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Tag Archives: industrial revolution
The Industrial Revolution and Modernity
Posted on January 4, 2022 by stuartbramhall
Episode 32: The Industrial Revolution and Modernity
The Big History of Civilizations (2016)
Dr Craig G Benjamin
In this lecture, Benjamin mainly focuses on the role of Britain in ushering in the Industrial revolution, a process that "swept away millenia of cottage industries and created a global population explosion." Britain was also the birthplace of communism, owing to the deplorable conditions faced by its working class.
The unique characteristics, according to Benjamin that made Britain the birthplace of the industrial revolution were money,* cheap labor,** raw materials, an energy source (ie coal and the rivers and canals to transport it) and the strong natural defenses typical of an island nation.
Between 1500 and 1660, a shortage of wood led to a growing demand for coal for heating and cooking. Routine flooding of Britain's coal mines led Thomas Newcoman to invent Europe's first steam engine to pump them out.
Improved by James Watt in 1776, it was widely adopted in the textile industry to power looms, driving down the cost of cloth by 80%. By 1850, a half million workers (of a total 12 million population) worked in Britain's largest industry textiles.
The steam engine, along with the (1856) development of the Bessemer process for mass producing steel, also enabled massive expansion of Britain's railroads and shipbuilding industry. As the largest city in the world, London hosted the first World's Fair in 1851.
Belgium, France, Prussia and the US were the next countries to join the industrial revolution. The US industrialized textile production in the 1820s. Although the US government facilitated railway expansion by granting free land for tracks, the railroads themselves were financed by European banks. The country's steel industry also industrialized quickly, with the US Steel budget three times that of the federal government by 1901.
Japan was the next country to industrialize, automating farming and silk production around 1900. The Japanese addressed their lack of fossil fuel resources by invading Korea and Manchuria (and triggering war with China and Russia in the process).
Russia was really slow to industrialize. In 1861 when Tsar Alexander II freed the serfs, Russia was still a primarily agrarian state. His son Alexander III would launch construction of the Trans-Siberian Railroad in 1891.
According to Benjamin, the industrial revolution would lead to the creation of the modern nation-state with its powerful administrative bureaucracy, greater control of the economy and intrusion into people's lives and higher taxes (for public services like education). France, following the 1789 French Revolution, would be the first modern nation-state. The greater emphasis on human rights (or at least lip service to human rights) was another characteristic of the modern nation-state – with France, Britain, Denmark and eventually the US and Russia eventually eliminating slavery.
One of the ugliest outcomes of the industrial revolution was the total subjugation of non-industrial nations by the industrial North, largely via colonization. Benjamin mainly focuses on the example of India and China.
Benjamin also mentions the role of Dickens and reformists, such as the Luddites and Swing Riots, and revolutionaries, such as Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, in pushing back against the deplorable working and living conditions the industrial revolution imposed on working people. The same year Marx and Engels published the Communist Manifesto, there were revolutions in Paris, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Spain, Denmark, and Britain.
Although all these revolutions were eventually crushed, the ruling elites were forced to address deplorable living conditions by expanding suffrage (prior to 1848, voting was limited to land-owning male citizens), legalizing trade unions, enacting labor laws improving work conditions and encouraging emigration (to the New World and other remote colonies) to ease population pressures.
*In 1694, by King William of Orange granted the private Bank of England the power to create paper money in excess of its gold and silver money holdings. See 97% Owned
**The Enclosure Acts (enacted between 1604 and 1914) forced 50% of England's agrarian workforce off communally farmed lands and into towns and cities as a source of cheap labor. See Forgotten History: The Theft of the Commons
Film can be viewed free on Kanopy.
https://pukeariki.kanopy.com/video/industrial-revolution-and-modernity
Posted in Uncategorized | Tagged bessemer, coal, dickens, engel, industrial revolution, luddites, marx, newcoman, steam engine, steel, swing riots, watt | 3 Replies
Patriarchy: An Anthropological Study
Posted on July 27, 2018 by stuartbramhall
The Underside of History: A View of Women Through Time
by Elise Boulding
Westview Press (1976)
Published at the height of the women's movement, this is a remarkable read. The first book of its kind, it employs extensive anthropological and historical evidence to trace the contribution of women to the rise of civilization. In most historical accounts, the role of women in development has been largely invisible
Beginning with the appearance of our hominid ancestors in Africa two million years ago, Boulding traces their migration to the Middle East, Europe, Asia and North and South America – highlighting the early civilizations that developed in each of these regions. She concludes with the current role of women in each of these geographical areas.
The part of the book I found most surprising describes the role women played in inventing tools from pebbles, bones and skulls to use in food preparation. They also invented ceramic pots and bags made of animal skins to store it and built huts to provide a protected space for child rearing.
During the hunter gather period, men and women played an equal role in production activities and decision making. After they learned to grow their own crops (following a decline in large game animals), women tended to be dominant because hunting was precarious and men relied on women for food. Women also had charge of the first domesticated animals (goats, sheep and pigs) and passed control of their land and livestock in a matrinlineal pattern.
Better access to food increase population density, which in turn necessitated an increase in food production. This led to the discovery of the plow and the domestication of cattle, which shifted basic control of food production to men. They, in turn, assigned women secondary tasks, such as weeding and collecting firewood and water.
The discovery of mining and metal working technology occurred around the same time, which would lead to the rise of trading economies and armies to protect settlers against raiding hunter gatherers. With the rise of cities and militarization, societies were "stratified" for the first time. "Stratification" and the rise of an idle ruling elite (kings and priests) would lead to the development of a social hierarchy that tended excluded women from public spaces and confined them to domestic labor at home.
According to Boulding, women still played a number of public leadership roles during antiquity and the Middle Ages – a privilege they lost during the Industrial Revolution.
Posted in Feminism | Tagged cities, domesticated animals, Feminism, hunter gatherer, industrial revolution, matrineal, metal working, militarization, mining, patriarchy, plow, ruling elite, stratification, tools | 3 Replies
Is Schizophrenia an Inflammatory Illness?
The Madness of Adam and Even: How Schizophrenia Shaped Humanity
by David Horrobin (2001 Bantam Press)
The Madness of Adam and Eve advances a dual hypothesis: 1) that schizophrenia is a whole body disorder, rather than a "brain disease, as promoted by Big Pharma and the psychiatric fraternity and 2) that schizophrenia stems from the same series of genetic mutations that led to the appearance of the human species (homo sapiens) 100,000 years ago.
The specific biochemical "error" Horrobin credits for causing schizophrenia is a defect in the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA), a fatty acid that facilitates smooth signal transmission between nerve endings. Horobin believes a genetic mutation around 100,000 years ago caused a massive increase in AA production, enabling a giant increase in dendritic connections between neurons. This, in turn, resulted in a sudden explosion in human intellectual capacity, as well as the sudden appearance of art, music and organized religion.
Horribin also maintains that schizophrenia was a relatively mild illness in hunter gatherer societies, owing to a diet rich in the omega 3 fatty acids essential for optiminal brain function. With the major dietary changes that accompanied the agricultural and industrial revolution, schizophrenia has become much more severe. The switch from omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids to saturated animal fat was by far the most significant, as saturated fats can suppress the uptake and utilization of omega 3 fatty acids.
Horrobin's hypothesis is born out by WHO research revealing that schizophrenia is more severe in the industrialized west, studies showing that schizophrenics improve when given large doses of the omega 3 fatty acid EPA, and the failure of schizophrenics to experience a "niacin blush"* when exposed to megadoses of niacin.
Aimed at a lay audience, The Madness of Adam and Eve doesn't always distinguish clearly between theory and established fact. While Horribin's ideas make an important contribution to the understanding of mental illness, his overemphasis on genetic determinism in the origin of mental illness is clearly dated. In 2002, the field of epigenetics** was still in its infancy and there was limited understanding of the role of noxious prenatal influences on gene expression and the development of chronic physical and mental illnesses. Nor was the role of harmful intestinal bacteria and endotoxin-related inflammation recognized in the etiology of autism, schizophrenia and depression.
His portrayal of the intellectual inferiority of Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthal man) is also obsolete. More recent archeological evidence suggests that Neanderthal man was the intellectual equal of homo sapiens.
*A niacin flush is sudden reddening and burning of the skin caused when niacin promotes conversion of AA to the inflammatory peptide prostaglandin. Several researchers have proposed using a niacin skin test as a research tool in studying schizophrenia.
**Epignetics is the study of hormonal and other prenatal influence that affect the expression of genes as specific protein enzymes.
When Horrobin died in 2003, the British Medical Journal wrote a particularly nasty obituary describing him as "the greatest snake oil salesman of his age." A decade of research into the beneficial role of omega 3 oil in the treatment of depression (particularly post natal depression, bipolar illness, schizophrenia and premenstrual syndrome) has clearly vindicated him. The supplementation of prescription psychotropics with omega 3 oils is now standard psychiatric practice.
Research into his theory that schizophrenia is a whole body inflammatory illness, rather than a brain disease, is also advancing. More recent studies focus on inflammation caused by endotoxin-producing by gram negative intestinal bacteria. Thus far schizophrenics' demonstrated impairment in prostaglandin synthesis has failed to translate into viable treatment options.
There have been numerous studies suggesting a beneficial effect of non steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) medication (such as ibuprofen and naprosyn) in the treatment of schizophrenia. Unfortunately NSAIDs, like psychotropics, have numerous serious side effects, including peptic ulcer disease and reduced kidney function.
Posted in Medical Censorship, Things that aren't what they seem | Tagged agricultural revolution, arachidonic acid, autism, endotoxin, horrobin, industrial revolution, madness of adam and eve, neanderthal, niacin blush, omega 3, prostagandins, schizophrenia | 5 Replies
Collapse: Revisiting the Adam and Eve Myth
Posted on February 19, 2014 by stuartbramhall
A Short History of Progress
by Ronald Wright (2004 Caroll and Graf)
The theme of A Short History of Progress is social collapse. In it, Canadian historical archeologist Ronald Wright summarizes humankind's biological and cultural evolution, as well as tracing the role of ecological destruction in the collapse of the some of the most significant civilizations (Sumer, Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome, Easter Island and the Mayan civilization). Exhaustively researched, the book advances the theory that many of colossal blunders made by modern leaders are very old mistakes made by earlier civilizations. Wright starts with the mystery of the agricultural revolution that occurred around 10,000 BC, when Homo sapiens ceased to rely on hunting and berry-picking and began growing their own food. Twelve thousand years ago, the global population was still small enough that there was more than ample wild food to feed them. Yet for some reason, a half dozen human settlements in widely separated regions simultaneously domesticated plants and animals. Why?
The Importance of Stable Climate
Citing extensive geological and archeological evidence, Wright suggests plant and animal domestication may have been triggered by unprecedented climate stability. Prior to 10,000 BC, the earth's climate was wildly unstable, with ice ages developing and abating over periods as short as a decade or so. These sudden periodic changes in climate forced our hunter gatherer ancestors to continually migrate in search of food. The climate stabilization that occurred following the last ice age (around 10,000 BC) enabled them to settle in larger groups, save seeds to cultivate crops that took months to harvest, and engage in trade for other basic necessities.
Wright goes on to describe a number of diverse civilizations that arose and collapsed between 4,000 and 1,000 BC – and their unfortunate tendency towards mindless habitat destruction and runaway population growth, consumption, and technological development. In each case, an identical social transformation takes place as resources become increasingly scarce. As prehistoric peoples find it harder and harder to feed themselves, inevitably a privileged elite emerges to confiscate communal lands and enslave their inhabitants. They then install a despotic tyrant who hastens ecological collapse by wasting scare resources on a spree of militarization and temple or pyramid building. This process is almost always accompanied by wholesale murder, torture, and unproductive wars.
Wright relates this typical pattern of ecological destruction and collapse to a series of "progress traps," in which specific human inventions turn out to have extremely negative unintended consequences. Instead of fixing the underlying problem they're meant to solve, the inventions create an even worse environmental mess. It's a pattern so common in prehistory that it's become enshrined in the Adam and Eve and similar creation myths. All describe how the quest for knowledge ended humankind's access to freely available and abundant food and forced them to produce their own.
Our Ancestors Wipe Out the Neanderthals and Mammoths
According to Wright, the first of these "progress traps" was the invention of weapons (for hunting) by early Homo sapiens. Wright blames this early invention of weapons for the first (archeologically) recorded instance of genocide – namely the wiping out of Homo Neanderthalis (Neanderthal man) by Cro-Magnon man between 40,000 and 30,000 BC. This was followed by other important mass extinctions as Homo sapiens spread out across the globe between 30,000 and 15,000 BC. The most recent archeological evidence suggests the mammoth, camel and horse became extinct in North America during this period because of perfected hunting techniques that allowed human beings to carry out mass slaughters (involving as many as 1,000 mammoths or 100,000 horses simultaneously).
Some archeologists attribute the end of hunting as a predominate food source (in numerous regions simultaneously) and the rise of plant-based diets to the decline in game animals stemming from this indiscriminate slaughter. The birth of agriculture, in turn leads to widespread deforestation and soil erosion in all the ancient civilizations, accompanied by soil salinization from over-irrigation. According to Wright, the entire cycle takes around a thousand years, which happens to be the average lifespan of most historic civilizations.
Turning Iraq Into a Desert
The first civilization to collapse in this way was Sumer (in southern Iraq), which flourished between 3,000 and 2,000 BC. The Sumerians invented irrigation, the city, the corporation (in the form of priestly bureaucracies), writing (for trade purposes), hereditary kings and slavery. By 2,500 BC, soil salinization (from irrigation) had caused a massive drop-off in crop yields. Instead of implementing environmental reforms, the ruling elite tried to intensify production by confiscating communal lands, introducing slavery and human sacrifice and engaging in chronic warfare.
From Sumer the cradle of civilization moved north to Mesopotamia (Babylon), in the region of northern Iraq and Syria, and humankind created one of the first man made deserts out of a region lush in date palms and other native vegetation.
Around 1,000 BC, similar civilizations also appeared in India, China, Mexico, Peru and parts of Europe. The Greeks (around 600 BC) were the first with any conscious awareness that they were destroying their own habitat. Plato writes a vivid description of the dangers of erosion and runoff from deforestation. The Athenian leader Solon tried to halt increasing ecological devastation by outlawing debt serfdom, food exports, and farming on steep slopes. Pisistratus offered grants to farmers to plant olive trees for soil reclamation.
Wright makes a good case for similar environmental destruction, rather than barbarian invasion, causing Rome to collapse. By the time of Augustus, Italian land had become so degraded that Rome was forced to import most of their food from North Africa, Gaul, and other colonies.
The Role of the New World
The most interesting section of the book concerns the role the New World played in rescuing the environmentally decimated European civilization. According to Wright, it was mainly New World gold and silver that capitalized the industrial revolution. However he also stresses the importance of the New World foods that were added to the European diet at a point where the population had outstripped their food supply. Maize (sweet corn) and potatoes are twice as productive (in terms of calories per acre) as wheat and barley, the traditional European staples. He also makes the point – ominously – that, despite all our apparent technological progress, humankind hasn't introduced one new food since the Stone Age. In fact, Homo sapiens hasn't evolved culturally or intellectually since our ancestors failed to confront resource scarcity in a way conducive to their survival.
If anything, given mass extinctions, potentially catastrophic climate change, and a growing scarcity of energy, water and fertile soil, we seem to be repeating the old maladaptive pattern. As examples, Wright cites the idiotic war on terrorism, which has ironic parallels with the chronic warfare the Sumerians launched 4,000 years ago. He also cites the rise of the New Right and the folly of trying to address resource scarcity by consolidating wealth and power in the hands of a tiny elite.
Posted in Things that aren't what they seem | Tagged climate change, collapse, cradle of civilization, easter island, ecological destruction, homo sapiens, industrial revolution, Iraq, irrigation, maize, mammoth, mass extinctions, mayan, mesopotamia, neanderthal man, progress traps, ronald wright, sumer | 12 Replies
How an LVT Might Have Altered the Course of History
The Traumatised Society: How to Outlaw Cheating and Save Our Civilisation
by Fred Harrison (Shepheard-Wallwyn Limited, 2012)
Book Review – Part II
(In this section Harrison discusses the history of countries and communities that have tried to enact a Land Value Tax. See Part I here)
Britain's Experience with Land Value Tax (LVT)
In Britain there have been several attempts to end predatory rent-seeking through the enactment of LVT. As a result of Henry George's 1879 international bestseller Progress and Poverty, Winston Churchill (still a liberal in 1909) became one of the most vocal proponents of the People's Budget. The law, passed by the British parliament in 1909, sought to shift the burden of taxation from wages to land. It was never implemented because the British aristocracy went to court to block the land valuation required to assess the tax. In 1931 Parliament passed a revised version of the People's Budget, which Chancellor of the Exchequer Neville Chamberlain simply deleted it from the law book in 1934. If the LVT had been fully implemented, Britain would have been spared the worst effects of the Great Depression.
Harrison moves on to explore how an LVT might have alleviated severe economic and political turmoil in other countries:
Ireland – rent seekers "sucked: out all the wealth of Ireland for 200 years, a process that didn't end with independence. Ireland's "Celtic Tiger" could have been sustainable if it had been funded by a LVT rather than debt. The result was a debt/real estate bubble that left the country even worse off when the bubble burst in 2008. In 2010, Harrison advocated for Ireland to pay off its debt by implementing a LVT. This would have provided the revenue the Irish government needed to stimulate growth. Instead the IMF bailout and austerity cuts has deeply suppressed growth.
China – made a fatal error by failing to implement an LVT when they began to privatize collectively owned land in the 1980s. China is currently facing slowing growth, thanks to a $1.7 trillion debt incurred by their city and provincial governments. While the central government was building up massive cash reserves by selling cheap exports, they forced regional governments to self-fund their public services. The only way they could do this was by selling land to property developers and by borrowing money.
Cuba – made a fatal error on November 11, 2011 when they began selling collectively owned land to rent-seekers, and allowed rents to be capitalized into land prices – instead of taxing them.
Russia – Gorbachev envisioned land remaining in public hands as part of Glasnost. After a threatened military coup forced him to step down, Harrison went to Russia trying to persuade Yeltsin to adapt an LVT. Instead Russia's first president opened the country to the IMF and western rent-seekers. Both sucked out sufficient wealth to set the country's standard of living back several decades.
Africa – South Africa's current economic difficulties relate to a fatal error they made in 2004. They amended their LVT to add a tax on property improvements but should have done the opposite – increase the LVT and reduce other taxes. Much of the land in the rest of sub-Saharan Africa is still communally owned. Thus there is still great potential for emerging African economies to adopt an LVT. This would allow them to develop debt-free, sustainable economies that don't leave the majority of the population in abject poverty.
The US – suffers from a "constitutional neurosis," according to Harrison. Supposedly the Declaration of Independence and US Constitution were based on the Scottish Enlightenment. Whereas John Locke talked about a universal right to "Life, Liberty and Estate (Land)," our founding fathers changed this to "Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness" even before the Constitution was written.
The Future of LVT
As Harrison points out, at present rent-seekers are extremely powerful and have absolute control over government, media, and public education. Nevertheless as countries in the Middle East, North Africa and Latin America escape US military control, it's imperative they have an avenue to escape the economic control of local and international rent-seekers. By adopting an LVT, they guarantee themselves sufficient income to provide government and public services – without falling into the predatory clutches of international bankers and the IMF.
In his 2011 book Re-Solving the Economic Puzzle, Walter Rybeck relates how the US contemplated LVT enabling legislation during the Carter administration. As an assistant to Representative Henry Reuss (D-Milwaukee), Rybeck helped Reuss (as chair of the House, Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs Committee) promote land and resource taxes as a way to address crumbling infrastructure in financially strapped cities and states.
Enter Sarah Palin
According to Rybeck, a number of communities (and one state) have already adopted variations of an LVT. Alaska's oil/gas tax is the best example of a resource-based LVT. This tax provides 80-90% of Alaska's general fund, as well as providing annual dividends to residents. As governor of Alaska, Sarah Palin introduced Alaska's Clear and Equitable Share (ACES), which charges a 25 percent tax rate on oil profits, with the rate increasing progressively as oil prices go up.
Five other states have passed LVT enabling legislation – Connecticut, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Washington – to make it easier for local communities to adopt an LVT.
Other American communities that have already benefited from an LVT include California's Central Valley, Fairhope in Alabama, Arden in Delaware, and Pittsburgh and other cities in Pennsylvania.
Originally published in Dissident Voice
Posted in Inspiring Moments in Resistance, The Global Economic Crisis | Tagged cultural genocide, economic rents, enclosure act, fred harrison, Great Depression, henry george, industrial revolution, john clare, joseph stiglitz, land value tax, lvt, marx, progress and poverty, sarah palin, traumatised society, winston churchill | 2 Replies
The Trauma of Cultural Genocide
Posted on December 31, 2013 by stuartbramhall
Book Review – Part I
(The first half of Harrison's book explores the history of land value tax and the cultural genocide that resulted from the Enclosure Acts and the dispossession of Europeans from communally owned lands.)
The Land Value Tax (LVT) is a "radical" form of taxation first proposed by Henry George in his 1879 Progress and Poverty (see Progress and Poverty: the Suppressed Economics Classic). What George proposes is to replace taxes on wages, purchases, and investments with a tax on unimproved land and natural resources. In The Traumatised Society, Fred Harrison provides an exhaustive update of George's original work.
As Winston Churchill famously observed, "History is written by the victors." Nearly all history books written in the last 400 years were written by or on behalf of the ruling elite. The Traumatised Society is unique in that it recounts the history of the industrial revolution from the perspective of the 99%. Harrison also presents a simple, but elegant prescription for taking back power from the corporate oligarchy, ending economic inequality and the debt crisis, staving off ecological disaster, and preventing World War III. On the surface these claims appear extravagant and somewhat grandiose. Yet, in my view, Harrison makes his case very convincingly.
Adam Smith was the first prominent economist to propose the LVT as the most "moral" and least economically harmful tax in his classic Wealth of Nations. Neoconservative icon Milton Friedman also considered it the "least bad" kind of tax. The most famous contemporary Georgist is former World Bank Economist and Nobel Prize winner Joseph Stiglitz.
Basically the argument for an LVT goes as follows: because publicly funded infrastructure increases land values, this added value should return to the public. It shouldn't return to the landowner, who has done nothing more than sit on his land. An LVT provides a valuable source of public revenue. It eliminates the need for governments to borrow from private banks without depleting the total wealth of the landowner.
Economies and personal freedom flourish wherever an LVT has been implemented. As Harrison reminds us, the economic surge known as the Asian Tiger didn't start in China, but in Taiwan and Hong Kong – as a direct result of LVT-based economies. Moreover unlike China, economic growth in both Taiwan and Hong Kong has proved genuine and sustainable. In 2011, the per capita GDP of China was $8,400, while that of Taiwan was $37,900.
The title The Traumatised Society is based on a severe dislocation Europeans experienced during the eighteenth century, a process remarkably similar to that of African slaves and indigenous people oppressed by colonization. The cause of this dislocation was The Enclosure Acts, a series of laws that drove our peasant ancestors off the communal farm lands that had supported them for a thousand years and fenced it to off as private property. In England alone, 160,000 freehold farmers were thrown off their land between 1700 and 1812. In addition to being stripped of their livelihood, our ancestors also experienced "cultural genocide," as they lost a thousand years of cultural tradition linked to communal land ownership. This process is vividly described in the poems of 18th century poet John Clare, whose parents ended up in the poor house (i.e. jail) after being thrown off their land. Clare's work was suppressed until the late 19th century, when the work of American journalist Henry George revived the British land reform movement.
The end result of this massive dislocation has been slavery, debt, alienation, depression, poverty (which was virtually non-existent prior to the Industrial Revolution), murder, rape, child abuse and alcohol and drug addiction. Counselors and therapists who work with African American and indigenous communities are very much aware of the trauma, which is passed from generation to generation, that results from severe economic dislocation and cultural genocide. Ironically, however, Europeans have no historical memory that we have been subjected to the same kind of trauma.
According to Harrison, the "moral evolution" of the human race ceased in the 1700s. This is when an authentic human culture of cooperation and interdependence was replaced with an artificial "cheating culture," in which the highest ideal is to get something for nothing. The modern, free market version of Christianity is part and parcel of this phony culture – as is Marxism. Harrison feels Marx did us a great disservice by demonizing capitalism. The capitalistic funding model in itself isn't the primary source of our major economic and social problems.
The Concept of Economic Rents
The Traumatised Society is written in classical economic language, in which "rent" refers to unearned income from the monopolization of land, natural resources, or the cultural commons (e.g. the public airwaves and money). Economic rent includes unearned profit gained from selling land that has increased in value (often due to land speculation). A "rent-seeker" is someone who derives unearned income from monopolization of these resources.
For most of human history land and resources were owned communally and any "rent" or unearned income went to finance public services. Beginning in the 18th century, this all changed. When "rent-seekers" privatized land and natural resources, they also captured control of government and shifted the burden of funding public services to workers. In this way modern capitalist society came to be divided into two classes, the Predators or rent-seekers, and the Producers, who engage in work to create economic wealth.
As more and more wealth is extracted from Producers, both as "rents" and as taxes, there is less and less money available to maintain public infrastructure. Eventually the number of Producers becomes inadequate to support the Predator rent-seeking class. At this point, the latter seeks to remedy the problem by conquering new lands and colonizing new populations, by using fossil fuel technology to increase productivity, by borrowing and extracting wealth from future generations, and/or by capital depletion (liquidating assets created by past production – like Greece).
Posted in Attacks on the Working Class, The Global Economic Crisis | Tagged cultural genocide, economic rents, enclosure act, fred harrison, Great Depression, henry george, industrial revolution, john clare, joseph stiglitz, land value tax, lvt, marx, progress and poverty, sarah palin, traumatised society, winston churchill | 2 Replies

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Why Did We Quit Our Cushy Corporate Jobs to Reinvent Independent Bookselling?
"You did what?" is the typical response when we tell our friends that we quit our cushy corporate jobs and bought an independent bookstore in the heart of San Francisco. "Either you are out of your mind or you know something nobody else does," remarked an old friend. A reporter for the San Francisco Chronicle quipped "Geez, why didn't they just take their nest egg and corner the market on cassette tapes?" So, what the hell were we thinking?
It was a warm summer morning and we were driving west on I-10 in Texas, somewhere between Sonora and El Paso, on our way to San Francisco. We had both just quit our jobs without any clue about what we were going to do next. Armed with our individual copies of Po Bronson's What Should I Do With My Life? we had taken the plunge into a world full of opportunity for those looking to make an impact. We were excited about all the possibilities, but also had this unspoken fear of being lost without any structure or clarity. Everything was on the table - moving to India, going for a PhD, starting a tech company. Our conversation had turned to the topic weighing heavily on our minds. What were we going to do?
"What's up with all these bookstores closing?" It was the kind of random fleeting topic that comes up in spousal conversation -- the war in Afghanistan, vacation in Hawaii, next... But this topic didn't go away, it kept coming back. As we dug deeper, we found bookstores were dying. Every few days one heard of another famous one closing somewhere. The numbers backed up the newspaper stories. But many independent bookstores seemed to enjoy tremendous love and trust from their customers. We had just witnessed the community bailout of Kepler's in Silicon Valley, and heard stories of people rallying to keep a Borders chain store out of downtown Austin because they loved Book People.
We heard that A Clean Well Lighted Place for Books had just announced it was closing. We read comments from readers who were heartbroken by the demise of another great independent bookstore. I remember Christin taking charge of the conversation "Let's do something, maybe we can still help save them. I am going to call them". Ring Ring. An annoyed voice answered after several rings "Why do you want to speak with the owner? Well, we are closing and he is busy." "That's why I am calling, I was hoping I can help him and maybe he doesn't have to close the store." "I don't know if he has time for this, but I will pass along your message." Click.
While we waited for a grateful call back, we buried ourselves in Laura Miller's newly released book on the history of bookselling called The Reluctant Capitalists. Later we would we discover how appropriate the title of her book is.
We came up with what seemed like the perfect win-win idea -- let's approach some of the bookstores around the bay area and offer to help them for free. We thought we are pretty smart, we had a lot of ideas, and we had the time. And surely they would welcome the help. CEOs of Fortune 500 companies had paid good money for our help as management consultants, so we had the credentials. Ring Ring.
"This is going nowhere." "What's wrong with these people?" "Why was it easier to get a call back from Steve Ballmer than from the owner of a little bookstore?" It wasn't just that we didn't find any takers for our pro-bono services. There was another mystery emerging from the conversations we had with veteran bookstore owners. Most of them seemed to blame Amazon, the internet, and even their own customers for their problems. Others assigned the blame squarely on the younger generations who were being accused of spending too much time online and on video games. These people seemed oblivious to the lines of teenagers and twenty-somethings at Harry Potter parties and Chuck Palahniuk events.
We could understand that stories of bookstores closing all over the country had helped create the dark clouds of doom and gloom over the remaining bookstores. What we could not understand was why the bookstores were not doing anything to take charge of rethinking their businesses in a rapidly changing industry. Was it just easier to succumb to the pity business? Why were they not re-inventing their bookstores as innovative, thriving, value-adding, technology-embracing, community-building, trendsetting, financially successful enterprises? Why could they not compete successfully against the convenience of Amazon and the sales and distribution efficiencies of the large chains? Why did all independent bookstores have such terrible web sites? Why didn't they have great loyalty programs to reward their customers? What was the deal with the rude, arrogant, and I-couldn't-be-bothered bookstore clerks? And the final dilemma - while there seemed to be so much potential, why weren't the bookstore owners receptive to our help? There was no shortage of ideas! It wasn't just our consulting trained brains firing up idea after idea. Veteran independent bookseller Andy Laties book The Rebel Bookseller convinced us that we weren't crazy.
"Well if we are serious about this, we should just start our own bookstore." "But we don't know a thing about running a bookstore." "How about if we buy an existing bookstore, that way we can lean on the existing staff's knowledge and we'll use the existing store as the foundation to build on." "I don't know. This sounds too crazy."
We bought the thirty year old Booksmith in San Francisco.
In a nutshell the picture looked like this -- here was a business whose customers loved it, which had not kept up in a rapidly evolving industry, but there seemed to be unlimited opportunity. It seemed too good to pass up! As if that wasn't enough -- there was this resistance to change from within which seemed rather puzzling and irrational. So ultimately the curious, the optimist, the adventurer in us won the argument. What was the option anyway? Continue working the Fortune 500 career ladder? Or go build a technology company to solve a problem that doesn't exist. No thanks! You only live once. We would rather try our hand at something we really believe in and feel passionate about. Something real. Something with a social impact. Something for which the need is already clear.
Join us on our journey to build the independent bookstore of the 21st century and learn everything you ever wanted to know about the crazy business of writing and selling ideas and stories. Tune in next week for - Why reinvent independent bookselling?


Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) president Dana White isn't exactly clamoring to see Amanda Nunes vs. Cris Cyborg II.
Nunes and Cyborg engaged in a champion vs. champion bout with the women's featherweight gold on the line. Cyborg walked in as the 145-pound queen, but in the end she found herself without any gold. Nunes finished Cyborg in just 51 seconds to become the first female two-division champion in UFC history.
Do you agree that an immediate rematch between Amanda Nunes and Cris Cyborg is unnecessary?


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News: Underwater caves off Yucatan yield three old skeletons—remains date to 11,000 B.C.
http://www.edgarcayce.org/am/11,000b.c.yucata.html
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For sale: Historic NE Pennsylvania jail haunted by ghosts of hanged coal mine
Atlantis Online > Forum > the Occult > Communicating with the Dead > For sale: Historic NE Pennsylvania jail haunted by ghosts of hanged coal mine
Author Topic: For sale: Historic NE Pennsylvania jail haunted by ghosts of hanged coal mine (Read 61 times)
Elements of the Eternal Soul
For sale: Historic NE Pennsylvania jail haunted by the ghosts of hanged coal miners
Updated: August 16, 2018 — 11:26 AM EDT
JAIL15P
Camera icon CHARLES FOX / Staff Photographer
The old Carbon County Jail, where seven Irish coal miners were hung in 1877, is for sale and the county doesn't want it back.
by Jason Nark, Staff Writer @jasonnark | narkj@phillynews.com
JIM THORPE, Pa. — The asking price — $749,000 — includes gallows, nooses, handcuffs, the everlasting handprint of a hanged coal miner, and possibly some ghosts who have good reason to be ticked off.
"Oh, we have ghosts here," Betty Lou McBride said last week. "Tons of ghosts."
McBride, 84, and husband Tom, 87, purchased the former Carbon County Jail in Jim Thorpe in 1995 when it still housed prisoners, and took over once the county moved the last of them to a new facility in Nesquehoning. The McBrides have spent the last two decades running the imposing, 147-year-old stone building as the Old Museum Jail.
"We've been saying we were going to sell it for a long time, but it's hard to let go," she said.
Camera icon CHARLES FOX
Betty Lou McBride stands in the cellblock in the old Carbon County Jail.
The two-story, 27-cell jail is tucked into a rocky hill atop Broadway in the quaint mining town formerly known as Mauch Chunk on the Lehigh River. Pennsylvania has plenty of old stone buildings where nothing much happened, but the jail is on the National Register of Historic Places because of its unique and ominous place in the history of labor unions in America.
>> READ MORE: The surprisingly clear view of a modern coal miner
In the late 1800s, immigrants were pouring into Northeastern Pennsylvania and heading down into the mines to extract anthracite coal. Faced with low pay, meager living conditions, and discrimination, Irish miners turned to fraternal organizations such as the Ancient Order of Hibernians for solidarity and, eventually, to fledgling trade unions to organize.
"What they were, basically, were miners who were just trying to get the mine owners to treat them fairly," said Karliene Zack, of the Mauch Chunk Museum down the street.
Blood was spilled on both sides, and there were brawls and vandalism, and when mine owners were killed, coal barons sent in their own private police force — the Pinkerton National Detective Agency — to infiltrate the Irish miners, dubbed the "Molly Maguires" after an Irish woman who led revolts against English landlords. On June 21, 1877, a day known as "Black Thursday," four Irish miners were hanged inside the Carbon County Jail for murder, while six others were hanged in Pottsville.
A 1970 film The Molly Maguires, starring Sean Connery and Richard Harris, was one of 10 movies that shot footage in the Carbon County Jail.
Three more Irish coal miners were hanged in the jail after "Black Thursday." The fairness of the Molly Maguires' trials has long been questioned by historians. In 1979, the alleged leader of the Mollies, Jack "Blackjack" Kehoe, was posthumously pardoned by Gov. Milton J. Shapp.
"The judge was a friend of the coal companies," McBride said.
On the right side of cell 17, a Molly Maguire handprint stains the wall about six feet up and allegedly can't be scrubbed off, painted over, or plastered.
"This handprint will remain as proof of my innocence," the prisoner allegedly exclaimed before he was led to the gallows.
Cell 17, McBride said, almost always remains locked, the handprint visible through the bars.
"Nobody gets in the cell with the handprint by themselves. Nobody spends the night here," she said. "I'm not about to spend the night here, not because I'm afraid, but because I don't want to sleep on a concrete floor."
The handprint, allegedly left by one of the Molly Maguires before he was executed, still stains cell 17.
One former inmate, Walter "Mountain Main" Rodriguez, was in cell 17 by himself, McBride said, after his arrest in connection with the murder of a teenage girl. She said Rodriguez, a member of the Warlocks Motorcycle Club, begged to be moved to a different cell out of fear.
>> READ MORE: A near-disaster saved the soul, if not the coal, of 'America's County'
The museum sees about 24,000 visitors a year, and while McBride holds ghost tours, she's never gone full-tilt into the lucrative Halloween market, like Eastern State Penitentiary's "Terror Behind the Walls."
She said she respects the ghosts too much.
"I don't understand them and I never wanted to ridicule them with an artificial haunted house," she said.
A replica of the gallows in the old Carbon County Jail, where seven Irish coal miners were hanged in 1877.
McBride said there's been some interest in the sale, though not from the county or borough, and she said it could be a turnkey haunted museum for the right buyer.
"It's a good business," she said. "It's not brain surgery. The most sensible thing is to keep the museum running, maybe expand."
Neighbors want it to stay that way, too.
"It's a great tourist attraction," said Sue Zarillo, 53. "All kinds of creepy things happen there."
Currently, the museum is open from Memorial Day through October. It's tough to heat in the winter, McBride said.
"The building takes on a different look in the winter. It's not welcoming," she said.
The jail's rec yard goes unused, as well, though it has all the makings of a beer garden. In 1990, an inmate on work release scaled the mountain behind the jail and shot and killed his cellmate with a rifle while he was in the yard.
McBride said there's been at least one wedding, and every now and then, a former prisoner will show up and take the tour. She rents the building out by the hour, often to paranormal groups as long as they're not out to debunk her ghosts. Plenty of field trips come through, as well.
"The kids don't get as scared as I'd like them to," she said.
McBride doesn't scare easily, either, and that helps if you're going to buy a haunted jail.
"I've seen things here that aren't here," she said. "People feel their hair being touched, or they feel a hand on their shoulder."
http://www.philly.com/philly/news/molly-maguires-haunted-jail-for-sale-pennsylvania-irish-miners-pinkertons-jim-thorpe-20180816.html
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5-5: Mathematical modeling (1).
Operations Research (2): Optimization Algorithms
Национальный университет Тайваня
4.8 (оценок: 63)
Количество зарегистрированных учащихся: 7.5 тыс.
Operations Research (OR) is a field in which people use mathematical and engineering methods to study optimization problems in Business and Management, Economics, Computer Science, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, etc. The series of courses consists of three parts, we focus on deterministic optimization techniques, which is a major part of the field of OR. As the second part of the series, we study some efficient algorithms for solving linear programs, integer programs, and nonlinear programs. We also introduce the basic computer implementation of solving different programs, integer programs, and nonlinear programs and thus an example of algorithm application will be discussed.
Algorithms, Business Analytics, Mathematical Optimization
Design and Evaluation of Heuristic Algorithms
As the last lesson of this course, we introduce a case of NEC Taiwan, which provides IT and network solutions including cloud computing, AI, IoT etc. Since maintaining all its service hubs is too costly, they plan to rearrange the locations of the hubs and reallocate the number of employees in each hub. An algorithm is included to solve the facility location problem faced by NEC Taiwan.
5-0: Opening.6:35
5-1: Background.10:23
5-2: Motivation and objective.8:55
5-3: Three levels of modeling.7:25
5-4: Conceptual modeling.8:36
5-5: Mathematical modeling (1).9:01
5-7: Results.6:58
5-8: A heuristic algorithm.10:28
5-9: Pseudocode.7:07
5-10: Performance evaluation.4:10
5-11: Closing remarks.4:33
孔令傑 (Ling-Chieh Kung)
副教授 (Associate Professor)
Выбор языкаАнглийский
Now we are ready to create our mathematical model. This is not an easy thing, and almost always we start by defining sets, indexes, and the variables. We know there are some entities in our problem. They are customers, they are candidate locations, and that there are scale levels. These are some things that we need to worry about in our problem. That's a I, J and the K, they are a set of customers, locations and scale levels. Later, we will see how they may be used. Very quickly, we would say, small i, small j, and the small k. Each of them are indexes. They represent a customer of facility location, or a facility scale level. Throughout our model, whenever you see small i, you know, that's the customer, small j, that's a facility or a location, and a small k, that means a scale level. Then we are ready to define our decision variables. As we always mention, you always define your decision variables before you define anything else, before you define parameters, before you define objectives. Because whenever you are trying to tell anybody, once you are in your model, you always tell them know what's the decision that your model is going to make for those decision-makers. Our model is going to make a suggestion on whether to build a facility, in which scale level. X, j, k would be one if a facility is built as location j with scale level k or zero otherwise. In this case, x, j, k certainly has j, and the k with location, in the scale level as the indexes. Because for each location j, you will choose one out of those possible scale levels. Xjk is our main decision variables. Then we also need to do customer assignments. Y i, j is one. If customer i is served by site j, which means facility j. Then finally, w, j is the number of engineers that are allocated in location j. Once we have this set of decision variables, we have covered all those decisions that we need to do. We need to deal with models, and we need to use the model to determine facility construction, to determine customer assignment, and engineer allocation. Now we are ready to describe more information that we need for building our models. That say f, j, k is the annual office rent for building a facility at location j with scale level k. You may expect and as different location, the typical office rent is different. If you need a larger space, then you need to pay more. That's why here, your f, has two indexes. The office rent is different from location to location, from scale level to scale levels. You have h, i which is the annual number of services that are needed for customer i. For different customers, this number may be different for post offices, maybe you need to go there very frequently. But maybe for 711, you don't need to go there very frequently. For Taipei post office, maybe it's very busy, so you need to go there for a lot of times. But maybe for one entitle, you don't need to visit there many times. That number may be different from customer to customer. Between a facility and a customer, there is a distance, and that distance also has something to do with the route that you need to go through. There must be a different cost between locations. That cost is per service cost for you to send one engineer, to travel between facility and the customers. D, i, j is that cost for sending one engineer to do the service between facility j, and the customer i. You have a cost c j. C j is the cost for hosting one engineer in location j. Again, that costs may be different from locations to locations. M, j, k. M, j, k is the maximum number of engineers that may be hosted in facility j, with scale level k. Scale level k, is for example, there may be several different scale levels. That says scale level 0, means you don't build a facility there. Scale level 1, 2, 3, 4 is become bigger and bigger, but for Taipei, scale level 1 may be having a different space that is different from the scale level 1, in Taejong. Or maybe in Taejong you only have two possible scale levels. Maybe in Taejong you have, three, maybe in Taipei, you have four, and so on and so on. Maybe in scale level 1, in Taipei means 100 ping or something like that, and maybe in Taejong, that means 80 ping and so on. Somehow in any particular location j, as long as you choose one scale level, then you know what's the maximum number of engineers that may be hosted there. That are some concrete numbers that you need to know so that later you may determine whether your engineer allocation, is feasible. Whenever you want to allocate engineers there's a reason. Is because that an engineer, must provide some services. But each engineer only have eight hours per day and each engineer need to take some holidays in a year. There is a maximum number of services that an engineer may complete in a year. That's go with small s. That number is pretty much the same throughout Taiwan. If that's the case, then there is a number that all these companies is going to estimate. Because that directly tells the company how many people we need to hire for these particular technical service. S is roughly, let's say 1,000 or 1,000 and the 500 and so on. That's the number of services that an engineer may complete roughly in the year. Then finally, there is a parameter called a, i, j is what? This is a small a, i, j. A, i, j is a binary parameter, or don't forget, is a binary parameter instead of variable. That parameter is saying that if a, i, j is one, that means location j in a customer i, they are close enough. What does that mean? Suppose you have a post office here, and then suppose you have a facility there, may be the distance is just too far from each other so that you don't have enough time to go there by sending of engineer from facility j. Because almost always when you sign a contract with, for example, 711, or when you sign a contract with the post office, they will say that, after I call you in two hours, you need to send someone into my stores, something like that. You have just two hours, four hours constraints. If you really have a two hour constraint, there's no way that a Taipei a facility may serve a post office in Gaussian. In that case, we would state that pair of a, i, j to be zero, if a facility j is not a close enough to the customer i. If that's the case, we said a, i, j to be zero, so that even if your facility j is open, it cannot be used to serve customer i. That's all the parameters we need.


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Most people assume that financial decisions are made objectively, with investors pouring over spreadsheets and documents to make rational investment decisions, says SMU Cox marketing professor Milica Mormann. While this may be true in many cases, new research by Mormann and coauthors Bazley and Cronqvist reveals how the visual presentation of financial information impacts important financial decisions. Some of this influence, however, occurs subconsciously based on color stimuli, particularly in the use of the color red. The study found that red influences decisions on stock picks, expectations on both current and future stock returns and whether to purchase a certain stock at all.
"We wanted to show how people perceived the same objective values differently based on visual factors and how information is presented," says Mormann. "So, it's more than just color, it's visual finance." With more people managing their own investments on trading platforms such as Robinhood and E-Trade, she adds, people are buying and selling investment funds and stocks and making financial decisions. "Depending on which color is used [to display the information], it influences decisions differently in investing. Red is our case study."
Mormann's research contributes to a new field in financial economics dubbed "visual finance." Visual communication of financial information is pervasive. Popular online investment platforms in the U.S., frequented by individual investors, show that financial decisions are made in colorful environments. Such color stimuli affect human behavior, evoking biologically ingrained evaluation processes in the human visual system. The researchers performed a systematic analysis of the effects of color in the domain of investor behavior.
Trading More Cautiously
With the pandemic ongoing, individual investors have been trading stocks now more than ever. The study showed that by displaying financial losses in red, individuals' current risk preferences were reduced, and expectations about future stock returns were lowered. "We are the first study to show the color red not only influences the perception of current stock performance but that of future performance too," Mormann says. These expectations contribute to "momentum" beliefs as investors who view past negative returns in red believe that the stock price will continue to decline. "When showing participants stock performance, if the information was in red, they projected a continued decline. When declining stock performance was depicted in blue or black, participants did not project a continued downward trend. Rather, they predicted that the stock would go back up," says Mormann. "This effect held over a six-month timeframe. That's pretty remarkable."
Mormann's research showed, in both hypothetical and incentivized experimental tasks, that red reduces individuals' willingness to invest in stocks. A red color, compared to a black color, "suppresses" risk-taking behavior by 15% to 30% depending on the context. "In other words, red color causes avoidance behavior in investors, consistent with predictions from research in color psychology," the authors write. Other colors, including yellow and blue, do not generate the same effects.
Interestingly, the effects of red are not present in colorblind individuals and are muted in China, where red represents prosperity. "The China context offered us the opportunity to remove the red bias to determine if it made a difference," Mormann says, "and it did — since in China, there isn't the same negative connotation of red that we have in the United States and many other Western cultures." So, there wouldn't be the same effect about risk aversion, stock performance and momentum beliefs in China by using red.
Additionally, investors who view potential financial losses in red may require a higher risk premium. For example, during periods of market declines, the color red is often used to visualize losses, possibly exacerbating investors' aversion to risk. The research estimated that investors who view potential financial losses in red, compared to other colors, may require about a 25% higher risk premium than when financial losses are represented in other colors.
Different Stakeholders Have Different Goals
This line of research is important because, according to Mormann, there are multiple takeaways depending on which stakeholder group one belongs to. The research's evidence has implications for the financial industry regarding the visualization of financial information and its impact on investors' behavior. "If you are Robinhood or E-Trade and you want your subscribers to trade more, perhaps you don't use red," Mormann says. Colors may also have the potential to be used to manage investors' trading demands, perhaps as cues which could either discourage trading or enhance entertainment value, the authors note.
The findings apply to individual investors who are increasingly managing their own investments via online trading platforms. "If you are an individual investor, perhaps you can change the color depicting information or just be aware of the red bias," Mormann says.
For public policymakers and regulators, the evidence suggests that color could be an important and a relatively inexpensive "nudge" for financial decision-making. "Perhaps social security statements display some red illustrating the need to save more," she says. "Or, to encourage saving more, perhaps you display information that shows someone is spending more than their peers."
Depending on the goals of differing stakeholder groups, the visual presentation of financial information can be altered to address biases, heuristics and other cognitive limitations of investors, Mormann says.
The paper "Visual Finance: The Pervasive Effects of Red on Investor Behavior" is forthcoming in Management Science and is authored by SMU Cox School of Business' Milica Mormann, University of Kansas' William Bazley and University of Miami's Henrik Cronqvist.
Milica Mormann
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