text:
AN OPTICAL SYSTEM FOR ILLUMINATION OF AN EVANESCENT FIELD
A system of optics used to provide illumination through an objective at a precise inclination angle and with uniform intensity across an illuminated field. The system provides annular illumination with a continuously variable diameter at the back aperture of an objective. The resultant illumination field at the imaging plane of the objective includes rays with a single inclination angle with respect to the optical axis of the objective. This incidence angle is determined by the position of an axicon lens. The imaging plane is illuminated from 360 degrees rotation about optical axis of the objective.
ROORDA ROBERT (US)
TOOMRE DEREK (US)
UNIV YALE (US)
See also references of EP 1941313A4
GREELEY, Paul, D. (Greeley Ruggiero & Perle, One Landmark Square - 10th Floo, Stamford CT, US)
1. An illumination system for shaping a light beam, said system comprising: a light source; an optical assembly; an adjustable axicon lens; an image plane; and a diffuser disposed with its diffusing surface in said image plane.
2. The system according to claim 1, wherein said light source is at least one selected from the group consisting of: an optical fiber and a laser.
3. The system according to claim 2, wherein said laser is at least one selected from the group consisting of: an ultraviolet laser, a visible laser, an infrared laser, and a pulsed laser.
4. The system according to claim 1, wherein said optical assembly comprises at least one optical element selected from the group consisting of: a lens, a mask and a stationary axicon lens.
5. The system according to claim 4, wherein said optical assembly comprises a first lens, a stationary axicon lens, a mask and a second lens.
6. The system according to claim 5, wherein said first lens is disposed between said light source and said stationary axicon lens, said mask is disposed between said stationary axicon lens and said second lens, and said second lens is disposed between said mask and said adjustable axicon lens.
7. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the position of said adjustable axicon lens is adjustable with respect to the position of said image plane.
8. The system according to claim 1, wherein said adjustable axicon lens is adjustable either manually or automatically.
9. The system according to claim 1, wherein said optical assembly converges said light beam from said light source, thereby forming an annular image, and said adjustable axicon lens controls a radius of said annular image; wherein said annular image is focused on said image plane.
10. The system according to claim 1, further comprising an illumination field lens and a pupil plane, wherein said illumination field lens is disposed between said diffuser and said pupil plane.
11. The system according to claim 10, wherein said illumination field lens collimates light from said image plane and centers said collimated light on said pupil plane.
12. The system according to claim 1, further comprising an illumination field lens such that said system provides illumination through an objective at a precise inclination angle and with uniform intensity across an illuminated field.
13. A method for shaping a light beam comprising: emitting said light beam from a light source; passing said light beam through an optical assembly wherein said light beam is converged to form an annular image; adjusting the radius of said annular image; focusing said annular image on an image plane; and diffusing the light of said annular image from said image plane.
14. The method according to claim 13, wherein said light source is at least one selected from the group consisting of: an optical fiber and a laser.
15. The method according to claim 14, wherein said laser is at least one selected from the group consisting of: an ultraviolet laser, a visible laser, an infrared laser, and a pulsed laser.
16. The method according to claim 13, wherein said optical assembly comprises at least one optical element selected from the group consisting of: a lens, a mask and a stationary axicon lens.
17. The method according to claim 16, wherein said optical assembly comprises a first lens, a stationary axicon lens, a mask and a second lens.
18. The method according to claim 17, wherein said radius of said annular image is adjusted by an adjustable axicon lens and wherein said first lens is disposed between said light source and said stationary axicon lens, said mask is disposed between said stationary axicon lens and said second lens, and said second lens is disposed between said mask and said adjustable axicon lens.
19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the position of said adjustable axicon lens is adjustable with respect to said image plane.
20. The method according to claim 18, wherein said adjustable axicon lens is adjustable either manually or automatically.
21. The method according to claim 13, further comprising collimating light from said image plane and centering said collimated light on a pupil plane.
22. The method according to claim 13, further providing illumination through an objective at a precise inclination angle and with uniform intensity across an illuminated field.
23. A microscopy assembly comprising: a light microscopy; and an illumination system for shaping a light beam, said system comprising: a light source; an optical assembly; an adjustable axicon lens; an image plane; and and a diffuser disposed with its diffusing surface in said image plane.
24. The microscopy assembly according to claim 23, wherein said light microscopy is total internal reflection fluorescent microscopy.
25. A method of illuminating a sample using total reflection, said method comprising: providing illumination through an objective at a precise inclination angle and with uniform intensity across an illuminated field.
AN OPTICAL SYSTEM FOR ILLUMINATION
OF AN EVANESCENT FIELD
1. Field of the Invention
The present disclosure relates to microscopy, specifically to an illuminating optical system that illuminates a sample using total internal reflection. The invention may have broader uses including illumination for lithographic applications.
2. Description of Related Art Fluorescent microscopy is a key tool in nearly all basic science labs and core facilities. Since the advent of genetically encoded tags, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) and it's rainbow of color variants there has been an explosion in the use of fluorescent live cell imaging to major basic cellular processes. The easiest type of illumination is epi-fluorescent microscopy which typically uses a mercury arc lamp for Koehler illumination. Although this is the most popular fluorescent illumination method in terms of easy of use, it has the disadvantage that the whole cell is illuminated and the axial resolution is poor. To address the need for improved axial resolution and Optical sectioning' the commercial confocal microscope was developed; common confocals are laser scanning or disk scanning. These instruments have an axial resolution of approximately 500 nm and are in wide use in the biological and material sciences. Its limitations are the requirement for lasers and specialized hardware and software and relatively poor sensitivity. Another form of light microscopy that provides thinner optical sectioning and much greater sensitivity is Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent Microscopy (TIRF; also called evanescent wave microscopy), as discussed below.
TIRF employs a totally internally reflected light (usually from a laser) to selectively illuminate and excite fluorophores in a very thin region (approximately 20-200+ run) immediately adjacent to a glass- water (or glass- cell) interface. The evanescent field which 'tunnels' into the higher refractive index medium (e.g. aqueous or cell cytosol) exponentially drops in intensity along the z-axis and fluorophores away from the surface are not excited; the penetration depth depends on the wavelength, refractive indexes of the two mediums and the angle of the incident light. This optical method yields high signal-to-noise (S/N) images that is unmatched by any other light microscopy technique. It has greatly facilitated visualization of numerous cell surface process, such as signaling, exocytosis, endocytosis, migration, cytoskeleton, etc. The S/N is so high that single molecules can be directly studied, allowing biochemistry studies at the single molecule level in vivo and in vitro.
Penetration depth can be calculated by the below formulas:
Srøll's law:
θ = angle of incidence, n = refractive Index
Critical angle:
At the critical 6^=90"; siiiOO 0 = 1)
4f fj, = 1.51 S and ^ = 1 ,36, e c = sin" 1 f-i^ ] = 83.85°
\1.515jf
Evanescent field:
ά - penetration depth
For TIR: nl>n2 (n = refractive index of mediuml and medium2; nl is usually glass and n2 is usually aqueous). One can only use the formula for the evanescent field (3rd box), or to be more complete all 3 boxes can be used, wherein for TIR to occur the critical angle (defined above) must be exceeded.
With this technique, specimens (usually cells or tissue) are generally plated on glass coverslips and illuminated from the glass side with light that is incident at an angle greater than the so called 'critical angle' for transmission of light through the glass/cell cytosol interface. A prerequisite for TIRF is that the refractive index of the second medium (e.g. the cell cytosol (R.I. approximatelyl.36-1.38) or water (R.I. approximately 1.33)) is less than the refractive index of the coverslip; the latter is typically 1.51 for standard coverslip glass, but other higher refractive index material such as sapphire may (R.I. approximately 1.78) be employed such as sapphire. Under these conditions a
very shallow evanescent light field is generated that penetrates from the interface into the specimen. This is often termed "evanescent illumination". The depth penetration of the illumination beyond the glass depends strongly on the incidence angle of the illumination light with respect to the glass surface.
One general class of instrumentation for TIRF imaging is "objective-type TIRF". In this arrangement a single microscope objective lens is used for both evanescent illumination and also for recording images of fluorescent features. This technique is simple and cheap compared to alternative methods and has the advantage of allowing easy access to the side of the imaged specimen that is facing away from the objective lens.
A basic requirement of this method is that the numerical aperture of the objective lens is higher than the refractive index of the aqueous medium where total internal reflection occurs (typically water or cell cytosol), thus practically the numerical aperture (N. A.) > 1.38 to achieve TIRF in cells (and generally the higher the better). Only in the last decade have the major microscopy manufactures been able to produce highN.A. lens (N.A. 1.45 - 1.65) so as to easily achieve TIRF with cells using 'objective-type' illumination. With sufficiently high N.A. objective lenses evanescent illumination can be generated from light passing near its extreme angular acceptance limit (in the back focal plane). Specifically, this corresponds to light passing through an annular band near the outer edges of objective entrance pupil. Light passing inside this 'critical' diameter has a sub-critical incidence angle at the interface of glass and specimen and is transmitted through the interface as regular, deep illumination. Light passing outside this 'critical' diameter can generate an evanescent illumination field.
This method of objective-TIRF illumination was first described in the following article: Stout, Al, Exelrod, D., "Evanescent Field Excitation of
Fluorescence by EPI-Illumination Microscopy", Applied Optics, 28 (24): 5237-
5242, December 15, 1989. This article describes four optical systems for evanescent illumination. In all of these arrangements an annular aperture is used to create an annular illumination pattern. This mask is located outside a conventional inverted fluorescence microscope and the pattern is relayed to the back pupil of the objective with lenses. A laser or an arc-lamp is indicated as the light source. The annular mask has a fixed position and a fixed diameter.
It should be noted that in one of the optical systems presented a conical axicon lens is used to improve light collection from an arc lamp source. This is the first mention of an axicon with regard to a TIRF imaging system. The axicon has a fixed light incidence angle.
TIRF is over twenty (20) years old and like the first confocal microscopes all setups were custom built, usually using a prism to couple the light into the sample. Again, only recently have microscopy companies developed high refractive index objective lens (1.45-1.65 N.A.) that permit one to do "objective-type" TIRF with cells. The latter has the advantage over "prism-type TIRF" that full access to the sample is permitted and could readily be adapted with these new lens. Objective-type TIRF also is more effective in collecting near-field emitted light than prism-type setups which typically use a water-immersion objective and collect far-field light that is transmitted through the aqueous medium.
TIRF have been extremely popular with scientists as they offer unmatched high-resolution imaging of processes near the cell surface. Analogous to confocal microscopes (including 2-photon microscopes) manufacturers have launched a whole series of instruments for this market (which are largely objective-type). Currently most objective-type TIRF instruments share a common design whereby laser light is focused onto a spot on the outer periphery of the back focal plane of the high NA objective lens.
Although effective, major disadvantages have resulted from this approach: (1)
the laser light easily generates interference effects, (2) the illumination is nonuniform and varies in penetration depth across the sample, (3) alignment of the system by the user is tricky as the spot can be placed in multiple equivalent positions, and (4) at deeper penetrations there is often a pronounced sideways scattering by the sample (due to illumination from the side and refractive index mismatch) which yields images that are smeared in a 'coma' -type manner.
An alternative approach involves using a ring of light to illuminate the back focal plane. This has been achieved using a mask with an annular aperture to block the central portion of a Gaussian beam. While simple to implement the majority of the light is lost, requiring the use of a powerful laser. Second, the use of a wide enough annulus (e.g., 200 microns) to collect adequate light makes it hard to create a thin evanescent field, and thus the penetration depth is deeper than desired. Third, in order to change the angle of illumination requires insertion of a new mask with a different diameter annulus and recalibration. In application, this approach is neither efficient nor practical.
Another option would be to scan the back focal plane of a disk in a radial manner. This can remove in-homogeneities and decrease scattering, but either requires a spinning wedge or scanning of the back focal plane using galvomirrors or equivalent devices.
US Patent 6992820 describes a method of coupling the output of a laser, using an optical fiber, through a microscope, to the back pupil plane of an objective for the purpose of TIRF microscopy. The position of the relayed image of the optical fiber in the back pupil plane can be adjusted by moving the fiber tip. With this adjustment a range of incidence angles can be realized.
US Patent 7042638 is only slightly different than US Patent 6992820. The primary differences lie in the route by which light is routed into the
microscope. Light from a fiber optic is routed to a single point in the back pupil plane of an objective.
Axicon optics were first introduced in the following paper. McLeod, JH, "The Axicon - A New Type of Optical Element, Journal of Optical Society AM, 44 (8): 592-597, 1954. McLeod coins the term "axicon" in this paper. It is defined broadly as: "all axicons are figures of revolution. An axicon has the property that a point source on its axis of revolution is imaged to a range of points along its axis." Although conical lens are axicons the term axicon does not explicitly refer to conical lenses.
European Patent EP1211561 A2 describes an illumination system for lithography that uses two axicons placed near a focal point in a scanned beam. The axicon spacing is adjustable and is used to control the coherence of light illuminating the field of an objective lens. A stationary integrating rod placed at a image plane is used to homogenize the light to achieve uniform illumination.
US patent 5675401 describes an illumination system for lithography that uses two axicons placed inside a zoom lens, at a location where the beam through the axicon could either be converging or diverging depending on the zoom setting of the lens. The axicon spacing is adjustable and is used to control the coherence of light illuminating the field of an objective lens.
The present disclosure overcomes the disadvantages in conventional fixed axicon illumination system by providing an illumination system which uniquely provides: (1) a routine adjustment for incidence angle that is easily automated; (2) a small circular mask resulting in an insignificant light loss compared to a much larger loss from the annular aperture presented; and (3) elimination of the effects of laser speckle and interference fringes.
The present disclosure overcomes the disadvantages with regard to US Patent 6992820 by providing an illumination system which illuminates from 360 degrees around the optical axis of the objective lens. This reduces undesirable shadowing artifacts that can be caused by features in specimens. In addition, the present disclosure uniquely creates a uniform illumination field and eliminates speckle by temporally varying the illumination field.
The present disclosure relates to a novel system of total internal reflection fluorescent optics that is superior to conventional systems. The present disclosure offers better image quality, improved optical efficiency, and a unique depth penetration adjustment.
In addition, the present disclosure exhibits the following advantages over conventions system: • Improved uniformity of illumination
• Reduced interference
• Reduced ' coma' , effect
• Reduced shadowing from objects blocking illumination
• Easy control of penetration depth • Ease of use and alignment
• Designed for use with all objectives
• Cost-effective
Because the optics of the present disclosure illuminates a continuous 360 degree ring in the pupil of a TIRF objective, the illumination is extremely uniform. The shadowing problem inherent to illumination systems that have sources on only one side of the field of view is greatly reduced. It also reduces interference fringe effects. This results in much more homogeneous illumination and allows for better quantitative measurements to be made from TIRF images.
Additionally, the present disclosure allows for the radius of the illumination to be rapidly adjusted by adjusting the distance of the axicon from the focal point. This directly adjusts the illumination angle and the penetration depth of the evanescent field created. With this control a user has the ability to easily probe to different depths.
An illumination system for shaping a light beam, said system comprising: a light source; an optical assembly; an adjustable axicon lens; an image plane; a diffuser disposed adjacent to a surface of said image plane, wherein said image plane is disposed between said adjustable axicon lens and said diffuser; and a pupil plane. Further, the system may include an illumination field lens disposed between said diffuser and said pupil plane.
Preferably, the light source is at least one selected from the group consisting of: an optical fiber and a laser, e.g., a visible laser.
The optical assembly comprises at least one optical element selected from the group consisting of: a lens, a mask and a stationary axicon lens. Preferably, the optical assembly comprises a first lens, a stationary axicon lens, a mask and a second lens. Optionally, the first lens is disposed between said light source and said stationary axicon lens, said mask is disposed between said stationary axicon lens and said second lens, and said second lens is disposed between said mask and said adjustable axicon lens.
The position of said adjustable axicon lens is adjustable with respect to said image plane. The adjustable axicon lens is adjustable either manually or automatically.
The optical assembly converges said light beam from said light source, thereby forming an annular image, and the position of said adjustable axicon lens
controls a radius of said annular image; wherein said annular image is focused on said image plane.
The present disclosure also pertains to a method for shaping a light beam comprising: emitting said light beam from a light source; passing said light beam through an optical assembly wherein said light beam is converged to form an annular image; adjusting the radius of said annular image; focusing said annular image on an image plane; diffusing the light of said annular image from said image plane; and creating uniform illumination on a pupil plane. This method may further comprise collimating light from said image plane and centering said collimated light on said pupil plane.
A further embodiment of the present disclosure is a microscopy assembly comprising: a light microscopy; and an illumination system for shaping a light beam, said system comprising: a light source; an optical assembly; an adjustable axicon lens; an image plane; a diffuser disposed adjacent to a surface of said image plane, wherein said image plane is disposed between said adjustable axicon lens and said diffuser; and a pupil plane. Preferably, the light microscopy is total internal reflection fluorescent microscopy.
The present disclosure can be used in the following applications, e.g., near field fluorescence imaging of cells and tissue, near field photo-activation and of cells and tissue, near field photo-bleaching of cells and tissue, in- vitro assays, screens, surface plasmon resonance and single molecule imaging. It can work on both live and fixed specimens. It can also be combined with other imaging modalities including, but not limited to, FRET, FLIP, confocal, brightfield, and epi-fluorescence.
Brief Description of the Drawings Fig. 1 is an illustration of an optical system used to illuminate the field of a microscope in accordance with the present disclosure.
An illumination system for total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. The improved system includes an adjustment feature that allows the angle of incidence of illumination light to be set. The optical layout is designed to insure illumination intensity is constant through its range of adjustment to allow quantitative comparisons between recorded images. It illuminates about the full 360 degrees of azimuth angle of a microscope objective. It has uniform intensity across a field of view. It is temporally 'averaged' to eliminate the effects of laser speckle. The invention was conceived as an 'add-on' to be used with a microscope. It could, however, be utilized as in integrated piece of a larger optical system.
Additionally, the present disclosure uses the axicon spacing to determine the inclination angle of the illumination. In addition, the present disclosure masks off the center of the beam to eliminate light from imprecise portions of the axicon. Also unique to the present disclosure is the use of a moving diffuser placed in a pupil plane to spatially spread out the illumination and to temporally vary it so as to eliminate speckle and create a uniform illumination field.
The present disclosure includes a conical lens (a conical axicon lens) placed in either a converging or a diverging beam. In the preferred embodiment it is placed in a converging beam to produce a real image that is an annular illumination pattern. By moving the conical lens along the optical axis of the system the diameter of the illuminated annulus can be varied. The annular image remains in focus though the complete adjustment range.
The annular illumination pattern is relayed to the back entrance pupil of a TIRF microscope objective where it is centered on the optical axis. This is usually best accomplished with a telecentric telescope. If the relay optics are
telecentric the illumination remains Kohler through the entire range of the adjustment. Within the entrance pupil of the objective the radius of the annular illumination corresponds to the incidence angle of the light illuminating the image plane.
The present disclosure also includes a thin diffuser that is placed at the image plane of the annular illumination. The scattered light is projected forward from all points on the annulus as cones of light diverging in both the radial and tangential directions. This divergence results in light from every point along the annulus illuminating all locations in the image plane of the objective. The illumination is further homogenized by moving the diffuser within the plane of the annular image. This temporally scrambles the illumination. The diffuser motion must be sufficiently rapid that variations in the illumination are averaged out in the time an image is recorded. This can be readily accomplished by using a circular diffuser mounted on a fast motor. Holographic diffusers are particularly well suited for this application. They have a very thin diffusing surface and can be designed to diffuse light randomly over a specific angular range when light is incident at near-normal incidence angles. They also have a very high optical throughput compared to traditional diffusers such as an etched glass surface.
The present disclosure is useful for many applications that require very uniform illumination with precise adjustment of light incidence angle and illumination from 360 degrees azimuth. Lithography is one such application. It may also be useful as a fully adjustable illumination system for darkfield illumination in microscopes.
The present disclosure can best be described by reference to Fig. 1, wherein a collimated beam is formed by placing the light source 1 at the focal point of a lens 2 with focal length f 2 . A mask 3 is used to block the center portion
of the beam. The purpose of this mask is to prevent light from scattering from the center portion of axicon lens that is difficult to manufacture precisely.
A lens 4 of focal length f_j, focuses the light to a point in an image plane 8. A stationary axicon lens 5 shifts the direction of the converging beam in a radial outward direction such that the inside edge 7 is projected parallel to the optical axis of the system. This condition insures that shadow of the mask 3 on the adjustment axicon 6 does not vary with its position X 6 . The converging beam is shifted further outward by the adjustment axicon 6 which can be translated along the optical axis between the stationary axicon 5 and the image plane 8.
The converging beam is focused on the image plane 8 where it creates an annular image. The radius of the annulus rs is minimized when the adjustment axicon 6 is at its closest position to the image plane. At this location the annulus radius rs is nearly the radius of the blocking mask (neglecting the limiting effects of placing lenses at zero distance from each other). Moving the adjustment axicon 6 a further distance x 6 from the image plane 8 creates a linear change in the radius of the projected annulus. The axicon 6 can be mounted on a motorized stage 15 to allow software control of its position x 6 . The following formula applies:
Where: re = annulus radius
T 3 = blocking mask radius
X 6 = adjustment axicon distance from image plane 8 θ 6 = deflection angle of adjustment axicon. c = a constant correction term accounting for lens spacing
Light from the illuminated ring in the image plane 8 is collimated by the illumination field lens 20 and centered on the pupil plane 100. If the various optical elements are chosen appropriately (as illustrated in Fig. 1) the center line of the converging beam 10 is parallel to the optical axis (Telecentric condition). This condition is unaffected by moving the adjustment axicon along the optic axis. In this arrangement the illumination area in the pupil plane 21 remains constant regardless of the illumination inclination angle. The pupil plane inclination angle O 1O o of the illumination is determined by the annulus radius r$ and by the focal length of the illumination field lens f 2 o according to this formula:
O 10 O = tan "1 (r 8 /f 2 o)
For small angles the following formula applies:
θioo = r 8 / f 20 [rad] = 180 / π * r 8 / f 20 [deg]
The illuminated diameter (I 1O o is shown on the diagram. If necessary an iris or other blocking mask can be placed in the pupil plane 100 to reduce the size of the illuminated area.
To create uniform illumination at the pupil plane 100 a diffuser 12 is placed at the image plane 8. The focused light incident on diffuser 12 is scattered to fill pupil plane 100 with good uniformity. This diffuser is essential since without it an intense spot is created at the center of pupil plane 100.
Ideally the surface of the diffuser should be moving rapidly to insure that any resultant speckle is averaged out of recorded measurements. This is accomplished with a spinning diffuser. Ideally the diffusing surface should be a holographic coating designed for a specific angular dispersion to issue the forward scattering is maximized and that most of the light is projected with uniform intensity onto desired region of the pupil. Other, non-static diffusers
can be used with the restriction that the diffusing surface must be thin to avoid blurring the annular illumination pattern.
A microscope image plane 900 is typically an accessible location outside the body of the microscope. By placing pupil plane 100 of the illumination system at the microscope image plane 900, the illuminated area is relayed from the microscope image plane 900 to the objective focal plane 915 by the microscope tube lens 905, a beam-splitter 908 and the objective 910. In a similar way, the annular illumination pattern is relayed from the image plane 8 to the back pupil plane of the objective 909 by the illumination field lens 20, the microscope tube lens 905 and the beam-splitter 908. The size of the annular illumination pattern is rescaled by the ratio of the focal lengths:
1 * 909 = 1 * 8 * f<>05 / f-0
The incidence angle of the illumination θ 915 at the objective focal plane can be calculated by the following:
θ915 = tan "1 (T 909 / f9iob)
= tan- 1 ( ( r 8 * f 9O5 ) / ( f2o * f9iob) )
= tan "1 ( ( (r 3 + X 6 * tan(θ 6 ) + c ) * f 905 ) / ( fjo * hwb ) )
Thus the incidence angle of the illumination θ 9 χs is fully adjustable by varying the position x 6 of the adjustment axicon. The adjustment is most likely non-linear due to the high numerical aperture objectives used in microscopy applications.
The objective focal length on the focal plane side f 9 io b may be different than the objective focal length on the pupil side f 9 io a since the objective focal
plane is usually contained within immersion media and the objective pupil is generally in air. Immersion media generally has an optical index of greater than 1.4.
fjiob = f9ioa / Immersion media optical index
The resultant fluorescence 918 from the specimen is transmitted through the beamsplitter 908 and is viewed by an eyepiece or a camera located at position 920. Excitation and emission filters are not shown.
The order of the stationary optical elements 2,3,4,5 is not critical. The purpose of these optical elements is to create a converging beam of a particular size from a point source. Positive lenses 2 and 4 could be replaced by a single lens. The stationary axicon 5 could be integrated into a surface of a positive spherical lens. The design limiting factors are optical aberrations, color correction and space considerations.
If the required range of illumination angles is small it may not be necessary to include a stationary axicon 5. The shadow of the mask 3 would converge along with the converging beam. In this configuration the mask will be somewhat larger than necessary since it must block out the imprecise surface at the center of the adjustment axicon over the full range of adjustment. Minimizing the masked area is important since the center of the beam is generally the most intense. Depending on the range of adjustment required this might be acceptable.
It may be necessary to couple a laser to the illumination system without the use of an optical fiber, (i.e. ultraviolet lasers). In these cases a beam expander could be made to create a collimated beam which would then be
converged by lens 4 or an integrated beam expander could be made that includes the function of the converging lens 4.
Image and Pupil Planes In the present optical system, the stationary elements and adjustable axicon 6 create an image of an annulus at image plane 8. Diffuser 12 is placed with its diffusing surface in this plane. Adjustment of adjustable axicon 6 varies the radius of the annulus. In order to create the necessary illumination conditions for TIRF imaging the annular image is relayed to the back pupil of an objective. In the case of an add-on design this is accomplished by telescope comprised of a field lens 20 and the microscope tube lens 905. The field lens 20 creates a stationary pupil plane 100. To couple the illumination system (parts I- 100) to the microscope (parts 900-920) the illumination system pupil plane 100 is placed at the image plane 900 of the microscope. If a pupil plane of the microscope exists in an accessible location (i.e. outside the microscope chassis) it may be possible to couple the illumination to the microscope without the field lens 20. In this case the illumination system is placed such that the diffusing surface of the diffuser 12 is positioned coincident with that pupil plane.
If the back pupil plane of the objective lens is accessible (i.e. outside the body of the objective) it may be possible to couple the illumination to the objective without additional optics, hi this case the illumination system is placed such that the diffusing surface of the diffuser 12 is positioned coincident with the back pupil plane 909 of the objective lens. This coupling is most applicable to fully integrating the illumination optics into an imaging system.
An integrating rod can be used to couple light from the illumination pupil plane 100 to the microscope image plane 900. This will slightly improve the uniformity of the light intensity without altering the lights incidence angle with respect to the optical axis of the system.
A field stop (aperture) can be placed at the microscope image plane 900 to restrict the area of the illumination. This can be any shape, and can be matched to the shape and orientation of the image recording device (usually rectangular).
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Amy Burton receives Sterling L. Smith Scholarship
Amy Burton
South Carolina Independent Colleges and Universities (SCICU) has chosen Erskine College junior Amy Elizabeth Burton of Ware Shoals, S.C., as the Sterling L. Smith Scholarship recipient for 2015. The award is presented annually by SCICU to a student who qualifies for a Higher Education Tuition Grant and includes a $1,000 scholarship.
Amy Burton is a mathematics major who is minoring in physics and business administration.
At Erskine, she is a Student Life Assistant, works as a tutor in the Supplemental Instruction Program, is a member of the Executive Student Leadership Team as well as the Student Retention Committee, and serves as chair of the Erskine Entertainment Board.
Her community involvement includes service as a color guard instructor at Abbeville High School and as a member of the FFA Advisory Board of Ware Shoals High School. She has also volunteered with Habitat for Humanity and assisted with local Eagle Scout beautification projects on the Erskine campus.
A South Carolina Palmetto Fellow, she was recently named to Garnet Circle, which honors the 25 currently enrolled students who achieved the highest scholastic average during the previous academic year.
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Home/Hiv care/Walking Mass. and Cass with bleach kits, granola bars and a chance to get off the streets
Walking Mass. and Cass with bleach kits, granola bars and a chance to get off the streets
Bradley J. Bridges December 31, 2021	Hiv care Comments Off on Walking Mass. and Cass with bleach kits, granola bars and a chance to get off the streets 1 Views
Despite the pandemic, UNICEF has never lost sight of its commitment to gender equality | D + C
On a recent gray morning, with the temperature barely above freezing, Senior Medical Officer Diana Sencion had just started her rounds to check on the homeless around Mass. and Cass. She was wearing candy pink knit gloves. Soon they were in someone else's hands.
Sencion saw Elena Soto, who has lived here occasionally on the streets for the past five years. The two women kissed as Sencion whispered a short prayer in Spanish: Dios mio ayudala y dale mucha fuerza. God helps him and gives him strength.
When Sencion felt Soto's skin, she knew what to do. She had to part with her North Face gloves, the warmest she had.
"I knew she was cold. I was cold, "Sencion said. "You have to care about the people to do this job. "
Every day with Boston cops in their patrol cars presiding over Mass. and Cass, a stream of outreach workers and nurses from the city and various nonprofits such as Boston Health Care for the Homeless, Eliot Community Human Services and Victory programs are rolling out among the homeless.
Community health worker Cornelius Sewell (right) from Whittier Street Health Center spoke with Geanaro Pirone (left) and Jesus Escobar outside their tents in Newmarket Square.Craig F. Walker / Globe Staff
For so many people struggling with mental illness or a drug problem, these workers are a lifeline.
Whittier, which is about two miles from Roxbury, sends a team of four at Mass. and Cass. Officially, their goal is to prevent HIV, which is on the rise among homeless drug addicts, easily spread through needle sharing and unprotected sex. So they carry condoms and bleach kits to clean the needles, and test anyone who wants an HIV test. But sometimes people are just hungry or cold. So they also carry granola bars.
It is moving, exhausting work to see so many people living in poverty, especially in a city as wealthy as Boston.
"When I started coming to Mass and Cass, I just started crying," Sencion said.
She and her colleagues know what is at stake. People shouldn't be living in tents. The streets of Boston shouldn't be open-air drug markets. And every bleach kit or cereal bar is an opportunity to start a conversation that might help someone in difficulty make a decision. to get to a better place than this.
"There is a lot of pain here," observed Frank Mitchell, the Whittier program coordinator, as he stood among the tents set up on Atkinson Street. "You never know when someone has a moment of clarity."
On a frosty morning just before Christmas, a man wrapped in a blue and green flannel blanket walked up to Cornelius Sewell along Newmarket Square.
"How are you, man? "Sewell asked as he handed her a leaflet with information on HIV testing and counseling. "If you need help, man. . . make that phone call. . . You're not alone . . . I am positive too. If I can do it, you can do it.
Community health worker Cornelius Sewell (right) spoke with a woman in Mass. and Cass. Craig F. Walker / Globe Staff
Sewell has been HIV positive since 2006 after sharing needles with someone he didn't know who had the virus. Today Sewell is in good health, his viral loads are undetectable. You wouldn't know he's positive unless he tells you.
HIV "has no face," Sewell said. "You have to take care of yourself. You can't take drugs.
Sewell, who has been a community health worker for Whittier since 2018, urged the man on the blanket to seek stable shelter, noting that the city plans to clean up the area by Jan. 12 and provide housing for all. world.
"I know [Mayor] Michelle Wu has three locations, "he said. "Two of them are hotels! "
On other days, the Whittier outreach team visits Nubian Square, Codman Square, South Bay and the Ashmont neighborhood. But these don't compare to the misery in Mass. and Cass, where violent crime and overdoses are all too common.
Sewell had an overdose a few months ago right here on Atkinson Street.
"She was purple," he said. Then several nurses and outreach workers came running to his side. "They brought this girl back to life."
In his tote bag, Sewell carries a Narcan nasal spray, which can reverse the effect of an opioid overdose. Did he have to use it?
"By the grace of God, no," Sewell said.
As I made my way to Atkinson Street, where the main camp is located, Whittier's community health worker, Lamar Booth, reminded me to be careful. Hide my notebook. Don't take pictures. Never enter the tents.
"We are in the war zone," he explained.
Booth works in the Mass area. and Cass for five years and says things have gotten worse since tents proliferated last summer. Syringes, feces and waste litter the sidewalk. The city has cleared the tents on two streets, but dozens remain in Atkinson and Newmarket Square.
Booth snuck in and out of groups of homeless people, yelling "Bleach Kits!" Masks!
Supervisor of Community Health Worker Frank Mitchell of Whittier Street Health Center (left) arrived with Cornelius Sewell in Mass. and Cass. Craig F. Walker / Globe Staff
He has takers. If people seem disinterested, Booth will ask, "Are you hungry? He has granola bars.
Last week, Booth met someone who wanted an HIV test and then became interested in getting treatment for his drug addiction. The next day, Booth was ready to take him to Whittier, but struggled to reconnect with him in Mass. and Cass. So Booth and the team piled into their van and picked it up at the MBTA station in Back Bay. It would take several more days between getting Medicare treated and finding the right facility, but the man has embarked on a drug rehab program.
"When you have someone who wants it, you don't want to lose it," Booth said.
It is also because the times when people want to change are rare. People with substance use disorders must be prepared to recover.
"If they're not ready to come in, we can't force them in," Booth said. "It would never work. "
The appeal of life on the streets is real. For too many people, the camps have become their only home. Christmas wreaths adorn some tents; others are fortified with wooden pallets and tarpaulins. One is powered by a noisy generator.
"If this is your only community, it becomes a challenge to leave that," said Frederica Williams, CEO of Whittier Street, "especially if you are abandoned by your family. and society.
Williams knows that a conversation is unlikely to change lives. This is why his team keeps coming back. Some cases have been followed for years.
"It's really meeting people one on one and knowing their stories and meeting people where they are," she added.
Last week, Sencion saw Soto – a 29-year-old mother of six – wander around Mass. and Cass. But the two didn't have much interaction.
"She disappears a lot on me," Sencion said. "She gives me an attitude."
As a medical case manager, Sencion follows approximately 75 clients. She checks that they are taking their medication, receiving health care and having enough to eat. If necessary, she will bring them to Whittier for lab work.
Sencion first met Soto in 2017. She got to know her well enough to throw a baby shower in Soto in 2019 while Soto stayed with his mother in Mattapan. Sencion thought Soto had quit drugs, but later a social worker told him that Soto had used heroin during her pregnancy.
"That kind of broke my heart," Sencion said. "Here, I thought she was fine. "
The day I met Soto, she was grateful to Sencion and social workers like her.
"They are good people," Soto said.
Along Mass. and Cass, it's hard to imagine that in two weeks the encampments will be gone. More power for Wu if she succeeds. Tent or not, Team Whittier plans to return to the area as long as there are people in need of help.
"We are here in the fire," said Mitchell, the program coordinator. "We're here every day to get someone out of it."
Shirley Leung is a business columnist. She can be reached at [email protected]
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FAIRFIELD, NJ, January 7, 2022 / PRNewswire / – Vela Diagnostics has announced that its …


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Placing human rights at the heart of the UN's prevention agenda would reduce suffering and save world governments over US$35 billion per year
by the URG team February 3, 2020 Blog, Blog, News, Prensa
UN efforts over the past thirty years to shift its approach to crises and conflicts from reaction to prevention have largely failed for two main reasons, according to a new report by the Universal Rights Group (URG) think tank. First, because it is far easier for world governments to invest political and financial capital in responding to humanitarian disasters (especially when images of those disasters are beamed live on CNN) than it is for them to invest in long-term efforts to build societal resilience or in early warning/early response measures that are largely invisible to the general public. Second, because the UN's human rights pillar, today led by the Human Rights Council, has been systemically excluded from those efforts, even though it has a vital role to play – especially in 'upstream' prevention interventions.
URG's new report, entitled 'The Prevention Council: The business case for placing human rights at the heart of the UN's prevention agenda,' calls on UN member States to learn from these past mistakes and place a robust Human Rights Council prevention strategy at the centre of Secretary-General António Guterres' revitalized UN prevention agenda. To help persuade governments to take this long overdue step, which would have enormous benefits for human dignity, rights and lives, the report also presents a business- or economic-case for a human rights-first approach to prevention. That analysis, conducted with the economist behind the recent World Bank-UNDP report on 'Pathways for Peace,' finds that the international community could potentially save billions of dollars a year.
The UN's long love-affair with prevention
Ever since the establishment of the UN in 1946, the Organisation has recognised the central importance and value of prevention. Indeed, the very first words of the UN Charter make clear that the Organisation's overriding mission is to prevent the gross and systematic human rights abuses and violent conflicts that had so scarred the world during the early 20th century:
'We the peoples of the United Nations determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war…'
The last four UN Secretaries-General have each prioritised turning those words, and the concept of prevention, into an everyday practical reality for the Organisation. Unfortunately, despite this persistent focus on prevention over more than three decades, when it comes to turning the broadly held mantra that 'prevention is better than the cure' into concrete international policies, the UN is no further forward today than it was in 1992.
Why is that the case?
One key reason has long been understood by UN leaders: the short- term political-economic calculations of politicians. As remarked by Kofi Annan in his 2000 'Millennium Report:' 'the UN has long argued that prevention is better than cure; that we must address root causes, not merely their symptoms. But aspirations have yet to be matched by effective action.' 'Political leaders,' he explained, 'find it hard to sell prevention policies abroad to their public at home, because the costs are palpable and immediate, while the benefits – an undesirable or tragic future event that does not occur – are more difficult for the leaders to convey and the public to grasp.'
URG's new policy report argues that there is also a second key reason: the de facto side-lining of the UN's human rights pillar. Each of the last four UN Secretaries-General has recognised, in principle at least, the importance of the human rights pillar as a key part of a 'whole of UN' approach to prevention. Unfortunately, when it came to putting forward concrete proposals, each retreated into a more traditional conception of prevention as being synonymous with 'conflict prevention' or 'atrocity prevention' and therefore something to be carried out, principally, by the Security Council.
URG's report argues, using political and economic analyses, that this has been a critical flaw in the UN's long-standing prevention agenda. In reality, the international human rights system must play a central role in primary (building national resilience to prevent human rights violations from happening in the first place) and secondary prevention (early warning and early engagement), if the UN is to ever deliver on its promise to 'to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war.' By focusing on 'downstream' rather than 'upstream' interventions, the UN's traditional (and costly) focus on preventing the imminent outbreak of violent conflict, making peace, and preventing recurrence has been doomed to fail.
The business case
To correct these mistakes, and build a workable prevention policy at the UN, URG calls on the UN Secretary-General and member States to place the Human Rights Council and the wider UN prevention pillar at the heart of efforts to revitalise the UN's prevention agenda. To support this argument the report presents an economic or business case for such an outcome, which shows that, inter alia:
Human rights-integrated prevention strategies designed to build national resilience and stop low-level human rights situations from escalating into full-blown crises marked by gross and systematic violations, would provide net benefits (prevented damage for the State concerned and savings for the international community) of US$4 billion per year (in an optimistic scenario).
Where such rights-integrated strategies prevent violent conflict, the economic benefits (net annual savings) for the State concerned and the international community would be even higher (due to the huge costs of war, and the cost-efficiency of human rights interventions), namely over US$35 billion in a neutral scenario, and almost US$71 billion in an optimistic scenario.
A five-point plan for prevention
Building on this political-economic analysis of prevention, URG's new policy report concludes by presenting a five-point plan for the operationalisation of the Human Rights Council's prevention mandate. These proposals are expected to inform deliberations in Geneva in 2020, during which time States are expected to debate and adopt a new resolution that will create the necessary processes and mechanisms to finally turn prevention from ambition to reality.
Human Rights CouncilHuman rights in the UNPrevention
Human rights and the Security Council: practical steps to build effectiveness
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Reproduction doll, Kestners 'Robie' on Flickr - Photo Sharing!
reproduction antique doll 'Robie' by Kestner. Entirely made by me.
Sad heart shaped charm with little band-aid.
recycled plastic necklace in black and white.
3-5lbs Premature baby knitted cardigan and topknot hat - Premature baby cardigans, soft and cosy in a variety of styles.
Folksy :: Buy "Heather & Oatmeal Shell"
Lovely 100% wool & merino crochet shell, gorgeous and versatile.
Set of 3 sparrow charms in blue, pink, and green.
Illustrations of birds and flowers cut from vintage nature books are combined with vintage and new paper for this original collage.
I made this ACEO for Craig of CubistLiterature on etsy, made from polymer clay and antiqued with acrylic paint.
Folksy :: Buy "Truck 2 "
Ahhh Like father like son. Here is a cute fathers day card.
Black satin bow with cobweb pattern add mini skull embellishment attached in the middle.
This is a fantastic birthday card. For those who love something fun and different.


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Stanford PhD Student: 'Star Wars' Music Is Racist
Lucasfilm/IMDB
Tom Ciccotta
In a recent column for the Washington Post, Stanford Ph.D. student Jeffrey Chen made the case that the Star Wars franchise "reinforces our prejudices" through its soundtrack.
Stanford doctoral student Jeffrey Chen published a column in the Washington Post to make the case that the Star Wars film franchise is racist.
"[I]f we take a moment to think about it, George Lucas's galaxy is, and has always been, far, far away from being an original or an inclusive creation," Chen writes in the column. It suffers from "Orientalizing" stereotypes — "patronizing tropes that represent an imagined East, or the Orient, as inferior to the rational, heroic West."
It's not just the film that is problematic, according to Chen. The doctoral student argues that the main problem with the franchise is John Williams' celebrated score. Chen claims that the score takes European influences when the protagonists are on screen and Chinese, Indian, and Middle Eastern influences when antagonists are on screen.
Even those who have noted these prejudices could be excused for not noticing the presence of such tropes in another key element of every Star Wars film: John Williams's iconic musical score. Williams's music associates the 'good guys' with the grand orchestral style of the European Romantics (think of the beautifully hummable melodies for Luke, Leia and Rey), while the themes for the 'bad guys' are expressed in the vocabulary of Chinese, Indian and Middle Eastern music.
Readers of the Washington Post column were quick to ridicule Chen's tedious take. "This is one of the most ridiculous articles I have ever read," one commenter wrote. "Wow, I just go to the movies to have a good time. All this over analyzing isn't good for you," another commenter wrote.
EducationEntertainmentTechAcademic InsanityJohn WilliamsracismStanfordStar WarsWashington Post


The forrested slope on the south side of the Primrose staircase up Nanny Goat Hill has been cleared. The stone retaining walls that reminded me of Machu Pichu have also been removed. A multi-level infill house is proposed for the site, with entrances on the Upper Lorne side and onto the landing of the staircase. The previous staircase used to have an entrance onto its staircase also.


Gravel driveways and crushed stone driveways can be seen all over the United States! They're affordable, easy to maintain and you can create unique colors and designs with different types of gravel.
Call The Stone Store at 1-888-766-4242 Products from ... Driveways. Water Features ... crushed stone is the foundation material for many outdoor stone projects.
The 9 Best Types of Gravel for Your Driveway ... Crushed stone #411, which is a mixture of #57 stone and coarse rock dust, is a good option for this top layer.
Crushed Stone Driveways. Gravel Driveways. By Phil's Excavating Bellingham M A. Crushed stone driveways, sometimes referred to as gravel driveways, are a beautiful and low cost driveway that adds a folksy, comfortable look to your house.
How Much Does a Gravel Driveway Cost? ... in Chattanooga, Tennessee, says the cost of crushed stone in his area is $100 to $120 per ton, installed.
Everybody knows what a stone is, but when it comes to driveways, patios, sidewalks and other surfaces, choosing the right kind of stone can make a difference. Although it is common to use terms like gravel, crushed rock and stone interchangeably, it is useful to recognize the somewhat different driveways you can get with these different materials.
If the driveway must wind up a steep area, ... Driveway Surfaces ... Rounded surface is easier on tires and bare feet than jagged crushed stone.
If you're interested in installing a new gravel driveway, this post will compare crushed stone vs. gravel so that you can make an educated decision.
Spread a 4-inch deep layer of crushed No. 3 stone along the entire driveway. This base layer of rock is the size of your fist.
Crushed stone or angular rock is a form of construction aggregate, ... walkway, path, and driveway pavement, and cell infill for modular permeable paving units.
How to build a crushed stone driveway? What is the cost of installing crushed stone driveway? What are the advantages and disadvantages of such driveways?
See how to lower your crushed stone cost & find crushed stone near you. Get Free ... This poses a problem when it comes to driveways and or larger crushed rock projects.
Watch this video to see how to install a crushed stone driveway using landscape fabric to prevent weeds, while allowing rainwater to soak in.
Phil's Excavating explains crushed stone and gravel driveways and what the best stones are.
When the weather gets wet and sloppy, stone driveways can become a mud bog. Here are a few tips for maintaining a stone driveway.
So let me be clear that what I mean by "crushed gravel" driveways (photo at left) is distinct from what I would term, "stone" driveways. Crushed gravel driveways are commonly composed of sand, silt, clay and larger aggregates (pebbles and small stones).
Feb 10, 2017· Today I will be repairing the ruts in my old gravel driveway using a combination of crushed stone and marble chips from Home Depot.


This report is 75% ready and is in completion stage. The final version of the research report will be presented up to 5 working days after your order.
This report presents a comprehensive overview of the acrylic acid market in Nigeria and a forecast for its development in the next five years. It provides a detailed analysis of the market, its dynamics, structure, characteristics, main players, growth and demand drivers, etc. This is the most detailed and comprehensive report about the acrylic acid market in Nigeria currently available!
The purpose of the report is to describe the state of the acrylic acid market in Nigeria, to present actual and retrospective information about the volumes, dynamics, structure and characteristics of production, imports, exports and consumption and to build a forecast for the market in the medium term. In addition, the report presents an elaborate analysis of the main market participants, the price fluctuations, growth and demand drivers of the market and all other factors, influencing its development. It also focuses on the overall installed production capacities in the country along with the main producers on the market, the technologies each of them uses and the average utilization rates.
This research report has been prepared using the unique WMStrategy's methodology, including a blend of qualitative and quantitative data. The information comes from official sources and insights from market experts (representatives of the main market participants), gathered by semi-structured interviews.
- Forecast for the market development in the medium term (including three possible scenarios for development).
- Add weight to pitches and presentations by using official and accurate data and calculations.
This is the most comprehensive report covering the acrylic acid market in Nigeria currently available! We also offer similar reports, covering every other global country, region and the world as an overall and offer special terms for bundle purchases. So, if you are interested in the acrylic acid market in Nigeria, this research report will provide you with invaluable analysis of the market, its recent and future development. In addition, the report will save you time and money while presenting you all the necessary information, empowering you to make informed decisions and move your business forward!
Corporate User License: This License type does not allow the report to be Printed.


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United Way of Wayne County identifies our county's most pressing issues, invests in effective and accountable programs and brings the community together to build a strong foundation for generations to come.
Founded in 1925 the United Way is an autonomous and independent organization governed by a local, volunteer Board of community members. Our accountability is to the people and businesses who invest in United Way of Wayne County. United Way of Wayne County has identified four focus areas that address gaps within our community: Education, Health & Wellness, Financial Responsibility, and Basic Needs. Each agency and program that United Way helps to fund must address one or more focus area and show positive, trackable outcomes each year.
United Way of Wayne County is a community organization working in collaboration with local non-profits to improve the lives of people in our local community. Partnerships with local programs which meet established criteria of program accountability through outcome measurements and fiscal responsibility are supported by uniting people and resources to achieve the greatest impact on lives in Wayne County.
Over the past four years, United Way of Wayne County has focused on developing and implementing a Strategic Initiative Plan based on program outcomes. In sharing our successes we have shifted away from focusing on raising money to impact lives and the long-term impact that investments have for those living in Wayne County.
United Way Worldwide is a national service and training center for 1,800 local United Ways across the country. They provide training, research data, models of effective practices and other support to local United Ways. Local United Ways are not chapters of the national organization; they are governed by people in their own communities.
The Red Feather Agency formed in Denver. During World War I, cities formed the War Chest and after the War it was changed to Community Chest in 1917. In 1945 "the Red Feather" was adopted it as the official insignia of the Community Chest of America and in 1925 Goldsboro Community Chest Fund was started.
Steve Parr hired as Executive Director.
Named changed to United Way of Wayne County
Taste of Wayne County Food Festival created
Alexis de Tocqueville Society formed in Wayne County.
Day of Caring and Sharing begins.
United Way Relief Fund established for local emergency disaster relief
Lead efforts to bring Smart Start to Wayne County.
Forms Wayne County Partnership for Children to administer Smart Start and to become independent from UWWC.
UWWC focus changed to measured outcomes
League of Legacy - Planned giving started
Established the Volunteer Connection
Celebrated 75 years
1st annual Founders Cup Golf Tournament
RVSP combined with Volunteer Connection and formed Volunteer Wayne website
Planning begins on the Family Learning Center in Dudley NC
READ Wayne becomes an initiative of UWWC
Steve Parr retires after 30 years of service to UWWC.
Sherry Archibald becomes the UWWC Executive Director.
COVID-19 takes the community by storm.
TOW is changed to a coupon passport.
UWWC and the WCHD partner on COVID-19 relief and case management.
UWWC, WCPS and the faith based community partner together to host Unlimited Impact.


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PUSARLA V. SINDHU AND MICHELLE LI APPOINTED ATHLETE AMBASSADORS FOR IOC'S BELIEVE IN SPORT' CAMPAIGN
Monday 3 May 2021
The Badminton World Federation (BWF) is delighted to announce that India's Pusarla V. Sindhu and Canada's Michelle Li have been nominated as athlete ambassadors for the International Olympic Committee's (IOC) 'Believe in Sport' campaign aimed at preventing competition manipulation.
Pusarla and Li will be working alongside other athlete ambassadors from around the world to raise awareness on the topic of competition manipulation amongst athletes and entourage.
The pair have been global ambassadors for BWF's 'i am badminton' campaign since April 2020.
'i am badminton' Ambassador: Pusarla V. Sindhu
'i am badminton' Ambassador: Michelle Li
World champion and Rio Olympics silver medallist Pusarla said of joining the IOC's 'Believe in Sport' campaign: "It is an honour to be nominated by the IOC as an ambassador. I stand alongside my fellow athletes in the fight against any form of cheating or competition manipulation. Together we are stronger."
2014 Commonwealth Games champion Li added: "We all want to be on the same start line. It's so important to be fair as that's a true representation of what your ability is."
In badminton, manipulation or match fixing includes influencing the course or the result of a badminton match in order to obtain an advantage for the individual or others; and removing all or part of the uncertainty normally associated with the course or results of a competition.
Protecting honest athletes and keeping sport fair is a top priority for the Olympic Movement and both the IOC and BWF are committed to fighting all forms of cheating that threaten the integrity and essence of sport.
BWF Secretary General Thomas Lund said: "Competition manipulation has become an increasingly global concern and protecting honest players is a top priority for the BWF. By joining forces with the IOC in nominating two of our most popular players, Pusarla and Li as ambassadors, we believe we can have a positive impact in the fight to protect integrity in sport."
As part of the 'Believe in Sport' campaign leading up to the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, Pusarla and Li will be engaging with the badminton athlete community through online webinars and social media messages to highlight the risks involved and educating them on how best to safeguard and protect themselves in light of opportunities to manipulate their competition.
The IOC's 'Believe in Sport' campaign was launched in 2018 to raise awareness among athletes, coaches and officials of the threat of competition manipulation.
pressoffice@bwfbadminton.org
Lloyd Green
Communications & Media Manager
Mobile: +60 19-384 0556
Dianne Pierre
Deputy Communications & Media Manager
Mobile: +44 7961 714540
ABOUT BWF
The Badminton World Federation (BWF) is the international governing body of the sport of badminton, recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). It was originally the International Badminton Federation (IBF) which was founded on 5 July 1934, before being rechristened the Badminton World Federation in 2006.
The purpose and objectives of BWF include regulating, promoting, developing and popularising the sport of badminton throughout the world and organising, conducting and presenting international events at the highest level.
The BWF's vision is to make badminton a leading global sport accessible to all – giving every child a chance to play for life. Its mission is to lead and inspire all stakeholders; to deliver entertainment through exciting events to drive fan experience; and to create innovative, impactful and sustainable development initiatives.
BWF has its headquarters in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, with 196 Member Associations worldwide.
Poul-Erik Høyer is the BWF President and Thomas Lund is the BWF Secretary General.
Websites: www.bwfbadminton.com and www.bwfcorporate.com
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/bwfbadminton
25 Years at #1: Your best source of news about the Olympics is www.aroundtherings.com, for subscribers only
ATRPUSARLA V. SINDHUMICHELLE LIATHLETE AMBASSADORSIOC"BELIEVE IN SPORT"CAMPAIGNbwfbadmintonrio 2016lund


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The John Coltrane Documentary
"…documentarian John Scheinfeld (The U.S. vs. John Lennon) digs in deep to get the stories behind the stories, unearthing rare footage of the Love Supreme innovator in action and getting everyone from Wayne Shorter and Sonny Rollins to Cornel West to weigh in on the man behind the horn."
– David Fear, Rolling Stone
"What Scheinfeld does especially right in his film is to play Coltrane's music through virtually every frame. Scheinfeld relies on Denzel Washington to voice him, mostly by reading short, austere snippets of a written memoir. This might be some of Washington's best work."
Michael Cieply, Deadline.com
"Coltrane's musician friends, children, and biographers tell his story, while eloquent commentary from former U.S. President Bill Clinton and academic and philosopher Dr. Cornel West communicate a deep understanding of his cultural and historical significance. Coltrane, who grew up in the segregated South, rarely talked politics, but the stories behind his most notable compositions ("Alabama") and albums ("A Love Supreme") resonate in the here and now."
Jennie Punter, VARIETY
"A music titan gets his cinematic due in Chasing Trane, a comprehensive, engrossing and, it's tempting to say, worshipful account of the life of John Coltrane, the tenor sax player and composer most aficionados would agree deserves a spot on the jazz equivalent of Mount Rushmore… Smartly shaped and vigorously told…A stellar cast of witnesses and commentators."
Todd McCarthy: The Hollywood Reporter
Outreach Partners Include:
ABOUT THE DOCUMENTARY
Set for wide release in 2017, CHASING TRANE is the definitive documentary film about an outside-the-box thinker with extraordinary talent whose boundary-shattering music continues to impact and influence people around the world. This smart, passionate, thought-provoking and uplifting documentary is for anyone who appreciates the power of music to entertain, inspire and transform.
Written and directed by critically-acclaimed documentary filmmaker John Scheinfeld (The U.S. vs. John Lennon and Who Is Harry Nilsson…?) the film is produced with the full participation of the Coltrane family and the support of the record labels that collectively own the Coltrane catalog. Scheinfeld brings his strong story-telling skills to the creation of a rich, textured and compelling narrative that takes the audience to unexpected places.
Set against the social, political and cultural landscape of the times, CHASING TRANE brings John Coltrane to life as a fully dimensional being, inviting the audience to engage with Coltrane the man, Coltrane the artist.
ABOUT JOHN COLTRANE
Born September 23rd, 1926 in Hamlet, North Carolina, John Coltrane's first introduction to music came through his musician father. Growing up, Coltrane was obsessed with the records of Count Basie and Lester Young. At the age of 13, he picked up the saxophone and tried to imitate the sounds of his then idols Charlie Parker and Johnny Hodges. Thus began the career of one of the Twentieth Century's most important and influential artists. Coltrane's dramatic life story was cinematic in its scope⎯from his early musical life playing alongside giants Dizzy Gillespie, Eddie Vinson and Jimmy Heath, to breakout performances with the Miles Davis Quintet on their classic recordings 'Round About Midnight and Kind of Blue, to the historic partnership with Thelonious Monk and then finally to his astonishing solo career that gave the world such musical diamonds as Giant Steps, My Favorite Things, Impressions, Live at Birdland and 1965's seminal A Love Supreme.
"Trane" died in 1967 at the age of 40, an enigmatic, dominant figure whose massive influence on generations of artists has grown even stronger since his death.
EXCLUSIVE CLIP:
Website design - Adam Jones, Nashville, TN


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Watch Holy Catholic Mass
The Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul
Latest Cathedral News!
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providencecathedral.org
The Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul
Contact the Cathedral of SS. Peter and Paul
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Use Google Maps or Mapquest to obtain directions from your location to the Cathedral in downtown Providence, Rhode Island.
Handicapped Parking Entrance to the Cathedral
Please note that parking for the Handicapped entrance to the Cathedral is located on the east side of the building. Please refer to the map below for details on how to access the Handicapped entrance. Do not turn on Fenner Street. Instead proceed on Broad Street to the other side of the Cathedral and turn onto the Jackson Walkway and proceed to the east side of the Cathedral. Handicapped parking signs are clearly indicated.


12/15/2014 -- A robber carjacks a man and holds him hostage inside the vehicle while trying to escape from police. A military police officer is able to bring him to a stop by ramming the van. The robber tries to escape but is shot and killed while exiting the van. The victim was uninjured.


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Of the 3,197 sentinel events JCAHO has reviewed from January 1995 through June 30, 2005, almost 11%, or 326 incidents, involved a medication error, making it the fourth most common type of sentinel event reported.
More than one out of 10 sentinel events are drug errors
Of the 3,197 sentinel events JCAHO has reviewed from January 1995 through June 30, 2005, almost 11%, or 326 incidents, involved a medication error, making it the fourth most common type of sentinel event reported. Poor communication is the No. 1 root cause of these medication errors, followed by inadequate staff orientation and training. While the total number of medication errors dropped in 2004 as compared with 2003, those involving potassium chloride rose during the same period. These are some updated data JCAHO released recently on sentinel events, which are defined as an unexpected death or serious injury to the patient.
I'm sorry, so sorry
Do hospitals that take the initiative to apologize to patients for committing a medical blooper get sued to a lesser extent than those that don't? Apparently an increasing number of hospitals believe this to be the case. For instance, hospitals in Illinois have implemented a program called "Sorry Works!" to teach health professionals how to 'fess up. Now a bill has been introduced in Congress, modeled after this program, to help hospitals own up to their errors and negotiate with patients who have been hurt by such incidents. The bill was introduced by Sens. Hillary Clinton (D, N.Y.) and Barack Obama (D, Ill.). Proponents believe that measures such as these lower hospitals' medical malpractice tabs.
AHRQ issues new evidence report on diabetes
The Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality (AHRQ) has come out with an evidence report on the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IGT). Among its goals, the report sought to determine how effectively drugs could delay the onset of diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients with IGT and reduce the risk for cardiovascular events and stroke. Combing through studies published after 1978, the report found, among other things, that acarbose (Precose, Bayer) is associated with a reduced risk of progressing to DM as well as developing a major cardiovascular event. For additional findings on the value of other pharmacotherapeutic interventions, click on http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/impglusum.htm. Meanwhile, in a notice published in the Sept. 21 Federal Register, AHRQ said it is seeking nominations of topics for new evidence reports. Nominations should be submitted by Dec. 1 and should be e-mailed to epc@ahrq.gov
New tool kit helps eliminate abbreviations
Is your hospital having a hard time getting rid of dangerous medical abbreviations? If so, this new toolkit from Joint Commission Resources could come in handy. The Spell It Out! kit consists of items that remind doctors and other health professionals not to use certain abbreviations. Included are two clipboards, 10 laminated posters, 10 pocket-sized quick reference cards, 10 sticker sheets, and five multi-click pens with a window that displays all the do-not-use abbreviations. The tool kit costs $49.
VA hospitals choose MedRunner
Five Veterans Affairs hospitals have selected Bio-Optronics' Dynamic Hospital MedRunner as a contingency solution for BCMA (bar-coded medication administration), the VA's internal medication administration system. According to the Rochester, N.Y., firm, MedRunner can be integrated with the VA's BCMA or work as a stand-alone solution for medication administration. The five hospitals are in Martinsburg, W.V., the greater Baltimore area, and Washington, D.C.
Clinical News | Health System | News


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Citizenship deprivation: How Britain took the lead on dismantling citizenship
3 March 2016 | Bobbie Mills, Writer and researcher in Migration and Politics
"...although we may ... sometimes persecute people because they are foreign, the deeper truth is that we almost always make foreign those whom we persecute."
Bonnie Honig, A Legacy of Xenophobia
What has put Britain on the vanguard of citizenship deprivation?
This blog post, adapted from a COMPAS Working Paper 'A privilege, not a right,' seeks to develop Honig's argument by considering the resurrection of citizenship deprivation powers in the name of the War on Terror. These powers had lain dormant throughout Europe since the end of WWII until they were updated in the UK in 2002 (then again in 2006 and in 2014). This contrasts with their being debated and dropped by most other liberal democracies over the past decade. Britain has long been breaking ground in updating citizenship deprivation powers to the 21st century. Only now is it spreading, emulated last year by Canada, and now tentatively by France in the wake of the November Paris attacks.
Cancelling citizenship is not to be confused with cancelling passports. Individuals stripped of their British citizenship have faced deportation from the UK. They have been unable to claim protection from Britain when detained, tortured or killed (e.g. by drone strike) in another country. Naturalised British citizens have been blamed for their own statelessness when they failed or refused to obtain their prior nationality (but this did not stick with the Supreme Court, see Secretary of State for the Home Department v Al-Jedda).
Not only does Britain have the most developed legal deprivation powers among liberal democracies, it has also applied these powers much more liberally. Where most liberal democracies will go decades without issuing a single revocation, between 2006 and 2014 the British government served 27 deprivation orders on national security grounds alone. Why is Britain on the vanguard of citizenship deprivation? This is the question animating this post. Its answer proposes a further step in Honig's argument and helps expose what citizenship, done the British way, does and does not guarantee. It also sketches a path that began with deportation and has wound towards the renewal of forms of state expulsion from which the citizen has only temporarily been exempt.
Abu Hamza - the citizen who needed to be deported
UK citizenship deprivation powers were updated by the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. They appeared alongside the introduction of the Life in the UK citizenship test, meant to re-inject value into citizenship following a crisis of multiculturalism. The powers were brought explicitly in line with the European Convention on Human Rights - applying only to dual nationals regardless of how citizenship was obtained so as not to discriminate between birthright or naturalised citizens and to prevent statelessness.
Initially, next to no attention was paid to the renewed powers. It was the case of Abu Hamza, whose violent hate speech caused national outrage in 2003, that would shape how these powers have developed and been used to this day.
Abu Hamza was born an Egyptian citizen and acquired British citizenship through marriage to a British woman. As public outrage mounted over his violent hate speech directed against Jews, homosexuals and non-Muslims, the common call to action from Parliament and the press was to remove him from the UK.
The hitch was that Hamza's citizenship prevented his deportation. The extended citizenship deprivation powers of the 2002 NIA Act would not come into power until later in 2003, and there was a tone of frustration amongst those advocating Hamza's removal. David Cameron, not yet leader of the Conservative party, said of the matter in 2003: "We must make sure we have the right to deport people who are a threat."
Why was it so clear that Abu Hamza should be dealt with via deportation rather than tried and sentenced as a domestic criminal? What precisely was this "threat" he posed to the UK?
Abu Hamza was simultaneously portrayed as a hook-handed, eye-patched super villain, the inassimilable Muslim and the scrounging immigrant. The cleric received as much press attention for his bigamy and welfare fraud as his anti-Western hate speech. Hamza was foreign in everything but law.
The instinctive calls for his deportation can be explained as an extension of what William Walters describes as the governmentalized logic of the deportation regime which has come to target specific alien social behaviours considered to pose a threat to the population. It is in this way that the full sense of Cameron's comment on "people who pose a threat" can be understood. The "threat" posed by Abu Hamza endangered not only national security but also the population in terms of his social and sexual behaviour. Hamza's British citizenship was treated as a contingent and meaningless technicality - "won" through a bigamous marriage.
UK citizenship deprivation powers therefore became something that the law 'should' normatively permit in order to facilitate the deportation of those who manifestly 'should' be removed, a technical step within the legitimate process of deportation.
This is not a process of unmaking the citizen - of casting foes as foreign to the national body. If citizenship deprivation is considered a necessary step to enable deportation – a measure reserved exclusively for foreign nationals – then the individual in question must already appear as foreign for the very notion of these measures to occur to the public imaginary. Whilst Honig's argument that "we almost always make foreign those whom we persecute" is a powerful one, it must be added that the appearance of foreignness not only shapes who states persecute, it also shapes how those people are persecuted.
When deprivation powers were updated in 2002 they were not tightly associated with deportation. They initially appeared alongside other measures like citizenship tests to reinvest citizenship with value, and may have been used very differently if it had not been for the high profile Hamza case. The powers were updated in 2006 following the 2005 terror attacks in London. The fact that the 2006 amendments brought deprivation powers explicitly in line with deportation - reducing the standard required to deprive citizenship from the individual having done "anything seriously prejudicial to the vital interests of the UK" to the same standard required for deportation, "conducive to the public good" - demonstrates the lasting influence of Hamza's case.
In Reverse: The consequences of coupling citizenship deprivation with deportation
The tying of citizenship deprivation to deportation has had far-reaching consequences. Under the coalition government and Home Secretary Theresa May, deprivation orders tended to be applied while the individual was outside of the UK, and had therefore effectively expelled themselves. Temporary Exclusion Orders (TEOs) were introduced in 2015. TEOs can prevent UK citizens who cannot be legally stripped of their citizenship (e.g. because they would be left stateless) from freely re-entering the UK without contact with the authorities.
While William Walters' history of state expulsion speculated that deportation risks losing legitimacy because of its historical association with illiberal state practices, the case of the UK shows the reverse to be true: The legitimacy attached to deportation has paved the way for the revival of measures tantamount to banishment. For a limited moment in modern history the citizen had sole leave to enter and remain. That time may now be up, as Canada has followed the UK's example and the Paris Attacks appear to have rocked France's aversion to citizenship stripping.
This research builds on the growing body of literature that is exposing the fact that national citizenship does not, and possibly never did, guarantee the right to have rights. Some might argue that international law and human rights leave little practical difference between citizens and non-citizens - meaning the only thing 'special' about citizenship is having the right to vote in national elections and the right to enter and remain. In Britain, citizenship doesn't even get you that far. Prisoners cannot vote, and not everyone can remain.
Arbitrary Deprivation of Nationality
Al Jedda


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I was reminded a couple of days ago of one of my favourite children's projects during the Perth International Arts Festival a few years back. Haircuts By Children involved children between the ages of 8 and 12. Children were trained by professional hairstylists and then paid to run a real hair salon, offering members of the public free haircuts.
What I love about this project, as with all the projects by Mammalian Diving Reflex, is that we are challenged to consider children as creative and competent individuals whose aesthetic choices can be trusted. Mammalian Diving Reflex state the project also "shift(s) the traditional power dynamic between children and adults, creating a safe social space where children and adults who live in the same community can meet and share a unique creative experience together. The idea that kids should be allowed to cut our hair evokes the same leap of faith, courage and understanding required to grant children deeper citizenship rights. For many it is actually less terrifying to contemplate allowing kids to vote."
Why was I reminded of this project? Well my nearly three year old wanted to paint our faces and wanted to do it ALL herself. We've done face painting lots of times before, but I've been in control. This evening, I relinquished all control and it was challenging. I lost count of the number of times I curbed my desire to suggest she not mix the colours, or had used enough of one colour, should perhaps look in the mirror (which I had provided but was largely unused), or perhaps might like to stop putting all of the paint on her chin. It was even more challenging when it was my turn.
The challenge, however was worth it. Sure, in my opinion we looked nothing like the leopards she set out to create, but the joy and pride in her face when she declared she had finished, was priceless. She had the autonomy to make all the decisions about what she wanted to create and so the end result was just what it should be. And, we have repeated the exercise since then and she has 'refined' her process, learning by her own experience what she needs to do to get the effect she wants.
But how rare are these opportunities for children? Where we trust them, truly trust them to create or make something that they desire, without placing our own pre-conceived ideas of what things should be like on them.
And taken one step further, how often do we attempt to give children those deeper citizen rights of being involved in plans and decisions that affect their lives? I suggest that it's not nearly often enough, and if we want future adults that are confident in their abilities and make sound decisions, perhaps it is something we need to do a little more often.
Mammalian Diving Reflex do some amazing creative projects with children and young people.


We regularly dispatch vehicles from the Czech Republic on Mondays or, as the case may be, on Tuesdays. On the following days (Wednesday-Thursday) the consignments are delivered across Switzerland and at the same time, consignments destined for the Czech Republic are collected (Wednesday - Friday), which will then be delivered as circumstances allow from Friday to Monday.
To speed up the transport, we concentrate consignments within the Czech republic in our warehouse in Brno - FREE OF CHARGE.
Loading of goods in the Czech Republic: Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Monday from 7 a.m. to 4 p.m., Tuesday from 7 a.m. to 12 a.m. (as convenient for the carrier).
Unloading in CH: on the next Wednesday-Thursday by 4 p.m. (as convenient for the carrier).
Orders are to be placed by 12 a.m. on Friday.
Order cancellation submitted more than 24 hours prior to loading is free of charge.
Order cancellation submitted less than 24 hours prior to loading carries a cancellation fee of 50% of the price.
Loading of goods in CH: Wednesday-Friday (as convenient for the carrier).
Unloading of goods in the Czech Republic: the next Friday-Monday (as convenient for the carrier).
In case of stating in the order, that unloading can be carried out on Tuesday and unloading will be carried out on Tuesday, we offer: 5% off.


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Without Walls
Without Walls is a consortium of festivals, organisations and artists dedicated to raising the profile of the UK outdoors sector, both nationally and internationally.
Established in 2007 as a partnership of 5 founding festivals, Without Walls has grown into a consortium of 36 partners, spanning 3 strategic groups. Together we create, develop and tour innovative new work and invest in the growth of the outdoor arts sector.
Without Walls is made up of the Artistic Directorate, the Touring Network Partnership and the Creative Development Network. Find out more about what these groups do here.
Since 2007, we have supported over 200 new shows made by artists working at the heart of the outdoor arts sector, encouraging them to explore ideas in a positive, supportive environment.
We champion and support diverse work and accessibility in the arts, with a wide range of shows from Black, Asian and ethnically diverse artists and D/deaf and Disabled artists.
Over the past 3 years, 3 million people have attended festivals that are part of the Without Walls consortium. From the metropolitan centre of London to the banks of the River Tees in Stockton; from the woodland site of Just So to urban public spaces in Stoke, Doncaster and Skegness – Without Walls' work reaches audiences far and wide.
Without Walls is funded by Arts Council England as a National Portfolio Organisation.
Certain Blacks Festival 2019
Hoxton Hall
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©2022 certain blacks
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This entry was tagged 2016, Clinton, People, Politics, President, Trump, United States, US. Bookmark the permalink.
The thing that always infuriates me about all the "she won the popular vote" crap is that in states where the non-absentee balloting (on the actual 'voting day" plus early voting) clearly shows a winner (i.e., a state has clearly and unbeatably gone for Trump), they STOP COUNTING THE BALLOTS! So, all those MILITARY folks who absolutely voted and mailed their ballots — DO NOT GET COUNTED! EVER! So how can the left-lib-idiots keep claiming "they won" — "we" never even finished counting the votes!! INFURIATING!


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Gearbox Manufacturer Starts Building Extensions
Supply the entire material flow along the value chain
Halve manufacturing times using lean methods
Video: Gearbox Manufacturer Starts Building Extensions
Video: Manual - Albion Gearbox 2023, January
Visions are there to be turned into reality. SPN Schwaben Präzision has always done this throughout its history. Now the next step towards the future followed: Together with Lord Mayor Hermann Faul and Member of the Bundestag Ulrich Lange, the managing directors of the SPN group of companies Josef Seitz, Rainer Hertle and Georg Jaumann broke ground on October 28 for the extension of the SPN plant in Nördlingen. The group of companies is investing around 5.5 million euros in the new building for Hall 4 for buildings and infrastructure and around 1.5 million euros for production technology.
"Our aim is to use this extension to bring all processes together and to manufacture process chains related to product groups," explains SPN Managing Director Georg Jaumann. The building will have a total area of 3000 m² for production, 360 m² for training and test areas, 860 m² for offices and 400 m² for technical building equipment and energy supply. The focus is on an integrated concept for intralogistics with tugger trains to supply and dispose of the entire material flow along the value chain.
Other important investments concern air conditioning in the production halls, direct air extraction from the machines and an improved indoor climate for the employees. "With SPN, we are proud to have a modern company in Nördlingen that offers its employees long-term prospects and has development potential," said Hermann Faul, Mayor of Nördlingen.
"SPN Schwaben Präzision has made a name for itself in the region as a company with strong growth and training," said Member of the Bundestag Ulrich Lange. "The current award for the 'Top Employer Donauries' label has been earned."
The schedule for the construction work is ambitious: the move into the new hall and the relocation of the first part from the plant in Glashütte Straße are scheduled for the middle of the third quarter of 2017. Moving into the integrated hall 3 and moving the rest of the production from the plant in Glashütter Straße is planned for the fourth quarter, which will be completely cleared in 2018 and used for another purpose.
"Our long-term goal is to halve throughput times in production, reduce inventories and increase our efficiency by implementing lean methods," explains Rainer Hertle, Technical Director of SPN. "For our customers, this means shorter procurement times and greater flexibility for customer-specific requirements with above-average precision and a strong price-performance ratio," says Hertle. (kj)
Solid Edge ST10 Offers Extensions For Construction, Simulation And Collaboration
Version 10 of the Solid Edge 3D CAD software is equipped with new design technologies, improved flow and heat transfer analysis, and cloud-based collaboration tools. New options in the field of additive manufacturing such as direct access to suitable services round off the new version
Brush Manufacturer Builds Another Production Building
The brush manufacturer Mink is expanding. The company is investing a total of 4.3 million euros in a new production building, which should also create 25 new jobs
Contemporary Earth Building: Interior Insulation And Earth Building Materials
Interior insulation has been tried and tested for many decades in the energy-saving renovation of listed buildings and half-timbered buildings
Building And Corrosion Protection. Concrete As A Niche - Master Of Building And Corrosion Protection
In Geradstetten, painters can complete a part-time master's degree in the course of building and corrosion protection
From A Lime Works To A Manufacturer Of Special Building Materials
Colfirmit Rajasil celebrated its 100th anniversary. Companies that can celebrate a 100-year company anniversary have become rare. Of the