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'State Authorization' Struck Down
Higher education hates the U.S. Education Department's recently enacted regulation requiring institutions to seek and gain approval from any state in which they operate, and has fought it on multiple fronts. Late Tuesday colleges and universities got at least a temporary reprieve from the part of the rule to which they most object — its application to online programs in which even one student from a state enrolls. A federal judge voided that part of the regulation in a ruling that otherwise upheld rules the department crafted over the past 18 months to try to protect the integrity of federal financial aid programs.
Tuesday's ruling by the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia came in a lawsuit that the Association of Private Sector Colleges and Universities filed in January on behalf of the for-profit colleges it represents. The career college group had challenged the state authorization regulation and two of the other "program integrity" rules — those that effectively bar incentive compensation for recruiters, and that hold colleges accountable if they misrepresent their programs and results.
While many traditional nonprofit colleges strongly opposed the state authorization regulation, they opted not to join the career college group's lawsuit, hoping instead that Congress would step in to block enforcement of that rule and another creating a federal definition of a "credit hour." The House has done so, but Senate action to follow suit appears unlikely.
But for now, at least, the part of the state approval rule that has drawn the most concern has been voided by the federal court, which upheld the other parts of the department's regulatory package.
Judge Rosemary M. Collyer disregarded the private-sector-college group's arguments that the Education Department had exceeded its authority in enacting the incentive compensation and misrepresentation regulations and that the rules are "arbitrary and capricious."
"While APSCU is understandably frustrated at its inability to provide merit-based pay increases to recruiters based on the easiest to measure and, arguably, most logical merit metric — numbers recruited — that does not mean the regulations are themselves impermissible interpretations of the [Higher Education Act] or otherwise unreasonable, especially in light of congressional concerns with recruitment practices," the judge wrote regarding the incentive compensation rule.


We don't need a committee to decide that we'd love to spend a few hours exploring Stormy. Learn More - opens in a new window or tab Any international postage and import charges are paid in part to Pitney Bowes Inc. Estimated delivery within working days. A brand-new, unused, unopened and undamaged item. Delivery times may vary, especially during peak periods. Estimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller's handling time, origin Post Code, destination Post Code and time of acceptance and will depend on postage service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab.


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Caterina Giacchetti   (ur. 28 października 1988 w Neapolu) – włoska pływaczka, brązowa medalistka mistrzostw Europy (basen 50 m), trzykrotna brązowa medalistka mistrzostw Europy na krótkim basenie.

Specjalizuje się w pływaniu stylem motylkowym. Największym jej sukcesem jest brązowy medal w mistrzostwach Europy w 2006 roku na basenie 50-metrowym w Budapeszcie na dystansie 200 m tym stylem. Innymi osiągnięciami zawodniczki jest zdobycie trzech brązowych medali w mistrzostwach Starego Kontynentu na basenie 25 m.

Linki zewnętrzne

 Rekordy życiowe zawodniczki

Przypisy

Włoscy pływacy
Urodzeni w 1988
Ludzie urodzeni w Neapolu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Amar'e Stoudemire was cleared tonight to begin practicing and will do so with the Knicks D-League team, the Erie Bayhawks, tomorrow. The D-League squad, whose GM is Allan Houston, is practicing at their Westchester facility the next few days.
Stoudemire has been cleared for contact in the largest step yet to his comeback from left-knee surgery. Woodson said he will practice tomorrow with the D-Leaguers and Thursday, too, after which he will be reevaluated.
The Knicks play Friday vs. the Bulls and Sunday vs. Minnesota at the Garden to finish out this homestand before the Christmas game in Los Angeles. . Woodson said it is unknown if Stoudemire will be ready by the end of the homestand after the two practices to determine how close he is to returning to a game.
A Knicks official said Erie runs the same plays as the Knicks and Woodson is reluctant to scrimmage his players amid all their injuries. Erie has a break in its schedule and don't resume until Friday in Springfield. D-League officials forsees in the future D-League teams coming to the NBA facilities to practice with their affiliates.
The Post reported last month Stoudemire was shooting for around Christmas. Another possible and fitting debut could be the following day when the Knicks visit Phoenix – Stoudemire's old stomping grounds.
Stoudemire may choose to debut on the road as he has been the focus of major fan criticism since his latest casualty – undergoing knee-debridement surgery.
Stoudemire will likely start out in a bench role. It is a good time for Stoudemire to ease in because both Rasheed Wallace and Marcus Camby, their backup big men, have been out with sore left feet. Carmelo Anthony (sprained ankle, cut finger) was also a "game-time decision'' vs. the Rockets last night, meaning Chris Copeland could conceivably make his second straight start.
Raymond Felton revealed he has a bruised bone in his right hand to go along with a bruised bone in his left hand that needed an MRI exam two weeks ago. Felton still is playing, facing Lin Monday night. Felton reiterated, "He deserves a standing ovation.''…Rasheed Wallace and Marcus Camby are still out with sore left feet. Wallace, who is dealing with an "old injury", will miss his second straight game. Camby, who has plantar fasciitis, will miss his ninth straight.


Piloting is a strong expression of human-centered design and we learned from every minute of trying aspects of our model with real students: goal frameworks help students stay focused and purposeful during self-directed learning time, students are just as motivated to "race deeper" as they are to "race ahead" on a competency-based progression…the list goes on. We plan to do much more of this as we launch our model in August. Everyone in the school community – from students and parents to staff and Dream Team members – will be shaping the school and will understand that we are only as good as the next evolution of our model.


The Brucejack Project is northwest British Columbia. Source: Pretium Resources Inc.
Pretium Resources Inc. [PVG-TSX, NYSE] has released an updated reserves and mine plan for its Brucejack gold mine in the Golden Triangle region of northwestern British Columbia.
It outlines an expansion to higher throughput of 2,800 tonnes per day from 2,700 tonnes, in a move that will reduce the projected mine life to 14 years from the previous 18-year estimate.
However, life-of-mine average production is expected to increase to 441,000 ounces of gold annually from the previous 404,000 ounce target. Estimates include average production of 520,000 ounces annually in years one to five and an average of 525,000 ounces in years one to 10.
Life-of-mine all-in-sustaining costs are forecast to be US$502 an ounce, an increase from US$448 per ounce.
The Brucejack Mine is a high-grade underground mine located approximately 65 km north of Stewart. A year-round all-weather road connects the mine to Highway 37. Production commenced in the summer of 2017.
Total proven and probable reserves currently stand at 6.4 million ounces of gold (16.0 million tonnes, grading 12.6 g/t).
This year, Brucejack is expected to produce between 390,000 and 420,000 ounces of gold with an average grade of 10.4 g/t gold. Pretium has indicated that lower grade material is currently being mined (with 5.0 g/t gold cutoff) and that production targets will be met this year through the mining of higher grade material in the second half of 2019.
Pretium has indicated that testing of longitudinal long-hole stoping is currently underway that is expected to reduce the amount of internal waste within stopes and potentially increase the average stope grade to reduce the amount of underground development.
If this proves successful, an updated mineral reserve and life-of-mine plan will be prepared for year-end with longitudinal longhole stoping included in the mining method and incorporating the reserve expansion drilling from this year's program.
"Since achieving production at Brucejack, we have processed over 1.5 million tonnes of ore and produced over 500,000 ounces of gold, providing us a solid foundation of operating experience and key metrics to update the life of mine plan and outlook for the mine," said Pretium President and CEO Joseph Ovsenek.
"At $1,300 gold, Brucejack now has an estimated after-tax net present value at a 5% discount rate of $2.59 billion over a 14-year mine life," Ovsenek said. "This is a significant increase from the 2017 estimated net present value at a 5% discount rate of $2.10 billion. With Brucjack as our foundation and with considerable growth profile, Pretium is well-positioned as a profitable gold producer," he said.
On Friday, Pretium shares eased 1.6% or 19 cents to $11.63. The shares are trading in a 52-week range of $8.33 and $12.87.


Welcome! This is a course where we take students to China and/or India for an experiential business tour. During the year these students study about China/India, and we use this blog as one online tool to get them thinking about China/India before they depart the USA. We use this blog to help keep the drumbeat of China/India fresh in their minds during the year so that when they get off the plane it's not the first time they have given some thought to the place they are visiting.
This means that many of the posts you will see in this blog are more current events, career, or potpourri related posts than deep, complex posts. I.e., baby steps. Let's first peek student interest in a place many of them have never visited, before we worry about making them experts and requiring this blog as their 'peer review journal outlet' to study China/India. Some of the deeper learning they will do about China/India before they arrive takes place through class meetings, book reviews and other assignments.
All are welcome to participate in this blog, including those outside the course and Cal Poly community. The more input and perspectives we have the merrier. This must be guided, however, by respect, reasonableness and professionalism. We know that the topic of China/India can stir strong emotions, beliefs and biases in people and there are some extremists in cyberspace on both sides of the debate with too much extra time on their hands seeking to mainly poke other people in the eye who may not drink the same kool-aid as they do.
Stated differently, if you consider yourself to be that arm-chair expert on China or India, or you are just a cyberspace troll, stalker or bully looking to pick a fight and beat up on a younger student as a way to make yourself feel good or look smart …. take a deep breath, relax, and please remember that you too were once young (or still are), you too may have been hesitant to express yourself in public if you feared you would be ridiculed by a nutcase, and you surely did not know nearly as much as you claim to now know. You might even put your money where your mouth is, learn how difficult good teaching can be and roll up your sleeves and help us engage students in a positive and constructive way. Personal attacks or cyber-scoffs have no place here.
On this item, here is our take. The professors who have set up this blog make little effort to hide their own identity, and there is a reason for that. We were raised and taught that if anything is worth writing for others to read, then it is worth signing your name to. Thus, we do not have much patience for people who make comments in cyberspace or are critical of others (or about this blog via email) using pseudonyms or under some other veil of anonymity. While we won't delete such comments on the basis of anonymity, we also won't take the time to address or respond to comments from people who do not identify themselves.
We travel to the People's Republic of China or India to study these emerging markets. In the future we may visit other countries as the "puck" of business continues to move and be in play.
The course and tour include mandatory pre-departure and on-the-road meetings, readings, book reviews, case studies and discussions. Participants study American and Asian and/or Indian business practices while visiting large cities in China and/or India. Professor Chris Carr normally leads the tour.


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Un indicateur est un outil d'évaluation et d'aide à la décision, élaboré à partir d'un élément mesurable ou appréciable permettant de considérer l'évolution d'un processus par rapport à une référence.

Rôle de l'indicateur

 Des indicateurs synthétiques facilitent la communication, notamment par un langage et référentiel commun.
 Évaluation des politiques, de progrès, de tendances...
 Identification des mécanismes propres à un domaine (indicateur sectoriel)
 Évaluation de la pertinence ou de l'efficacité d'une réponse à un problème (par exemple de la compensation d'impacts)  En fournissant des données quantifiées, il permet de déterminer concrètement le nombre et la qualité des dispositifs à mettre en place lors de la perturbation d'un milieu par l'Homme et ses activités.
 Évaluation de la performance d'une organisation (exemple en logistique : taux de service)
 Évaluations particulières, par exemple du degré d'adaptation des espèces et écosystèmes au changement climatique et de l'importance de ce dernier en termes d'impacts écologiques.
 Information et éducation des citoyens

Caractéristiques de l'indicateur

Un indicateur efficace doit répondre à plusieurs critères :
 robuste, fiable, précis et donc spécifique : l'interprétation doit être stable et cohérente dans le temps ;
 sensible : il doit refléter effectivement les variations de ce qu'il est censé synthétiser ou mesurer ;
 compréhensible, simple et utilisable par tous les acteurs (protocole simple et applicable dans le temps, d'heure en heure ou d'année en année par exemple) ;
 pertinent par rapport à l'objectif concerné (par exemple pour mettre en évidence les liens entre les différents composants du système ou de l'écosystème) ;
 coût acceptable par rapport au service qu'il rend ;
 utile : le fait de le considérer doit ajouter de l'information à la prise de décision.

Le modèle pression-état-réponse

Le modèle pression-état-réponse a été mis en place par l'Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques. Il a notamment servi de base pour de nombreux travaux sur les bioindicateurs et indicateurs de biodiversité.

Ce modèle est fondé sur la notion de causalité : les hommes et leurs activités exercent des pressions sur les écosystèmes et modifient leur qualité et leur quantité. La société (ou un système) répond à ces modifications, par des mesures dont l'ampleur et les effets peuvent aussi être évalués si ce n'est mesurés par des indicateurs.

Indicateurs de pression

Ils décrivent souvent les altérations d'un système. On distingue :
 les pressions directes (exemples : pollutions, prélèvements de ressources peu renouvelables, pour le domaine de l'environnement) ;
 les pressions indirectes (exemples : activités humaines à l'origine d'altérations d'écosystèmes, d'agrosystèmes, de systèmes urbains ; exemples, toujours dans le domaine de l'environnement : destruction de milieux naturels, fragmentation des habitats, nombre de véhicules et kilomètres parcourus par personne et par an, consommation d'énergie, production d'énergie, démographie

Indicateurs d'état

Ils mesurent à l'instant l'état d'un système, soit pour le comparer avec un ou des états antérieurs, soit pour le comparer ensuite avec des mesures successives pour mesurer une tendance.
Tant que possible, ces indicateurs se rapporteront à la qualité et à la quantité.

 État de la diversité écosystémique

Indicateurs de réponse

Ils illustrent l'état d'avancement des mesures prises (par exemple, dans le domaine de l'environnement : restauration, de la protection et/ou de la gestion des écosystèmes et de la biodiversité).

Exemples d'indicateurs, dans différents domaines
 Dans le domaine des ressources humaines l'Indicateur Typologique de Poste (ITP, M.Hamadou) permet de définir les compétences générales, les orientations  attendues par rapport à un poste donné.
 Dans le domaine des indicateurs environnementaux, des bioindicateurs sont utilisés pour évaluer l'état de l'environnement :
 dans le domaine de la biodiversité, les indicateurs sont le plus souvent des indices permettant de quantifier la biodiversité, sa répartition spatiale et ses variations dans le temps ;
 dans le domaine spécifique de la qualité de l'eau, on parle aussi d'indices biotiques pour décrire l'état d'un cours d'eau, d'une mare ;
 dans le domaine des sols, il existe aussi un indice biotique de qualité des sols.

 En chimie, les indicateurs (de pH, de complexométrie, etc.) permettent de fournir des informations sur des solutions.

 En économie, les indicateurs permettent la mesure de certaines activités économiques voire macro-économiques.

 Dans les entreprises, les indicateurs de gestion permettent aux managers des différentes activités de mesurer la performance des différentes organisations et de piloter l'activité selon les objectifs principaux du métier. Exemples :
 dans le domaine industriel : les indicateurs comme le taux de rendement synthétique ou le taux de rendement global ;
 dans le domaine de la finance : les indicateurs comme le ROI (retour sur investissement), la rentabilité des actifs, la marge nette ;
 dans le domaine logistique : le taux de service, la rotation de stock, les coûts ;
 dans le domaine marketing : la part de marché, le taux de marge, le taux de pénétration du marché ;
 dans le domaine des achats : le Pareto des fournisseurs ;
 dans les démarches d'amélioration continue, et dans les démarches qualité, les indicateurs permettent de mesurer ce qui est fait et le chemin restant à parcourir.

 Dans les chemins de fer, l'indicateur est un livret donnant les horaires des trains.

 Dans la police, un indicateur (ou plus couramment, un indic') est un auxiliaire bénévole qui fournit des informations (souvent contre une rémunération qui peut prendre diverses formes de façon officieuse la plupart du temps).

 Dans le domaine de la prospective et/ou de la planification, on s'appuie sur des indicateurs (ou indices) de tendance.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Élaboration concertée des indicateurs de cohésion sociale, Guide méthodologique, Conseil de l'Europe, 2005.

Articles connexes
 Tableau de bord (gestion)
 Tableau de bord prospectif
 Indicateur clé de performance
 Évaluation
 Statistique, descripteur
 Indicateur de biodiversité


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Tag: Slashers
by David on October 31, 2018 in Episodes
Happy Halloween! It's finally here.
Ashlee and David talk Halloween and recap the movies they've watched for their 31 Scary Movies in October. David introduces the "pumpkin thumbs up" rating system.
Follow us on Twitter at @blumhousedvded and Instagram at @ablumhousedivided.
And leave us a review on Apple Podcasts! We'd really appreciate it.
by David on August 6, 2018 in Episodes
The Town That Dreaded Sundown might be my favorite movie we've watched for the podcast. In this episode we talk about the 2014 remake of the classic slasher, it's connections to American Horror Story and Archie Comics, and what exactly a slasher needs to do to get us invested.
Episode 39 – Happy Death Day
by David on November 1, 2017 in Episodes
I'm getting this episode in just under the wire. I don't like to make excuses, but between school, work, and an internship, I can honestly say that the podcast's priority gets buried.
But Ash and I still make time for movies, and we saw Happy Death Day on Friday the 13th. What a special film. It's so much fun, and I think it's fantastic that an original story can do so well critically and financially.
When we started this podcast, it seemed silly to focus our efforts as fans of one very specific little studio. But I think we were right on the money with Blumhouse as a studio, a brand, and an icon of the genre. It paid off in 2017. Get Out, Split, The Belko Experiment, and now Happy Death Day. And what a year for horror in general! IT's massive success is going to have huge influence on the next few years of the genre.
2018 is shaping up to be even greater with Insidious: The Last Key, The Purge: The Island, and Halloween already slated on Blumhouse's schedule for next year! I know this sounds like an end of the year reflection post, but I think in a way, Halloween signals a time of renewal and transition in the horror genre.
Thanks for listening, and I hope you had a horrifyingly happy Halloween! Please remember to subscribe, review, and share the show!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


本発明は、導電性ブレードに関し、特に、電子写真感光体、転写プロセスに用いる転写ドラム及び転写ベルト、又は中間搬送ベルトの帯電・除電・クリーニングに用いられるクリーニングブレード、並びに現像プロセスに用いられて電荷平坦化、除電及び帯電をするための現像ブレード、さらにはトナー規制ブレード等に用いて好適な導電性ブレードに関する。 The present invention relates to a conductive blade, in particular, an electrophotographic photosensitive member, the transfer drum and the transfer belt used in the transfer process, or the cleaning blade for use in charging, charge removal, cleaning of the intermediate conveyor belt, and used in the developing process charge flattening, a developing blade for the neutralization and charging, furthermore relates to a suitable conductive blade with the toner regulating blade or the like.
電子写真法あるいは静電記録法での乾式現像方式においては、感光体に現像されたトナーは転写工程により紙に静電転写されるが、感光体に付着したトナーはすべて転写することはできず、この残留トナーがつぎのサイクルまで持ち越されると、感光体が露光される工程で、トナー像が感光体の光放電を妨げ、これによって得られたコピーは画像欠陥となってしまい好適な画像を現像することができない。 In the dry developing method in an electrophotographic method or an electrostatic recording method, toner developed on the photosensitive member is electrostatically transferred to the paper by the transfer process, it is impossible to transfer all the toner adhered to the photoreceptor When the residual toner is carried over until the cycle of the next, in the step of the photosensitive member is exposed, to block light discharge of the toner image photoreceptor, a suitable image is obtained copied becomes an image defect by this can not be developed. そこで、感光体に付着・残留したトナーを除去するために、各種のクリーニング方式が提案されている。 Therefore, in order to remove the toner adhering-remaining on the photosensitive member, various cleaning methods have been proposed.
クリーニングブレードを用いる方式もその1種であり、ゴムなどの弾性体を感光体に直接接触させて残留したトナーをかきとるものである。 It is also one that method of using a cleaning blade, in which scraping toner remaining in direct contact with the photosensitive member to the elastic member such as rubber. この方式においては、クリーニングブレードは、上向きに回転する側の感光ドラムの中心から伸びる水平線、あるいはそれよりもやや上方に位置する部分にブレードの下端が当接するように配置され、感光ドラムが回転することによって残留トナーがかきおとされることになる。 In this method, the cleaning blade is upwardly rotated to the side of the photosensitive drum horizon extending from the center of, or the lower end of the blade portion located slightly above than is arranged so as to abut the photosensitive drum is rotated so that the residual toner is scraped off by.
ところで、通常、クリーニングブレードは金属製の支持体に両面接着テープあるいはホットメルト接着剤によって取りつけられるが、クリーニングブレード全体の電気抵抗値は、ポリマー組成物が本来有する電気抵抗値に支配されるものであり、この場合のクリーニングブレードの電気抵抗値は10 1 2 Ω以上という高い抵抗値を示すものとなり、感光体の摩擦帯電を除去することができないうえに、連続的に長い時間使用した場合、画像に悪影響(白スジ、ムラ)を起こしたり、あるいはトナーがクリーニングブレードの裏面に回ってしまう、いわゆるトナー散りという問題が生じ、クリーニングブレードとして好適に使用し得るものとはいいがたい。 However, usually the cleaning blade is attached by a double-sided adhesive tape or a hot melt adhesive to a metallic support, the electrical resistance of the entire cleaning blade, in which the polymer composition is governed in electrical resistance inherent There, the electrical resistance of the cleaning blade in this case is assumed to exhibit high resistance value of 10 1 2 Omega more, since it is impossible to remove the frictional charging of the photosensitive member, when used continuously long time, the image adverse (white stripe, unevenness) or cause, or the toner will be turning to the rear surface of the cleaning blade, a so-called toner scattering occurs a problem that, it can not be said that can be suitably used as a cleaning blade.
また、最近、トナーの粒子径が非常に細かく、また、粒子形状も真球に近くなってきており、トナーのかきおとしが難しくなってきている。 Also, recently, the particle size of the toner is very fine, also the particle shape has become close to a sphere, scraped toner is becoming more difficult. そのため、クリーニングブレードの材料強度を上げ、圧力でかき落とす方法、低温での反発弾性が高く、その反発弾性の温度依存性が無いもの、ブレード自体に導電性を持たせ、静電気力によりトナーを吸着、反発させてクリーニングさせる方法が挙げられる。 Therefore, increasing the material strength of the cleaning blade, a method of scraping pressure, high impact resilience at low temperatures, that there is no temperature dependence of its resilience, has conductivity to the blade itself, adsorbs toner by electrostatic force , and a method for cleaning by repulsion. このような観点からも、そのままの材料強度を保ちつつ、クリーニングブレードに導電性を持たせる必要性がある。 From this point of view, while keeping intact material strength, there is a need to provide conductivity to the cleaning blade.
そこで、クリーニングブレードの電気抵抗値を低くするために、組成物中に導電性カーボンブラックを配合して、体積固有抵抗値を10 4 Ω・cm以下に調整し、静電気除去用ブレードとする技術が知られている(例えば、特許文献1参照)。 Therefore, in order to lower the electric resistance of the cleaning blade, by blending a conductive carbon black in the composition, to adjust the volume resistivity below 10 4 Ω · cm, a technique for a blade for removing static electricity known (e.g., see Patent Document 1). ところが、体積固有抵抗値が10 4 Ω・cm以下に構成されているために、除去したい部位以外に存在する電荷まで除去してしまい、鮮明な画像が得られにくいという問題がある。 However, since the volume resistivity is configured below 10 4 Ω · cm, will be removed to charge present other than the region to be removed, there is a problem that a clear image is difficult to obtain. またクリーニングブレードの体積固有抵抗値を10 3から10 10 Ω・cmとするように、ポリマー中に導電性カーボンブラックを配合して電気抵抗値を調整しようとしても、導電性カーボンブラックの分散状態およびわずかな添加量の違いで電気抵抗値が大幅に変動しやすく、これを量産化体制に移行した場合、安定した電気抵抗値を有するシートを供給することが極めて困難となる。 The volume resistivity value of the cleaning blade to 10 3 and 10 10 Omega · cm, even attempt to adjust the electrical resistance by compounding conductive carbon black in the polymer, the dispersion state of the conductive carbon black and slight in amount of difference tends electrical resistance varies greatly, when a transition it to mass production system, to supply a sheet having a stable electric resistance value becomes very difficult. また、カーボンブラックを添加すると、機械的物性、特に圧縮永久ひずみ、永久伸びが悪化し、硬度が上昇する等の問題がある。 Further, the addition of carbon black, the mechanical properties, strain especially compression set, tension set deteriorates, there are problems such as the hardness increases.
一方、このような問題を解決するものとして、熱可塑性樹脂ポリウレタンに、過塩素酸リチウムのようなイオン導電性物質を配合し、加圧電圧50Vにおける電気抵抗値(25℃)が10 3 Ωないし10 10 Ω、好ましくは、10 3 Ωないし10 7 Ωのクリーニングブレードが開示されている(例えば、特許文献2参照)。 Meanwhile, In order to solve such problems, a thermoplastic resin polyurethane were blended ionic conductive substance such as lithium perchlorate, to an electric resistance (25 ° C.) is 10 3 Omega not in acceleration voltage of 50V 10 10 Omega, preferably, 10 3 Omega to 10 7 Omega cleaning blade has been disclosed (e.g., see Patent Document 2). このように過塩素酸リチウムなどのイオン導電剤を添加した場合、10 6 〜10 8 Ω程度の中抵抗の電気抵抗値を有するブレードが得られ易いという利点がある。 If thus adding an ion conductive agent, such as lithium perchlorate, there is an advantage that it is easy blade is obtained having an electric resistance value of the resistor in the order of 10 6 ~10 8 Ω.
なお、導電性カーボンブラックなどの電子導電タイプの導電剤と、過塩素酸リチウムなどのアルカリ金属塩からなるイオン導電タイプの導電剤とを併せたハイブリッドタイプの導電性ブレードも知られている(例えば、特許文献2、特許文献3参照)。 Note that the electroconductive type of the conductive agent such as conductive carbon black, are also known hybrid type conductive blade in conjunction with a conductive agent of ionic conductivity type consisting of alkali metal salts such as lithium perchlorate (e.g. , refer to Patent Document 2, Patent Document 3).
しかしながら、過塩素酸リチウムなどのイオン導電剤を用いた場合、電気抵抗値の環境依存性、特に湿度依存性が高く、また、連続通電していると電気抵抗値が上昇してしまうという問題がある。 However, when using the ion conductive agent, such as lithium perchlorate, environmental dependency of electrical resistance, especially high humidity dependence, also has a problem that the electric resistance value when contiguous current rises is there. また、過塩素酸リチウムなどのイオン導電剤の添加により、機械的物性、特に反発弾性が低下し、また、吸湿性があがるため、ポリウレタンの加水分解特性が悪化するという問題もある。 Further, the addition of ionic conductive agent such as lithium perchlorate, mechanical properties, reduced in particular rebound elastic, and there since the hygroscopicity is increased, a problem that hydrolysis characteristics of the polyurethane is deteriorated. さらに、過塩素酸リチウムは取扱い上危険であり、添加部数を増加できないなどの問題がある。 Further, lithium perchlorate is handling dangerous, there are problems such as the inability increasing the addition number of copies.
本発明は、このような事情に鑑み、安定して所望の抵抗値を得ることができ、安定した物性を有する導電性ブレードを提供することを課題とする。 In view of such circumstances, it can be stably obtain a desired resistance value, and to provide a conductive blade having stable physical properties.
前記課題を解決する本発明の第1の態様は、導電剤として少なくとも一種のイオン性液体を含有するゴム状弾性体からなる導電性ブレード部材と、この導電性ブレード部材を支持する支持体とを具備することを特徴とする導電性ブレードにある。 A first aspect of the present invention to solve the above problems, a rubber-like elastic body conductive blade member made containing at least one ionic liquid as a conductive agent, and a support member for supporting the conductive blade member in conductive blade, characterized in that it comprises.
本発明の第2の態様は、第1の態様において、前記ゴム状弾性体がポリウレタンからなり、体積抵抗率が1×10 3 〜1×10 10 Ω・cmであることを特徴とする導電性ブレードにある。 A second aspect of the present invention, in a first aspect, the rubber-like elastic body made of polyurethane, a conductive, characterized in that the volume resistivity is 1 × 10 3 ~1 × 10 10 Ω · cm in the blade.
本発明の第3の態様は、第1又は2の態様において、前記イオン性液体が、下記一般式(1)〜(4)で表される群から選択されるカチオンを含むことを特徴とする導電性ブレードにある。 A third aspect of the present invention, in the first or second aspect, the ionic liquid, characterized in that it comprises a cation selected from the group represented by the following general formula (1) to (4) in conductive blade.
本発明の第4の態様は、第1〜3の何れかの態様において、前記イオン性液体が、AlCl 4 − 、Al 2 Cl 7 − 、NO 3 − 、BF 4 − 、PF 6 − 、CH 3 COO − 、CF 3 COO − 、CF 3 SO 3 − 、(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N − 、(CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 C − 、AsF 6 − 、SbF 6 − 、F(HF)n − 、CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 SO 3 − 、(CF 3 CF 2 SO 2 ) 2 N − 、CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 COO −の中から選択されるアニオンを含むことを特徴とする導電性ブレードにある。 A fourth aspect of the present invention, in the first to third one embodiment, the ionic liquid, AlCl 4 -, Al 2 Cl 7 -, NO 3 -, BF 4 -, PF 6 -, CH 3 COO -, CF 3 COO -, CF 3 SO 3 -, (CF 3 SO 2) 2 n -, (CF 3 SO 2) 3 C -, AsF 6 -, SbF 6 -, F (HF) n -, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 SO 3 -, (CF 3 CF 2 SO 2) 2 N -, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 COO - in conductive blade, characterized in that it comprises an anion selected from among .
本発明の第5の態様は、第1〜4の何れかの態様において、前記イオン性液体は、融点が70℃以下であることを特徴とする導電性ブレードにある。 A fifth aspect of the present invention, in the first to fourth one embodiment, the ionic liquid is in the conductive blade, characterized in that a melting point of 70 ° C. or less.
かかる本発明では、導電剤としてイオン性液体を添加したので、導電性カーボンを添加した場合と比較して所望の中抵抗値を安定して得ることができ、また、過塩素酸リチウムなどのイオン導電剤を添加した場合と比較して電気抵抗値の環境依存性、特に湿度依存性が低く、また、吸湿性があがる心配が無いため、加水分解が促進しない、且つ、機械的物性が無添加のものと同等である導電性ブレードとなる。 In such present invention, since the addition of ionic liquids as a conductive agent, in the case of adding conductive carbon compared to the can stably obtain a desired in resistance value, also, ions such as lithium perchlorate environmental dependency of electrical resistance as compared with the case of adding a conductive agent, particularly humidity dependency is low and, since there is no fear that hygroscopicity is increased, hydrolysis does not promote, and, added mechanical properties free a conductive blade which is comparable to that of.
ここで、イオン性液体とは、室温で液体である溶融塩であり、常温溶融塩とも呼ばれるものであり、特に、融点が70℃以下、好ましくは30℃以下のものをいう。 Here, the ionic liquid is a molten salt which is liquid at room temperature, is also called a room temperature molten salt, in particular a melting point of 70 ° C. or less, preferably refers to the 30 ° C. or less. このようなイオン性液体は、蒸気圧がない(不揮発性)、高耐熱性、不燃性、化学的安定である等の特性を有する。 Such ionic liquids have no vapor pressure (nonvolatile), high heat resistance, incombustibility, the characteristics of equal chemically stable.
従って、イオン導電剤のように取扱い上の危険が少なく、室温にて液体であるため、ゴムへの添加が容易であり、所望の中抵抗を容易に得ることができる。 Therefore, less risk of handling as ion conductive agent, because it is liquid at room temperature, it is easy to add to the rubber, it is possible to easily obtain desired in resistance. 特に、ポリウレタンの場合には、主原料のポリオールへそのまま添加すればよいので、添加が容易であるという利点がある。 Particularly, in the case of polyurethane, it is sufficient as it is added to the main raw material of the polyol, there is an advantage that the addition is easy. また、揮発性がないことから、添加部数を増加してもゴムと相溶すればブリードの心配もない。 In addition, since there is no volatility, there is no bleeding of the worry if compatible with the rubber also increased by the addition of the number of copies. 特に、水に溶けないイオン性液体(疎水性イオン性液体)を用いると、ポリウレタンの吸湿性を上げることがないため、加水分解性を促進せず、また湿度依存性が小さく、導電性が安定すると考えられる。 In particular, the use of water-insoluble ionic liquid (hydrophobic ionic liquid), because there is no possibility to increase the hygroscopicity of polyurethane, not promote hydrolysis resistance, also humidity dependency is small, conductivity stable Then conceivable.
本発明で用いることができるイオン性液体は上述した一般式(1)〜(4)で示されるカチオン(陽イオン)を有するものであるが、例えば、イミダゾリウムイオンなどの環状アミジンイオン、ピリジニウムイオン、アンモニウムイオン、スルホニウム、ホスホニウムイオンなどの有機カチオンを陽イオンとするものである。 Although ionic liquids that can be used in the present invention are those having a cation (positive ion) represented by the above general formula (1) to (4), for example, cyclic and imidazolium ions Amijin'ion, pyridinium ions , ammonium ions, sulfonium, organic cations such as phosphonium ion is to a cation. 陰イオンとしては、AlCl 4 − 、Al 2 Cl 7 − 、NO 3 − 、BF 4 − 、PF 6 − 、CH 3 COO − 、CF 3 COO − 、CF 3 SO 3 − 、(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N − 、(CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 C − 、AsF 6 − 、SbF 6 − 、F(HF)n − 、CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 SO 3 − 、(CF 3 CF 2 SO 2 ) 2 N − 、CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 COO −などを挙げることができる。 The anion, AlCl 4 -, Al 2 Cl 7 -, NO 3 -, BF 4 -, PF 6 -, CH 3 COO -, CF 3 COO -, CF 3 SO 3 -, (CF 3 SO 2) 2 n -, (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 C -, AsF 6 -, SbF 6 -, F (HF) n -, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 SO 3 -, (CF 3 CF 2 SO 2) 2 n -, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 COO - , and the like.
例としては、下記式に表される有機カチオンと、下記式で表される対アニオンとの組み合わせからなるものを挙げることができる。 Examples may include organic cations represented by the following formula, those consisting of a combination of the counter anion represented by the following formula.
本発明では、ベースとなるゴム状弾性体と相溶性を有するイオン性液体を用いればよく、特に限定されない。 In the present invention, it may be used an ionic liquid having a rubber-like elastic material compatible with the base is not particularly limited. 配合割合も特に限定されないが、例えば、ゴム状弾性体基材に対して0.1〜30重量%程度含有するようにすればよい。 Although the mixing ratio is not particularly limited, for example, it is sufficient to contain about 0.1 to 30 wt% on the rubber-like elastic body base material.
また、イオン性液体の中には水に対して不溶性のものがあり、湿度に対する安定性を考慮すると、水に対して不溶性のものを用いるのが好ましい。 Also, some ionic liquids are as insoluble in water, in consideration of the stability to humidity, preferable to use those insoluble in water.
ゴム状弾性体の材質は、用途に応じた特性が得られるゴム材質であれば特に限定されないが、感光体への汚染性や他の物性の面からポリウレタンやシリコーンゴムが好ましく、特に、ポリウレタンを用いるのが好ましい。 The material of the rubber-like elastic material is not particularly limited as long as the rubber material characteristics according to the application is obtained, preferably polyurethane or silicone rubber in terms of pollution resistance and other physical properties of the photoreceptor, in particular, a polyurethane it is preferable to use.
ここでポリウレタンとしては、特に、注型タイプの液状ポリウレタンが好ましい。 Examples of the polyurethane, in particular, cast type liquid polyurethane is preferred. かかるポリウレタンは、高分子量ポリオール、イソシアネート化合物、鎖長延長剤及び架橋剤などを熱硬化することにより得ることができる。 Such polyurethanes, high molecular weight polyol, an isocyanate compound, and chain extender and crosslinking agent can be obtained by thermally curing. ポリオールとしては、例えば、ポリエステルポリオール、ポリカーボネートポリオール、ポリエーテルポリオール、ポリカーボネートエーテルポリオールなどを挙げることができる。 Examples of the polyol, for example, polyester polyols, polycarbonate polyols, polyether polyols, and polycarbonate polyol. また、イソシアネート化合物としては、4,4'−ジフェニルメタンジイソシアネート(MDI)、2,6−トルエンジイソシアネート(TDI)、1,5−ナフタレンジイソシアネート(TODI)、パラフェニレンジイソシアネート(PPDI)などが挙げられる。 As the isocyanate compound, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate (TODI), paraphenylene diisocyanate (PPDI), and the like. さらに、鎖長延長剤としては、例えば、ブタンジオール、エチレングリコール、トリメチロールエタン、トリメチロールプロパン、グリセリンなどの多価アルコールを挙げることができる。 Furthermore, as the chain extender, for example, butanediol, ethylene glycol, trimethylol ethane, trimethylol propane, may be mentioned polyhydric alcohols such as glycerin. また、架橋剤としては、例えば、芳香族ジアミン系架橋剤を挙げることができる。 As the crosslinking agent, for example, and aromatic diamine-based crosslinking agent.
このようなポリウレンなどを用いた導電性ブレード部材は、例えば、遠心成形などの公知の成形方法で成形することができる。 Such Poriuren such a conductive blade member using, for example, can be molded by a known molding method such as centrifugal molding.
かかる導電性ブレード部材の物性としては、感光体を傷つけない程度の硬度を有し、へたりが少なく耐摩耗性に優れることが挙げられる。 As such a physical property of the conductive blade member has a hardness as not to damage the photosensitive member, and to be excellent in less wear resistance sag. 実際の物性特性としては硬度(JIS A)が60°ないし80°、反発弾性が40%から60%、永久ひずみ特性が3%以下等挙げられる。 It Hardness (JIS A) is not 60 ° as an actual physical properties 80 °, 60% impact resilience of 40% permanent set properties and the like than 3%.
また、導電性ブレード部材の厚みはとくに限定されるものではないが、通常、1〜3mm程度のものが好適に使用される。 Although not specifically limited, the thickness of the conductive blade member, usually of about 1~3mm is preferably used.
本発明の導電性ブレード部材は、用途によっても異なるが、例えば、印加電圧100Vにおける電気抵抗値(25℃)が10 3 Ω〜10 10 Ω、好ましくは、10 4 Ω〜10 8 Ωのものが使用され、このような所望の抵抗値が得られるようにイオン性液体の種類及び添加量を設定すればよい。 Conductive blade members of the present invention varies depending on the application, for example, electrical resistance at an applied voltage of 100 V (25 ° C.) is 10 3 Ω~10 10 Ω, preferably, those of 10 4 Ω~10 8 Ω is used, such a desired resistance value may be set to the type and amount of ionic liquid so as to obtain.
また、本発明の導電性ブレード部材は、本発明の目的に反しない範囲で、カーボンブラック、金属粉など電子導電剤や過塩素酸リチウムなどのイオン導電剤を併用してもよい。 The conductive blade members of the present invention, within the range not contrary to the object of the present invention, carbon black may be used in combination ion conductive agent such as an electron conductive agent and lithium perchlorate or metal particles.
本発明の導電性ブレードは、ブレード形状のシートである導電性ブレード部材の感光体などと当接する先端とは反対側の部分を支持体に固定したものである。 Conductive blade of the present invention, the photosensitive member of the conductive blade member is a sheet of blade shape such as the contacting tip is obtained by fixing a portion of the opposite side to the support.
図1には、本発明の導電性ブレードの一例を示す。 FIG. 1 shows an example of a conductive member of the present invention. 図1に示すように、導電性ブレード10は、導電性ブレード部材11の当接側とは反対側を支持体12に固定支持したものである。 As shown in FIG. 1, the conductive blade 10, the contact side of the conductive blade member 11 is obtained by fixedly supporting the opposite side to the support 12.
ここで、支持体は、鋼板やアルミニウムなどの金属材料で構成され、とくに、SECCP20/20(JIS G3313)として知られている電気亜鉛めっき鋼板1種が好ましく使用される。 Here, the support is made of a metal material such as steel or aluminum, in particular, SECCP20 / 20 (JIS G3313) electrolytic zinc known as plated steel sheet one is preferably used. なお、SECCP20/20のSECCは、亜鉛めっき鋼板1種を示し、Pは、リン酸塩系処理したことを示し、20/20は、積載された板上面の標準付着量/下面の標準付着量(g/m 2 )をそれぞれ示すものである。 Incidentally, the SECC of SECCP20 / 20, shows the galvanized steel one, P is, indicates that the treated phosphate type, 20/20, the standard coating weight of the standard coating weight / lower surface of the stacked plate top surface the (g / m 2) illustrates respectively.
導電性ブレード部材と支持体との接着は、接着剤、両面接着テープなどを用いて行うことができる。 Adhesion between the conductive blade member and the support, the adhesive can be carried out using a double-sided adhesive tape. このような接着は、導電性部材と支持体との間を電気的に導通するもの、例えば、導電性接着剤を用いるのが好ましいが、導電性を有さない接着剤で接着した後に導電性塗料、導電性接着剤あるいは導電性シーラントなどにより導通を図ってもよい。 Such adhesion is provided to electrically conduct between the conductive member and the support, for example, although it is preferable to use a conductive adhesive, conductive after bonding with an adhesive having no conductivity paints, may attempt to conduct by a conductive adhesive or a conductive sealant.
本発明の導電性ブレードをクリーニングブレードとして使用した状態の一例を図2に示す。 An example of a state in which a conductive member of the present invention as a cleaning blade shown in FIG. 図2に示すように、クリーニングブレード10Aは、クリーニング装置20内に配置され、導電性ブレード部材11Aの先端が感光体ドラム30に当接するように配置される。 As shown in FIG. 2, the cleaning blade 10A is disposed in the cleaning device 20, the tip of the conductive blade member 11A is disposed so as to abut against the photosensitive drum 30. なお、このような本発明の導電性ブレードは、感光体ドラム30の回転方向と先端の向きとが図2のようにほぼ一致するトレール当接又は反対方向に当接するアゲンスト当接の何れで用いてもよい。 The conductive blade of the present invention as described above, using either the rotational direction and the tip direction of the photosensitive drum 30 is abutting Against abut the trail contact or opposite directions substantially aligned as shown in FIG. 2 it may be.
以下、本発明を実施例に基づいて説明するが、本発明はこれに限定されるものではない。 Hereinafter will be described the present invention based on examples, the present invention is not limited thereto.
イオン性液体として、1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムビス(トリフルオロメチルスルフォニル)イミド(EMITFSI)を用い、これをエステル系ポリオール100重量部に対して0.5重量部、1重量部、3重量部、5重量部、10重量部それぞれ添加し、さらに、鎖長延長剤、架橋剤及びイソシアネートを添加して混合反応させ、厚さ2.0mmのウレタンシートを作製した。 As the ionic liquid, using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (EMITFSI), 0.5 part by weight of which with respect to the ester-based polyol 100 parts by weight, 1 part by weight, 3 parts, 5 parts by weight, were respectively added 10 parts by weight, further, chain extender, and then mixed reaction adding a crosslinking agent and an isocyanate, to produce a urethane sheet having a thickness of 2.0 mm.
EMITFSIの代わりに、1−ブチル−3−エチルイミダゾリウムビス(トリフルオロメチルスルフォニル)イミド(BMITFSI)を、0.5重量部、1重量部、3重量部、5重量部それぞれ用いた以外は実施例1と同様にしてウレタンシートを作製した。 Instead of EMITFSI, 1-butyl-3-ethyl imidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (BMITFSI), 0.5 part by weight, 1 part by weight, 3 parts by weight, the embodiment except for using 5 parts by weight, respectively to prepare a urethane sheet in the same manner as in example 1.
EMITFSIの代わりに、1−ブチルピペリジウムビス(トリフルオロメチルスルフォニル)イミド(BPTFSI)を、0.5重量部、1重量部、3重量部、5重量部それぞれ用いた以外は実施例1と同様にしてウレタンシートを作製した。 Instead of EMITFSI, 1-butyl piperidine-indium-bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (BPTFSI), 0.5 part by weight, 1 part by weight, 3 parts by weight, except for using 5 parts by weight respectively as in Example 1 to prepare a urethane sheet to.
EMITFSIの代わりに、N−ブチル−N−メチルピロリジニウムビス(トリフルオロメチルスルフォニル)イミド(P 14 TFSI)を、0.5重量部、1重量部、3重量部それぞれ用いた以外は実施例1と同様にしてウレタンシートを作製した。 Instead of EMITFSI, N-butyl -N- methyl-pyrrolidinium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (P 14 TFSI), 0.5 part by weight, 1 part by weight, except for using 3 parts by weight, respectively Example to prepare a urethane sheet in the same manner as in 1.
イオン性液体を添加しない以外は実施例1と同様にしてウレタンシートを作製した。 Except for not adding the ionic liquid in the same manner as in Example 1 to prepare a urethane sheet.
イオン性液体の代わりに、ケッチェンブラック(ライオン社製)を0.6重量部添加した以外は実施例1と同様にしてウレタンシートを作製した。 Instead of the ionic liquid to prepare a urethane sheet, except that Ketjen black (manufactured by Lion Corporation) was added 0.6 part by weight in the same manner as in Example 1.
イオン性液体の代わりに、過塩素酸リチウムを0.5重量部、1重量部、3重量部それぞれ添加した以外は実施例1と同様にしてウレタンシートを作製した。 Instead of an ionic liquid, 0.5 parts by weight of lithium perchlorate, 1 part by weight, to prepare a urethane sheet except for adding each of the three parts in the same manner as in Example 1.
実施例1〜16及び比較例1、2及び5のウレタンシートから、120mm×120mmで、厚さ2.0mmのテストサンプルを作製し、温度10℃、相対湿度20%の低温低湿環境(LL)、温度25℃、相対湿度50%の常温常湿環境(NN)、及び温度35℃、湿度85%の高温高湿環境(HH)のそれぞれにおいて、体積抵抗率を測定した。 An urethane sheet of Examples 1 to 16 and Comparative Examples 1, 2 and 5, at 120 mm × 120 mm, to prepare a test sample having a thickness of 2.0 mm, temperature 10 ° C., 20% relative humidity of low temperature and low humidity environment (LL) , temperature 25 ° C., 50% relative humidity at room temperature and normal humidity environment (NN), and the temperature 35 ° C., in each of the humidity of 85% of the high-temperature and high-humidity environment (HH), to measure the volume resistivity. 体積抵抗率の測定は、各環境下のチャンバー内に各サンプルを所定時間放置した後、真鍮製の電極、電流測定器を用い、JIS K 6723に準じて、直流100Vの電圧を印加し、1分間充電後の電流値の測定を行った(比較例2については20V印加で測定した)。 Measurement of volume resistivity after standing each sample a predetermined time in a chamber under each environment, brass electrode, a current measuring device used, in accordance with JIS K 6723, by applying a voltage of the DC 100 V, 1 min was measured current value after charging (as measured by the 20V applied for Comparative example 2). そして、下記式より、体積抵抗率を算出した。 Then, the following equation, and the volume resistivity was calculated. なお、主電極は直径50mm、高さ35mm、ガード電極は外径80mm、内径70mm、高さ10mm、対電極は300×150×2mmのものを用いた。 The main electrode diameter 50 mm, height 35 mm, a guard electrode external diameter 80 mm, inner diameter 70 mm, height 10 mm, the counter electrode used was a 300 × 150 × 2mm.
この結果を図3〜図6示す。 Shown 3-6 this result.
この結果、イオン性液体を用いた実施例では、LL環境からHH環境へ変化させた時の体積抵抗率変化は1桁程度の変化であったが、無添加の比較例1、及び過塩素酸リチウムを用いた比較例5では、LL環境からHH環境へ変化させた時の体積抵抗率は2桁変化したことから、イオン性液体を用いた実施例の方が、比較例1及び比較例5と比較して環境依存性が小さいことがわかった。 As a result, in the embodiment using the ionic liquid, but the volume resistivity change when changing from the LL environment to HH environment was the change of the order of one digit, Comparative Example 1 with no additive, and perchloric acid in Comparative example 5 using lithium, volume resistivity when changing from LL environment to HH environment since it has changed 2 orders of magnitude found the following examples using an ionic liquid, Comparative example 1 and Comparative example 5 compared to that it found that environmental dependency is small. また、カーボンブラックを用いた比較例2では、LL環境からHH環境へ変化させた時の体積抵抗率値が高くなる傾向を示した。 In Comparative Example 2 using carbon black, tended volume resistivity value when changing from the LL environment to the HH environment is high.
実施例1〜5、及び比較例1、2、5のウレタンシートから試験例1と同様にして作成したテストサンプルについて、温度35℃で、相対湿度を20%から90%まで変化させ、各環境化で5時間放置した後の体積抵抗率を同様に測定した。 Examples 1-5, and for the test samples prepared in the same manner as in Test Example 1 of urethane sheet of Comparative Example 1, 2, 5, at a temperature 35 ° C., to change the relative humidity up to 90% from 20%, the environment It was measured as the volume resistivity after being allowed to stand for 5 hours at reduction.
この結果を図7に示す。 The results are shown in Figure 7.
この結果、イオン性液体を用いた場合には、過塩素酸リチウムを用いた場合より、湿度依存性が小さいことがわかった。 As a result, in the case of using the ionic liquid than with lithium perchlorate it was found that the humidity dependency is small.
実施例4、比較例2、5のウレタンシートから試験例1と同様にして作成したテストサンプルについて、100Vを連続的に印加した際の体積抵抗率の変化を測定した。 Example 4, for the test samples prepared in the same manner an urethane sheet of Comparative Examples 2 and 5 in Test Example 1 to measure a change in volume resistivity at the time of continuously applying a 100 V. 結果を図8〜図10に示す。 The results are shown in FIGS. 8 to 10.
この結果、イオン性液体を用いた実施例4では、過塩素酸リチウムを用いた比較例5、カーボンブラックを用いた比較例2と同様に体積抵抗率の上昇はみられなかった。 As a result, in Example 4 using the ionic liquid, Comparative Example 5 using lithium perchlorate, as well as increase in the volume resistivity of Comparative Example 2 using carbon black was observed.
実施例3、8、16及び比較例1、2、5のウレタンシートから試験例1と同様にして作成したテストサンプルについて、LCRメータについて静電容量を測定し、下記式より比誘電率を求めた。 For the test samples prepared in the same manner an urethane sheet of Examples 3,8,16 and Comparative Examples 1, 2 and 5 in Test Example 1, the capacitance was measured for LCR meter, determine the dielectric constant from the following equation It was. 測定周波数範囲は50Hz〜1MHzとした。 Measurement frequency range was 50Hz~1MHz. この結果を図11に示す。 The results are shown in Figure 11.
この結果、イオン性液体を用いた実施例のものは、比誘電率が大きく上昇してしまうカーボンブラック添加の比較例2とは異なり、周波数が10kHz以上となると、無添加の比較例1のものと同等の比誘電率となることがわかった。 As a result, those of Examples using an ionic liquid, the ratio different from the Comparative Example 2 of the carbon black added to the dielectric constant rises significantly, the frequency is above 10 kHz, that of no addition of Comparative Example 1 It was found to be equivalent relative dielectric constant.
実施例1〜16、比較例1〜5について、硬度(JIS K6253 タイプA)、反発弾性(JIS K6255)、100%伸張時の引張強さ(100%モジュラス)、200%伸長時の引張強さ(200%モジュラス)300%伸張時の引張強さ(300%モジュラス)、引張強度及び切断時の伸び(JIS K6251)、引裂強度(JIS K6252)、ヤング率(JIS K6254)及び100%永久伸び(JIS K6262)をそれぞれ測定した。 For Examples 1-16, Comparative Example 1-5, the hardness (JIS K6253 Type A), resilience (JIS K6255), tensile strength at 100% elongation (100% modulus), tensile strength at 200% elongation (200% modulus) 300% elongation at a tensile strength (300% modulus), tensile strength and elongation at break (JIS K6251), tear strength (JIS K6252), Young's modulus (JIS K6254) and 100% elongation ( JIS K6262) were measured, respectively.
この結果を表1に示す。 The results are shown in Table 1.
この結果、カーボンブラックを添加した比較例2については永久伸びの悪化及び硬度が無添加のものより大きくなり、それに伴ってヤング率が上昇した。 As a result, deterioration and hardness of the permanent elongation becomes larger than that of no addition for Comparative Example 2 with the addition of carbon black, the Young's modulus was increased accordingly. 過塩素酸リチウムを用いた比較例3〜5については特に反発弾性が低下する傾向にあるが、イオン性液体を用いた実施例1〜16では無添加のものとほぼ同等の物性を示すことがわかった。 Tends to particularly impact resilience decreases Comparative Examples 3-5 employing lithium perchlorate, but to exhibit almost the same physical properties as those of the additive-free in Examples 1 to 16 using the ionic liquid all right.
実施例1、4、5、比較例1〜5のウレタンシートから試験例1と同様にして作成したテストサンプルについて、吸湿性を測定した。 Example 1, 4, 5 for the test samples prepared in the same manner from the urethane sheet of Comparative Example 1-5 to Test Example 1 was measured hygroscopicity. 温度70℃、真空下に、実施例1、4、5、比較例1〜5を5時間置き、乾燥させた状態での重量を測定し、その後、45℃90%の高温高湿環境に1日間放置し、室温に戻してから10分後、60分後の重量を測定し、その差から材料の吸湿性を測定した。 Temperature 70 ° C., under vacuum, examples 1,4,5, Comparative Examples 1 to 5 every 5 hours, the weight in a state of being dried and measured, thereafter, 45 ° C. 90% of the high-temperature and high-humidity environment 1 and left days, 10 minutes after returning to room temperature, and weighed after 60 minutes was measured hygroscopic material from the difference. その結果を図12に示す。 The results are shown in Figure 12.
吸湿度(%)は高温高湿環境に置いた時の重量と乾燥時の重量との差から求めた。 Moisture absorption (%) was calculated from the difference between the weight of the dry and weight when placed in a high temperature and high humidity environment.
この結果、過塩素酸リチウムを用いた比較例3〜5では添加量が多くなるほど吸湿度が大きくなったが、イオン性液体を用いた実施例1、4及び5では、添加量が増えても吸湿度は変化せず、導電剤無添加及びカーボンブラックを用いた比較例1、2と同程度であった。 As a result, although higher moisture absorption amount in Comparative Example 3-5 is increased using lithium perchlorate is increased, in Examples 1, 4 and 5 using an ionic liquid, even the amount of addition is increased moisture absorption does not change, it was comparable with Comparative examples 1 and 2 using a conductive material with no additives and carbon black.
(試験例7)クリーニング特性試験実施例4、比較例2、比較例4のウレタンシートから作製したクリーニングブレードを用いて、クリーニング特性を温度10℃、相対湿度20%の低温低湿環境(LL)、温度25℃、相対湿度50%の常温常湿環境(NN)、温度35℃、湿度85%の高温高湿環境(HH)の各環境下でプリント画による評価を行い、また感光体ドラムとクリーニングブレードとのこすれ時に発生する耳障り音(鳴き)の有無の確認、及び、テスト終了時のエッジの摩耗状態を観察した。 (Test Example 7) Cleaning property test Example 4, Comparative Example 2, using a cleaning blade made from the urethane sheet of Comparative Example 4, the temperature 10 ° C. The cleaning properties, relative humidity of 20% of the low-temperature and low-humidity environment (LL), temperature 25 ° C., 50% relative humidity at room temperature and normal humidity environment (NN), the temperature 35 ° C., evaluated by the print image in each environment of 85% humidity high-temperature and high-humidity environment (HH), also the photosensitive drum and the cleaning Checking for jarring noise generated during rubbing of the blade (squeal), and was observed the wear state of the edge at the end of the test. なお、クリーニング特性は、平均粒径6μmのトナーを用いて行った。 The cleaning properties were performed using a toner having an average particle diameter of 6 [mu] m.
クリーニング特性及び鳴き発生結果の良否は次の基準で評価した。 Quality of cleaning performance and squeaking results were evaluated by the following criteria. この結果を表2に示す。 The results are shown in Table 2.
また、テスト終了時のエッジ摩耗状態の評価項目は次の評価基準で評価した。 The evaluation items of the edge state of wear at the end of the test were evaluated by the following evaluation criteria.
この結果より、実施例4のクリーニングブレードは40Kまでクリーニング不良、鳴きの発生がなく安定したクリーニング特性を示し、エッジの耐久性が良好であることがわかった。 From this result, the cleaning blade of Example 4 poor cleaning to 40K, shows a stable cleaning characteristics without squeaking, it was found that the durability of the edge is good.
これに対し、アルカリ金属イオンを用いた比較例5では、HH環境下では、イオンのブリードによる感光体の汚染によるクリーニング不良が発生した。 In contrast, in Comparative Example 5 using an alkali metal ion, under HH environment, cleaning failure due to contamination of the photosensitive member due to bleeding of ions occurs. また、LL環境下ではエッジの欠落による不均一な摩耗により3Kにおいてクリーニング不良を示した。 Also showed insufficient cleaning in 3K by uneven wear due to lack of edge under LL environment.
また、カーボンブラックを用いた比較例2では、LL〜NN環境下では、硬度が高いことから8Kを過ぎたところから鳴きが発生した。 In Comparative Example 2 using carbon black, under LL~NN environment, squeal occurs from past the 8K since hardness is high. またLL環境下では硬度が高くなり、エッジに直径5μm以上の欠けが発生し、クリーニング不良を示した。 The hardness is increased under LL environment, chipping or more in diameter 5μm an edge has occurred and showed poor cleaning.
以上説明したように,本発明では、導電剤としてイオン性液体を用いるので比較的容易に所望の抵抗値に設定可能であり、安定した物性を有し、またベースのウレタン材質特性を低下することがないため、LL〜HH環境下において球径トナーに対するクリーニング性能を常時良好に保つことができる導電性ブレードを提供することができるという効果を奏する。 As described above, in the present invention, since use of ionic liquids as a conductive agent are relatively easily set to a desired resistance value, it has a stable physical properties, also lowering the base urethane material properties because there is no, there is an effect that it is possible to provide a conductive blade which can be kept constantly good cleaning performance for spherical diameter toner under LL~HH environment.
【図1】本発明の導電性ブレードの一例を示す斜視図である。 1 is a perspective view showing an example of a conductive member of the present invention.
【図2】本発明の導電性ブレードの一例であるクリーニングブレードの使用態様の一例を示す図である。 2 is a diagram showing one example of an application mode of the cleaning blade, which is an example of a conductive member of the present invention.
【図3】試験例1の結果を示すグラフである。 3 is a graph showing the results of Test Example 1.
【図4】試験例1の結果を示すグラフである。 4 is a graph showing the results of Test Example 1.
【図5】試験例1の結果を示すグラフである。 5 is a graph showing the results of Test Example 1.
【図6】試験例1の結果を示すグラフである。 6 is a graph showing the results of Test Example 1.
【図7】試験例2の結果を示すグラフである。 7 is a graph showing the results of Test Example 2.
【図8】試験例3の結果を示すグラフである。 8 is a graph showing the results of Test Example 3.
【図9】試験例3の結果を示すグラフである。 9 is a graph showing the results of Test Example 3.
【図10】試験例3の結果を示すグラフである。 It is a graph showing the results of Figure 10 Test Example 3.
【図11】試験例4の結果を示すグラフである。 11 is a graph showing the results of Test Example 4.
【図12】試験例6の結果を示すグラフである。 12 is a graph showing the results of Test Example 6.
導電剤として少なくとも一種のイオン性液体を含有するゴム状弾性体からなる導電性ブレード部材と、この導電性ブレード部材を支持する支持体とを具備することを特徴とする導電性ブレード。 A rubber-like elastic body conductive blade member made containing at least one ionic liquid as a conductive agent, conductive blade, characterized by comprising a support for supporting the conductive blade member.
請求項1において、前記ゴム状弾性体がポリウレタンからなり、体積抵抗率が1×10 3 〜1×10 10 Ω・cmであることを特徴とする導電性ブレード。 According to claim 1, conductive blade, wherein the rubber-like elastic body made of polyurethane, the volume resistivity is 1 × 10 3 ~1 × 10 10 Ω · cm.
請求項1又は2において、前記イオン性液体が、下記一般式(1)〜(4)で表される群から選択されるカチオンを含むことを特徴とする導電性ブレード。 According to claim 1 or 2, wherein the ionic liquid, conductive blade, characterized in that it comprises a cation selected from the group represented by the following general formula (1) to (4).
請求項1〜3の何れかにおいて、前記イオン性液体が、AlCl 4 − 、Al 2 Cl 7 − 、NO 3 − 、BF 4 − 、PF 6 − 、CH 3 COO − 、CF 3 COO − 、CF 3 SO 3 − 、(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N − 、(CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 C − 、AsF 6 − 、SbF 6 − 、F(HF)n − 、CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 SO 3 − 、(CF 3 CF 2 SO 2 ) 2 N − 、CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 COO −の中から選択されるアニオンを含むことを特徴とする導電性ブレード。 In any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the ionic liquid, AlCl 4 -, Al 2 Cl 7 -, NO 3 -, BF 4 -, PF 6 -, CH 3 COO -, CF 3 COO -, CF 3 SO 3 -, (CF 3 SO 2) 2 n -, (CF 3 SO 2) 3 C -, AsF 6 -, SbF 6 -, F (HF) n -, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CF 2 SO 3 - , (CF 3 CF 2 SO 2 ) 2 N -, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 COO - conductive blade, characterized in that it comprises an anion selected from among.
請求項1〜4の何れかにおいて、前記イオン性液体は、融点が70℃以下であることを特徴とする導電性ブレード。 In any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the ionic liquid, conductive blade, characterized in that a melting point of 70 ° C. or less.


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Definition of "Open and Public" Marijuana Use Still Hazy in Colorado
By Alec Siegel | May 16, 2017
Buying and selling limited quantities of marijuana has been legal in Colorado for nearly five years. Public use, however, is prohibited. Still, for years, state lawmakers have been trying to determine how to define "open and public" consumption.
One of the more contentious questions state lawmakers have wrangled over: should residents be permitted to smoke marijuana on their front porches? Or should smoking marijuana on a front porch–where children and other passersby could be exposed to the smoke–be prohibited?
Last week, the 2017 legislative session came to a close without answering these questions. Despite successfully passing a number of other bipartisan priorities–like expanding Medicaid benefits–the Colorado legislature could not reach a consensus as to what "open and public" consumption means.
The House and Senate previously passed different versions of a bill that would clarify the question that has lingered since legalization in 2012. But both chambers have yet to land on a bill that suits them equally.
Senate Bill 184, the version of the bill the Senate passed, would have prohibited marijuana consumption in places where "a substantial number of the public" congregates without restriction. It also would have outlawed pot smoking in "a place not protected from unaided observation lawfully made from outside its perimeter," which essentially would have included front porches.
A compromise was proposed to both chambers–residents can smoke on their front porch as long as no more than five outside guests were present–but was ultimately flouted.
"We're talking about your own private property," Rep. Jovan Melton (D-Aurora) told the Denver Post. "And why the number five? Why did we arbitrarily land on that number? We are literally putting things into statute with no explanation."
Bob Gardner, the Republican state Senator from Colorado Springs, is concerned about marijuana smoke affecting other people in the neighborhood.
"My concern continues to be that in urban and suburban areas property lines are so close that children walking up and down sidewalks that are not 15 feet from [a home]," he recently told the Denver Post. "And frankly it is a crime in Colorado to do a lot of things on your front porch, no matter how much you own that property."
In 2012, Colorado became the first state in the country to legalize marijuana for recreational use–in private. Figuring out how cannabis should be consumed publicly is a fairly fuzzy conundrum that has consistently bedeviled state lawmakers.
At one point, the legislature nearly passed a law that would have legalized private pot clubs–bars and cafes where people could congregate and smoke pot. But that bill was scuttled after resistance from Democratic Gov. John Hickenlooper and others.
Pot clubs do exist, but outside of the legal bounds. Now, because state lawmakers could not properly define what "open and public" consumption means, local jurisdictions will continue to be in charge of interpreting the stipulation.
Alec Siegel
Alec Siegel is a staff writer at Law Street Media. When he's not working at Law Street he's either cooking a mediocre tofu dish or enjoying a run in the woods. His passions include: gooey chocolate chips, black coffee, mountains, the Animal Kingdom in general, and John Lennon. Baklava is his achilles heel. Contact Alec at ASiegel@LawStreetMedia.com.
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An extensive documentary research was carried out to compose the theoretical scope of the Accreditation System of Medical Schools in Brazil (SAEME-CFM). Standards and guidelines (national and international) that supported the work of the researchers were rigorously analyzed. Next, know some of these documents considered referential, some of them produced by the most respected worldwide bodies for medical training.
National Curricular Guidelines for the Medical Undergraduate Program
Defines the principles, fundamentals, conditions and procedures of the training of physicians to be observed in the curricular organization of the Brazilian universities.
Learning Outcomes for the Medical Undergraduate in Scotland
Recommendations from five Scottish universities for mastery of clinical skills, communication, health promotion and disease prevention, ethics and legal responsibilities etc.
Law 12,871 / 2013
It institutes the Mais Médicos program, coordinated by the Ministries of Education and Health, which selects doctors registered in Brazil or doctors trained in foreign higher education institutions to train human resources in the medical area for the Unified Health System (SUS).
National Accreditation Organization (ONA)
Non-governmental and non-profit organization, founded in 1999 by public and private health sector entities, certifying the quality of health services in Brazil, focusing on patient safety.
Process of Bologna
Protocol that strengthened the accreditation of medical schools in Europe in response to the growing demands of globalization, internationalization of medicine and mobility of professionals.
Tomorrow's Doctors: Outcomes and standards for undergraduate medical education
Publication of the General Medical Council, the body responsible for accrediting medical schools in the UK, with standards for knowledge, skills and behavior that new British graduates must bring to their practice.
WFME Global Standards for Quality Improvement
Model of the World Federation of Medical Education (WFME) to define institutional standards for medical courses at various stages of development and with different educational, socioeconomic and cultural conditions.
WHO/WFME Guidelines for Accreditation of Basic Medical Education
Global guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Federation of Medical Education (WFME) for medical training to be used in the accreditation systems of different countries.


1. To approve the council's policies in respect of all licensing and registration matters except the licensing and gambling statements of policy.
3. To consider and determine the revocation of licences and registrations reserved to the licensing committee.
4. To consider the designation of new sites for street trading.
Licensing Sub Committees of three councillors consider licensing applications under the Licensing Act 2003, the Gambling Act 2005 and earlier legislation.
The licensing committee and licensing sub committees meet at the Council Offices at 160 Tooley Street, London SE1 2QH unless indicated otherwise.


I don't give up on my dreams.When i say this, i know what i mean. Till this day i have always dreamed bigger. My father is a normal employee working in post office, i feel proud about that, no doubt. But, i always seen him suffering from the surrounding environment. People always talk some useless things because he was unable to build or purchase his own house. He never traveled with family on vacation. He always had one dream to give best education to me and my brother and sister. he did his job perfectly, he taught me to always dream big.I have taken lot of risks to achieve what i have today. I know still there is lot to achieve,but i know i will.
I like to read inspirational books which can teach me some important things about life like Bhagvat-Gita. Apart from this i like to spend time with my friends, because i always believe in that "Friends are your best teachers".
I always try to learn something new in spare time.
Well I got my masters in 2012. After that I joined General Motors, where i got amazing knowledge about my technical skills. I learned how to work within a 30-35 member team. how to deal with critical situations.I am still learning lot of technical and non-technical stuff to improve my profile. I always worked on my weak points like coordinating with people. As i did my primary and high school education in Marathi medium, i was always scared of communicating in English. But parallely i always worked on it, to improve.
i want to be a business owner. After gaining good amount of industry experience, i would like to open my own company.
Well answer to this question, i have few people who always inspired me to achieve something big. My father, mother, brother, sister. There are some people whom i never met even a single time, but yes they have inspired me a lot. people like Mahatma Gandhi, Narayan Murthy,Abdul Kalam.
I see myself at some senior position in industry and as a business owner of my own company.I know it's small time to start a business,but i'm sure i can do that.


Gloria B. Tomkins is a freelance writer and photographer. She currently lives with a large extended family on a Wisconsin farm that has been in her family for four generations. She is a single mother of a very talented emerging actor, Maury, 23. Gloria B. Tomkins travels every year to a new country seeking life-affirming stories and images. She is preparing a book on India forthcoming in 2008.


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Cannabis farms are a modern slavery 'blind spot' for UK police, study suggests
Migrants arrested for tending plants in the flats, houses and attics where cannabis is grown in bulk are often victims of trafficking and 'debt bondage' – yet many are not recognised as such by police, according to a new study.
Big questions remain about how the criminal justice system should ethically manage modern slavery victims who are also illegal immigrants involved in illegal activity
Heather Strang
Research from Cambridge criminologists suggests that those charged with drug cultivation have often been forced into illegal work as a condition of debt to criminal gangs for smuggling them into the UK.
The researchers, including a Detective Inspector who completed a Masters at Cambridge's Institute of Criminology, argue that police take too narrow a view of modern slavery when it comes to 'growers' arrested during cannabis farm raids.
While growers – often Vietnamese nationals – are not always imprisoned within farms, many work under threat of extreme violence towards themselves or family back home, with little in the way of language or contacts in the UK.
The researchers say that arresting officers often lack detailed training on modern slavery, and make only 'perfunctory' enquiries: a brief question that places the onus on a victim who doesn't understand their own situation.
As such, migrants end up serving years in UK prisons despite being forced to commit the cultivation crimes by gangs who seize passports and threaten – and administer – violence.
"The abuses of freedom in cannabis farm cases do not tally with traditional perceptions of slavery. Victims may be held against their will, forced to work and unable to leave, despite an unlocked door," said Prof Heather Strang, the study's senior author.
"Big questions remain about how the criminal justice system should ethically manage modern slavery victims who are also illegal immigrants involved in illegal activity," she said.
The new study, published in the Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing, was co-authored by DI Adam Ramiz of Surrey Police as part of his research at Cambridge, where he worked with Strang and Prof Paul Rock from LSE.
Cannabis farms are unassuming abodes in towns and city suburbs that house hundreds of plants in blacked-out rooms, grown with equipment such specialist lighting. A live-in 'grower' will work for criminal gangs to feed and protect the Class B drug crop.
The latest study is small in scale – gaining access to growers willing to talk is difficult – but criminologists say that it's an important addition to this under-researched area.
The team looked at criminal histories of 19 Vietnamese nationals arrested in connection with cannabis farming in Surrey and Sussex between 2014-2017, and conducted in-depth interviews with three further growers – two Vietnamese and an Albanian – as well as the arresting officers in those cases.
The growers all described being in hock to human smugglers, working in farms to pay debts, and some spoke of death threats and physical intimidation. Two spoke of dangerous journeys to the UK via lorries, similar to the 39 Vietnamese nationals found dead in Essex last year.
One witnessed murder by smugglers while trekking for days through forests. Another was locked inside the house once in the UK. The victims didn't consider themselves such, as they had wanted to come here, yet had been forced into illegal labour on arrival: smuggling that becomes trafficking.
Interviews with officers revealed police questioning on slavery to be limited, cursory and 'binary' – whether or not the grower was physically locked in – and conducted with a presumption of guilt on the that the grower is an offender.
"We found that some officers only had an hour of modern slavery training, and felt that the onus is on trafficking victims to volunteer that information, rather than police to investigate further," said Ramiz, who led the study.
"The brief question or two on slavery will often come after a grower has been given the standard legal advice to say nothing and later to plead guilty," he said.
Police frustrations focus on growers, with one officer talking of "hitting a brick wall" if they won't open up, but researchers say that the legal advice offered to trafficked cannabis growers is routine and uncritical: "go quietly".
They argue that police should 're-frame' their response to cannabis farms so that the possibility of modern slavery is "more fully considered", and suggest detailed training for front-line officers along with greater willingness to refer cases to specialist investigators.
Dame Sara Thornton, the UK's Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner, described the study as a "welcome contribution to building an evidence-based approach to preventing modern slavery".
"The Modern Slavery Act includes a statutory defence for those compelled to commit an offence as a direct result of their being a victim of modern slavery. It is essential that the police investigate all lines of enquiry when they come across these complicated cases," said Thornton.
Added Ramiz: "While much more research is needed, these accounts of debt bondage and fierce intimidation suggests the mass cultivation of cannabis is rife with modern slavery, and the grey area between offender and victim in these cases can become a blind spot for UK police."
A 34-year-old Vietnamese man now in an English prison for growing cannabis told researchers he had been a taxi driver, before fleeing his home after taking part in protests against a Chinese oil rig in the disputed South China sea.
Accused of betraying his country by police, he entered into contract with a smuggler after fearing for his life when a friend disappeared following arrest. Unable to pay in full, he ended up in debt bondage to a criminal gang.
Believing he was going to the UK to work in kitchens, the grower found himself in a series of lorries and flights across China and Russia, and taken into Europe via the forests of Poland.
"You have to walk for maybe two, three days… I saw one person had been beaten up… when I turned around he was unconscious… he walked too slow," the grower told researchers. He believed the person he described had died.
The grower arrived in the UK in a lorry container. He was eventually taken to a house already full of cannabis plants and shown how to tend them, and given an allowance for food and phone calls home.
"I do not dare leave the house without telling them, because I fear for my life… They told me if I tried to escape they would harm my family," said the grower.
He remembered police asking some questions about being forced to work, and he had told them. His legal advisor asked no such questions. He did not consider himself a trafficking victim, as he had wanted to come to the UK.
The police interviewer of the grower was a 33-year-old probationary police officer. He had been given an interview plan, and told researchers he viewed the matter in simple terms: "…you're interviewing him as a suspect to get a confession, or to get the points across to get the conviction or charge…".
No trafficking questions were in the officer's plan, but he asked some anyway based on the grower's response. The officer acknowledged his ignorance of modern slavery legislation to researchers.
A further interview was done by the officer's supervisor, who was in charge of the investigation. He told researchers the training given to police on slavery – one hour-long session – was insufficient, and until guidance improved they had to rely on instinct.
The officer-in-charge entered a submission to the National Referral Mechanism – the framework set up in 2009 to ensure victims of trafficking receive help. The NRM returned a decision that the grower had "consented" to the illegal work, so was not a victim, and he was sentenced to prison.
Displaced lives: Investigating Europe's handling of the refugee crisis and giving voice to asylum-seeking migrants
Ethnic minorities at much higher risk of homicide in England and Wales
Syrian refugee health workers can help Europe cope with COVID-19
A baker, a plumber, and a... swan taker
Fred Lewsey
A cannabis setup inside a residential premises in the West Midlands.
Credit: West Midlands Police
School of the Humanities and Social Sciences
Institute of Criminology


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is kreator a satanic band
You can grow older and still live a metal musician's life for sure. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings). Although Mille may act as KREATOR's figurehead, he affirms: "We only work as a band!" In fact, one with clear-cut functional division: Bassist "Speesy" Giesler is of great assistance when it comes to organizational matters, "Ventor" Reil brings the beat and all kinds of other stuff - and guitarist Sami Yli - … These thoughts led Petrozza to interlocking current events with tales from Greek mythology, eventuating in the song Gods Of Violence that was consequently chosen as the album's name giver. Most Satanic Bands For everyone that wants to know some really evil bands if you like them or want to stay away from them. Before, the combo had been known as TORMENTOR. Find out more about how we use your information in our Privacy Policy and Cookie Policy. Also in 1989, German director Thomas Schadt made a documentary about Kreator (focusing on the social aspect of heavy metal in the Ruhr Area) titled Thrash Altenessen (named after the band's hometown, a suburb of Essen).
[34][35][36][37] However, Petrozza said that the album would not be released until 2017. Kreator signed with Nuclear Blast in early 2010, before embarking on a North American tour in March to celebrate their 25th anniversary. Mariskal Rock TV's Jason Cenador recently conducted an interview with guitarist/vocalist Mille Petrozza of German thrash metal veterans KREATOR.You can watch the chat below. Let's see how I feel after this tour, and if I have ideas for new music, I will book a studio and start working on demos as soon as I have the time. In June 2012, Kreator released their thirteenth studio album, Phantom Antichrist, which has been well received. With many other thrash bands such as Metallica, Megadeth and Anthrax changing their style by incorporating more melodic elements into their compositions, Kreator began experimenting with groove metal and industrial metal around this time. I keep the show rolling, simple as that.". Kreator's work began in the vein of thrash metal but ventured into industrial and gothic from 1992 to 1999, before eventually returning to their classic thrash sound to date. You can change your choices at any time by visiting Your Privacy Controls. 12. "In my history book, KREATOR didn't really exist until 1985," says Petrozza, laughing. Thrash metal band from Essen, Germany. The early years were defining ones all the same: "None of us knew how to play our instruments properly back then," Petrozza remembers. Despite that, Mille Petrozza was quoted stating: "For us, success doesn't define in record sales. Information about your device and internet connection, including your IP address, Browsing and search activity while using Verizon Media websites and apps. 16 on the Media Control Charts, the band's highest ever chart position in Germany. The songs bore a heavy influence of such bands as Pantera and Machine Head as well as the partial resemblance of "Renewal". "Although we had already started jamming together in '82, we only entered the stage two or three times up until '85. Maybe we should write a more metal or more full-on thrash metal. Satanism is an invention by the PMRC and other devot christian pressure groups to limit sales of good music and push forward pop crap, to no avail.
As mentioned earlier, Mille's stylistic and ideological open-mindedness evidently manifests itself in his lyrics: Common thrash topics such as Satanism or apocalyptic visions come naturally to KREATOR. Gorgoroth Gorgoroth is a Norwegian black metal band based in Bergen. [6][7] Many of their subsequent albums – including Terrible Certainty (1987), Extreme Aggression (1989) and Coma of Souls (1990) – were also highly acclaimed. "These days, our weapons of mass destruction are called hatred and religious delusion," says Petrozza.
[32] Kreator performed alongside Suidakra in Bangalore on 16 June 2012. Kreator has released thirteen studio albums, two EPs, one live album and three compilation albums. Besides the song Enemy of God doesn't include blasphemy against god, … Their fourth studio album and debut with Epic (for limited territories) Extreme Aggression, recorded in Los Angeles, became a metal hit in Europe upon its release in 1989; however, the album would not enter the German album charts until 28 years after its release. [51] Petrozza later stated their new album is not expected to be released until the summer of 2021. To enable Verizon Media and our partners to process your personal data select 'I agree', or select 'Manage settings' for more information and to manage your choices.
KMFDM: promote satanic ideologies, inspired Columbine High School Massacre. Moreover, Italian death metallers FLESHGOD APOCALYPSE lent a hand with the orchestral parts of four songs and 12-year-old Tekla-Li Wadensten played the harp for Gods Of Violence. I know they have an album called phantom antichrist. They toured North America with Coroner and Suicidal Tendencies, which greatly expanded their popularity outside of Europe. The band had also begun working on their 12th full-length album in late 2007/early 2008 and began recording in July 2008. Despite containing a lot of melodic and so called "Gothenburg metal" riffs, it was praised by fans and critics alike.
However, the record sales went down and by the end of the 1990s the band reached commercial and critical nadir. Yli-Sirniö, who lived in Germany, was known to be a good guitar player, so the band recruited him. Yli-Sirniö has been the lead guitarist of Kreator since 2001, while Leclercq joined in 2019 as the replacement of Christian "Speesy" Giesler, who had been a member of the band since 1994.
Some user-contributed text on this page is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. Formed in 1985 as Tormentor, the original lineup featured lead vocalist and guitarist Mille Petrozza, drummer Jürgen "Ventor" Reil, and bassist Rob Fioretti. The intro leading to the opening track 'Apocalypticon' is already setting the proper bombastic pace for the album's basic idea: Marching drums and a Wagnerian choir are opening an extraordinary metal masterpiece that's contrasting brutality with fragility, excelling in an exemplary handling of momentum and dynamics. I'm an active person who enjoys working. [8] Continuing the Terrible Certainty formula while showing the band still progressing musically, and with better production by the well-regarded Randy Burns (also Megadeth, Possessed, Nuclear Assault, Death, Dark Angel, among others), the album featured the band's first major singles and music videos, the title track and "Betrayer", becoming major hits on MTV's Headbangers Ball.
We'll see what happens. All three of these bands are often credited with helping pioneer death metal, by containing several elements of what was to become the genre. But you have to make sure to preserve your dignity and to not become a parody of yourself - that's walking a fine line.", KREATOR are aware of the risk a long career like theirs involves. You've got to be honest with each other, should not avoid conflict and must be able to set your ego aside every now and then. In 1987, Kreator released their third studio album, Terrible Certainty, which is often considered a high-quality Kreator album as the arrangements on the album were more complex and the tempos more varied. Wulf was in the band for a few days but never on the band's second album, Pleasure to Kill (1986), which is widely considered a thrash classic[16][17][6] and a big influence on the death metal genre. [54] Kreator supported Slayer on their final world tour, appearing at the Santiago Gets Louder festival in Chile on 6 October 2019, along with Anthrax and Pentagram Chile. To date, Kreator has released fourteen studio albums, two EPs, two live albums and three compilation albums.
That's the plan at least. While reaching a newer audience, the band upset many longtime fans, accusing them of "selling out". The band hired the late Sodom guitarist Michael Wulf for the album's tour to play lead, while Petrozza switched to rhythm guitar. Mille Petrozza was born and bred in the metal scene. The Top Ten. [8] Despite being an influential band,[9] as well as one of the first European thrash metal acts to sign to a major label (signing to Epic Records in 1988), Kreator would not achieve mainstream popularity until later albums, including their thirteenth studio album Phantom Antichrist (2012) and its follow-up Gods of Violence (2017), both of which peaked at higher chart positions in many countries, with the latter reaching number one on the German charts. Find out more about how we use your information in our Privacy Policy and Cookie Policy. [21][22] The band experienced a decline in popularity as the result of the backlash against the album. Holy Wars...The Punishment Due - Remastered 2004, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Since 1984 they have been known as Kreator. Challenging and improving themselves, not living in the past - that's the main source of their unabated impact. This includes tackling issues of both personal and universal importance. "My wildest years are behind me and there are a couple of things I would have sung about back in the days that just aren't in line with my present life anymore. [18][7][19] It would not be until 31 years after its release that Pleasure to Kill entered the German album charts.
Javascript is required to view shouts on this page. In the early 2000s, Kreator returned to their classic thrash sound, which has continued to the present. "An extremely dangerous polarization is taking place, giving rise to growing hate among us all. [12], In the beginning of December, Kreator embarked on a tour of Europe, entitled the European Apocalypse, with the bands Dimmu Borgir, Hatebreed and Bloodbath. Kreator is a German thrash metal band from Essen, formed in 1982. The band released its debut album Endless Pain in 1985. In early 2006, Kreator toured North America with Napalm Death, A Perfect Murder, and The Undying.
On 30 August that year, they released a two-disc live album called Dying Alive. It's a vertical war, being fought by the media as well as by fanatics of all shades. Although it's breaking new ground in many respects, Gods Of Violence can still be considered characteristic for a career shaped by ambitious ventures and artistic risk: discontinuity is KREATOR's one true continuum. The early 1990s brought a decline in the popularity of traditional thrash metal. [55], On 16 September 2019, it was announced that Christian "Speesy" Giesler had left Kreator after 25 years as their bassist, and was replaced by Frédéric Leclercq, who had recently left DragonForce. [citation needed], Gosdzik and Cangelosi left in 1996 and were replaced by Tommy Vetterli (formerly of Coroner). Time will tell.
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is kreator a satanic band 2020


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What makes your school a "community school"? How are you working with community-based organizations on health, employment, adult education, social justice, or other issues?
These are just a few of the community-based schools C3S represents.
Click on the school name to read their story.
Academy of the City Charter School
The American Dream Charter School
The Bronx Charter School for Better Learning
Forte Preparatory Charter School
Future Leaders Institute
Harlem Link Charter School
Heketi Community Charter School
John V Lindsay Wildcat Academy
John W. Lavelle Preparatory Charter School
The Renaissance Charter School
Renaissance Charter High School for Innovation
St. HOPE Leadership Academy
Summit Academy Charter School
AoC believes that the community school model is key to our students achieving academic, social and personal excellence. We partner with various community organizations such as: City Harvest (nutrition workshops for families); NYU Dental School (free dental checkups for students and families); LaGuardia Community College (ESL and GED classes); Family Resource Center of Western Queens (parenting classes); and Variety Boys and Girls Club of Queens (after school and summer camp programs). We sponsor an annual community fair which connects AoC families with community and governmental organizations offering free consulting on: legal issues (e.g., immigration and family law advice), tutoring, job training, insurance, government benefits, mental health services, financial literacy, and access to free or low cost computers. Some of the participants are: Consulate General of Ecuador; Qualitas Of Life Foundation;Urban Up Bound; Families On the Move;New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene; HANAC Youth Services. This year a grant is allowing us to offer family literacy classes on Saturdays which are open to AoC families and other community members with pre-school age children. Additionally, the co-chairs of the AoC parent organization are ex-oficio members of the school's Board of Trustees.
We integrate parents into our everyday existence and partner with after-school programs to ensure that our students have a safe space to work after they leave our after-school program.
Both BBL 1 and BBL 2 are closely connected to the Bronx neighborhoods in which they are located, including participating as members of the Bronx Chamber of Commerce; working with the local food pantry to collect needed food products; coordinating the annual community health fair; coordinating the annual career day in conjunction with Harvard University; and participating in events sponsored by the Bronx leadership focusing on promoting a heightened awareness of gang violence. Additionally, as co-located schools, we have worked closely with traditional public schools to share professional development opportunities; include students in our after school enrichment clubs; coordinate parent associations; and to establish a student volunteer program.
Forte Preparatory Academy
We plan to be a community school by partnering with community based arts and music nonprofits, as well as orgs that support the transition to high school like SAYA. Additionally, we are partnering with homeless shelters and housing support orgs (The Landing, Chhaya) to ensure that families new to the district know about school options in their neighborhood.
We typically have a Harlem-based non-profit present during large parent and family events to register families for health-related services, including free dental care, free transportation for hospital visits, and reduced prices for health products.
We have officially launched our Start to Finish program this year with a director to work in the community for early literacy interventions and further formalizing our alumni program to follow our students through and beyond college.
Our name has its roots in the people of the community we serve. We have partnered with arts-based, mental health, and environmentally-focused neighborhood organizations to provide services to our children and families.
We have an open forum style foundation built within our school culture. Specifically, this means that community organizations are able to attend any one of our Commumity Meetings, which takes place every Friday morning 8:30am - 9:00am, where students share their learning with members of the community (parents, vendors, prospective families, current families and anyone else interested in learning more about our school). Our school also has "First Friday", which is a day where families are invited into their child's classrooms to monitor their learning, participate in their child's education, observe their interactions, and volunteer where needed. Finally, many of our standard school trips take place at local community entities such as Brook Park (complements our Science and Civic Engagement components.
We have an extensive internship program that supplies free interns for a wide array of community- based organizations. In addition our culinary program provides training on healthy eating for the local Bronx community. They also cater affairs for several nonprofits and community base organizations.
We are fully integrating special needs kids in college prep program. We are collaborating with Historic Richmond Town to bring US history to life.
We have a robust internship program. Students attend school every other week, working in the community the other week. Jobs are in many different areas. Student learn the "soft" skills. As a transfer school for over-aged, under-credited students, our students out-perform other transfer schools in the areas of regents (ELA), college readiness, and persistence.
We open our building up to various community organizations such as Make the Road (adult classes), the Jackson Heights LBGT Chorus and several other community-based schools. We offer programs to students who attend Renaissance and who also attend district, charter and private schools. We are also involved in a a Youth Mental Health Grant where we have trained people inside and outside the school to be able to identify youth who are in crisis.
THE RENAISSANCE CHARTER HIGH SCHOOL FOR INNOVATION
We have established partnerships and relationships with numerous human services providers in East Harlem and beyond and have a close partnership with Boys Town New York, which is a key player in our Community Schools Project, which is a collaborative initiative among our board, staff, families and community.
ST HOPE LEADERSHIP ACADEMY
As part of our commitment to leadership and service, St HOPE partners with Harlem Grown to educate scholars and families about the importance of sustainability, protecting our environment, and eating healthy. Harlem Grown works with our Green Team of scholar leaders at breakfast and lunch every day to compost materials and return them to the urban farm a few blocks away. Scholars then visit the farm to learn how to use the compost and grow healthy food. Volunteers from Harlem Grown then host Foodie Fridays at the school where they cook with the scholars, typically using food grown on the farm. Harlem Grown and the school also co-host Family Days at the Farm where all St HOPE families are invited to see this important work in action. In addition to this year-long partnership, the St HOPE Student Government also chooses a service theme of the month where they work directly with a CBO to increase awareness and raise funds to help the CBO. An example of this from last year was our partnership with ReFoundry, an organization that trains formally incarcerated people to recycle and repurpose furniture. Through the partnership, our scholars worked directly with ReFoundry employees to learn about the difficulties of transitioning back to life after prison and preventing recidivism.
Summit Academy Charter School has made community partnership a part of our mission and a component of our everyday existence. Not only do our scholars work to make Red Hook a better place to live but as an organization we host several events (Community Health & Wellness Fair), in partnership with CBS's and other schools to bring resources to our community and families. Furthermore, we ensure that our mission of college acceptance lives in the hearts of our scholars and families and resonates in work that we do with CBO's and schools.
© 2019 NYC COALITION OF COMMUNITY CHARTER SCHOOLS
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