text:
Caldasia
Caldasia vol.34 no.1 Bogotá Jan./June 2012
NEW SPECIES AND PREVIOUSLY UNKNOWN MALES OF NEOTROPICAL CLEPTOBIOTIC STINGLESS BEES (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE, Lestrimelitta)
Especies nuevas y machos previamente desconocidos de abejas sin aguijón cleptobióticas neotropicales (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Lestrimelitta)
VICTOR H. GONZALEZ
TERRY L. GRISWOLD
Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, 1501 Crestline Drive – Suite 140, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA. victorgonzab@gmail.com
USDA-ARS, Bee Biology & Systematics Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5310, USA. terry.griswold@ars.usda.gov
Three new species of cleptobiotic stingless bees of the genus Lestrimelitta Friese, L. opita sp. n. and L. huilensis sp. n. from Colombia and L. catira sp. n. from Venezuela, are described and figured. The males of the Central American species L. chamelensis, L. danuncia, and L. mourei are also described and figured. New geographical records and an updated key to species from Central America and northern South America are provided.
Key words. Anthophila, Apoidea, Meliponini, Colombia, Venezuela, taxonomy.
Se describen e ilustran tres especies nuevas de abejas sin aguijón cleptobióticas del género Lestrimelitta Friese, L. opita sp. n. y L. huilensis sp. n. de Colombia y L. catira sp. n. de Venezuela. También se describen e ilustran los machos de las especies Centroamericanas L. chamelensis, L. danuncia y L. mourei. Se presentan registros geográficos nuevos y una clave actualizada para las especies de Centroamérica y norte de Suramérica.
Palabras clave. Anthophila, Apoidea, Meliponini, Colombia, Venezuela, taxonomía.
Unusual and astonishing behaviors are often found in the commonly encountered stingless bees, highly eusocial bees restricted to the tropical areas of the world but more abundant and diverse in the Western Hemisphere (e.g., Michener 2007). Examples of these are the defensive behavior of Oxytrigona Cockerell, whose workers repel intruders by biting and depositing into the skin a mandibular secretion that contains formic acid and causes a long-lasting blister (e.g., Michener 2007); the mutualistic relationship of Plebeia coccidophila (Camargo & Pedro) with a soft-scale insect (Cryptostigma sp.; Coccidae), which is housed inside the bee nest and provides sweet secretions and additional wax to build the nest (Camargo & Pedro 2002); the obligate necrophagy of Trigona hypogea Silvestri, T. crassipes (Fabricius), and T. necrophaga Camargo & Roubik, the only known species to use the flesh of dead animals as their only source of protein (Roubik 1982, Camargo & Roubik 1991); the lacrophilic behavior (tear drinking habits) of minute Asian stingless bees of the genera Lisotrigona Moure and Pariotrigona Moure at mammalian eyes presumably to obtain proteins in addition to, or in lieu of pollen (Bänziger et al. 2009); the pollen or propolis collecting behavior exhibited by males of some Asian species which, while lacking a corbicula, frequently carry these materials on a metatibia that resembles those of the workers (Boongird & Michener 2010); and the obligate robbing or cleptobiotic behavior of the Neotropical Lestrimelitta Friese and the African Cleptotrigona Moure, which despite having nests of their own, steal food and nest materials from other stingless bees and even honey bees (Portugal-Araújo 1958, Sakagami et al., 1993). Trichotrigona Camargo & Moure, a monotypic genus from the Brazilian Amazon, is likely another cleptobiotic bee or possibly the only known meliponine social parasite, given the reduction of pollen-manipulating structures on the hind leg (Camargo & Pedro 2007a, Michener 2007).
Lestrimelitta is widely distributed in the Neotropical region, with apparent center of diversity in Brazil; 14 of the 21 currently recognized species are from there (Table 1). Such a high diversity of Lestrimelitta in Brazil is likely due to the country's large expanse that covers a significant area of South America as well as the result of the effort of numerous Brazilian researchers to document their bee fauna. Other South American countries, such as Colombia, despite having preliminary checklists, are still in early stages of exploration as indicated by the number of taxa discovered in recent years (e.g., Engel 1997, 2009, 2010, Engel & Gonzalez 2009, Gonzalez 2004, 2006, Gonzalez & Engel 2004, 2011, Gonzalez & Ruz 2007, Smith-Pardo & Gonzalez 2007, 2009, Gonzalez et al., 2010, Gonzalez & Florez 2011, Gonzalez & Griswold 2011, Gonzalez & Engel 2012).
Lestrimelitta is likely to be related to Plebeia Schwarz, as suggested by both morphological and molecular studies (Michener 2007, Rasmussen & Cameron (2010). When compared to other stingless bee genera, Lestrimelitta species seem to be monotonously similar at first glance, but recent works (e.g., Ayala 1999, Oliveira 2002, Melo 2003, Oliveira & Marchi 2005, Marchi & Melo 2006, Gonzalez et al., 2010, Roig-Alsina 2010) have highlighted and illustrated a suitable set of characters that are reliable in species recognition. Those characters include the shape of the propodeal spiracle, length of the mesotibial spur, presence or absence of hairs on the body, and the length, density, and type of pubescence. Two large species groups can be recognized within Lestrimelitta based on the shape of the propodeal spiracle (Table 1): the exclusively South American limao species group, which consists of species with an ovoid propodeal spiracle, 2–3 times longer than broad (c.f. Marchi & Melo 2006; fig. 1, Gonzalez et al. 2010; fig. 2D), and the ehrhardti species group found in both Central and South America distinguished by an elongate propodeal spiracle, at least 4.6 times longer than broad (c.f. Marchi & Melo 2006; fig. 2).
Herein we describe three new species of Lestrimelitta: one of the limao species group from Colombia and two of the ehrhardti species group, one from Colombia and one from Venezuela. We also describe the previously unknown males of three Central American species of the ehrhardti species group: L. chamelensis, L. danuncia, and L. mourei. We also provide new geographical records and an updated key to species from Central America and northern South America.
Morphological terminology and measurements (e.g., interalveolar, alveolocular, ocellocular distances, etc.) follow that of Michener (2007). Measurements were taken using an ocular micrometer on a Leica® MZ12 stereomicroscope. Photomicrographs were taken using a Keyence® VHX- 500F Digital Imaging System. The abbreviations S and T are used for metasomal sterna and terga. The symbol for female and the word itself are used below for worker, not queen. Institutional acronyms used herein are: BBSL, U.S. National Pollinating Insects Collection, Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA; ICN, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia; and USNM, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA. The novelty of the species described herein were confirmed by comparison with specimens (including types) of other Lestrimelitta species deposited at BBSL, ICN, and the Snow Entomological Collection, Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
SYSTEMATICS Tribe Meliponini Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1836 Genus Lestrimelitta Friese, 1903
Diagnosis. Lestrimelitta consists of small (4–7 mm long) species with shiny, sparsely haired bodies that lack the metatibial corbiculae for carrying pollen found in other stingless bees. The genus can also be recognized by the following combination characters: metatibia without penicillum and with a rastellum consisting of tapering hairs; first flagellomere shorter than combined lengths of second and third flagellomeres in workers, shorter than second flagellomere in males; male sixth and seventh sterna with long basolateral apodemes; male sixth sternum medially emarginated on distal margin.
Lestrimelitta catira, new species
(Figs. 1–4)
Holotype. Venezuela: ♀, Caripito, Edo. Monagas – XII-14-43, R. Maduro / Robbing honey from hive / C.H. Ballou, No BHT / LotNo 44-21773 (USNM).
Paratypes. 2♀, same data as holotype (BBSL, USNM).
Diagnosis. This species is most similar to L. rufipes (Friese) and L. huilensis, which share the following characters: propodeal spiracle elongate; vertex, preoccipital border and anterior margin of mesoscutum with erect hairs; and pronotal lobe and tegula without erect hairs. It can be easily distinguished by body color predominantly reddish-brown, distinctly lighter than in those species, and body pubescence on vertex, preoccipital border, and anterior margin of mesoscutum much shorter and sparser, and on disc of mesoscutellum practically absent (Figs. 1–3). In L. rufipes, the erect hairs of these areas are in general long and abundant; on vertex and preoccipital border at least as long as median ocellar diameter; on mesoscutum present along anterior margin as well as on anterior one-third of disc medially; on disc of mesoscutellum abundant, about as long as (about twice as long as median ocellar diameter) or slightly shorter than those on the distal margin. Refer to diagnosis of L. huilensis for comparative comments with that species.
Description. ♀. Total body length 6.7 mm; forewing length 4.4 mm; head width 2.3 mm. Head 1.3 times broader than long; inner orbits of compound eyes subparallel; malar area 1.5 times median ocellar diameter; clypeus 3.5 times broader than long; interalveolar distance shorter (0.8x) than alveolar diameter; alveolocular distance about twice as long as alveolar diameter, 2.5 times interalveolar distance; interocellar distance 2.8 times median ocellar diameter, shorter (0.8x) than ocellocular distance; scape about 6.3 times longer than wide; pedicel longer than broad; first flagellomere about as long as broad, longer than second flagellomere, remaining flagellomeres broader than long, except apical flagellomere much longer than broad; compound eye 2.5 longer than broad; gena broader than width of compound eye in profile. Propodeal spiracle elongate, about 5.2 times longer than wide; metatibia about three times longer than broad.
Integument smooth and shiny between minute, sparse punctures as in other species of the genus; terga and sterna weakly lineolate-imbricate.
Color predominantly reddish-brown, except yellowish to light reddish-brown on clypeus distally, labrum, outer surface of mandible, anterior surface of scape, legs, propodeal triangle, and sterna. Wing membrane yellowish; veins and pterostigma light brown.
Body largely glabrous, sparsely covered with minute, appressed, simple yellowish to whitish hairs except long, stout, erect hairs as follows: distal margin of labrum and inferior margin of mandible (longest at least twice median ocellar diameter); vertex and preoccipital border with few sparse hairs (at most width of median ocellar diameter); anterior and lateral margins (next to axilla) of mesoscutum, axilla, and mesoscutellum (1–2 times median ocellar diameter), hairs longer on mesoscutellum; mesepisternum ventrally, meso- and, metacoxae, mesotibia, and propodeum laterally (1–1.5 times median ocellar diameter); posterior margin of metatibia, sides of T2–T4, entire T5 and T6 with dark brown hairs (1.5–2 times median ocellar diameter) (Fig. 4).
Etymology. The specific epithet is a word used by Venezuelan people to describe a blonde or red-headed person; this word is used herein in reference to the reddish coloration of this species.
Comments. The mesotibial spurs of the holotype and one of the paratypes are presumably broken-off because in the remaining paratype, which has the head glued to a point and missing left leg, the right mesotibial spur is long, about 1.3 times longer than mesobasitarsal width.
Lestrimelitta huilensis, new species
Holotype. Colombia: ♀, Huila, Rivera, Cementerio, 29.mar.1994, 745 m, G. Nates. Leg. / ICN 037926 (Barcode label) (ICN).
Diagnosis. This species is most similar to L. rufipes and L. catira, which share the following characters: propodeal spiracle elongate; vertex, preoccipital border, and anterior margin of mesoscutum with erect hairs; and sides of mesepisternum, pronotal lobe, and tegula without erect hairs. It differs from L. rufipes in the vertex, preoccipital border, and anterior margin of mesoscutum with shorter, sparser erect hairs (Fig. 6); anterior one-third of disc of mesoscutum medially without erect hairs; mesoscutellum with disc covered by short, sparse hairs contrasting with long, abundant hairs on distal margin. It differs from L. catira in the body color predominantly dark reddish-brown (Figs. 5–9), pubescence dense on anterior margin of mesoscutum and mesoscutellum, on metasomal terga much shorter, sparser. In L. catira, the body color is predominantly reddish-brown, distinctly lighter than in L. huilensis; anterior margin of mesoscutum with sparser erect hairs, especially medially; disc of mesoscutellum largely glabrous; metasomal terga with longer, denser hairs (compare Figs. 4 and 7), particularly on sides of T2 and discs of terminal segments.
Description. ♀. Total body length 6.1 mm; forewing length 4.9 mm; head width 2.1 mm. Head 1.3 times broader than long; inner orbits of compound eyes subparallel; malar area 1.4 times median ocellar diameter; clypeus 3.1 times broader than long; interalveolar distance shorter (0.9x) than alveolar diameter; alveolocular distance 1.9 times alveolar diameter, 2.2 times interalveolar distance; interocellar distance 2.3 times median ocellar diameter, shorter (0.8x) than ocellocular distance; scape about 6.4 times longer than wide; pedicel longer than broad; first flagellomere about as long as broad, longer than second flagellomere, remaining flagellomeres broader than long, except apical flagellomere much longer than broad; compound eye 2.5 longer than broad; gena broader than width of compound eye in profile. Propodeal spiracle elongate, about 4.6 times longer than wide; mesotibial spur long, about 1.3 times mesobasitarsal width basally; metatibia about three times longer than broad.
Color predominantly dark reddish-brown, lighter on labrum, mandible (except basally), clypeal margin, legs, T1 and T2, and sterna. Wing membrane yellowish; veins and pterostigma light brown.
Body largely glabrous, sparsely covered with minute, appressed, simple yellowish hairs except long, stout, erect hairs as follows: distal margin of labrum and inferior margin of mandible (longest at least twice median ocellar diameter); vertex and preoccipital border with few sparse hairs (at most half width of median ocellar diameter); anterior and lateral margins (next to axilla) of mesoscutum (1–2 times median ocellar diameter) (Figs. 6, 9); axilla (about as long as median ocellar diameter); mesoscutellum with sparse hairs on disc (about as long as median ocellar diameter), much longer (2 times median ocellar diameter) on distal margin (Fig. 8); mesepisternum ventrally, meso- and, metacoxae, mesotibia, and propodeum laterally (1–1.5 times median ocellar diameter); posterior margin of metatibia (1.3–2 times median ocellar diameter), sides of T2–T4, entire T5 and T6 with dark brown hairs (0.5–2 times median ocellar diameter) (Fig. 7).
Etymology. The specific epithet refers to Huila, the department in Colombia where the species is currently known to occur.
Comments. Based on the limited material available it appears that L. huilensis and L. catira are allopatric species inhabiting different ecosystems: L. catira occupying deltaic savannas in northeastern Venezuela, L. huilensis inhabiting dry forests along the Magdalena Valley in Colombia. Lestrimelitta huilensis is likely to be sympatric with L. opita, the only other Lestrimelitta species known to occur along the valley of the Magdalena River in Colombia. It can be easily separated from that species by the shape of the propodeal spiracle (ovoid in L. opita) and the presence of erect hairs on the vertex, preoccipital ridge, and anterior margin of mesoscutum (hairs absent in L. opita).
Lestrimelitta opita, new species
(Figs. 10–21)
Holotype. Colombia: ♀, Tol. [Tolima], Armero, malaise trap, 26–30-I-1977, Peyton & Suarez (USNM).
Paratypes. 2♂, same date as holotype except I-5-II-197, E.L. Peyton (BBSL, USNM).
Diagnosis. Both sexes of this species are most similar to L. limao (Smith) and L. ciliata Marchi & Melo, which share the following characters: propodeal spiracle ovoid; sides of mesepisternum and disc of mesoscutum practically glabrous, without erect hairs; and mesotibial spur reduced. It can be easily distinguished from those species by anterior margin of mesoscutum without erect hairs (Figs. 12, 14).
Description. ♀. Total body length 5.3 mm; forewing length 4.3 mm; head width 2.1 mm.
Head 1.3 times broader than long; inner orbits of compound eyes subparallel; malar area about as long as median ocellar diameter; clypeus about 3.3 times broader than long; interalveolar distance shorter (0.8x) than alveolar diameter; alveolocular distance 1.8 times alveolar diameter, 2.1 times interalveolar distance; interocellar distance 2.4 times median ocellar diameter, shorter (0.9x) than ocellocular distance; scape about six times longer than wide; pedicel longer than broad; first flagellomere about as long as broad, longer than second flagellomere, remaining flagellomeres broader than long, except apical flagellomere much longer than broad; compound eye 2.4 longer than broad; gena broader than width of compound eye in profile. Propodeal spiracle ovoid, about three times longer than wide; metatibia about three times longer than broad.
Color predominantly dark reddish-brown, lighter on labrum, mandible (except basally), legs (except metafemur and metatibia), and basal terga and sterna. Wing membrane yellowish; veins and pterostigma light brown.
Body largely glabrous, sparsely covered with minute, appressed, simple yellowish hairs except long, stout, erect hairs as follows: distal margin of labrum and inferior margin of mandible (longest at least twice median ocellar diameter); vertex with very few sparse hairs (at most half width of median ocellar diameter); pronotal lobe inferiorly, anterolateral corner and lateral margin (next to axilla) of mesoscutum, axilla, and disc of mesoscutellum with few dark brown hairs (about as long as width of median ocellar diameter or less); posterior margin of mesoscutellum with longer hairs (1.3–1.6 times median ocellar diameter) (Fig. 13); mesepisternum ventrally, meso- and, metacoxae, mesotibia, and propodeum laterally (1–1.5 times median ocellar diameter); posterior margin of metatibia, sides of T1–T4, entire T5 and T6 with dark brown hairs increasing in length towards apical terga (1.5–2 times median ocellar diameter) (Fig. 11).
♂. As in female except for yellowish inferior paraocular area (next to inner orbit of compound eye), distal margin of clypeus, labrum, mandible, and legs, and the following: Total body length 6.1–6.8 mm; forewing length 3.9–4.1 mm; head width 1.9–2.0 mm. Inner orbits of compound eyes slightly converging below; malar area short, about one-third width of median ocellar diameter; clypeus about 2.5 times broader than long; alveolocular distance 1.3 times alveolar diameter, 1.5 times interalveolar distance; interocellar distance about twice as long as median ocellar diameter, 1.2 times ocellocular distance; scape about 5.5 times longer than wide; pedicel about as long as broad; first flagellomere slightly broader than long, about as long as second flagellomere, remaining flagellomeres about as long as broad, except apical flagellomere much longer than broad; compound eye 2.3 longer than broad; gena narrower (~0.6x) than width of compound eye in profile. Metatibia 2.7 times longer than broad. T5 apical margin invaginated medially. S5–S7 and genital capsule as in figures 17–21. Pubescence in general longer and denser than in female, especially on mesofemur and mesotibia (0.5–1 times median ocellar diameter), metafemur and metatibia (1–2 times median ocellar diameter), and metasoma (Figs. 14–16).
Etymology. The specific epithet is a self-referential nickname for inhabitants of the department of Tolima, the area where this species is currently known.
Lestrimelitta chamelensis Ayala
Lestrimelitta chamelensis Ayala, 1999: 25 [♀].
(Figs. 22, 23, 28, 31, 34)
Diagnosis. The female of this species can be separated from other Central American species of Lestrimelitta by the following combination of characters: small body size (length about 5 mm); head and mesosoma practically glabrous, except for scattered hairs on preoccipital border and distal margin of mesoscutellum; mesotibia without erect hairs on outer surface; and mesotibial spur very reduced. The male can be recognized by mesotibial spur reduced, mesoscutellum with few short hairs on distal margin (at most as long as median ocellar diameter), and metatibia with sparse, rather long hairs (about as long as median ocellar diameter or longer) on outer surface (Fig. 28).
Description. ♂. Total body length 7.1 mm; forewing length 3.9 mm; head width 1.9 mm. Head 1.2 times broader than long; inner orbits of compound eyes slightly converging below (Fig. 23); malar area short, about half width of median ocellar diameter; clypeus about twice as broad as long; interalveolar distance shorter (0.8x) than alveolar diameter; alveolocular distance 1.4 times alveolar diameter, 1.8 times interalveolar distance; interocellar distance 2.1 times median ocellar diameter, 1.2 times ocellocular distance; scape about five times longer than wide; pedicel about as long as broad; first flagellomere slightly broader than long, about as long as second flagellomere, remaining flagellomeres about as long as broad, except apical flagellomere much longer than broad; compound eye about twice as long as broad; gena about half width of compound eye in profile. Propodeal spiracle elongate, 6.3 times longer than wide; mesotibial spur reduced, about one-third of mesobasitarsus width basally; metatibia 2.8 times longer than broad. T5 apical margin not invaginated medially; S5 and S6 as in figures 31 and 34, genital capsule and S7 as in L. opita.
Color predominantly dark reddish-brown, darker on face and mesoscutum, yellowish to light reddish-brown on clypeus distally, labrum, anterior surface of scape, mandible, legs, and sterna. Wing membrane brownish; veins and pterostigma dark brown.
Body largely glabrous, sparsely covered with minute, appressed, simple yellowish to whitish hairs except as follows: mesoscutellum distally, mesepisternum ventrally, and meso- and metacoxae with long (about as long as median ocellar diameter), stout hairs; posterior margin of metatibia, sides of T6, and distal margin of T7 with long (at least as twice as long as median ocellar diameter), stout hairs.
Material examined. Mexico: 1♂, Jalisco, Careyes, 12 Feb-19 Mar 1997, F.D. Parker (BBSL).
Lestrimelitta danuncia Oliveira & Marchi
Lestrimelitta danuncia Oliveira & Marchi, 2005: 1 [♀].
Diagnosis. Among Central American Lestrimelitta, the female of this species can be easily recognized by the combination of: vertex with erect hairs present on preoccipital border and anterior margin of mesoscutum, disc of mesoscutum practically glabrous, and mesotibial spur long. The male can be recognized by the combination of: mesotibial spur long, and mesoscutellum with long (1.5–1.7 times median ocellar diameter), relatively dense, stout hairs on distal margin.
Description. ♂. As in L. chamelensis except as follows: Total body length 6.0 mm; forewing length 4.3 mm; head width 2.1 mm. Head 1.3 times broader than long (Fig. 25); malar area about one-third width of median ocellar diameter; interalveolar distance slightly shorter than alveolar diameter; alveolocular distance 1.5 times interalveolar distance; interocellar distance 1.8 times median ocellar diameter; scape 5.2 times longer than wide; compound eye 2.4 times longer than broad; gena about 0.6 times width of compound eye in profile. Propodeal spiracle elongate, about six times longer than wide; mesotibial spur long, about 1.5 times mesobasitarsal width basally. T5 apical margin not invaginated medially; S5 and S6 as in figures 32 and 35, genital capsule and S7 as in L. opita.
Color predominantly dark reddish-brown to black, except yellowish on clypeus distally, inferior paraocular area, labrum, anterior surface of scape, mandible, pronotum, legs, and sterna.
Body largely glabrous, sparsely covered with minute, appressed, simple yellowish to whitish hairs except as follows: inferior margin of mandible with long (at most as long as median ocellar diameter), stout hairs; distal margin of clypeus with longer hairs than on mandible (longest hairs about 1.4 times median ocellar diameter); mesoscutellum distally with long (1.8 times median ocellar diameter), stout, black hairs; mesepisternum ventrally and meso- and metacoxae with long (slightly longer than median ocellar diameter), stout hairs; posterior margin of metatibia, sides of T6, and distal margin of T7 with long (two times or more median ocellar diameter), stout, dark brown to black hairs.
Material examined. Costa Rica: 3♂4♀, Guanacaste, Finca Montezuma, 3 km SE Rio Naranjo, March, Apr, Jun, Jul, Oct 1992, Jul 1993, F. Parker (BBSL); 5♀, Guanacaste, Santa Rosa National Park, Oct 1983, 300 m, D.H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs (USNM); 1♀, Heredia, Chilamate, 75 m, Sep-Oct 1989, Hanson & Godoy (BBSL); 1♀, Heredia, LaSelva Res. Sta., 11–17 Jun 1986, W. Hanson, G. Bohart (BBSL); 1♂, Limon, 4 km NE Bribri, 50 m, Sep-Nov 1989, P. Hanson (BBSL); 1♀, Puntarenas, Quepos, 13 Feb 1987, G. E. Bohart (BBSL).
Comments. This species was previously known from eastern Panama ( Panama Province) and central Costa Rica (Turribalba). The specimens from the Costa Rican province of Guanacaste represent the northwestern most distribution of this species.
Lestrimelitta mourei Oliveira & Marchi
Lestrimelitta mourei Oliveira & Marchi, 2005: 2 [♀].
Diagnosis. The female of L. mourei is most similar to that of L. niitkib from Mexico, which shares the following characters: vertex, preoccipital border, and anterior margin of mesoscutum with erect hairs; disc of mesoscutum densely covered by short, fine hairs giving a tomentose appearance; and mesotibial spur reduced. It differs from that species in anterior margin of mesoscutum with longer erect hairs, disc of mesoscutum without erect hairs, disc of mesoscutellum with shorter, sparser erect hairs. The male is distinctive for its metatibia, which is about 2.6 times longer than broad, with outer surface distinctly flattened and the anterior margin strongly convex (Fig. 30).
Description. ♂. As in L. chamelensis except as follows: Total body length 7.2 mm; forewing length 4.4 mm; head width 2.2 mm. Clypeus 2.3 times broader than long; interalveolar distance slightly shorter than alveolar diameter; alveolocular distance about 1.6 times alveolar diameter and interalveolar distance individually; interocellar distance about twice as long as median ocellar diameter; compound eye 2.4 times longer than broad; gena about 0.8 times width of compound eye in profile. Propodeal spiracle elongate, 4.6 times longer than wide; mesotibial spur very reduced, with apex barely visible (c.f. Gonzalez et al. 2010; fig. 3E); metatibia 2.6 times longer than broad, with outer surface distinctly flattened, anterior margin strongly convex (Fig. 30). T5 apical margin not invaginated medially; S5 and S6 as in figures 33 and 36, genital capsule and S7 in general as in L. opita but with longer hairs on gonostylus.
Body with minute, appressed, simple yellowish to whitish hairs denser and longer than in L. chamelensis; distal margin of mesoscutellum with darkened hairs; posterior margin of metatibia, sides of T6, and distal margin of T7 with stout, black hairs about 1.5 times median ocellar diameter.
Material examined. Costa Rica: 2♂, 3♀, Guanacaste, Finca Montezuma, 3 km SE Rio Naranjo, Apr, May 1992, Jun, Aug 1993, F. Parker (BBSL); 4♀, Guanacaste, 14 km S Cañas, Jan 1989, Mar, Apr 1990, F. D. Parker (BBSL); 1♀, Guanacaste, LaTaboga For.Res., 9 km SW Cañas, 23–30 Apr 1987, W. L Rubink (BBSL); 1♀, Limon, Guacimo, 4–7 Mar 1988, F. D. Parker (BBSL); 1♀, Puntarenas, Rincon de Osa, 31 Jul 1966, D. Veirs (BBSL); 1♂, San Jose, Escazu, 18 Jun–3 Jul 1988, F. D. Parker (BBSL); 1♀, San Jose, Escazu, 8 Feb 1987, G. E. Bohart (BBSL).
Comments. The material examined from northwestern Costa Rica ( Guanacaste Province) expands the distribution of this species from its previously known range in central Costa Rica ( San Jose Province).
Lestrimelitta glabatra Camargo & Moure
Lestrimelitta glabatra Camargo & Moure, 1989: 199 [♀].
New Record. Ecuador: 1♀, Napo Province, Huahua Sumaco, km 45 on Hollin-Loreto road, XII-20-1989, Malaise trap, M & J. Wasbauer, collrs. (BBSL); 1♀, idem; Res. Ethnica Waorani, 1 km S. Onkone Gare Camp, Trans. Ent. 6 Oct. 1995, 220m, 00°38'S, 076°36'W, T. L. Erwin, et al / Insecticidal fogging of mostly bare green leaves, some with covering of lichenous or brypothytic plants Project MAXUS At s-trans 6...5, Lot 1225 (USNM); 1♀, idem; 2 July, 1995 / At s-trans 7...9, Lot 1069 (USNM).
Comments. This new record expands the distribution of this species from its previously known range: Brazil and Guyana.
Lestrimelitta spinosa Marchi & Melo
Lestrimelitta spinosa Marchi & Melo, 2006: 25 [♀].
New Record. Venezuela: 1♀, T.F. Amaz. [Territorio Federal, Amazonas] Cerro de la Neblina basecamp, 140 m, 0°50'N, 66°10'W1, 10-20 February 1985 / Malaise trap in rainforest; P.J. & P.M. Spangler, R.A. Faitoute & W.E. Steiner colrs (USNM).
Comments. This species was previously known from Trinidad and Tobago and the Brazilian Amazon; this new record is from a locality intermediate between these two areas.
Keys to workers of Lestrimelitta from Central America and Northern South America
Note: Some characters used in the keys have been recently illustrated elsewhere and are not duplicated here. When necessary, a reference to those works and their corresponding figures are indicated in the couplets.
1. Propodeal spiracle ovoid, 2–3 times longer than broad (c.f. Marchi & Melo 2006; fig. 1)............................................................ 2
-. Propodeal spiracle elongate, at least 4.6 times longer than broad (c.f. Marchi & Melo 2006; fig. 2) ........................... 6
2(1). Lateral surface of mesepisternum practically glabrous, without dense, stout, erect simple hairs ........................ 3
-. Lateral surface of mesepisternum distinctly covered by stout, erect, simple hairs (c.f. Marchi & Melo 2006; fig. 14)............................................................. 4
3(2). Pronotal lobe and anterior margin of mesoscutum practically glabrous, without dense, stout, erect simple hairs (Fig. 12) ............................... L. opita sp. n.
-. Pronotal lobe and anterior margin of mesoscutum distinctly covered by stout, long (1–1.4 times median ocellar diameter), erect, simple hairs.......................................................L. limao (Smith)
4(3). Vertex with few, sparse, short erect hairs restricted to interocellar area; disc of mesoscutum practically glabrous, not densely covered by short, fine hairs, without a tomentose appearance; Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Brazil................................ L. spinosa Marchi & Melo
-. Vertex and preoccipital border with longer, denser hairs throughout; disc of mesoscutum densely covered by short, fine hairs giving a tomentose appearance from which sparse, long, stout hairs arise............................................................. 5
5(4). Mesotibial spur very reduced, apex barely visible; Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador......................................... L. rufa (Friese)
-. Mesotibial spur normal, about as long as or slightly shorter than mesobasitarsus width basally; Colombia........................ L. piedemontana Gonzalez & Rasmussen
6(1). Vertex, preoccipital border, and anterior margin of mesoscutum practically glabrous, without erect hairs, at most with sparse, short hairs restricted to interocellar area and anterolateral corner of mesoscutum; disc of mesoscutum practically glabrous, with minute, appressed hairs barely visible............. 7
-. Vertex, preoccipital border and anterior margin of mesoscutum with long, erect hairs; disc of mesoscutum with variable pubescence, practically glabrous or densely covered by short, fine hairs giving a tomentose appearance from which sparse, long, stout hairs usually arise.... 10
7(6). Small bees (body length 5 mm; head width 2.2 mm); mesoscutellum distally with short (about twice as long as median ocellar diameter), erect hairs; mesotibia with few long, stout, semierect or erect hairs along anterior and posterior margins............................................................. 8
-. Larger bees (body length 6–7.4 mm; head width at least 2.3 mm); mesoscutellum distally with long (at least three times as long as median ocellar diameter), erect hairs; mesotibia distinctly covered by long (about as long as median ocellar diameter or longer), erect, stout hairs............... 9
8(7). Lateral surface of propodeum covered by relatively long and dense pubescence, integument visible among hairs; mesotibial spur very reduced; Mexico............ L. chamelensis Ayala
-. Lateral surface of propodeum sparsely covered by fine, short hairs (hairs barely visible); mesotibial spur long, normal; Brazil, French Guyana..................................... L. glaberrima Oliveira & Marchi
9(7). Anterolateral corner of mesoscutum with abundant, long, erect hairs; pronotal lobe with long, erect hairs inferiorly, with branched hairs relatively long and dense on posterior margin; mesotibial spur very reduced; T2–T5 laterally with long hairs (at least 1.3 times median ocellar diameter); body length ~ 6 mm; head width 2.3 mm; French Guyana.......................................... L. guyanensis Roubik
-. Anterolateral corner of mesoscutum and pronotal lobe distinctly glabrous, at most with very short, sparse hairs; mesotibial spur normal; T2–T6 with shorter hairs (about as long as median ocellar diameter), progressively increasing in length towards apical terga; body length ~ 7.3 mm; head width 2.6 mm; Brazil, Guyana, Ecuador............ L. glabrata Camargo & Moure
10(6). Mandible with a single, small basal tooth; mesepisternum laterally with erect hairs, hairs longer near omaulus, below pronotal lobe; propodeum laterally with long, branched hairs; South America ........ L. monodonta Camargo & Moure
-. Mandible with two small basal teeth; mesepisternum glabrous; propodeum laterally with short, fine hairs............. 11
11(10). Metasoma with erect hairs on all terga, at least laterally, except on T1; South America................................ 12
-. Metasoma with erect hairs on apical terga only; Central America .................. 13
12(11). Head and mesosoma predominantly dark ferruginous (Figs. 1–3); disc of mesoscutellum largely glabrous (Fig. 3); sides of T2 with long hairs (about as long as median ocellar diameter) (Fig. 4); Venezuela ................ L. catira sp. n.
—. Head and mesosoma much darker, predominantly dark brown to black (Figs. 5, 6); disc of mesoscutellum sparsely covered with erect, short (about as long as median ocellar diameter) hairs (Fig. 8); sides of T2 with minute erect hairs (at most half width of median ocellar diameter) (Fig. 7); Colombia........................................ L. huilensis sp. n.
13(11). Mesotibial spur normal, long; disc of mesoscutum practically glabrous, with fine, minute hairs barely visible; erect hairs on anterolateral corner of mesoscutum distinctly longer and denser than those along anteromedial margin.......... L. danuncia Oliveira & Marchi
-. Mesotibial spur reduced; disc of mesoscutum more densely covered by short, fine hairs giving a tomentose appearance; erect hairs on anterolateral corner of mesoscutum about as dense as and about as long as those along anteromedial margin......................... 14
14(13). Discs of mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with erect hairs arising from short, fine pubescence, longer and denser on scutellum; Mexico................................................... L. niitkib Ayala
-. Discs of mesoscutum and mesoscutellum practically without erect hairs arising from short, fine pubescence, at most with few, short, erect hairs on scutellum; Costa Rica................................................... L. mourei Oliveira & Marchi
Key to males of Lestrimelitta from Central America and Northern South America
Note: Males of L. catira, L. guyanensis, L. monodonta, L. huilensis, L. niitkib, and L. piedemontana are unknown.
1. Propodeal spiracle ovoid, 2–3 times longer than broad (c.f. Marchi & Melo 2006; fig. 1); T5 apical margin distinctly invaginated medially.......................... 2
-. Propodeal spiracle elongate, at least 5 times longer than broad (c.f. Marchi & Melo 2006; fig. 2); T5 apical margin not invaginated medially.............................. 5
2(1). Vertex and preoccipital border with relatively dense erect hairs; disc of mesoscutum densely covered by short, fine hairs giving a tomentose appearance from which sparse, long, stout hairs arise; Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador............................................................ L. rufa (Friese)
-. Vertex practically glabrous, at most with few erect hairs restricted to interocellar area; disc of mesoscutum practically glabrous, with minute, appressed hairs barely visible...................................... 3
3(2). Lateral surface of mesepisternum distinctly covered by stout, erect, simple hairs (c.f. Marchi & Melo 2006; fig. 14); Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Brazil................... L. spinosa Marchi & Melo
-. Lateral surface of mesepisternum practically glabrous, without dense, stout, erect simple hairs................................ 4
4(3). Metafemur and metatibia covered by long (1–2 times median ocellar diameter), dense, stout erect hairs (Fig. 15)................................................. L. opita sp. n.
-. Metafemur and metatibia covered by much shorter (at most as long as median ocellar diameter) erect hairs............................................... L. limao (Smith)
5(1). Mesotibia with long and dense erect hairs; metasoma with erect hairs on all terga, at least laterally, except on T1........................... L. glabrata Camargo & Moure
-. Mesotibia without long and dense erect hairs, practically glabrous or with barely visible minute, fine appressed hairs; metasoma with erect hairs on apical terga only..................................................... 6
6(5). Metatibia 2.6 times longer than broad, with outer surface distinctly flattened and anterior margin strongly convex (Fig. 30).............. L. mourei Oliveira & Marchi
-. Metatibia 2.7–3.0 times longer than broad, with outer surface gently convex, not distinctly flattened, its anterior margin gently convex (Figs. 28, 29)............... 7
7(6). Mesotibial spur long, normal; mesoscutellum with long (1.5–1.7 times median ocellar diameter), relatively dense, stout hairs on distal margin................... L. danuncia Oliveira & Marchi
-. Mesotibial spur reduced; mesoscutellum practically glabrous or with few, relatively sparse, short hairs (at most as long as median ocellar diameter) on distal margin........................................................... 8
8(7). Mesoscutellum with few, sparse, short hairs (at most as long as median ocellar diameter) on distal margin; metatibia with sparse, rather long hairs (about as long as median ocellar diameter or longer) on outer surface (Fig. 28); Mexico....................... L. chamelensis Ayala
-. Mesoscutellum practically glabrous; metatibia with few, short hairs (at most 0.6 times median ocellar diameter) on outer surface, near apex; Brazil, French Guyana............................................. L. glaberrima Oliveira & Marchi
We are grateful to B. Harris and S. Brady (USNM) and C. Sarmiento (ICN) for bringing this material to our attention and permitting its study; Orlando Rangel for the invitation to contribute to this volume; Michael S. Engel, Amy Comfort de Gonzalez, Molly Rightmyer, and anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions that improved this manuscript. Support to V.H.G. was provided by US National Science Foundation grant DBI-1057366 (to Michael S. Engel). This is a contribution of the Division of Entomology, University of Kansas Natural History Museum.
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Instituto de Ciencias Naturales-Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Oficina 212
Bogotá DC Apartado 7495
revcaldasia_bog@unal.edu.co


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Stoneham, Massachusetts Population and Demographics
Stoneham is a Census-designated place in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, with a population of 22,144. According to the most recent estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau, 89.00% of residents identify as white, 2.60% as Black or African American, 0.00% as American Indian or Alaska Native, 3.30% as Asian, 0.00% as Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 3.70% as Hispanic or Latino, and 1.40% as some other race or combination of races.
Census respondents are also asked to report ancestry. Some of the most commonly reported ancestries in Stoneham include Italian, Irish, English, French, and French Canadian. Measured by location quotient — comparing the Census-designated place share to the national share — some of the most highly concentrated ancestries in Census-designated place are Other West Indian, Brazilian, and Celtic.
An estimated 86.80% of Stoneham residents are native-born, meaning they were born in the United States, Puerto Rico, a U.S. Island Area, or abroad to a U.S. citizen. Of the 13.20% of the population that is foreign-born, 67.70% have become naturalized U.S. citizens. Nationwide, 86.5% of Americans are native-born. And of the 13.5% of Americans who are foreign-born, 48.5% have become naturalized U.S. citizens.
The population of Stoneham is older than the United States as a whole. The median age is 43.6 years, 5.7 years more than the national median age of 37.9 years. An estimated 20.00% of the population is 65 years and over, compared to 15.2% of the U.S. population.
Family and household composition also varies heavily across the United States. In Stoneham, 50.70% of households are occupied by married-couple families, compared to the 48.3% national figure. Some 3.80% of households are occupied by single male householders, 8.90% by single female householders, and 36.60% by non-family occupants. Nationwide, 4.9% of households are occupied by single male householders, 12.6% by single female householders, and 34.3% by non-family occupants. An estimated 65.90% of heads of household own their homes, compared to the national homeownership rate of 63.8%.
English is by far the most commonly spoken language in Massachusetts and across the U.S. as a whole. Similarly, in Stoneham, 95.5% of local residents aged 5 and up speak English exclusively, or, if they are multilingual, speak English very well. For context, 90.8% of the 5 and older population across Massachusetts only speaks English, or speak it very well, and 91.5% of the same age group nationwide do.
Residents of Stoneham are more likely than the typical American to be married. Of all local residents aged 15 and older, 54.1% are currently married, compared to 48.1% of Americans nationwide in the same age group. Across Massachusetts as a whole, 46.5% of residents 15 and older are married.
Divorce is slightly less common in Stoneham than it is across the U.S. as a whole. According to Census estimates, 10.4% of residents 15 and older are divorced — compared to 10.8% of the U.S. population in the same age group. In Massachusetts, 9.5% of the 15 and older population is divorced.
An estimated 27.1% of Stoneham residents 15 and older have never married, compared to one-third of all Americans in the same age group.
In Stoneham, 7% of the 18 and older civilian population are veterans — compared to 7.5% of adult civilians nationwide and 5.8% of the civilian population in all of Massachusetts.
In Stoneham, adults are more likely to have a high school education than the typical American adult, and are also more likely to have a four-year college education. Among Stoneham residents 25 and older, 94.20% have a high school diploma or equivalent, and 44.60% have a bachelor's degree or higher, compared to 87.7% and 31.5% of adults nationwide, respectively. Across Massachusetts, 90.4% of adults have graduated high school, and 42.9 have a bachelor's degree.
The typical household in Stoneham earns $94,835 a year, about $34,500 more than the national median of $60,293 and $17,500 more than the median household income across the state of $77,378.
Serious financial hardship is less common in Stoneham than it is nationwide. The local poverty rate stands at 5.30%, while the national poverty rate is 14.1%. Across the state as a whole, 10.8% of the population lives below the poverty line.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The young homies from Paris (TonyOne and Sucr) were in town so we hit a quick wall in Gardena before they headed back to France.
Not the optimal conditions, but we made do climbing on barrels and dumpsters, quickly realized I ain't 18 years old anymore! Enjoy the pics..


text:
Q: How to declare attribute with EnumType In my itemtype I need to declare attribut with EnumType. But it is giving an error like below
  hybris\bin\platform\resources\ant\antmacros.xml:795:
  java.lang.ClassCastException: de.hybris.bootstrap.typesystem.YEnumType
  cannot be cast to    de.hybris.bootstrap.typesystem.YCollectionType

here is how I declare
<attribute qualifier="aaa" type="EnumType" autocreate="true" generate="true">
    <persistence qualifier="bbbl" type="property" />
    <modifiers  read="true" write="true" search="true" removable="true"
     optional="true" />
     <description>aaa</description>
</attribute>

How to skip that error?

A: Do you have the EnumType actually created in enumtypes section? Try something like this:
<enumtypes>
    <enumtype code="MyEnumType" autocreate="true" generate="true" dynamic="false">
        <value code="SOMETHING"/>
    </enumtype>
</enumtypes>

<attribute qualifier="aaa" type="MyEnumType" autocreate="true" generate="true">
    <persistence  type="property" />
    <modifiers  read="true" write="true" search="true" removable="true"
     optional="true" />
     <description>aaa</description>
</attribute>

This is the correct way to do it. First define the enum type and after that use it as a normal type.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
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x-plane 11 on ios and android
commented Dec 6, 2017 by stellinam (10 points)
Don't get me wrong, the airplanes with manipulators are fantastic, but the regions are so limited it infringes on this simulators overall experience. You are limited to very small spaces, which get incredibly boring after awhile. Plus by the time you get to cruising altitude, you're already at the end of the region. Infinite Flight just released their highly anticipated "Global" update, which is huge. This allows users to fly anywhere around the world in real time, which changes mobile flight simulation possibilities. That update put Infinite Flight miles ahead of X-Plane, not to mention their community forum, live feature, and weekly events to keep things interesting. While cockpits with manipulators is cool, I'd rather see larger spaces to fly in implemented first. Plus it's been about two months since any communication regarding the progress of this app. If you're looking for a new experience, with community based events and the ability to fly with other users online, try Infinite Flight instead.
Get the latest version of app from AppEven.
answered Dec 26, 2016 by jroberts (19.3k points)
selected Jan 20, 2017 by Lex Teo
We just released a major update to X-Plane 10 Mobile. We do not have any idea of the time frame or if there will be an X-Plane 11 mobile app.
When will the boxed version of X-Plane 11 be available for purchase at X-Plane.com here in the USA?
When will the final version of x plane 11 come out?
When will the X-Plane 11 cd's be available in the US.
Will the final version of X-Plane 11 be so demanding on top of the range computer to use?
Is the beta purchase of X-Plane 11 the final purchase? do we have to purchase again when its released?


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Data;

namespace SQLDocGenerator
{
    public static class DataTypesHelper
    {
        private static DataTable dataTypes = new DataTable("DataTypes");

        public static DataTable DataTypes { get { return dataTypes; } }

        public static void GetDataTypes()
        {
            dataTypes = Utility.DBConnection.GetSchema("DataTypes");
            //Utility.PrintDatatable(dataTypes);
        }

        public static void WriteDataTypes()
        {
            string xmlfile = dataTypes.TableName + ".xml";
            string xslFile = dataTypes.TableName + ".xsl";
            string htmFile = dataTypes.TableName + ".htm";

            Utility.WriteXML(dataTypes, dataTypes.TableName + ".xml");
            Utility.WriteHTML(xmlfile, xslFile, htmFile);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Introduction of ice
/Tools birth
A new article in collaboration between ebarman, Stir The Flow and Riccardo Marinelli.
The tradition of ice has its roots in ancient times, because already in the 4th century B.C. the farsighted Persians built the yakh-chal which literally means "ice pit", a dome shaped structure with an underground compartment protected by a thick heat-resistant wall used all year round to store ice and, of course, food.
Even in Italy this practice was already widespread with the Romans, although cold rooms had a completely different look. These storage warehouses of snow blocks were called Neviere and gave life to a flourishing market in Italy on the threshold of the modern age, around 1500.
Until the middle of the 19th century, to get ice you had to ride horses with a cart, climb mountains or walk bravely on frozen lakes and ponds, dig various layers of fresh snow to get to the ice, cut it by hand with a hatchet or saw, hoist it on the cart, place it inside thatch-covered quarries, basements or covered wells, and hope that summer temperatures did not increase so much.
Frederic Tudor in 1805 began to work out a plan and decided to invest all his savings in a brig, the Favorite.
Someone told him about a Thomas Moore, who two years earlier had invented a device with which the farmers of Maryland could transport butter without melting it to Washington D.C. It was a rudimentary refrigerator: a wooden tub covered with a sheet of metal and stuffed with rabbit fur to be filled with ice, in the middle of which the butter reserves were stored.
Tudor bought a diary in 1805 and wrote on the cover: Diary of the Glacier, with a sketch of an icehouse reminiscent of the Rockwood farm.
The first entry in the diary read: "Plan to transport ice in the Tropical Climate. Boston, August 1805. William and I have decided in these days to put our properties together and launch ourselves into the enterprise of transporting ice to the West Indies next winter".
In Tudor it seemed a good idea and the Favorite set sail in 1806 from the port of Boston with 130 tons of ice stored in Moore's equipment. A month later, when it reached Martinique, the first obstacle was immediately evident: on land there was no cold room in which to store the cargo. The ice was thus sold directly from the boat, and not fast enough. Tudor's plans evaporated into thin air, literally, but Tudor was a tenacious guy, and he tried again and again, making little money and a lot of debts, and ending up in prison for some time. Around 1815 he managed to put together two thousand dollars, which he invested in a large cold room in Havana, capable of holding 150 tons of ice. Hunted down by creditors, Tudor decided to take refuge in Cuba and there he began his adventure as "King of Ice". He did business in some southern cities, sultry and at risk of tropical diseases but rich in indigo and cotton: Charleston in South Carolina (1817), Savannah in Georgia (1818) and New Orleans in Louisiana (1821), with a commercial offer that included the regular delivery of ice to families with a subscription of $10 per month. He improved insulation systems on the ship and in the icehouse, built his own iceboxes in strategic locations for his business, and increased demand for fresh drinks in every port. Tudor's business was booming and by 1825 he was shipping over 4,000 tons of ice per year. Things got even better when Tudor went into business with Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth, who thought of a practical way to cut ice by harnessing horses to a metal blade.
Tudor therefore managed to make it easily available throughout the United States, an asset within everyone's reach, as Gavin Weightman recounted in his "The Frozen-Water Trade":
"Visitors to Boston, New York, and other cities on the East Coast of the United States could not help but notice that in summer there was an enormous amount of ice everywhere, and that what was still a rarity and a great luxury on the other side of the Atlantic was considered an essential convenience in America. In the streets there were carts with ice that delivered it to hotels and homes, with the now typical figures of ice men carrying dripping crystal blocks up the stairs and into house entrances with their ice pliers. The water was always drunk cool, and there were many drinks that had crushed ice as an essential ingredient, such as sherry cobbler or mint juleps".
The period of life of Jerry Thomas, was considered revolutionary in terms of bartending, with the introduction of ice in bars in 1830, for example, gave the opportunity to cool your drink to everyone and not only the rich.
The ice led to the introduction and change of equipment, fundamental for the development of new techniques.
In 1842 a pretender to the throne of the Ice King, Jacob Hittinger, secured the rights to the ice harvest at Cambridge's Fesh Pond in Massachusetts. He had just founded the "Gage, Hittinger & Company" in Boston. But he was aiming to conquer London, not America or the Caribbean. Hittinger sent ice through the boat "Sharon", accompanied by a couple of American barmen to explain how to prepare Cobblers, Juleps, Smash and Cocktails.
Ice became the most fashionable "hot" novelty in the world: it was used to make beverages, for medical uses for food preservation and for countless other practical and comfortable matters; man was able for the first time to artificially freeze a mass of water, and then to produce ice in the absence of low outside temperatures, well before the invention of the refrigerator (which took place in 1851 by John Gorrie), in 1775.
The rudimentary refrigerator of Gorrie led to the overcoming of traditional conservation techniques (for salting, drying, etc.) whose common characteristic was to alter the nutritional and organoleptic qualities of food. With the conquest of the cold, on the other hand, it was possible to transport and preserve the products for long periods of time, maintaining characteristics similar to the original ones.
The same happened for mixed drinks, originally made without the use of ice, as it happened for centuries for the mixing of punch or new families of drinks contemporary or previous to cocktails (Egg Nog, Flip, Skin, Toddy, etc.).
The barkeepers of the time began to experiment with new mixtures with the use of a new ingredient, ice, which was considered a luxury good until then. In this period the Juleps, Smash, Sour, Fizz and of course the Cocktails spread.
Ice also acquired a solemn function, which was soon used as a pretext by members of the Temperance Movement to stem the spread of alcohol consumption. It, in fact, was put in the coffins of the deceased to keep the temperatures of the corpses low during vigils and funerals. Since the vigils were often held at home, and were often an opportunity to consume drinks, these ante litteram prohibitionists told false stories of domestic servants taking ice from the coffins to make cocktails. They also told stories of unscrupulous tavern owners and ice merchants who went to retrieve the ice from underground behind the churches immediately after the funerals. These exaggerated stories appeared in numerous newspapers in the mid-19th century, but they failed to limit the consumption of alcohol or the passion for ice in drinks. The first and great bartenders of the time were therefore able to dispose of large quantities of ice, the ingredient that transformed the mixture and brought it to its absolute splendour. Jerry Thomas himself (author of the 1862 manual The Bon Vivant Companion / How To Mix Drinks) summarized the situation for the preparation of his cocktails as follows: "As a general rule, ice should be used crushed when the liqueur has a preponderant dose in the drink and no water is added. Instead, when eggs, milk, wine, vermouth, soda or sparkling water are present, it is preferable to use small cubes that will be removed from the glass a moment before serving the drink".
In the early days of mixing, there were few tools, simple drinks, robust ingredients and raw, fast techniques. All you needed was a knife, a sieve for seeds, a nutmeg grater and a Punch set. The most important piece was the 'Toddy Stick': half pestle, half spoon. Of note, the 'dasher bottles' and the 'flip dogs' (loggerhead/pots).
With the development of the ice trade since 1830, there is the introduction of tools for ice processing and drink consumption.
The ice arrived to the bars in blocks had to be broken into smaller pieces and so ice picks, knives, pliers, spoons and bags for it were born; thanks to the dentistry in the nineteenth century made the use of straws become common use as it was recommended to keep the ice from the teeth. It did not take much then to understand that shaking a drink improved the use of ice for cooling a drink and so, in 1852, Charles Astor Bristed describes the preparation of a Sherry Cobbler " With one of the reserve glasses cover' the mouth of the tumbler that contained the compound and acted' the cobbler for a dozen times".
The mixers understood that shaking the drink was much more effective, fun, and scenic and so the first form of shaker was born (certainly not steel since this material was introduced on the market only before the years of Prohibition).
Not everyone liked the idea of drinking the drink from a straw leaving it in contact with the ice and as you can see from some recipes of Thomas's Bartender's Guide the drinks began to be served by filtering the ice; at the beginning to keep the ice contained in the mixing glass was used the other part of the shaker until it was discovered that a perforated cutlery called "sugar snifter" could replace the glass.
In 1860 so were patented the Julep strainer, so called because initially they were used in the service of the Julep to allow the customer to drink through it. In addition to the equipment also the techniques and the gaskets were updated with the introduction of fresh fruit and different products such as syrups and liqueurs The drinks became 'fancy', the gaskets in fact increased, the fruit embellished the mixtures, the glasses were adapted to the types of drinks, new liqueurs from France and Italy landed in America. This is considered the 'baroque' period of 'mixology', a term coined in those years.
Starting in 1870, numerous methods were developed to improve the Bartender's tools. The 'classic' era goes from 1880 to the 1920s. The introduction of shakers as we know them today, strainers and more sober glassware lead to the essence that is then in the drink.
The first tools to establish themselves in 1884 was what we know today as the "three-piece shaker", followed by the strainer which in 1889 saw the addition of a spring that made sure that the strainer could be used with any type of glass known today as the Hawthorne strainer.
The Toddy stick used in the years before 1830 to mix hot and cold drinks became a muddler and was followed by squeezers, metal jiggers that replaced the sherry glasses; the first was a single cone supported by a rod and in 1892 was patented the double cone that we still use today in our bars; The drinks were created with very precise quantities that, reading the cookbooks of the time, are reported with different quantities from those that we know today, also the teaspoons, and the "wineglass" had different sizes from those we see today;
1 Quarter (Imperial) = 40oz
1 Quarter (Wine) = 32oz
1 Bottle = 24oz (0.70l) while French Champagnes were imported in litre (quarters) and half litre (pints) bottles.
1 Pint (Imperial) = 20oz; ½ pint (Imperial) = 10oz
1 Pint (Wine) = 160oz; ½ pint (Wine) = 8oz
1 wineglass = 2oz
1 jigger = 1 wineglass, subsequently 1½ oz
1 pony = ½ wineglass or jigger, 1oz
1 tablespoon = ½ oz
1 teaspoon = ½ tablespoon
Together with the Jigger were born bottles for bitters with dosing caps.
This era is characterized by the evolution of tools, but especially of glasses that until then were counted to 4/5 types;
In 1884 the G. Winter Brewing & Co. of New York developed a guide of glasses needed for the saloons;
"Champagne, Claret, Port, Sherry, and Rhine Wine; Champagne and Whiskey Cocktail Glasses, Julep and Cobbler Glasses, Absinthe, Pony Brandy, Hot Water, John Collins".
The change of tools followed those of distillates; brandy had its decline because of phylloxera and was replaced by American and Scottish whiskey; dry Gin replaced Dutch malt like Cuban rum with a lighter taste and replaced Jamaicans; Mezcal and Tequila were drunk in the South of the country and vermouth appeared in cocktail recipes and so at the beginning of 1920 all techniques, juices, syrups and main ingredients were born and had their evolution.
We will continue to talk about the topic at the beginning of the next article and we leave you below some useful points for a personal deepening of the topic discussed so far:
1783 – 1830 archaic age
1810/20 popularity of Punch, Mint Julep, Cocktail;
1830 beginning of baroque age (birth of Jerry Thomas); introduction of ice in drinks;
1848 George Foster mentions a kind of shaker in one of his reports;
1852 Bristed testifies in a text on the preparation of the Sherry Cobbler the use of shaker prototype;
1856 first testimony of the invention of the term mixology in a humor piece by Charles Leland;
1860 Julep strainer designs patent;
1862 Jerry Thomas describes the usefulness of the shaker;
1868 journalist George Augustus Sala describes for the first time a Cobbler shaker;
70's actual spread of the term mixology;
1880 beginning of classical age (until the twenties);
1884 three-piece shaker introduction; G. Winter Brewing & Co publishes guide to saloon glasses;
1885 end of baroque age (death of Jerry Thomas);
1889 introduction Hawthorne strainer;
1892 double cone jigger patent;
Throughout the classic age toddy stick > muddler; sherry glasses > squeezer and jigger; bitter bottles with dispensing caps; replacement of distillates.
Thanks for the collaboration of ebarman and Riccardo Marinelli
infostirfl0w@gmail.com2021-01-11T00:07:26+01:00
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Honey-Can-Do OFC-06208 3-Compartment Desk Organizer, Black. Have you forgotten what the top of your desk looks like? Keep it looking neat and clutter-free with this handy ascending 3-compartment desk organizer. The blue mesh adds a contemporary touch to any office decor. Holes in the top corners allow for mounting.


Skyn® is a revolutionary condom made from Sensoprene (non latex), making it softer and much more flexible, all with the strength of a latex condom. In short it feels like the closest thing to wearing nothing.
Skyn® combines the strength of premium latex with the sensitivity of an ultra-thin condom for that Skyn on Skyn sensation.


text:
Хиршталь () — коммуна в Германии, в земле Рейнланд-Пфальц.

Входит в состав района Юго-западный Пфальц. Подчиняется управлению Данер Фельзенланд. Население составляет 104 человека (на 31 декабря 2010 года). Занимает площадь 1,59 км². Официальный код — 07 3 40 021.

Примечания

Ссылки

Города Рейнланд-Пфальца

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Trump and Giuliani planned Stormy Daniels revelation without consulting White House staff: report
By John Bowden - 05/04/18 08:09 AM EDT
President Trump Donald John TrumpPompeo changes staff for Russia meeting after concerns raised about top negotiator's ties: report House unravels with rise of 'Les Enfants Terrible' Ben Carson: Trump is not a racist and his comments were not racist MORE and his newest lawyer, former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani, disclosed that Trump had repaid his personal attorney Michael Cohen for a $130,000 payment to adult-film star Stormy Daniels without informing White House staff first, The Wall Street Journal reported.
Giuliani's admission, that Trump reimbursed Cohen for the payment after weeks of White House statements claiming the president knew nothing about the arrangement, caught many in the White House off guard but was planned in advance by Giuliani and the president, according to the Journal.
"That was money that was paid by his lawyer, the way I would do, out of his law firm funds or whatever funds, it doesn't matter. The president reimbursed that over a period of several months," Giuliani told Fox's Sean Hannity on Wednesday.
That interview shocked the White House and left the West Wing "completely frozen," one aide told the Journal.
"People in the White House are a little concerned about what looks like the roller coaster ride ahead," another White House official told the newspaper. Giuliani just jointed the president's legal team in April.
Others, including former Trump aide David Bossie, chalked up Giuliani's admission to "media savvy" in an interview with the Journal.
"You get a lot of different value added with Rudy Giuliani. You get his legal and intellectual abilities, but you also get his media savvy," Bossie says.
Trump himself went on Twitter to clarify his arrangement with Cohen after Giuliani's interview, stating that the campaign funds had no role in the payment to Daniels. Critics have questioned whether the $130,000 payment to Daniels constituted an unreported campaign donation.
"Mr. Cohen, an attorney, received a monthly retainer, not from the campaign and having nothing to do with the campaign, from which he entered into, through reimbursement, a private contract between two parties, known as a non-disclosure agreement, or NDA," Trump tweeted. "Money from the campaign, or campaign contributions, played no roll (sic) in this transaction."
Tags Donald Trump White House trump white house Stormy Daniels payment


Just before half-term students from Year 7, 8 and 9 took part in the Art departments textile and fashion workshops, given by industry expert. Year 7 students worked on customising T-shirts and key-rings. Year 8 students worked on producing 3D Cube designs. Year 9 students designed their own shoes.


text:
Western Whiskey Gazette (WWG)
Dedicated to past, present, and future collectors of pre-prohibition western whiskeyana. Thanks to all for the continuing influx of consignment bottles. We're appreciative of the ongoing support and opportunity to help great bottles find great homes! And don't forget, our fee is still only 10% of the final value and there is no buyers fee! Our email is jsglass@q.com.
For Sale - Click on the "for sale" link right below - it will highlight and open another page.
For Sale - Fixed prices / accurate descriptions! ...
I can't help thinking about the brainless cartoons I watched as a kid back in the late 50's and early 60's when I hear that name. The name conjures up remembrances of Rocky & Bullwinkle, Boris and Natasha, and of course Dudley Do-Right, the dim whittled Canadian Mounty. Dudley had a real circle of friends. They included his faithful horse, named "Horse", and his equally faithful dog, ironically named "Faithful Dog". Cornball kids humor by any stretch these days.
Imagine my surprise when a good (I almost typed faithful) friend and fellow whiskey collector called from Northern Cal. the other day and asked if I'd ever heard of a Dudley. I bit my tongue at first and then replied, "only on cartoons". He said, "No really, a Dudley Brandy". "It's got the guys name on it, is a Ginger Brandy, and is embossed San Francisco too". Realizing that he was serious, my response was no; but send me a picture just the same.
He did. And I'll be darned if the photo wasn't of a bottle I've never heard of, or seen even a busted fragment of, in all the years I've been a western whiskey guy. Amber, applied top, heavy play dough type embossing, and shaped like your basic Abernathy or other SF Ginger Brandy with a short neck and a long body. He wasn't yanking my chain after all~ Wow! A newly discovered western whiskey. I couldn't wait to start my research on this piece.
It took a couple of days but the fruits of my labor were rewarded. At first blush, the bottle had an ever so slight resemblance to the German Connection late applied tops of the ca. 1890 era. Closer examination though, dispelled that hunch as the embossing style and the top were wrong. Embossed "Dr. Worth's / White / Ginger Brandy / A.A. Dudley & Co. / San Francisco", it was loaded with seed bubbles, displayed with notable overall glass character, and just had to date ca. 1895 or earlier.
My first stab was in the 1895 SF Directory for a Dr. Worth. Strike one. Working back ward for ten years saw one swing and a miss after another. Numerous Worth's appeared in the listings, ranging from tailors to brick masons (and everything in between), but no Dr's or anything related to patent medicines or liquor.
Flustered, I took a breather. And then the light came on... What if there was no Dr. Worth? What if the brand was simply another of the brandings of a wholesale liquor dealer trying to cash in on the current fad of pushing a combination of liquor and "good for you" stuff endorsed by a "Dr. So and So" !?
Falling back on a target search dating of 1890, I entered his last name and struck it rich. A.A. Dudley appeared in the Crocker Directory as a dealer in patent Medicines.
Access to another website revealed that Dudley was exactly as suspected; a hustler. The 1889 listing provides a tidbit of info as it lists his name, in addition to just the initials AA. His full name was Arey A. Dudley.
On October 2, 1889, he'd patented Electro Germicide; hoping to cash in on the, at that time, new aged "science" of electricity and its impact on health. The product was registered as being sold in two tone handled stoneware gallon jugs. No embossed, or debossed, examples of this product have been found so one can only assume that it was sold in paper label form only. And probably not successfully at that~
Working backward, it was determined that Dudley first appeared in SF in 1889 as a patent medicine peddler. Although his business address was San Francisco, his residence is listed as Oakland. It was not uncommon for those of money to reside in the east bay, and commute to their businesses in "The City" via ferry. Thus, we can conclude that Dudley was at least "comfortable".
An even more significant find about A. A. Dudley also popped up during the search of 1889. He was also in the bitters business! Not just some paper label, flash in the pan product, but in reality, one of the rarest of the rare. He was the wholesale agent for "Dr. Harvey's Blood Bitters"; (and not the Cassin Bros. as has previously been taken as gospel).
1891 was status quo.
The 1892 directory shows a move, and his residence is now shown as 1217 Fell in SF.
And then, nothing. No personal, no business and no obituary listings. A. A. Dudley was a four year splash in the western cure, bitters and whiskey markets; hawking an electric "cure", a next to one of a kind bitters, and a one of a kind western whiskey.
What a splash he made!
Posted by Kentucky Gem at 6:16 PM 4 comments
New "stuff"~
PAYING CASH! Wanted - better western cylinders, flasks, and miniatures. One or a collection! Fair prices paid. We also do consignment sales. 50 years of respected western whiskey experience.
For those of you who have called me on my home phone in the past, be advised that I've cut the cord. 541-899-8411 is no longer a valid phone number.
To touch base, please, drop us a line via email and I'll provide you with my cell number!
JSGLASS@Q.COM
Pre-Pro Shot Glass List is now available!
A large list with 70 shot / dose and Hi-Ball Glasses!
Call or Email for a copy.
Honest labeled western whiskies in 95% or better condition. Send info and photos to me at;
Thanks! Bruce
Want to touch base with me without using the article comments bar ? Have an article that you'd like me to post? Care to share photos?
Best bet is via email;
Favorite Websites~
Western Bitters News
Oregon Trail Antique Bottles & Glass
American Bottle Auctions
OLD WEST BOTTLES
Thomas Taylor~
Anyone who's ever had a love of antique western bottles, the Comstock Lode, or pre-prohibition San Francisco whiskey is no doubt famil...
Last Stop - Chico. All Aboard - Next stop - Antioch~
A quick follow-up and thank you is in order. Randy emailed me shortly before the show and said "I even put in an order for warm weather...
Barkeep... this whisky's for the birds!
Out with the old and in with the new. A term that certainly applies in a lot of cases. Such though, was not the case with a lot of our pion...
Super Bowl XLVIII Advertising
I was taught, years ago, that the secret to a successful ad campaign is three fold 1) Does it catch your attention? 2) Does it keep yo...
A New Beginning~
Here we are, 2010 at last! Out with the old and in with the new. Well, maybe not out with all the old, since www.globtopwhiskies.com and wes...
Herman Braunschweiger - a fresh look
I'd like to take a moment and share a little about the following article in advance. The ball got rolling thanks to a gentleman b...
The German Connection
Thanks for the emails in support of the website change with regards to the addition of glop tops. Let's start off with one of my favori...
Days of 49
The mental image conjured by this term is almost universal. A great westward migration complete with wagon trains and Indians. And then the...
Photos wanted
Good morning all~ I am in need of good, crisp, high resolution photos for the following bottles; Barnett #77,78,81,82. All four are clear ...
Paper It's everywhere. On the news stand, in the mail box, blowing alongside the freeway. Fish are wrapped in it at the meat mark...


text:
Базалтовите могили (или Сухиндолски базалтови могили) са особени форми на релефа в Средната Дунавска равнина и Предбалкана, област Велико Търново, наредени като броеница между свищовското село Драгомирово на север и град Сухиндол на юг на протежение около 40 км. Общо са 14 броя.

Могилите заемат най-високите части от вододелите на реките Осъм и Янтра и Барата (влива се в Дунав) и Янтра. Издигат се до 60 – 100 m над над околната местност. Те представляват поствулкански лавови образувания с вероятна плиоценска и кватернерна възраст.

Обединяват се в 5 групи от юг на север:
 Сухиндолска група – Върха (472,4 m, най-висока, ), Габърка, Китка;
 Върбовска група – Камъка (374 m), Луковица;
 Бутовска група – Чатала (283,5 m), Кълвака;
 Варанско-Сломерска група – Варанска чука (211,1 m), Червенска могила (217 m), Славова могила (212,9 m), Двете могили (227,5 m), Трите могили (242,9 m);
 Драгомировска група – Драгомировска могила (243,1 m), Пчелинова могила (246,2 m).

Физикогеографски първите две групи – Сухиндолската и Върбовската принадлежат към Предбалкана, а останалите три – към Средната Дунавска равнина.

Антропогенната дейност не е подминала и базалтовите могили. Част от тях се използват за добив на строителни материали.

Топографска карта

Източници

Възвишения в България
Скални образувания в България
Дунавска равнина
Област Велико Търново


text:
Russia accuses Ukraine of killing POWs with HIMARS system
Moscow says Ukraine killed 40 prisoners in an attack conducted with the US-made rocket system, a claim Kyiv denies.
An M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) is fired in an undisclosed location in Ukraine [Pavlo Narozhnyy/via Reuters]
Published On 29 Jul 202229 Jul 2022
Russia has accused Kyiv of striking a jail holding Ukrainian prisoners of war in separatist-controlled eastern Ukraine, killing 40 detainees including some who had defended Mariupol's Azovstal steel plant.
The Russian defence ministry said a HIMARS missile strike hit a pre-trial detention centre in Olenivka, in the separatist-held region of Donetsk, overnight on Friday.
"Forty Ukrainian prisoners of war were killed and 75 wounded," the ministry said in its daily briefing, adding that the centre held fighters from the Azov battalion.
Those troops had surrendered earlier this year after a three-month siege of Mariupol's steelworks and were transferred to Russian-held territory.
Eight employees of the detention centre were also injured, Russia said.
Kyiv has denied having conducted a strike on the prison.
"The Armed Forces of Ukraine, which fully adhere to and fulfil the principles and norms of international humanitarian law, have never conducted and are not conducting shelling of civilian infrastructure, especially places where fellow prisoners of war are likely to be kept," the military said in a statement.
Russian television showed what appeared to be destroyed barracks and tangled metal beds, but no casualties could be seen.
Moscow claimed that the attack was a "bloody provocation of the Kyiv regime" designed to discourage Ukrainian troops from laying down their arms.
"This egregious provocation was carried out to intimidate Ukrainian servicemen," the defence ministry said.
The Kremlin has played up the influence of the Azov battalion, claiming that its members are neo-Nazis.
Azov formed as a volunteer battalion in 2014 to fight Russian-backed forces and has since then been integrated into the Ukrainian army. The group claims to encompass a range of political views, but some of its leaders are known to hold far-right ideas.
Legislator Leonid Slutsky, one of Russia's negotiators in stalled peace talks with Ukraine, in May called the evacuated combatants "animals in human form" and said they should receive the death penalty.
"They do not deserve to live after the monstrous crimes against humanity that they have committed and that are committed continuously against our prisoners," he said.
The United States has sent M142 HIMARS to war-torn Ukraine as part of a $700m security assistance package for Ukraine that also included helicopters, Javelin anti-tank weapon systems, tactical vehicles, spare parts and more.
In an op-ed in the New York Times in May, President Joe Biden wrote that the US will "provide the Ukrainians with more advanced rocket systems and munitions that will enable them to more precisely strike key targets on the battlefield in Ukraine", although he did not name the systems by name.
Analysts say HIMARS is considerably more accurate than other rocket systems currently used by Ukrainian forces.


Liberty Interactive Corporation (Nasdaq: LINTA, LINTB, LVNTA, LVNTB) announced that Greg Maffei, President and CEO of Liberty Interactive Corporation, will be presenting at the Twenty-Third Annual Goldman Sachs Communacopia Conference, on Thursday, September 11th at 12:25 p.m., E.D.T. at the Conrad Hotel in New York, NY. During his presentation, Mr. Maffei may make observations regarding the company's financial performance and outlook.
The presentation will be broadcast live via the Internet. All interested persons should visit the Liberty Interactive Corporation website at http://www.libertyinteractive.com/events to register for the webcast. An archive of the webcast will also be available on this website for 30 days after appropriate filings have been made with the SEC.
Liberty Interactive Corporation operates and owns interests in a broad range of digital commerce businesses. Those interests are currently attributed to two tracking stock groups: Liberty Interactive Group and Liberty Ventures Group. The businesses and assets attributed to the Liberty Interactive Group (Nasdaq: LINTA, LINTB) are primarily focused on digital commerce and consist of Liberty Interactive Corporation's subsidiaries QVC, Provide Commerce, Backcountry.com, Bodybuilding.com, Evite, CommerceHub and its interest in HSN. The businesses and assets attributed to the Liberty Ventures Group (Nasdaq: LVNTA, LVNTB) consist of all of Liberty Interactive Corporation's businesses and assets other than those attributed to the Liberty Interactive Group and include its interest in Expedia, and minority interests in Time Warner, Time Warner Cable, Lending Tree and Interval Leisure Group.


Dive into sleeping bags in front of snoozin' sharks and evening eels and enjoy a wet and wild sleepover! Reserve your sleepover as soon as possible, as dates are limited and fill up quickly. Minimum of 15 paid participants.
*If group is over 50 guests, the dive show is included at no additional cost, replacing the animal encounter.
Additional items can be added: Patches ($2.00) and 24 pull-apart cupcakes (price varies).
A $100 nonrefundable deposit is due one week after the reservation has been made. The remaining balance is due two weeks prior to the program. Sleep with the Fishes requires a two week notice.
Located in the Channel District, The Florida Aquarium is the perfect location for sleepover events in Tampa. Fill out this simple form to request a date for one of our Florida Aquarium sleepovers! Or, call us at 813-273-4015.
Fill out this form to request your sleepover date!