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IPWatchdog Articles
Calls for Compulsory Licensing and IP Waivers of COVID-19 Vaccines Ignore Technical Complexities
Joanna T. Brougher, Esq., MPH & Andrew Kingsbury
"While seeking compulsory licensing or IP waivers may seem an attractive solution to address technological disparities across human populations, these mechanisms ignore some of the more technical hurdles to increasing accessibility to vaccination."
Though it is not over, it seems that the end of the Covid-19 pandemic may be in sight. A select group of countries has managed to bring vaccines to the market in record time. Take the United States, for example. At the time of this writing, three U.S. companies have managed to produce vaccines that received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The intellectual property that underlies these products quite literally has life-saving potential.
This achievement no doubt represents a significant feat in human ingenuity, but it also presents a ripe issue in the intellectual property space — namely, compulsory licensing and intellectual property (IP) waivers. Some feel that the cost of sharing this information represents a bold degradation of the intellectual property system. In developing countries, however, the lack of vaccine availability is proving particularly difficult to manage.
While seeking compulsory licensing or IP waivers may seem an attractive solution to address technological disparities across human populations, these mechanisms ignore some of the more technical hurdles to increasing accessibility to vaccination. This post will first briefly explain what compulsory licensing and IP waivers are and then examine three possible causes for why compulsory licenses and IP waiver are not a feasible solution to the current COVID-19 pandemic.
Compulsory Licensing
One of the agreements that countries must ratify upon joining the World Trade Organization (WTO) is the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). The TRIPS Agreement was negotiated in 1994 to harmonize intellectual property laws across different countries and to establish minimum standards for protecting and enforcing intellectual property rights for all WTO member countries.
There are several provisions under TRIPS that allow governments to provide for limitations to intellectual property rights. In Article 31, for instance, TRIPS allows governments to order domestic manufacturers to make a patented product without permission from the patent holder. This practice is known as compulsory licensing. Article 31 permits countries to engage in compulsory licensing if there is a "case of a national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency," or in cases of "public non-commercial use." Under these circumstances, the country is first required to negotiate with, or seek approval from, the patent holder of the drug, but if the negotiations fail, is ultimately just permitted to manufacture patented products, such as essential medicines, for its domestic market.
For countries that cannot manufacture drugs themselves, and who would thus not be able to issue compulsory licenses under Article 31, Article 31bis was created to permit a developed country to export a generic drug under a compulsory license to a less developed country.
IP Waivers
Contrary to compulsory licensing, IP waivers simply ask that countries be exempt from the provisions of TRIPS that require countries to protect and enforce patent rights to COVID-19 treatments and vaccines. In October 2020, India and South Africa petitioned the WTO for a temporary waiver from specific provisions of the TRIPS Agreement that could essentially put entire realms of existing intellectual property law on hold at the international level until widespread vaccination has become globally implemented. Perhaps unsurprisingly, this proposal was met with strong resistance from developed nations while developing and less developed nations were more welcoming towards it. In March 2021, the proposal failed to pass resolution at the WTO.
Covid-19 Vaccines are New
What these proposals fail to take into account is the nature of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines. The efficacy of both of these proposals turns on a country's internal technological capabilities to recreate and administer the vaccine. The Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, however, are not typical vaccines. Whereas traditional vaccines functioned by introducing parts of a virus — or a weakened form of a virus — Pfizer's and Moderna's vaccines use messenger RNA to cause host cells to produce the protein themselves. These are the first vaccines to utilize this type of technology.
The novelty of these vaccines potentially degrades the utility of a compulsory license or IP waiver. For instance, remdesivir received a great deal of focus early in the pandemic. Bangladesh managed to recreate the drug without Gilead Science's approval because it is exempt from Article 31 of TRIPS, and Bangladesh was able to produce a sufficient supply for the country by the summer of 2020 because information about the drug was available. Given the fact that Pfizer's and Moderna's vaccines represent a new form of vaccine, lacking technical information on how to make this new form of vaccine could lead the countries to create entirely ineffective vaccine replicas.
These issues may be compounded by the fact that many vaccine manufactures rely on trade secret protection more heavily following the Ass'n for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc. decision. These trade secrets can withhold critical scientific know-how that might be necessary for replicating a vaccine.
Thus, the new technology behind these messenger RNA vaccines and the lack of accessibility to the related know-how might deter countries from attempting to manufacture them.
Lack of Information
Yet another more fundamental problem exists for replicating these vaccines. Not only do these vaccines represent a new form of vaccine, but information about these particular vaccines is simply unavailable. Even if the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines do not utilize any trade secrets, the discovery of these vaccines is fundamentally different than remdesivir's timeline, which resulted in Bangladesh's recreation of the drug. A patent for remdesivir was filed as early as 2015, and thus the information had been publicly available for years.
While the technology underlying mRNA vaccines has been in development for decades, there are likely specific technological hurdles associated with, for instance, the coronavirus, mass production and scale up, and delivery mechanisms that needed to be developed for this specific application of the legacy technology. This additional information will not be found in scientific journals or magazine articles, nor can it be found in any patent application, yet. Patents, moreover, can take up to 18 months from filing to be published. BioNTech made an F-1 filing with the SEC on July 21, 2020, in which it acknowledged its partnership with Pfizer to develop the vaccine. If this filling is at all indicative of when a patent could have been filed, then this would mean the patent may not be available to the public until late-2021–mid-2022.
With Novelty Comes Difficulty
The newness of these vaccines also creates problems due to the complexity in how these types of vaccines function and how to produce them. According to a Wall Street Journal report, manufactures say that vaccine production is difficult both "because some steps are difficult to scale up quickly or because they simply haven't been done before." Even Pfizer is having difficulty obtaining the necessary materials for vaccine production.
Here, the complexity of these vaccines demonstrates the potential futility of a compulsory license or IP waivers. Even if other countries could compel manufactures to license the underlying intellectual property and provided them with the information about how to do so, the complexity of manufacturing these types of vaccines could be a particularly high barrier to overcome.
Countries face roadblocks for producing a viable vaccine candidate based on Pfizer's and Moderna's vaccines. The new technology that utilizes messenger RNA vaccines, coupled with the lack of public information about these vaccines and the vaccines' complicated nature, present significant hurdles to seeking compulsory licenses or IP waivers.
Image Source: Deposit Photos
Image ID:441471790
Copyright:Boarding2Now
Joanna T. Brougher, Esq., MPH
is the Founder & Principal at BioPharma Law Group, PLLC. She is a patent attorney who focuses on all aspects of services related to patents in the areas of biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and medical devices, including patentability opinions, due diligence, patent drafting, domestic and foreign patent prosecution, development and management of patent portfolios, and general client counseling during all phases of a product's lifecycle, from concept to commercialization.
For more information or to contact Joanna, please visit her firm profile page.
Andrew Kingsbury
is a Cornell Law School student.
Two quick points:
1) "… present significant hurdles to seeking compulsory licenses or IP waivers."
Such may be hurdles to implementation ONCE compulsory licenses or IP waivers are obtained, but are NOT hurdles to those mechanisms themselves.
2) And this cuts right through any assertion that anything is being ignored: if this is not the type of thing for which waiver should be sought, then please tell me exactly what type of thing would it need be for waiver to be sought.
Moocow
Anon @1: Maybe you could start by explaining to us where IP has held up the development and deployment of Covid vaccines. Please do.
Moocow,
You insert a non-sequitur, as there is NO NEED to show any such 'hold up' to employ the noted compulsory licenses or IP waivers.
Quite in fact, if we take the notion that you suggest at its face value, then the employment of compulsory licenses or IP waivers will have little to no effect, and then the question (again) can be put to You (the Royal You): why not? – which is of course a corollary to "If not in this situation, then what situation would warrant waiver?
I am still waiting for an answer – ANY (cognitive) answer – to that question.
Xtian
@Anon – This is quite simple:
Not in this situation because no IP is an impediment to vaccine creation or production.
What situation would warrant it? – Where an IP holder cannot create/produce or is unwilling to manufacture the subject invention and there are others in the market that can quickly fill the market need.
To put it in more relevant terms – If Pfizer/BioNtech had patented technology but were unwilling to produce the vaccine or couldn't because of resource constraints and there was another manufacturer at the ready (that is, didn't need any of Pfizer's trade secrets or know-how from Pfizer on how to manufacture), then I would say a compulsory license would be appropriate.
My personal trigger for a compulsory license is when the IP holder is unwilling or incapable of producing the patented invention, and there is a third party waiting in the wings who can.
Xtian,
Your "quite simple" brings the immediate counter (already provided), of "then, no harm."
As to the 'when warrant,' answer, you are using the wrong lens. The lens to use is the situation outside of the rights holder.
This is (simply) less about the mechanics or situation of the rights holder, and more about the external circumstances of a global pandemic.
As you yourself attest, 'doing this' won't be a "big deal."
Through the lens of the global pandemic, even if this is not a "big deal," there is no reason to try so hard to block it.
The strenuous of that effort and even the unwillingness in the face of the world-threatening event, creates optics unfavorable to the community of rights holders.
With this situation, it simply is not about You (the Royal you, not the personal you).
Xtian: well said. But what about the current situation where AZ seems unwilling to produce (enough vaccines, or at least doe snot even come close to the agreed number)? That seems to be warranting the compulsory license trigger
Anon @3@5: Huh? This is what I understand you're saying: Let's waive all IP related to Covid because, uh, why not?
Please correct me if I misunderstood.
I cannot force you to understand.
The dichotomy is quite simple, but the pushback here just does not view the reasoning from the correct perspective.
That perspective is not from the one holding (any potential meaningful) IP, but rather, it is the perspective of the world-wide, once in a century severity level of a global pandemic.
My question remains unanswered: if this is not the type of situation that would call for a waiver, what in God's name would be that type of situation?
I "get" the (partial, albeit on its face feeble) response of "but what we have in the way of IP is not a pacing item."
But such misses the point that the waiver need not be applied to only those things that are pacing items, and — with a waiver in place (used, or not used), THAT hurdle or concern is removed from the concert of actions that may be taken to help the entire world recover from this Century-Severity event.
April 1, 2021 04:59 pm
Anon @8: Nope apparently you cannot make me understand. One of us must live in a different reality.
Let me try and answer your question about what kind of problem would call for a global IP waiver. I think it would be the kind of problem that would be *solved* through a global IP waiver.
That's why I keep asking whether you can describe how IP is an obstacle that, absent a waiver, is holding up vaccine access. Now, I don't know whether to you it is perfectly self-evident that IP is a huge obstacle to fighting Covid, but it isn't to me.
And just saying that this problem is so huge that a waiver must be done because it might help, even if we don't know how – I'm sorry but that just doesn't convince me. It sounds like the kind of (unhelpful) thing people do in a panic.
If you want to make a contribution to fair vaccine access, maybe start with export restrictions. The US for example will vaccinate its entire population of low-risk 20-30 year olds before allowing any US-manufactured vaccine to go to a diabetic grandmother in the Gambia. Not very nice.
If that grandmother can wait until September, things will probably look up. More vaccine production and more vaccine products are coming online fast now. In the fall, wealthy countries will generously begin sharing their vaccine surplus with the developing world (light sarcasm). It's not going to feel good and it's not going to feel right, but it will make a real difference at least then. The IP waiver, meanwhile, will do nothing to accelerate things.
Moocow – your perspective is just not correct. It is the issue that drives the question – and NOT any assertion of whether or not the particular IP rights CAN solve (or can efficiently solve the problem.
You may be wanting to answer someone else's question – you are NOT answering my question.
@anon You view the severity of COVID-19 as justification for waiver of current norms and laws. I fundamentally disagree with this approach. I tend to view expanded governmental reach (like the IP waiver) as something to be cautious about as governments tend to define "emergencies" to suit a political purpose.
To the point at hand, why would India, a developed country who is a large player in the pharmaceutical industry, need IP waivers? What intellectual property right, in India (or that can't be waived by the Indian government, i.e., a local country solution), is preventing any one of the numerous capable companies in India from producing a vaccine? To my understanding, there is none. If you dig deeper into the 'ask' of the waiver, these countries are requesting access to clinical data, manufacturing know-how, and support from the vaccine producers. This is not just an "IP waiver."
To me, the COVID emergency pandemic is being used by these countries as a pretext for a forced IP transfer of RNA technology in general.
@Tim – I would agree the AZ situation comes close. However, reality gets in the way. Let's say all of AZ's technology is transferred to another pharma company to manufacture "AZ's" vaccine. How long do you think it will take to get that manufacture up and running? How fast will the EMA inspect that plant? It will probably take 2 years. So, during that time, will AZ not produce anything? What if during that time AZ solves the problems?
What this dilemma brings to light is that for these particular vaccines, it is not IP that is an impediment. Rather, it is having a facility, having the expertise to make the vaccine, and have the quality controls to accurately reproduce the vaccines batch supplies. There is just not that many companies in the world that have this ability.
If we were to take Anon's position in this thread, this lack of expertise in the world, would be sufficient justification to force AZ, Pfizer, Moderna to teach other companies the technologies. I am just not there.
Xtain – "view the severity of COVID-19 as justification for waiver of current norms and laws. I fundamentally disagree with this approach. I tend to view expanded governmental reach (like the IP waiver) as something to be cautious about as governments tend to define "emergencies" to suit a political purpose."
That's kind of the point – THIS IS a real emergency.
Sure, as a general rule, I fully agree with you and any notion of eminent domain, march in, or the like does need to be strictly controlled.
But what exactly WOULD BE an emergency, if a worldwide pandemic is somehow NOT considered to be one?
@Anaon – thought experiment – What would NOT be an emergency that is insufficient to use as a justification for an IP waiver? The AIDS epidemic? Hep C? Zika? Heart disease (this is still the number one killer in the U.S.)
I do not know the answers to your thought experiment.
But can you answer my question first? And then we may have a frame of reference to move to your counter examples.
2 Anon – I did answer. See my response at 4. You don't don't like my answer.
Xtian, your "answer" at 4 was not an answer to my question as I pointed out at 5, and then mirrored through the same type or response from Moocow at 8 and 10.
I "did not like your answer" because it was not an answer to MY question. Please use the proper perspective.
@Anon – "Proper" perspective….. Your true colors are now shown.
Not at all — in the sense that you would attempt to denigrate.
My "true colors" are merely aligned with the purpose of having the provision in the first place.
I am still waiting for people to share the level of calamity that something would need to rise to for the provisions to be considered.
Also, any view of my "true colors," would also note my long history here of being extremely pro-innovation.
You might want to notice when your larger assertion is incongruent with reality — that's a tip that your position is off.
Hey Xtian – I wouldn't bother. Anon is just trying to bait readers with this "if not now then when" fallacy. It's a burden-shifting trick: identify a real problem, propose a bogus solution, and then put the onus on others to explain it away. Hence the silly repetition of "you haven't answered my question." It's high school debate team stuff.
Ahhh, p00r little Moocow is thinking that this is merely a "bait and shift."
The problem of course for you, Moocow, is that my question came before YOUR attempted shift – and still has not been answered.
It is a legitimate question, and the fact of the matter is that there has been NO genuine attempt to answer it.
You want silly? Look in the mirror.
In the meantime, the issue that I identified still begs an actual answer.
@Anon (I'm ignoring the sane, rationale advice of Moocow)
In the first comment of this thread you asked "please tell me exactly what type of thing would it need be for waiver to be sought."
My answer was and again is: Where an IP holder cannot create/produce or is unwilling to manufacture the subject invention and there are others in the market that can quickly fill the market need.
You dismissed this answer because you think I don't consider COVID to be an emergency and thus I don't have the proper perspective (in your view). So you change the question to be about the emergency and ask when is an emergency a sufficient emergency to justify a waiver. I responded by saying I don't think this is the way we should look at things because of my distrust of public officials to define an "emergency" to fit any need.
So back to the question at hand – why are global waivers of IP (waivers that also include the required disclosure of clinical trial and manufacturing data) needed in this situation when there are vaccines available; and where individual countries could resolve any IP issue at a country level, i.e., local companies can produce their own vaccine – like in China and Russia? Why isn't India and the African countries soliciting China or Russia for their vaccines?
"My answer was and again is:"
And as I corrected: you need to use a different perspective.
The question is NOT based on the perspective of the IP holder, especially in patents, as patents are a negative right.
I dismissed your answer because you have not provided an answer as to the type of situation – in and of itself.
I know that you "don't think this is a proper perspective" but YOUR view on 'proper perspective' is not a part of MY question. That is not legitimate for you to dismiss the setting and then seek out a different question to answer. YOUR view leads to an answer of "never – if it the government seeking waiver as an emergency." That is simply not copesetic with the law of waiver, as it IS the government that enacts that waiver (and not the IP rights holder).
STILL waiting for a legitimate answer to MY question.
@Anon – be specific: from what perspective should I answer from? Maybe re-phrase the question? I am being honest and will engage with you but I truly am having difficulty. I am not being snarkey about this either. I want you to convince me otherwise.
So if I try to re-word your question, would it be:
What level of worldwide (or country specific) "emergency" would allow nation X to force a technology transfer, i.e. negate existing international agreements, from companies of nation Y so that the people of Nation X can be saved/cured?
Is this more like the perspective you want me to view the issue?
I appreciate the olive branch of, "I am not being snarky" – and want you to know that I am not being snarky either.
As to "I want you to convince me otherwise" – this is a mindless statement. My position simply does not depend on convincing you.
It's abundantly clear that you are looking at the situation strictly from a right's holder view – and with an incorrect view of that right to boot.
The right's holder view is based on HIS interests. The notion of "incorrect to boot" is that patent rights are NEGATIVE rights and there is no such thing as a positive right TO produce something covered by a patent.
There is no need to "re-word" my question, although your translation will do, if that is what it takes for you to understand the plain words (but I would ask that you also understand the underlying notion of the negative right nature of patents as well).
I now fully understand your position. I don't agree with it. But I understand it.
Yes – patents are a negative right, when the government grants you a patent, this grant only gives you a right to exclude others from doing that which is patented.
Knowledge Ecology International's New March-In Petition is Déjà vu All Over Again – With One Twist


In mid-October, Dr. David Bennett, a neurologist who directs the Alzheimer's Disease Center at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, stood in a St. Louis auditorium packed with nuns. His goal: To convince them — particularly the ones without brain disease — to donate their brains to science.
To Bennett, making such acquisitions is, in some ways, more crucial than ever. Demand for brains for scientific research is rising across the board — driven in varying degrees by increased funding for research on brain disorders, rising incidence of age-related brain disease, big technological leaps in scientific tools used to analyze the brain, and a growing sense that sometimes, studying animals just isn't good enough to understand and fix human disease.
But more than this, scientists like Bennett are realizing that the brains they have traditionally studied (Bennett maintains 4,000 square feet of cabinets and freezers full of brain slices in Chicago), are too often riddled with the signs of end stage Alzheimer's and other maladies that contribute to dementia. Far more rare are comparatively healthy brains that can allow scientists to more accurately identify what causes dementia — and what protects us from it.
That deficiency now has Bennett and other scientists working hard to stock their shelves with a particularly precious resource: the brains of people like Sister Carleen Reck, who heard Bennett speak and thought his request for brain donations was a good idea, so she signed an anatomical gift act.
Still mentally sharp and physically healthy at 80 years old, Reck was active in her community, running an organization helping former inmates reintegrate for 17 years. In her retirement, she visits parishioners, does bookkeeping, and is learning how to play a type of accordion called a melodeon.
"So far, I've only worked up one gig," she says.
Bennett's collection is one of many so-called "brain banks" across the country that researchers rely on as sources of material for brain experiments, and one of a handful across the country that provide material for the study of age-related disease. Six other institutions recently became part of something called the NeuroBioBank, a network started in 2013 by the National Institutes of Health to make brain distribution smoother.
"If even 1 percent of Americans with and without brain disorders would donate their brains to research after death, this would revolutionize progress toward diagnosing, preventing, and curing brain disease as we know it," wrote various NIH directors in July in a plea for brain donations — particularly healthy ones.
While it's important to access diseased brains, researchers can't fully understand diseases without comparing them to non-diseased brains.
For example, a series of studies from the 1980s to the present have found neuron-killing tangles, which are strongly associated with Alzheimer's disease, in the brains of people who were, cognitively and functionally speaking, fine. Some people can live into old age with the same signs of brain injury as someone with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, but continue to function well anyway. "This is where novel therapeutics are going to come from," says Bennett.
Sabina Berretta, a neuroscientist with McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, says non-diseased brains are also, in some ways now more than ever, helping researchers uncover how the brain works. A few years ago, Berretta and her colleagues discovered a previously undescribed structure lurking in the extracellular matrix.
"Until not very long ago, [the extracellular matrix] was thought to be this sort of goop that holds our cells together. In reality it has fascinating functions, not only during brain development but also during adulthood," says Berretta, who is also the scientific director of the Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center.
She and her colleagues realized that there were a lot more of the mysterious structures, now called CS-6 clusters, in non-diseased brains than there were in the brains of people who'd had schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.
"We are beginning to understand they're actually really key structures in the way our brain changes in response to experience," says Berretta. And, she says, her lab is far from the only one to recently make such findings.
"We are beginning to understand how little we actually know about the human brain," says Beretta.
Still, it's easier to recruit blood or organ donors than it is to recruit a brain donor. People without brain disease aren't likely to find themselves in a clinic where a doctor might suggest donating a brain. And despite forming the NeuroBioBank, the NIH doesn't want to get in the business of recruiting brain donations like the Red Cross does with blood drives.
Instead, it's up to people like Bennett and Berretta to come up with their own solutions.
Bennett has been working on this problem for a long time, giving talks to recruit donors wherever he can, from the suburbs of northern Illinois to retirement centers. He struck gold when he realized that nuns and priests appear to be particularly generous with their body parts if it serves the common good; Bennett now works with about 45 religious orders across the country. He's also looking outside the U.S.
"I have a study in Sao Paulo, Brazil, where we recruit dead people," says Bennett. "Brazil has a law that if you don't have a cause of death on your death certificate, you must have an autopsy, so they set up autopsy centers across the country." He has a grant from the NIH to talk to families at autopsy centers about brain donation.
Berretta, meanwhile, is planning a social media campaign to drum up donations ("A brain donation is the gift of knowledge," one potential appeal reads), though she has to get approval from the Institutional Review Board first, which is an often-lengthy process that's required for all studies involving human participants. She's also working with various associations of social workers, who are good at talking to people at difficult moments, like near-death, and may be particularly well-placed to kindly ask for brains.
Brain banks like those in New York and Baltimore have also built relationships with local medical examiners, who sometimes put them in touch with families who might be willing to donate the brain of a recently deceased relative.
One particularly promising new brain pipeline is a one-year-old nonprofit called the Brain Donor Project, started by Tish Hevel, a communications specialist and former newsroom manager who didn't know anything about brain donation until her dad was suffering from Lewy body dementia in 2014. After he passed away in March of the following year, the family donated his brain to the NeuroBioBank. "It was so complicated that we went back to the NIH and said, 'You guys need some help with this,'" she says.
Since the nonprofit started last year, more than a thousand brain donors across 50 states have signed up to donate. About a third of them, Hevel estimates, might be considered healthy controls, though it's probable that some of these will develop diseases by the time they die.
Within hours of when Reck dies, her skin will be pulled back to the eyebrows, her skull sawed open, spinal cord snipped, and her brain removed. While her body gets prepared for the funeral, her brain will make its way to its final resting place in Chicago. A pathologist will cut the brain in half and slice it into pancake-thin pieces before carefully studying each piece for anomalies. Then, half will go in a freezer, and the other half will take its place in a formalin-filled container, where it will stay until a researcher requests it.
Assuming the brain remains free of Alzheimer's and other diseases of aging, Reck's brain will be, as Bennett put it, an "extraordinarily valuable" resource precisely because it's unremarkable.
Rae Ellen Bichell is a freelance science journalist based in Colorado. She previously covered biomedical research and general science for National Public Radio. You can find her on Twitter @raelnb.
This article was originally published on Undark as Wanted: Your Healthy Brain and has been republished here with permission.


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NEWS-NEWS-NEWS
Moratorium angers environmentalists
Last November, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service issued a moratorium on new listings of alleged endangered species, saying their resources were being drained fighting lawsuits from environmental groups. The Washington Post reported "the move has inflamed disputes over tactics within the environmental movement. It also spotlighted a serious budget quandary for Congress and the Bush administration, and reopened long-running debates about the costs and benefits of the Endangered Species Act."
Interior Secretary Gale Norton, who now oversees USFWS, once argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that the law is an unconstitutional infringement of private property rights. In her new position, Norton says she will enforce the law but will not use the heavy-handed enforcement of past administrations, because doing so alienates landowners.
USFWS claims much of its budget and time is being spent responding to and complying with the barrage of litigation filed by green groups trying to force the designation of critical habitat for species. The agency contends resources are better spent protecting species already listed.
The green groups are suing to overturn November's moratorium on new listings.
Eco-terrorists strike again
The Earth Liberation Front has promised to step up its activities to free Mother Earth from the chains of civilization. The shadowy group has claimed responsibility for a fire in Tulare County, California, that burned a warehouse containing large quantities of genetically engineered cottonseeds.
The ELF email message taking responsibility for the arson reads in part, ". . . this seed will no longer exist to contaminate the environment, enrich a sick corporation, or contribute to its warped research programs."
Local authorities have not yet determined if the group is really responsible; ELF spokesmen say the group's involvement in terrorist acts is often discounted, and later found to be true.
ELF also announced it has spiked trees in the Umpqua National Forest's Judie Timber Sale, near Eugene, Oregon. Officials have been unable to confirm the boast because crews have not been able to reach the area due to heavy snow cover.
Tree spiking is a particularly heinous act of terrorism. It puts forest loggers cutting the trees, as well as those working in sawmills, in extreme danger. Spikes and nails can seriously harm both workers and equipment.
Drop that frog
The frog police always get their man, as John J. Zentner will attest.
Zentner, a California environmental consultant, pleaded guilty to relocating 60 red-legged frogs and 500 tadpoles from a development site to a safe pond, where they are thriving. The federal Department of Justice demanded Zentner spend 10 days in jail and pay a $10,000 personal fine, in addition to a $65,000 fine levied on his company. A local judge reduced Zentner's penalty to 200 hours community service.
The feds charged Zentner moved the frogs to save his clients the huge expense involved in construction delay. Zentner's attorney disagreed, noting that if his client merely wanted to expedite construction, "There was obviously a blatantly wrong alternative, which was to allow the frogs to be bulldozed into oblivion."
On March 6, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service designated a staggering 4.1 million acres of the state of California as critical habitat for the frog, made famous by Mark Twain in an 1865 short story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County." A new layer of regulations now exist across 4 percent of the state, including 2.8 million acres of private land where the frogs don't even live–it's "potential" habitat.
Homebuilders plan to challenge the federal government in court, claiming there is a critical need for more housing and projecting the habitat designation will reduce housing construction by 5 percent and take a $2.2 billion bite out of the Bay Area economy.
Reprinted with permission from the Science & Environmental Policy Project, on the Internet at www.sepp.org.
For more information . . .
On these stories and more, point your Web browser to the Liberty Matters news site at www.libertymatters.org.
The Coming Technocratic Dystopia Imagined By Davos – In The Tank #382
The Curricular Firing Squads
Rome: Strategy of Empire (Guest: James Lacey)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Entertainment » Movies
by Kilian Melloy
Friday Apr 26, 2013
Pål Sverre Hagen in 'Kon-Tiki'
A new feature film about Thor Heyerdal's crossing of the Pacific ocean on a primitive balsa wood raft paints a complex picture of the man; but the dramatic maritime passage feels more than a little forced.
The first scene in "Kon-Tiki" shows us a young, confident Thor Heyerdahl showing off his prowess to friends as he leaps onto a chunk of floating ice in order to retrieve a saw. Losing his balance and plunging into the freezing water, Heyerdahl has an early brush with death; but even as he lies in bed recovering, surrounded by scolding adults, his eyes remain alight with the joy of adventure.
Decades later, as a young researcher and author, Heyerdahl (Pål Sverre Hagen) hasn't lost his bright-eyed look; if anything, it's been underscored by a physical posture that leans forward, anxiously and eagerly, the stance of a man scarcely tethered who cannot wait to see what's up ahead. That sensibility carries Heyerdahl forward unflappably, even arrogantly, as he proposes a new theory to account for the early Polynesians. What if they originated in South America -- Peru, maybe? -- and not Asia, as the theory of the day had it?
Directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg re-create the settings that Heyerdahl moves through in a quest to realize his ambition to replicate a journey he believed ancient Peruvians may have made to the Polynesian islands fifteen centuries ago. From a jungle where he's living among native islanders, to the urban and political jungle of 1940s New York, where he's turned down flat by both a publisher and the National Geographic Society, Heyerdahl retains his self-possession and his calm. He's nothing but sure of himself; a chance meeting in New York with another Norwegian, Herman Watzinger, (Herman Baasmo Christiansen) helps open doors and give impetus to the project that is about to founder even before getting launched.
In short order, Heyerdahl secures financial backing, gathers equipment and supplies and rounds up the rest of his crew (played by Gustaf Skarsgård, Odd Magnus Williamson, Tobias Santelmann, and Jakob Oftebro). He has little idea or expertise in the areas of navigation or raft construction; more than once he's assured by others that he's on a fool's errand that will get him and the others killed out on the open water, far from help and, for a good portion of the three-month trip, in the radio shadow of the Andes mountain range. It's fascinating to see Heyerdahl deflect all such doubts with a Zen-like calm and an insistence that all anyone needs is "faith."
But faith in what, exactly? Is it the ancient sun god of the Incas for whom the raft is named? The ocean currents that, if successfully caught, will draw the raft toward its goal (and away from a feared maelstrom near the Galapagos Islands)? Or perhaps it's in Heyerdahl himself, whose demeanor is placid and affect is gentle, but whose ego rides roughshod over everything in his path, including his bickering crew and his marriage to wife Liv (Agnes Kittelsen).
It's hard to fathom what, exactly, is going on with Heyerdahl. Could he truly be suicidal? Is he intoxicated with a sense of his own (somewhat questionable) ability? At a pivotal juncture, we realize something that was obvious from that first scene: Heyerdahl can't swim. What possesses him to set out on an unpowered raft and trust in the mercy of the elements? The film sketches possibilities but offers nothing concrete. Like Kon-Tiki himself, Heyerdahl seems remote and inscrutable; we might project anything onto him that we please.
The journey itself is another matter. Mostly, It must have consisted of boredom, except for the parts we see near the start and at the end of the ocean crossing. Here, the film lapses into convention, drawing a portrait of rising tensions among the six-man crew, and is punctuated by everything a movie set at sea seemingly needs to have in order to be complete: Gigantic storms, equally gigantic aquatic life and, of course, sharks.
What sets this film apart from, say, "The Life of Pi" isn't simply a matter of who occupies the seagoing craft in question; tiger, parrot, crab, or delectably handsome Nordic men. Without a sense of transcendence there's no deep emotional current to move the story (or rather, to make it moving to the viewer). We get little transcendence here; what we do get feels instead like recitation.
The script, by Petter Skavlan, searches the raft's nooks and crannies for drama, turning up the odd stowaway crab and unearthing deep fears and personal flaws in the crew. But none of what happens feels especially fresh or frightening -- with the exception of that huge storm at sea, which passes by in a flurry of spume before cutting to the salty morning after.
Otherwise, despite the atmospheric design and Geir Hartly Andreassen's gorgeous open water cinematography, the film feels dramatically airless, as canned as the rations upon which the men subsist.
Runtime :: 118 mins
Release Date :: Apr 26, 2013
Language :: Norwegian, English, French (Canada)
Country :: Norway
Kilian Melloy serves as EDGE Media Network's Assistant Arts Editor. He also reviews theater for WBUR. His professional memberships include the National Lesbian & Gay Journalists Association, the Boston Online Film Critics Association, The Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics Association, and the Boston Theater Critics Association's Elliot Norton Awards Committee.
Related Topics: movies
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Web Designer Resume Sample; Web Application Developer Resume; Entry Level Web Designer Resume PHP Web Developer Resume (Word DOC). This CV template gives you an idea of how to lay out your skills and experience if you're applying for a role as Web Designer. With increased competition in every market, tailoring your CV to a certain format can be extremely helpful. MS doc. Download as a Word document here. With increased competition in every. Over 15 years of experience in all facets of web development, from personally meeting with clients to discuss their . Web Developer – Contracting Assignments.
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web designer resume example sample, graphic designer resume examples, web designer resume sample doc, web designer resume template, web designer . A bright, talented, ambitious and self-motivated web designer with a strong technical background who possesses self-discipline and the ability to work with the. Fresher Web Designer Resume 1. Uploaded by Sample Web Developer Resume. Application AREAS OF INTEREST: Graphics Design, Web Design, Flash.


Employee life and accidental death and dismemberment benefits are provided by Lincoln Financial.
Basic life and accidental death and dismemberment coverage are provided at no cost to employees. The value of basic life is one time the employee's annual salary, rounded to the next $1,000.
Value of employer provided, basic life insurance above $50,000 is taxed as "imputed income". You will see this amount on your pay stub as "GTL".
The policies offered by AUI are "Term" life policies. They have no cash value.
Conversion of life insurance is available upon termination. Ask HR for details.
If you have a life event, be sure to check your assigned beneficiaries for basic and supplemental life coverage. In the event of a claim the insurance carrier will provide benefits to whoever is listed on your most recent enrollment/change form. If you are unsure who your beneficiary is contact Sarah Arnold.
This reduction happens immediately after your birthday when you turn one of the qualifying ages.
In addition to the Basic Life Insurance coverage provided by AUI/NRAO, supplemental life insurance coverage is also offered.
Coverage is available in increments of up to five times your annual salary rounded to the next $1,000.
If you elect supplemental life insurance, you are automatically enrolled in the complimentary amount of accidental death and dismemberment insurance.
Any amount over three times your salary requires medical underwriting.
Guaranteed Issue is the term used to indicate no medical underwriting is necessary for coverage. If elected at the time of hire, there is no need for medical underwriting.
Additions to employee coverage after hire will always require medical underwriting.
Premiums are post-tax and 100% employee funded. Rates are based on your age on January 1st of the current year. Accidental Death and Dismemberment (AD&D) coverage is included in the premium. If you have a tier change during the calendar year, it will go into affect on January 1st of the next year. Monthly Rates are based on units of $1,000.
Employees may elect life insurance coverage for their spouse and children.
You may choose coverage for your spouse up to 50% of the value of your own supplemental coverage, in increments of $5,000. You cannot elect spouse coverage if you do not have your own supplemental life. Spouse coverage is guaranteed issue to the first $30,000. Any coverage requested above that amount requires medical underwriting.
Premiums are post-tax and 100% employee funded. Rates are based on your spouse's age on January 1st of the current year. Accidental Death and Dismemberment (AD&D) coverage is included in the premium. If you have a tier change during the calendar year, it will go into affect on January 1st of the next year. Monthly Rates are based on units of $1,000.
Coverage for dependent children is always guaranteed issue. Children can be covered to age 26 regardless of student status. Coverage is available in increments of $2,000 up to $10,000.
Document regulating AUI's benefit plan (excluding medical) administration. Plan definitions, eligibility, funding, COBRA and HIPAA requirements, claims and appeals are covered.
Long-term disability (LTD) insurance provides income protection if you become disabled from an accident or illness for longer than six months of time. Long-term disability is often confused with long-term care insurance. Long-term care provides coverage for you or your family members if you need skilled home care, or are admitted to a nursing home.
As an AUI employee, you are enrolled in an LTD insurance plan automatically. If you are approved, the monthly benefit payments provided are equal to 60% of your basic monthly earnings less any benefits received from Long term disability benefits are provided by Lincoln Financial.
For employees under age 65 the premium for long term disability insurance coverage is $0.30 per $100 of your biweekly or monthly base salary.
For employees over age 65 the premium for long term disability insurance coverage is $0.161 per $100 of your bi-weekly or monthly base salary.
If you believe you are eligible for LTD please contact your local HR representative about your FMLA rights and how to proceed.
If you are approved for LTD, Lincoln will provide 60% of your annualized salary per month in income. This income is not taxed due to the premiums being paid on a post-tax basis, 100% by the employee.
In addition, Lincoln will make a retirement contribution to your 401a account on your behalf each month.
Approved LTD participants can continue to carry AUI medical, dental and vision insurance at their active employee rate. Life insurance continuation is dependent on approval by Lincoln. Life insurance conversion options are available.


text:
The 2001 Giro d'Italia was the 84th edition of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Giro began in Montesilvano, with a Prologue individual time trial on 19 May, and Stage 11 occurred on 30 May with a stage from Bled, Slovenia. The race finished in Milan on 10 June.

Stage 11
30 May 2001 — Bled to Gorizia,

Stage 12
31 May 2001 — Gradisca d'Isonzo to Montebelluna,

Stage 13
1 June 2001 — Montebelluna to Passo Pordoi,

Stage 14
2 June 2001 — Cavalese to Arco,

Stage 15
3 June 2001 — Sirmione to Salò,  (ITT)

Stage 16
4 June 2001 — Erbusco to Parma,

Rest day
5 June 2001

Stage 17
6 June 2001 — Sanremo to Sanremo,

Stage 18
7 June 2001 — Imperia to Sant'Anna di Vinadio

The stage was cancelled, after a police raid uncovered widespread doping in the peloton.

Stage 19
8 June 2001 — Alba to Busto Arsizio,

Stage 20
9 June 2001 — Busto Arsizio to Arona,

Stage 21
10 June 2001 — Arona to Milan,

References

2001 Giro d'Italia
Giro d'Italia stages

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Lady Gaga's new single 'Perfect Illusion' is here and it's everything you need it to be
She's done it again.
By Rachel Thompson on September 9, 2016
Chris Pine assembles a chaotic adventuring party in 'Dungeons & Dragons: Honor Among Thieves' trailer
How to Hack Wordle from the New York Times' Head of Games 1:49
It's rare in life that you listen to a song and love it straight away. But somehow Lady Gaga manages to achieve this time and time again.
And now she's gone and done it once again with her new single "Perfect Illusion." It's everything you need it to be. It's soulful, dancey, catchy, and the lyrics so relatable that you're certain Gaga knows you personally.
Gaga co-produced "Perfect Illusion" with Mark Ronson, Bloodpop, and Kevin Parker. The song will serve as the lead single from her as-yet-untitled forthcoming fifth solo studio album.
There have been rumors for a while that Gaga would be taking her fifth studio album in a slightly different direction, looking to meld rock and disco with her more typically pop sensibilities. "Perfect Illusion," which clocks in at a tight three minutes, clearly is a step in that direction.
Gaga Ooh-la-laaa.
Features Editor
(opens in a new tab) (opens in a new tab)
Rachel Thompson is the Features Editor at Mashable. Based in the UK, Rachel writes about sex, relationships, and online culture. She has been a sex and dating writer for a decade and she is the author of Rough(Opens in a new window) (Penguin Random House, 2021).
'Mafia Mamma' trailer teases Toni Collette becoming a reluctant mob boss
Monica Bellucci co-stars!
Can you power a village with a tiny stream?
The turbines are designed to be easily maintained in regions of the world where generating energy is difficult.
By Jules Suzdaltsev


Following the brutal murders of Bangladeshi secular writers by islamist groups these last months, bloggers, free speech campaigners, humanist, religious and ex-Muslims organisations, all unite to protest (see the open letter below).
These past months, the EHF received many calls for help from secular Bangladeshi bloggers and has been active to raise European leaders' awareness on the imminent threats they face. Through the joint campaign END BLASPHEMY LAWS, we called for actions in defense of the bloggers.
Click here to find our more how you can help.
We, concerned members of the blogging and activist community of Bangladesh and internationally, along with representatives of human rights organisations and other civil society organisations and supporters, wish to protest in the strongest possible terms the institutional attack on Bangladeshi citizens who profess humanist, atheist or secularist views.
In the last two years, five bloggers (variously identifying as humanist, rationalist, atheist, and variously writing about science, humanist values, against Islamist extremism, or in favour of human rights and justice) have been murdered, hacked to death by assailants acting for fundamentalist militant groups (according to their own claims of responsibility). These victims are: Ahmed Rajib Haider, the science author Avijit Roy, Washiqur Rahman Babu, Ananta Bijoy Das, and Niladri Chatterjee (pen name Niloy Neel). Four of these murders have occurred since February this year. In other cases, individuals like Jafar Munshi and Anjali Devi have been killed for alleged or perceived acts of 'defamation of religion', such as refusing to enforce hijab on students. And since 2013, supporters of the Shahbag movement and the war crimes justice process (the accused being Islamist leaders) have also been brutally murdered by similar Islamist entities. The victims include: Ashraful Alam, Arif Raihan Deep, Nurul Islam Faruki, Jagat Jyoti Talukder, Jakaria Babu.
The murderers and their ideological supporters are of course to be condemned and must be brought to justice.
In addition, instead of helping to confront this outrageous injustice, political and state institutions have begun blaming the victims themselves and making matters worse.
Following the murder of Niladri Chatterjee on 7 August, the Inspector General of Police engaged in victim-blaming, called for self-censorship, and threatened bloggers — the very people who are being murdered — with legal action under the current quasi-blasphemy law. Meanwhile, despite some counter-terrorism operations, the police have comprehensively failed to disrupt the networks that are ordering or carrying out these cowardly attacks. Even with two of the killers caught at the scene (after the murder of Washiqur Rahman) and claims of responsibility made openly on social media and via news outlets, still the attacks go on, and the extremists behind the killings remain at large. Instead of calling for vigilance and evidence against the murderers from the general public, police have instead encouraged the public to report alleged atheistic writings.
Faced with fresh death threats against numerous named Shahbag activists and others branded "enemies of Islam" in the week after the most recent murder, a police spokesperson told those threatened merely to "lodge police complaints" if they thought they were being followed! This is a grossly inadequate, highly negligent response to what is evidently a most serious and potentially fatal threat.
A number of Islamist groups, including Awami Olama League which is closely associated with your own Awami League party, have made new demands of death penalties for all atheist bloggers and activists, echoing the rhetoric of Islamist extremists in other parties. Obviously, this demand represents a gross violation of the rights of the non-religious to freedom of thought, and against freedom of expression generally and must be firmly and explicitly rejected.
These institutions and officials of the state through their current stances — demonising free expression, while appeasing murderous extremists — are destroying Bangladesh's claim to be a democratic state that upholds the human rights of all citizens. To criminalize the expression of "anything that may hurt anyone's religious sentiments or beliefs" (as the Inspector General of Police puts it) means in practice that fundamentalists and extremists can say and do anything they want, while anyone who stands for democracy, free expression, rationalism, justice, and human rights would be reduced to silence.
This is a recipe for a theocratic state in thrall to the most extremist members of society. People must be able to discuss and debate religion and politics, beliefs and practices. If they cannot, then injustice, fear and violence will reign.
To fail to confront and refute these oppressive and illiberal tendencies now, will mark the beginning of the end of Bangladesh as a free and democratic country.
work decisively for legal reform to repeal Section 295A of the Penal Code and section 57 of the ICT Act of 2006, in order to bring the legal system of Bangladesh in line with the spirit and values of freedom of expression and 'of conscience' as enshrined in the Constitution of Bangladesh, and as per obligations under the international human rights instruments to which Bangladesh is party.
The signatories include threatened Bangladeshi bloggers and activists, representatives of organisations focused on human rights including freedom of expression or freedom of belief, religious and secular groups, and also individual writers, journalists, artists, academics and other professionals with Bengali connection or in solidarity.
Alice Carr — President, Progressive Atheists Inc.
Jin-oh Choi — President, Launceston Skeptics Inc.
Moira Clarke — President, Reason Road Inc.
Scott Sharrad — President, Council of Australian Humanist Societies inc.


Set in a bleak, dystopian future we meet Officer K (Ryan Gosling), an LAPD cop whose job is identical to Harrison Ford's Rick Deckard three decades earlier.
The so-called "blade runner" is tasked with hunting down and 'retiring' old replicants: bioengineered androids designed to look just like humans, manufactured as slaves but who got other ideas and revolted.
K is a new-model replicant, hard-wired for compliance. He isn't designed to think for himself, but a search for a missing child leads him to question what it means to have a soul. "You've been getting on fine without one," says K's superior officer, Lieutenant Joshi (Robin Wright).
K's journey of discovery leads him to track down Deckard, who's been missing for thirty years after her fell in love with an android he was destined to 'retire'. During this time a blackout that lasted 10 days wiped digitally stored replicant-production records, creating a blank space in humanity's database memory.
The identity of the child K seeks has the potential to cause all out war between humans and replicants once again. The blade runner unearths a long-buried secret that has the potential to plunge what's left of society into chaos.
He has to make a choice, to continue his search and risk the destruction of an entire species or cover up the truth and live a more peaceful, compliant life of happiness with his AI girlfriend.
The sequel to Ridley Scott's 1982 classic is as visually stunning as it is philosophically profound. It explores the primacy of feelings, memories and what it truly means to be human.
You have to watch this interview with Harrison Ford and Ryan Gosling who are attempting to promote Blade Runner 2049. It will make your day.


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text:
import QL, my_game_env as game

game=game.Atarigame(speed=8)
bot=QL.DQN(game.n_features,game.actions,max_memsize=2000,learning_rate=0.01,trainstep=3,refresh_cycle=100)
steps=0
while True:
	bot.play(game)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Nord Stream 2: Can Denmark make Berlin and Moscow tremble?
13 April 2019 , by Théo Boucart, Translated by Juuso Järviniemi
All the versions of this article: [English] [français]
A worker in front of a map showing the network of gas pipelines crossing Russia and Norway, among other countries, before arriving in the energy storage. Photo: European Union, 2012 / Photographer: Vladimir Simicek - Source: EC - Audiovisual Service
Did the Nord Stream II gas pipeline project have its wings clipped? Denmark has delayed its approval for building the segment of the pipeline that crosses its territorial waters. Whilst a total restructuring of the entire project seems to be highly unlikely, Copenhagen's decision unveils the contradictions between Nord Stream II and Europe's energy policy.
What is the Nord Stream II project?
Nord Stream II is a gas pipeline project which is to connect Vyborg in Russia to Greifswald in the north east of Germany, and which would follow almost the same route as Nord Stream I which has been in service since 2011. The pipeline connects the biggest supplier of natural gas, Russia, to the biggest consumer in Europe, Germany.
The construction of Nord Stream II is motivated by several factors. Firstly, given the increasing gas consumption in Europe, existing gas pipelines are at their maximum capacity (Nord Stream I of course, but also the Yamal-Europe pipeline that crosses Belarus, and the Bratstvo, or "Brotherhood" pipeline that crosses Ukraine). Indeed, gas energy is less polluting than oil in certain uses, for example heating and electricity, and natural gas could therefore be an interesting alternative for a continent that is undergoing an energy transition.
Secondly, Europe is more and more dependent on imports of fossil energies. Currently, 55% of the energy consumed in Europe comes from external suppliers. 70% of the natural gas consumed by EU member states comes from elsewhere, mainly from a handful of countries: Norway, Algeria and above all Russia. Domestic gas reserves, especially those of the Netherlands and of the United Kingdom, are depleting and shale gas isn't an appealing solution for remedying European dependence. "Liquefied natural gas" (LNG), for its part, is a costly solution (transport via sea routes is much more expensive than transport through a pipeline), and mainly used by Southern European countries.
All of these arguments are evoked by supporters of the Nord Stream II project. Europe is an energy-dependent continent that has taken strong action in the field of energy transition. Therefore for some, especially Berlin and Moscow, Russian gas seems to be a miraculous opportunity.
A highly controversial project
Even though the Nord Stream II project seemed to be on the right track in order for it to be effectively implemented by end of 2019, the recent news may delay the completion of the project led by Germany and Russia. Namely, Denmark decided to conduct an environmental impact assessment in its territorial waters before giving a green light to building the last segment of the pipeline.
The small Nordic country is indeed the last one which still has to give its authorisation for the pipeline to cross its territorial waters, as Russia, Finland, Sweden and Germany have already done so – although for these countries, the pipeline would pass through their exclusive economic zones (EEZ) rather than territorial waters.
Even if the Danish Prime Minister, Lars Løkke Rasmussen, has expressed his hostility to the project numerous times, saying that he will 'do whatever he can to delay the project, even if he cannot prevent it', according to the Danish Energy Agency, Copenhagen is not calling for the project to be stopped completely. The agency has simply "requested" for an investigation into "the environmental impacts of a route south of Bornholm in the continental shelf area", EurActiv reports.
Copenhagen's judgement on the route of Nord Stream II will depend on the results of this investigation, and could certainly push the country to ask the Russian Gazprom company to propose an alternative route that wouldn't pass through Danish waters. This would further delay the inauguration of Nord Stream II whose construction, however, has already begun.
Still, the Danish decision isn't entirely anodyne: Nord Stream II is indeed a very controversial project. Central and Eastern European countries, located between Germany and Russia (Poland, the Baltic states and Ukraine), are opposed to the initiative. While Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia are afraid that Nord Stream II will further reinforce European dependence on Russian gas, Ukraine argues that the diversion of gas traffic from its territory would create a considerable revenue shortfall. The fees taken by Kyiv for the transmission of gas through its territory towards the European Union represent more than 2% of the Ukrainian GDP.
Does the pipeline go against Europe's energy policy?
Are these countries' fears justified? Indeed, certain aspects of Nord Stream II go against the grain of a European energy policy based on solidarity between member states and with their immediate neighbours, especially in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus.
One of the pillars of EU energy policy is the diversification of the energy sources and of transit countries within the EU itself. With the Nord Stream II pipeline, Russia would export even more towards the EU and Germany would acquire a predominant position as a point of entry of natural gas (30% of gas would be arriving in the EU via Germany, an increase from the current figure of 15%). Poland and the Baltic states, but also Slovakia and Ukraine, would lose revenue related to the transmission of gas. Moreover, by focusing too much on gas, Germany and other European countries could see their energy transition to homegrown and renewable energies – a fundamental objective of European energy policy – delayed.
Another issue is legislative: could European rules apply to the Nord Stream II pipeline, especially those concerning the liberalisation of gas markets? These rules have been laid out in the Third Energy Package: the unbundling of energy suppliers from network operators, price transparency and the right for all European countries to access the network – all these points are to be supervised by the European Commission. Germany had long voted against the matter, but last February the 28 EU member states found a political agreement concerning the revision of the directive on the transport of gas. This would oblige Gazprom, among others, to respect the unbundling rule. The vote on the directive could therefore delay the inauguration of Nord Stream II even further.
In the end, the Danish decision to delay its authorisation is but the latest tip of the iceberg in the Nord Stream II imbroglio. The following weeks will certainly be decisive for this highly controversial project.
Translated by Juuso Järviniemi
Former Editor-in-Chief of The New Federalist. Opinions presented in articles represent author's personal views rather than a common view held by The New Federalist.
Théo Boucart
Théo Boucart is the Co-Editor-in-Chief of Le Taurillon, our French sister edition. He was President of the JEF Paris from January to October 2019.
Content contributor since April 2017, he is particularly interested in EU macroeconomic policies, in EU energy policy, in European federalism and democracy.
Sensitive to the European idea for almost 10 years, he campaigns for a truly democractic Europe and to raise European awareness among the general public.


Palmolive Naturals Invigorating Pomegranate & Mango Shower Gel with Moisture Beads contains mild ingredients to leave your skin clean and feeling hydrated.
Palmolive Naturals Invigorating Shower Gel is enriched with exquisite naturally derived Pomegranante & Mango Extracts and moisture beads that burst releasing moisturisers. Its invigorating formula contains mild cleansers that care for your skin in one easy step.


text:
package main;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Principal {

	private static Scanner keyboard;

	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
		// Imprimir en pantalla
		System.out.println("Muestra texto en pantalla");

		// Uso de Enums
		Categoria cat1 = new Categoria();
		cat1.tipo = Categoria.CategoriaTipo.GRANDE;
		System.out.println("\nEnum: " + cat1.tipo);

		// Tipos de datos primitivos
		byte a = 100; //8-bit
		short c = 10000; //16-bits
		int m = 1500; //32-bits
		long l = 1500L; //64-bits

		float f1 = 234.5f; //single-precision 32-bits
		double d1 = 123.4; //double-precision 64-bits

		boolean one = true;
		boolean two = false;

		char letraA = 'A';

		// Literales
		int decimal = 100;
		int octal = 0144;
		int hexa = 0x64;
		String mensaje = "Hola Mundo\nSegunda linea\nNombre\tEdad";

		// Declaracion de variables
		int x,y,z;
		int x1 = 10, y1 = 10;
		byte B = 22;
		double pi = 3.1416;
		char a1 = 'a';

		// Constantes
		final String DEPARTAMENTO = "Finanzas";
		System.out.println("\nConstante: " + DEPARTAMENTO + "\n");

		// Operadores Aritmeticos
		System.out.println("\nSuma: " + (a + m));
		System.out.println("Resta: " + (a - m));
		System.out.println("Multiplicacion: " + (a * m));
		System.out.println("Division: " + (a / m));
		System.out.println("Residuo: " + (a % m));
		System.out.println("Incremento: " + (a++));
		System.out.println("Decremento: " + (a--));

		// Operadores Relacionales
		System.out.println("\nIgualdad: " + (a == m));
		System.out.println("Desigualdad: " + (a != m));
		System.out.println("Mayor que: " + (a > m));
		System.out.println("Menor que: " + (a < m));
		System.out.println("Mayor o igual: " + (a >= m));
		System.out.println("Menor o igual: " + (a <= m));

		// Operadores Lógicos
		System.out.println("\nAND: " + (true && false));
		System.out.println("OR: " + (true || false));
		System.out.println("NOT: " + (true && !false));

		// Operadores de Asignación
		int resp1 = a + m;
		resp1 *= m; //Suma y asigna
		resp1 += m; //Resta y asigna
		resp1 -= m; //Multiplica y asigna
		resp1 /= m; //Divide y asigna
		resp1 %= m; //Residuo y asigna

		// Operador Condicional
		int w1 = 10;
		int o1 = (a == 1) ? 20: 30;
		System.out.println("\nOperador Condicional: " + o1);

		// Operadora Validador
		String nombre = "Abdel";
		boolean resultado = nombre instanceof String;
		System.out.println("Resultado de Instanceof: " + resultado);

        // Lectura de teclado (v1)
		keyboard = new Scanner (System.in);
        System.out.print("Ingresa tu nombre: ");
        String nn = keyboard.next();
        System.out.println("\nTu nombre es " + nn);

        // Lectura de teclado (v2)
        BufferedReader keyboard2 = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        System.out.print("Ingresa tu nombre: ");
        String nn2 = keyboard2.readLine();
        System.out.println("\nTu nombre es " + nn2);
	}

}


text:
Q: Access to a array wont work actually i dont understand why i get no access to the values of a array.
if i print a array i get this result
print_r($e)

    Array
    (
        [FIELDNAME1] => MYTEXT
        [FIELDNAME2] => MYTEXT2
    )

now i want to access the field directly with
  echo"Element 0".$e[0]."
";
  echo"Element 1".$e[1]."
";

Under $e[0] and $e[1] I get no response (empty/nothing).
Why I can't get access to $e[0] etc.?
Is there any way to get access with 0/1/2... for this array, background is that i dont know the names of the elements, so i have to access with 1 and 2.

A: Because your array is associative. You'd access values by their associated key:
echo"Element 0".$e['FIELDNAME1']."
";
echo"Element 1".$e['FIELDNAME2']."
";

A: That's because you have an associative array here, where the array keys are FIELDNAME1 and FIELDNAME2 and not 0, 1 like you stated.
This will work:
echo"Element 0".$e['FIELDNAME1']."
";
echo"Element 1".$e['FIELDNAME2']."
";

Or if you want to loop through your array, try this:
foreach ($e as $k => $v) {
    echo "Element $k : ".$v."
";
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Super Bowl, gatherings, birthdays, you name it… sometimes we just need a quick and easy dish that will satisfy. Growing up, my mother made homemade guacamole very often and boy we did not complain. We ate guacamole with tortilla chips or as a topping and it was simple yet delicious. Since we are in the party season, I wanted to share my mom's Simple Recipe for Authentic Mexican Guacamole. You can make this simple guacamole recipe as fancy or casual as you like for guests, yourself or just to experiment.
See how I saved the avocado shells and used them as serving trays below.
Cut avocado in half, place the scooped avocado in a bowl and discard the seed. You may use the avocado shell as a serving dish or discard along with the seed. Using a fork or potato masher, mash the avocados. As you mash, add lime juice (1 lime) to prevent browning. Continue mashing the avocados until desired consistency is met. You may either create a chunky or smooth dish depending on your preference. Add the rest of your ingredients to your bowl and slowly stir.
Finally, when all ingredients are mixed add additional lime juice, salt, and jalapeño to taste. Using your saved shells, place guacamole mixture in empty shells. You may top with cilantro, tomatoes, onion or jalapeño for decoration. If you do not have your shells, place mixture in a serving bowl. You may serve immediately or place in the fridge to chill. Use your favorite tortilla chips to finish up your dish and you are ready to go!


Keep nasty bugs off your windshield and the wind out of your ears with a set of Deflectors. Put them on the front of your hood, over your windows, or at the front of your sunroof, and keep your vehicle clean and quiet. Plus, our vehicle selector and experienced customer service team will help you find the best custom deflectors for your ride.
Stones and bugs on the highway are at best an annoyance on your windshield and at worst a serious road hazard. Don't let rocks, bugs, and debris get the best of your ride - equip your car or truck with a Bug Deflector.
Keep the whipping wind at bay with a Sunroof Deflector. They redirect the breeze around your sunroof, allowing you fresh air and a comfortable ride.
Window deflectors keep the wind out of your face and block the rain whether you're driving or parked. Available in smoke or chrome acrylic.
If you've ever rolled the windows down on the highway, even a crack, you know the loud, annoying sound of whistling wind. But what else can you do if you want some fresh air on the road? Your answer is right here: Wind Deflectors from Auto Accessories Garage.
Window deflectors or vent visors work by blocking wind and redirecting it around the edge of your window, drastically minimizing that obnoxious howl. The overhanging design of deflectors like Ford F150 Bug Deflectors keeps rocks, bugs, and precipitation out. We also offer Chevy Silverado Deflectors options, which allow you to keep your windows slightly open for fresh air at any speed, even in the rain!
Deflectors like your Toyota 4Runner Deflectors are available for front and rear windows, as well as the sunroof. You can also pick up a Bug Deflector, which sits at the front of the hood to keep fat bugs and kicked-up rocks from gunking up or even damaging your windshield. All of our bug shields, window deflectors, and sunroof deflectors are made from durable composites that stand up to the assault of the road and look great in chrome or tinted finish.


This major new exhibition at the Victoria and Albert Museum examines the band's musical legacy, taking visitors on an audio and visual journey through Pink Floyd's career. But what have critics been saying about it?
The Pink Floyd Exhibition: Their Mortal Remains will be on display at the Victoria and Albert Museum until the 1st October. To book tickets visit: Ticketmaster.co.uk, Love Theatre.com and UK Tickets.co.uk .


English direct questions. Transform the following direct questions into indirect questions in English. Remember about the right order of the words in the indirect question.
1. Is she over 18?
Do you know if ?
2. Can she speak English?
3. How does this machine work?
4. Where are you going on holiday?
5. What are you going to buy?
6. Will you be here tomorrow?
Do you know if y ?
7. Does she like horse riding?
Have you got any idea if ?
8. How often do you go to the gym?
9. Where does she live?
10. Has she ever been to London?


text:
Book Talk, Saturday, 2pm, October 26, 2013 at the Slovak Embassy in Washington: John Palka on My Slovakia
On Saturday, October 26, 2013, the Slovak American Society of Washington, D.C., and the Friends of Slovakia present a book talk by John Palka on My Slovakia, My Family: One Family's Role in the Birth of a Nation, at the Embassy of Slovakia
3523 International Ct., Washington, D.C., at 2:00pm. Admission is free and all are invited.
Part immigrant story and part historical analysis covering a span of 300 years, the new English-language edition of My Slovakia, My Family covers rich historical ground: escapes from Nazism and Communism; heroism during World War II; and the lives of peasants, craftsmen, and leaders who helped shape the nation of Slovakia in the 19th and 20th centuries. The book simultaneously tells the story of the Slovak nation and of John Palka's extended family, which includes his grandfather, Milan Hodža, the prime minister of Czechoslovakia from 1935 to 1938. John's presentation will emphasize the story of growing Slovak national awareness from the mid-19th to the mid-20th centuries, to which his ancestors made important contributions.
"My Slovakia, My Family is a heartfelt tale of a nation's struggle to exist and of a family's pivotal role in influencing its destiny. This is a superb memoir and a valuable contribution to our knowledge of twentieth century Europe." -- Former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright.
In addition to the talk, there will be an award ceremony in which Slovak Ambassador Peter Kmec will present the Prize of Milan Hodža to Dr. Susan Mikula, an American historian of Slovak origin. The Prize of Milan Hodža is awarded in the name of the prime minister of Slovakia to a winner selected by the Days of Milan Hodža organizing committee. Winners are distinguished figures in Slovak academic and public life.
John Palka, Professor of Biology Emeritus at the University of Washington, is a two-time refugee who acculturated to, and built a successful career in, the United States, but who never lost a deeply-felt connection with his Slovak homeland or his facility with the language. Video clips of John's interview for the Oral History Project conducted by the National Czech & Slovak Museum & Library can be see at < http://www.ncsml.org/Oral-History/All-Interviews/20100407/39/Palka-John.... >. Read more about Prof. Palka and his book on his website < http://www.jpalka.com/ >.
Susan Mikula is Professor of History at Benedictine University in Lisle, IL. From her dissertation in 1974 up to the present, she has regularly written and lectured about Hodža in international circles. She is the most-highly regarded expert on Milan Hodža outside Slovakia.
Books will be available for purchase and signing.
Please pass along this information to anyone who might be interested.


A recent study carried out by the UCLA School of Nursing has shown how dehydration amongst older people is often not properly recognised and can lead to many health problems including urinary tract infections and frequent falls. The same study also highlighted that adults over the age of 65 have the highest hospital admission rates for dehydration. Although these findings are from the US, it's a similar story here in the UK as dehydration is often overlooked and is of particular concern amongst those in someone else's care such as hospitals and care homes.
Water makes up around 50-60% of your body weight and is a major component of muscles and organs. Water is required by the body to transport nutrients around in the blood, discard waste, digest food and reduce body temperature by sweating. Glucose is stored in muscle tissue as glycogen and for every gram holds 3-4g of water.
You can survive for some time without food but your chances of survival in the absence of water are less promising as all the cells, tissues and organs in the body require water to work properly. Water constantly moves through cells with about 10% of your body water being replaced every day with a fresh supply. Blood for example is about 93% water and muscles are around 73%, whereas fat is about 10%.
How is water balanced in the body?
The balance of water in and out of your cells is monitored by membrane osmoreceptors and when fluid is restricted, thirst is triggered, and anti-diuretic hormone is released which reduces loss of water via the kidneys and restores balance.
How do older people become more dehydrated?
These processes decline with age and as such the thirst sensation reduces making it a less reliable way to identify dehydration. Other factors that contribute to dehydration in older people include the use of diuretics or laxatives which can exacerbate fluid losses and also reduced muscle mass leaving smaller fluid reserves (water is stored in muscle with glycogen – the body's way of storing glucose for energy). Conditions such as diabetes can also make dehydration worse if poorly controlled.
Older people may also limit the amount of fluids they drink for any number of reasons such as the loss of enjoyment for certain drinks, reduced mobility or strategies to avoid incontinence or frequent visits to the bathroom. Social seclusion can also play a role as routines are lost and people forget to drink regularly, which also occurs in those with dementia.
What are the risks of dehydration in older people?
Dehydration is associated with many poor health outcomes, which includes hospitalisation and in certain cases and increased risk of death. Energy levels and fatigue are also affected by dehydration even in mild cases and this increased tiredness can reduce motivation and mood. One serious complication often overlooked is the impact of dehydration on the risk of falls as a result of low blood pressure, weakness and dizzy spells.
Water is also important for the health of your kidneys and urinary tract so when restricted can increase the risk of infections or kidney damage. Constipation is also an issue for older people but keeping well hydration can ease this condition and assist fibre in food to swell and do its job properly.
As thirst may not be a reliable indicator in older people, it's important to recognise any other signs that may point towards dehydration.
Encourage older people to drink by making them something to drink when visiting at home or in a care setting. Don't ask, just make a cup of tea for you and the person you're visiting.
Keep fluids to hand and make them desirable to drink. Having a jug of iced water or low-calorie squash to hand means the chances of drinking are more than if it wasn't available.
Using electrolyte sachets or tablets dissolved in water can be a good way to assist with hydration (try Healthspan Your Electrolyte - £3.95 for 20 sachets).
All fluids count and this includes smoothies and even foods with a high liquid content such as soups, broths, yoghurt, jelly and custard.
Watery fruits and vegetables can be a nice refreshing way to hydrate. Try slices of melon, pineapple or cucumber.
In some cases, it may be necessary to help an older person overcome the barriers that are preventing them from drinking such as worries about not reaching the toilet in time or physical inabilities.
Hydration is often overlooked when it comes to health and wellness advice but is just as important as a well-balanced diet and regular exercise. Amongst older people, warding off dehydration is even more important as it's not as easily recognised and can result in many poor health outcomes as a consequence.


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text:
Karan P. Singh, PhD, FMSSANZ, FASA, FSMS
Chair, Professor
Dr. Karan P. Singh is Professor and Chair in the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics in the School of Community and Rural Health at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler (UTHSCT). Before joining UTHSCT, he was a Professor in the Department of Medicine's Division of Preventive Medicine at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), and Director of the Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Facility (BBSF), UAB O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center. During his tenure at UAB, Dr. Singh was a senior scientist at the O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Comprehensive Diabetes Center, the Center for Outcomes and Effectiveness Research and Education, the Center for Exercise Medicine, and the Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging. He also served as a Professor in the Department of Biostatistics in the School of Public Health at UAB and directed the Graduate Programs in Biostatistics.
Dr. Singh was Professor and Chair in the Department of Biostatistics in the School of Public Health (SOPH) at the University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC) and directed the School's Ph.D. Program in Public Health Sciences. At various times during his tenure at UNTHSC SOPH, Dr. Singh took on the additional responsibility of serving as Interim Chair of the Department of Health Management and Policy, the Department of Epidemiology, and the Department of Social and Health Behavior.
Dr. Singh has over 25 years of experience in collaborating with investigators in inter- and multi-disciplinary and translational research on many NIH-funded research projects. He has served as chief biostatistician, biostatistics core director or leader at various research centers and/or on multi-million-dollar grants, supporting projects by providing innovative statistical approaches, statistical consultation, and database management, in compliance with NIH and FDA regulations. Throughout his career, Dr. Singh has collaborated on over 60 funded grants and contracts, including NCI-NIH program projects (P01), centers (P30), Specialized Programs of Research Excellence (SPORE, P50), as well as U- and R-series grants and other grants. Research projects have benefited from his methodological contributions to longitudinal data analysis and developing methods for designing and monitoring of multiple outcomes in studies including clinical trials. The track record of the outcomes from these funded grants has had significantly high impact through the years. Dr. Singh served on the NCI Gynecologic Cancer Steering Committee (GCSC) and the NCI Cervical GCSC Task Force. As chair or member, he has served on numerous Data and Safety Monitoring Boards, External Advisory Boards and Study Sections/Review Panels of NIH and other funding agencies.
Dr. Singh is an elected fellow of the American Statistical Association (ASA), the Modeling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), and the Indian Society for Medical Statistics (SMS). He is also an elected member of the International Statistical Institute (ISI). He is an editor or associate editor and serve on the editorial boards of scientific journals.
PhD, Statistics
MS, Applied & Computational Mathematics
CCSHA University, India MSc, Statistics
Meerut University, India
BSc, Mathematics, Physics & Chemistry
Courses Co-Taught
PBHL 5317: Biostatistics I
HPEM 5317: Health Business
PBHL 5342: Epidemiology 1
PBHL 5350: Internship/Practicum I
PBHL 5360: Internship/Practicum II
EPBI 6332: Experimental Designs in Biostatistics
EPBI 6334: Advanced Epidemiological Methods
PBHL 6350: Capstone Project I
PBHL 6360: Capstone Project II
BIOT 5310: Fundamental of Biomedical Research-Statistical Analysis
Biomarker Validation and Evaluation
Clinical trials & Survival Methodology
Health Disparities Research
Health Services Methodological Research
Infectious and Chronic Disease Modeling
Longitudinal Data Analysis


Center/Program Highlights: The UTMB Center for Addiction Research Molecular Therapeutics Initiative at the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) is leveraging institutional target-based discovery, disease-specific knowledge and specialized core technologies toward new molecular therapeutics for drug addiction and related chronic health disorders. The Molecular Therapeutics Initiative is integrated into the UTMB Clinical and Translational Sciences Award and focuses on the development of novel small molecules, peptides and vaccines as well as biomarker discovery. Our translational team encompasses investigators and mentees that cross the barriers of technologies (chemistry, cell biology, animal models, clinical science, structural biology), biomedical disorder (addictions, cancer, infectious diseases, neurodegeneration, etc.) and regional institutions (UTMB, MD Anderson, University of Houston, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, University of Texas at Austin). We are currently focused on generation of a portfolio of molecules and tool compounds for validation of new targets, hit to lead optimization and preclinical evaluation.


The perfect half about meditation is you are able to do it just about wherever. Anytime you are feeling your blood start to boil, take just a few deep, gradual breaths and it's best to start to feel the stress depart your body. Maglio PP, Sepulveda MJ, Mabry PL. Mainstreaming modeling and simulation to speed up public health innovation. Am J Public Health 2014;104:1181-6.
Health Behavior and Health Training graduate programs embody choices for the non-thesis, the M.S. with thesis, and the Ph.D. in accession capital to assert that I purchase in truth liked account your weblog posts. My sister, for instance, suffers from Coeliac illness. She gets various different things on prescription, together with gluten-free bread, biscuits, and pasta, as well as medication. She has a yearly certificates.
Mother Health is devoted to react and give help to pregnant girls and kids in ranges of calamity and compelling destitution. That is centered on lessening the maternal and newborn little one death rates by making sound, feasible all encompassing birthing focuses utilizing the mannequin of consideration with socially proper training for the wellbeing and strengthening of women.


An NHS trust paid £150,000 pounds recently to settle a medical negligence claim. The case involved the death of a man from Nottingham after the staff at the hospital failed to diagnose a serious heart problem. His wife sued the hospital consequently and received a six figure sum in compensation.
The victim of this medical negligence case was 61 year old David Whittaker from Nottingham. He died a day after being discharged from Queen Medical Centre. He had visited the hospital previously after experiencing chest pains.
His wife decided to pursue a medical negligence case, after she found out that the staff did not carry out an electrocardiogram even after assessing Mr Whittaker's condition. This test is needed to find out what exactly is the problem or the discomfort that the patient is facing.
Had this scan been done, they would have definitely found out about the aortic dissection that eventually led to Mr Whittaker's death. The NHS trust admitted to the claims of medical negligence and that the patient's life could probably have been saved if the right treatment was given to him when he needed it.


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