touching your toes or being able to tap your knees with your nose. It's actually about creating length, as much length as you possibly can, in your spine and in your hamstrings.
There are so many different ways to modify this pose, so you're sure to find a variation that feels good for your body.
With legs stretched out in front of you and feet flexed, first sit up nice and tall, reaching through the entire spine. Draw the lower belly in as you tilt the pelvis forward to create length in the back legs. Slowly walk your hands forward, keeping your back flat as you fold over your legs and reach for the feet with your hands. Do not compromise the straightness of your spine in order to come closer to your legs. Doing so may strain the lower back, which can be very sensitive. As long as you continue to practice, the flexibility will come.
Practice this pose for ten breaths or longer if part of a yin or restorative practice.
Engage the lower belly and lengthen your tailbone to protect your lower back.
Keep the spine tall and the shoulders relaxed.
Avoid this pose if you have herniated spinal discs or other back injury, or diarrhea.
1. Adding a folded blanket or a yoga block under your hips will help to facilitate the pelvic tilt that is required to fold forward in this pose. This creates extra length in the hamstrings, and you might find that even a prop at a low height makes a big difference.
2. If you have tight hamstrings, try adding a rolled up towel, blanket or a yoga bolster under your knees. This allows you to relax into the pose while keeping the knees bent.
3. Lassoing a yoga strap around your feet can help you to work on deepening your flexibility while still honoring your body. Remember to keep your spine tall and the shoulders relaxed. If you start to feel like you're clenching your jaw or restricting your breath, you've gone too far into the pose and should back up to the point where you feel sensation but are still comfortable enough to breathe.
When practicing this pose as a part of a bedtime or restorative practice, it's important that we are able to rest the head to fully immerse ourselves in the pose and soothe the nervous system. Using props is the best way to achieve this goal. Remember that you can always combine modification ideas to achieve the ideal support for your body.
To practice this variation, sit at the edge of a chair with the legs extended in front of you. The feet should be flexed, toes pointed toward the ceiling. You can rest your hands on your thighs or on two blocks. Sit up tall, lengthen the crown of your head away from your tail bone. Tilt your pelvis forward and pull the low belly in to protect your lower back and create additional length in your hamstrings. Keep your neck neutral. Shoulders away from your ears. Hold for ten deep breaths.
For this variation, you will need a yoga strap. To come into this pose, lie flat on your back with your strap at the ready. Bend your knees into your chest and lasso both feet with your strap. Begin to extend your legs and reach the heels toward the sky. Make sure that your strap is long enough so that when you extend your legs, you can still keep your shoulder blades and elbows glued to the mat. This will prevent you from straining your neck. If there is a bend in your knees here, that's okay!
Take ten deep breaths here and then release the hold.


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Our attorneys believe that the best way to help people is to build a continuing, trusted attorney-client relationship. At Nooney & Roberts in Jacksonville, Florida our attorneys have over 35 years of combined legal experience successfully counseling and representing clients in numerous practice areas. We are prepared to take on your case with assurance. We want to assist our clients with the best service as possible. By doing so, we help build a file filled with documentation and records of the incident, to help support your case. We are dedicated to helping your case and are willing to meet up with our clients to collect more evidence and information for their case.
With a former state prosecutor heading our capable staff, you can expect to receive the benefit of our comprehensive knowledge and results-oriented legal advice in all areas of practice. We at Nooney and Roberts strive to help improve your circumstances by using our years of legal expertise. Our lawyers have years of experience to help win your lawsuit. It is our mission to help you get compensated for injuries caused other peoples' negligence. We are confident you will be pleased with our thorough services and hard work.
From our law firm in Jacksonville, located five minutes from downtown in the historic district of San Marco, we counsel clients in Jacksonville as well as other surrounding communities such as Orange Park, St. Augustine, Green Cove Springs, Callahan, Palatka, and Fernandina Beach in Florida. We have weekend and evening hours by appointment, and are happy to accept credit cards and payment plans. On personal injury cases, everything is on a contingency basis, which means there is no risk to you because we will only collect a fee if we obtain a settlement on your behalf.
When you choose Nooney and Roberts, you can be confident that you will receive adequate assistance and competent information. We are fully qualified to handle all of your legal needs and concerns, no matter how small. Our attorneys take a traditional approach to the law. At Nooney and Roberts, we are in constant communication with our clients and provide persistent updates to their cases. We would like for you to contact us with any legal questions you may encounter.
Our desire is to develop a continuing relationship with you no matter what your legal need is. We take pride in treating all of our clients with individualized assistance and support. We look forward to talking with you on the phone and meeting with you in person to talk about your case. The initial consultation is free. We want you to feel free to pick up the phone to call "your attorney" at Nooney & Roberts. We are first and foremost counselors of the law – and we like it that way.
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parling was right next to the check point/barn/registration. So it was awesome. We camped onsite, also awesome. Jill from Shale Hill was there with Icebugs! Schwag for 48 hour was a tshirt and this really nice pullover! Love it! The medal at the end is really nice and the belt buckle for 100+ miles was great.
The course was broken down into 2 loops: a 10 mile loop and a 16 mile loop. The 10 mile loop was great. A climb at first and then rolling hills all the way down. The 16 mile loop was like hell on earth. 3 miles of boggy marsh to a 10 mile loop that never ended, and then back along the 3 mile bog. I was eaten alive by Mosquitos. A bug band, 30% deet, and 98% deet didn't do anything, they just laughed at me and bit me anyway. The highlight of the race were the people themselves. Everyone involved with the race and even racer there. Amazing atmosphere.
Parking was free and onsite, swag was a medal, and shirt, the email said something about a hat, but there was a quality issue, and not sure when/if they are going out. you could put up a tent for 12 bucks for as long as you want. Shale Hill was there selling icebugs, but i took too long on my loop to know of any other vendors. Also if you got 888k over the 10 days you got a giant belt buckle, if you do the 72 you needed to do 150 miles to get a buckle, and 48hr you needed 100 miles.
for the spot, and probably found it, and put up extra marking, small problem is that what he put up was a different color, and there were a few other colored ribbons, but by the time he did that most people would be back tracking the loop. but there were a few other people that got lost bad, they found there way back but it was a big detour from what i heard. Also, from what i heard, the 10 mile loop was not too hard, but the 16 was horrible, but again, it is an Andy course, it will not be easy. Also, a whole bunch of killer bugs, that ate through 2 layers pf clothes, and through shoes!


text:
13th Annual Lawrence J. Schoenberg Symposium on Manuscript Studies in the Digital Age
With the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic in the early spring of 2020, virtual access to manuscripts and manuscript-related metadata became more important than ever before. The symposium will focus on the opportunities and limitations offered by digitization and lessons learned from the pandemic.
In the early spring of 2020, as the world shut down, scholarship and teaching were thrown into a virtual, online world. In the hands-on world of manuscripts studies, students, teachers, researchers, librarians, and curators lost physical access to the very objects upon which their work centered. But we were ready. Thanks to world-wide digitization efforts over the past twenty years, scholars at all levels and around the world have, by all counts, virtual access to more manuscripts and manuscript-related metadata than even a generation ago and are benefited by a broad array of digital tools, technologies, and resources that allow them to locate, gather, analyze, and interrogate digitized manuscripts and related metadata.
But in a Covid-19 Age, have these resources and tools been enough to continue manuscipt research and study? Has scholarship and teaching been supported by these resources and tools in the ways that those who created them intended? Has access to these artifacts of our shared intellectual heritage become more open and equitable or are there still hurdles for scholarship around the world to overcome? Has a forced reckoning with digital tools, technologies, and resources spurred new questions or avenues of research or thrown up barriers? As creators and users of digital tools, technologies, and resources, have we learned anything since March about the success or failure of such projects? We will consider these questions and the opportunities and limitations offered by digital images and manuscript-related metadata as well as the digital and conceptual interfaces that come between the data and us as users. Our goal is to offer a (virtual) space to discuss lessons learned since March and how those lessons can push us to better practice and development of strategies in the future.
The symposium will take Wednesday, November 18 to Friday, November 20. Each day will consist of a 90-minute session with papers in the morning, followed by a 90-minute panel discussion led by invited moderators in the afternoon. All sessions will be recorded and made available after each session.
Recordings of the event are available on the SIMS Youtube channel.
Alessandro Bausi, Universität Hamburg
Alberto Campagnolo, University of Udine and Ca' Foscari University, Venice
Orietta Da Rold, University of Cambridge
Lisa Fagin Davis, Medieval Academy of America
Doug Emery, SIMS, University of Pennsylvania Libraries
Bill Endres, University of Oklahoma
Johanna Green, University of Glasgow
Daniel Gullo, Hill Museum and Manuscript Library
Nicholas Herman, SIMS, University of Pennsylvania Libraries
Alicia Maria Houtrouw, Getty Research Institute
Samantha Kelly, Rutgers University
Erik Kwakkel, University of British Columbia
Laura Morreale, Independent Scholar
Dot Porter, SIMS, University of Pennsylvania Libraries
Kim Richter, Getty Research Institute
Sarah Bowen Savant, Aga Khan University, Institute for the Study of Muslim Civilizations
Peter Stokes, École Pratique des Hautes Études – Université PSL (Paris)
Kelly Tuttle, SIMS, University of Pennsylvania Libraries
Bridget Whearty, Binghamton University
Whitney Trettien, University of Pennsylvania
Additional Events
Two events will be held conjunction with the symposium:
Scholarly Editing Covid19-Style: Laura Morreale will lead a 3-day crowd-sourcing effort to transcribe, edit, and submit for publication an edition of Le Pelerinage de Damoiselle Sapience, from UPenn MS Codex 660 (f. 86r-95v). Sounds crazy? Well, that's 2020! For more information, click here.
Virtual Lightning Round: Pre-recorded 5-minute lightning round talks featuring digital projects at all stages of development, from ideas to implementation. Scroll up and click on the Lightning Round Videos tab to view the program and get the links or just go straight to the Youtube playlist here.
The Lawrence J. Schoenberg Symposium on Manuscript Studies in the Digital Age
This annual symposium brings together scholars to present research related to the study of manuscript books and documents produced before the age of printing and to discuss the role of digital technologies in advancing manuscript research.
Looking Back and Aiming Forward
Moderator: Lynn Ransom, Schoenberg Institute for Manuscript Studies (SIMS), Penn Libraries
10:30 -10:45 am: Welcome & Introduction
Sean Quimby, Director, Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, Penn Libraries
Lynn Ransom, SIMS, Penn Libraries
10:45 am -12:15 pm: Presentations
Digital and Computational Palaeography: Some Promises and Problems
Alberto Campagnolo, Università degli Studi di Udine
The Elusive Book, or the Digitization of the Materiality of Books
How Intertextual is the Historical Arabic Tradition? Views from the KITAB Project
12:15 - 2:00 pm: Break and Lightning Round Videos
Pre-recorded and streamed; available here.
2:00 - 3:30 pm: Discussion Panel
With responses by:
Doug Emery, SIMS, Penn Libraries
Access and Discovery/Inclusion and Exclusion
Moderator: Amey Hutchins, SIMS, Penn Libraries
10:30 am - 12:00 pm: Presentations
Distant Gatherings: A Text-Case for Digital Manuscript Collaborations
Manuscript Studies in the Digital Age: The Experience of the Beta Maṣāḥǝft Project on Ethiopian and Eritrean Manuscripts
Creating Access to Underrepresented Communities: HMML Authority File and Data Management in vHMML and Beyond
Nicholas Herman, SIMS, Penn Libraries
Kelly Tuttle, SIMS, Penn Libraries
Interrogating Interfaces and Digital Representation: Images, Metadata, Screens
Moderator: Jessie Dummer, SIMS, Penn Libraries
Alicia Maria Houtrouw and Kim Richter, Getty Research Institute
The Florentine Codex Initiative
Remote Codicology: Navigating the Material Book at a Distance
A Manuscript Wanders into VR: Oh My!
2:00 - 3:30 pm Discussion Panel
Dot Porter, SIMS, Penn Libraries
3:30 - 4 pm: Virtual Coffee/Wine Hour
Featuring a discussion by Laura Morreale on the results of the UPenn Codex 660 Transcription Project.
As the Schoenberg Symposium and the Schoenberg Institute for Manuscript Studies have long been demonstrating, access to digital images of manuscripts has grown enormously in recent years, particularly with IIIF and the movement towards increasingly open and rights-free content. At the same time, we have also seen increasing access to relatively powerful computers, fast internet connections, and now access even to hardware and software for deep learning such as free software libraries, increasingly affordable GPUs, and, in some cases, high-performance computing clusters. At the same time, however, librarians are often reporting less time for cataloguing and metadata, and at least in some cases access to original items is becoming increasingly difficult, not to mention the increasing complexity of computational methods and the widely-recognized fact that the 'reasoning' of modern machine learning is inaccessible even to specialists. The current health crisis seems to be accelerating these trends, which leaves the question: what of paleography? Looking at the past and present of digital and computational methods, in this talk I will attempt to identify some of the promises and problems of where we are now and where we seem to be going.
The digitization of books is generally understood as the capture of the page contents through photography and imaging. Not all features of books can be digitally acquired in this manner— we will refer to these as untransferable characteristics— and models and descriptive metadata are necessary steps to computerize important information about the structure and materiality of documents. Digitization, in fact, can do much more than reproducing books as texts to be read, and books are much more than flat sequences of pages: there is much information in books that has been largely ignored— so far. Among these, we find the physical form of books (e.g., bindings, the form and materials of its pages, inks, decorations, usage accretions, stains, and so on). While digitization tends to concentrate on the remediation of the content of books, we argue for an increased interest in the transmediation of the materiality of books. This digital representation and manipulation of an object's materiality is achieved through a number of means, metadata designation being one of the most established processes to bring these untransferable features into the digital. Digital surrogates created in this manner have the potency to be more than mere replacements of the original objects. Instead, when the transformative nature of the digitization process is more fully harnessed, they can become digital cultural objects: digital objects that transcend the originals, work in synergy with them, and make them something more.
At present, the KITAB project – a collaboration between historians and computer scientists – has assembled a corpus of 1.7 billion words of Arabic texts and is seeking to understand how transmission practices (ca. 700-1500) resulted in a tradition that is both enormous and also hugely intertextual. In this presentation, I will discuss, first, our efforts to build a corpus of machine-readable texts, including through an Optical Character Recognition pipeline. I will then focus on two research lines. In the first, we are modeling "text reuse" (meaning, the reuse, in whole or in part, of substantial chunks of texts by later authors). The extensive recycling of texts in new ones explains partly the large size of the Arabic tradition; it is also important also for understanding the transmission of ideas and the workings of cultural memory broadly. Secondly, I will focus on our work to study citation practices, and especially the chains of previous authorities frequently cited by Arabic authors. Oftentimes, our authors tell us precisely how they reused earlier texts, but their explanations are so many and so complex, that interpreting them without digital methods is nearly impossible. Models help us to capture this information. Through this lecture, therefore I hope to show the frontiers of what we might learn about one of the world's richest and most complex written traditions.
KITAB is a European Research Council Consolidator Grant project funded under Horizon 2020 and also receives funding from the Qatar National Library and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.
The restrictions imposed by COVID19 have challenged all who work in academia, and particularly those who work with material sources like medieval manuscripts, to reconsider normal practices of research exchange and how they might transfer to the online environment. Rather than slavishly replicating previous in-person formats which are invariably less effective when staged virtually, we have the chance instead to think creatively about how to capitalize on the digital medium, to investigate why people already willingly dedicate so much of their time to computer-based forms of communication. By identifying and co-opting what makes some kinds of virtual exchange successful, we can inspire new forms of academic exchange that re-invent rather than mimic older forms of teaching, research, and learning.
My talk will explore a series of manuscript-based transcription events that took place from May to October of 2020 (the La Sfera and Image du Monde Challenges) to determine what made these events successful, and how we might transfer these well-received techniques to future academic and manuscript based gatherings. I will also explain the essential components of what makes such events so compelling, and report on the status of the event that will take place concurrently with the conference, a three-day group project to transcribe and prepare for publication a digital version of Le pelerinage de dame sapience, a text housed at University of Pennsylvania's Rare Book and Manuscript Library, MS 660.
The project Beta maṣāḥǝft: Manuscripts of Ethiopia and Eritrea, based at the Hiob Ludolf Centre for Ethiopian and Eritrean Studies, and funded by the Union of German Academies in the Academies Programme through the Academy of Sciences of Hamburg, started in 2016 with the aim at creating a comprehensive research environment for the description and multimedial display and access of the written heritage of Christian Ethiopia and Eritrea. At the centre of the environment there is a relational database on Gǝʿǝz and Amharic manuscripts and inscriptions collecting data and information on works and texts, paratexts and paracontents (colophons, additional notes), but also authors, owners, scribes, places, and institutions, as well as data on all available physical features of the manuscripts. The project website provides digital images, supplied wherever possible, and some of the texts and passages edited and linked to lexica. The portal interoperability with other online repositories allows search from one central place across several existing platforms and the users can thus perform queries on texts, authors, scribes, and codicological elements for most known and accessible manuscripts from Ethiopia and Eritrea. Given the specific goals of the project and its structure since its very inception, the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic has prevented field trips, research, and digitization in the Horn of Africa, but has not affected the research work based on the platform, that, quite on the contrary, has proved effective and sustainable—of which the presentation will provide some examples.
Daniel Gullo
The HMML Authority File, funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities, addresses two primary challenges that confront access to endangered manuscripts from understudied traditions digitized by the Hill Museum & Manuscript Library (HMML): the need to identify and standardize understudied and unknown names and titles used to describe and search manuscripts in literary traditions that lack a national infrastructure to create authority files, and the need to create a system to share this data with the Library of Congress Linked Data Service and the Virtual International Authority File. HMML Authority File, or HAF, will also include different types of metadata, unicode characters, and other identifiers not supported by traditional MARC record creation to create better files for unique persons, works, and places. The complex database will be designed to allow faceted advance searching, thus removing the obstacles of string searching found in systems like VIAF and Library of Congress Linked Data Service. The goal is a robust database of authority files that will be submitted to the Library of Congress and be harvested by VIAF and Wikidata to help create a reference resource for librarians and scholars worldwide.
The Florentine Codex is a sixteenth-century Mexican manuscript produced collaboratively by Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún and a team of Nahua authors and artists. Its twelve books contain a primary Nahuatl text (an Indigenous language of central Mexico), a Spanish interpretation of the Nahuatl text by Sahagún, and over two thousand images painted by Nahua artists. Modeled after ancient Roman and medieval encyclopedias, the codex is renowned as a critical source on central Mexican culture and for its history of the conquest of Mexico.
The collaborative Florentine Codex initiative, initiated at the Getty Research Institute in 2016, leverages Getty's expertise in digital scholarship and vocabulary standards to produce: 1) the Digital Florentine Codex, a critical digital edition giving full online access to the manuscript and its transcriptions and translations; 2) a scholarly digital publication on the codex's Mexica perspective of the conquest of Mexico; 3) K-12 lesson plans on the conquest contrasting Indigenous and European perspectives; and 4) 4,000 entries contributed to the Getty Vocabularies (in English, Spanish, Classical Nahuatl, and contemporary Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl) drawn from the codex's unique linguistic content.
The Florentine Codex was completed in the midst of a devastating epidemic of 1575. Consequently, pigment supplies ran dry and illustrations went unfinished. Almost 500 years later, we tackle this digital initiative during a global pandemic and face a new set of unexpected circumstances. Although our born-digital outcomes were planned from the outset, today's obligatorily virtual world makes plain the urgency for more comprehensive access to cultural heritage.
Digitally communicating the materiality of medieval manuscripts has long been a subject of conversation and debate; where older scholarly arguments bemoaned the lack of sensory engagement offered by digital medieval manuscripts, more recent work has sought to demonstrate the myriad ways manuscripts exist as sensory objects both through and within the digital realm. While there are many more important things to have been impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic, access to our medieval manuscript collections was nevertheless also affected. Working remotely, and initially without any physical access to Collections, practitioners and users alike were left with the digital manifestations of our manuscript collections as their only material witness; rather than occupy the position of "surrogate", these digital remediations suddenly took on "object" status. And yet the question remained: given the 2D and text-focused nature of our professional digitizations, where is the material manuscript to be found when we are all working at a distance, and experiencing the material codex through a digital lens? This paper considers various spaces the material codex might be located digitally, considers how our former use and opinion of DIY digitization and Collections' social media content might now shift from "edutainment" to consider them "source material", and, via a case study of use at the University of Glasgow, evaluates how lessons learned from those spaces might influence investment in Virtual Collections technology, to continue to expand how we digitally communicate the material book at a distance.
Another way to write this title: "A Transformative Space within a Transformative Space: Cool!" Manuscripts have long been transformative spaces, as have scrolls, books, and computer screens. For manuscripts, such transformational energy occurs through engagement with pages but also through ceremonies, such as the "opening of the ears" ceremony (Apertio aurium), performed during Lent and involving the choreographed movement of four illuminated manuscripts. How, then, can VR, as a transformative space, transform how we study the transformative energy of manuscripts, that is, open the dynamics of one transformative space through another? In this talk, I will explore different types of affordances for various spaces, focusing on embodied engagement, to highlight how VR invites new methods for researching manuscripts.
All Lightning Round Videos have been pre-recorded. They can be accessed via the Schoenberg Symposium YouTube playlist or individually via the links provided.
Lightning Round Videos
The 13th Annual (Virtual) Schoenberg Symposium on Manuscript Studies in the Digital Age is delighted to present 25 5-Minute Lightning Round Videos featuring digital or digital-enabled projects at all stages of development, from ideas to implementation. Thanks to all those who contributed!
Laura Bitterli, University of Zurich
Ad fontes: An Introduction to Working with Historical Sources
Hannah Busch, Huygens ING – Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
An Artificial Eye for the Palaeographer: Applying Deep Machine Learning for the Study of Medieval Latin Scripts
Debra Taylor Cashion and Ben Bakelaar, Saint Louis University
METAscripta
Ainoa Castro, Universidad de Salamanca
The Secret Life of Writing: People, Script and Ideas in the Iberian Peninsula (c. 900-1200)
Katharine C. Chandler, Independent Scholar
Sister Manuscripts from the Chartreuse de Champmol
Melissa Conway, UC Riverside (retired)
Dante Digitalizzato: A Pilgrimage Through the Digitized Manuscripts of Dante's Commedia
Rachel Duke, Florida State University
Annulus Nuptialis' Origins: Attempted Repression, Attempted Recovery
Beth Fischer, Williams College
Creating Light-Sensitive Materials for Digital Manuscript Models
Thomas Hinton and Edward Mills, University of Exeter
Learning French in Medieval England
Tobias Hodel, Universität Bern
Transkribus – Handwritten Text Recognition for Premodern Documents
Miriam Intrator, Ohio University
Using Library Tools to Bring a Manuscript to (Virtual) Life
Irina Lobzhanidze, Ilia State University, Tbilisi
Wardrops' Collection Online (WCO)
Aaron Macks, Independent Scholar
A Dive into CoKL DB, or 4,560 Saints in a Database
Camila Marcone, Fordham University
Medieval Londoners' Property & Digital Pedagogy
Nick McBurney, Bookseller
Incidental Digitization: Twitter, Trade, & Scholars
Luisa Nardini, University of Texas--Austin
Chants, Hypertexts, Prosulas
Peter Robinson, University of Saskatchewan
Understanding Large Manuscript Traditions
Jessica Savage, Princeton University
Manuscript Studies and Iconography at the Index Medieval of Art
An Smets, KU Leuven
Magister Dixit: A Platform for Louvain Lecture Notes (1425-1797)
Evina Steinova, Huygens ING – Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science
etymologiae.ms: A Manuscript Database of the Early Medieval Manuscripts of the Etymologiae of Isidore of Seville
Mariken Teeuwen, Huygens ING – Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
e-CodicesNL: A Virtual Manuscript Library for the Netherlands
Emma Thomson, University of Pennsylvania
Digital Scriptorium 2.0
Nick White and Antonia Karaisl
Rescribe, A Pipeline for the Ages – Medieval Manuscript OCR in the Comfort of Your Own Home
Neil Weijer, University of Florida
When Are We Now? Re-imagining the Digital Manuscript Corpus
N. Kıvılcım Yavuz, University of Kansas
Transtextual Networks in the European Middle Ages: A Digital Corpus of the Trojan Narrative in Latin Manuscripts

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Metaglossary.com - Definitions for "incremental development"
(IEEE) A software development technique in which requirements definition, design, implementation, and testing occur in an overlapping, iterative [rather than sequential] manner, resulting in incremental completion of the overall software product. Contrast with rapid prototyping, spiral model, waterfall model.
A technique for producing all or part of a production system from an outline definition of the need. The technique involves iterations of a cycle of build/refine/review so that the correct solution gradually emerges. Also called "quick build" and "iterative development."
The incremental development approach is a top down implementation of distinct functional elements of the product. The development of each increment is accomplished as a separate waterfall type of development. The incremental development methodology differs from the evolutionary approach in that under the incremental strategy the end product is well-defined.
A technique for producing all or part of a production system based on an outline definition. The technique involves iterations of a cycle of build, refine, and review so that the correct solution gradually emerges. This technique can be difficult to control, but nonetheless is very useful when properly used; also called quick build and interactive development.


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text:
EDDIE WARES
Pos: D/RW
Devin DiDiomete filled a role on the Wolf Pack last season
Now In 3D - Devin DiDiomete
This edition of the Ranger Countdown we had intended to get out to you yesterday, but hosting a house warming party took the majority of the day and left me with little energy to finish this one off.
So with apologies to his fans for the tardiness, we present to you today Mr Devin DiDiomete.
Back in 2008, the Rangers gave the undrafted 20 year old a professional contract following a 56 point season with the Sarnia Sting of the OHL. Not that that was necessarily the only reason the 5-11 200lb left winger was brought into the fold, especially when you consider his stats may have been a tad inflated playing alongside Steven Stamkos.
With 734 penalty minutes including 77 fighting majors, in 236 games in the OHL, DiDiomete was clearly no shrinking violet. He backed that up after he turned pro, picking up 21 fighting majors in his rookie season with the Wolf Pack and another 17 last year in just 34 games, and another 8 in just 15 games with the Checkers in the ECHL.
Too bad fighting and taking penalties isn't more valuable. While DiDiomete has managed to transition that aspect of his game to the pro ranks, he hasn't been able to do much offensively. Often a healthy scratch last year, the now 22 year old will be going into his final pro year likely heading to free agency next Summer if he can't round out his game.
And the prospects don't look promising for him going into camp. After spending his entire rookie year with the Pack, he split time between the AHL and ECHL last season, and could very well start off with the new Ranger ECHL affiliate Road Warriors to start the year.
The possibility of one or two demotions from the Rangers, in combination with acquisitions of Jeremy Williams and Mats Zuccarello Aasen, means that ice time in Hartford is also likely to be hard to come by.
Expect to see DiDiomete one again be mostly relegated to part time duty on a crash and bang line, with stints down in the ECHL to help him get some playing time.
Stats: 0 goals, 2 assists and 119 penalty minutes in 34 games
Team: Charlotte Checkers (ECHL)
Stats: 0 goals, 1 assist and 110 penalty minutes in 20 games
Before he was signed to an NHL contract, DiDiomete was offered a deal by the Syracuse Crunch, the AHL affiliate of the Columbus Blue Jackets.


text:
Ulf Engel (* 27. Juni 1962) ist ein deutscher Politikwissenschaftler.

Leben
Er erwarb das Diplom in Politikwissenschaft (1981–1987) (Die entwicklungspolitische Programmdiskussion der SPD, 1982–1987) an der Universität Hamburg, die Promotion (1989–1994) (The Foreign Policy of Zimbabwe) in Hamburg und die Habilitation (1998–1999) (Die Afrikapolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1949–1999; venia legendi: Politikwissenschaft) ebenda. Seit 2006 ist er Professor für Politik in Afrika am Institut für Afrikastudien in Leipzig.

Seine Forschungsschwerpunkte sind internationale und regionale Organisationen, insbesondere die Afrikanische Union und die RECs/RMs, Afrikanische Friedens- und Sicherheitsarchitektur, Afrikanische Regierungsarchitektur, Konfliktverhütung und Frühwarnung, präventive Diplomatie, Konfliktanalyse, deutsche Afrika-Politik (Außenpolitik, Entwicklungspolitik, Sicherheitspolitik) und politische Entwicklungen in Südafrika und im südlichen Afrika.

Schriften (Auswahl)
  Unconstitutional changes of government – new AU policies in defence of democracy. Leipzig 2010, ISBN 978-3-86583-265-8.
  mit Gorm Rye Olsen: Authority, sovereignty and Africa's changing regimes of territorialisation. Leipzig 2010, ISBN 978-3-86583-330-3.
 The African Union finances – how does it work?. Leipzig 2015, ISBN 978-3-86583-956-5.
 Regionalismen. Berlin 2018, ISBN 3-11-058454-9.

Weblinks
 uni-leipzig.de

Einzelnachweise

Politikwissenschaftler
Hochschullehrer (Universität Leipzig)
Deutscher
Geboren 1962
Mann


text:
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The Benefits of Bad Weather: A Winter Love List Challenge
[Vintage Post: While I'm on a wintery writing retreat I'm sharing this updated vintage post. Thank you for your patience while I write, I'll be back with new articles soon. Thank you for being you, being here and wishing you warm days and good things, Grace xx] I'm writing this by the fireside, I'm wrapped up, wearing my almost-pyjamas (hint: check out what to wear all day instead of pyjamas.) It's a grey day, too dark even to go outside properly yet. But when the bad weather, dark-days-doldrums kick in, I have an antidote. And I'd like to share it with you here… I used to love winter, it was…
Christmas with Chronic Illness: 10 Coping Strategies for Flare-Free Festive Cheer
It may still be the start of December but oh my, things are in full festive swing it seems. (I have 'Christmas' in the title, but I am including all festive celebrations – I just liked the alliteration). But for many of us living with illness and pain, for those in hospital, or grieving loved ones, struggling with feeling lonely, or with money issues, the festive time can feel like a lot of pressure. Especially this year with the fuel and cost of living crisis, many people are struggling with survival. People are being forced to reconsider how they approach winter and while this level of permacrisis is unprecedented for many…
Dear Grace Q & A: How do I cope with tough conversations at festive events?
Dear Grace Q & A: How do I cope with difficult people in my life, during festive times? Like relations at family events who ask invasive questions about my health/weight/relationships. Or colleagues at the office party where there are social expectations to socialise in a certain, ablest, neurotypical way. Or when people start getting drunk and someone says something ablest and all the non-disabled people just look away from me (the only disabled person in the room). I'm dreading it, help! Dear Dreading-It, Thank you for being brave enough to share your question in this column, I am sure you are not alone in dreading the holiday season when it…
An Open Door: New Travel Writing for a Precarious Century Published
I'm delighted that my essay Gone To Abergavenny has been published in An Open Door, a new anthology from Parthian Books. Gone To Abergavenny is from my work in progress, The Selkie Papers: Field Notes on Finding Boundaries, which was shortlisted for the Nan Shepherd Prize in 2021. It's an honour to be featured alongside so many amazing writers. The history of Wales as a destination and confection of English Romantic writers is well known, but this book reverses the process, turning a Welsh gaze on the rest of the world. This shift is timely: the severing of Britain from the European Union asks questions of Wales about its relationship…
My Research & Development: Exploring Trauma-Informed Approaches To Digital News Delivery
I'm interested in how we tell, take in and shape stories. The stories in the news. The history of our family and community. The narratives of our lives. Since 2020, I've been working with Clwstwr Creu, supported by Cardiff University and the Arts and Humanities Research Council, to understand how we can take a trauma-informed approach to digital news delivery. I'm excited to get to the best part of my current research; user testing. This is part of my research and development in news and trauma. I'm a counsellor, writer and researcher. My focus is on working with clients with multiple marginalised or minoritised identities and working safely with embodiment…
Living With Disability and Starting A Business: It Can Be Done!
Beautiful things to do, because…
From Waist Height & Wearing 5
Limits to Liberation: Building Resilience in Business


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