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Comparative validation of the BOADICEA and Tyrer-Cuzick breast cancer risk models incorporating classical risk factors and polygenic risk in a population-based prospective cohort of women of European ancestry
Parichoy Pal Choudhury1,
Mark N. Brook2,
Amber N. Hurson1,3,
Andrew Lee4,
Charlotta V. Mulder1,
Penny Coulson2,
Minouk J. Schoemaker2,
Michael E. Jones2,
Anthony J. Swerdlow2,5,
Nilanjan Chatterjee6,
Antonis C. Antoniou4 &
Montserrat Garcia-Closas1
Breast Cancer Research volume 23, Article number: 22 (2021) Cite this article
This article has been updated
The Breast and Ovarian Analysis of Disease Incidence and Carrier Estimation Algorithm (BOADICEA) and the Tyrer-Cuzick breast cancer risk prediction models are commonly used in clinical practice and have recently been extended to include polygenic risk scores (PRS). In addition, BOADICEA has also been extended to include reproductive and lifestyle factors, which were already part of Tyrer-Cuzick model. We conducted a comparative prospective validation of these models after incorporating the recently developed 313-variant PRS.
Calibration and discrimination of 5-year absolute risk was assessed in a nested case-control sample of 1337 women of European ancestry (619 incident breast cancer cases) aged 23–75 years from the Generations Study.
The extended BOADICEA model with reproductive/lifestyle factors and PRS was well calibrated across risk deciles; expected-to-observed ratio (E/O) at the highest risk decile :0.97 (95 % CI 0.51 − 1.86) for women younger than 50 years and 1.09 (0.66 − 1.80) for women 50 years or older. Adding reproductive/lifestyle factors and PRS to the BOADICEA model improved discrimination modestly in younger women (area under the curve (AUC) 69.7 % vs. 69.1%) and substantially in older women (AUC 64.6 % vs. 56.8%). The Tyrer-Cuzick model with PRS showed evidence of overestimation at the highest risk decile: E/O = 1.54(0.81 − 2.92) for younger and 1.73 (1.03 − 2.90) for older women.
The extended BOADICEA model identified women in a European-ancestry population at elevated breast cancer risk more accurately than the Tyrer-Cuzick model with PRS. With the increasing availability of PRS, these analyses can inform choice of risk models incorporating PRS for risk stratified breast cancer prevention among women of European ancestry.
The Breast and Ovarian Analysis of Disease and Carrier Estimation Algorithm (BOADICEA) breast cancer model was originally developed to predict breast cancer risk for women using pedigree-level family history information and genetic testing results on rare pathogenic variants in high and moderate risk genes [1, 2]. This model has been updated (version 5.0) to include reproductive and lifestyle factors and the recently developed polygenic risk score (PRS) based on 313 common germline variants [3] for applications in both general and high-risk populations [4, 5]. The Tyrer-Cuzick or International Breast Intervention Study (IBIS) model [6], commonly used in clinical and research settings, also includes extensive family history and comprehensive risk factor information and has been updated to include information on PRS. We recently evaluated the performance of the Tyrer-Cuzick model (version 8.0) without PRS in a prospective cohort of women of European ancestry in the general population [7]. Here, we perform a comparative validation of the extended BOADICEA and Tyrer-Cuzick models incorporating the 313-variant PRS in the same prospective cohort.
The original BOADICEA and Tyrer-Cuzick models are considered in clinical guidelines [8, 9] for management of women with a family history of breast cancer and have been implemented in user-friendly risk assessment tools that can incorporate PRS (BOADICEA: https://canrisk.org; IBIS: https://ibis.ikonopedia.com). Assessment of disease risk using PRS has been increasingly commercially available through genetic services and marketed to clinicians [10]. Given the widespread use of these models and their capabilities to incorporate PRS with other risk factors in flexible risk prediction tools, comparative prospective validation of these models and their extensions is critical to assess their ability to accurately identify women at different risk levels for risk-stratified screening, surveillance or prevention strategies.
We report results from a prospective comparative validation of the extended BOADICEA model (v.5) with risk factors and 313-variant PRS and Tyrer-Cuzick model (v.8) with the same PRS in the Generations Study, a population-based cohort study of UK women [11].
Data were used from a nested case-control sample within the Generations Study (2003–2012), a prospective cohort of over 113,000 UK women aged 16–102 years; details are elsewhere [7, 11]. The comparative validation analyses of 5-year absolute risk of breast cancer were based on 1337 women aged 23–75 years, including 619 incident breast cancer patients within 5 years from study recruitment, with information on the PRS and the risk factors used in both the BOADICEA (v.5) and Tyrer-Cuzick (v.8) models (Supplementary Fig. 1). Supplementary Table 1 summarizes the information on questionnaire-based risk factors and 313-variant PRS for these women.
To update the original BOADICEA model, the relative risks for the risk factors and PRS were derived using the literature-based approach [3, 7]; further details are given in Lee et al. [4]. In this model, the family history association, described by a residual polygenic component, was adjusted to account for the PRS explaining ~ 20% of the breast cancer familial aggregation. The PRS was added to the Tyrer-Cuzick model (v.8) using the approach described in Brentnall et al. [12], where the associations of family history and PRS were unadjusted and assumed to be multiplicative on the risk of developing breast cancer. The comparative validation analyses were performed using the standardized model calibration and discrimination methods implemented in the Individualized Coherent Absolute Risk Estimator (iCARE) tool [13] (details in supplement). Briefly, model calibration was assessed in terms of relative and absolute risk by comparing the observed and expected quantities, overall, and within risk categories. The area under the curve (AUC) was estimated to assess model discrimination.
For women younger than 50 years, the original and extended BOADICEA models (with PRS and with PRS and reproductive/lifestyle factors) showed good calibration of relative and absolute risk (Fig. 1). At the highest decile of predicted 5-year absolute risk, the extended model with PRS and reproductive/lifestyle factors showed better calibration than both the original model and the extended model with PRS only, with a ratio of expected to observed number of cases (E/O) of 0.97 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51 − 1.86], 0.83 (0.44 − 1.56), 0.85 (0.44 − 1.63), respectively. Adding PRS and risk factors led to modest improvement in AUC from 69.1 % (63.5 % − 74.6%) to 69.7 % (64.1 % − 75.2%). Incorporating risk factors did not improve the discrimination of the original model (data not shown) or the extended model with PRS (Fig. 1). The Tyrer-Cuzick model with PRS had similar discrimination [AUC : 69.4 % (63.8 % − 75.0%)] to the extended BOADICEA model with PRS and risk factors but showed evidence of overestimation at the highest risk decile [E/O : 1.54 (0.81 − 2.92)].
Calibration and discrimination of 5-year risk predictions of breast cancer for women younger than 50 years in the nested case-control sample of the Generations Study cohort with risk categories based on deciles of predicted 5-year absolute risk. Validation results are shown for the original BOADICEA model that incorporates pedigree level family history information, its two extensions: (i) incorporating the recently developed PRS based on 313 common germline variants to the original model and (ii) incorporating the 313-variant PRS and reproductive and lifestyle factors to the original model, and the IBIS (Version 8.0) model after including the 313-variant PRS. Estimates and 95% CI of the calibration slope and intercept are reported based on a linear regression of the decile-specific observed proportion of cases within 5 years and the average of the predicted 5-year absolute risk. AUC = area under the curve, c2 =chi-square goodness-of-fit test, BOADICEA = Breast and Ovarian Analysis of Disease Incidence and Carrier Estimation Algorithm, IBIS = International Breast Cancer Intervention Study, PRS = polygenic risk score, E/O = expected to observed number of cases, CI = confidence interval
The original and extended BOADICEA models also showed good calibration of relative and absolute risk for women 50 years or older (Fig. 2), in particular for women at the highest risk decile [E/O : 0.95 (0.56 − 1.62) for the original model, 1.07 (0.63 − 1.82) for the extended model with PRS, 1.09 (0.66 − 1.80) for the extended model with PRS and risk factors]. For this age group, incorporating PRS and risk factors led to substantial improvements in AUC from 56.8 % (52.9 % − 60.6%) to 64.6 % (60.9 % − 68.2%). Adding risk factors substantially improved the risk discrimination of the original model (data not shown) and the extended model with PRS (Fig. 2). The Tyrer-Cuzick model with PRS had risk discrimination comparable to the extended BOADICEA model with PRS and risk factors; however, the former substantially overestimated risk for women at the highest risk decile [E/O : 1.73 (1.03 − 2.90)]. Overestimation of risk in high-risk deciles was present in models with or without the PRS (Supplementary Fig. 2).
Calibration and discrimination of 5-year risk predictions of breast cancer for women aged 50 years or older in the nested case-control sample of the Generations Study cohort with risk categories based on deciles of predicted 5-year absolute risk. Validation results are shown for the original BOADICEA model that incorporate pedigree level family history information, its two extensions: (i) incorporating the recently developed PRS based on 313 common germline variants to the original model and (ii) incorporating the 313-variant PRS and reproductive and lifestyle factors to the original model, and the IBIS model (Version 8.0) after including the 313-variant PRS. Estimates and 95% CI of the calibration slope and intercept are reported based on a linear regression of the decile-specific observed proportion of cases within 5 years and the average of the predicted 5-year absolute risk. AUC = area under the curve, c2 =chi-square goodness-of-fit test, BOADICEA = Breast and Ovarian Analysis of Disease Incidence and Carrier Estimation Algorithm, IBIS = International Breast Cancer Intervention Study, PRS = polygenic risk score, E/O = expected to observed number of cases, CI = confidence interval
Our study shows that the extended BOADICEA model, which incorporated reproductive and lifestyle factors and a 313-SNP PRS to the familial aggregation information, predicted 5-year absolute risk of breast cancer more accurately than the Tyrer-Cuzick model with the same PRS, for women at the highest risk decile in the Generations study, a UK-based prospective cohort.
Previous studies in populations of women of European ancestry provided evidence of overestimation of absolute risk obtained from the Tyrer-Cuzick model without PRS for women in the highest risk decile [7, 14]. Two recent studies that incorporated PRSs with fewer genetic variants to this model, showed good calibration in terms of relative risk, but did not evaluate absolute risk calibration [12, 15]. Our results showed overestimation of the absolute risk for women at the high-risk deciles, possibly due to not attenuating the contribution of family history association to account for the substantial familial aggregation explained by the PRS. This can lead to inflated breast cancer risks, particularly for women with breast cancer family history who are more prevalent in high-risk deciles. Accounting for the correlation between the PRS and family history would likely reduce this overestimation and future studies are needed to investigate the extent of this reduction.
Strengths of the current analyses include the use of the Generations Study, a relatively recent population-based cohort with a wide range of ages of participating women and the comparison of two widely used risk prediction tools that can incorporate PRS. With the increasing availability of PRS (e.g., in countries like US), such rigorous comparative evaluation of models incorporating PRS with other risk factor information is critical to assess their suitability in clinical and research applications. Moreover, model calibration was assessed both overall and within risk categories, in particular for women at the extremes of risk for whom prevention and screening are most relevant. The CanRisk tool has already implemented the BOADICEA model and its extensions. The current study provides some evidence of accurate risk predictions from this tool for the UK general population. Further evaluation of this tool in both general and high-risk populations is needed before widespread clinical applications. Moreover, future research is merited towards risk model building and validation for women of non-European ancestry.
To summarize, the extended BOADICEA model with PRS and reproductive/lifestyle factors identified women of European ancestry at elevated 5-year risk of breast cancer more accurately than the Tyrer-Cuzick model with PRS. As disease risk prediction with PRS is becoming more available through genetic services in some countries (e.g., the USA), these and other similar analyses will potentially inform the choice of risk models for developing risk-stratified breast cancer prevention and screening strategies for women of European ancestry.
All data relevant to this report are included in this published article and its supplementary information files. The access policy for analysis of the Generations study datasets is available at: https://www.breakthroughgenerations.org.uk/researchers.
In the original article an OA funding note was missing. An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.
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Brentnall AR, Cuzick J, Buist DSM, Bowles EJA. Long-term accuracy of breast cancer risk assessment combining classic risk factors and breast density. JAMA Oncol. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.0174.
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The authors would like to thank Adam R. Brentnall and Jack Cuzick for providing the IBIS Risk Evaluator software and the information about incorporating polygenic risk scores to the Tyrer-Cuzick model.
This work was supported by Cancer Research UK grants C12292/A20861 and C1287/A16563; the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement number 633784 (B-CAST). The Generations Study acknowledge Breast Cancer Now and the Institute of Cancer Research for support and funding of the Generations Study, and the study participants, study staff, and the doctors, nurses, and other healthcare staff and data providers who have contributed to the study. The Institute of Cancer Research acknowledge National Health Service funding to the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center, UK. The works of Parichoy Pal Choudhury, Montserrat Garcia-Closas were supported by the Intramural Research Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services. The work of Amber N. Hurson is supported by the University of North Carolina LCCC Cancer Control Education Program predoctoral training grant from the National Cancer Institute (T32-CA057726). The work of Nilanjan Chatterjee was supported by the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) Award (ME1602-34530). The sponsors had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Open access funding provided by National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive 7E-342, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
Parichoy Pal Choudhury, Amber N. Hurson, Charlotta V. Mulder & Montserrat Garcia-Closas
Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
Mark N. Brook, Penny Coulson, Minouk J. Schoemaker, Michael E. Jones & Anthony J. Swerdlow
Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Amber N. Hurson
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Andrew Lee & Antonis C. Antoniou
Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
Anthony J. Swerdlow
Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins University, MD, Baltimore, USA
Nilanjan Chatterjee
Parichoy Pal Choudhury
Mark N. Brook
Charlotta V. Mulder
Penny Coulson
Minouk J. Schoemaker
Michael E. Jones
Antonis C. Antoniou
Montserrat Garcia-Closas
PPC and MGC conceptualized the study. PPC, MNB, and ANW conducted the statistical analysis and interpreted the results. PPC wrote the first draft. CVM, ACA, and MGC critically revised the manuscript. All authors have commented on the different versions of the manuscript and approved the final version.
Correspondence to Montserrat Garcia-Closas.
The Generations Study was approved under the procedures for national medical research studies, by the South-East Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee.
Breast and Ovarian Analysis of Disease and Carrier Estimation Algorithm (BOADICEA) has been licensed to Cambridge Enterprise (University of Cambridge) and Antonis C. Antoniou and Andrew Lee are listed as creators. No other disclosures are reported.
Additional file 1: Supplementary Materials
: Comparative validation of the BOADICEA and Tyrer- Cuzick breast cancer risk models incorporating classical risk factors and polygenic risk in a population-based prospective cohort of women of European ancestry.Additional details on the definition of study follow-up, sources of genotype data, risk factors in BOADICEA and Tyrer-Cuzick models, model validation methods are given. Supplementary Fig. 1. shows the study design in the validation cohort. Supplementary Fig. 2. shows a comparative validation of Tyrer-Cuzick model with and without PRS in the Generations Study. Supplementary Table 1 shows the risk factor distribution in the Generation Study. Figure 1. Calibration and discrimination of five-year risk predictions of breast cancer for women younger than 50 years in the nested case-control sample of the Generations Study cohort with risk categories based on deciles of predicted five-year absolute risk. Figure 2. Calibration and discrimination of five-year risk predictions of breast cancer for women aged 50 years or older in the nested case-control sample of the Generations Study cohort with risk categories based on deciles of predicted five-year absolute risk.
Pal Choudhury, P., Brook, M.N., Hurson, A.N. et al. Comparative validation of the BOADICEA and Tyrer-Cuzick breast cancer risk models incorporating classical risk factors and polygenic risk in a population-based prospective cohort of women of European ancestry. Breast Cancer Res 23, 22 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13058-021-01399-7
Absolute risk
Prospective cohort
Risk prediction
Tyrer-Cuzick


St. Xavier's High School, the pioneer institute in the field of education is the school, sprouting with roots strongly placed. The learning opportunities provided to the students imbibe leadership skills.
17 students from grade VI-VIII got the unforgettable opportunity to participate in the Student Exchange Programme to Russia.
The Gala Event began on 12th October, the students received a very warm and hospitable welcome at school number 1 at the city of Evanteevka, Russia. The luminous smiles and sparkling eyes of the Russian families who had come to receive their guest students gave a very warm and comforting feeling.The students gradually moved with their host families. The evening of 13thwas an inhouse welcome programme organised by the host school. Students got an opportunity to know the host families. The families left no stone unturned to get the best of learning opportunities for the students as they explored Yuri Gagarin's Science Museum, visited the Film Studio of Russia at Moscow City, enjoyed the local native cuisines and relished the Chai.
The day tour to Moscow City also gave the students an opportunity of exploring the beautiful Red Square of Moscow. The students were enthralled to see the beautiful Kremlin and St. Basil's Cathedral. They also walked on the Victory Path , which is an important part of the city during the Victory Day Celebrations.
The students were reprised with the learning opportunities with Russian students. The learners also attended painting, dance and music lessons. The Exchange Programme also included a special lesson on "I Love India, I love Russia".
The days student spent with the Russian students and their host family had not only given them ample learning but also helped them develop an eternal bond with them, giving them friends for lifetime.
The departure was an event with numb eyes and smiling lips. A grand farewell at the Town Hall graced by all the eminent figures of the town, respectable principals of Evanteevka City, and graced by the benign presence of the city's Deputy Mayor. The talented Russian students gave foot tapping cultural performances, walked ramp in the traditional dresses and showcased their talent in gymnastics. Then came the chance to take the stage by the unforgettable performance when Xaverians rocked. The audience gave a thunderous applaud to the little nimble who exhibited the culture of the nation by their dance performance.
The event had been one inspiring trip which has set an impression on their lives for many more years to come.
The little ones of Pre-Nursery A and B boarded the school bus with lot of enthusiasm and zeal.The children went to 'Needs Supermart' to learn about the ongoing theme 'Healthy and Junk Food'.
They walked through the store inquisitively and enjoyed their first educational school.
Greetings from St. Xavier's High School!
Thank you for contributing generously towards Kerala Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund and helping our brethren rebuild the state.
Our school students and staff visited the Kerala Resident Commissioner in Delhi on Tuesday, 23rd October 2018 and handed over the cheques and Demand Draft, which was well received.
We appreciate your magnanimous gesture for the cause.
The beauty of the world lies in the diversity of its people. It is not about how we differ it is about embracing one another's uniqueness. So to sensitise the students about multiculturalism a Picture Essay activity was organised by the school on 16/10/18 i.e. Tuesday for the students of Grade IV wherein the talented Xavierians did research work to compare and celebrate the cultural diversities of India , Spain ,Russia ,France and Africa.
Greetings from St. Xavier's High School!
St. Xavier's High School in association with The Times of India is organising XAVATHON ( a mini marathon ) on Saturday, 03rd November 2018. The marathon will start at 7am from St. Xavier's High School, Sector 50, Gurugram and the athletes including three Asian Games 2018 winners will be running on Vikas Marg enroute San Felipe Marg and return to the school running through South City-2 residential area.
The event is not commercial in any way, but for a cause – 'Celebrate cracker free Diwali' for a safe environment.
I would love to have our students and parents participate in large numbers and spread awareness on keeping our environment safe and clean for our younger generations.
St Xavier's High School, Gurgaon strongly believes that Social Skill Development is a lifelong process and is a crucial part of our success in life. We strive to create a diverse community that fosters mutual respect and social responsibility, enhanced by a strong partnership between home and the school.
In continuation to our efforts, St. Xavier's High School, Gurgaon organized a workshop on 'Effective Social Skills', for the students of Grade I as a part of Peer Moderator Programme conducted by Peer Moderators of Grade VIII, Paridhi, Yash & Palak accompanied by School Counsellor Ms Manpreet Sandhu. This workshop was conducted on 9th October & 11th October, 2018 in different sessions- section wise, to enhance social skills amongst our young generation.
The workshop was more of an interactive and fun session with students. School Counsellor mentioned social skills are the abilities we use every day to interact and communicate with others. They include verbal and non-verbal communication, such as speech, gesture, facial expression and body language. Students were not only listening to Peer Moderators but were fully engaged and enjoyed various activities and role plays. Workshop covered various elements like listening skills, speaking skills, assertive behaviour, and sharing true feelings with peers in polite manner. Communication skills of children were worked upon and effective guidance for the same was given by Peer Moderators. Workshop helped to build spirit of working together as a team as well as a happy and healthy atmosphere in the classrooms. It was an enriching learning experience for students as they understood the power of good communication skills in one's lives.
An art exhibition and sale of artworks was organised by the students of Grade 9thand 10th of St. Xavier's High School, Gurgaon to raise funds for flood-ravaged Kerala and to sensitise the masses for taking a step forward in helping the needy. Principal Stanley Anthony inaugurated the Exhibition in the presence of parents, staff and students. He addressed the gathering and apprised the masses present about the importance of coming forward for a social cause. "Xaffinity-2018", a day long art exhibition and sale saw artworks by around 100 students who enthusiastically indulged in making beautiful pieces of artwork. The sensitive eyes of the visitors read the way the artwork was constructed and expressed the artist's virtuosity. They discovered how the young artists were inspired by Mario,Miranda, Ravi Verma, Sara Arakkal, M F Hussain and Abanindranath Tagore. This noble initiative was much appreciated by the parents and the staff. The wide-ranging body of works encompassed paintings of various Hindu Deities, natural sceneries, pieces of modern art, Madhubani paintings, sketches, etc. Overwhelming responses from the parents made the event a huge success.No wonder we have Picassos in the making! Out of 107 paintings 104 paintings were sold. Principal of the school thanked the parents for joining their hands encouraging the students and supporting the cause. He declared that the proceedings from the sale of these art pieces will be used for funding the rebuilding of the state of Kerala after the state faced the devastation caused by rains and floods.
The entire sale proceeds shall be contributed towards Kerala Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund.
On October 15, 2018, the students of St Xavier's High school presented an assembly on "Pollution control and waste management". The aim was to spread awareness about the rapid increase in pollution level globally.
The assembly began by seeking Lord's blessings followed by the news updates from around the world.
To begin with, 5 students presented information about pollution level in five different countries, namely, Russia, India, China, Japan and Sweden. They explained it by representing it with the help of graphs and pie charts. This really helped in getting the global perspective on this issue.
2 students then spoke about how human advancement has caused havoc to the planet earth. They also talked about the techniques used to minimize wastage and pollution.It was liked by everyone present in the assembly and was well applauded.
Towards the end of the assembly 5 students came together to perform Neil Young's 'Be The Rain' - a wonderful song that clearly brought out the theme of environmental pollution to the fore. The musical performance was enjoyed by all students and teachers. We expect this left a lasting impression on one and all.
Last but not the least, to sympathize and empathize everyone towards the planet Earth, 6 students presented a dance drama on the famous Michael Jackson – Earth Song. The Assembly ended with a huge round of applause for all the students of IX A who put this act together. To bring out such a magnifying issue out in the open using such innovative means was appreciated by the entire assembly.
The school principal, Mr.Stanley Anthony,congratulated the entire classand addressed the assembly and talked about the increasing pollution level and how each one of us can contribute in saving our mother Earth.
We are what we leave behind! To enlighten this society, which is obsessed with convenience, the students of St. Xavier's High School, Gurugram, visited the nearby South City market and presented paper bags to the shopkeepers there. Not only this, they also presented an Oath sheet to them which stated, 'Henceforth, I as a global citizen, shall not use plastic bags!' After taking the Oath the students took the signatures of these shopkeepers on the oath sheet and requested them to display the same on their shop's counter.
To sympathize and empathize the shopkeepers towards the planet earth, Xavierians informed them about the damage caused by using the plastic bags. The students also educated them about the concerns of using Plastic bags towards the environment. A plastic bag once thrown on the ground takes centuries together to degenerate and the evil of global warming and environment pollution is too huge to ignore. With increasing global warning Xavierians took an edge in leading to cause a beautiful future.
As the planet has been through a lot worse, hence, in the assembly all the Xavierians also collectively took the oath saying 'NO' to the use of polythene bags. Thereby, pledging to keep our earth clean!
It gives us immense pleasure to share this wonderful news about the partnership St. Xavier's High School has signed up with SOS Children's Villages for a greater social cause and an enriching lifelong experience for our children.
With over 54 years of committed care and service provided to parentless and underprivileged children, SOS Children's Villages of India (SOS India) is one of the largest self-implementing NGOs with pan India presence across 32 projects in 22 States. The mission of SOS Children's Villages of India is to build loving families and ensure sustainable and lasting impact on the lives of children without parental care. SOS India also focuses on empowering and supporting vulnerable and below poverty line (BPL) families and communities to develop their capacity to effectively protect and care for their children and prevent abandonment. Over 35,000 vulnerable and underprivileged children and youth have been provided direct and quality care since the inception of SOS India.
The partnership between SOS India and St. Xavier's High School will be key in building understanding and raising awareness and support to ensure that every child has a loving home in India. The partnership would include an exchange programme where children from SOS India will get opportunities to visit the school and be a part of various activities conducted by the school. Students from St. Xavier's High School will also get a chance to be part of SOS India's high-intensity internship programme aimed at equipping students with valuable professional experience, strong communications and leadership skills.
I am sure as a parent you would love your children to have experiential learning and sharing such as this one.
There is no such thing as 'AWAY'. When we throw anything away it must go somewhere.
Keeping the above quote in mind and to promote the competitive spirit, on October 10,2018 St Xavier's High School, Gurgaon organised an activity'BEST OUT OF E-WASTE' wherein all the sections of Grade VIII participated.Students brought e-waste from their home like Compact Display(CD), electric cells, cardboard to make something best out of these electric wastes. They got only 1 hour to complete this activity. Students displayed their talent by making very innovative models from collected e-waste.
Due to this activity students came to know about e-waste i.e. Electronic waste or e-waste describes discarded electrical or electronic devices. Used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal are also considered e-waste. Informal processing of e-waste in developing countries can lead to adverse human health effects and environmental pollution. Actually electronic scrap components, such as CPUs, contain potentially harmful materials such as lead, cadmium, beryllium, or abominated flame retardants. Recycling and disposal of e-waste may also affect mental health and general physical health. DNA damage was also found more prevalent in the e-waste exposed area.
The activity was very informative as students shared their experiences regarding the e-waste. Students enjoyed a lot while making different innovative models with the help of e-waste. The activity was highly appreciated and applauded.
We are pleased to inform you that our school is organizing a 'Book Fair'. It is to be held in school from 10th October to 13th October, 2018. On display will be a wide range of Scholastic books. Children who read do better in all aspects of schooling and beyond. Do visit and join us in our endeavor on PTM day i.e. 13th October between 9 A.M. to 12 noon.
Graphic organisers help the learners make connections and structure thinking.
St. Xavier's High School sets a benchmark for conducting activities in such a way that the students not only enjoy but also learn a great deal from it. With the same perspective in view, an Inter-Class Graphic Organiser Making Competition was held in the month of Octoberfor the students of grade VII, on the topic "Innovative Methods of Trash Disposal of different countries". The countries chosen were- India, Russia, Sweden, Japan and China.
This event was organised to initiate proactive actions towards waste management. The students investigated about the problems related to e-waste, nuclear waste, bio degradable as well as non-bio degradable wastes of the various countries chosen. They critically analysed and represented this information using the graphic organisers.
Each section of grade VII was divided into 5 groups, each representing the countries-India, Japan, Russia, Sweden and China. The teams were well prepared with the required information and exhibited great presentation skills. The graphic organisers made by the students were judged on the given parameters- Creativity, Data Presentation,Neatness and Relevancy to the theme and Country.The result was declared Country wise and winning teams were presented with the certificates of excellence. For a better understanding of our planet Earth and for nurturing every aspect of the student's lives, it was indeed a great initiative.
St. Xavier's High School, Gurgaon celebrated its Kindergarten Annual Day on 6th October, 2018 centred around the theme 'Krishna Leela - A Divine Experience' encapsulating a plethora of his childhood tales and gamut of emotions. The Chief Guest was Sh. Dham Prabhuji - Head Priest – ISCON Temple, New Delhi, the Guests Of Honour were Ms. Mrinalini - Disciple of Padmashri, Guru Shobna Narayan and Mr. Adwait Hari - ISCON Temple, New Delhi. Members of School Management comprising of the Managing Trustee - Mrs. Sudesh Sachdeva, Director- Mr. Mohit Sachdeva, Special Invitee - Ms. Saumya Sachdeva, Principal – Mr. Stanley Anthony and Headmistress Primary School – Ms. Nikieta Baheti were present to grace the occasion. Parents of students performing were also invited to encourage the little Xaverians. The programme commenced with the lightning of the ceremonial lamp by the Hon'ble Chief guest and the members of School Management, followed by a captivating dance performance showcasing the nine forms of Devi Durga and the formation of universe with great zest, vibrancy and joy.
Introduction to Krishna Leela was followed by our tiny tots depicted Lord Krishna's journey from his birth to childhood and youth, which even today continues to be a great source of inspiration, solace and happiness to millions. Thereafter, the whole program was segregated in eight parts and each of them was uniquely designed and produced. The set for each scene was beautifully designed with relevant props & special effects. Children were elaborately dressed and enacted the various facets of Lord Krishna mesmerizing the audience. It was an amalgamation of acoustic music, graceful dance performances and aesthetic work of art. 'Rasleela', the eight scene of the show was the highlight and a treat to watch.
The Chief Guest was delighted and praised the show. He also chanted "Hare Rama Hare Krishna" along with the audience.
The closure of the ceremony was done by a vote of thanks by the Primary School Headmistress – Ms. Nikieta Baheti wherein she applauded the efforts of the talented students and the entire team that put up the show. She also reinforced the message that school and parents are always working together as partners towards the holistic development of the children.
Indian government is a democracy, the government of the people, by the people, for the people. 9 students from grade IX participated in VAKTAVYA, a session of Youth Parliament at Swiss Cottage School.
The students dressed up like politicians- were given committees from LokSabha and RajyaSabha.The VAKTAVYA dealt in stake holder's meet- Ayodhya land dispute, Higher Education Commission of India bill 2018- LokSabha and Review of NDA Government, All India Political Party Meet.
The students were allowed to express their views and opinions on sensitive issues. The event involved a pre research work and detailed information about the committee issues.
It was not only a platform to hone the talent of speaking skills but also a pathway leading them a passage to explore the unknown aspects of democracy.
The students could participate as the members of LokSabhaand RajyaSabha, Photographer, Journalist and Caricaturist. The event aimed at sensitising the leaders of tomorrow and stakeholders towards the national menaces with effective and cogent perspectives.
It was a meritorious moment for school to bag second runners up trophy in its first participation itself. The students were enthralled holding the trophy.
The stage came alive when on October 5, 2018,the students of grade VIII presented an outstanding lychoreographed performance. They educated the students of the fact that we should never doubt that a small group of thoughtful committed citizens can change the world; indeed, it is the only thing that ever has!
From inception to conclusion, the poetry of footsteps was indeed worth apraise. The students were exceptionally committed and presented flawless expressions.
The dramatization, characterisation, costume and audio had set stage on fire.The stage presentation was exemplary.The assembly brought to limelight the advantages of 3Rs. Concerns like, 'Say No to Plastic', 'Car Pooling', 'Each one plant one' etc. were very beautifully explained. The entire show was indeed a treat to the eyes. To watch such spectacular and informative performance not only enlightened the students about the global impact of environmental issues, rather it also sensitized them to sympathize and empathize towards the planet Earth. The countries which were specifically taken into consideration were China, India, Russia, Japan, Sweden. The students were informed that sooner or later we all will have to realize that saving our planet, minimizing wastage and pollution, finding creative methods of trash disposal is the need of the hour and these are one and the same fight.We must connect the dots in between global health, water scarcity, climate change, conservation of natural resources, preservation of organic natural resources and recycling of products etc. And, solutions to one problem will definitely resolve all others.
The school Principal, Mr. Stanley Anthony addressed the audience at the end and appreciated the students' effort in putting up such fantastic show.
To make the students study wildlife of chosen countries and acquaint themselves better with the concept of wildlife conservation and management a power point presentation highlighting the extinct and endangered animals and birds of India, Australia, Russia and Africa was shown to the students on August 3, 2019. It was a highly informative session and students enjoyed it thoroughly!
The journey of a lifetime starts with the turning of a page. It is a beautiful phase which proves that a book opens a treasure of learning.
To ensure of optimum learning a 'Book Swap' activity was organized for the learners of Grade III and IV wherein the pupils had to pick up a book by an Indian author and had to exchange it with their buddy. They were further advised to reframe the story chosen by them in their own words and leave the ending open for the next reader to finish it according to his own creative thinking cap.
The activity was immensely enjoyed by the learners. The activity further took an edge towards a master activity 'Make a Debut'. The pupils had to bring story narration from a book. The learners were required to choose a favourite character from the story read and had to enact the role of the same in the class.
The story session not only broke the monotony of academics but also up skilled the motor skills of the students as they took initiatives to read with expressions and laid stress on voice modulation and intonations.
The activity not only aimed at bringing out the avid reader's from the pupils but also encourage them to wear their creative thinking caps, and sharpening their motor skills.
The event was a gala success as the pupils thoroughly enjoyed learning under the Xavier's umbrella. Because once you learn to read, you will be forever free.


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Upcoming GATK events in July : UK workshops and BOSC 17
By Geraldine_VdAuwera
We've been getting so caught up in the excitement of the imminent beta release of GATK4 (possibly later this week!), we forgot to announce upcoming workshops! And two of them are coming up fast, in just a month from now. Specifically, we'll be in Cambridge, UK, July 12-14 and then in Edinburgh, UK, July 17-19. There's still time to register for both but the hands-on sessions have limited space, so don't wait around!
GATK is also going to be making a brief appearance at BOSC '17 in Prague, CZ, July 21-22. Our team member Kate Voss will give a lightning talk and present a poster about our genomics pipelining stack that is composed of GATK4+WDL+Cromwell. I'm frankly delighted that our abstract was accepted as a late-breaking submission; it's a pleasure to kick off the new open-source era of GATK at the most open-sourcey meeting of the year!
Going forward, be sure to check out the new Events calendar feature we just now added to the website to help you keep track of events more systematically.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The Celestial Vortex was created by thousands of peisio dragons and Abronaxus himself in order to protect the dovaa when the Great Engagement began. It can be found in the Western Sea and is the link between Magesc and the Celestial Realm. At the time of its creation, outsiders had to physically swim down the spiraling maelstrom to visit the other realm. Since then, powerful dovaa spellcasters have channeled off a portion of the maelstrom's magic and concentrated it into a single, massive portal, around which a substantial loading dock was constructed, accessible by ferry. Non-dovaa travelers, however, are greeted warily and not allowed to enter without special permission. The vortex itself remains to this day to be a beautiful combination of greens, golds, blues, and violets and has been known to draw in travelers who don't know of its origin. It irradiates a certain blue glowing light out from its center that can be seen for miles, and is normally the distinguishing point for most travelers trying to find it.
Serenia is home to all asarei and was named after Seren, the Goddess of Light. The tree's leaves are gold and their trunks, a deep, dark brown with many of them covering the landscape. The shrubs are gold and their grass is a light, pale green. Everything there is bright and full of life. The major city upon the continent is known as Staemgard, where the asarei are able to live and prosper. There are two lakes, one to the North (Tyluafel) and one to the South (Amafel). The Northern lake is infused with mystical healing properties, and many people come to bathe in it's magic when sick or injured. To the East are the Kawyn Ruins, a beautiful sight to behold, but not many are brave enough to venture down into it's depths. The ruins themselves were a place of magical and scientific study where the khehora were initially created. Now the ruins are a revered place of holy worship for not only Seren, but for the companions known as the khehora as well.
The raguati's homeland of Soudul was named after Soudana, the Goddess of Darkness. The continent is filled with miles upon miles of dark sand, black and purple trees, large purple fauna, and dark grassy planes. To the East is the large, very fortified, city known as Noxholm where the raguati live. There is one dark lake on the Western half of the continent that the people call Koralifel because of it's powerful, life sapping presence when one is near. The soulless beings say that the lake is the reason they have no souls in the first place; that it sucks the souls out before they are born into this world. In the dead center of the continent is a large black pillar the raguati call Twilight Tower. Many who venture to the pillar do not come back alive, and no one knows why. But many are warded away by that very fact.
The continent of Eowyn is the largest in all of Magesc and is steeped in history. When Gaeah created Magesc, Eowyn was first home to Abronaxus, the god of Elemental Harmony. Originally named Onaxia, this was the dwelling place of the dovaa before the Great Engagement first began. Once the war began and Abronaxus realized how much he had lost by ignoring his sisters fighting, he went on to create the Celestial Realm for his people to inhabit. As he and the dovaa fled to the Celestial Realm, Onaxia, whose once lush green earth filled Magesc with unimaginable beauty, became a decimated desert wasteland after both sides of the war came fighting upon its lands. The land has since been renamed Eowyn in an attempt to rid it of any dovaan influence.
The large mountainous region throughout the center is called the Terra Expanse and is home to many gaili dragons. Here you will also find the Desert Quarry, where a plethora of precious metals and stones can be found. In the Southeastern area of Eowyn there is a large land mass that the asarei have secured for some sort of construction which they call the Maralan Project. Here you will also find the Desert Quarry, where a plethora of precious metals and stones can be found. To the North of the Terra Expanse is the Malro Desert which is the main battleground for the war between the races as well as the kiandri dragons homeland. Since the leaving of the dovaa, Eowyn has never been a populated continent, except for those who love the harsh climates of the desert or wish to build themselves a fortress in the mountains. You can find a budding society in Tukyere, the main city located just over the mountain range from the quarry. Outside of the city walls of Tukyere, the Tree of Alderreth floats on a rock, producing magical fruit which is said to grant good health and great fortune to anyone who eats it. Within the past century, Arick Skyeforge and a team of open-minded magescians have created Ellora, City of the Mountain in the side of the Terra Expanse to protect them, not only from enemies, but from dragons and the elements as well. Not only that, but the large Kaiatasel, to the south, is an active volcano and ruptured upon Abronaxus' leaving and the Firani dragons have claimed it to build their homes around. Fresh water is also very scarce on Eowyn. Some crafty magescians have devised a way to bring in sea water and magically or mechanically enhance it to make it potable.
The continent of Ayr is where the ayrala dragons call home. People who have traveled there discover that it is a very windy place, with high chances of tornadoes, tsunamis, and other wind-induced destruction. The ayrala dragons have grown to be apart of the continent itself and have had little problems with being left alone. Their souls are hunted for their power, but going to Ayr is a very dangerous task for most any person and thus, most travel in groups. However, if you are brave enough to venture forth by yourself, be cautious, as multiple ayrala dragons will creep up on you. Many rumors abound about the continent of Ayr. Some say that there is a strong being that lives within the mountainous region. Others say that they have seen the celestial dragon multiple times flying overhead while they visit. However, these are just rumors.
Aisko is known as ice country and is home to the aiskala dragons and the few who deem it a hospitable place to live. Only those adventurous enough to need an aiskala dragon soul have traveled the paths and mountainous snowy areas and visited Vonafel, the Lake of Ice, to see what it has to offer. Legend has it that Vonafel was also a healing lake before the aiskala dragons came and froze it over. It is also said that the lake itself was much more powerful than Tyluafel. Those who are extremely sick and have traveled to the other lake previously with failed attempts at recovery are told to venture forth to Aisko and break through the barrier of ice to gain the healing properties of the lake. Many rumors have come and gone about Aisko as many people have gone missing upon the continent years ago and were never found. Some say that they were just killed by the many aiskala dragons while others have their fantastical ideas of other creatures capturing them for whatever purpose they wish to fulfill. These rumors have stood strong through the ages, but none are factual enough to pose any real issues with most magescians.
The Seas of Magesc
The seas of Magesc are filled with wonderful and fantastic creatures, not to mention a plethora of peisio dragons. There are four main seas within Magesc's landscape and many minor islands to visit. The four seas are: Northern, Eastern, Southern, and Western. In the Northern Sea, the islands of Vaevo can be found.


Love how you have shown the portrait process, those areas of light and shade are fabulous.
Thanks for sharing & Happy PPF Tracey.
fascinating to see the process- thank you, and a gorgeous portrait painting!! Happy PPF!
A great portrait and analyze.
Fantastic job, thanks for showing your process!
It's really interesting to see how you start your faces. I can imagine it's hard to paint a face so large. Good shadows!
What beautiful acrylic portrait and your process of painting it!
This is a stunning masterpiece! I am in awe.
Nice work. I like the finished product and the color scheme.


We don't judge anyone we buy from, as a humble and a local company we don't restrict our sellers. As long as you live within Chula Vista or the surrounding areas we will buy from you, of course at the transfer of the title we will need to see that you own the car but besides that we won't need any personal details. We won't even need your name for a quote. We help thousands of people within the community sell their cars quickly, safely and fairly. Whatever your age, race, job or redundancy you can get a free quote and a quick sale!
Collectors will hold on to their cars some simply because of the meaning but others will because they believe they will be worth something in the long run. The truth is in the current market it's extremely hard to sell a collectors car, eco-friendly is in and no one has the money to buy collectors' vehicles. We don't mind about the model of a car or if it's on trend, we just care about the value and condition of the car. This is good news for collectors as they can get a well-priced and fast sale compared to the long dragged out sale they would normally get.
Business owners rely daily on the vehicles they use, especially companies like cab drivers or hotels. When a car becomes unreliable it's very important for them to sell that car as fast as possible. This is so they can replace the old vehicle and carry on with their business without losing customers or reputation. We buy regularly from small businesses as we can buy the car within 48 hours and pay cash in hand, so there is no need to wait around.
We don't just buy from individuals who struggle to sell their vehicles, we also buy from anyone who just wants a fast sale or the best deal. We buy from moms, teachers, students literally anyone. If you come from another country or your car is foreign, we will buy from you! Even if your car has been involved in an accident, we will tow it for free and still pay you for the scrap value. If it's possible that anyone has been missed from this list, we will still buy from you. Just call us and see how healthy our prices are!
"I called this company not too long ago and was very happy with the service I received. They came out and bought my used car. The entire process was much easier than I had thought it would be. The service was fast and friendly. Thanks again for buying my car."


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Venezuela - Folding of the Flag
Keywords: venezuela |
by Raul Orta, 9 July 2004
Exist nations which have the custom of folding in particular way hoisting flags to keep them. In Venezuela it's proceeding following way:
- State & War Flag (National Pavilion): the field is extends by its four ends and the thirds are arranged such a way that red is disposed on the blue and on that, the yellow one. Soon it's begun triangular folding step by step from the fly until hoist edge can be introduced in the final lapel, so that the cloth is involved itself with yellow and National Coat of Arms visible.
- Civil & Merchant Flag: on the blue stripe is placed the yellow and on this, the red one to bend in identical way to the previous one, but the visible color must be blue, noting or not the stars.
Some voluntary organisms - Scouts, for example - usually folds the VE Flag still on the hoist in camping periods and involved itself, is arise to the top such a way that it makes possible to unfold it with pull instead hoisting it on dawn. This practice, internationally admitted in this type of organizations, can be reminding of a similar military custom.
It's very little that is known about origin of this practice in our country and is highly probable that it's a local adaptation of similar customs applied into countries like United States, where originated this singular form to conserve the hoisting flags. However, the singularity of the process in Venezuela is that it varies according the character of the Flag, since we have already seen before. It's very possible that National Pavilion' folding has arisen into Armed Forces whereas the one of National flag has been generated as Scout practice and from there, its distinction.
It's possible to add that aside from already indicated, the folding of National flag doesn't have additional semiology as for example, the United States, where some traditions exist which assign to each fold a particular meaning.
At the moment, in Venezuela the folding of our National flag is a practice not very extended but step by step has come receiving importance when being understood that it's a personalization of the Homeland and that as so, deserves a particular treatment that differs naturally with its material nature.
Raul Orta, 9 July 2004


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How To Cook Tuna Belly In Oven?
1In a small bowl, stir together the olive oil, lemon juice, garlic powder, and dill.
2Place the tuna belly in an air fryer basket-compatible shallow, non-reactive baking dish. Olive oil mixture should be drizzled on, being sure to cover all surfaces. To taste, add salt and pepper to the food.
3Set your air fryer to 400 degrees (200 C).
4Turn the tuna over halfway through cooking; cook for a further 15 minutes, or until golden brown.
How hot should I bake the tuna?
Turn on the oven's 450°F setting. Put tuna steaks in a single layer on a sheet pan or greased baking sheet ($9, Target). Brush the tuna steaks with melted butter or olive oil and season to taste if they haven't already been marinated.
How much time should I spend baking ahi tuna?
Rub tuna steaks on both sides with a mixture of salt, pepper, garlic salt, and pepper flakes.
Pour over fish the mixture of the remaining 6 tablespoons of olive oil, lemon juice, and teriyaki sauce. Fish should easily flake with a fork after baking for 30 minutes. While baking, baste with the seasoned oil mixture two or three times.
How should I prepare a 1-inch tuna steak?
Both 1-inch tuna steaks should be washed in fresh water to get rid of any scales or other dirt.
Put both on a piece of paper towel.
To absorb the water, cover with another paper towel.
2 tablespoons of olive oil should be added to a small bowl.
To taste, finely grind salt and pepper.
Add a small amount of dried onion powder and garlic salt. (Optional) If you want your grilled fish to have a spicy kick, add a little cayenne pepper.
Each tuna steak should be thoroughly covered in the oil marinade, including the edges and both sides.
Olive oil should be sprayed or brushed on a sizable griddle. The pan needs around two minutes to heat up to a medium-high temperature.
Lay each tuna steak gently on the hot griddle. Don't stir the fish in the pan; instead, let it sizzle.
For a rare steak, cook it for 2 minutes on the first side; for a medium steak, cook it for 5 minutes.
The steaks should be cooked for the same amount of time on the second side as they were on the first. This makes sure that the tuna steak cooks evenly and is well-seared on all sides, which is crucial when cooking thick, one-inch tuna steaks.
How long does tuna need to cook?
– How long to cook tuna: To achieve a good sear on the exterior while maintaining a rare inside, grill a 2.5 cm (1 inch) thick, 200 g (7 oz) tuna steak for 90 seconds on one side and 60 seconds on the other.
How may tuna steaks be prepared without becoming dry?
Tuna should be cooked very briefly over a high heat in a frying pan, on a griddle, or over a grill; or fried under oil (confit), cooked sous vide, or boiled in a sauce. Tuna dries up rather fast and becomes crumbly. Tuna can be prepared to be served rare or tataki—a Japanese technique where the tuna is cooked to a crust on the outside and raw inside. Controlling this is simpler when pan-frying or griddling.
Because tuna has a pretty strong flavor, adding additional herbs, spices, and flavors is simple and won't overpower the dish's flavor. While marinating tuna steaks will enhance their flavor, they won't get any juicier; the only method to prevent your steak from drying out is to watch it closely as it cooks.
Should tuna be fully cooked before eating?
When the majority of the slice you're eating of yellowfin tuna is cooked to medium-rare or medium doneness and remains pink in the middle, the flavor is at its best. The texture, tuna flavor, and juiciness are all exquisite. Ahi tuna can definitely be cooked all the way through. The only danger is that overdone tuna may be flavorless and rather dry (imagine tuna in a can). Below are instructions for cooking ahi tuna to medium and medium-rare.
How long does tuna cook at 350 degrees?
You can cook your tuna steaks in the oven if you don't have a grill or would prefer to.
your oven to 450 degrees Fahrenheit. Place your thawed, marinated, or seasoned tuna steaks in a baking pan that has been lightly coated with butter or oil. The quickest way to determine whether your tuna steak is done cooking is to check its internal temperature with a meat thermometer. Generally speaking, you should cook these for around 5 minutes per every half-inch of thickness.
If you want, you may also cook your tuna steak in the oven, similar to how we discussed grilling previously in the text. For this, we advise baking the tuna steaks at 350 degrees Fahrenheit for around 30 minutes.
Can frozen tuna steaks be baked?
When compared to fresh tuna steaks, which can be 7 to 10 days old when purchased at the shop, frozen tuna is frequently preferable, provided that it was frozen at sea. Large and oily, with meaty flesh and a robust flavor, tuna is an excellent choice for serving as a thick steak. To avoid drying out while cooking, cover and bake frozen or defrosted tuna steaks quickly at a high temperature. Before serving, use a meat thermometer to check the internal temperature of the fish to make sure it is fully done.
Is cooking tuna steak difficult?
The inexpensive canned meat you buy for sandwiches is far from everything there is to tuna. With a rich history that dates back to the Roman empire, it is actually one of the most adored and sought-after fish in the entire globe. Toro, or the belly of the tuna, is extremely fatty (read: delicious) and may sell for up to $100 per pound. Now, typically, you won't see that type of tuna sold as a steak. Ahi (also known as yellowfin) tuna loins are typically offered as steak. However, if you can locate or afford bluefin, go for it!
We must examine the fish itself in order to comprehend how a tuna steak functions. Large ocean-dwelling predatory fish called tuna can weigh up to 1,500 lbs. They can swim at a consistent 40 mph, which is fast for them. Fast swimming requires a lot of muscle, and even the bland and colorless muscles found in other fish are heavily infused with hemoglobin that carries oxygen and a ton of enzymes that produce energy.
The oxygen-storing pigment myoglobin, which these fish need for their nonstop, high-velocity lives, gives some tunas their meaty color. Even at freezer temperatures as low as -22°F/-30°C, fish myoglobin is particularly prone to oxidation, turning brownish metmyoglobin; hence, tuna must be maintained frozen much below this to maintain its color. Fish myoglobins denature and turn gray-brown during cooking at a temperature that is similar to that of beef myoglobin, between 140 and 160degF/60 and 70degC.
The connective tissues in tuna, like those in all fish, are far more easily broken down by cooking than those in beef. This means that cooking a tuna steak into a dry, crumbly mess is far simpler than cooking a beef steak. In fact, if you cook it too long, it changes from a flavorful steak to something that is practically indistinguishable from canned tuna and has an extremely strong, almost metallic flavor. (More below on how to avoid overcooking tuna!)
How can tuna steak not be overcooked?
When a relative took us to an Italian restaurant and I had my first antipasto, a lovely mix of exquisite nibbles including spicy black olives, fiery peppers, marinated mushrooms, and chunks of tasty tuna fish, I had my first sense that tuna could be more thrilling. However, I didn't learn about fresh tuna fish until much later in my culinary training and how to properly prepare it.
Yellow fin tuna, which has a mild flavor, a rich red color, and a low fat content, makes up a large portion of the tuna sold from retail fish cases. The most treasured and highly sought-after tuna for sashimi in Japan is blue fin.
Albacore tuna, which is more oily and flavorful than other tuna species, makes up the majority of canned tuna.
Because of its meaty texture, tuna is a popular alternative to conventional steak meals for beef fans.
Tuna gives dieters a nutritious substitute for that 20-ounce porterhouse because it has significantly fewer fat and calories than a beefsteak. The decreased fat content of tuna makes it cook much more quickly than beef, which presents a challenge to the cook.
Keep in mind that the tuna steak will continue to cook for a few minutes after you take it from the heat.
Butter:
The roasted red peppers should be smoothed out in the bowl of a food processor equipped with a metal blade.
Just till combined, add the chopped parsley and tarragon. The broiler should be set at high. Oil the tuna steaks generously.
For rare to medium-rare steaks, broil them for approximately two and a half minutes, then flip them over and broil for an additional one to two minutes.
Add a generous spoonful of flavored butter to the top of each piece just before they are finished cooking.
Carefully plate each steak and serve it all at once, adding a lemon wedge as a garnish as the butter starts to melt.
What foods complement tuna steak well?
Vinaigrette-dressed salad. Here is a simple but adaptable dish to go with your tuna steak.
Lemon Roasted Potatoes
Teriyaki sauced fried vegetables.
filled peppers.
Sweet potatoes baked.
Beans in the fryer.
Dark Rice
Can you eat raw tuna?
What is the name of raw tuna?
The fundamental recipe has been expanded to include various proteins. The dish is traditionally a French one that consists of minced raw beef that has been strongly spiced and frequently served with a raw egg yolk. The most popular dish is probably tuna tartare, which consists of a mound of finely chopped raw meat that may be seasoned with just about anything and is typically eaten with toast or other flatbread. The first time tuna tartare was served was in the 1970s at a Le Duc restaurant in Paris.
Is ahi tuna edible raw?
Is it safe to consume raw? You can, indeed. This is due to the "sushi-grade" of its ahi tuna. It has therefore been manufactured, processed, and frozen in accordance with FDA guidelines and is of the greatest quality.
I'll also reiterate that the terms sashimi-grade and sushi-grade have no official legal meaning.
Since such is the case, you should only purchase fish for sushi from reliable sources and be aware that even the best fish that is labelled as sushi-grade may still have parasites.
I also discussed why, if you have a taste for sushi, you might want to take into account its Wild Alaskan Salmon. We discovered that TJ does not sell fresh Ahi Tuna, and we concluded by thinking about why it is a good idea to purchase "sushi-grade" fish even if you intend to have it seared.
Photos that demand credit:
Trader Joes Haul 2 007 by flippinyank and IXS 3952 by Leon Brocard were combined, cropped, altered, and given a text overlay. Both images were made available under the Creative Commons 2.0 license.
Is tuna fish healthy?
Yes, canned tuna is a nutritious food that is high in protein and contains a variety of vitamins and minerals, including iron, selenium, phosphorus, and the B-complex vitamins, as well as vitamins A and D. DHA and EPA, two beneficial omega 3 essential fatty acids, are also found in tuna.
Should the centre of a tuna steak be pink?
With our simple to follow video, you can learn how to prepare the ideal tuna steak. We discuss how long to cook tuna steaks such that the outside is golden brown and the interior is slightly pink.
Olive oil should be drizzled over the tuna steak after seasoning with salt and a little pepper. Rub the oil, pepper, and salt into the steak's two sides.
A nonstick frying pan should be heated to a comfortable temperature. Avoid the urge to move the tuna steak after adding it.
Check the side that is in contact with the pan with a fish slice after 1 1/2 to 2 minutes. It is ready to turn when it seems brown and readily releases from the pan. If it adheres to the pan, wait another 30 seconds before gently checking it once again.
Turn the steak carefully over and sear the other side for about 1 1/2 to 2 minutes, or until it is lightly browned and readily releases from the pan.
To ensure that the tuna steaks are cooked with a hint of pink in the center, they should ideally be around 2 cm/3/4 in thick. Depending on their width, you should modify the cooking time.


The Netherlands is a small country in Europe, but considering that almost 90% of the population are active net users, the state is a first choice market for any provider that offers goods or services online. This is the reason for the popularity of the local ccTLD dot NL. The TLD was the first country-code extension ever launched and with more than 5,000,000 active registrations, it is at present one of the most widely used country-specific top-level domain name extensions. With such a domain, you can target not only the Netherlands, but also areas with Dutch-speaking people in the neighboring countries, which means an even larger market for your website. In view of the fact that the local Registry doesn't sell domains directly to end customers, you will have to obtain your dot NL domain through a third-party company, such as ours. With a .NL domain, you will contact the local population easier and your website will will have a better ranking in local search results.
We can register your new domain name within one hour or you can move your existing domain over to our registrar and start handling it together with your hosting space. The dot NL Registrant and Administrative contact are required to have valid Dutch details, so if you want to book a .NL name for a local firm branch, it will have to be registered on behalf of that branch, not on the mother company's behalf. The fact that more than 60% of the existing dot NL domains are ordered by businesses and organizations speaks for itself.
We can help you take the management of your .NL domain name(s) to the next level. Our Web Hosting Control Panel comes bundled with the custom-built Domain Manager, which allows for intuitive control of .NL domain names. Changing the WHOIS info, updating the DNS resource records and locking/unlocking your domain name(s) take only a couple of mouse clicks. Detailed help articles and 24/7 tech support are offered as well.


text:
Hot 20: The Mapmaker, Eric Rodenbeck
Christine Ryan
HOT. The word carries so many meanings: passionate, sizzling, trendy, intense, and yes, sexy. But for us, it signals our favorite month. Meet the 20 movers and shakers that have us fired up this year.
Understanding what Eric Rodenbeck does is like trying to get your arms around @karlthefog. But like the fog, CEO Rodenbeck's data-visualization studio, Stamen, helps make San Francisco what it is—cool, beautiful, and thought-provoking. "Our practice isn't just about making information clear; it's about making it delightful." One example: the "Google bus transit map," created for San Jose's Zero1 Biennial in 2012. "Part of the point was to say that we can go out and find this information ourselves," Rodenbeck says. "We did that basically for free." (Although they did pay bike messengers to track the buses.)
These pro bono projects serve as R&D, something Rodenbeck considers vital. "What I want to do is make it so that people can't tell whether we got paid to do something or not." Fortunately, Stamen has enough paying clients, from BMW to Trulia, to subsidize future projects, like…where are all those fire engines going? "They're loud, we pay for them, and they're not fighting fires," says Rodenbeck. "They're the default ambulance service. You can't get information on where they go because they're covered under HIPAA [the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act]. But if we can map them, we can have a real conversation about them." Bike messengers, stand by.
What surprised Eric Rodenbeck about the Google buses
"I thought it was just a Mission issue—that all the hipsters in the Mission were going down to Facebook. But it turns out there's a huge conduit on Van Ness...everybody in the Marina works at Google, basically. That's where the marketing people live, I guess. That, to me, was the big light that went off—you map it, and suddenly you can have a real conversation about it, whereas we couldn't before. It was all just people burning piñatas at 16th and Mission and the rampant gentrification we're creating, but it turns out that [the phenomenon is] a citywide thing. That's the first step, to be able to have a conversation about what's actually there, instead of what we think is there."
2013 hot 20
Meet Meena Harris, founder of the Phenomenal Woman Campaign
Actress Laura Dern announces Booking.com's STEM scholarships for girls at an SF code-a-thon
Meeting Achievement Stickers
12 Best Exercises to Do at Your Desk
A peek inside Gavin Newsom's new Sacramento home + more topics to discuss over brunch
Honest Diversity in Tech Report
Pitbull headlines Newsom's inauguration concert (get tix for $25!), legal weed sales not so high + more topics to discuss over brunch
All the Presents: 44 Excellent Holiday Gifts Made in the Bay Area
Hot 20: Reader's Choice Winner!
Hot 20: The King of Cabs
Hot 20: The News Anchor, Justin Kelly
Hot 20: Singer-Songwriter Jessica Pratt
Hot 20: The Do-Gooders: Alon Salant + Rob Spiro
Hot 20: The Catcher in the Rye, Kari Nadeau, MD, PHD
Hot 20: The New Kids on the Block
Hot 20: The Mystic, Michael Montgomery
Hot 20: Google's Security Princess, Parisa Tabriz
Hot 20: The Radiohead, Roman Mars
Hot 20: The Music Woman, Jodi Goodman
Hot 20: The Transformer, Danielle Fong
Hot 20: The Two-Wheelers
Hot 20: The Storyteller, Adam Johnson
Hot 20: SOAK Founder, Nell Waters
Hot 20: Chef and Cofounder of Mission Chinese Food, Danny Bowien
14 Dog-Friendly Hotels Down the California Coast


We reckon that they're taking a big risk in doing so, but Andrew McManus Presents has announced a 2009 tour by reformed '90s boyband New Kids On The Block – and at some pretty sizeable venues. The five gents, who've been back together since 2007 have had virtually no chart success in Australia since reforming, only reaching No.91 with their comeback single 'Summertime'. BUT, if you're interested in going to see them live and re-living some classic '90s memories, you'll discover them performing live in most of the major centres kicking off in Perth on August 01. Tickets for all dates go on sale on Thursday May 28.
They actually reformed in 2008… 1 year ago to be exact.
There's loads of fans in Australia – even starting a petition to get them out here and we finally had our voices heard.
Pre-sale ticket sales already started this week… with majority of Gold Seating already selling out.
I know, you would think of the lack of chart success with the new album in Australia would ensure the ticket prices would be reasonable , they are NOT! I've heard that good seats are $195 bucks! And the show is not a greatest hits show….


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This webpage contains content as well as links to information about goods and services which may be available to our members (Member Benefits). The Member Benefits are issued and provided directly by our third party partners, sponsors or affiliates (Partners) and not by Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand ABN 50 084 642 571 (Chartered Accountants ANZ). Chartered Accountants ANZ is not a representative of the Partners and accepts no legal responsibility for the issue or delivery of any products or services by Partners or for any information provided by a Partner. Chartered Accountants ANZ does not warrant that any of the information provided by a Partner is accurate or complete. Such information was prepared by and/or provided by our Partners, is general in nature and was prepared without taking into account your individual objectives, financial situation or needs. Before agreeing to acquire any products or services under any Member Benefits, you should read the relevant Partner's terms and conditions, check whether you meet all eligibility requirements and consider seeking independent professional advice. If you have any questions about any product or service provided by one of our Partners, you or your professional adviser should contact the relevant Partner directly. Chartered Accountants ANZ acts as a 'mere referrer' of each Partner and its Member Benefits only and may receive revenue (for example, a referral fee) from our Partners for informing members how to contact Partners about Member Benefits.


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text:
Q: Communication Between JS/HTML in Chrome Extensions I'm trying to make my first Chrome Extension without any prior JS knowledge, and I have some trouble doing it.
What does the extension do?
It's a page action extension for generating a string and copying it to the clipboard. The string includes certain element attributes from the DOM.
Scope
It's only applicable on two pages (the domains below are examples):

*

*https://xxx.abc.com/CFM/Messages/CFMEWFA/*

*https://xxx.abc.com/CFM/Messages/FraudPrevention/*

Elements of the extension
The extension has a popup.html with three clickable options to be chosen at the user's discretion:

*

*No response

*Invalid

*Valid

The string is formatted based on the user's choice from the popup, and whether the tab URL contains "CFMEWFA" or "FraudPrevention".
popup.html
<!doctype html>

No reponse

Invalid

Valid

popup.js is supposed to listen for clicks in popup.html, employ a multi item clickhandler, then message background.js at the event of a click. The message should include an argument corresponding to the li id in popup.html.
popup.js
var theParentMenu = document.querySelector("#MENU");
theParentMenu.addEventListener("click", userHasClicked, false);

function userHasClicked(e) {
  if (e.target !== e.currentTarget) {
    var clickedItem = e.target.id;
    chrome.runtime.sendMessage({
      directive: e.target.id
    }, function(response) {
      this.close();
    });
  };
  e.stopPropagation();
}

background.js is governing where the extension icon is shown. It also listens for messages from popup.js (containing an argument determined by the user's choice from popup.html) before executing content.js, a script which runs in the tab.url fetching attributes from the DOM and generating the string. I have yet to start building content.js because of unresolved issues earlier in other files.
background.js
//Displays the page action extension only on specific pages
function checkForValidUrl(tabId, changeInfo, tab) {

    if (tab.url.indexOf("https://xxx.abc.com/CFM/Messages/FraudPrevention/") == 0)
        {
        chrome.pageAction.show(tabId);
        }
    else if (tab.url.indexOf("https://xxx.abc.com/CFM/Messages/CFMEWFA/") == 0)
        {
        chrome.pageAction.show(tabId);
        }
};

chrome.tabs.onUpdated.addListener(checkForValidUrl)

chrome.runtime.onMessage.addListener(
    function(request, sender, sendResponse) {
        switch (request.directive) {
        case "MENUnoReponse":
            // execute the content script
            chrome.tabs.executeScript(null, { // defaults to the current tab
                //file: "contentscript.js", // script to inject into page and run in sandbox
                //allFrames: true // This injects script into iframes in the page.
            });
            sendResponse({}); // sending back empty response to sender
        case "MENUinValid":
            // execute the content script
            chrome.tabs.executeScript(null, { // defaults to the current tab
                //file: "contentscript.js", // script to inject into page and run in sandbox
                //allFrames: true // This injects script into iframes in the page.
            });
            sendResponse({}); // sending back empty response to sender
        case "MENUvalid":
            // execute the content script
            chrome.tabs.executeScript(null, { // defaults to the current tab
                //file: "contentscript.js", // script to inject into page and run in sandbox
                //allFrames: true // This injects script into iframes in the page.
            });
            sendResponse({}); // sending back empty response to sender

            break;
        default:
            // helps debug when request directive doesn't match
            alert("Unmatched request of '" + request + "' from script to background.js from " + sender);
        }
    }
);

manifest.json
{
  "manifest_version": 2,

  "name": "EW logger",
  "description": "This extension creates logs for early warning and fraud prevention cases",
  "version": "1.0",

  "page_action": {
    "default_title": "EW",
    "default_icon": "icon.png",
    "default_popup": "popup.html"
  },

"background": {
    "scripts": ["background.js"]
},

  "permissions": [
    "tabs",
    "clipboardWrite",
    "https://xxx.abc.com/*"
  ]

}

What works:

*

*The extension icon appears like it should.

My problems:

*

*The options in popup.html are not working. Popup.js doesn't do anything when I click.

Do you have any suggestion to how I can "listen" for clicks in popup.html properly, and then send a message containing an argument to background.js?

A: Your script is running before the body is loaded, so the element is not found. You can fix this by moving the script tag to the bottom of the body. Alternatively, use  to delay execution until the dom is loaded.
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/script#attr-defer
Also, you should use console.log(message) and the Chrome Devtools console to debug and check for errors.
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Console/log
https://developers.google.com/web/tools/chrome-devtools/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We are a FIRST Robotics team at El Modena High School in Orange, CA, dedicated to educating and inspiring high school students in the areas of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math. The importance of our team is ever growing; there is a dramatic need for engineers to lead California, the country, and the world into new technologies and innovations.
FIRST Robotics Competition is an exciting, multinational competition that teams professionals and young people to solve an engineering design problem in an intense and competitive way. It begins in January with six intense weeks of designing, building, and testing our "Champion" robot. The program is a great benefit to both the students and the companies that support these teams. By sponsoring a FIRST team, companies play a large role in increasing the number of students pursuing engineering or technology by exposing them to the excitement of their real world applications. The FIRST program also gives the company an opportunity to increase its community awareness, receive local and national exposure, and give back to its community that has contributed so much to its success.
A small group of students and professional engineers started the Clockwork Oranges in 2011 and have tried to grow as a student run club. We are looking for local sponsors to help with supplies such as fasteners, tools, motors, gears, pneumatic parts, aluminum, and machine parts. We must also pay for the transportation of the team and our robot to the competitions as well as other supplies that help us to be our best. If your business is interested in supporting our team, we would greatly appreciate it.
We are hoping that local businesses recognize the value of inspiring young people to pursue Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math careers, and will contribute what they can to this community project. We aspire not to be just the El Modena Robotics team, but the City of Orange Robotics Team! Any contributions of money, materials or services will be greatly appreciated and assist the team in reaching its goal. There is no doubt that the community and its businesses will benefit greatly from this potential partnership. Thank you for your time and consideration.
You may contribute to our team online here.
You can also email us at ora@frc4322.com with your name (and/or company name), address, phone number, and the amount you'd like to donate to our team and we will contact you as soon as possible.
– You receive custom-milled thank you plaque machined by one of our students.
– Your company name is announced and your company logo is prominently displayed at each competition on our robot, website, posters, and work area.
– Your company may request any robot to appear at events.
– You receive a special thank you video for your company posted on all social media.


text:
Detached house in Yorkshire village close to city of Leeds
Scholes
This is a super-member. They're experienced home exchangers or the fastest responders.
Our house is a detached brick-built two storey house with a large kitchen/dining/lounge area overlooking the patio and private back garden, and a comfortable TV room at the front. The master bedroom is en suite with a super-king-size bed and fitted wardrobes. There is also a separate bathroom upstairs and a downstairs toilet and utility room. There are two more large bedrooms and a study with broadband WiFi internet.
The house overlooks farmland both front and back and a series of quiet public footpaths through woodlands and fields are accessible from the front door. We love the house and have lived here for over thirty years since our daughter was a baby. It's been the perfect location for bringing-up our children, in the countryside yet within easy reach of the city centre. Our village, Scholes, is one of a string of small villages in an arc round the north east of Leeds, and each has their own distinct character with pubs, coffee shops, old churches and a network of walking trails. Scholes is a twenty minute drive into Leeds city centre, close to bus routes and ten minutes by car from a suburban railway station.
Location of your home
Listing accuracy
Stayed January 2018
"During July we had a wonderful exchange at Mike and Jean's home in West Yorkshire. Everything about the exchange was excellent. They had left us a delicious meal in the freezer accompanied with a bottle of wine. Grant was delighted to be able to watch some of the key sporting events on their large TV screen while resting in very comfortable chairs. However he deserved a rest, as each day we hiked around the beautiful Yorkshire Moors and Dales. Jean and Mike had left an extensive selection of books with maps and directions of hiking trails and other travel books of sights to visit, so our 10 days flashed past. We thoroughly enjoyed the house and garden. Many thanks Mike and Jean."
"We had the most wonderful holiday in Jean and Mike\'s very comfortable home. The situation of the home is perfect for touring the beautiful Yorkshire Dales- the best part of England!). Jean and Mike were the icing on the cake however. From our very first e mail we knew we had struck the jackpot. Their friendliness and commitment to the exchange was outstanding. They organised transport from the airport, left a meal for us on arrival and left lots of suggestions for restaurants and places to see.. We highly recommend an exchange with Jean and Mike - you will not find better we promise."
"If you enjoy hiking, you will love it, if you are fascinated by old cities (think York and Harrogate) as well as all the many surrounding villages, this is your base. If you want to be amazed by how industrial England has been transformed into delightful villages and cities, this is the part of England to come to. If you love gardens and stately homes - ditto! You get all that, more than you could possibly see in the 4 week period we stayed, and all from the really charming, impeccably presented home of Jean and Mike, whom we had the pleasure to meet, as they came home before we left the district. Another exchange friendship sealed! Thank you both for a magnificent exchange."
My wife and I are both aged 67, married with two grown-up children and two grandchildren. We are retired teachers, although we also own a language school in Leeds where English is taught to international students. We were very keen on sport - skiing, tennis etc..but age seems to be catching up on us and more recently we limit our activities to walking, reading, chasing after our grandchildren, and going on holiday! We love travelling and have been to many places in the world. We have a holiday home which we visit a lot especially in July and August. A non-simultaneous swap with our house in Leeds would therefore also be possible. Currently our son is working in Sydney and it will be our seventh trip to Australia next year.
Leeds is a thriving, modern city with a great range of shops and amenities: all the big department stores and the latest state-of-the-art shopping centre (Trinity); old Victorian theatres like the Grand contrasting with the brand new Leeds Arena; and a huge range of restaurants suiting every taste. Leeds is in Yorkshire, winner of the European Tourist Destination Award 2013. It is surrounded by three beautiful National Parks - the North York Moors, Peak District, and of course the famous Yorkshire Dales (Haworth/Wuthering Heights) and is an easy drive to the Lake District (Beatrix Potter/Wordsworth). It has good rail connections: just over 2 hours to London, 3 hours to Edinburgh, and just twenty minutes to the ancient Roman/Viking city of York. The motorway network is a 15 minute drive, with the M1 south to London, the A1M north to Durham, Newcastle, and Edinburgh and the M62 west to Manchester, Chester, Liverpool and Wales. The east coast holiday resorts like Scarborough and Whitby are also very accessible. Leeds of course has its own international airport (thirty minutes drive from the house) with international flights to 50 European destinations (Paris 1.5 hours, Rome 3 hours)and domestic services to London, Dublin etc..