The BMPN symbolism allows you to create business processes templates – Business Process Diagrams (BPD) for documentation and communication purposes. These models follow a standard notation, developed by the Institute of Business process management – The Business Process Management Initiative (BPMI) and was released to the public in May of 2004.
The BPMN specification represents more than two years of efforts the Working Group BPMI. The first objective of this effort was to provide a notation that was easy to read and understand for all business users. Since business analysts, who create the initial models of business processes, technical developers, responsible for technology implementation, and finally to the people in the business, which will manage and monitor these processes.
The BPMN (Business Process Modeling Notation) is designed to be easy to use and understanding and also provide the ability to model complex business processes. The BPMN is one of three specifications developed by BPMI. It uses an open standard, defined by the OMG, currently at version 1.1. The others are process modeling languages: Business Process Modeling Language (BPML) and a language to query for processes, the Business Process Query Language (BPQL).
The BPMN is a notation that aims to generate a business process diagram called a Business Process Diagram (BPD).
The BPD is built using a basic set of graphics. These elements allow the development of diagrams that are usually quite familiar to most business analysts, because they are quite similar to flowcharts.
One of the challenges of BPMN is to create simple mechanisms to build business process models, but with the ability to deal with the inherent complexity of business processes. The BPMN takes a minimalist approach to deal with these two conflicting requirements, using a small set of rating categories, so that the reader of a BPD can easily recognize the basic types used and so understand the essence of the diagram. The four basic categories of elements are the flow objects, connecting objects, rays and artifacts.
The BPMN describes a set of three objects: events, activities, and gateways. Events are represented by circles and show events in the course of a process and affect the flow of a process and eventually may have a cause or impact. The activities are represented by rectangles with rounded corners and are used to demonstrate some sort of work done in the company. The gateways are represented by a diamond, and are used to control the divergence and convergence of a control flow, determining traditional decisions and also parallel paths or paths junctions.
Connection objects, or objects are connected to the flow diagram to create the basic structural skeleton of a business process. There are three basic types of objects to provide this function: the sequence flow, which is represented by a solid line and a solid arrow, used to demonstrate the order that activities are performed in a process. The message flow is represented by a dotted line, with an arrow at his end and is used to demonstrate the flow of messages between two participants of separate processes of organizational form, such as different industries, different business units, or even other companies. The Association is represented by a dotted line with an arrow at the end and is used to bind data, texts and other artifacts with objects from the stream.
The BPMN as well as many other notations to represent processes, uses the concept of swimming lanes (swimlanes) as a mechanism to organize activities in different categories, in order to illustrate different functional capabilities or responsibilities. These categories are supported by BPMN through two types of constructs, pools and lanes.
Finally, the BPMN specification defines three types of artifacts: data objects, annotations and groups. The data objects are mechanisms that demonstrate how data is required or produced by activities. They are connected in activities through associations. The groups are represented by a dotted rectangle and can be used with the purpose of featured, documentation or analysis, but does not affect the sequence flow. Annotations are mechanisms that provide the styler the ability to describe additional textual information to the reader of the diagram.


text:
The State of DNSSEC Validation
14 Mar 2019 in DNS	by Geoff Huston
Many aspects of technology adoption in the Internet over time show simple "up and to the right" curves. There are many examples, so to pick a classic curve Google's measurement of IPv6 use is a good example. What lies behind these curves is the theory that once a decision is made to deploy a technology the decision is not subsequently "unmade." When we observe an adoption curve fall rather than rise, then it's reasonable to ask what is going on.
The level of DNSSEC validation of DNS responses in the Internet is an example where the curve is not "up and to the right." We observe that the level of use of DNSSEC validation has fallen for an extended period across 2017 and 2018 and has only regained its momentum in the most recent six months. In this article let's look into this data in further detail to see what is going on.
Figure 1 – DNSSEC Validation rate
Google's Public DNS service (8.8.8.8) is undoubtedly the most popular DNS resolution service in the Internet, and some 15% of the world's users pass their queries through this service. Google's Public DNS service performs DNSSEC validation, and for some years it appeared that the growth in uptake of DNSSEC validation and the growth in uptake of the use of Google's public DNS resolver service were largely a reflection of each other.
The drop in the level of DNSSEC validation in 2017 – 2018 coincides with a drop in the level of the use of Google's DNS service over the same period, which again appears to support the supposition that Google's PDNS service is the major driving factor behind the general use of DNSSEC validation. However, we're seeing in late 2018 and early 2019 a divergence in these two metrics: the level of use of Google PDNS service is steady at around 13%-15% while the level of DNSSEC validation is now approaching 20% of the Internet's user population.
Figure 2 – DNSSEC Validation rate and use of Google's DNS service
This consideration of "the Internet" in this context is somewhat misleading. The Internet is not homogenous, and while we can talk about "Internet-wide" metrics, it does not necessarily mean that all regions of the Internet show the same behaviours. Of the five major geographic regions of the world only two regions show a noticeable decrease in the level of DNSSEC validation in 2017 and 2018, namely Africa and Asia. The other regions show a pausing of growth across 2017 and 2018, but not necessarily a decline.
Figure 3 – DNSSEC Validation by Region
It seems that Africa and Asia both saw a decline in DNSSEC validation rates across 2017 and 2018. Lets look at these two regions in a little more detail.
DNSSEC Validation in Africa
Let's first look in a bit more detail into Africa. DNSSEC validation use peaked at 22% of users in mid-2016 and declined to 12% by early 2018 and has shifted back to 18% in early 2019. ISP's in this region have been relatively enthusiastic users of Google's Public DNS services, and over the past 5 years the use of Google's DNS services has been between 20% to 35% of the entire African user population. Interestingly, the period over 2016 – 2017 saw the use of Google's service increase, but the level of DNSSEC validation decline. The most logical explanation is that ISPs increasingly used local non-validating DNS resolvers to complement their use of Google's service.
Figure 4 – DNSSEC validation and Google DNS use in Africa
The largest pools of Internet users in Africa are to be found in Nigeria, Egypt, South Africa, Kenya, and Morocco. These five countries contain two thirds of the region's Internet user population.
Figure 5 – DNSSEC validation in the 5 largest African Economies
In Nigeria AS 36873(Celtel Nigeria) used Google's DNS service almost exclusively across 2015, and then transitioned to use other non-validating resolvers in 2016. In 2018 they have resumed the use of Google DNS service, but in conjunction with a local resolver. Another major ISP in Nigeria, AS37076 (EMTS) also used Google's DNS service up until the start of 2016, but since then they have used other non-DNSSEC-validating DNS resolvers.
The picture in Egypt is somewhat different and DNSSEC validation has been constant at around 10% until mid 2018, when one of the larger service providers, AS8452 (TE Data) switched to use Google's DNS service and DNSSEC validation rates rose accordingly.
In Kenya one of the larger service providers, AS36926 (Celtel) appears to have turned on DNSSEC validation in its local DNS resolver infrastructure in 2016, but then reverted to a non-validating configuration in September 2016.
DNSSEC Validation in Asia
The picture of DNSSEC validation in Asia is similar to that seen in Africa. Many ISPs in Asia appear to direct their user's DNS queries to Google's service.
Figure 6 – DNSSEC validation and Google DNS use in Asia
Some 80% of the region's considerable user population can be found in China, India, Japan, Indonesia, Vietnam and Turkey.
Figure 7 – DNSSEC validation in the 6 largest Asian Economies
The picture in China is one of a relatively small user base that use DNSSEC validating resolvers. Somewhat surprisingly there is a considerable level of use of Google's Public DNS services, and these days some 7% of Chinese uses have their DNS queries resolved through Google's DNS service.
It is in India that we see the best correlation of the Internet-wide DNSSEC validation numbers with national numbers. By late 2016 India had reached a significant milestone of 20% of users performing DNSSEC validation. However, across 2017 this number plummeted to 3% by the end of 2017. It is only in the past 3 months has this situation reversed, and now the DNSSEC validation rate in India is some 33%.
Figure 8 – DNSSEC validation in India
The recent rise in DNSSEC validation rates in India is largely due to measures taken within India's largest retail ISP, AS55836 (Reliance Jio). This network made extensive use of Google's Public DNS service in 2014 and 2015 but turned to use its own resolvers in 2016. In recent months there is an observed rise in the use of Google's DNS service, but not at the same level as the rise in DNSSEC validation within that service provider.
A similar picture is visible for AS38266 (Vodaphone India), where deployment of DNSSEC-validating resolvers commenced in early 2018 in that network.
The picture of DNSSEC validation in Japan in a more conventional one. The level of adoption is still relatively low at some 8%-10% of the national user population, but the rise is consistent with a conventional "up and to the right" curve. Interestingly, this curve is consistent with the use of Google's DNS.
The opposite picture is the case in Indonesia, where a 25% use of DNSSEC validation in 2014 dropped to 1% in 2018. A more positive uptake trend is only visible in Indonesia in recent weeks. This profile is largely due to the state of DNSSEC validation within Telekomunikasi Indonesia (AS 17974), where a significant set of DNS queries were being directed to Google's service in 2014, and this was effectively turned off in 2015. The most significant recent change in Indonesia is the adoption of DNSSEC validation by Hutchinson (AS45727).
Why the fall in DNSSEC Validation in 2017 and 2018?
It's probably not coincidental that the roll of the root zone Key-Signing Key was originally scheduled to occur in October 2017. A significant effort was put into pushing out a message that DNSSEC-aware DNS resolvers needed to be tracking the roll of the KSK, and if they failed to follow the progress of the incoming key then the resolver would fail to answer any queries. The diagnostic tools for resolvers are pretty woeful., and it is a challenge even for operators of these resolvers to get the resolver to report on its trusted key state. It is quite conceivable that a number of resolver operators took the conservative option in 2017 and turned off DNSSEC validation as a way of avoiding potential service problems with the KSK roll.
In the case of the Indian DNS resolver operators DNSSEC validation was switched on again in late 2018, well after the 2018 KSK roll. There are no substantiated reports from these service operators as to why DNSSEC validation was switched off in 2017 and why it was resumed late in 2018, so the linking of this data with the KSK roll is simply supposition on my part. But in my opinion the hiatus in DNSSEC validation across the entire Internet was directly related to the extended period of the KSK roll. It seems entirely logical that many operators who were contemplating turning on validation in their resolver infrastructure delayed the process until the KSK had been rolled and DNSSEC was once more considered to be "stable".
But this raises a more fundamental question about this technology. If operators feel that it is entirely reasonable to defer, or even turn off, a technology for more than a year then why turn it on at all? Its it not perceived as being a necessary or vital part of the DNS service portfolio then why bother? Let's take a look at exactly this question.
Is DNSSEC worth it?
It seems that there is much uncertainty over the use of DNSSEC validation. Some resolver operators appear to have embraced DNSSEC and use it as a point of principle, including the large open resolver networks operated by Google and Cloudflare. On the other hand, there are resolver operator who do not perform DNSSEC validation. While DNSSEC validation is now being used by some 20% of the world's users, the other 80% are not.
So who's right? Is DNSSEC validation a good idea? Or is it a whole lot of effort with little in the way of tangible benefit?
There is no clear answer to this question. DNSSEC offers a more resilient and trustable DNS where users can trust that the DNS answers that they receive exactly match the authoritative zone contents. But this comes at a cost, and the issue is whether the benefits are worth the incremental costs of adding DNSSEC signatures in DNS zones and validating these signatures in DNS responses. Let's look at both sides of the issue.
The Case for "No!"
It's easy to see DNSSEC as a case of one more thing to go wrong in the DNS. For DNS zone administrators it's another element to the zone administration tasks, adding key management, regular key updates, zone signing, key rollover, and coordination of keys with the parent zone and delegated zones. Even the simple elements of zone delegation and zone contents are mis-configured in much of the DNS and adding the elements of cryptographic keys and digital signatures only adds to the probability of zone failure for those who choose to sign their zone.
DNSSEC adds to the size of DNS responses, and this creates potential issues with the DNS. DNS over UDP is meant to fit responses within 512 bytes. Adding DNSSEC digital signatures generally causes the response size to exceed this limit. DNS queriers need to use EDNS extensions to specify their capability to handle large UDP responses and for larger responses there is the issue of IP packet fragmentation and the subtle differences between IPv4 and IPv6 in terms of IP packet fragmentation. The backstop of reversion to TCP adds additional time and additional unreliability as DNS over TCP is not universally supported in all DNS resolvers.
DNSSEC validation takes additional time. The need to assemble the DNSKEY and DS records of all of the parent zones without resolver caching would present an insurmountable time penalty. The use of resolver caches partly mitigates this additional penalty in resolution time, but in a world where every millisecond matters DNSSEC is an extravagant time waster!
Most end systems do not perform DNSSEC validation directly. They rely on their DNS resolver to perform DNSSEC validation on their behalf, and they implicitly trust in the resolver to perform this with appropriate levels of integrity. Of course, the issue here is that a man-in-the-middle attack between the end host and the validating resolver is still potentially effective: the end host is not validating the DNS response and cannot detect if a response is genuine or if it has been tampered with.
DNSSEC validation outcome signalling is inefficient. Validation failure re-uses the SERVFAIL response code, which acts as an invitation to the recursive resolver to spend more time performing re-queries using different authoritative servers for the zone (which, admittedly, is an improvement on an earlier behaviour when the resolver would exhaustively check every possible delegation path!).
DNSSEC validation is variable. When and how do resolvers perform validation? Do they perform all the queries for DNSKEY and DS records before attempting validation? Do they serialize these DNS queries or perform them in parallel? What about CNAME records? Is the first name validated before following the CNAME or is the CNAME record followed and then both names validated? How do these additional tasks and the time taken to complete them interact with existing timers in the DNS? It appears that DNSSEC causes additional query load in the DNS because of this interaction between aggressive timers in the client and time to complete validation functions that need to be performed by resolvers.
Of course, there is also the really tough question: What threat is DNSSEC protecting you against? The textbook answer is to protect resolvers against the so-called "Kaminsky attack" that injects bad data into a recursive recover's cache. DNSSEC can certainly provide this protection, but only in a limited context. It can protect the recursive resolver, but the non-validating client stub is still as vulnerable as ever. Therefore, this is not a comprehensive solution to the problem. It's a step in the direction of threat mitigation by potentially protecting recursive resolvers against man-in-the middle attacks. But is the cost of this DNSSEC response commensurate with the nature of the threat? This particular DNS attack appears to be a rather esoteric attack vector and the use of randomised source ports in resolvers already adds sufficient randomness to make the Kaminsky guessing attack somewhat ineffective in any case.
The overall impression from this perspective is that DNSSEC is half-cooked and the costs far outweigh the potential benefit of risk mitigation.
The Case for "Yes!"
The overall picture of security in the Internet is pretty woeful. The path between recognising a URL on a screen and clicking on it and believing that the presented result is actually the genuine article requires a fair amount of blind trust. We are trusting that the DNS mapping of the name to an IP address is genuine, trusting that the routing system is passing the IP packets to the 'correct' endpoint, trusting that the representation of the name on your screen is actually the name of the service you intended to go to, and trusting that the TLS connection is genuine, to name but a few.
That's a lot of trust and many would argue it's just too much trust. As we place more and more personal and social functions into a world of connected computers, we place more and more reliance on the integrity of the Internet. If an adversary can subvert the Internet's functions, then there is considerable potential for disruption and damage. The experience from repeated attacks so far is that adversaries, whether its talented hackers, criminal enterprises or state actors, can subvert the Internet's operation and infrastructure and can create considerable damage. And with the much-touted Internet of Things on the way we are about to over-populate this already compromised environment with even more devices, and place even greater levels of reliance on a foundation that is simply incapable of withstanding the pressure.
There is no single cure here and no single measure that will make it all better for the Internet's infrastructure. We need to improve the resilience of the addressing and routing infrastructure and we need to harden the DNS and make it more resistant to attempts to compromise it. DNSSEC may be a work in progress but as far as the DNS is concerned DNSSEC is all we have.
But let's not underestimate the value of a robust trustable name infrastructure. The trust infrastructure of the Web is hopelessly corrupted and the efforts on certificate transparency, HPKP records and CAA records are desperate and largely ineffectual measures that fail even when using a limited objective of palliative mitigation. If we want to provide essential web security then it appears that domain keys in the DNS are the best response we have to the issue (DANE), and that means we need to have a trustable DNS where users can verify DNS data as being authentic. And DNSSEC is the only way we know how to achieve that.
Work is going on with addressing some of the more obvious shortcomings of DNSSEC validated name resolution. A shift to use elliptical curve cryptography can reduce the size of digital signatures and reduce DNS packet sizes to avoid some of the issues related to IP packet fragmentation. The use of DNSSEC chained responses could improve the efficiency of DNSSEC validation, but at the expense of larger responses, which implies that such a move to use DNSSEC chain extensions in responses would make a lot of sense in a context of DNS-over-TLS or DNS-over-HTTPs, or as a stapled attribute in a TLS certificate exchange to facilitate the use of DANE as a CA-pinning measure. A refinement of the DNS error codes to explicitly signal DNSSEC validation failure would prevent the resolver re-query behaviour that we see with SERVFAIL signalling. Work is also underway to equip end hosts with DNSSEC validation capability, so that end hosts are not reliant on an untrusted (and vulnerable) connection between the host and their DNS resolver. And let's not forget that caching in the DNS is incredibly effective. The digital signatures in DNSSEC are cached in the same way as delegation and address records are held in the cache, so there will be no real time penalty for validated resolution of a signed DNS name if the relevant resource records are already held in the local cache.
Without a secure and trustable name infrastructure for the Internet, the prospects for the Internet look pretty bleak. DNSSEC is not the complete answer here, but it sure looks as if it's an essential element of a secure and trustable Internet. And maybe that's sufficient reason for us to adopt it. We can and should put in the technical effort to make DNSSEC more efficient and make it easier and faster to use. But we shouldn't let the perfect be the enemy of the good. There is no point in waiting for a "better" DNSSEC. We'll be waiting indefinitely, and the problems associated with a compromised digital infrastructure will persist. The alternative is to simply use what we have at hand with DNSSEC and use our ongoing experience to shape our further efforts to harden up both the DNS and the larger Internet infrastructure.
For securing the DNS there is no Plan B beyond DNSSEC. Any story relating to improving the security of the Internet necessarily entails securing the name system and that inevitably involves the use of DNSSEC.
The overall impression from this perspective is that DNSSEC is already deployable. But "deployable" is not the same as "completed", and the work is not finished by any means. Operational experience will guide the further refinement of DNSSEC tools and techniques.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I began my career with Farm Bureau Insurance in March 2003. During my time as an agent I have received many awards including the Most Valuable Agent in December 2009 and several Pyramid Clubs throughout my career. My wife and I, along with our children, are members of Zion Lutheran Church in Macon. Our family enjoys wresting, tennis, music, theatre, hunting fishing and tubing. I appreciate getting to know my clients while being able to provide the quality service adn products they deserve to meet all of their insurance needs.


A Moroccan woman has confessed to butchering her long-term lover, after which she minced his remains into tiny pieces and cooked them with rice which she served to a group of Pakistani construction workers. The remaining parts of his body which could not be cooked, she threw to dogs.
The construction workers working in the United Arab Emirates had no idea that the meal offered to them by the woman contained human flesh. The crime came to light after police found a tooth in her blender.
Three whole months had passed before police arrested the woman in her 30s and she confessed to dismembering her boyfriend of seven years in a fit of temporary "insanity," Gulf News reported.
She said she acted out of jealousy because her lover, who is said to have been in his 20s, dumped her, telling her that he was going to marry his cousin in Morocco. The woman said she had provided for the man for seven years and could not accept his betrayal.
The woman's evil act was discovered after the man's brother started searching for him. He told the police that when he came to the couple's home in Al Amin in the UAE, the woman shut the door in his face, saying that she had kicked her ex out after he broke the news about his upcoming marriage.
The man then alerted the police, who searched the house and reportedly found a human tooth in the woman's blender. A DNA test later confirmed that it belonged to the missing man.
Following her arrest, the woman was sent to a hospital for a check up to determine if she's suffering from a mental illness.


When you think of "being sold" I'm sure that the proverbial used car salesperson pops into your head, or maybe the ever persistent insurance sales person, right?
Funny, but not necessarily true, but the stigma persists. That stigma probably even discourages young people fresh out of college from entering the insurance industry. Well, combine that with what can also be perceived as an out dated, stodgy sort of business and the insurance business has an image problem.
Going back to being sold, I agree. I hate "being sold".
The hard sell or over-zealous sales person in any industry who just oozes with confidence and slick sales techniques is a real turn off. I hate it when someone uses the "trial close" or the "take-way" or the "wedge" to get me to make a decision before I'm ready to. Look, I'm not stupid – I may just want to think about my purchase on my terms, and on my time schedule – not the salesperson's need to close the deal!
So it got me to thinking, if I hate the hard sell, I'm sure a lot of other people do to. But what do buyers want?
In my experience, buyers want to be informed – they don't want a ton of information. Information is what the internet is for – God knows you can spend hours, days, even weeks researching information to help you make a decision. And what happens? For me at least all that information creates paralysis by analysis. Too many choices, too many options and I can't make a decision!!!!
There's a big difference between being informed and getting information. I think most business owners and decision makers in the middle market want to be informed in a concise and practical manner. They don't want to spend an inordinate amount of time researching a topic as vast as insurance and not really understand what they're reading. That's just a waste of valuable time.
So, how do I inform and not just spew information to a prospective client?
Not necessarily insurance questions, but questions in general about a decision maker's vision; their goals, their objectives. I also ask about their challenges, risks and strengths. I follow a "programmed" approach, but leave it open-ended to respect the buyer's boundaries and time frames. Through these questions and answers I can help inform a decision maker based on his or her needs – what they want to hear about, what they want to learn about, ultimately what they want to be informed about. Not what I want to tell them, or sell them.
For me, this conversational journey is a learning experience, and it breaks the mold of the typical insurance salesperson (at least I think it does!); and for the buyer, it puts them at ease, because they don't feel like they're "being sold".
Feel like maybe you've outgrown your insurance brokerage relationship?
Feel like maybe you're not as informed as you'd like to be?
Have unanswered questions, and just want to "get to the bottom or it"?
Why not give me a call, or drop me an email and let's start that conversation. I can promise you one thing – you won't feel like you're getting sold!


text:
English Forum Switzerland > Living in Switzerland > Complaints corner
Religion, commerce and the ire of the illiberal idiot.
Page 10 of 12 « First < 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 >
Re: Religion, commerce and the ire of the illiberal idiot.
weejeem
We had Cat Curry for dinner last night. It was very nice.
Was it a Moghlai or perhaps a Pussanda?
No, I think it might have been a Katia or a Purryani.
TBH, it wasn't great, it just tasted like chicken
Oops, my mistake!!! The OH has informed me that it wasn't CatCurry, it was Chat Curry, and that it tasted like chicken because it was chicken.
I guess the Kitty-Fluffeh Brigade can stand down now.
Sky, smoky
Location: Somewhere special far away
Where's Ouchboy ?
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Location: Zurich Unterland
Angela-74
Up to a point I guess, take my exanple for instance, I invite my cousin over and she asks me if she can pray I say yes, then she prays and wants to include me and holds a meeting in my place, where she and her children discuss the bible and blah blah blah...that is a bit rude and trying to impose their beliefs IMHO
Yes, quite, that is a bit overpowering ... and imposing.
Try what I do ........... I match (attempt to) their over-exuberance with some exuberance of my own .... "Ok ok, thats enough now .. it`s getting boring .... you can carry on later back at your own place". Or just turn up the music ...... to drown out what is disturbing the peace. Or go outside or somewhere quiet and settle down with a book, and a bag of crisps, till they`re finished and return to earth.
My stance is that if others feel free to indulge their whimsies, then that allows me to do the same.
NotAllThere
Location: Baselland
Russkov
One guy, sweet.
Must be a least two, because the one was recommended by another Jesuit, who's a university professor at London University. Then there must be the guys who taught them.
I'm not a catholic, and it's my first encounter with Jesuit writings, but I'm quite impressed by the intellectual level. The philosopy is pretty rigorous. (Though many may disagree on the axioms).
Difficult to forget what they (the Jesuits) did to the natives in South America. Having said that, I went to a Conference a few years back given by a Jesuit specialist in Hebrew, about how the Catholic Church manipulated the Bible to their own ends. On this occasion he concentrated on the story of Adam and Eve- and how the 'original' sin was put on Eve's shoulder - or womankind. He explained that in Hebrew there are several words for 'man' as in 'person' - and that the original writings never blamed 'woman'. Fascinating stuff- I wish I had a copy or recording I could refer to.
This article says something similar: by Dr Paul Taylor
Adam and Eve?
So where does that leave us with "Adam" and "Eve"? We have seen that in both the Genesis creation passages and in comments on these in the New Testament, the language is highly symbolic and the main point is the theological lesson. Was it through a man or a woman that sin first came into the world? The fact that Paul's own materials differ should make us wary of taking the account too literally. Yet, there was no sin before there were any humans – animals (including biological snakes) do not have moral responsibility. Logically, then, there must have been some first sin – a first occasion on which a clearly perceived moral law was broken. In this sense, then, there must have been an "Adam and Eve" – a humanity and life-source – in which this first came.
Swissoconnors
Difficult to forget what they did to the natives in South America.
I don't think either of them was alive then.
My parents-in-law pray 5 times per day. They go into their bedroom and do the prayer, come back out of the bedroom, that's all. In the worst situation, we have to wait for dinner, which isn't a big deal. They don't try to impose it on us and it is all what matters! They wish we would do it but it won't happen and like all parents, they try a bit, once in a while and give up until some day again.
I don't have a problem with it. It is their belief, their need. If they are happy this way and don't force it on us, I don't see why I should not respect their moment.
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araqyl, Captain Greybeard, Castro, smoky
Difficult to forget what they did to the natives in South America. Having said that, I went to a Conference a few years back given by a Jesuit specialist in Hebrew, about how the Catholic Church manipulated the Bible to their own ends. On this occasion he concentrated on the story of Adam and Eve- and how the 'original' sin was put on Eve's shoulder - or womankind. He explained that in Hebrew there are several words for 'man' as in 'person' - and that the original writings never blamed 'woman'. Fascinating stuff- I wish I had a copy or recording I could refer to.
Yes, it`s interesting to talk to a really learned person about stuff like this.
I once had a conversation with one of those "real" minister types - who had to study the bible in the original languages ..... Hebrew, Greek and whatever.......
He explained that the word "Hell" was translated from another word (forgotten it) , in the original texts, a place outside of the cities where all the garbage and dead animals were thrown .... it was burned ... and smouldered forever (like most big garbage dumps will smoulder) .... and this was referred to as the place "sinners" would go to.... Not a place down in the bowels of earth where "Mr Satan "presided ... but merely a place mentioned to scare people into behaving themselves, and obeying the laws of the land, (and the Torah?).
...... and not nice like the big blue clear sky where "Heaven" is .......
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That is pleasant to hear.
My one son is married to an Iranian girl, and her parents are like that .... they don`t impose their religiousity on others - they do it privately - which gives them, and others, more dignity.
I was talking about what Angela7 was experiencing .. and I have experienced ... with over-the-top-in-your-face religiousity.
Absolutely- it is in fact very difficult and even painful for Christians and Muslims to accept that their loved-ones are not following their faith- as for them it is to accept they will not have access to life eternal.
My OH's grand-father converted to islam from Anglicanism, and was shunned forever by his family and community in the UK- then his son gave up the Islam in turn, and was shunned by all as a 'fallen Muslim'. My father gave up his (CAtholicism, for the love of my mother) - and in those days they were never forgiven- neither by their family nor their community. But we still respect the faiths of our family and friends, whatever it is- and would never disturb their prayers or other rules, be it practices, food, festivals, etc. I just wish they could respect our moral framework as just as valid, but this won't happen, sadly. That's OK.
à la mod
Location: ZG
I've always been slightly perplexed by the 40 virgins thing. When I pop my clogs I won't have the energy for such debauched shenanigans, could I not trade for a pipe and 40 pairs of comfy slippers?
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Location: Emmenbruecke
It's funny you mention that, i wonder wtf heaven is to believers. I think it's one of those things that noone ever really thinks about, but just accepts in their own way. What would slippers or virgins matter to a soul with no body.
sun&rain
What would slippers or virgins matter to a soul with no body.
It's like wanking without hands
Hey, I'm impressed - you managed to get away with all of this entirely unscathed
I was always a bit puzzled how a god can manage to rustle up an entire heaven and earth from nothing in six days, but when it came to making "Eve" they had to go scrabbling around for spare parts like a Dr Frankenstein.
Is there a Jesuit who has a good explanation for that one?
Ouchboy, st2lemans, sun&rain, TheWolverine
TheWolverine
Apparently, sir, you don't seem to know women.
PS: I'm not a Jesuit. Don't even know what the word means. And can't be bothered to google it. Is that jesus in a suit ? Or something to that end ?
The following 2 users would like to thank TheWolverine for this useful post:
Well, I do keep my urges to burn books and red haired women in the mornings, but I'll give you an answer to that one, actually a completely non-Jesuit one, which keeps in the middle line of believing the Bible as a book of parables.
According to certain lines of thought, Eve was done from a piece of the body of Adam because of all things God created, Adam was the one He loved the most, therefore when He decided to create a companion for him, instead of using mud/nothingness, He used a piece of His most perfect creation (the perfection here being also the imperfection of Adam). In this line of thought, God wanted to create Eve as perfect equal to the beauty of conception of Adam. On other lines of thought, though, this is the perfect excuse to say that women are inferior to men because they were created out of a minor rib… (and according to some other lines of thought, God here was actually some alien race Gu'auld like that cloned humans in the beguinning of time, being the Genesis the perfect proof of that).
Anyway, just in case the Jesuit question thingy was real, a Jesuit is a member of the Order of Jesus, founded by the dear Spanish crazy Ignatius of Loyola in 1547. Their main mission was to become… missionaries of the word of Christ and go forward and spread his faith. They are also the big creators of that thing called Inquisition and the other called Index. It's the black dressed guys that show up on movies running after witches and vampires alike. Also the guys that most people should blame for a lot of bad stuff associated to the Catholic Church. (On the other hand, they did leave some really beautiful pieces of Architecture in India, Japan, China, Africa, South America, etc.)
I feel like a BBC documentary. I do love my History in the morning with my Earl Grey!
Fighting for Pluto's liberation from the Dwarf League since 2006 @(°.°)=@)x.X)' ' '
The following 2 users would like to thank Helm for this useful post:
Sagitta, Swissoconnors
People believe this kind of stuff? lol
People believe in many things. For example, some believe the Universe is infinite. Others believe it's actually finite, but expanding. Some believe we cease to exist once we die, others believe in the soul that gets to carry on without the carnal body. Some believe that starving yourself to death is the best diet, others believe the best diet is to eat 50 burgers per day.
The beauty of human nature is our curiosity and the explanations we come with to the greatest mysteries of life. The job of a good human being is to respect others believes, love them for their difference, share experiences and be tolerant and not go pointing fingers like idiotic teenagers at who is a dumbass because they don't believe their way of life is better that everyone else.
But that's just my own believes. I've been outcasted because of them. But I don't go spreading screaming intolerance on others because they don't believe the same as me. I stick to wearing a t-shirt saying "Pluto is a Planet!"
araqyl, Nil, NotAllThere, Russkov, Sagitta, Swissoconnors
Location: Winterthur
I agree with everything you said, Helm, including the last bit about Pluto.
*searching online for a cool T-shirt
This user would like to thank Sagitta for this useful post:
capitalism, commerce, fundamentalism, illiberalism, righteous wrath
Is religion the cause of all evil? Lob General off-topic 75 12.12.2011 22:18
Ok who is the idiot now, the scammer or the person who actually falls for it? gata General off-topic 3 11.07.2011 23:27
The British-Swiss Chamber of Commerce 'Stammtisch' FionaR Commercial events 0 02.02.2011 18:49
Religion: The Out-Takes (Director's Cut) ... or, Yay! Another religion thread! Nil General off-topic 95 15.11.2010 22:49


text:
Q: Rspec stub array of classes I have a loop like this defined:
 api.release(release_url).rels[:assets].get.data.each do |existing_file|
   log "Already Contains: #{existing_file.name}"
 end

How can I stub existing_file.name? I want it give it multiple values as well.
I tried to stub it like this:
      provider.api.release.rels[:assets].get.stub(:data).and_return([{ :name => "foo.bar"}, { :name => "bar.foo"])

But this returns the error: undefined method 'name' for Hash. This makes me think that I am iterating through a array of classes. Any advice on how to stub this? Thanks for your help!

A: Use double - you should do something like this:
provider.api.release.rels[:assets].get.stub(:data).and_return(
  [double(:name => "foo.bar"), double(:name => "bar.foo")]
)

A: Try this:
Create a helper class, let us call it Clazz, and use that instead of hashes.

class Clazz < Struct.new(:name); end;

provider.api.release.rels[:assets].get.stub(:data).and_return([Clazz.new("name1"), Clazz.new("name2")])

Now you can use and call name as a method.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Academic Writing w/ Teacher Support
Academic Skills w/ Teacher Support
Academic Vocabulary
Response Tutoring
IELTS Academic Writing Service
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Beginner to Intermediate ESL
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Quiz 1 of 0
IELTS General Reading Test – Untimed Passages – B-1 – C
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-41, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
Employment in Japan
Every autumn, when recruitment of new graduates and school leavers begins, major cities in Japan are flooded with students hunting for a job. Wearing suits for the first time, they run from one interview to another. The season is crucial for many students, as their whole lives may be determined during this period.
In Japan, lifetime employment is commonly practised by large companies. While people working in small companies and those working for subcontractors do not in general enjoy the advantages conferred by the large companies, there is a general expectation that employees will in fact remain more or less permanently in the same job.
Unlike in many Western countries where companies employ people whose skills can be effective immediately, Japanese companies select applicants with potential who can be trained to become suitable employees. For this reason, recruiting employees is an important exercise for companies, as they invest a lot of time and money in training new staff. This is basically true both for factory workers and for professionals. Professionals who have studied subjects which are of immediate use in the workplace, such as industrial engineers, are very often placed in factories and transferred from one section to another. By gaining experience in several different areas and by working in close contact with workers, the engineers are believed, in the long run, to become more effective members of the company. Workers too feel more involved by working with professionals and by being allowed to voice their opinions. Loyalty is believed to be cultivated in this type of egalitarian working environment.
Because of this system of training employees to be all-rounders, mobility between companies is low. Wages are set according to educational background or initial field of employment, ordinary graduates being employed in administration, engineers in engineering and design departments and so on. Both promotions and wage increases tend to be tied to seniority, though some differences may arise later on as a result of ability and business performance. Wages are paid monthly, and the net sum, after the deduction of tax, is usually paid directly into a bank account. As well as salary, a bonus is usually paid twice a year. This is a custom that dates back to the time when employers gave special allowances so that employees could properly celebrate bon, a Buddhist festival held in mid-July in Tokyo, but on other dates in other regions. The festival is held to appease the souls of ancestors. The second bonus is distributed at New Year. Recently, bonuses have also been offered as a way of allowing workers a share in the profits that their hard work has gained.
Many female graduates complain that they are not given equal training and equal opportunity in comparison to male graduates. Japanese companies generally believe that female employees will eventually leave to get married and have children. It is also true that, as well as the still-existing belief among women themselves that nothing should stand in the way of child-rearing, the extended hours of work often do not allow women to continue their careers after marriage.
Disappointed career-minded female graduates often opt to work for foreign firms. Since most male graduates prefer to join Japanese firms with their guaranteed security, foreign firms are often keen to employ female graduates as their potential tends to be greater than that of male applicants.
Some men, however, do leave their companies in spite of future prospects, one reason being to take over the family business. The eldest sons in families that own family companies or businesses such as stores are normally expected to take over the business when their parents retire. It is therefore quite common to see a businessman, on succeeding to his parents' business, completely change his professional direction by becoming, for example, a shopkeeper.
On the job, working relationships tend to be very close because of the long hours of work and years of service in common. Social life in fact is frequently based on the workplace. Restaurants and nomi-ya, "pubs", are always crowded at night with people enjoying an evening out with their colleagues. Many companies organise trips and sports days for their employees. Senior staff often play the role of mentor. This may mean becoming involved in the lives of junior staff in such things as marriage and the children's education.
The average age of retirement is between 55 and 60. For most Westerners, retirement may be an eagerly awaited time to undertake such things as travel and hobbies. Many Japanese, however, simply cannot get used to the freedom of retirement and they look for ways of constructively using their time. Many look for new jobs, feeling that if they do not work they will be abandoned by society. This has recently led to the development in some municipalities of municipal job centres which advertise casual work such as cleaning and lawn mowing. Given that Japan is facing the problem of an increasingly ageing society, such activities may be vital in the future.
Questions 28-35
The reading passage has 9 paragraphs marked A to I.
Match each of the topics i to ix below with one of the paragraphs A- I and write the appropriate letter in spaces 28-35.
Example: Topic i: how new employees are used in a company
28. – Topic ii: women and Japanese companies
29. – Topic iii: why men sometimes resign from Japanese companies
30. – Topic iv: permanency in employment in Japan
31. – Topic v: recruiting season: who, when and where
32. – Topic vi: the social aspect of work
33. – Topic vii: the salary structure
34. – Topic viii: the recruitment strategy of foreign firms
35. – Topic ix: Japanese people after retirement
Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage.
Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Write your answers in spaces 36-38.
Japanese employers believe that moving professionals within companies and listening to workers' views leads to 36.
Employees receive their wages monthly and a bonus 37.
Japanese workers often form close personal relationships and older staff may even become a 38. to junior staff.
Choose the appropriate letter A-D.
39. Company training in Japan….
A – is not important
B – is for factory workers only
C – is for professionals only
D – is for all staff
40. Foreign firms are keen to employ Japanese women because….
A – the women are more intelligent than men
B – the women that apply are more capable than the men that apply
C – the women will be only short-term employees
D – the women prefer guaranteed security


Doctors Without Borders (MSF) has said it was evacuating its staff from Yemen following an air strike that killed 19 people at a clinic. The Saudi-led coalition expressed regret and proposed a meeting with the charity.
Weekend airstrikes by unspecified belligerents have destroyed a hospital in northern Syria, Doctors Without Borders reports. Elsewhere, recent attacks by Russia have flattened opposition areas of Aleppo.


Where can I find information on Irish Colleges?
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Order online at www.4schools.ie call 01-8081494.
I want to do translation and proofing work for COGG. How should I go about this?
You must be accredited. Please check www.gaeilge.ie. Send your details (experience, qualifications, etc.) to [email protected] and you will be put on a panel.
I want to create an Irish version of an English resource. How can I go about this?
I am writing a thesis/project/proposal on total immersion/Gaelscolaíocht etc. Where can I find information?
Read the Taighde page and choose research pertaining to your interest and you may find it there.
I am going to teach in an Irish Medium Post-Primary school. Are there any courses aimed specifically at teachers?
COGG will be running an Irish course between 20 and 24 August 2018. For more information contact COGG at [email protected] or on 01 634 0831.
I visited COGG's mobile library outside a school recently. How do I go about ordering the resources I saw in the mobile library?
You can order directly from the van driver, or through your local bookshop or contact An Siopa Leabhar 01 478 3814, An Siopa Gaeilge 074-9730500.
Where can I find a list of resources suitable to use for teaching in a Gaelscoil or Gaeltacht School?
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The Central Health Equity Policy Council is a coalition of 60 community partners who advocate for health equity in Travis County with the goal of achieving wellness for all. In January 2016, the Central Health Equity Policy Council chose to work toward an Austin-wide tobacco policy to prohibit electronic smoking devices anywhere traditional cigarettes were currently banned. After a year and a half of hard work, the Policy Council celebrated a major victory for the health of Travis County residents.
On Thursday, June 15th, the Austin City Council voted unanimously for a resolution to direct City staff to draft an amendment to the existing Smoking in Public Places Ordinance (SIPPO) to include electronic smoking devices.
On June 22, 2017 the Austin City Council passed the proposed amendment to SIPPO prohibiting electronic smoking devices anywhere smoking is already prohibited. The ordinance now bans vaping in bars, restaurants, parks and other public areas in Austin. The amendment went into effect on Monday, July 3, 2017.
The proposed change was to include the use of an electronic smoking device in the definition of smoking and further define electronic smoking device. The amendment now includes electornic smoking devices and defines them as any product containing or delivering nicotine or any other substance intended for human consumption that can be used by a person to inhale vapor or aerosol from the product. The term includes any such device, whether manufactured, distributed, marketed, or sold as an e-cigarette, e-cigar, e-pipe, e-hookah, or vape pen, or under any other product name or descriptor, and any aerosol, liquid, or vapor used in such a device.


text:
NCGA Lawmakers Seek To Pare Down Healthcare Facility Regulations
By Elizabeth Friend • May 15, 2019
Credit PROFotos GOVBA / Flickr Creative Commons
For the past 40 years, healthcare service providers wanting to open new facilities have had to get a Certificate of Need from the state Department of Health and Human Services. The regulations, known as CON laws, cover 12 different types of medical services, making North Carolina's laws some of the most restrictive in the nation.
Several bills in the legislature would reduce the types of medical services covered by CON laws or do away with the regulations entirely.
At a press conference Wednesday hosted by five Republican lawmakers, Representative Ed Goodwin (R-Chowan) said he supports a proposal to remove ambulatory surgery centers from existing CON laws. He believes it will allow for more competition among providers, and drive down costs.
"The way full CON laws operate, that interferes with the free market, free enterprise. That is not fair," said Goodwin. "It's amazing to me we're so concerned about health care, yet we ignore the impact of CON laws on people in this state."
Opponents of repealing CON laws worry that if independent for-profit facilities multiply, larger hospitals will lose money, making it harder to offer charity care to poor and uninsured patients.
In response, Senator Jim Burgin (R-Harnett) suggested the bill exempting ambulatory surgical centers would include a new framework of fees that could subsidize charity care.
"For a new surgery center that would start, there would be a four percent component that would either have to go toward charity care or go as a fee to the local, closest Tier 1 or Tier 2 hospital, because they are providing care to anyone who walks through the door through their emergency room," he said.
If approved, Burgin said this could be a two-year pilot program to evaluate the impact of repealing CON laws on one sector of the healthcare industry.
NCGA
NC DHHS
Former Health Insurance Leader Now Touts Medicare For All
By Amanda Magnus & Frank Stasio • Apr 10, 2019
Courtesy of Wendell Potter
Wendell Potter spent two decades in senior positions at major health insurance companies before he became a whistleblower. A crisis of conscience sprung up while he was publicly praising policies that he knew were contributing to the rising number of uninsured and underinsured people in the U.S.
NC Attorney General Approves Healthcare Sale, And Dolly Parton Gives Back Again
By Amanda Magnus & Frank Stasio • Jan 18, 2019
Courtesy of Matt Bush at Blue Ridge Public Radio
North Carolina Attorney General Josh Stein gave the green light for a major healthcare sale in western North Carolina. He approved the sales contract of nonprofit Mission Health to for-profit company HCA Healthcare — with some changes. One of those changes will require HCA to keep operating its rural hospitals for 10 years.


Murf Murphy's Law – it will go wrong, but we can fix it!! But finding earlier chips was quite though, it seems most cards were by far equipped with the AGP version, no matter which bus they utilized. From setup unit 32 bit data with 13 bit tags are sent at once to the rasterizer. And their all in one graphics engine called "" was part of this success even if many gamers frown upon it or even all graphics cores of SiS. The time now is Since the beta driver release code named Java with OpenGL ICD was buried in the depths of the internet allow me to save the suffering of other geeks by providing the library here.
All of them are equipped xis 8 MB of different memory type, memory bus width is casual 64 bit. SiS was sis 6326 8m agp other challenging products through the years, sold it's fabs and today does not offer any key PC core logic anymore, despite buying back rest of XGI in SiS later doubled those stages, perhaps in C3 already.
Little known brands are stigmatized with bad drivers expectations, but SiS certainly sis 6326 8m agp not left without proper Direct3d support. Thus, in SiS remained among technological leaders of integrated graphics chipsets, but in 632 when it could not find any manufacturing capacity to actually deliver them in numbers market demanded. The AGP chip was a hit nonetheless, easily outselling earlier revisions.
The start however was rather rough. With graphics business going nowhere SiS decided to get rid of anything not essential for integrated graphics. Since the beta driver release code named Java with OpenGL ICD was buried in the depths of the internet allow me to save the suffering of other geeks sis 6326 8m agp providing the library here.
It was not until that SiS entered the discrete graphics market with 2d chips 62xx. But guess what, you can play some GlQuake on without it, because it is compatible with the S3 Quake wrapper for Virge.
Where to get Sis – 8M AGP driver ?
Having started testing with Windows 95 I used last driver for the system- 1. To see screenshots of AGP visit this gallery. I agree with zoo keeper, I have the same MoBo ect Hope it does the trick for you. And your video is ssis in to the MoBo Look on the cdrom for a folder named M and then win95, There is all your driver for SiS video including, sis,drv Hope this helps.
First review was done with AGP even if its release date is on the edge of my scope. With it's full triangle setup, texture cache and optionally beefy MPEG decoder, outperformed more famous budget chips like sis 6326 8m agp from ATi and S3. Conclusion and decline of SiS in Windows worked to my satisfaction and with rather robust multimedia software, which was typically bundled with those cards it probably was good and cheap universal graphics card for people not demanding high gaming performance.
Most of the cards have a jumper to enable own interrupt handling. Exceptionally, some specific textures are showing sis 6326 8m agp color banding, probably because driver chose wrong format, or additional dithering.
Although its performance was low compared to the GPUs of its age, eventually it became very successful, specially integrated in many motherboards designed to the corporate market, where the low cost is prioritized over 3D performance. And their all in one graphics engine called "" was part of this success even if many sis 6326 8m agp frown upon it or even all graphics cores of SiS.
The display card is from Sis and it is a – 8 Meg. Howdy If you have the cdrom???
In they introduced their own 3d accelerator, gaining a significant foothold with one million chips sold, and delivered world first motherboard chipset with integrated graphics core. Here is the sis 6326 8m agp to see more. The very first C1 revision features only one texture coordinate and blending stage and suffers from broken texture perspective correction and fails one advanced blending operation. Thanks to that I saw properly lighted Unreal which does not happen with last Windows 98 driver.
SiS decided to go large and invested a fortune into own manufacturing plants and also sis 6326 8m agp x86 CPU technology by purchase of Xgp. Also Incoming showed some excessive color banding.
I just formatted the harddisk and re-installed Win Quite a family and considering vendors had liberty to use any memory they liked, there is a large variety of cards.
On the other hand Expendable was broken with older drivers.


My son Chancellor just celebrated his first birthday on Jan 2nd. He has been a formula fed baby (soy), partly due to his pre-mature birth and the importance of knowing how much he was eating.
He started pureed food and rice cereal at 5 months but has been slow going to chunkier foods.
He likes chopped up ravioli and mashed potatoes and so far thats it for chunkier foods.
He really liked his birthday cake!!
Tomorrow I will start him on eggs!!
Comments for Chancellor's Adventures in Baby Food!
Your preemie is almost a grown man now. Just look at him. He looks great. My preemie is 8 months now and we are a little slow with the lumpy foods as well. My doctor reminded me that I had to take into account his adjusted age for that part. So we keep at it. But Chancellor looks great and thriving. Happy Birthday to him!


IS it a reassessment of history or a recasting of a villain? Even as the Centre asks the Maharashtra government to ban Mee Nathuram Godse Boltoy (I am Nathuram Godse Speaking), controversy dogs the Marathi play which has been invited by the India Foundation to perform at Ohio, ironically, on October 2.
Pramod Navalkar, the state culture minister, had to flee the Shivaji Mandir theatre as the battle hotted up between disappointed ticket-holders and Shiv Sena activists screaming "open the gates" and Congress demonstrators screeching "close the show". The latter also burnt an effigy of Godse and marched through Kolhapur streets.
The immediate provocation is Godse's rationalisation of Gandhi's assassination as Gandhi 'wadh' (being translated as the "killing of a demon"). Also, the scene where a bereaved Hindu father suggests Gandhi break his fast not with mosambi juice, "but my son's blood". More provocative, say critics, is Godse's suggestion that Gandhi didn't die uttering the word Ram. "How can a man who had Rahim on his lips die uttering the word Ram?" queries Godse. Gandhian ahimsa also comes under attack when Godse asks how a passive reaction to Hindu massacre is non-violence.
Countering each of these charges, scriptwriter Pradip Dalvi argues: "The most recent interpretation of the word 'wadh' is killing a demon. But the Marathi encyclopaedia defines it as the killing of another, not for a selfish motive, but for the good of society." On the Ram-Rahim row, he says the play is draws from documentary evidence: "Nana Apte was just four feet behind Godse. But to protect Apte, he hadmaintained he was nowhere near him. Hence, it's not in the records. Apte later said Gandhi never said Ram." Pune-based Gopal Godse, Nathuram's brother charged as co-conspirator, confirms this, saying both Gandhi's personal assistant and a foreign correspondent had noted that Gandhi didn't say "Ram". As for the attack on ahimsa, Dalvi points to the instance where Godse acknowledges Gandhi's greatness with the sentence: "I can finish Gandhi, but I can't finish Gandhism." In the act of assassination too, Godse finds meaning to his existence: "That single moment I lived." Regarding the bereaved father scene, director Vinay Apte, who ironically played a small role in Sir Attenborough's Gandhi, retorts: "What was that scene, after the riots, where a character angrily flings the roti, saying much the same thing? Nobody questioned it when Attenborough did it."
The fuss, says Apte, is surprising considering the Gujarati play (a literal translation of the Marathi script) Gandhi Ke Godse, produced by Jaisukh Ravrane and Vipul Shah, not only got the script approved by the same board, but has successfully run 60 shows. The Marathi script, on the other hand, had to be taken to the high court before the Shantaram Nandgaonkar-headed scrutiny board accepted Dalvi's arguments and Lalita Bapat passed the script. Uday Dhurat, the Marathi producer, has taken a caveat for 180 shows, anticipating trouble from the Gandhians, led by Usha Mehta, who'd written to the PM urging him to "take steps to prevent a law and order problem". But Dalvi denies the assertion that he has been quoted saying he'd be satisfied only if the viewers are roused enough to break Gandhi statues.
The protestors also see it as a saffron mollycoddling of right-wingers (Apte was recently made chief of Sena's Mai Marathi channel) who wangled a 'U' censor-certificate (without cuts) for the play from the scrutiny board, asking how the "incendiary" parts had been okayed. But the play, says Dalvi, is based on documents accessed through Gopal Godse's book Gandhi Hatya Ani Mee and Nathuram's court arguments, Please Your Honour, and advocate Madhavrao Pallat's court records. "I met Gopal Godse while probing the Abhyankar murder case for one of my plays. I saw the silver urn in which Nathuram's ashes are kept. It seemed to me a powerful ideology," recalls Dalvi.
Opinion is divided on whether the play should be banned. The Mahatma's great-grandson Tushar Gandhi believes it makes martyrs of the murderers, who after "murdering him are now trying to murder his memory". Feroze Khan, who humanised the icon in his play Mahatma Vs Gandhi, feels "bans are counter-productive. Gandhi is too big to be affected by such interpretations". For Gopal, the critics "are denigrating Gandhi's memory by creating a new caste of untouchables like me and all those who made the play". Even as political passions soar over the play, this is one debate on which the curtain refuses to fall.


The Education Division (EDD) was established within the Industries and Sciences Department to promote and advance educational initiatives including automation engineering, automation-related courses and programs, and activities related to the mission of the Society. The division functions as a resource and technical information exchange for students, faculty, education professionals, and others with an interest in education. Members will have the opportunity to share experiences and learn from their peers. The division works with other groups within ISA to recruit and retain student members.
EDD will help provide information and access to academic resources related to automation education. Those goals include providing members with information related to schools, programs, ISA Educational Foundation Scholarships, and courses related to automation.
The spreadsheet lists AE programs and courses at institutions that offer a 4-year Bachelors of Science in Engineering degree or a 4-year Bachelors of Science in Engineering Technology (or equivalent if outside the United States). The first tab lists the degree programs and the second tab lists individual courses. There are many more institutions that offer a few courses than offer degree programs.
The information is mainly obtained from public web sites. As such, the information is subject to change. Information about when a particular is offered may or may not be accessible to a non-student of that institution. Course numbers and titles change. Any updates to the information is appreciated.
Jun 26 - 28, 2018 61st Power Industry Division Symposium, Knoxville, TN is organizing a Student Career Development Forum - 18POWID Stud Career Dev Forum.


text:
If a regional nuclear war were to break out anywhere, most experts think that it is most likely to happen in India and Pakistan. Such a conflict would have dire consequences in loss of life, food insecurity and direct deaths from the bombs themselves. Following is analysis and opinion from Ploughshares Fund staff, grantees and guests on the ongoing struggle to deal with nuclear weapons in South Asia.
3 Reasons We Still Need to Roll Back the Tide of Nuclear Weapons
As the P5+1 negotiations with Iran continue, there are grounds for optimism that an agreement can be reached by the July 20th deadline. A deal would be a significant achievement in the ongoing battle against the proliferation of nuclear weapons. But this raises the question: what...
July 2, 2014 - By Eric Sutphin
Zia Mian Receives Linus Pauling Legacy Award
Ploughshares Fund extends its most heartfelt congratulations to Zia Mian of Princeton University on receiving the 2014 Linus Pauling Legacy Award.
December 10, 2013 - By Paul Carroll
Reclaiming PATA in Pakistan
Within Pakistan, extremism threatens the stability of the country and the security of their nuclear weapons. The Provincially Administered Tribal Areas (PATA) remain particularly volatile. Crisis Group, a Ploughshares Fund grantee, recently released a report, Pakistan: Countering Militancy in PATA, outlining a series of reforms national and provincial leaders can take to curb extremism and reclaim political space ceded to the military.
February 26, 2013 - By Jessica Sleight
Syria's Chemical Weapons – Foreshadowing a Nuclear Scenario?
With the real possibility of Syria's use of chemical weapons and the security of their stockpiles in question, the comparison to a nuclear scenario is not hard to imagine.
December 18, 2012 - By Jessica Sleight
Under the Radar: Nuclear Expansion in South Asia
As the threat of a nuclear Iran dominates the nonproliferation arena, India and Pakistan are quietly, but significantly, expanding their nuclear weapons arsenals.
August 13, 2012 - By Leah Fae Cochran
A billion people at risk?
The following is a guest post from Ashish Sinha, Program Manager at Physicians for Social Responsibility.
In recent weeks, nuclear-capable missile tests by North Korea, India, and Pakistan have reminded all of us why national security experts continue to feel South Asia and the Korean Peninsula represent among the highest risks to international peace and stability.
Moving Forward in South Asia
Three weeks ago, deadly bombings in Mumbai took 24 lives. With anger and suspicion high, India vowed to find the terrorists responsible. Any chance for diplomacy with Pakistan, their historically unwelcome neighbor, seemed diminished.
August 2, 2011 - By Megan Murphy
Improving Nuclear Confidence Between India and Pakistan
The largely positive recent meeting between Pakistan and India's foreign ministers marks an uptick in bilateral relations, but the two countries still
July 29, 2011 - By Rizwan Ladha
Time For a New Conversation With Pakistan
An Insecure and Reluctant Partner
June 24, 2011 - By Rizwan Ladha


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Eagle Mound Earthworks, Newark, Ohio by Suzanne Williamson
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Marcy by Domenick Ammirati
Susan Grayson, David Mark Winfield © 1983, published by Baseball Action Shots Annual.
In April he gave me two pictures that later acquired a mild notoriety. In April, Sarah arrived from Italy, full of wordly advice. At the end of April everything changed unexpectedly, and yet nothing changed.
Dense fogs rolled into the city at night, something so uncharacteristic that everyone felt pleasantly disoriented. Flights out of Kennedy and La Guardia were grounded with eerie frequency. The fog erased the Trade Center from my front window and even blurred the view of Second Avenue. The sidewalks sparkled with extra glitter. The bazaar spilling down St. Mark's Place from Second Avenue looked for once as if it belonged there.
The fog made the night rich with peril. Odd encounters in bars, on the streets, had a film noir ominousness, the feeling that a culminating murder was happening out of frame. During lightning storms in my childhood the power would blow and my mother, no friend of storms, filled the house with candles: the fog carried that fear-quickened alertness and promised veiled adventures. Obsessed though I was with Gregory, I abandoned my thoughts of him during the nights of fog. He was working double shifts then and seemed safely iced. And for a few nights, at least, I felt a druggy peace after his evening call, glad to have him out of the way.
I visited Bruno after seeing Maria Lorca. I asked him if he'd spend some deliberate time with Gregory, watch his behavior, see if he could tell whether Gregory was junked out. I could feel Bruno's wariness and a bit of suspicion that possibly such detective work was not cool. He seemed incredulous about the junk idea, or maybe just scared.
At least if I knew for sure, I said, I'd know what I was dealing with.
I told you, didn't I? What a can of worms he was? Even clean, Bruno sighed. That's really bad if he's using 'cause it's just one long shitty road back to Silver Hill.
Look, I told him, I could be totally wrong about this, but you know him from before, I don't.
The one who probably knows what he's doing, said Bruno.
Is Pugg, I nodded, but Bruno, I said, there's something about that Pugg.
Bruno wrinkled his face. Kind of a scuzball, he said. He'd probably get Gregory back on heroin just to get what he wanted out of him.
Bruno, I said, tell me what you honestly think, is he fucking Pugg?
It's possible. I mean it wouldn't surprise me. I mean, who knows.
I knew nothing about heroin. I had heard every heroin truism through half an ear a thousand times. The drug is stronger than the addict. The addict doesn't know what he's doing half the time. You might as well forget any sort of friendship with an addict because an addict will sell his mother's wedding ring for a fix, or his mother's pussy for that matter. Yet there had always been many people around who considered heroin addiction glamorous. The idea of being beautiful and damned was an ever-popular cliche in the downtown area. People went on smack when they had money and stayed on smack after all their money got used up and then started ripping off their friends and families and usually became incredibly sick and horrible-looking and acquired these odd diseases like lupus or Hepatitis B and now, according to Maria Lorca, half the addicts in New York have HIV infection from sharing needles, and of course the really terrible thing is, the addict knows all this but he can't do anything about it because it's the drug making his decisions for him. And if that's the case, I thought, what then?
And Bruno, for all his previous infatuation, knew nothing about Gregory, or perhaps by that time he didn't care one way or the other. He simply asked him, point blank, if he happened to be shooting heroin. He was completely taken aback, Bruno reported, like it was the last thing in the world on his mind.
Did anything marvelous happen in the meanwhile? No, emphatically not ever: for the lover there is and only can be nothing except the loved one. And obstacles, and problems.
During the fog hiatus the boulder of Gregory's depression levitated slightly, like a stone in a setting of mist. He still waxed bitter about his job, but devoted less energy to ripping apart each evening's humiliations. He even began sounding good-humored, judging from his morning calls, which went on for hours and hours. He had turned invisible again. Seeing people, specifically me, was just too much for him, but hearing them gave him some slight pleasure. I didn't make an issue of it, which irritated him.
We could see each other tomorrow, he finally prompted.
Work tomorrow, I said.
Wednesday?
Can't, I've got a lunch with somebody. (I liked this "somebody": I normally told who, and he never did.)
Dinner, then, he said, disguising real annoyance under a giggling parody of annoyance.
I've got dinner plans, too.
Whether or not this firm pretense enhanced my "self respect," as Libby claimed it would, it was folly to put him off. He readily found a way to re-engage me: he stopped calling. A day went by. A fresh contest of wills began. A depressing prospect, since I didn't have the slightest hope of winning.
Long, brittle silence. My steps gravitated toward the streets he favored on his walks, the places he ate lunch, anywhere I knew him to spend time. It's like smoking, I thought. You tell yourself it's finished this time, you will not light a cigarette under any circumstances, you fight the temptation for hours, the phone rings, someone's talking to you, halfway through the conversation you look down and see you've got this cigarette going. I decide this time I'll let him go, show him I don't need his company, settle down to work, get my papers arranged next to the typewriter, fixate long and hard on the subject of my book, and suddenly I'm circling the neighborhood madly, pretending I'm shopping for food, or rushing home in case he's trying to call. If I knew he was thinking about me, suffering for lack of me, I could go out and enjoy myself. But he's not put together that way. Gregoryknows I'm crawling out of my skin right now.
Jane said: So, call him up, big deal.
I said: I can't possibly do that. Jane: What, too humiliating, after all this?
I: Jane, you don't understand, Gregory's a brilliant, wonderful, incredibly well-intentioned person, but he's sensitive, if he thinks he's not getting enough attention, or affection, or whatever, I mean, from his point of view, he can't really humiliate me unless I agree to be humiliated, he sees me as essentially better-off than he is … essentially less vulnerable.
Jane: You mean this is sort of provisional humiliation?
I: He doesn't mean to humiliate me. He just wants to know he's wanted.
Jane: Him and a million others. You supposed to go over and disembowel yourself on his stoop? Hey, that might make him happy. Maybe he could make an art work about it or something.
Well, I said, he probably would.
Creative type, Jane said.
An English writer I didn't know asked me out for lunch. He wanted to talk about art, or rather what sort of art was going down well with the people buying art, and "issues," meaning the kind of jabber academic critics were currently pasting to what was being made and sold. I was plainly one of many people he had on a list, since he only had a sketchy idea of what I did. He was a person of medium height with surprisingly sharp features; from the bird's nest lines around his eyes, I guessed he was 45 or so, with a major investment in looking much younger. His hair was dyed bright blond and clipped in a shag. He said he'd become interested in "postmodernism." He had a journalist's way of asking questions and instantly rephrasing the answers he got, assimilating the languages of others. You could put him down among musicians or lawyers or cell biologists, and within a few days he'd have their vocabularies rolling off his tongue in perfect fidelity.
We went to Orlin, a cafe I dislike because it seems designed for people with nothing to lose by being overheard; a few minutes into lunch, Gregory came in, saw me, walked up to my table and said, I hope we can talk soon. I won't bother you now. He occupied a table near the front window. I watched him order his lunch. He pretended not to be watching me but he seemed intent on projecting some kind of deep dejection. I couldn't go on with my conversation and rudely excused myself, abandoning the writer to his glutinous-looking bowl of clam chowder, leaving my own plate of fettuccini untouched. Just made an enemy, I thought, planting myself down in front of Gregory. I opened my mouth to demand an explanation of his current silence; he cut me off with the unexpected, tearful assurance that he hadn't known I was lunching in Orlin, that he hadn't followed me in there. The idea that Gregory might feel insecure enough to follow me came as a total surprise, a surprise I might have enjoyed if it hadn't deepened my sense of how defective the quality of communication between us really was. He went on: since I was there and we had run into each other, he had to ask me, why hadn't I phoned him? Had I decided our relationship was over? He said: I thought maybe you were seeing someone else.
Paul died: suddenly, owing to "complications." It was thought he'd exhausted his body's recovery mechanisms by so often offering himself as a guinea pig in drug protocols. Somebody called me, it doesn't matter who. I walked through the apartment without seeing my pathetic array of objects, my clumps of messy clothes, my promiscuously stacked books. I thought there should be special messengers who come to the door and tell you these things in person; every death in my life has been delivered by telephone, with no eyes to look into. And then I remembered that my mother, during the second world war, delivered death notices for Western Union, on her bicycle; the thought of my mother, once young and vigorous, now barely 65 but utterly immobile owing to decades of sedentary labor, chain smoking, and heavy drinking, and liable to collapse completely at some moment in the middle future, reminded me of my own unimaginable death, and the incredible quality of the deaths around me. When the news comes it's like a dream: you believe it, yet it has no reality.
Someday, I thought, it will be called the Age of Subtraction, full of young deaths, young corpses, often the most comely and desirable. One by one you lose your friends, or they lose you. And it's like a war, whole vast circles of acquainted people wiped out.
Gregory called later that day. I decided not to say anything. We talked as usual about our relationship.
You keep trying to seduce me, he said. I simply won't deal with that, it's too invasive, I can give you so much and no more. Until I say. But I do love you, you know. You've got to believe that by now. Any time you need me, to come to you, and put my arms around you and hold you, he went on, I'll be there for you.
Actually, I said, look here, it so happens I need you to do that right now. I'm in a bad state right now, in fact.
I can't right now, he said. I'm doing paste-ups.
The day Sarah came from Rome, I spent the morning rolling it all over in my head. I'm too far gone, I thought, to cut my losses. Strange. We're here on this planet, all these people. Upside down at the antipodes. Endless people. We all have this stuff in our heads that sounds like gibberish. Outside, unavoidable chance and plain catastrophe, and inside all these feelings we don't know what to do with.
Sarah. I had been spending each summer at Sarah's place in Italy, in an isolated world, like a ship floating in mid-ocean. It was a cross-shaped stone building, formerly a monastery, that Sarah and her mother had bought in the '60s, with dozens of cats roaming the grounds, noisy sheep cropping the surrounding hills, the property bordered by deep sleepy forests. Sarah kept a farm sized garden; for a few pennies we got eggs and meat from the local farmers. Tuscany: orange smoke in the hillside, summer lightning. Weeks passed when we didn't use money for anything.
I had my own suite of rooms at the north end of the house, where I holed up for days without seeing anyone. At night we drank many bottles of the light local wine and talked until four every morning: Sarah, her boyfriend Jacques, her mother Ursula. The nights blacker than velvet. From fields behind the house, skies bright with constellations. The stars in a bowl that looked as if it would suck up the earth. The social world seemed far away. When I left every September it seemed unthinkable that I was coming back to the squirrel cage on Tenth Street. Normally I stopped for a few days in Munich, to visit Rainer, who took an interest in the world. That visit would jolt me back into "life," and the restless motion involved in wanting things to happen.
Sarah had left off wanting things. In the '60s she had a short, spectacular career as an actress, retired at her peak, and now spent most of her time painting. Jacques directed movies, the kind of light sex comedies that typically feature Monica Vitti. Sarah sometimes played secondary parts in his films, for the money. I met them when Jacques hired me for the part of a newspaper reporter in a film that went nowhere. Sarah came to New York the next year, for the first time in a decade, to find a gallery. We slogged around SoHo for a month with her vinyl folder of transparencies and eventually settled, with misgivings, on Doris Sachs, whose place in northern TriBeCa was both out of the way and lacking in a strong aesthetic definition. But Doris had enthusiasm, which made up for a lot.
Sarah started getting to New York every three or four months, staying with her ex-brother-in-law, Cyril. Cyril did theatrical lighting. He had turned gay at 40 and now lived in a bare, all-white-inside townhouse on Grove Street. I liked Cyril, and he liked me, but we traveled in completely different circles and never saw each other except during Sarah's visits. Cyril's crowd was a fashion crowd, a Seventh Avenue crowd, a crowd of impeccable taste. And Sarah, with her show biz history, spent half her social time around glamor people, the other half with more "cultural" types. Her stock was higher in the world of glitz, and so she needed both.
This had an unfortunate effect on Doris's marketing efforts. She wavered between pushing Sarah as a serious artist and capitalizing on the scads of free publicity available to Sarah as a former movie queen. Although art was widely thought to have merged with entertainment, it hadn't melted decisively enough for Sarah's background to be of much practical help. A kind of postmodern, reverse snobbery was working against her. No one denied that her work was good, but many people "preferred" for Sarah to be a movie actress.
They're hanging Sarah's paintings in the gallery. Two young guys in white overalls lug the pictures out of the office, into the hangar-like white space, hold them up here, move them there. Sarah stands in the middle of the room, directing. Jacques, perched on the front desk near the door, untwists the wire ribbing around a champagne cork. Pop, fizz. I'd rather not get drunk this afternoon. Lately my resistance to alcohol is nil. What's dangerous is Monday night. When he calls up and talks about his cock. I know I've got to be at work and get my copy into the computer before 2:00 the next day, but what I want more than anything are shots of vodka, one after another. Then the night's gone. Sometimes I can work up into a rage and call him, but the little prick usually unplugs the phone before he goes to bed. God forbid anybody should need him for anything.
Jacques has a lot of floppy brown hair and deep soulful matching eyes, big features, thick nose, he laughs easily like Sarah does, makes jokes in lieu of complaining. Hanging the show takes concentration, but after a while the serious way we're appraising the effect of moving them here and there becomes ridiculous. It takes two hours to get them settled on the walls, the champagne is long gone, Jacques says: Let's get out of here and get a drink.
Oh, in that case, I suggest, we can visit Gregory, he's right around the corner.
Jacques: Gregory is the—
Sarah: Oh yes, this special person he's met, absolutely … In my letters, I've made a literary picture for Sarah, Gregory with large areas left blank. "He's not like the others." Sarah has known at least one of the others, a solemn and brutally stupid young painter who imagined himself a social outlaw in the style of Jean Genet. I want Sarah and Gregory to like each other. I think Sarah, a great beauty, will see him more clearly than I can.
They're both cursed with looks so out of the common. And Sarah has managed to live a real life. Gregory's stuck inside his face, he can't get out of it. Maybe Sarah could teach him how.
The three of us leave for the streets in a cloak of laughter. Isn't it a relief, to still be alive? The sun's shining. SoHo looks drowsy, like backgrounds in an old film pocketed with glare. The walls of buildings absorb a hyperborean light that flattens against the street like a coating of soot, turning the black pavement petroleum blue. I decide I am not going to die, as if I've been told about it by God.
The empty restaurant. They open at 4:00, but nobody goes there before 6:00 or 7:00. Gregory's standing with his back to the door, in the passage between the bar and the dining room, where the shiny brass espresso machine faces the toilets. He's talking to Sammy, the bar manager. They don't react to our entrance; it's as if they didn't hear. I park Sarah and Jacques at the bar and walk up behind him:
Gregory?
An instantaneous reaction. His strangest so far. I sense something wildly unpleasant stirring the hairs on the back of his neck. The blood drains from my face. He doesn't turn around. His back goes up, as if he's been struck with a bludgeon. Sammy walks out of the room, into the kitchen, giving no sign that he sees what's happening: just glides away as if my voice were his cue. And Gregory turns, turns very slowly, like a wax dummy on a carousel: I see his face twisted by an uncontrollable anger, a paper face someone's crushed and smoothed out again, the eyes black and blazing.
I brought Sarah and her friend to meet you, I whisper. I feel he's about to scream, he's going to push me down the corridor and throw me through the front window. What have I done? He storms past me, I see Sarah and Jacques looking at him strangely, bewildered, cloudy faces, and Gregory shrinks as he approaches them, I'm watching him evaporate. His body stiffens as he shrinks, he's suddenly three feet high and incredibly emaciated. I follow him, feeling like a fat nurse in a mental ward dogging some psychotic dwarf. By the time he reaches the bar he's the size of a dashboard figurine. His mouth erupts in a livid grin, full of teeth that splay loose from his gums and shatter on the gleaming wooden floor, teeth the size of nailheads. Sarah and Jacques attempt smiles, out of their depth, obviously ready to flee. The figurine's lips spread out across its tiny face in agonized congeniality, now it expands as it ingests oxygen, the limbs blow up enough to fill its clothing, suddenly Gregory's wrists reappear in their tattered white cuffs and his neck swells out to fill his collar. He's almost himself by the time he speaks, bits of him return in hazy puffs of some chemical reaction.
He catches my eye and smiles again. I return his smile grimly. He drapes his face in a weird bogus friendliness. This is, he announces, a bad moment. Inopportune. Nothing personal. We'll leave, then, I assure him.
But he insists that we stay. He glides off into the restaurant's hidden interior. Jacques smiles, shrugs off the situation: Ah well, he says. Life.
Sarah says: Something is wrong, don't you think? I think we should get out of here.
I've never seen Gregory like this. Not like this. I think: I've seen him today for the first time. Almost mute with loathing and disgust. That's what he's got going on inside, under all the charm and those gurgled childlike assurances, he's got this hate inside him that would blow this restaurant into the next postal zone if he let it go. But he wasn't lying, it's nothing personal.
He returns, magically composed. He pours out three snifters of Remy Martin. He stands in his shirtsleeves behind the bar, elbow planted on the zinc, sucking a cigarette and making an elaborate pretense of relaxed conversation with Sarah, asking what time her plane got in, where she's staying, how she's coping with hanging her show. I watch his face glide acrobatically through its lexicon of winning postures, a face seasoned and marinated in the shapes of other people's longings. Now it's his clothes talking. I imagine cracks and lesions erupting all over his skin, the roof of his skull popping open, snakes crawling out of his pockets.
In the street, Jacques diplomatically observes that Gregory seemed "anxious." Sarah says: That look he had when you touched him, that was scary.
Gary Indiana's novel Burma is being published by Grove Press in the Winter of 1988. His book of short stories Scar Tissue is just out from Calamus Press.
downtown new york
Endless Lunch by Gary Indiana
And then Gregory said that Gloria, who really was just a kid, inexperienced, not at all sophisticated in affairs of the heart, had left the apartment on Clinton Street just before Christmas, a few days after you met me in the bookstore,
Horse Crazy by Gary Indiana
One night, after taking a valium, I ask Gregory why he needs to hurt me. He says it isn't him, but Bob. Bob? Yes, Bob, he insists.
Love Isn't Living, Life Doesn't Live by Gary Indiana
One afternoon when I had cleared away every distraction, mailed out the phone bill and the rent check, written letters to Europe, tidied up my desk, and settled down at last to work on Burma, after weeks of inactivity, Victor called.
Originally published in
BOMB 24, Summer 1988
Richard Prince by Marvin Heiferman, Christian Lacroix, Sandra Bernhard by Gary Indiana, John Patrick Shanley, Gregor von Rezzori, Cristobal Balenciaga, and more.
Read the issue
I believe that each of us is given one sentence at birth, and we spend the rest of our life trying to read that sentence and make sense of it.
Li Young Lee
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April 14 2001 marked the day that a new career started, it was my first successful shoot at a concert (Dilana Smith in a café in Balkbrug). After four completely disastrous shoots in a short period before, I swapped a fully manual Olypmus for a brand-spanking new Canon EOS 300 with a 28-200 Tamron lens (with autofocus) and took my first successful photos that evening. I don't think they'd make the final selection these days, but back then I was hugely impressed.