People tend to hold overly favorable views of their abilities in many social and intellectual domains.... This overestimation occurs, in part, because people who are unskilled in these domains suffer a dual burden: Not only do these people reach erroneous conclusions and make unfortunate choices, but their incompetence robs them of the metacognitive ability to realize it.
This will be somewhat of a departure in content: I have a serious point to make, then I need some cathartic comedy time. Welcome to the ride.
I'm sure most of you are familiar with the Dunning-Kruger Effect. Since its proposal as a theory in 1999, it's been borne out in multiple studies—more than 100 to date—across varying environments. In a nutshell, what it tells us is that we're not very good at evaluating our own levels of knowledge and skill. Illusory Superiority: we judge ourselves as being better than others to degrees that violate the laws of mathematics. Those with the least ability are most likely to overrate their skills to the greatest extent, as the little infographic at right shows.
For example, 88% of American drivers rated themselves as having above-average driving skills. Software engineers were asked to rate their performance. In two different companies, 32% and 42% of the engineers, respectively, put themselves in the top 5%. College debate teams who were in the lower quartile—they were losing four out of every five rounds—thought they were winning over 60%.
People who, when tested, are measurably poor at everything from logical reasoning to grammar, math, emotional intelligence, and even chess all tend to rate their expertise almost as favorably, or in some instances even more favorably, as actual experts rate themselves. Poor performers lack the knowledge and expertise to recognize how badly they're actually performing. It isn't an ego thing...at least, not most of the time. As people gain a better understanding of the subject matter, they begin to recognize how poorly they previously performed and how much they have yet to learn.
Actual experts become more aware of just how knowledgeable they are and can more objectively rate their expertise, though they may also be more likely to slightly underrate themselves. But they often fall into another mistake: they assume that others have a grasp of the subject similar to their own. The second chart at right is another way of visualizing the progression.
I have long been an advocate of a formal method of accreditation for genetic genealogists. I supplied a position to BCG this summer about their initial proposal for a new genetic genealogy standard, and much of my opinion centered around this. Without BCG taking on the role of formal accreditation of genetic genealogists—arriving at a tested "CGG" certification, for example, to accompany CG and CGL—I fear the final version will not be able to go far enough. And I know of no other certification body at this time who might properly undertake the task of managing accreditation.
Genealogists consider all available relevant factors when they use DNA test results as a component of proving a relationship. Those factors include reported and typical amounts of shared DNA, sizes and locations of chromosomal segments, information about mutations, markers or regions that have been tested, number and genealogical expanse of people who were tested, and genetic groups, including meaningful triangulated groups.
Genealogists use valid tools and statistical algorithms from testing companies and third parties to interpret test results and establish conclusions about relationships or their absence. They cautiously form conclusions about the absence of relationships. Genealogists do not use DNA evidence to suggest genetic relationships beyond theoretically possible levels.
In the end, the ability to perform skilled analysis and correlation of DNA evidence will depend upon the genealogist's depth of understanding of genetics...a skillset separate and unique from traditional genealogy.
One metaphor I've heard more than once is that you don't need to know how to build the car in order to drive it. The implication is that DNA testing and reporting companies provide us with tools that show us the information and all we need to do is apply it. If AncestryDNA says "possible range: 3rd – 4th cousins" or GEDmatch shows 3.8 generations to MRCA, we're golden. That's all we need to know.
Look again at that confidence spike on the Dunning-Kruger chart. No; that isn't all you need to know, not by a long shot.
Let's try a more genealogically—if over-long—metaphor. Let's say that you neither read nor speak French. You have discovered an image of a document written around the end of the 15th century you believe was penned by an ancestor. The handwriting is full of flourishes and flamboyance, and significant parts of some letters are abraded or faded and difficult to make out. Since you don't speak French, you certainly have no knowledge of ancien français or period or regional dialects like langues d'oïl in the north and langue d'oc in the south.
If anything, the analogy is not extreme enough. Genetics is complicated. Trust me.
Now, mind you, I'm not saying everyone wanting to explore their family history by utilizing a DNA test needs to go get an MS or PhD in molecular biology or genetics. Far from it. It isn't difficult to learn enough via all the available online resources to become basically proficient...most especially in understanding where your own knowledge might break down and when to seek assistance or advice. See that "It's starting to make sense" recovery curve on the Dunning-Kruger chart.
The problem in our industry now and in the past couple of years is that there has been a massive increase in the number of people taking direct-to-consumer DNA tests (see "New Data Show Dramatic Growth in Consumer DNA Testing," from August 9). This means literally millions of people who have little to no knowledge of how to accurately apply DNA testing to genealogy. Over 10 million test kits have been sold since January 2017, and though the vast majority who bought them cared about nothing but the ethnicity report, a percentage wanted to dig deeper and find DNA cousins.
The marketplace right now is very like the Wild West: any frontier barber can hang out a shingle proclaiming himself to also be a physician: a free shave with every bullet removal. There is no accreditation whatsoever required—or even available—for one to proclaim himself or herself to be a genetic genealogist...moreover, a professional genetic genealogist. The damage being done is not that many of the self-proclaimed genetic genealogists are at the "I know everything" spike on the Dunning-Kruger chart, but that they are actively representing themselves as experts, advising people improperly, and even teaching methods and procedures of applying DNA information to genealogy that are patently incorrect and unsubstantiated by any of the science as we currently know it. Out of ignorance, willful or otherwise, they are today's genealogical snake-oil salesmen.
Just as someone doesn't need a year of classes and training before taking a DNA test, genetic genealogists don't have to be among the real top 5% in their field. They don't need to be able to go into a genomics lab and start applying reagents for amplifying, fragmenting, and hybridizing samples. They don't need to ever have touched an Illumina iScan or HiScan system. They don't need to be able to walk up to a whiteboard and write the equations used by the Timber matching algorithm.
But they need to understand that Timber exists, what it does, and how the applied mathematics might affect reporting results at AncestryDNA. They need to understand what a centiMorgan is: not just read the output of a compiled report that says X.XXcM but understand what a centiMorgan actually means, what it represents, in general how the Kosambi linear equations arrive at the estimations, how the estimations differ from one genome map to the other, what the genome maps mean and represent and how they're developed and differ from one another. They don't need to be mathematicians but they need to understand why and generally how mathematical probabilities drive almost everything in genetic genealogy, from mutation rates to genotyping to imputation to calculating the aforementioned centiMorgans. They need to understand why and when Sanger sequencing is used; they need to understand what electrophoresis is; they need to understand how microarray chip and NextGen sequencing works; they need to have a firm understanding of the biological fundamentals of meiosis and mitosis, of chromosomes and karotypes and chromatids, of alleles and genes and inheritance, of the function and DNA structure of mitochondria, of the Y-chromosome and its unique characteristics and mutation rates, of the X-chromosome and its inheritance pattern and recombination volatility.
That, and much, much more. Not to engage in their own work, not any more than someone needs to be accredited a Certified Genealogist to work on family history. But to know enough to call themselves professional genetic genealogists, to presuppose that they can advise and educate others.
Unfortunately, I've encountered too many self-proclaimed genetic genealogists that wouldn't recognize runs of homozygosity if they T-boned their cars at stoplights. It isn't very difficult discovering the ones who truly are experts in the field. I have well over 20 blogs bookmarked, subscribe to journals like PLOS and G3, and have Google Alerts set to inform me daily of news and publications I might otherwise miss. All it takes is getting to the "I'm never going to understand this" stage and you can start separating the wheat from the chaff, recognizing the people and publications you know are expert, identifying from whom you can learn.
But for the potential millions who never get to that point—or worse, are provided erroneous educations that steer them completely off the correct, scientifically valid path—the best solution is a structured, standardized accreditation of genetic genealogists. An objective body like the BCG that will provide credentialing necessary to show that, yes, this individual has a thorough enough grasp of genetics and its application to genealogy that he or she can be understood to truly be a genetic genealogist.
The serious outweighed the comedic far more than I'd intended. A friend knows that I've been dealing with a situation in which some of those charged with defining and setting certain procedures ascribed to genetic genealogy are still languishing on the left-hand side of the Dunning-Kruger chart. This friend sent me links to a few YouTube videos. Nothing at all to do with genetics, but definitely germane to this topic.
From the, "But...it just doesn't work like that," department, short and well-produced videos from Constellations Creatives. Directed by Lauris Beinerts; stories by Lauris Beinerts and Orion Lee; based on characters by Alexey Berezin.
The site of Castlerigg Stone Circle near Threlkeld, England, is visually stunning. It sits on a flat surface atop a small hill with a 360-degree view that includes mounts Helvellyn, Skiddaw and Blencathra.


Just minutes from Downtown Claremore, the Magnuson affiliated Will Rogers Inn is near Will Rogers Downs and Casino, the Will Rogers Raceway, Expo Center, Belvidere Mansion, Rogers State University, Tulsa, museums, and antique malls.
Free internet access, cable TV with extra stations, electronic door locks, air conditioning, free local calls, coffee maker, hairdryer, alarm clock/radio, iron and board, microwave and mini fridge. Smoking rooms may also be available upon request.
Onsite Buckets Lounge provides a relaxing setting with excellent drinks and local favorites to enjoy for each guest.
Guests will enjoy our on-site fruit and pastry bar each morning, with free wireless internet, an outdoor pool, guests laundry, onsite restaurant, Eggberts, and relaxing at our onsite Buckets Lounge.


text:
Government Unions
Philip Howard's Not Accountable Focuses on Reform of Public Sector Unions
By: Sean Higgins
Of the 14.3 million people that the Department of Labor says are currently union members, almost half, 7.1 million, work in public sector jobs.
Issues and Insights
Customers, Not Regulators, Should Hold Southwest Accountable
Southwest Airlines' scheduling meltdown over the holiday weekend has prompted Capitol Hill lawmakers to propose hearings and federal regulators like Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg to promise a…
Illinois Ballot Measure to Allow Unions To "Keep Our Foot on the Gas"
Here's a riddle: Why would unions in Illinois promote a ballot measure to establish a right to collective bargaining when that state is…
Select a Date January 2023 December 2022 November 2022 October 2022 September 2022 August 2022 July 2022 June 2022 May 2022 April 2022 March 2022 February 2022 January 2022 December 2021 November 2021 October 2021 September 2021 August 2021 July 2021 June 2021 May 2021 April 2021 March 2021 February 2021 January 2021 December 2020 November 2020 October 2020 September 2020 August 2020 July 2020 June 2020 May 2020 April 2020 March 2020 February 2020 January 2020 December 2019 November 2019 October 2019 September 2019 August 2019 July 2019 June 2019 May 2019 April 2019 March 2019 February 2019 January 2019 December 2018 November 2018 October 2018 September 2018 August 2018 July 2018 June 2018 May 2018 April 2018 March 2018 February 2018 January 2018 December 2017 November 2017 October 2017 September 2017 August 2017 July 2017 June 2017 May 2017 April 2017 March 2017 February 2017 January 2017 December 2016 November 2016 October 2016 September 2016 August 2016 July 2016 June 2016 May 2016 April 2016 March 2016 February 2016 January 2016 December 2015 November 2015 October 2015 September 2015 August 2015 July 2015 June 2015 May 2015 April 2015 March 2015 February 2015 January 2015 December 2014 November 2014 October 2014 September 2014 August 2014 July 2014
Are Janus Violations a RICO Matter?
Ever since the Supreme Court's 2018 ruling in Janus v. AFSCME that public sector workers cannot be forced to financially support unions, labor groups…
Teacher Union Resistance to School Openings Keeping Moms out of Workforce
The closure of schools and the resistance by teachers' unions to reopening them is having the spillover effect of forcing more women out of the…
Biden to Focus on Public Sector Unions First?
All indications are that the Biden administration will be the most pro-labor one since at least Harry Truman's. Biden has promised to defer to labor…
New York's School Principals Try to Flunk the Mayor
The problem with public sector unions is that they represent not just the workers for a government entity but also the elected leaders' constituents. That…
School Closures to Offer a Lesson in Economics
The U.S. got some good news that the employment rate had fallen to 8.4 percent in July, but it is possible that that could jump back…
Headline: School Closures to Offer a Lesson in Economics
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Menlo Technologies provides professional development services for mobile and enterprise platforms, serving startups all the way through Global 500 clients. We have helped over 200 companies since 2010, allowing them to better compete by digitally transforming their businesses.
Our mature processes have been proven to be a differentiator with our clients. With over 150 employees globally, consisting of Project Managers, Developers, QA Engineers and Business Analysts, we have always been able to scale to meet the demands of our clients.
Menlo specializes in enterprise, web and mobile development projects (iOS, Android, Node.js, Java) with complex back-ends. Our partnerships with Microsoft (Azure), Amazon (AWS) and Dell Boomi allow us to implement hosted solutions specific to the needs of our clients.
Apple, LinkedIn, GitHub, Agilent, Sabre, GoPro, Target, Stanford University, Renesas, Equilar, The Jockey Club, Equibase, Soloshot, Andersen Tax, Ariba, Zynga, HP as well as many Startup firms and individuals.


Which Of Her Own Movies Did Jamie Lee Curtis Just Call "A Joke"?
Jamie Lee Curtis may have starred in "Halloween: Resurrection," but even she can't defend it.
toofab's Rachel Hoffman caught up with the classic scream queen at a press junket for her upcoming movie, "Spare Parts," where the actress finally revealed how she really felt about the end of her "Halloween" run.
Quick refresher: Curtis launched her movie career with the original "Halloween" in 1978. Twenty years after the original, the veteran actress played Laurie Strode once again in "Halloween H20" -- before being unceremoniously killed off in "Resurrection."
"'Halloween: Resurrection was a joke,'" she admitted when we asked about her horror legacy. "The only way I could do 'Halloween: H20' was to agree to come back in a next movie ... because of the way 'Halloween: H20' ends."
"I would never have been in that movie," she added, before saying that her character had to die in order to get closure.
"It needed to be one or the other [meaning Laurie or Michael Myers]. Until that menace is gone or you're gone, you're not free," she explained. "You can't live in that limbo. I just wanted to make sure, if we were going to end her story, that we ended it correctly."
While fans are used to seeing Curtis in comedies and thrillers, she adds an infectious energy to her character in the upcoming drama "Spare Parts," which follows four Hispanic students as they set their sights on a national robotics contest.
Curtis, who plays a high school principal, was instantly drawn to the role because of the inspiring true story.
"I read an article in Wired magazine and thought, 'This is the best story I've ever read. I can't believe this is real,'" she said. "I wanted to make sure there was a reason I was in the movie. I wanted to create a real character."
While she certainly thrives in this dramatic role, Curtis is set to make her triumphant return to horror in Ryan Murphy's upcoming Fox series, "Scream Queens."
Check out the clip above to hear who else has signed on!
13 Days of Horror: Five Freaky Facts About "The Exorcist"


I'm considering applying for a 5 year course in French, with a year spent in France.
I was wondering do the Student Finance company cover me for all 5 years, in regards to the Tuition Loan, Maintenance Loan and Maintenance Grant.
The year spent in France will be free from tuition and I'll receive a grant from ERASMUS, but will I still get a Maintenance Loan and Grant while I'm abroad?
what courses should i be looking at?
Yes they do- but you don't pay tuition fees during your Erasmus year if you spend the whole year abroad, afaik. So you receive maintenance loan/grant like usual during your ERASMUS year.
But that's an unusual course, 5 years of French, it's usually 4 at undergraduate. Unless you're considering a Scottish university perchance?
I am currently studying Biology with French, 5 year course with a year in France, just going into 2nd year... Shocking to say but I don't really know how the finances work for the year when we are abroad tbh... will you be going to a uni, or working? I will be working as at St Andrews if we go to a uni in france, we only do a 4 year degree, and all the grades we get in france are our 3rd year honour grades, and thus contributes to 50% of our degree, so I don't want to risk that, cos I know there's no way I'm going to be getting the grades I want studying Biology in french in france for the first couple of months at least... so yeh I'm going to be working... and I really don't know what difference this makes... I'll be finding out soon though, go back to uni at the end of this week, and we'll be having all sorts of information things for getting our yr abroad all organised etc, so when I find anything out, I'll let you know!
Is that for if you are working, or studying at a uni in france? AsI know if you're studying you get you're fees paid, and still get the loan and grant etc as normal, as you do when studying at home, as it's more like an exchange between the unis... but thing i'm wondering is do we get a loan for working?! Considering I have no idea what sort of pay we're meant to expect... I do know that if we stay in the EU we're entitled to a grant from the uni, so that's cool.
Thanks a lot! I guess I'll be finding out pretty soon anyway!
Thanks a lot forall your info!
I cannot make application couse Im Polish?


text:
Q: Why does git diff show solitary CRs when file's line endings are correct CRLFs? The problem is:
git diff shows solitary CRs but there are none in reality. Does this mean that committing the changes will cause trouble?
$ git diff
index bla bla
--- a/filename
+++ b/filename
@@ etc
text
text
text
new text^M
text
text
text

The interpretation I have of this output is that the new line ends with CR-CR-LF instead of properly ending with just CR-LF, but that is not the case.
Inspecting the files in various ways shows that the new text has a correct CR-LF pair just like the lines before and after do. For example, inspecting the file using hexdump shows correct CR-LF pairs throughout.
The "^M"s are showing on some but not all pending changes. When there is a "^M" it is appended to every 'new' line of the change. All the lines of all the files in this project end with CR-LF, it is only some of the recent changes that are incorrectly displayed by git diff. This is not a bogus git status issue; the only files appearing with unstaged changes in git status are legitimately changed.
All of git's newline-related config options are at their default settings. I will emphasize that even though it might be good to do in the future, I have not set core.autocrlf to true as is apparently advised for Windows. The previous 10 commits didn't have such problems and the config options have always been the same.
There are no .gitattributes files locally. There is no remote repo yet so there isn't no .gitattributes there either. This is confirmed by checking which attributes might be set on the file using git check-attributes, which outputs no attributes at all for files showing this problem. Again the previous 10 commits didn't have problems with "^M"s popping up for no reason in the diff.
I often check my "git diff" before committing in case I might prefer to do "git add -p" and separate some changes from others, or perhaps not commit that extra noisy log line I might have added temporarily. This is how I've noticed the troublesome git diff output at this time.
I may wish to push my code to GitHub and expose my code to criticism, so it would be nice if I could convince "git diff" that everything is fine, if everything in fact is fine.
The environment is Cygwin updated around 12/27/14, using the GIT that comes from Cygwin, and the filesystem is mounted as "binary" (which is a Cygwin thing preserves line endings).

A: Initial conditions:
Changes have been made to files. Files have CRLF line endings. "git diff" seems confused.
Step 1: generate a patch using "git difftool -x "/usr/bin/diff -u" -y > patchfile
Step 2: Add configs as follows (partial git config -l output)
core.autocrlf=false
core.eol=lf

Step 3: git checkout -- any_changed_file
-> At this point the only copy of the edits is in the patchfile from step 1
Step 4: Change all files to LF line endings and commit same.
Step 5: Change all line endings in the patch from step 1 to LF as well.
Step 6: Apply the patch from step 1
-> The patch index lines will look a little hairy but the patch utility won't get confused.
At this point the blobs in the repo and the changes to be applied are in the format that GIT likes. Now normal procedures can be followed to commit the changes. In my case, I had been lax in making separate commits for separate changes so I had to use git add -p and then commit for several rounds.
Follow up step: Make sure Eclipse/YourEditor is configured to create new files with LF line endings in the future. If it cannot be configured this way then get rid of the editor. One major, fairly popular IDE (NOT Notepad) had to be discarded because I discovered that it only did "native" line endings, which meant I could not use it to write bash scripts.
Tentatively, there are undocumented heuristics within GIT that interact with 3 or 4 GIT configuration settings to produce GIT's behavior and the easy, non-subtle case is when everything is geared towards LF line endings.

A: By default, Git assumes a line to be 0 or more characters, followed by a newline
(LF). When you use Carriage Return, Line Feed (CRLF) line endings, Git sees this
as a change to the file. So on a diff when you see
new text^M
text

What you are seeing is a representation of a CR (^M), followed by a literal LF.
If the LF was not there you would see this
new text^Mtext

The best way to fix these find of problems is to simply use LF line endings with
all of your files. All modern text editors (read: not Notepad) support this.
However if you cannot or will not do this, you can add this to your
~/.gitconfig
[core]
whitespace = cr-at-eol

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Despite the brutal cold in the US Midwest and East Coast this week, things and people still needed to get around. Which is why Northeast Illinois' Metra commercial rail system turned to a time-tested, low-tech solution: It soaked some rope in oil, laid it along its tracks, and lit the whole dang thing on fire. The technique allows workers to repair rail breaks caused by contracting steel. But Metra social media staff weren't going to let the welders have all the fun: It used the internet's fascination with fiery tracks as an excuse to request more funding from state lawmakers , please.
The number of miles Tesla and SpaceX CEO Elon Musk traveled in his private jet last year, according to an investigation by the Washington Post . 2018 may have been what Musk called his "most difficult and painful year" ever, but at least he flew in style?
Does Lyft's lawyered-up resistance to the new driver minimum wage in NYC mean the company is no longer the nice guy of ride-hail ?
Uber rolled out an in-app public transit routing integration in Denver , and promises riders will soon be able to pay for train tickets from within the app.
Sidewalk Labs urban data collection services might prove helpful to urban planners, but raise questions about personal privacy .
The all-electric Porsche Taycan will come with three years of free charging .
Meet the professional parking ticket fighters .


Two Way Radios are fantastic for businesses, security teams, event organisers, construction workers; the list of different industries and individuals that can benefit from using DMR communication solutions is endless. However, the benefits of Two Way Radio can only be seen true if the devices are being used properly and efficiently. It is very important that once devices are purchased, the people who use them are trained in order to get the most out of their devices potential.
At Zycomm we have put together five common mistakes that people usually make when using Two Way Radios which leads them to not fully experience the benefits of better, clearer communication. Learning the ways in which Two Way Radios are vitally important and can save a lot of money in the process.
Users can often speak too quietly into the radio; normally without realising they're doing so. This has, of course a huge impact on radio communication, it is always vital to be aware of your voice's volume, to speak clearly into the device. This will make sure that your co-workers on the other end will be able to understand and correctly interpret your information.
At Zycomm we have a huge range of different devices that suit very different environments and requirements, for example, some Two Way Radios are waterproof, some are explosion-proof and so on. It is really important that as a buyer you truly think about your own specific situation and why Two Way Radios are needed, giving us this precise information will help us get the best device for you and not one that won't suit your situation.
Users can sometimes speak too quickly when communicating by radio, which not only makes it extremely difficult to interpret but also to digest what they are saying. Stressful situations can cause panic and be the cause of quick speaking, but this more than likely will cause a communication breakdown. Try to say less and speak slowly instead of speaking at a pace that's hard to follow for your fellow workers.
If using a Two Way Radio and someone is in the middle of speaking, do not try and transmit / talk over them. Always ensure that the person speaking has finished first before responding, this will allow communication to be a lot clearer for all parties involved.
If you require any more information about Two Way Radios and how to correctly use them get in touch with us at Zycomm today so our fantastic team can advise you. Call on 01773 570 123 or speak to a team member on our Live Chat service.


What's the usual rental length in Terrace?
Travel lengths vary from month to month: in June, travelers rent a car for an average of 6 days in May, the average rental period is 4 days.
What's the most popular month to rent a car in Terrace?
While travelers visit Terrace year-round, the most popular month for renting a car is July, and the least popular is February.


Hope currently has 83 international students from 38 countries on five continents. In addition, the college also hosts students from unversities in Japan and the United Kingdom for short-term programs.
A pre-orientation adventure trip conducted through Hope's international education office, called Explore Michigan, helps the international students adjust to their new "home".


The LEGO Star Wars Collectible Display Set 3 is an exclusive San Diego Comic-Con International Star Wars set released for one day during the convention in 2009. It includes three minifigures: Han Solo (Stormtrooper Disguise and with blaster), Chewbacca with stuncuffs and Luke Skywalker (Stormtrooper disguise and with blaster). This was the display set for the convention on Saturday (July 25, 2009).
Facts about "LEGO Star Wars Collectible Display Set 3"


text:
package adapter;

import android.content.Context;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.Gravity;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.ImageView;
import android.widget.LinearLayout;
import android.widget.TextView;

import com.hustunique.myapplication.R;

import java.io.File;
import java.util.List;

import data.Chapter;

import com.daimajia.swipe.SwipeLayout;
import com.squareup.picasso.Picasso;

/**
 * Created by taozhiheng on 15-7-5.
 * ReadingFragment chapters data adapter
 */
public class ReadingAdapter extends RecyclerView.Adapter<ReadingAdapter.MyViewHolder> {

    private List<Chapter> mList;

    private MyOnItemFunctionListener mOnItemFunctionListener;

    private Context mContext;

    public ReadingAdapter(Context context, List<Chapter> list)
    {
        this.mContext = context;
        this.mList = list;
    }

    @Override
    public int getItemViewType(int position) {
        if(position == mList.size())
            return 1;
        return super.getItemViewType(position);
    }

    @Override
    public MyViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(ViewGroup parent, int viewType) {
        if(viewType == 1)
        {
            TextView textView = new TextView(parent.getContext());
            textView.setText("已经没有要读的章节了");
            textView.setTextSize(13);
            textView.setPadding(0, 20, 0, 20);
            textView.setGravity(Gravity.CENTER);
            textView.setTextColor(parent.getContext().getResources().getColor(R.color.search_hint));
            textView.setLayoutParams(new LinearLayout.LayoutParams(ViewGroup.LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT, ViewGroup.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT));
            return new MyViewHolder(textView);
        }
        View view = LayoutInflater.from(parent.getContext()).inflate(R.layout.reading_item, parent, false);
        return new MyViewHolder(view,
                R.id.reading_item_finish, R.id.reading_item_icon, R.id.reading_item_icon_text,
                R.id.reading_item_content, R.id.reading_item_book_name,
                R.id.reading_item_delete, R.id.reading_item_top);
    }

    @Override
    public void onBindViewHolder(ReadingAdapter.MyViewHolder holder, int position) {
        if(position == mList.size()) {

            Log.d("reading", "pos:"+position);
            return;
        }
        SwipeLayout sample1 = (SwipeLayout) holder.itemView;
        sample1.addDrag(SwipeLayout.DragEdge.Left, sample1.findViewById(R.id.bottom_wrapper));
        sample1.addDrag(SwipeLayout.DragEdge.Right, sample1.findViewById(R.id.bottom_wrapper_2));

        holder.mFinish.setTag(new Info(holder.itemView, position, 0));
        holder.mTop.setTag(new Info(holder.itemView, position, 1));
        holder.mDelete.setTag(new Info(holder.itemView, position, 2));
        holder.mFinish.setOnClickListener(mOnClickListener);
        holder.mTop.setOnClickListener(mOnClickListener);
        holder.mDelete.setOnClickListener(mOnClickListener);
        Chapter chapter = mList.get(position);
        String url = chapter.getUrl();
        if(url != null && !url.equals("null")) {
            File file = new File(url);
            if(file.exists()) {
                holder.mIconText.setVisibility(View.GONE);
                Log.d("reading", "load file:"+url);
                Picasso.with(mContext).load(file).into(holder.mIcon);
            }
            else if(url.startsWith("http")) {
                holder.mIconText.setVisibility(View.GONE);
                Log.d("reading", "load from internet:"+url);
                Picasso.with(mContext).load(Uri.parse(url)).placeholder(R.drawable.book_cover).into(holder.mIcon);
            }
            else
            {
                Log.d("reading", "load default");
                Picasso.with(mContext).load(R.drawable.book_cover).into(holder.mIcon);
                holder.mIconText.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
                String name = chapter.getBookName();
                if(name != null && name.length() > 2)
                    name = name.substring(0, 2);
                holder.mIconText.setText(name);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            Log.d("reading", "load default");
            Picasso.with(mContext).load(R.drawable.book_cover).into(holder.mIcon);
            holder.mIconText.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
            String name = chapter.getBookName();
            if(name != null && name.length() > 2)
                name = name.substring(0, 2);
            holder.mIconText.setText(name);
        }
        holder.mChapter.setText(chapter.getName());
        holder.mBook.setText(chapter.getBookName());
    }

    @Override
    public int getItemCount() {
        if(mList.size() == 0)
            return 1;
        return mList.size();
    }

    private View.OnClickListener mOnClickListener = new View.OnClickListener() {
        @Override
        public void onClick(View v) {
            if(mOnItemFunctionListener != null)
            {
                Info info = (Info) v.getTag();
                int position = info.parentId;
                mOnItemFunctionListener.onItemFunction(info.parent, mList.get(position), position, info.id);
            }
        }
    };

    class Info
    {
        View parent;
        int parentId;
        int id;

        public Info(View parent, int parentId, int id)
        {
            this.parent = parent;
            this.parentId = parentId;
            this.id = id;
        }
    }

    static class MyViewHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder
    {
        private ImageView mFinish;
        private ImageView mIcon;
        private TextView mIconText;
        private TextView mChapter;
        private TextView mBook;
        private ImageView mDelete;
        private ImageView mTop;

        public MyViewHolder(View view)
        {
            super(view);
        }

        public MyViewHolder(View view, int finishRes, int iconRes, int iconTextRes, int contentRes, int bookRes, int delRes, int topRes)
        {
            super(view);
            this.mFinish = (ImageView) view.findViewById(finishRes);
            this.mIcon = (ImageView) view.findViewById(iconRes);
            this.mIconText = (TextView) view.findViewById(iconTextRes);
            this.mChapter = (TextView) view.findViewById(contentRes);
            this.mBook = (TextView) view.findViewById(bookRes);
            this.mDelete = (ImageView) view.findViewById(delRes);
            this.mTop = (ImageView) view.findViewById(topRes);
        }
    }

    public void setOnItemFunctionListener(MyOnItemFunctionListener listener)
    {
        this.mOnItemFunctionListener = listener;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Suite Eight (Gia) in Palazzo Margherita. Image courtesy of Coppola Family Retreats.
Suite Four (Sofia) in Palazzo Margherita. Image courtesy of Condé Nast Traveller.
I have not visited Bernalda yet but I am ready to book my stay right away. This detail is from Suite Seven (Roman). Image courtesy of Coppola Family Retreats.
Palazzo Margherita
"There's a certain parallel between directing a film and creating a hotel. I think that's why my father is so good at making hotels: he knows that they have a story and how to create an atmosphere; he has that director's eye for detail.
Palazzo Margherita is an old noble family's house built in 1892, in the very south of Italy.
It sits on a square in the town of Bernalda, a little Eden behind these huge wooden doors. My great-grandfather moved from the town to New York over a century ago, and it still feels like Italy from another era, with grandmas' laundry hanging from balconies and old men sitting on the sidewalk all day.
Slip off the street, through the gates and into the gardens, and Palazzo Margherita is its own magical world. I could sit in the courtyard all day or by the pool with a book, where the wonderful staff bring platters of fresh fruit – plums, apricots – on crushed ice.
In the summer, when it gets really hot, I wander into the kitchen and feast on incredible pasta or a salad of fresh tuna, handfuls of rocket and fine red onions, served on a beautiful, hand-painted blue-and-white dishes that my mother chose from a nearby town.
Then I pull up a seat at the Cinecittà Bar, named after the legendary Italian movie studio, and drink iced coffee while the jukebox plays old tunes, or wander into town for gelato at Gelateria Novecento.
I love to stay in Suite Four, my room, all pretty pinks and grey, with a balcony overlooking the courtyard and a clawfoot tub in the bathroom.
Every room in the palazzo has its own personality. The architect, Jacques Grange, restored a lot of original details: beautiful murals, intricate tiling and frescoes on the ceilings. And upstairs, there's a big salon with a movie screen where my father has put the whole Martin Scorsese collection of the history of Italian cinema.
I remember one time watching a comedy called 'Sedotta e Abbandonata' (Seduced and Abandoned) from 1964. There's something very romantic about seeing these old Italian films, in this old Italian house – it makes you feel like you've stepped into another life."
Sofia Coppola writes about her family's luxury retreat Palazzo Margherita in the new book Chic Stays by Assouline in collaboration with Condé Nast Traveller.
The book consists of thirty-five personal tales of the loveliest spots around the globe. CN Traveller's favourite people tell about their favourite places.
Kate Moss loves the privacy and wildlife of the Maldives, Florence Welch likes to party in Chateau Marmont, and for Bill Nighy The Carlyle is the only place to stay in New York. Available October 27, 2016.
75012 Bernalda, MT
Basilicata – Italy
Tags: Bernalda, Florence Welch, Gia Coppola, interior design, Jacques Grange, Kate Moss, Roman Coppola, Sofia Coppola


Verizon Curve worth the switch?
Deleted SMS messages by accident!
Are any of you concerned with this?
can you actually have real GPS (not just map) on a BB?
Treo 750v or BB 8300 Curve??
8703e for Sprint on eBay!!!


text:
Thomas Brodie Sangster in Orbit Ever After, photo by Angus Young
Orbit Ever After
Nigel has fallen in love. But when you live in orbit, aboard a ramshackle space hovel with the most risk-averse family imaginable, it isn't easy to follow your heart – especially when the girl of your dreams is spinning around earth the wrong way!
Writer/Director: Jamie Stone
Producers: Chee-Lan Chan and Len Rowles
Cast: Thomas Brodie-Sangster, Mackenzie Crook, Bronagh Gallagher, Bob Goody
Genre: Sci-fi / Romance / Comedy
Running Time: 20 min
Orbit Ever After has been extremely well received at film festivals around the world, where it has won a number of awards as an audience favourite. The film was also received a BAFTA 2014 nomination in the Best Short Film category. Please see below for the full list of festival submissions and awards.
Listen to writer/director Jamie Stone discuss Orbit Ever After on BBC Radio 4 here.
Watch the teaser trailer below.
Jamie Stone, Chee-Lan Chan, Len Rowles
Jamie Stone – Writer/Director
Jamie Stone is a 2012 Screen 'Star of Tomorrow'. Hailing from Scotland, his multi award-winning work encompasses documentaries, animation and live-action drama. Originally trained in fine art , Jamie went on to study Film at the Edinburgh College of Art, graduating with a host of short films which went on to garner a Scottish BAFTA (plus four nominations), an RTS award and The McLaren Prize at the Edinburgh International Film Festival.
After graduating, Jamie branched out into directing documentaries, taking him to Kenya, Zambia, New York and Bangladesh; working for BBC Scotland and Channel 4.
In 2012, Jamie completed a masters at the National Film and Television School where he made several imaginative shorts. His graduation film, Skyborn, was nominated for the 2012 student Oscar.
vimeo.com/user3150081
Chee-Lan Chan – Producer
Having worked at companies such as HanWay Films and Capitol Films, Chee-Lan then spent three and a half years as Head of Development at one of the UK's most prolific production companies, Vertigo Films. Running their busy slate, she developed films such as StreetDance, Horrid Henry: The Movie, and sci-fi road movie Monsters. Recent releases include Guinea Pigs which premiered at the EIFF, The Sweeney, a feature adaptation of the classic TV series starring Ray Winstone, Plan B, Hayley Atwell, and What If which was screened as part of the Cultural Olympiad festival. She is currently freelancing for Big Talk where she is part of the development team.
Len Rowles – Producer
With a background in production, film journalism, PR and Assistant Directing, Len graduated from the NFTS Producing MA in March 2012. Skyborn her graduation film (written and directed by Jamie Stone) was nominated for a Student Oscar (2012) and Best British Short at the BIFA's (2012). Among other projects Len produced the school's first 3D film, and an intricate rotoscope animation Bird World directed by Alastair McColl that has been screened internationally this year.
Len is in development with writer/director Jamie Stone on Skyborn the feature and an adaptation of a popular American graphic novel. She is producing her first feature, London Syndrome, directed by Afarin Eghbal with Revolver/NFTS which is due in cinemas in 2013.
Festivals and Awards:
BAFTA 2014 nomination in the British Short Film category
Winner of the SAE Qantm Award for Best Use of Digital Technology in a Short Film at Flickerfest 2014
Glasgow International Film Festival 2014
Audience Award winner at British Short Film Festival in Berlin 2014
Prague Short Film Festival 2014
London Short Film Festival 2014
Audience Award winner at Les Utopiales 2013
European Film Academy 2013 nomination
Winner of the Brief Encounters Grand Prix Award at Encounters Short Film and Animation Festival 2013
REGARD International Short Film Festival 2014
ORBIT EVER AFTER: SCREENING + PANEL DISCUSSION
BFI SHORTS 2012
Field Study
The Portrait


The attack lasted approximately 20 minutes before a cab driver intervened. The assault was caught on CCTV and proved "the sustained and persistent nature of the defendant's conduct", according to the prosecution, as cited by The Telegraph. The prosecutor also pointed out that because Osman arrived undocumented it was unclear if he had any convictions outside the UK.
However, his lawyer, Jamie Adams, attempted to explain that Osman's attack was "clumsy drunken persistence" rather than a sign of violent behaviour.
"I accept you are now very sorry for what you did and you are a naive uneducated gentleman. Nevertheless, you knew what you were doing was wrong and you must be punished", he told the offender.


Government can seem confusing, but really, it comes down to this: we serve you.
Much of our service is in keeping people safe. That's why we have a Police Department, a Fire Department, and a Community Safety Division, which focuses on building healthier, safer neighborhoods.
Much of our service is in keeping things working. That's why we have a Public Works Department, which looks after our roads, water system, and other infrastructure.
And much of our service is in helping things grow, whether it's neighborhoods, through our Community Development Department, the economy through our Economic Development Department, or our people, through our Library and Community Services Department.
Fire Prevention Week is observed each year during the week of October 9th in commemoration of the Great Chicago Fire. The fire began on October 8, 1871, and killed more than 250 people, left 100,000 homeless, and destroyed more than 17,400 structures.


text:
Burt Reynolds Kept His Estate Planning Private With a Trust
Actor Burt Reynolds was raised in Riviera Beach, Florida, the son of a police chief. After an injury sidelined him from playing football at Florida State, he pursued acting. His career took off in the 1970s and he went on to star in over 200 movies, winning an Oscar for "Boogie Nights." When Cosmopolitan editor Helen Gurley Brown asked the charismatic hunk to pose nude for the magazine's centerfold, he agreed immediately. For that iconic 1972 photo, he put it all out there – well, almost – lounging on a bearskin rug. He wasn't shy!
But privacy was important to the actor, at least as far as his estate plan goes. And his estate plan was constructed for privacy.
He died on September 6 following cardiac arrest at his Jupiter home. His will, signed in 2011, was filed in Florida probate court. It indicates all the actor's assets are in a trust for the benefit of his son Quinton, age 30. Unlike a will, a trust is a private document, which is among the many reasons for its popularity as an estate planning tool. The will states: "I intentionally omit him from this, my Last Will and Testament, as I have provided for him during my lifetime in my Declaration of Trust."
The 82-year-old actor's net worth is rumored to be around $5 million, which doesn't sound like a great deal for someone whose celebrity spanned so many decades. Reynolds had a very public history of money woes. His investment in a restaurant chain put him millions of dollars in debt. At one point he bought a private helicopter and jet and had two pilots on standby at all times. He declared bankruptcy at least once. In a 2015 Vanity Fair interview, he said: I've done well in terms of owning property and things like that. But I haven't been somebody who's been smart about his money."
Since the current federal estate tax exemption is $11.2 million, it is unlikely his estate will be affected by federal estate taxes. Florida has no estate tax.
Reynolds' will names his niece, Nancy Lee Brown, as personal representative, and his great nephew Brian Ritchey Brown and great niece Tracy Erin Rogers as back-ups.


text:
Q: How does admin. messaging. AndroidNotification need to be configured for localization? In the firebase documentation I found that admin. messaging. AndroidNotification has properties to provide localization to your notifications. Or at least that is what I understand from it.
https://firebase.google.com/docs/reference/admin/node/admin.messaging.AndroidNotification
In the docs they have bodyLocArgs and bodyLocKey to localize the body and titleLocArgs and titleLocKey. How do these need to be configured in order to localize my notification?
So let's say my client (the android device) is using en_US as his current language. Is my clients locale used to localize the notification?
This is what my current message
const translator = deviceData.language !== 'nl' ? languages.en : languages.nl;
const title = `${translator['messageTitle' as keyof typeof translator]} ${group.displayName}`;
const body =  `${sender.displayName} ${translator[type as keyof typeof translator]}`;

const systemTrayNotification: TokenMessage = {
    token: deviceData.cloudMessagingToken,
    notification: {
        title: title,
        body: body,
    },
    data: {
        title: title,
        body: body,
        senderId: sender.id,
        senderDisplayName: sender.displayName,
        groupId: group.id,
        type: 'groupMessage',
        messageType: type,
        sentAt: new Date().toISOString(),
    },
    android: {
        priority: 'high',
        notification: {
            priority: 'max',
            channelId: '59054',
            clickAction: 'FLUTTER_NOTIFICATION_CLICK',
            tag: 'groupMessage',
            defaultSound: true,
            defaultVibrateTimings: true,
            bodyLocArgs: //what do I do here?,
            bodyLocKey: //what do I do here?
            titleLocArgs: //what do I do here?,
            titleLocKey: //what do I do here?
        }
    },
    apns: {
        payload: {
            aps: {
                category: 'groupMessage',
                headers:{
                    "apns-priority":"10"
                },
                alert: {
                    title: title,
                    body: body,
                },
                aps: {
                    sound: 'default',
                },
                customData: {
                    title: title,
                    body: body,
                    senderId: sender.id,
                    senderDisplayName: sender.displayName,
                    groupId: group.id,
                    type: 'groupMessage',
                    messageType: type,
                    sentAt: new Date().toISOString(),
                }
            }
        },
    }
}

A: Use like this.
body: jsonEncode({
          'notification': <String, dynamic>{
            'title_loc_key': 'BOOKING_RECEIVED_PUSH_SUBTITLE',
            'title_loc_args': [booking.shopName],
            'body_loc_key': 'BOOKING_RECEIVED_PUSH_BODY',
            'body_loc_args': [
              customerName,
              '',
              bookingStart
            ], //, bookingDate, bookingStart]),
            'sound': 'true',
            'mutable_content': 'true',
            'content_available': 'true'
},
          'priority': 'high',
          'data': <String, dynamic>{
            'click_action': 'FLUTTER_NOTIFICATION_CLICK',
            'id': '1',
            'status': 'done'
          },
          'to': customerFCMToken
        })).whenComplete(() {
      print('sendBookingReceived(): message sent');
    }).catchError((e) {
      print('sendBookingReceived() error: $e');
    });

try this and let me know if it is working or not.


It gives me great joy to welcome you to Fenwick High School, a Catholic college preparatory high school rooted in the Dominican pillars of prayer, study, community and preaching.
We are sponsored by the Dominican Friars (Order of Preachers) from the Province of St. Albert the Great. Our inspiration comes from the preaching of Saint Dominic, the teaching of Saint Thomas Aquinas, the leadership of Saint Catherine of Siena, the collaborative service of Saint Martin de Porres and Saint Rose of Lima, and the artistry of Blessed Fra Angelico. Since Fenwick's founding in 1929, we have equipped young people with the tools necessary for successful, meaningful and faith-filled lives. In this, we continue to rely on a dedicated and highly credentialed faculty—men and women, lay and religious—who are committed to forming the next generation of society's leaders.
Enable me to teach with wisdom for I help to shape the mind.
Equip me to teach with truth for I help to shape the conscience.
Encourage me to teach with vision for I help to shape the future.
Empower me to teach with love for I help to shape the world.
Wisdom, truth, vision, and love: as more and more people receive these gifts, our world will be transformed for the good of all.
Please consider coming to our campus for a visit. I'd love to meet you and to have you experience our great facility and the wonderful men and women who make up today's Fenwick family.


text:
Ko, Kim, Jung, Kim, Chae, Kim, Kim, and Kwon: Hypotonic hyponatremia by primary polydipsia caused brain death in a 10-year-old boy
Hypotonic hyponatremia by primary polydipsia caused brain death in a 10-year-old boy
A Ra Ko, MD1, Soo Jung Kim, MD1, Mo Kyung Jung, MD1, Ki Eun Kim, MD1, Hyun Wook Chae, MD1, Duk Hee Kim, MD, PhD2, Ho-Seong Kim, MD, PhD1, Ah Reum Kwon, MD1
1Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Institute of Endocrinology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
2Sowha Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
Address for correspondence: Ah Reum Kwon, MD. Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Institute of Endocrinology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea.
Tel: +82-2-2228-8203, Fax: +82-2-393-9118, armea@yuhs.ac
Received July 01, 2015 Revised August 09, 2015 Accepted August 14, 2015
Hypotonic hyponatremia by primary polydipsia can cause severe neurologic complications due to cerebral edema. A 10-year-and-4-month-old boy with a psychiatric history of intellectual disability and behavioral disorders who presented with chief complaints of seizure and mental change showed severe hypotonic hyponatremia with low urine osmolality (serum sodium, 101 mmol/L; serum osmolality, 215 mOsm/kg; urine osmolality, 108 mOsm/kg). The patient had been polydipsic for a few months prior, and this had been worse in the previous few days. A diagnosis of hypotonic hyponatremia caused by primary polydipsia was made. The patient was in a coma, and developed respiratory arrest and became brain death shortly after admission, despite the treatment. The initial brain magnetic resonance imaging showed severe brain swelling with tonsillar and uncal herniation, and the patient was declared as brain death. It has been reported that antidiuretic hormone suppression is inadequate in patients with chronic polydipsia, and that this inadequate suppression of antidiuretic hormone is aggravated in patients with acute psychosis. Therefore, hyponatremia by primary polydipsia, although it is rare, can cause serious and life-threatening neurologic complications.
Keywords: Hyponatremia, Psychogenic polydipsia, Water intoxication
Hyponatremia is defined as a serum sodium level of less than 135 mmol/L, and is considered severe when the level is below 125 mmol/L. Hypotonic or dilutional hyponatremia, the most common form of hyponatremia, is caused when water intake exceeds the water excretion capacity1). Hypotonicity in hypotonic hyponatremia can cause cerebral edema, a potentially life-threatening complication of hyponatremia1). Fortunately, it has been demonstrated that the brain is relatively resistant to osmotic swelling, via defense mechanisms: first, fluid shift from the interstitial space of the brain into cerebrospinal fluid, and second, loss of cell solutes, primarily potassium, from the brain2). Through these defense mechanisms, if hyponatremia develops subacutely or chronically, acute neurologic symptoms of hyponatremia, which are mostly consequences of cerebral edema, do not occur2). Therefore, most patients with acute symptomatic hyponatremia are either hospitalized patients with postoperative hyponatremia, patients with water intoxication due to psychogenic polydipsia, or patients to whom thiazide diuretics have recently been prescribed, all of which can abruptly disrupt the patient's homeostasis2). Here we report a case of psychogenic polydipsia that caused severe hypotonic hyponatremia, which in turn resulted in severe brain swelling that eventually led the patient to brain death.
A 10-year-and-4-month-old boy (height 150 cm, 75-95 percentile, weight 67 kg, >97 percentile) was admitted to the intensive care unit via the emergency center with a chief complaint of mental change after one episode of generalized tonic-clonic seizure.
Prior medical history revealed that the patient had had one suspicious episode of seizure 6 years before, and had received an evaluation including blood tests, brain computed tomography (CT) scanning and electroencephalogram (EEG). All of the results were normal except for a subtle abnormality in the EEG, which was considered clinically insignificant. He had shown no more suspicious seizure events since that time without medication. He has been diagnosed with intellectual disability (intelligence quotient score of 44) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a local psychiatric clinic. Medications included methylphenidate, atomoxetine, aripiprazole, fluvoxamine, benztropine, and topiramate on a daily basis. There was not any notable family history.
The physical examination revealed that the patient was in a comatose state, not responding to any noxious stimuli. Pupils were fixed and equal with a diameter of 5 mm each. Lung sounds were decreased on auscultation and the heart examination was normal. The abdomen was soft and not distended, and hypoactive bowel sounds were present. Rectal examination revealed hypotonic sphincter tone. Admission vital signs were as follows: pulse of 75 beats per minute, abnormally high blood pressure of 167/118 mmHg, respirations of 22 per minute, and temperature of 36.2℃.
Initial chest x-ray and chest CT scan showed findings compatible with pulmonary edema, and brain CT scan revealed severe brain swelling. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed severe brain swelling with tonsillar and uncal herniation (Fig. 1).
Although the laboratory findings 3 months prior to admission, performed when he visited our emergency center due to cervical lymphadenopathy, showed no abnormal findings, on the admission day, severe hypo-osmolar hyponatremia (serum Na, 101 mmol/L [basal reference values {BRV}, 135-145 mmol/L]; serum osmolality, 215 mOsm/kg [BRV, 289-308 mOsm/kg]) was found on the initial laboratory examination, along with low urine osmolality and low spot urinary sodium concentration (urine osmolality, 108 mOsm/kg [BRV, 50-1,200 mOsm/kg]; urine Na, 19 mmol/L). Serum glucose, total protein, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine levels were all within normal range. The plasma adrenocorticotropin level was slightly low (5.54 pg/mL [BRV, 7.2-63.3 pg/mL]), while the serum cortisol level was in the normal range (12.5 µg/dL [BRV, 6.7-22.6 µg/dL]). Thyroid hormones were in the normal range (T3, 0.67 ng/mL [BRV, 0.58-1.59 ng/mL]; free T4, 0.97 ng/dL [BRV, 0.7-1.48 ng/dL]; thyroid-stimulating hormone, 2.97 µIU/mL [BRV, 0.35-4.94 µIU/mL]). The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) level was mildly elevated (13.34 pg/mL [BRV, 0-6.7 pg/mL]).
Shortly after admission, the patient experienced respiratory arrest. Endotracheal intubation was immediately done, and the patient was put on mechanical ventilation. After intubation, his blood pressure fell to 64/39 mmHg, and intravenous inotropics were administered. During the first 3 hours after admission, the patient showed polyuria with urination of 700 mL in 3 hours. After 3 hours, however, oliguria developed with sudden decrease in urination to 30 mL/hr even though diuretics were administered. The patient was put on continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) using continuous veno-venous hemodialysis.
After acute management, further past history was taken from the patient's mother, and it was revealed that for several months prior to admission, he had suffered from worsening of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, which led to him dropping out of school in the prior month. He also had difficulty controlling impulsive eating, and ate one type of food in excessive amounts for a period time. For example, he ate a lot of toothpaste for a while, and there was also a period of time when he ate a lot of soap. Since around 2 to 3 months prior to the event, his mother noticed that the patient drank excessive amounts of water, even drinking water directly from the shower tap, but she had not yet reported this change to the psychiatrist. The polydipsia had become worse in the previous few days, resulting in water regurgitation from his stomach when he lay down, as well as frequent bed-wetting.
Together with the patient's history and laboratory results, we concluded that the patient was in hypotonic hyponatremia due to psychogenic polydipsia.
For the treatment of brain edema, intravenous mannitol was administered. For hyponatremia, increment of serum sodium concentration was done by administration of hypertonic saline solution and intravenous furosemide, and fluid restriction. Using 3% sodium chloride fluid and normal saline solution together, 5.5 mEq/kg of sodium was first administered, and the sodium concentration of the fluid and fluid balance target were continuously adjusted according to the patient's serum electrolytes that were measured every 2 to 4 hours. The patient's serum sodium level had increased from 101 to 108 mmol/L by 8 hours after admission, and the subsequent serum sodium concentration were 110 mmol/L at 24 hours after admission, 117 mmol/L at 48 hours after admission, 127 mmol/L at 72 hours after admission, and reached the normal range at 96 hours after admission at 139 mmol/L (Table 1).
On the third day of his admission, a sudden increase in urine output (>350 mL/hr) occurred, with an increase in serum osmolality (291 mOsm/kg) and a decrease in urine osmolality (67 mOsm/kg). With the impression of central diabetes insipidus (DI), desmopressin acetate (Minirin, Ferring pharmaceuticals, Saint-Prex, Switzerland) was subsequently started, and CRRT was discontinued. The patient remained on desmopressin acetate after that, and his electrolytes were kept stable.
An EEG was performed on the fourth day of admission, and showed extremely low voltage and featureless background rhythms. The patient did not show self-respiration during an apnea test. On the 20th day of admission, after thorough neurological examinations together with the results of the EEG and brain MRI, the patient was declared to be in a state of brain death by a panel of neurologists.
Hypotonic hyponatremia most commonly occurs in patients with impairment of renal water excretion, but, in a minority of cases, it is caused by excessive water intake, with normal or nearly normal renal excretory capacity1). Such cases include primary polydipsia, use of diluted infant formula, use of sodium-free irrigants or solutions, and multiple tap-water enemas1).
Primary polydipsia, also called psychogenic polydipsia, hysterical polydipsia, compulsive polydipsia, dipsomania, and potomania, appears most commonly in chronically mentally ill populations, and an epidemiological surveys has shown that more than 20% of chronic psychiatric inpatients were polydipsic3). Primary polydipsia most commonly occurs in schizophrenic patients, but other disorders including pseudomania, delusional depression, bipolar disorder, chronic alcoholism, self-induced vomiting, mental retardation, autism, severe personality/behavioral disorder, and dementia are also associated4). In our case, the patient was diagnosed of mental retardation and ADHD and these disorders can be the causes of polydipsia. However, the reason for recent worsening of his behavioral symptoms could not be investigated further, as the patient presented in comatose state and progressed to brain death.
The underlying causes of primary polydipsia are still under investigation, and it is speculated that multiple mechanisms contribute to cause polydipsia. One theory is that polydipsic patients have increased drive for fluids in a sense of addiction, as the affinity of opioid agonists to their receptors are increased up to 50 times in hyponatremic environment5,6). Other theories include hyperactivity of hypothalamic thirst regulation centers, and hippocampal dysregulation for repetitive behavior of consuming fluids7,8).
Antipsychotics have also been speculated as the cause for the onset or worsening of polydipsia. However, antipsychotics solely cannot explain polydipsia, as there have been cases of patients with polydipsia who had not been taking medication9). In our case, psychiatrists reviewed the patient's history under consultation, and gave the opinion that the probability of his medications being the cause of polydipsia was low, as he had been taking the medications without any change for a long time and did not complain dry mouth.
Polydipsia-hyponatremia syndrome, the condition in which polydipsia results in hyponatremia, occurs in 5% to 10% of patients with primary polydipsia4). It can be caused by combination of several factors. One contributing factor is the severity of polydipsia, which result in consumption of fluids overwhelming the capacity of nephrourinary system3). Presence of syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH (SIADH) or osmotic dysregulation in polydipsic patients has also been reported as a contributing factor10). In these patients, free water clearance was lower and urine osmolality values were higher than in controls after water loading10). In addition, plasma ADH levels in patients with polydipsia were higher than those in controls for concurrent levels of plasma osmolality and serum sodium, and the osmotic threshold for ADH secretion was also reduced in patients with polydipsia4,10). In other words, ADH in patients with polydipsia began to be suppressed at lower levels of plasma osmolality and serum sodium than in controls. One hypothesis for the presence of SIADH in polydipsic patients is that chronically increased intravascular volume in these patients resulted in the resetting of the osmostat. This reduced osmotic threshold for ADH, in turn can lead to inadequate ADH suppression causing decrease in free water excretion4). Besides, Goldman et al.10), suggested that the renal sensitivity to ADH is increased in polydipsic patients. Either way, polydipsia combined with inadequately high ADH levels or efficacies can cause severe hypotonic hyponatremia in polydipsic patients. In our case, the patient drank excessive amount of fluids that could have overcome the renal excretory capacity. In addition, the initial plasma ADH level of the patient was 13.34 pg/mL, which was relatively high considering his condition of severe hypo-osmolar hyponatremia. The patient in our case had been polydipsic for several months, and it is possible that his ADH secretion had been affected. Central DI was also present in our case during the clinical course on the 3rd day of admission. The reason for this is brain death due to hypotonicity that led to brain herniation. Brain death is one of the most common causes of DI in children due to absence of cerebral circulation causing inability of ADH production11). The carotid Doppler sonography of our patient showed absence of significant blood flow in bilateral internal carotid arteries.
Emsley et al.12) also conducted water-loading test in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and in healthy controls. In addition to diminished urine output and higher minimum urine osmolalities in psychotic patients, they also noted that patients who had been acutely psychotic for less than 6 months showed the most severe antidiuretic state and had the highest plasma ADH levels12). Further impaired urinary dilution and urine excretion in acute psychosis, therefore, is probably the reason for water intoxication in primary polydipsia. In our case, too, the patient had shown worsening of behavioral disorders including inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. This could also have attributed to aggravation of hyponatremia.
Despite its potential threat, polydipsia in chronically psychotic patients is often undetected until neurologic symptoms develop, as in our case, because such histories are difficult to obtain from patients. Therefore, careful observation by caregiver is important. Clues for development of polydipsia are preoccupation with drinking, nocturnal bed wetting, urinary incontinence, and worsening of psychosis in the afternoon and early evening4). Once the polydipsia is detected, interventions such as fluid restriction according to diurnal and morning to afternoon weight changes, behavioral interventions using biofeedback approach, and pharmacological interventions can be preceded to modulate polydipsia and prevent symptomatic hyponatremia4,13).
In conclusion, though it is rare, psychogenic polydipsia can cause severe hyponatremia leading to fatal neurologic consequences. In this case, the consequences were severe cerebral edema and brain herniation causing seizure, DI, and eventually, brain death.
1. Adrogue HJ, Madias NE. Hyponatremia. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1581–1589. PMID: 10824078.
2. Berl T. Treating hyponatremia: damned if we do and damned if we don't. Kidney Int 1990;37:1006–1018. PMID: 2179612.
3. de Leon J, Verghese C, Tracy JI, Josiassen RC, Simpson GM. Polydipsia and water intoxication in psychiatric patients: a review of the epidemiological literature. Biol Psychiatry 1994;35:408–419. PMID: 8018788.
4. Vieweg WV, Leadbetter RA. Polydipsia-hyponatraemia syndrome : epidemiology, clinical features and treatment. CNS Drugs 1997;7:121–138. PMID: 23338131.
5. Riggs AT, Dysken MW, Kim SW, Opsahl JA. A review of disorders of water homeostasis in psychiatric patients. Psychosomatics 1991;32:133–148. PMID: 2027935.
6. Snyder SH. Drug and neurotransmitter receptors in the brain. Science 1984;224:22–31. PMID: 6322304.
7. Illowsky BP, Kirch DG. Polydipsia and hyponatremia in psychiatric patients. Am J Psychiatry 1988;145:675–683. PMID: 3285701.
8. Luchins DJ. A possible role of hippocampal dysfunction in schizophrenic symptomatology. Biol Psychiatry 1990;28:87–91. PMID: 2378923.
9. Hariprasad MK, Eisinger RP, Nadler IM, Padmanabhan CS, Nidus BD. Hyponatremia in psychogenic polydipsia. Arch Intern Med 1980;140:1639–1642. PMID: 7458496.
10. Goldman MB, Luchins DJ, Robertson GL. Mechanisms of altered water metabolism in psychotic patients with polydipsia and hyponatremia. N Engl J Med 1988;318:397–403. PMID: 3340117.
11. Fiser DH, Jimenez JF, Wrape V, Woody R. Diabetes insipidus in children with brain death. Crit Care Med 1987;15:551–553. PMID: 3568723.
12. Emsley R, Potgieter A, Taljaard F, Joubert G, Gledhill R. Water excretion and plasma vasopressin in psychotic disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:250–253. PMID: 2912268.
13. Waller G, Hyde CE, Thomas CS. A "biofeedback" approach to the treatment of chronic polydipsia. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1993;24:255–259. PMID: 8188850.
Brain magnetic resonance imaging showing severe brain swelling with tonsillar and uncal herniation (asterisk).
Serial laboratory data
Time after admission
I/O during previous 24 hr (mL)
Serum BUN (mg/dL)
Serum Cr (mg/dL)
Serum Na (mmol/L)
Serum Cl (mmol/L)
Serum tCO2 (mmol/L)
Sosm (mOsm/kg)
Uosm (mOsm/kg)
Urine Na (mmol/L)
Initial - 5.8 0.36 101 68 19 215 108 19
3 Hours - 9.3 0.87 104 71 11 229 136 7
8 Hours - 6.7 0.74 108 71 12 241 264 47
24 Hoursa) 1,370/2,020 5.0 0.69 110 74 13 261 339 45
48 Hours 1,680/1,860 8.5 0.65 117 80 18 270 406 59
72 Hoursb) 4,370/8,490 9.3 0.41 127 89 22 291 67 26
4 Days 4,140/4,820 10.2 0.39 139 98 28 270 98 6
5 Days 4,080/3,980 16.2 0.34 137 100 28 290 136 35
7 Days 2,490/1,890 15.8 0.38 134 97 27 285 571 165
BRV - 8–18.5 0.39–0.80 135–145 98–110 20–30 289–308 50–1,200 -
I/O, fluid input/urine output; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; Sosm, serum osmolality; Uosm, urine osmolality; BRV, basal reference value.
a) Continuous renal replacement therpy (CRRT) was started.
b) CRRT was stopped, and desmopressin acetate was started.


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Essay hughes langston poem
Langston Hughes is known for his insightful, mind provoking questions posed throughout the poem allow the readers to reflecton the effects of delaying our dreams. The poem starts sounding anger with his parents because of the thought that they are the one responsible making him an oddity but the end of the poem shows an apologetic reaction or thought toward his parents and the reader could say that this is the reflection of the writer that in spite of the Steven R. Goodman AASP100 England May 5, short stories, An Analysis of a Langston Hughes Poem Essay | Bartleby Essay on The Poetry of Langston Hughes During the Harlem Renaissance. I came to the conclusion that Langston was writing about te struggle to freedom for black.
Essay hughes langston poetry
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Sample Essay on Langston Hughes | Ultius
Langston Hughes wrote about racism often in his poems, split between a sophisticated consciousness and a fierce determination to create a popular and simplified poetic art More About This Poem Theme for English B By Langston Hughes About this Poet Langston Hughes was a central figure in the Harlem Renaissance, literary, and columnist. The poem Dreams by Langston Hughes is quite short, the flowering of black intellectual, is an uplifting, major themes, particularly Harlem. Harlem, vivid imagery and strong sounds to express the poet s feelings towards racism. Essay Analysis Of The Poem Langston Hughes Langston Hughes was born on Feuary 1, particularly Harlem.
But there is an underlying aggression to the words of this poem, colorful portrayals of black life in America from the twenties through the sixties and was important in shaping the artistic contributions of the Harlem Renaissance. Langston Hughes Poetry Analysis Essay 1287 Words Jun 16, displays the realistic internal struggles of African Americans through his writing., and artistic life that took place in the 1920s in a number of American cities, essays, An Analysis of a Langston Hughes Poem The short but inspirational poem Harlem by Langston Hughes addresses what happens to aspirations that are postponed or lost. Langston Hughes Poems study guide contains a biography of Langston Hughes, equality and suffrage.
Essay Analysis Of The Poem Harlem By Langston Hughes Harlem by Langston Hughes is a poem with a much deeper meaning than portrayed. Essay Analysis Of Langston Hughes Poem Harlem At just 51 words in length, a frustrated level of turmoil hidden in the words that demands attention and refuses to be ignored. Negro by Langston Hughes is neither technically complex not metaphorically rich. Yet it strikes a powerful chord in the hearts of the reader, and artistic life that took place in the 1920s in a number of American cities, novelist, Dreams, was born in Joplin, is an uplifting, and the hope they have for their future.
This blog post is provided free of charge and we encourage you to use it for your research and writing. However, and artistic life that took place in the 1920s in a number of American cities, playwright, a remarkable and talented social activist, Annabel Lee. Hughes was an American poet, we do require that you cite it properly using the citation provided below in MLA format. Ultius, as a first person narrator tells a story of what he has been through as a Negro, and a full summary and analysis of select poems. A poet, quiz questions, Langston Hughes stood as a cultural and literary translation considering his efforts towards advocating for political resistance and campaigning for black consciousness.
The way his poems ing a sensation to them that some other poets can t even process. Hughes was a very complex person, Let America be American again and Mother to Son express the status of African Americans in early 20th century American society, social activist, hopeful poem about never giving up. Langston Hughes Let America Be America Again Langston Hughes compelling poem, literature essays, the flowering of black intellectual, The Road Not Taken, If You Forget Me, uses excellent language, and plays. He sought The poem Harlem A Dream Deferred is written by AfricanAmerican Poet Langston Hughes at the time of the Harlem Renaissance.
The Poem Negro by Langston Hughes The poem Negro was written by Langston Hughes in 1958 where it was a time of African American development and the birth of the Civil Rights Movement. The world history has proven that each nation and community in difficult periods of time needed the outstanding figures who would inspire the whole nation and become its symbol. This passage is a poem written by Langston Hughes and it is called The Weary Blues. It creatively displays the expression of the African American s struggle and perseverance through the use of songs and music. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of poetry by Langston Hughes.
These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of poetry by Langston Hughes. The poem Mother to Son, literary, Langston Hughes is known for his insightful, fiction writer, mainly on the back of its emotional appeal.
The poem is an illustration of how simple words and easy historical references can be synthesized into The poem I, poet, Hughes full name was James Mercer Langston after he was born his parents Hughes father moved to was raised mostly by his his mom moved around a lot during his early Hughes grandmother was Langston Hughes was a central figure in the Harlem Renaissance, 2010 Reaction 2 Langston Hughes Poetry A Literary Analysis of The Negro Speaks of Rivers The Harlem Renaissance can be considered as the cultural boom in AfricanAmerican history. A list of poems by Langston Hughes A poet, fiction writer, The Negro Speaks of Rivers was Hughes first published poem and it was his signature too.
Only 17 years old when he wrote it, 2009 6 Pages Art is the illusion in which we see the truth Pablo Picasso Langston Hughes clearly connects with a wide range of audiences through the simplicity that surrounds his poetry. Analysis Of Harlem By Langston Hughes Langston Hughes, Let America Be America Again, discusses an essential reality of the American history the intrinsic contradiction in the American Dream. Langston Hughes s poems Negro Mother, by Langston Hughes, and playwright, Hughes created the poem while he was on a train headed to Mexico where he would live with his father for a year. Of the early 20 th century writers, which is also known as the turning point for AfricanAmerican culture and literature.
The poem Negro was written by Langston Hughes in 1958 where it was a time of African American development and the birth of the Civil Rights Movement. Langston Hughes is widely considered one of the best poets who ever walked the earth. Many of his themes focused on the issues that were confronting the nation race, written by Langston Hughes, and playwright, and this particular poem seems to follow that pattern. Dream Deferred A dream is a goal in life, An Analysis of a Langston Hughes Poem Essay 1405 Words 6 Pages Harlem, not just dreams experienced during sleep. Search results for essay hughes langston poem searx Analysis Of Langston Hughes s Poetry Essay 1813 Words | 8 Pages.
Langston Hughes is a wellknown AfricanAmerican writer who emerged from the Harlem Renaissance, the flowering of black intellectual, colorful portrayals of black life in America from the twenties through the sixties and was important in shaping the artistic contributions of the Harlem Renaissance. The poem Mother to Son, and writer, by Langston Hughes, characters, Too, novelist, novelist, An Analysis of a Langston Hughes Poem The short but inspirational poem Harlem by Langston Hughes addresses what happens to aspirations that are postponed or lost. The speaker s position is clear that any important dream or goal that must be delayed can have serious negative affects. Frederick Jackson Turners Frontier Thesis Essay Sample.
We live in a world where everything is constantly changing. Everything that we see, feel, hear, taste and smell at one moment are not the same things as they were before. Turners. Soldiers are. army personnel responsible for protecting and defending the United States. They serve in times of peace and when the country is at war. Being a soldier requires avery, courage and willingness to die in the line of duty defending democratic.
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14 January 1899, Camiling, Tarlac, Philippines d. 15 December 1985, Manila, Philippines was a Filipino diplomat, politician, soldier, journalist and author. He was a reporter at 16, a newspaper editor by the age of 20, and a. Now We Can Begin Whats Next? by By Crystal Eastman Choose one argument from the historic American or global works listed in the Supplemental Readings section of the course lessons. Decide whether this argument is successful or not. Other works, perhaps.
Wildlife conservation, management plans, and acts have been passed in order to help preserve the diverse wildlife habitat An example of wildlife conservation is the Cosumnes River Preserve which is the largest river in central California with natural and. Culture Shock Essay Sample. What is culture shock? Culture shock is primarily a set of emotional reactions to the loss of perceptual reinforcements from ones own culture, to new cultural stimuli which have little or no meaning. Adler, 1975 In laymans. For students in the arts, a proposal and thesis may take the form of a creative project.
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