text:
Latest Casino and Gambling News
PAGCOR's annual revenue to surpass US$1.8 billion
Latest Casino and Gambling News, Casino News, Economy/Finance, Philippines
Chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer of the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR), Andrea Domingo (pictured, right), has reportedly revealed that the government-owned body will end the year "with a really good performance," hauling in upwards of PHP100 billion (US$1.89 billion) in gross revenue for the entire 2018.
According to GGRAsia…
The operator of publicly-owned casinos under the Casino Filipino brand, which additionally oversees and licenses oversees private-sector properties, reported gross revenue of slightly more than PHP85.37 billion during the first nine months of this year, according to official data.
"a really good performance"
Quoting a recent PAGCOR press release, the news agency reports that Domingo said, "I think we're going to end the year with a really good performance." And added, "We will be breaching the PHP100 billion revenue mark this year."
As of September 30, 2018, the Philippine regulator's total income, including net of contributions to other governmental departments and gaming taxes, was PHP58.96 billion. That figure was inclusive of PHP26.41 billion from gaming operations.
Required contributions:
Of the gaming operations' gross income, by law, the agency is reportedly required to give 50% to the Southeast Asian country's Bureau of the Treasury and is also responsible for a franchise tax, and contributions to other social causes.
The regulator had reportedly made note of a spike in net income and revenue which it contributed to the sale of two parcels of land in Metro Manila to a subsidiary of Philippine casino operator Bloomberry Resorts Corp., Sureste Properties Inc., for PHP37.33-billion (US$710.8-million), finalized in June this year.
Bloomberry sale:
The 39.5 acres of land is home to Solaire Resort and Casino, which is run by Bloomberry Resorts and Hotels Incorporated, a subsidiary of Sureste Properties, Inc. and located in Entertainment City, a massive complex in the Bay City area of Parañaque.
Through September, gross gaming revenue (GGR) in the archipelagic country in Southeast Asia stood just above PHP158.36 billion, according to PAGCOR. For the first nine months of 2018, GGR has already reportedly exceeded the figure recorded for all of 2017.
Senate resolution filing:
In November, Senator Leila de Lima filed a Senate resolution calling for hearings into the growing number of brick and mortar casinos and of Philippines-based online gambling businesses that serve overseas customers, according to the news agency.
Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporationgross gaming revenuebloomberry resorts corpsureste properties incandrea domingo
Cherry granted 8 gaming licenses for Swedish market
Multilotto earns Swedish license
Philippines regulator establishing pair of iGaming hubs
Pennsylvania records improved May casino gross gaming revenues


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HIGH SCHOOL BASKETBALL: Date set for…
HIGH SCHOOL BASKETBALL: Date set for Tribune/Star-News Classic
April 12, 2010 at 12:00 a.m.
The seventh Tribune/Star-News All-Star Basketball Classic will be on Saturday, April 24 at Damien High School, game organizer Gordon Hamlow confirmed on Monday.
The game pits the top area senior boys and girls from the west and east sides of the Valley in their final prep showcase.
What's ensued in the previous six meetings is a rivalry that's seen the Pasadena area stamp its dominance in the boys game with a 5-1 mark and the Tribune area leading the girls series 4-2.
"Both sides want to win," said Pasadena coach Tim Tucker, who will guide the Star-News boys team for the second time after being named area coach of the year. "There's a lot of pride involved. I know the players look forward to playing in it. It's always a high honor when you're selected to coach an all-star game."
Tucker's team should be favored once again thanks to the presence of Star-News Player of the Year Matt Nolan from La Salle, who averaged 15.8 points and 11 rebounds per game for the 20-9 Lancers. But the talent doesn't end there for Tucker. Pasadena standouts George Toyama, Chris Bridges and Tyler Barber also will be on the roster. Keppel star Timmy Wong is expected to play as well, meaning he will get a chance to be in the same backcourt as longtime friend Toyama.
"I know that will have special meaning for the Asian community," Tucker said. "It will be great to see Toyama and Wong in the same backcourt. I just know the Asian community is going to be there just for those two."
The Tribune figures to be no pushover, though, thanks to Tribune Player of the Year Chris Adams and dynamic scorer Bobby Miles-Serrano of Workman. The Tribune also will feature the Bishop Amat duo of Tyler Goldston and Dion Hudson.
Marc Hart, who led Baldwin Park to a 24-5 finish this season, will coach the Tribune boys team.
"We should have a lot of kids who can shoot the ball," Hart said. "Calvin Smith from Glendora can shoot, Adams hit over 100 3-pointers and from what I understand Miles-Serrano can shoot pretty well.
"I'm as competitive as anybody. Of course, I'm going to want to win but I also want to play all the kids. I don't know who Pasadena has, but I have a feeling we'll be smaller than them."
The girls game figures to be another good one. The Tribune side will be coached by Diamond Ranch's Mike James, who was the Tribune Coach of the Year after leading the Panthers to a 27-4 record.
James will have the luxury of working with a strong roster that includes Tribune Player of the Year Arielle Wideman of Bishop Amat.
"I'm really looking forward to it," James said. "I plan on us winning. I'm looking at the kids we have and they're used to winning. I'm looking forward to some very spirited practices. Our intention is winning. It's an honor to be in all-star game, but you still want to win the game."
James will be opposed by Muir's Gary Johnson, who was the Star-News Coach of the Year after leading the Mustangs to a 22-10 record and a berth in the CIF-Southern Section Division 3A championship game. The Star-News girls team is led by Flintridge Prep's Megan Musashi and Muir's Taylor Gomez.
"We have some very good girls in this area from La Ca ada to Monrovia, so I'm looking forward to it," Johnson said. "You've got some very good coaches and players on the other side, so it's very motivating. I think the girls will definitely be motivated."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Moving along in the "back to school" season, hmm?
After spending much of Sunday at Grandma's house reconnecting, Monday saw us thinking of Out again... this time we were looking toward the state fair.
I love the lemur pictures!
I can't even decide what I love most from these recent posts...the rollercoaster pictures. The little, reaching lemur arm. Your sweet son in the picture with the goat! The snake and the awesome green caterpillar....and the pictures of your daughter dancing....beautiful!


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HomeAsian AmericansAsian Americans at center of interracial marriage history in California
Asian Americans at center of interracial marriage history in California
Ethnic Media Services Graphic
By Randall
(Editor's Note: This is the first in a series of stories looking at interracial marriage in California. Reporters from 20+ ethnic media outlets including AsAmNews turned the lens on multiracial couples in their communities. The stories offer intimate portraits of how people from California—as well as from all over the world—find and marry one another, creating a cosmopolitan culture in the state that has never existed before. While racial hate continues to rise, the epic story in California is one of love across all color lines. Visit California Love Stories to see more in the series.)
By Julia Tong, AsAmNews Staff Writer
As interracial marriage becomes more accepted and common nationally, California stands out. According to PEW, the state exceeds the national average of 17% of newlyweds being interracial couples, while the number of cross-cultural couples is also steadily growing, especially among Hispanics and Asians.
What explains these trends?
California is notably diverse: It's no coincidence that two of the largest populations in the majority-nonwhite state are Hispanic (39.4%) and Asian (15.1%). But demographics alone do not fully reflect the complexity of interracial marriage in the US, which is closely tied to immigration policy, racial classification, and a centuries-long history of anti-miscegenation laws that were only fully overturned in 1967.
Historically, California has played a particularly consequential role in the legalization—and restriction—of interracial marriage in the US. Understanding these historical dynamics provides crucial context behind today's data on interracial marriage in the state.
Immigration and interracial marriage
Anti-miscegenation laws have existed in California since statehood in 1850. Though the state's Civil Code initially only restricted Whites from marrying "negroes or mulattoes," the wave of Chinese immigration during the Gold Rush prompted expansions of anti-miscegenation laws that affected other racialized groups.
Following German race theorist Johann Frederich Blumenbach's widely accepted racial classification scheme, Chinese immigrants were classified as "Mongolians." They were explicitly treated as a threat which demanded policy intervention. Delegates to California's 1878 Constitutional Convention, for instance, pushed for restrictions on Chinese people's rights over fears that they would "overrun us" or "Mongolize this land."
"All marriages of white persons with negroes, Mongolians, members of the Malay race, or mulattoes are illegal and void."
California Civil Code Section 60 was amended in 1880 to restrict "Mongolians" from marrying Whites.
Since most Chinese immigrants were men, interracial marriage was viewed as especially threatening to the White population. During the Convention, the chair of the Committee on Chinese explicitly contrasted the "Chinaman" with the "prudent, intelligent, sympathetic White man" who would "not marry unless he can see a reasonable chance of maintaining wife as well as children."
The chairman's words reveal how interracial marriage was intertwined with immigration. A crucial portion of anti-miscegenation laws, he stated, was restricting immigration to "the Anglo-Saxon race, or kindred varieties of men" worthy of the "great privilege of American citizenship."
Such rhetoric also shows how racial classifications were neither scientific nor consistent. The convention was marked by confusion over what "Mongolian" exactly meant: Though the chairman explicitly identified "Chinaman," other delegates included Native Americans, Black people, even Caucasians under the label. Instead, "Mongolian" explicitly became a shorthand for people of color perceived as criminals, foreign invaders, or other threats to White society. (Said one delegate: "If you expect to wipe out crime, you must wipe out the presence of the Mongolian in our midst.")
Accordingly, in 1880, Civil Code Section 60 was amended to restrict "Mongolians" from marrying Whites. However, the lived realities of people of color in the state continued to defy classification. Section 60 only restricted marriage with Whites, allowing other people of color to marry: Sikh farm workers, for instance, circumvented anti-miscegenation laws to marry Mexican women, since both were considered "brown."
Legal challenges to anti-miscegenation laws
Other racialized groups continued to challenge those laws in court by exposing inconsistencies in racial categorization. In 1933, Salvador Roldan, a Filipino man, was denied a marriage license to his White wife. He appealed, arguing that Filipinos should qualify as "Malayan"—and thus allowed to intermarry with Whites—instead of "Mongolian." In Roldan vs. Los Angeles the court agreed, settling contemporary debates over how to classify the Filipino population.
arjorie Rogers and Salvador Roldan, 1931. (Credit EastWind)
The case had the potential to set an important precedent against anti-miscegenation laws. Instead, it sparked instant backlash from white politicians. In the week after the decision, the California State Legislature promptly amended Section 60 to include "Malayans" in the list of races prevented from marrying whites, further entrenching interracial marriage restrictions in state laws.
Section 60 did not face another challenge until the 1940s, when the conscription of white men during World War II allowed women and other people of color to formally enter the workplace. This created opportunities for interracial relationships that did not exist before.
One such couple was Andrea Perez (whose race was listed as White, despite being Mexican American), and Sylvester Davis, a Black man. The couple was barred from marrying by Section 60 and appealed by arguing that anti-miscegenation laws violated their religious freedom.
In Perez vs. Sharp, the court agreed—but not solely on the basis of first amendment rights. Importantly, the case finally affirmed marriage as a "fundamental right of free men." The majority opinion also explicitly refuted many racist arguments against interracial marriage and questioned the validity of previously accepted racial classification schemes.
Perez created a domino effect against anti-miscegenation laws: 14 states subsequently struck down their interracial marriage bans. The rest were eliminated by the landmark Supreme Court case Loving vs. Virginia (1967), which cited Perez as a precedent. The case was also referenced in In re marriage cases, the California case which affirmed gay marriage rights in 2008.
Though California played a pivotal role in officially legalizing interracial marriage, it would be decades until taboos surrounding cross-cultural couples began to fade across the state the nation.
Interracial marriage today
Recent interracial marriage trends are heavily influenced by the Hart-Celler Act of 1965, which opened immigration to more Asian and Hispanic populations. Subsequently, as scholar Hsin-Yi Cindy Liu observed, interracial marriage became a sign of integration into mainstream US society. This trend is reflected in California's increasing diversification, as well as the over 200% increase in the state's mixed race population from 2010 to 2020 alone.
Priscilla and Jose Gamez with their two children. Priscilla is the daughter of Hmong immigrants, while Jose traces his roots to both Indigenous Mexican and German ancestry. Their story is among those told in the California Love Stories project.
Today, couples benefit from favorable public approval of interracial marriage—at a time where immigration and an increasingly diverse California creates more opportunities for it. Simultaneously, however, racism remains an ongoing issue in both the state and the nation. The racialization of the US border—a direct echo of past xenophobic rhetoric that restricted both immigration and interracial marriage—is a particularly relevant example.
This complex history creates different effects for couples of all different races and cultural backgrounds. California Love Stories, a collaboration across 20 ethnic media outlets statewide, shows the lived experiences of interracial couples in a society that is, though more accepting than in the past, still racialized.
Ultimately, their experiences reflect the often complex, sometimes difficult, but ultimately rewarding dynamics at the heart of interracial marriage in today's world.
AsAmNews is incorporated in the state of California as Asian American Media, Inc, a non-profit with 501c3 status. Check out our new TikTok account. Find additional content on Instagram , Twitter and Facebook. Please consider interning, joining our staff, or submitting a story, or making a tax-deductible donation. We are committed to the highest ethical standards in journalism. Please report any typos or errors to info at AsAmNews dot com.
Asian AmericansChinese AmericanEast Asian AmericanFilipino AmericanHAPAPacific IslanderSikh AmericansSouth Asian AmericanSoutheast Asian American
anti-miscegenation
Chinese American history
Filipino American history
marriage inequality
mixed race Asians
mixed race marriages
Sikh American history


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Giants agree to whopping bonus for De La Salle High lefty Kyle Harrison
Sports // Giants
Henry Schulman
June 15, 2020 Updated: June 15, 2020 12:44 p.m.
Kyle Harrison, a junior at De La Salle-Concord, has already committed to UCLA. He was 10-0 with a�1.26 ERA this season.Sam Stringer / MaxPreps
The Giants are making a $2.5 million bet that a left-handed pitcher from De La Salle High in Concord will become a mainstay of their rotation.
That is the bonus they have agreed to pay Kyle Harrison, whom they chose in the third round of the amateur draft Thursday, more than three times the $710,000 recommended slot for the No. 85 pick and more in line with what a late first-rounder would get.
But that was the price the Giants had to pay to keep Harrison from honoring his scholarship offer from UCLA.
The Chronicle confirmed the agreement and the bonus Monday. Freelance writer Marc Delucchi first reported it.
Harrison was 10-0 with a 1.26 ERA as a junior in 2019, making only two starts in 2020 before the coronavirus shutdown.
Baseball America ranked Harrison as the 71st-best prospect in the draft, calling him "one of the more polished left-handers in the prep class" and adding, "Scouts believe he could become a monster in three years if he makes it to campus at UCLA, and he could be tough to sign away from the Bruins' program."
The publication said Harrison's fastball sits at 90-92 mph but touches 94. High schoolers often gain velocity in the minors.
Giants prepare to recruit undrafted players for $20,000 apiece
Giants draft SDSU's Casey Schmitt, say second pick has future as a hitter
"He's a guy we've really seen develop over the last eight to 10 months," amateur scouting director Michael Holmes said. "We've seen his velocity and breaking ball improve. It's more of a three-quarter, lower-three-quarter slot, a little cross-body look, so it's a deceptive delivery.
"This kid is smart on the mound, he has tremendous feel, he has good stuff, he definitely is competitive. Visiting with his family, I had a definite comfort with him."
The Giants will have to pay other draft picks below slot to compensate for Harrison's large bonus and stay within their $9.2 million pool for their seven selections. That is common with college juniors who, in ordinary years, rarely want to return for their senior seasons.
Henry Schulman covers the Giants for The San Francisco Chronicle. Email: hschulman@sfchronicle.com Twitter: @hankschulman
Reach Henry on
Henry Schulman has covered the San Francisco Giants since 1988, starting with the Oakland Tribune and San Francisco Examiner before moving to the San Francisco Chronicle in 1998. His career has spanned the "Earthquake World Series" in 1989 and the Giants' three World Series championships in 2010, 2012 and 2014. In between, he covered Barry Bonds' controversial career with the Giants, including Bonds ' successful quests for home-run records and his place in baseball's performance-enhancing drugs scandal. Known for his perspective and wit, Henry also appears frequently on radio and television talking Giants, and is a popular follow on Twitter.


text:
\section{Introduction}

Van der Waals interactions are at the heart of chemical physics.
Yet, the standard textbook answer on their essential charcteristic
is the well known inverse sixth power dependence on the distance.
This is a largely biased statement
towards the London picture of molecular interactions,
which treats intermolecular forces as a result of classical
electrodynamic fluctuations. At distances
of just a few nanometers, molecular interactions develop a different,
faster decay  that results from purely quantum electrodynamic fluctuations
and was  first described in the seminal work of Casimir (c.f.
\onlinecite{power01} and \onlinecite{lamoreaux07} for a hystorical
perspective).

An aclaimed unification of these two complementary views on the range
of molecular interactions has been known for a long time.\cite{dzyaloshinskii61}
The Dzyaloshinskii-Lifshitz-Pitaevskii theory (DLP) for surface forces
accross a medium  is the solution of the full thermal quantum
electrodynamic field theory for the forces between two plates across a
dielectric continuum. As a result, it   generalizes in one
single equation the Hamaker theory of additive dispersive
forces, the Debye induction potential between polar and polarizable
media, and the Keesom interactions between Boltzmann distributed
dipoles. It describes the cross--over from
purely non-retarded dispersive to retarded long--range interactions, it
reduces to the Casimir-Polder formula for the retarded force between metallic
plates in vacuum, and provides  the famous result of London for the dispersion
interaction between two atoms at short distances.

Not surprisingly,
the theory has had a profound impact on fundamental
physics,\cite{lamoreaux07}
it has motivated a large number of historical
experiments,\cite{tabor69,israelachvili72,sabisky73,bevan99,mohideen98,munday09}
and retains its theoretical influence
in promising new studies up to date.\cite{berthoumieux10,berthoumieux18}

Unfotunately,
with some exceptions the general
theory of van der Waals interactions is largely ignored in
favor of the Hamaker picture of additive dispersive
forces.\cite{israelachvili91}
The reason is simple to infer, as the power and generality
of this approach comes at the cost of a complicated and lengthy formula
that can hardly be interpreted qualitatively, except
in special limiting cases after lengthy manipulations and
detailed knowledge on materials
properties.\cite{safran94,parsegian06,ninham10,butt10,french10}

Here, we show that the theory of surface van der Waals
forces can be formulated as one single simple equation
that embodies simultaneously the known low and high temperature limits,
the crossover from retarded to non retarded interactions and
the far less appreciated long range exponential suppression of
retardation effects.  The result allows us to interpret easily the main
qualitative features of van der Waals forces for arbitrary
distances  and provides a convenient means to
compute  quantitatively the results in analytic form.

The  surface free energy  between two
semi-infinite macroscopic bodies, 1 and 2, separated by a third body, $m$,
of thickness $L$, may be written in terms of the effective
Hamaker function, $A(L)$, as $g(L) = -\frac{A(L)}{12\pi L^2}$.
In practice,  $A(L)$  is a constant at small separations only,
and develops a complicated $L$ dependence that is given in DLP theory as:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:1stol}
  A(L) = \frac{3}{2} k_B T \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \,^{\prime}
\int_{r_n}^{\infty} x
[ R^M_{1m2}(x,n)  + R^E_{1m2}(x,n)
] e^{-x} dx
\end{equation}
where $R^{M}_{1m2}(x,n)=\Delta^M_{1m}(x,n)\Delta^M_{2m}(x,n)$,
$R^{E}_{1m2}(x,n)=\Delta^E_{1m}(x,n)\Delta^E_{2m}(x,n)$, while
\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{lcl}
 \Delta^M_{ij} = \frac{x_i \epsilon_j - x_j\epsilon_i}{x_i \epsilon_j + x_j\epsilon_i}
 & &
 \Delta^E_{ij} = \frac{x_i - x_j}{x_i  + x_j}
\end{array}
\end{equation}
and  $x_i^2 = x^2 + (\epsilon_i - \epsilon_m) (2  \omega_n L/c)^2$.
In these equations, the prime next to the sum implies that the $n=0$ term
has an extra factor of $1/2$. The dielectric function,  $\epsilon_i$,
is evaluated at the imaginary angular frequencies
$i\omega_n$, where  $\omega_n=\omega_T n$
are integer multiples of the thermal Matsubara frequency $\omega_T= \frac{2\pi
k_BT}{\hbar}$. The magnetic permitivities have been assumed equal to unity.
The lower integration limit is $r_n=2\epsilon_m^{1/2} \omega_n L/c$;
while $k_B$ and $\hbar$, $c$ are the usual fundamental constants.
\Eq{1stol} provides the leading order result of the full
DLP theory, and  is the starting point of most analytical
approximations for the Hamaker
function.\cite{tabor69,hough80,prieve88,israelachvili91,safran94,ninham10,butt10}

It is conventional to split the sum into  $n=0$ and  $n>0$ contributions,
such that $A(L)=A_{\omega=0}+A_{\omega>0}(L)$. For the first term $n=0$
it is possible to integrate over $x$ exactly,
yielding the well known approximation:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:static}
  A_{\omega=0}= \frac{3}{4}
  \frac{(\epsilon_1 -\epsilon_m)}{(\epsilon_1+\epsilon_m)}
  \frac{(\epsilon_2 -\epsilon_m)}{(\epsilon_2+\epsilon_m)}
   k_B T
\end{equation}
For the remaining contribution $A_{\omega>0}$,
both $R^M_{1m2}(x,n)$ and  $R^E_{1m2}(x,n)$ remain non trivial functions
of $x$, and the integral cannot be evaluated exactly by analytical
means.  However, inspired by Parsegian's insightful
monograph,\cite{parsegian06}
we perform  the integration over $x$ using a generalized
one-point Gausss-Laguerre quadrature
rule with weight $x e^{-x}$ in the interval $[r_n,\infty]$. This yields
(supporting information):
\begin{equation}\label{eq:aproxsum}
  A_{\omega>0}(L) = \frac{3}{2} k_B T \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}
 R(x^*,n) [1 + r_n] e^{-r_n}
\end{equation}
where we have written $R=R^M_{1m2} + R^E_{1m2}$ for short
and $R(x,n)$ is evaluated at the optimized value
\begin{equation}\label{eq:xstar}
 x^* = \frac{2+2r_n + r_n^2}{1+r_n}
\end{equation}

Next, we transform the sum of  \Eq{aproxsum} into an integral.
Using the Euler-McLaurin formula,  we quantify the first order
correction to this transformation as
$\approx\frac{3}{4}k_BT (1+ \nu_TL) e^{-\nu_TL}$, which is a small
fraction of the full integral in most practical situations.
Therefore, introducing the auxiliary variable $\nu_n$,
such that $r_n=\nu_n L$,
and defining the constant  $\nu_T=2\epsilon_m^{1/2}\omega_T/c$, we find:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:ahigh1}
A_{\omega>0}(L) =
 \frac{3 \hbar c}{8\pi}
\int_{\nu_T}^{\infty}
  \tilde{R}(x^*,\nu)  (1 + \nu L)  e^{-\nu L} d\nu
\end{equation}
where $\tilde{R}(x^*,\nu)=\epsilon_m^{-1/2} j_m^{-1}(\nu) R(x^*,\nu)$, and
$j_m =  \left ( 1 + \frac{1}{2} \frac{d \ln \epsilon_m}{d\ln \omega} \right )$.
The factor $j_m$  is close to unity in most of the frequency interval,
and becomes strictly equal to one for interactions between two media across
vacuum.

Armed with this result, we can now read-off  the
essence of the crossover behavior between retarded and non retarded
interactions. In the limit of large $L$, the integrand is
dominated by the exponential decay,  $\tilde{R}(x^*,\nu)$
remains essentially constant and the integral can
be approximated to $\tilde{R}(x^*,\nu_T)\int  (1 + \nu L)  e^{-\nu L} d\nu$.
In the opposite limit,
$L\to 0$,  the exponential function decays very slowly
and the integrand becomes dominated by the algebraic decay of
$\tilde{R}(x^*,\nu)$ that takes place at frequencies larger than a
characteristic
frequency of the material, $\nu_e$.  Whence,  the integral is now given by
$(1+\nu_T L) e^{-\nu_T L} \int  \tilde{R}(x^*,\nu) d\nu$.
This analysis  highlights the  physical origin of the crossover behavior
and illustrates the mathematical complexity of the problem.
Integrals with a crossover from algebraic to exponential decay
are non-elementary functions that
cannot be possibly expressed as a finite number
of ordinary algebraic, exponential and logarithmic functions.

In order to circumvent this pessimistic mathematical statement, we introduce
an auxiliary exponential function, $e^{-\nu/\nu_{\infty}}$, made to mimic the
algebraic decay of $\tilde{R}(x^*,\nu_T)$. In this
mapping, $\nu_{\infty}$ is an effective material parameter
that dictates the range were such decay becomes effective.
With the help of this function, we then write the trivial identity:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:trivial}
A_{\omega>0}(L) =
 \frac{3 \hbar c}{8\pi}
\int_{\nu_T}^{\infty}
   \tilde{R}(x^*,\nu) e^{\frac{\nu}{\nu_{\infty}}}
    [ e^{-\frac{\nu}{\nu_{\infty}}} (1 + \nu L) e^{-\nu L} ] d\nu
\end{equation}
The function inside the square brackets shares broadly the properties
of the exact integrand in \Eq{ahigh1}, and remains convergent for all $L$.
Whence,
we can use it as a reference weight function and approximate the full integral
using again a one-point generalized Gauss-Laguerre quadrature.  This leads readily to the
expression (supporting information):
\begin{equation}\label{eq:gauss-lifshitz}
A_{\omega>0}(L) =
 \frac{3 \hbar c}{8\pi}
 \tilde{R}^*_{\xi}  \, \nu_{\infty}
 \frac{(\nu_T L + 1)(\nu_{\infty} L + 1) + \nu_{\infty}L}
      {(\nu_{\infty}L+1)^2 } e^{-\nu_T L}
\end{equation}
where   $\tilde{R}^*_{\xi}(L)=\tilde{R}(x^*,\nu^*)\, e^{\xi}$,
$\nu^*=\nu_T + \nu_{\infty}\xi$  and $\xi$ is an adimensional
factor given by:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:nustar}
  \xi =   \frac{(\nu_T L + 1)(\nu_{\infty} L + 1) + 2 \nu_{\infty}L}
               {(\nu_{\infty} L+1)^2(\nu_T L + 1) + (\nu_{\infty} L +
1)\nu_{\infty}L}
\end{equation}
The results of \Eq{gauss-lifshitz} and \Eq{nustar}, together with \Eq{xstar},
provide an analytical approximation that describes the qualitative behavior of
$A_{\omega>0}(L)$ in the full range from $L=0$ to $L\to\infty$.
We call this the Weighted Quadrature Approximation (WQA).
Our analysis allows us to identify
two different inverse length scales,
$\nu_{\infty}$ and $\nu_{T}$ which dictate the
$L$ dependence of the Hamaker function.
In the ensuing discussion we describe the qualitative behavior
that follows from the WQA, merely by assuming that the
wave numbers $\nu_{\infty}$ and $\nu_T$  are sufficiently separated.

\begin{itemize}
\item For $L \ll \nu_{\infty}^{-1}$, we
retain only the leading order term
  of \Eq{gauss-lifshitz} in the limit $L\to 0$, we find:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:limit0}
   A_{\omega>0}(L) = \frac{3 \hbar \omega_{\infty}}{4\pi} j_m^{-1}
          \Delta_{1m}^M \Delta_{2m}^M e
\end{equation}
$A_{\omega>0}$ is a constant independent of $L$,
with
\begin{equation}
   \Delta_{jm}^M =
  \left(\frac{\epsilon_j(i\omega_{\infty}) - \epsilon_m(i\omega_{\infty})}
             {\epsilon_j(i\omega_{\infty}) + \epsilon_m(i\omega_{\infty})}
  \right)
\end{equation}
Imposing the unknown parameter
$\omega_{\infty}=\nu_{\infty}c/2\epsilon_m^{1/2}$ such that
\Eq{limit0} recovers the known value of $A_{\omega>0}$ at $L=0$,
our result becomes exact in this limit by construction.
\item For $\nu_{\infty}^{-1} \ll L \ll \nu_{T}^{-1}$
$A_{\omega>0}$ recovers the expected inverse power dependence on
$L$:\cite{dzyaloshinskii61,israelachvili72}
\begin{equation}\label{eq:limit1}
   A_{\omega>0}(L) =
  \frac{3 \hbar c}{4\pi}\frac{R^*(L)}{\epsilon_m^{1/2}(i\omega^*)}
  \frac{ 1 }{L}
\end{equation}
${R}^*$ is now  a complicated function of
the relative permitivities, while $\omega_{\infty}\gg\omega^*\approx
c/L\gg\omega_T$.
\item For  $L \gg \nu_{T}^{-1}$,  the retarded interactions become strongly suppressed due to
the $\exp(-\nu_T L)$ factor:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:limit3}
   A_{\omega>0}(L) =  3 k_BT \Delta_{1m}^M\Delta_{2m}^M \, e^{-\nu_TL}
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}
  \Delta_{jm}^M = \left(\frac{\sqrt{\epsilon_j(i\omega_T)} - \sqrt{\epsilon_m(i\omega_T)}}
                           {\sqrt{\epsilon_j(i\omega_T)} + \sqrt{i\epsilon_m(\omega_T)}}
                \right)
\end{equation}
The expression in \Eq{limit3} is the exact result  for large $L$ at finite
temperature.\cite{ninham70} In this limit
all the dielectric functions are calculated at
$i\omega_T$ and amount barely to $\epsilon_i(i\omega_T) = n_i^2$, where $n_i$
may be identified in simple materials  with the refractive index in the
visible region.\cite{parsegian06,israelachvili91} Notice that
$A_{\omega>0}$ vanishes for $L > \nu_T^{-1}$ and only the static
contribution to the
van der Waals forces, \Eq{static} remains.\cite{parsegian06,butt10} Often, in analytical calculations the
low temperature limit $\nu_T\to 0$ has been considered, so that this exponential
suppression does not take place.\cite{dzyaloshinskii61,cheng88,parsegian06} At ambient temperature, however,
this can become  a serious error for $L$  in the micrometer range.
\end{itemize}

In the above paragraph  it has been the aim to emphasize the
crossover of $ A_{\omega>0}$ as $L$  increases.
Therefore, only the leading order athermal contributions have been
retained. However,
by considering also next to leading terms, it is possible
to trace non-retarded contributions that operate
within the retardation dominated regime.  Particularly, for distances
$L\nu_{\infty} \gg 1$,
$A_{\omega>0}$ features a non-retarded term of order $k_BT$
that adds up to the $A_{\omega=0}$ contribution of the full Hamaker function.
Furtermore, from the analysis it follows that the thermal contribution to the
retarded
interactions is a small fraction of order $\nu_T/\nu_{\infty}$
for $L\nu_T \ll 1$
but grows steadily and becomes the only remaining source of retardation
for $L\nu_T \gg 1$.  This qualifies analytically observation made
from numerical results on the significance of
thermal contribution to van der Waals
interactions.\cite{ninham70,parsegian70,chan77,parsegian06,obrecht07}

For specific applications, it is required to consider explicitly the
frequency dependence  of the material's dielectric response. In view
of the limited information that is usually available, it is customary
to describe the full dielectric function by a single classical damped
oscillator, such that:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:oscillator}
  \epsilon_{\alpha}(i\omega) = 1 + \frac{n_{\alpha}^2-1}{1+(\omega/\omega_e)^2}
\end{equation}
where $n_{\alpha}$ is the refractive index of the material $\alpha$ in the visible, and $\omega_e$
is a characteristic absorption frequency with order of magnitude
similar to the material's ionization
potential.\cite{hough80,parsegian06,prieve88,israelachvili91,bergstrom97}
This expression for the dielectric functions is quite convenient
because it provides well known analytical results for the
Hamaker constant ($L=0$) under the approximation of
\Eq{ahigh1}.\cite{hough80,parsegian06,prieve88,israelachvili91,bergstrom97}
The corresponding results may be used to  gauge the unknown
parameter $\nu_{\infty}$ required for quantitative validation of
\Eq{gauss-lifshitz} and \Eq{fca}.

We use this model to describe the paradigmatic system of two mica plates
interacting across vacuum,\cite{tabor69,israelachvili72,white76,chan77}
with the high frequency
oscillator parameters as given by
Bergstrom.\cite{bergstrom97} Matching \Eq{gauss-lifshitz} to the
Tabor-Winterton approximation for the Hamaker constant, readily provides
$\nu_{\infty}=1.1868\,(n_1^2+1)^{1/2}\omega_e/c$ for the cut-off frequency
(supporting information).
This is all that is required to plot $A(L)$ for arbitrary values of $L$.
A comparison of the
exact first order Hamaker function obtained by integration of
\Eq{1stol} shows very good agreement with  the WQ approximation
(Fig.\ref{fig:mica}).
Particularly, WQA predicts the Hamaker function at large distance
almost exactly, but yields a decay rate
that is somewhat too slow.  In practice, under the approximation of
\Eq{ahigh1} we notice that
$\tilde{R}_{\xi}(x^*,\nu)$ is a bounded function of $L$, with
a quadratic low order expansion  in $L$. Therefore,
the auxiliary function $\exp(-\nu/\nu_{\infty})$ should
also exhibit a similar $L$ decay. This can be
achieved assuming $\nu_{\infty}(L)=(1+k(\nu_{\infty}^0L)^2)/(1+(\nu_{\infty}^0L)^2)\nu_{\infty}^0$,
with $k$ determined such that \Eq{gauss-lifshitz} yields the exact leading order
correction to the Hamaker function as given by \Eq{aproxsum}.
Whereas forcing this
requirement yields an exceedingly complicated algebraic expression,
we illustrate this point by assuming $k=37/20$ empirically, and
call this the WQ-k approximation (Fig.\ref{fig:mica}).
With this device,  we obtain almost
exact agreement with the Hamaker function for all $L$.
Notice the exact result from Lifshitz theory, as well as the models, are somewhat
off the experimental results that are accompanied in the figure for
comparison. However, the early measurements with a prototype surface force
apparatus are presently considered as order of magnitude estimates and likely
suffer from a number of technical difficulties.\cite{chan77,white76}

\begin{figure*}[t]
\begin{tabular}{cc}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{hamaker_mica.eps} &
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{exponent_mica.eps}
\end{tabular}
\caption{\label{fig:mica}
Hamaker function (left) and van der Waals effective exponent (right)
for two mica plates interacting across vacuum at T=300~K. Circles are experimental
results from Ref.\cite{israelachvili72}. Squares are exact results
from first order DLP theory \Eq{1stol}. Lines are different approximations
as described in the figure legend.
}
\end{figure*}

Unfortunately, even with $\nu_{\infty}$ assumed constant,
the WQ approximation may be somewhat too cumbersome for some practical
applications. Fortunately, we can obtain a simpler expression for
$A_{\omega>0}(L)$
by taking into account that $\tilde{R}(x^*,\nu)$ is expected to be a
monotonically
decaying function in most cases (an interesting exception is the system made
of ice/water/air). Accordingly, applying  the second mean value
theorem of definite integrals to \Eq{ahigh1}, one can write:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:2ndmvt}
A_{\omega>0}(L) = \frac{3}{2} \frac{k_B T}{\nu_T} \tilde{R}(x^*,\nu_T)
\int_{\nu_T}^{\nu_{\infty}}
 (1 + \nu L)  e^{-\nu L} d\nu
\end{equation}
The above result is an exact quadrature for \Eq{ahigh1}, provided one chooses
a suitable $L$ dependent high frequency cutoff for the
wave-number, $\nu_{\infty}$. This frequency acts effectively as a natural
ultra-violet cutoff for the integral.

Performing now a trivial integration yields:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:fca}
A_{\omega>0} =
   \frac{3 \hbar c}{8\piL}
 \tilde{R}^*_{\xi=0}
 \left [
(2+\frac{3}{2}\nu_T L) e^{-\nu_T L} - (2 + \nu_{\infty} L ) e^{-\nu_{\infty} L}
 \right ]
\end{equation}
where the factor $3/2$ inside the first round parenthesis follows by
inclusion of  Euler-McLaurin corrections to lowest order.  This accounts
for the transformation of the sum  \Eq{aproxsum} into an integral.

For practical matters, assuming a constant value for $\nu_{\infty}$ is sufficient.
Indeed, by matching $\nu_{\infty}$ such that $A_{\omega>0}(L)$ yields the exact
quadrature of \Eq{ahigh1} for $L=0$, we find:
\begin{equation}
\nu_{\infty}=t\,
\frac{n_m \overline{n}_{1m} \overline{n}_{2m}}
{\overline{n}_{1m}+\overline{n}_{2m}} \frac{\omega_e}{c}
\end{equation}
where $\overline{n}_{im}=(n_i^2+n_m^2)^{1/2}$ are root mean square
indexes of refraction  and $t=\pi/\sqrt{2}$ is a  numerical
factor (supporting information).  We call this the Frequency Cutoff approximation (FCA).

The model is less accurate than the WQ approximation, but yields
a qualitatively good agreement in the full range of relevant distances
by using exactly the same parameters that are required to describe
the Hamaker constant in usual applications.\cite{israelachvili91} This
contrasts with the few empirical approximations that have been previously
suggested, which only provide heuristic estimates of the first crossover
length-scale and
completely neglect the second one.\cite{sabisky73,gregory81,cheng88}
For ultimate simplicity, we can use \Eq{fca} with the smooth function
$\tilde{R}_{\xi=0}$ replaced by a constant $\tilde{R}_{\xi=0}(L=0)/t$,
and choose $t=4$ to improve the decay rate of $A_{\omega>0}$ (supplemental
material).
In this way, the full Hamaker function may be readily given as:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:simple-1}
\begin{array}{ccc}
 A_{\omega > 0}(L) & = & \displaystyle{ \frac{3\hbar c}{32\sqrt{2}\,n_mL}
       \left ( \frac{n_1^2-n_m^2}{n_1^2+n_m^2} \frac{n_2^2-n_m^2}{n_2^2+n_m^2}
\right ) } \times \\ & & \\ & &
       \left [
 (2+\frac{3}{2}\nu_T L) e^{-\nu_T L} - (2 + \nu_{\infty} L ) e^{-\nu_{\infty}
L}
       \right ]
\end{array}
\end{equation}
Comparison of this very simple procedure (FC-t approximation)
yields again an overall
 very good description of the full Hamaker
function, at the cost of somewhat deteriorating the large $L$ behavior.
We stress however, that the factor $t=4$ is model independent, so
that this approach can now be applied generally for whatever system
with overall very good accuracy.
This is illustrated for interactions between two mica plates across
water and for that of octane adsorbed on water (Fig.\ref{fig:fca-t}), with
dielectric relaxation parameters taken from
Israelachvili.\cite{israelachvili91}  Particularly,
our approach is able to capture the sign
reversal of the Hamaker function for the water/octane/air system,
where a description based on the Hamaker constant alone would be
unable to predict the stabilization of thick octane films
at the air/water interface.

 As a caveat, notice that in either the WQ and FC approximations,
the tractability of this approach relies on a one to one
mapping of the effective cutoff frequency, $\nu_{\infty}$ with
the resonance frequency $\omega_e$ of \Eq{oscillator}. Whence, the method
is somewhat limitted to  this simple optical description. For
a more general sum of states, either \Eq{gauss-lifshitz} or \Eq{fca}
will still provide
a correct qualitative description by mapping $\nu_{\infty}$ to
the highest energy oscillator, provided the
optical response function  $R(x,n)$ decays  monotonously.

\begin{figure*}[t]
\begin{tabular}{cc}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{hamaker_mwm.eps} &
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{hamaker_woa.eps}
\end{tabular}
\caption{\label{fig:fca-t}
Comparison of Hamaker functions as obtained from DLP theory
at T=300~K (symbols)
with results from the FCA-t approximation (lines). Inset shows
the effective van der Waals exponent.
Left:  mica/water/mica. Right: water/octane/air (notice the sign
reversal of the Hamaker constant for this system).
}
\end{figure*}

Aside the quantitative description discussed above for selected
systems, our approach
illustrates qualitatively a number of very relevant issues that
despite efforts (c.f. \citet{parsegian06,french10}) are
generally not recognized.  Firstly,  the
crossover from retarded to non-retarded interactions sets in for
distances of the order $c/\omega_e$. For a large number of materials,
including inorganic substrates and hydrocarbons,
this corresponds to distances of  about
10~nm,\cite{chan77,hough80,israelachvili78,israelachvili91,parsegian06,bostrom12}
an order of magnitude less than it is often assumed.\cite{gregory81}
Secondly, the
rather simple crossover function $A\approx A(0)(1+\nu_{\infty}L)^{-1}$
that is most often used in the literature yields a Hamaker constant that decays
as $L^{-1}$ for large distances.\cite{gregory81}
In practice, the length scales
$\nu_{\infty}$ and $\nu_T$ are not sufficiently well separated at
ambient temperature, and the decay of the van der Waals interactions
does never really attain the  $L^{-3}$ power law expected
from the Gregory equation. This can be illustrated
by representing the effective exponent $n=d\ln g/d\ln
L$.\cite{israelachvili72,chan77}
Clearly,
a regime of $n=3$ constant  never really sets in at ambient temperature
(Fig.\ref{fig:mica})
Rather, $n$ reaches a maximum value that is close, but smaller than the
ideal value of $3$ expected from the standard retardation regime.
This observation is not specific to a particular choice of systems
(Fig.\ref{fig:fca-t}).
It is dictated by the separation between the two constants
$\nu_{\infty}$ and $\nu_T$, which is just two orders of magnitude
at ambient temperature for most substances.
In fact, using the FC approximation,
it is possible to show that the Hamaker function decreases to
half the Hamaker constant at distances $L_{1/2}=4\nu_{\infty}^{-1}$,
whence, only a few times larger than the onset of retardation.
Using this estimate for $L_{1/2}$ in either \Eq{gauss-lifshitz} or
in \Eq{fca} shows the Hamaker function obeys
a scaling form $A_{\omega>0}(L) = A_{\omega>0}(0) u(L/L_{1/2})$,
with $u(x)$ a universal function, as observed
empirically by Cheng and Cole.\cite{cheng88}
As a final comment, we remark that the Gaussian
Quadrature, which is a well known tool for numerical integration,
can be exploited as
an exceptional theoretical method in physics
provided one chooses suitable problem adapted weight functions.

In summary, it was shown that a simple analytical crossover functions,
\Eq{simple-1} can be used to describe the Hamaker function
in the range from the angstrom to the micrometer using exactly
the same few material parameters that are employed
conventionally  to calculate the Hamaker constant.  It is hoped this will
allow for a much better quantification of intermolecular forces
in a wide range of applications at the nanometric
scale.\cite{werner99,pototsky05,french10,sanchez-iglesias12,murata16}

\section{Supplementary Material}

See supplementary material for a
detailed explanation of problem adapted one
point Gauss quadrature rules,
detailed derivation of \Eq{1stol}, \Eq{aproxsum}
\Eq{gauss-lifshitz}, \Eq{fca}, calculation of
the high-frequency cutoff, $\nu_{\infty}$ and
parameters for the model systems.

\begin{acknowledgments}
The author would like to thank Andrew Archer and David Sibley for their
hospitality and stimulating ambience
at the Deparment of Mathematical Sciences at the University of Loughborough
where part of this work was performed. I also wish to acknowledge
funding from the `Programa Estatal de
Promoci\'on del Talento y su Empleabilidad en I+D+i', by the Spanish
Ministerio de Educaci\'on, Cultura y Deporte (Plan Estatal de Investigaci\'on
Cient\'{\i}fica y T\'ecnica y de Innovaci\'on 2013-2016)  for the generous
funding of this visit and
to the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\'on y Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional
(FEDER) for funding under research grant FIS2017-89361-C3-2-P.
\end{acknowledgments}

\def/home/luis/Ciencia/tex/Patrones{/home/luis/Ciencia/tex/Patrones}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Tracking error measures the standard deviation of relative excess, i.e. the annualized fund return error less the annualized benchmark return (calculated geometrically). Tracking error is often used as a measure of risk taken against the fund benchmark, with a larger tracking error indicating that greater risks were taken relative to the benchmark in achieving the return of the fund.
Alpha is the term used to describe the risk-adjusted outperformance of an investment. A large alpha indicates good performance relative to the market.
Average Annual Return is used to compare returns over different periods on a consistent basis with the unit being years,, hence per annum. Normally only returns over periods greater than one year are annualized. The average annual return is the rate that an investor would have earned in each year to achieve the total cumulative return over the period.
Asset backed securities are bonds where the borrower backs the loan with assets, usually in a company such as buildings or machinery or land, that can be used to repay the lender in the event of default.
Volatility is one measure used to assess the risk of a portfolio as it helps to describe the likely range of returns achieved by the fund. In statistical terms it is the annualized standard deviation of the return distribution. Greater volatility of monthly fund returns means that there is a wider range of likely returns in the future, or greater uncertainty regarding the fund return. Most investors would equate this greater uncertainty with greater risk.
Person who studies particular stock markets or industry sectors and makes buy or sell recommendations regarding the shares of specific companies within them. These are arrived at through a combination of research, economic statistics and, frequently, visits to the companies themselves.
The different classes of investment held by a fund - such as shares/equities, bonds and cash. Assets - another word for the investments that a unit trusts holds within its portfolio.
Agency securities are issued by government-sponsored entities, such as mortgage and loan organizations that have government backing.
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A yardstick (usually a stock market index) against which performance is to be judged. Most commonly used to assess the investment performance of a fund or portfolio.
Describes the sensitivity of a fund's return to the return of the market portfolio. The market has a beta of 1.0 as it moves in line with itself. A more aggressively positioned portfolio has a beta of greater than one so that if the market rises as expected, the fund will rise more than the market - a higher beta means higher potential returns but also higher risk. A fund manager positions the portfolio with a beta of less than one if he thinks the market may fall so that the fund price falls less than the market - a lower beta means lower expected returns but also lower risk.
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Describes the way in which two investments have moved relative to each other. Correlation coefficients range between +1.0 for assets that consistently move in the same direction, and -1.0 for assets that consistently move in the opposite direction. Assets with a correlation of zero were unrelated. Portfolios combining assets with low correlations provide diversification or risk reduction benefits, potentially without decreasing total portfolio return.
A lump sum of money. Usually refers to the amount you invest in a fund at the outset e.g. your original capital.
Corporate bonds are securities issued by companies to raise capital. The fixed income and repayment of principle are dependent on the financial strength of the company to meet payments.


text:
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> > the group numbers of other slots in a signal-slot system.
> pay for what you don't use" philosophy).
could be done or how much work it would take to do it.
the calling of slots in the same order as the connecting to a signal.
> possible to do in limited cases, however.
disconnect on it at some later time. Makes sense.
> > other users might not be able to.
> describing combiners in the near future.
'delegate' mechanism for managed C++ .NET code ( and C# of course ).
nether here nor there as far as Boost goes.


Overview of services — got college?
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text:
Andrew Sullivan: Politics as Religion: on Social Justice & Trump
Whether or not things change, he knows who he is.
He still has a sense of dignity and worth and he trusts that transformational change will come, though it may not happen in his lifetime.
Both the social justice movement and Trump arise out of idolatry.
The atheistic movements opened up a vacuum for other things, a type of politics.
People's beliefs become more extreme when the move away from religion.
Religion is not the substance in the bowl. It is the bowl.
Source: hwcdn.libsyn.com
Tags: andrew-sullivan, atheism, atheistic-vacuum, idolatry, pro-trump, religion, self-worth, social-justice, social-justice-warrior
The Struggle to Stay Human Amid the Fight
World War I and the adversarial mentality.
It's the eternal argument. When you are fighting a repulsive foe, the ends justify any means and serve as rationale for any selfishness.
Dax's struggle is not to change the war or to save lives. That's impossible. The war has won. The struggle is simply to remain a human being, to maintain some contact with goodness in circumstances that are inhumane.
Disillusionment was the classic challenge for the generation that fought and watched that war. Before 1914, there was an assumed faith in progress, a general trust in the institutions and certainties of Western civilization. People, especially in the educated classes, approached life with a gentlemanly, sporting spirit.
As Paul Fussell pointed out in "The Great War and Modern Memory," the upper classes used genteel words in place of plain ones: slumber for sleep, the heavens for the sky, conquer for win, legion for army.
The war blew away that gentility, those ideals and that faith in progress. Ernest Hemingway captured the rising irony and cynicism in "A Farewell to Arms." His hero is embarrassed "by the words sacred, glorious and sacrifice and the expression, in vain." He had seen nothing sacred in the war, nothing glorious, just meaningless slaughter.
.. European culture suffered a massive disillusion during the conflict — no God, no beauty, no coherence, no meaning, just the cruel ironic joke of life. Cynicism breeds a kind of nihilism, a disbelief in all values, an assumption that others' motives are bad.
Fussell wrote that the war spread an adversarial mentality. The men in the trenches were obsessed with the enemy — those anonymous creatures across no man's land who rained down death. "Prolonged trench warfare, whether enacted or remembered, fosters paranoid melodrama," he wrote.
The "versus habit" construes reality as us versus them — a mentality that spread through British society. It was the officers versus the men, and, when they got home, the students at university versus the dons.
George Orwell wrote that he recognized the Great War mentality lingering even in the 1930s in his own left-wing circles — the same desire to sniff out those who departed from party orthodoxy, the same retelling of mostly false atrocity stories, the same war hysteria. As Christopher Isherwood put it, all the young people who were ashamed of never having fought in the war brought warlike simplicities to political life.
.. Some of the disillusioned drop out of public life, since it's all meaningless. But others want to burn it all down because it's all rotten. Moderation is taken for cowardice. Aggression is regarded as courage. No conciliatory word is permitted when a fighting word will do.
Today we face no horrors equal to the Great War, but there is the same loss of faith in progress, the reality of endless political trench warfare, the paranoid melodrama, the specter that we are all being dehumanized amid the fight.
Tags: adversarial, aggression, anti-moderation, atheism, civilization, cruel, cynicism, david-brooks, dehumanizing, disillusionment, ends-justify-means, ernest-hemingway, fighting, genteel, george-orwell, glorious, in-vain, institutions, irony, meaningless, motivation, nihilism, no-progress, paranoid, rotten, sacrifice, slaughter, struggle, trenches, trust, us-vs-them, wwi
The Most Unpleasant Character in All Fiction
For those of us who pay close attention in Sunday school, a troubling dissimilarity may begin to appear between what we are told of God's personality and what we learn of it from His actions. For example, we are told that God is merciful, just, compassionate, and the very definition of love and forgiveness. However, the Bible lays out God's primary qualities very differently: he is jealous, petty, unforgiving, bloodthirsty, vindictive, and worse! Originally conceived as a joint presentation between influential thinker and bestselling author Richard Dawkins and former evangelical preacher Dan Barker, the book we will be talking about today, God: The Most Unpleasant Character in All Fiction (Sterling, 2016) provides an investigation into this rather serious discrepancy. Barker combs through both the Old and New Testament (as well as thirteen different Bible editions), presenting powerful evidence for why the Scripture shouldn't govern our everyday lives.
Dan Barker is a former evangelical minister and current atheist. He is the co-president of the Freedom from Religion Foundation, cohost of Freethought Radio, and cofounder and board member of the Clergy Project. A widely sought-after lecturer, debater, and performer, he regularly discusses atheism and lifes meaning and purpose in the national media, with past appearances on Oprah, The Daily Show, The O'Reilly Factor, Good Morning America, and many others. He is here with me today to talk about this witty, well-researched book and explain to us how the evidence in it suggests that we should move past the Bible and clear a path to a kinder and more thoughtful world.
Source: newbooksnetwork.com
Tags: atheism, bible, dan-barker, god, god-bad, religion, richard-dawkins
Weak Men are SuperWeapons
Alice said something along the lines of "I hate people who frivolously diagnose themselves with autism without knowing anything about the disorder. They should stop thinking they're 'so speshul' and go see a competent doctor."
Beth answered something along the lines of "I diagnosed myself with autism, but only after a lot of careful research. I don't have the opportunity to go see a doctor. I think what you're saying is overly strict and hurtful to many people with autism."
.. First, why did Beth take the bait? Alice said she hated people who frivolously self-diagnosed without knowing anything about the disorder. Beth clearly was not such a person. Why didn't she just say "Yes, please continue hating these hypothetical bad people who are not me"?
.. Second, why did Alice take the bait? Why didn't she just say "I think you'll find I wasn't talking about you?"
.. One of the cutting-edge advances in fallacy-ology has been the weak man, a terribly-named cousin of the straw man. The straw man is a terrible argument nobody really holds, which was only invented so your side had something easy to defeat. The weak man is a terrible argument that only a few unrepresentative people hold, which was only brought to prominence so your side had something easy to defeat.
.. For example, "I am a proud atheist and I don't like religion. Think of the terrible things done by religion, like the actions of the Westboro Baptist Church. They try to disturb the funerals of heroes because they think God hates everybody. But this is horrible. Religious people can't justify why they do things like this. That's why I'm proud to be an atheist."
It's not a straw man. There really is a Westboro Baptist Church, for some reason. But one still feels like the atheist is making things just a little too easy on himself.
Maybe the problem is that the atheist is indirectly suggesting that Westboro Baptist Church is typical of religion? An implied falsehood?
.. On the other side of the world, a religious person is writing "I hate atheists who think morality is relative, and that this gives them the right to murder however many people stand between them and a world where no one is allowed to believe in God".
Again, not a straw man. The Soviet Union contained several million of these people. But if you're an atheist, would you just let this pass?
How about "I hate black thugs who rob people"?
What are the chances a black guy reads that and says "Well, good thing I'm not a thug who robs people, he'll probably love me"?
.. What is the problem with statements like this?
First, they are meant to re-center a category. Remember, people think in terms of categories with central and noncentral members – a sparrow is a central bird, an ostrich a noncentral one. But if you live on the Ostrich World, which is inhabited only by ostriches, emus, and cassowaries, then probably an ostrich seems like a pretty central example of 'bird' and the first sparrow you see will be fantastically strange.
.. Right now most people's central examples of religion are probably things like your local neighborhood church. If you're American, it's probably a bland Protestant denomination like the Episcopalians or something.
.. The guy whose central examples of religion are Pope Francis and the Dalai Lama is probably going to have a different perception of religion than the guy whose central examples are Torquemada and Fred Phelps.
.. if you convert a culture from thinking in the first type of way to thinking in the second type of way, then religious people will be unpopular and anyone trying to make a religious argument will have to spend the first five minutes of their speech explaining how they're not Fred Phelps, honest, and no, they don't picket any funerals. After all that time spent apologizing and defending themselves and distancing themselves from other religious people, they're not likely to be able to make a very rousing argument for religion.
.. In Cowpox of Doubt, I mention the inoculation effect. When people see a terrible argument for an idea get defeated, they are more likely to doubt the idea later on, even if much better arguments show up.
Put this in the context of people attacking the Westboro Baptist Church. You see the attacker win a big victory over "religion", broadly defined. Now you are less likely to believe in religion when a much more convincing one comes along.
I see the same thing in atheists' odd fascination with creationism. Most of the religious people one encounters are not young-earth creationists. But these people have a dramatic hold on the atheist imagination.
And I think: well, maybe if people see atheists defeating a terrible argument for religion enough, atheists don't have to defeat any of the others. People have already been inoculated against religion. "Oh, yeah, that was the thing with the creationism. Doesn't seem very smart."
If this is true, it means that all religious people, like it or not, are in the same boat. An atheist attacking creationism becomes a deadly threat for the average Christian, even if that Christian does not herself believe in creationism.
Likewise, when a religious person attacks atheists who are moral relativists, or communists, or murderers, then all atheists have to band together to stop it somehow or they will have successfully poisoned people against atheism.
.. I suggested imagining yourself in the shoes of a Jew in czarist Russia. The big news story is about a Jewish man who killed a Christian child. As far as you can tell the story is true. It's just disappointing that everyone who tells it is describing it as "A Jew killed a Christian kid today". You don't want to make a big deal over this, because no one is saying anything objectionable like "And so all Jews are evil". Besides you'd hate to inject identity politics into this obvious tragedy. It just sort of makes you uncomfortable.
The next day you hear that the local priest is giving a sermon on how the Jews killed Christ. This statement seems historically plausible, and it's part of the Christian religion, and no one is implying it says anything about the Jews today. You'd hate to be the guy who barges in and tries to tell the Christians what Biblical facts they can and can't include in their sermons just because they offend you. It would make you an annoying busybody. So again you just get uncomfortable.
.. The next day you hear people complain about the greedy Jewish bankers who are ruining the world economy. And really a disproportionate number of bankers are Jewish, and bankers really do seem to be the source of a lot of economic problems. It seems kind of pedantic to interrupt every conversation with "But also some bankers are Christian, or Muslim, and even though a disproportionate number of bankers are Jewish that doesn't mean the Jewish bankers are disproportionately active in ruining the world economy compared to their numbers." So again you stay uncomfortable.
.. Then the next day you get in a business dispute with your neighbor. Maybe you loaned him some money and he doesn't feel like paying you back. He tells you you'd better just give up, admit he is in the right, and apologize to him – because if the conflict escalated everyone would take his side because he is a Christian and you are a Jew. And everyone knows that Jews victimize Christians and are basically child-murdering Christ-killing economy-ruining atrocity-committing scum.
You have been boxed in by a serious of individually harmless but collectively dangerous statements. None of them individually referred to you – you weren't murdering children or killing Christ or owning a bank. But they ended up getting you in the end anyway.
.. I wrote the superweapon post to address some of my worries about feminism, so it would not be surprising at all if we found this dynamic there.
.. Thus, a stupid fight between atheists who don't care about Westboro and religious people who don't support them.
.. Instead of identifying as a liberal and getting upset when someone insulted liberals or happy when someone praised liberals, I should say "These are my beliefs. There are other people who believe approximately the same thing, but the differences are sufficient that I just want to be judged on my own individual beliefs alone."
.. It's not my decision whether or not I get to identify with other liberals or not. If other people think of me as a liberal, then anything other liberals do is going to reflect, positively or negatively, on me. And I'm going to have to join in the fight to keep liberals from being completely discredited, or else the fact that I didn't share any of the opinions they were discredited for isn't going to save me. I will be Worst Argument In The World-ed and swiftly dispatched.
.. In the example we started with, Beth chose to stand up for the people who self-diagnosed autism without careful research. This wasn't because she considered herself a member of that category. It was because she decided that self-diagnosed autistics were going to stand or fall as a group, and if Alice succeeded in pushing her "We should dislike careless self-diagnosees" angle, then the fact that she wasn't careless wouldn't save her.
Source: slatestarcodex.com
Tags: anti-semitism, atheism, isreal, re-center, scott-alexander, superweapons, weak-men-argument, westboro-baptist-church