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Venne "Verner" Järvinen (Juupajoki, 4 de março de 1870 – Tampere, 31 de janeiro de 1941) foi um atleta finlandês de lançamento de disco que participou dos 1908, ganhando medalha de bronze na prova do disco grego, retirada do programa atual das Olimpíadas.

Dois anos antes, Järvinen participou dos Jogos Olímpicos Intercalados de 1906 onde obteve duas medalhas em provas de lançamento de disco.

Ligações externas

Lançadores de disco da Finlândia
Lançadores de dardo da Finlândia
Arremessadores de peso da Finlândia
Atletas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1908
Atletas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1912

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Guided Imagery for Depression
More in Depression
Childhood Depression
Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on November 26, 2019
Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania.
Daniel B. Block, MD
Updated on February 03, 2020
Jamie Grill/ Getty Images
Guided imagery is a self-care technique said to aid in the treatment of depression. Often led by a practitioner or a recording, it aims to minimize negative or stress-inducing thoughts by focusing on pleasant images. Some alternative medicine proponents suggest that guided imagery can help relieve depression in part by altering certain mind-body connections thought to influence mental health.
While the visualization exercises used in guided imagery tend to vary, they often include concentrating on peaceful and comforting images, such as serene nature scenes.
Why Is Guided Imagery Used for Depression?
Preliminary research indicates that practicing guided imagery may help improve mood, a key factor in alleviating depression. There's also some evidence that guided imagery may help reduce stress, another issue closely linked to depression.
Research suggests that guided imagery may help with a number of other stress-related health problems, including chronic pain and insomnia.
The Science Behind Guided Imagery and Depression
Although there's currently a lack of large-scale, long-term clinical trials testing the use of guided imagery in the treatment of depression, a few small studies suggest that this technique may be helpful for depression relief.
In a preliminary study published in Archives of Psychiatric Nursing in 2009, for instance, 60 people with depression either continued their usual care or listened to a compact disc containing guided imagery exercises once a day. After 10 days, those assigned to treatment with guided imagery showed a significant improvement in depression (as well as in anxiety and stress).
In addition, some research has found that guided imagery may help treat depression related to other health problems. This research includes a study published in Holistic Nursing Practices in 2015, in which 60 people with fibromyalgia were assigned to a control group or treatment with guided imagery for eight weeks. Compared to the control group, those who practiced guided imagery reported significantly lower levels of depression and pain at the study's end.
What's more, a study published in Cancer Nursing in 2002 determined that guided imagery may help treat depression among people with cancer.
For this study, 56 people with advanced cancer who were experiencing anxiety and depression were assigned to one of four treatment conditions: training in progressive muscle relaxation, training in guided imagery, a combination of progressive muscle relaxation and guided imagery training, or a control group. While progressive muscle relaxation and guided imagery did not appear to reduce anxiety, patients who practiced these techniques seemed to experience improvements in depression and quality of life.
While guided imagery is generally considered safe when used correctly, it's important to note that this technique should not be used as a substitute for the mental-health-professional-provided care of depression.
If you're experiencing symptoms of depression (such as a persistent feeling of sadness and/or hopelessness, loss of interest in daily activities, decreased energy, and difficulty concentrating), make sure to seek help from a mental-health professional as soon as possible.
Alternatives to Guided Imagery for Depression Management
Several other types of alternative therapy may be beneficial for people with depression. For example, research suggests that receiving acupuncture, undergoing biofeedback training, and practicing meditation each show promise as an alternative approach to depression management.
If you're considering the use of guided imagery (or any other type of alternative therapy) in the treatment of depression, consult a mental-health professional for help in incorporating the therapy into your self-care plan.
The 7 Best Online Help Resources for Depression
Everything feels more challenging when you're dealing with depression. Get our free guide when you sign up for our newsletter.
Apóstolo JL1, Kolcaba K. "The effects of guided imagery on comfort, depression, anxiety, and stress of psychiatric inpatients with depressive disorders." Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2009 Dec;23(6):403-11.
Chou MH1, Lin MF. "Exploring the listening experiences during guided imagery and music therapy of outpatients with depression." J Nurs Res. 2006 Jun;14(2):93-102.
Lin MF1, Hsu MC, Chang HJ, Hsu YY, Chou MH, Crawford P. "Pivotal moments and changes in the Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music for patients with depression." J Clin Nurs. 2010 Apr;19(7-8):1139-48.
McKinney CH1, Antoni MH, Kumar M, Tims FC, McCabe PM. "Effects of guided imagery and music (GIM) therapy on mood and cortisol in healthy adults." Health Psychol. 1997 Jul;16(4):390-400.
Nunes DF1, Rodriguez AL, da Silva Hoffmann F, Luz C, Braga Filho AP, Muller MC, Bauer ME. "Relaxation and guided imagery program in patients with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy is not associated with neuroimmunomodulatory effects." J Psychosom Res. 2007 Dec;63(6):647-55.
Onieva-Zafra MD1, García LH, Del Valle MG. "Effectiveness of guided imagery relaxation on levels of pain and depression in patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia." Holist Nurs Pract. 2015 Jan-Feb;29(1):13-21.
Sloman R1. "Relaxation and imagery for anxiety and depression control in community patients with advanced cancer." Cancer Nurs. 2002 Dec;25(6):432-5.
Why Hospitals Use Guided Imagery For Stress--And You Can, Too!
By Elizabeth Scott, MS
The Benefits of Music Therapy
How Is Reiki Used and Is It for Real?
Chill Out: How to Use Progressive Muscle Relaxation to Quell Anxiety
How to Use Guided Imagery for Relaxing in 5 Simple Steps
Reviewed by Megan Monahan
Treatment Options for Phobias
The Benefits of Progressive Muscle Relaxation
4 Relaxation Techniques for Social Anxiety You Need to Start Using
Simple Steps to Start Practicing Guided Imagery for Anxiety Relief
How Having a Regular Meditation Practice Can Lengthen Life Expectancy
Reviewed by Sara Clark
How Hypnosis Can Treat Your Panic Disorder Symptoms
Can Tibetan Singing Bowls Help Lessen Stress?
How to Practice Autogenic Training for Relaxation
Can Acupuncture Help Relieve Depression?
Social Anxiety Disorder - Diagnosis and Self Help
Should You See a Doctor, Psychiatrist, or Therapist for Depression?

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How to rip DVD movie on Mac OS X?
Discussion in 'Science' started by marineloserfe, Feb 24, 2012.
When you begin to record an audio, AllMyMusic for Mac could get the details of the recording like artist, album and genre automatically, thanks to ID3 search powered by Gracenote®. You can also select to edit each tag, making your stylish playlist.


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Okuma Süresi: 6 dakika
There is very little time left until the start of the 2022-2023 season. With the absence of international national team tournaments this summer, football fans have longed for football. So, who will wear the new season jerseys of the big 4 in the Super League and the new season jerseys of the well-established teams during the 2022-2023 season? The new season jerseys of the teams have been announced, so which jerseys will our teams sweat this season? What jerseys will the fans get?
Europe's top teams work with the biggest sports brands to produce eye-catching kits every season. Nike, Adidas, Puma and many more manufacturers compete every year to attract the attention of football fans with very stylish designs.
There are plenty of options to choose from, futuristic, classic or retro. If you are ready, let's take a look at what our big 4 and well-established teams in the Super League will wear.
Beşiktaş New Season Jerseys
New season BJK jerseys It presented three jerseys specially designed for the 120th anniversary to the fans. BJK new season jersey He continued his agreement with Adidas in the future, and Rain became the shirt sponsor of the black and white club this season. Beşiktaş will wear the classic club jersey in home games this season.
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Champion of Spor Toto Super League Trabzonspor's new season kits introduced. New season Trabzonspor jerseys introduced as two. Trabzonspor home jersey Classic Trabzonspor jersey with bars. Trabzonspor's new season away jersey is blue with two burgundy stripes on the sides.
Ankaragücü New Season Jerseys
2022-2023 season uniforms of rooted Ankaragücü, which is back in the super league, were introduced. New season Ankaragucu jerseys It will go on sale on July 25. Ankaragücü, who designed 3 jerseys, will play in the new season in a completely recyclable navy blue jersey, drawing attention to the climate problem in Ankaragücü, with the Ankaragücü home jersey predominantly white, Ankaragücü's away jersey predominantly yellow with Ankara silhouette.
Adana Demirspor New Season Jerseys
Have Adana Demirspor jerseys been introduced? New season Adana Demirspor jerseys unfortunately it has not been introduced yet. This season, he left the choice of his jerseys to his fans. The kits that will be chosen as a result of the votes of the fans have not been introduced yet. Mavi Şimşeks are looking forward to the new season Adana Demirspor jerseys.
The Best Young Footballers of the 2021-2022 Season You can access our article from the link below.
The Best Young Footballers of the 2021-2022 Season
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The series LIKE, which aired on the EXXEN platform, has completed its 2nd Season. Season 3 is eagerly awaited by fans. In this article, we will remember the Best Lines of the Like Series and share the links for you to watch. It is expected that the 3rd season of "Gimnin" will be released in September 2022. Yilmaz (Feyyaz Yiğit), İlkkan ...
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Interest in mobile games is increasing day by day. Chief among these is Player Unknown's Battlegrounds (PUBG). So what is the Best PUBG Mobile Emulator You Can Play on Computer? In this article, we will explain the details of this issue. Although PUBG was originally released as a PC game, its free mobile version has attracted a larger audience of players and fans.
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Substantial glass bud vase with amazing ring-shaped bubbles throughout in Strombergshyttan's signature blue-silver glass. Sweden, circa 1950s. Etched "Stromberg B742" on bottom. 10-3/4" h x 3" in diameter. Excellent condition; scratches on bottom.


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Robert Brooker Concepts of Genetics https://www.mheducation.com/cover-images/Jpeg_400-high/0073525359.jpeg 2 January 30, 2015 9780073525358 Concepts of Genetics is a one semester introductory genetics text that explains genetics concepts in a concise, engaging and up-to-date manner. Rob Brooker, author of market leading texts in Genetics and Intro Biology for majors, brings his clear and accessible writing style to this briefer genetics text. He employs the use of experimentation and stresses the fundamentals of the Scientific Method in presenting genetics concepts, then further engages the reader through the use of formative assessment to assist the student in understanding the core genetic principles. The introduction of Learning Outcomes throughout the chapter in the 2nd edition helps the student focus on the key concepts presented in the chapter. Concepts of Genetics, 2e also stresses developing problem-solving skills with the new feature "Genetic TIPS" that breaks a problem down into conceptual parts (Topic, Information, Problem-Solving Strategy) to help students work through the answer. The 2nd edition will be more focused on core concepts with the narrowing of book content by eliminating specialty chapters that many courses do not have time to cover in detail (the full chapters on Developmental Genetics and Evolutionary Genetics—these general topics are discussed elsewhere, but not in the amount of detail in the first edition). The author has added new information regarding epigenetics and material on personalized medicine. The integration of the genetics text and the power of digital world are now complete with McGraw-Hill's ConnectPlus including LearnSmart. Users who purchase Connect Plus receive access to SmartBook and to the full online ebook version of the textbook.
Concepts of Genetics
By Robert Brooker
1 Overview of Genetics
PART II PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE
2 Reproduction and Chromosome Transmission
3 Mendelian Inheritance
4 Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes
5 Extensions of Mendelian Inheritance
6 Extranuclear Inheritance, Imprinting, and Maternal Effect
7 Genetic Linkage and Mapping in Eukaryotes
8 Variation in Chromosome Structure and Number
9 Genetics of Bacteria
10 Genetics of Viruses
PART III MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL
11 Molecular Structure of DNA and RNA
12 Molecular Structure and Organization of Chromosomes
13 DNA Replication
PART IV MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF GENES
14 Gene Transcription and RNA Modification
15 Translation of mRNA
16 Gene Regulation in Bacteria
17 Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes
18 Gene Mutation and DNA Repair
PART V GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES
19 Recombination, Immunogenetics, and Transposition
20 Recombinant DNA Technology
22 Genomics I: Analysis of DNA
23 Genomics II: Functional Genomics, Proteomics, and Bioinformatics
PART VI GENETIC ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUALS AND POPULATIONS
24 Medical Genetics and Cancer
25 Population Genetics
26 Quantitative Genetics
Rob Brooker (Ph.D., Yale University) received his B.A. in biology at Wittenberg University, Springfield, Ohio, in 1978. At Harvard, he studied lactose permease, the product of the lacY gene of the lac operon. He continues working on transporters at the University of Minnesota, where he is a Professor in the Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development and has an active research laboratory. At the University of Minnesota, Dr. Brooker teaches undergraduate courses in biology, genetics, and cell biology. In addition to many other publications, he has written two undergraduate genetics texts published by McGraw-Hill: Genetics: Analysis & Principles, 4th edition, copyright 2012, and Concepts of Genetics, copyright 2012.


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Electroconvulsive Therapy, a procedure in which electric currents are passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a brief seizure, can provide relief from psychiatric illnesses such as major depression and dysthymia. Currently in the U.S., depression and dysthymia is becoming a serious problem for teenagers today. According to Teen Help, "about 20 percent of teens will experience teen depression before they reach adulthood."(Teen Help) Treatment of adolescents with clinical depression is difficult, involving pharmacologic, psychotherapeutic, educational, and family interventions. Medication has a limited role because of its lack of efficacy, its minimal effect on etiologic factors, and the frequent noncompliance of adolescents. Treatment with ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy) is proven, based on positive clinical studies, to treat depression effectively. ECT ultimately heals the illness quickly with only 3 treatments a week for one month. Unlike medications, which only begin treating after a year. Physicians should promote strong therapeutic treatments such as electroconvulsive therapy. The lack of attention of depression has become worse throughout the years in America. Because of its positive rating of treatment, Electroconvulsive therapy can treat adolescents with depression and dysthymia.
...n. "Electroconvulsive Therapy in Children and Adolescents: Brief Overview and Ethical Issues" American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. AACAP Ethics Committee, 1 January. 2012. Print. 20 April. 2014.
Sackeim, H. A., Prudic, J., Devanand, D. P., Kiersky, J. E., Fitzsimons, L., Moody, B. J., ... & Settembrino, J. M. (1993). "Effects of stimulus intensity and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy." New England Journal of Medicine, 328(12), 839-846.
Shorter, E. (2009). History of Electroconvulsive Therapy. Electroconvulsive and Neuromodulation Therapies. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 167-79.
Zhang, Zhang-Jin. "Electroconvulsive Therapy Improves Antipsychotic and Somnographic Responses In Adolescents With First-Episode Psychosis—A Case–Control Study." Schizophrenia research 6 March. 2011. Web. 10 April. 2014.
Essay about Electroconvulsive Therapy: What Is It and Is It Safe?
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EDWARDSVILLE — The Edwardsville Tigers will be well-represented in the upcoming MVCHA all-star games.
Six EHS players have been selected to compete in the upcoming MVHCA All-Star games, including a new one at the junior varsity level.
The varsity all-star game will be played at 7:30 p.m. on Jan. 28 inside the East Alton Ice Arena, while the JV all-star game will be at 7:30 p.m. on Jan. 29 at the McKendree Metro Rec Plex in O'Fallon. The JV game will feature "Rising Stars" of the MVCHA.
Both games will be split into Blue vs. Red teams.
EHS players on the Varsity Blue all-star team include Garrett Doolin, Justin Bertels and Aidan Stevens.
Stevens is second on the Tigers with 13 goals. He also has 12 assists for a team-high 25 points.
On the JV team, Stevens has 20 goals and 20 assists. Both are team highs.
Bertels, a defenseman, has three goals and four assists, and Doolin, a defenseman, has two assists.
The Blue team is comprised of players from East Atlon-Wood River, Collinsville, Triad and Columbia. The Red team is made up of players from Alton, Bethalto, Belleville, Freeburg/Waterloo, Granite City and Highland.
In the "JV Rising Stars" game, the Tigers will be represented by Kyle Gleason, Cameron Gillen and Jonas Akeman on the Red team.
Gillen is second on the JV North team with 17 goals and six assists, while Gleason has two goals and eight assists.
Akeman is 10-0-1 with a 1.91 goals against average. He has allowed 13 goals on 94 shots this season.


The Pirate Codex brings you 30 nautical enemies and allies from CR 1 to 16, covering a great cross-section of interesting builds and different twists on classical pirate archetypes. You'll find everything from rough-necked renegades to magical mariners, with artillerists, marines, navigators, and more suited for campaigns from the savage coasts on into the golden age of sail. Each NPC has brief suggestions for its use, with robustly detailed stat blocks that provide a ton of inspiration for throwing them into the fray against your heroes. The Pirate Codex is an ideal resource for the busy GM who wants a set of ready-made stat blocks incorporating a wide variety of rules elements, pushing the boundaries of the fantastic yet still keeping the focus on the people that make your pirate campaign go, from fellow freebooters to rival raiders and your naval nemeses.
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PEOPLE v. OLSON
The PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Michael Myron OLSON, Defendant and Appellant.
Cr. 6433/F001159.
Garry, Dreyfus & McTernan, Charles R. Garry and Colleen E. Butler, San Francisco, for defendant and appellant. John K. Van de Kamp, Atty. Gen., Charles P. Just and Eddie T. Keller, Deputy Attys. Gen., Sacramento, for plaintiff and respondent.
Defendant Michael Myron Olson appeals following a judgment of conviction of kidnaping while armed with a deadly weapon. (Pen.Code, §§ 207, 12022, subd. (a).) We affirm.
I. FACTS
On November 16, 1980, defendant, a Los Angeles dentist, went to the cabin of Ronald Brandon in the Greeley Hill area of Mariposa County and asked if Ronald had seen his (Ronald's) brother, James Brandon. Ronald said that he had not. Unknown to defendant, James was occupying a pickup camper shell about 50 feet from Ronald's cabin, and had earlier asked Ronald not to tell defendant where he (James) was because he and defendant were having a disagreement. Ronald and James were acquainted with defendant through their father, Irv Brandon, a friend of defendant's. Although Ronald did not know it at that time, defendant was seeking James because the latter owed him $50,000.
After accompanying Ronald to take a phone message to a neighbor, defendant said that he had to leave and asked Ronald to come to his (defendant's) car to say hi to "Vicky." As they walked toward where defendant's car was parked, defendant again asked Ronald if he knew where James was, and Ronald again said no. At that point, Ronald saw a man running down a road armed with a rifle or a shotgun. Defendant then pulled a snub-nosed revolver, grabbed Ronald's arm and said that Ronald was coming to Los Angeles because that was the only way defendant could find James.
Ronald broke away and ran, but was pursued and tackled by two men, getting cut as he fell into a barbed wire fence. As one of the pursuers held Ronald in an arm lock, defendant arrived, and then all three walked Ronald to two cars parked nearby. Ronald was placed in the back seat of one car with one of the men, Andrew Garcia, while the other, David Paschal, was told by defendant to "Call me" or "Meet me." Both cars then drove toward Modesto.
Ronald's abduction had been observed by a neighbor, Charles Sudberry, who had earlier noted the license numbers of the two cars because Ronald had indicated that defendant made him (Ronald) uncomfortable. He had also seen two armed men running, one armed with a rifle or a shotgun and the other with a handgun. These men took part in the abduction. Sudberry pursued the two cars in his own car, then returned to his house to get another car, and set off in pursuit of Ronald and his abductors again, this time accompanied by James. When they could not locate Ronald, they notified the police.
As Ronald was being driven toward Modesto, Garcia examined Ronald's cuts and said "That wasn't supposed to happen." In response to a question by Ronald, Paschal said "We're just doing our job."
California Highway Patrol Officer Robert Jeffre, on patrol near Modesto, received a radio report of the kidnaping, saw a car matching the description of one of the suspect vehicles, and after obtaining backup assistance and confirming that the license number of the vehicle matched the broadcast information, stopped the suspect car. As his vehicle was pulled over, Paschal said "It's all over." Garcia and Paschal were arrested and Ronald was taken to a hospital. Officer Jeffre searched the suspect car and seized two loaded shotguns, a 38-caliber revolver, two ski masks, two pairs of gloves, and live ammunition.
Defense Case
Defendant testified that he was a dentist and a close friend of Irv Brandon and the latter's sons Ronald and James. Defendant had loaned James $50,000 in May 1980, after having taken out a 90-day loan himself, and although Irv had promised to repay the money if anything happened to James, neither Irv nor James had repaid the loan.
On November 15, 1980, defendant, Vicky Jew, Andrew Garcia and David Paschal, in two cars, drove to Greeley Hill, arriving in the early morning. Garcia and Paschal were going to somewhere outside of Yosemite to shoot firearms, and defendant and Jew were intending to see a friend of Jew's about borrowing some money. Defendant stopped at Ronald's to talk with him personally about locating James. Defendant told Ronald about the $50,000 that James owed, and as they walked to defendant's car after visiting a neighbor's house, Ronald offered to go to Los Angeles to help look for James. Ronald said that he had to lock his cabin and leave a note, so defendant drove off, leaving Garcia and Paschal to wait for Ronald.
II. MOTION TO SUPPRESS
Defendant contends that items of physical evidence seized by the police from the car in which the victim was being transported by Paschal and Garcia were irrelevant and thus improperly admitted into evidence against him. Taken from the car were a pistol, a pump shotgun, a sawed-off shotgun, two pairs of gloves, two ski masks, and ammunition.
Rules concerning the admissibility of weapons have two elements: (1) where the specific weapon used to commit the charged crime is not known, weapons having been connected to the defendant may be admitted as circumstantial evidence that the defendant committed the crime; (2) where the prosecution relies upon a specific weapon, evidence that the defendant possessed other weapons is irrelevant and tends to show only that the defendant is the kind of person who possesses weapons. (People v. Riser (1956) 47 Cal.2d 566, 577, 305 P.2d 1; People v. DeVaney (1973) 33 Cal.App.3d 630, 635, 109 Cal.Rptr. 276; People v. Rinegold (1970) 13 Cal.App.3d 711, 720–721, 92 Cal.Rptr. 12; see People v. Daniels (1969) 71 Cal.2d 1119, 1143, fn. 16, 80 Cal.Rptr. 897.)
In the present case, the evidence established that defendant, Paschal and Garcia acted in concert to kidnap the victim; defendant was armed with an unidentified pistol, and Paschal and Garcia were seen to have been armed with some kind of long weapon and a pistol. Since the pistol found in the car was registered to the defendant, and one of the shotguns so found was registered to his female companion, the relevance of these guns is apparent. The admission of the other gun added little to the jury's knowledge gained from evidence correctly admitted. (People v. Riser, supra, 47 Cal.2d at p. 577, 305 P.2d 1.)
There was no testimony by any witness regarding the use by the kidnapers of gloves or ski masks. The logical connections between facts material to defendant's guilt or innocence and the gloves and ski masks seized from the kidnaped car are tenuous at best. Given the state of the other evidence against defendant, we conclude that any error in admitting the challenged nonweapon items was harmless. (People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 299 P.2d 243.)
III. JURY PANEL
Defendant repeats on appeal his very narrow challenge to the jury panel from which his jury was selected, made on the grounds that the Mariposa County Superior Court did not comply with the provisions of Code of Civil Procedure sections 200 and 201a.1
An identical claim was made by the defendant in People v. Powell (1974) 40 Cal.App.3d 107, 115 Cal.Rptr. 109, a murder case in which a broad, multifaceted attack was made upon the panel of jurors. In that case, the defendant attempted to show that the method of selecting persons for the venire resulted in a disproportionate exclusion of blacks, that the method of granting exemptions and exclusions from the venire had the same effect, and that a screening test designed to exclude incompetent jurors also impermissibly kept blacks from the jury panel. (Id., at pp. 124–142, 115 Cal.Rptr. 109.) In a lengthy discussion, the Court of Appeal rejected the statistical methods advanced by the defendant and held that he had not met his burden of proving that any identifiable group had systematically been excluded from jury service. (Id., at pp. 133, 141–142, 115 Cal.Rptr. 109.)
In the present case, defendant has made no attempt to show that any identifiable group has been excluded from jury service. His single complaint is that the relevant statutory provisions governing the granting of exemptions and exclusions from the venire have not been complied with, i.e., that a technical "violation" of Code of Civil Procedure sections 200 and 201a deprived him of a jury panel composed of a fair cross section of the community, regardless of whether any group was actually excluded.
The "violation" of the relevant statutes arises as follows: because Code of Civil Procedure section 200 provides, in part, that "[t]he court shall excuse a person from jury service" for specified reasons (emphasis added), and because the Mariposa County Superior Court had not adopted "written rules and regulations supplementary to such rules as may be adopted by the Judicial Council ․ whereby the jury commissioner ․ shall be empowered to grant excuses from jury service" (Code Civ.Proc., § 201a), the jury commissioner (county clerk) and her deputies in that county were free to use capriciously their power to grant exclusions for hardship to exclude (unidentified) groups from jury service. Defendant did not allege that any such group had actually been so excluded, nor did he make any attempt to prove that the subject officials actually misused the power given them, or that the jury panel was not representative of the community. Merely the opportunity to wrongfully exclude a community subgroup is sufficient, in defendant's view, to render his conviction invalid.
Powell, supra, expressly rejected this argument:
"[T]he absence of any fixed standard should not be condemned. It appears to us that the Jury Commissioner and his staff attempted to use common sense in determining if a prospective juror should be excused․ We are impressed that [the] primary motivation [of the officials] was the recruitment of competent jurors. Nothing shows that they applied a different standard with respect to different classes or ethnic groups. While this method is admittedly fluid, it is better that this program be one of recruitment than one of conscription. [Citations.]" (People v. Powell, supra, 40 Cal.App.3d at p. 134, 115 Cal.Rptr. 109.)
Since Powell was decided, in 1978, Code of Civil Procedure section 201a was amended 2 so that its authorization ("the superior court ․ may adopt" (emphasis added)) became a command ("[t]he superior court ․ shall adopt" (emphasis added)) to adopt the supplementary rules or procedure called for by the statute. Defendant appears to argue that the amendment demonstrates a legislative intent to overrule Powell and requires strict enforcement of the statute, upon pain of invalidation of any convictions resulting from verdicts of the contaminated panels.
General precepts of statutory interpretation, that the intent of the Legislature be effectuated and that said intent be derived from the language of the enactment (see Palos Verdes Faculty Assn. v. Palos Verdes Peninsula Unified Sch. Dist. (1978) 21 Cal.3d 650, 658, 147 Cal.Rptr. 359, 580 P.2d 1155) are of little value in determining whether the amendment of "may" to "shall" was intended by the Legislature to invalidate all convictions occurring in Mariposa County (and any other county which has not adopted written guidelines as called for by Code Civ.Proc., § 201a) after the effective date of the amendment, for such would be the effect if defendant's assertions are accepted by this court. It cannot be denied that the vesting of unregulated discretion in county officials to excuse jurors for hardship does permit those officials, if corrupt or evil, to manipulate such exclusions so as to control the composition of the jury venire. It is also evident that the Legislature intended to limit the discretion of the county officials by mandating that the superior court adopt written guidelines to govern the granting of hardship exclusions. The issue presented by the present appeal is whether the failure to adopt such guidelines, in absence of any evidence that the jury panel resulting from the granting of hardship exclusions was unrepresentative in any way, requires that a conviction resulting from the verdict of a jury panel so selected be reversed.
Recognizing that " '[t]he right to a fair and impartial jury is one of the most sacred and important of the guarantees of the Constitution,' " and that " '[w]here it has been infringed ․ a conviction by a jury so selected must be set aside,' [citations]" (People v. Wheeler (1978) 22 Cal.3d 258, 283, 148 Cal.Rptr. 890, 583 P.2d 748) it does not follow, as defendant suggests, that the technical violation of the Code of Civil Procedure sections relating to the granting of hardship exclusions and exemptions from jury service justifies a reversal of his conviction. This is not a case where flagrant and/or intentional government violation of individual rights has so infected the administration of justice that the entire process must be abandoned in order to isolate the constitutionally toxic illegality. Defendant has shown nothing more than that the county authorities made good faith efforts to accommodate the citizens selected at random to form the jury venire, and that the superior court failed to comply with the express terms of Code of Civil Procedure section 201a. Without some demonstration that these actions and omission resulted in an unfair or biased jury, his conviction, if otherwise valid, should not be discarded.3
IV. JUROR EXEMPTION
During voir dire, defendant requested that a juror be "exempted" because he was a park employee, which, he claimed, made him exempt as a "peace officer" as defined in section 830.2 of the Penal Code. The request was denied, and he was forced to use a peremptory challenge. He cites this as reversible error.
It is not necessary to reach the issue as to whether the juror was exempt, for one who is exempt from jury service is not thereby made incompetent to serve. (Code Civ.Proc., § 199 specifies who is incompetent—persons who are exempt from jury service are not.) An exemption is personal to the juror; if he does not chose to claim it, he may serve.
It was not error to deny defendant's claim of an exemption on behalf of juror Horner.
V. EXTRAJUDICIAL STATEMENTS
The victim, Ronald Brandon, testified that when he asked defendant's companions, while they were driving him to Modesto, why they were "doing this," Paschal responded "We're just doing our job." Brandon also testified that, when Paschal saw the flashing red lights of pursuing police vehicles, the latter said "Its all over." Defendant asserts that these statements (1) were inadmissible hearsay (2) if admissible, violated his Sixth Amendment right to confront the declarant, Paschal, who did not testify at trial and (3) that the Sixth Amendment error was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, and thus requires reversal.
A. Admissibility As Hearsay
The trial court admitted the statements under the coconspirator exception to the hearsay rule pursuant to Evidence Code section 1223.4 Defendant does not appear to contest the sufficiency of evidence of conspiracy at the time the statements were adduced.5 He also admits that there was sufficient evidence that Paschal made the statements while participating in the alleged conspiracy. His complaint is that the statements were not made "in furtherance" of the conspiracy, and thus not within the exception.
We have been unable to find any reported California opinion which focused its inquiry upon the "in furtherance" requirement to any significant extent. The usual question is whether the declaration at issue has been made during the pendency of the conspiracy, and the cases by a large predominance involve statements made either just before or just after the conspiracy has ended, admissibility turning upon which of those alternatives is applicable. Nevertheless, we agree with the concurring and dissenting opinion of Justice Sullivan in People v. Saling (1972) 7 Cal.3d 844, 856, 103 Cal.Rptr. 698, 500 P.2d 610, that the "in furtherance" requirement serves the salutary purpose of narrowing the conspiracy exception to the hearsay rule so as to exclude unreliable evidence which does not come within the original justification for the exception. (Id., at pp. 858, 859–860, 103 Cal.Rptr. 698, 500 P.2d 610.)
Although the Model Code of Evidence, rule 508, subdivision (b) (1942) 6 replaced the requirement that a declaration be in furtherance of the conspiracy with a "relevance" standard, and the Uniform Rules of Evidence, rule 63, subdivision (9)(b) (1953) followed suit,7 the California Law Review Commission, in its report to the Legislature prior to enactment of the Evidence Code, retained the "in furtherance" language with no reason given for the alteration of the Uniform Rules language. (Tent. Recommendation and Study Relating to the Uniform Rules of Evidence, art. VIII, Hearsay Evidence (Aug. 1962) 6 Cal.Law Revision Com.Rep. (1964) Appendix, p. 322.) In accordance with the commission's recommendation, Evidence Code section 1223 was adopted with the "in furtherance" requirement included. We note that rule 801, subdivision (d)(2)(v) of the new Uniform Rules of Evidence (1974), classifies as not hearsay a statement which is offered against a party and is "a statement by a co-conspirator of a party during the course and in furtherance of the conspiracy." It thus appears that the trend of modern legal thought and the intent of the California Legislature both support the continued vitality of the "in furtherance" requirement for admissibility of a coconspirator's hearsay declaration.
The requirement that the statement be in furtherance of the conspiracy serves to protect an accused from the idle chatter of criminal partners or deliberately fabricated evidence. (United States v. Layton (9th Cir.1983) 720 F.2d 548, 556.) Merely narrative declarations are not admissible, but if the statement furthers the common objectives of the conspiracy, it is. "In short, [the statement] must assist the conspirators in achieving their objectives." (Ibid.)
Paschal's first statement—"We're just doing our job"—had a tendency in reason to pacify a distraught Ronald Brandon who was being transported over a public highway in full daylight, and who might otherwise be expected to try to do something rash during the trip to call some motorist's attention to his plight. The statement was not idle chatter—it was made in response to a question from the victim. It was not narrative in nature. The chance of it being deliberately fabricated is remote indeed. The evidence was, therefore, admissible.
The other statement—"It's all over"—did nothing to damage defendant's case. If the jury was to believe any part of Brandon's testimony, he was abducted, either at defendant's order or as a result of independent action of Paschal and Garcia. A statement to the effect that the "jig is up" did nothing to point the finger at defendant.
B. Sixth Amendment/Confrontation Issues
Admission of hearsay under the coconspirator exception does not violate a defendant's right to confrontation under the 6th Amendment. (People v. Brawley (1969) 1 Cal.3d 277, 288–291, 82 Cal.Rptr. 161, 461 P.2d 361; People v. Dominguez (1981) 121 Cal.App.3d 481, 496, 175 Cal.Rptr. 445; People v. Pic'l (1981) 114 Cal.App.3d 824, 874–877, 171 Cal.Rptr. 106.) 8
C. Prejudice
Finally, we note that if the admission of the statements was erroneous, the trial court ruling was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
There was direct testimony by the victim that defendant initiated the kidnapping by pulling a pistol, and corroboration of much of the victim's testimony as to the events surrounding his seizure through the testimony of witness Sudberry and the ownership of two of the guns found in the Garcia-Paschal car. The defense was the all-or-nothing assertion of complete innocence, without offering any explanation as to why Paschal and Garcia would have kidnapped the victim without the knowledge or direction of defendant, to whom the victim's relatives allegedly owed $50,000. Defendant's version of events was simply not believed by the jury, and the extrajudicial statements of Paschal could not have added much to the balance against him.
VI. AIDING AND ABETTING INSTRUCTION
After this matter was submitted for decision, our Supreme Court handed down People v. Beeman (1984) 35 Cal.3d 547, 199 Cal.Rptr. 60, 674 P.2d 1318. Beeman was convicted of assorted offenses on the theory that he aided and abetted two others; he was not present during the crimes. The trial court instructed the jury with CALJIC No. 3.01.9 The instruction did not require proof that the defendant rendered aid with an intent or purpose of either committing, or of encouraging or facilitating commission of, the offenses. According to defendant's testimony, he told the two persons who committed the offenses against defendant's relative that he wanted no part of the scheme. He claimed he took action to collect and return the property taken. The jury requested clarification of the law of aiding and abetting, whether inaction could mean that the defendant was guilty, and what one must do to "absolve himself" from the crime. Although requested, the trial court refused to modify the CALJIC instruction as suggested in People v. Yarber (1979) 90 Cal.App.3d 895, 916, 153 Cal.Rptr. 875. The judgment was reversed, our Supreme Court resolving a conflict between appellate opinions and finding that the aider and abettor must have an intent or purpose to commit or assist in the commission of the criminal offenses; it was not enough that the aider and abettor engage in the required acts with knowledge of the perpetrator's criminal purpose. The court stated:
"Thus, we conclude that the weight of authority and sound law require proof that an aider and abettor act with knowledge of the criminal purpose of the perpetrator and with an intent or purpose either of committing, or of encouraging or facilitating commission of, the offense." (People v. Beeman, supra, 35 Cal.3d at p. 560, 199 Cal.Rptr. 60, 674 P.2d 1318.)
The error was deemed prejudicial because Beeman's defense focused on the question of his intent. There was considerable evidence to indicate that the defendant had aided the robbery, but the defendant claimed that his purposes in doing so were innocent, and that he did not think that the robbery would occur. "Thus, the essential point of his defense was that although he acted in ways which in fact aided the criminal enterprise, he did not act with the intent of encouraging or facilitating the planning or commission of the offenses." (At p. 562, 199 Cal.Rptr. 60, 674 P.2d 1318.) Since the jury's questions to the court during deliberations were focused on this very issue, the error was reversible under any standard of review.
The defendant in the instant case has requested this court to consider the alleged instructional error in the giving of CALJIC No. 3.01 in the light of Beeman. We issued an order vacating the submission so that we could consider the issue.
We note that Beeman is retroactive. (People v. Darwiche (1984) 152 Cal.App.3d 630, 639–640, 199 Cal.Rptr. 806.)
The giving of the instruction in the form of CALJIC No. 3.01 was error. We need not address the issue of the appropriate test of prejudice—that is, whether we apply the People v. Watson, supra, 46 Cal.2d 818, 299 P.2d 243 harmless error test or the more stringent harmless beyond a reasonable doubt test in Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705—because under either test, the error is not reversible.
In the instant case, unlike in Beeman, the defense amounted to a complete denial of the kidnaping offense. According to the defendant, Ronald Brandon voluntarily agreed to return to Los Angeles to attempt to locate his brother (who, in fact, was hiding but a few feet from the scene of the kidnap). Defendant denied pointing a gun at the victim and claimed he had departed the scene before Brandon got into the car with Garcia and Paschal. The prosecution evidence, on the other hand, consisted of two eyewitness accounts of defendant actively participating in the kidnap. This is unlike the Beeman case where it was undisputed that Beeman was not present during the crime. Beeman contended that his motive was to return the stolen articles. In the instant case, it is undisputed that it was the defendant, Olson, who desired to collect a $50,000 debt from the victim's brother. This was ample motive of a conspiracy to kidnap. Defendant's involvement in the offense was direct and active. The defense never advanced a plausible explanation of why Garcia and Paschal would have acted independently to kidnap and transport the victim to Los Angeles.
In Beeman, the jury focused on the intent issue and asked for direction from the court in that regard. In the instant case, the jury made the following request: "We request information from the Judge concerning gun involvement and explanation of forms; also define the term 'principal' ". The court then read CALJIC Nos. 3.00, 3.01 and 17.15. CALJIC No. 17.15 relates to the jury's duty to return an armed finding where a defendant or a "principal" in the commission is armed. The evidence in this case showed that defendant pulled a gun on Brandon but that weapon was never recovered. Thus, the jury's question almost certainly stemmed from preoccupation with that concern, rather than defendant's liability for the kidnaping offense. The fact that the jury returned a guilty verdict and armed finding within 30 minutes of this reinstruction also leads to the reasonable inference that any confusion on their part was short-lived and insignificant. This contrasts sharply with the situation in Beeman where the jury's questions very clearly indicated their concern went to the heart of the defense and it took two hours to reach a verdict after reinstruction.
There was clear proof of defendant's guilt. His feeble defense was absurd. We find that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. (Chapman v. California, supra, 386 U.S. at p. 24, 87 S.Ct. at p. 828.) 10
VII. SENTENCING
The due process considerations applicable to a sentencing hearing are not identical to those appropriate to trial on the issue of guilt; a defendant who complains of due process error at sentencing is entitled to relief only if the hearing procedures are fundamentally unfair. (People v. Arbuckle (1978) 22 Cal.3d 749, 754, 150 Cal.Rptr. 778, 587 P.2d 220.) "Reliability of the information considered by the court is the key issue in determining fundamental fairness." (Id., at pp. 754–755, 150 Cal.Rptr. 778, 587 P.2d 220.)
Defendant complains of the probation report's inclusion of hearsay statements made by defendant's companions Garcia and Paschal taken from a police report, hearsay statements made by Paschal to the probation officer, and the information that Paschal was murdered prior to being sentenced on identical charges. Defendant concedes that the report may contain hearsay information (People v. Barajas (1972) 26 Cal.App.3d 932, 939, 103 Cal.Rptr. 405), but argues that the challenged material was "inflammatory" and "irrelevant".
The trial court's discretion in sentencing should not be disturbed on appeal absent a clear showing of abuse; abuse is shown when the court exceeds the bounds of reason. (People v. Sanchez (1982) 131 Cal.App.3d 718, 740, 182 Cal.Rptr. 671.) The appellate court must presume that the sentencing court was not influenced by irrelevant matter contained in the probation report. (People v. Ozene (1972) 27 Cal.App.3d 905, 915, 104 Cal.Rptr. 170.) As pointed out by the People, the probation officer was required to include the information about Paschal's murder by California Rules of Court, rule 419(a)(2), which provides that the report shall include "information concerning any co-defendants and the status or disposition of their cases."
Defendant makes no legal attack on the sentence imposed (middle term of five years plus one-year weapons enhancement), and the main source of his outrage appears to be his failed expectation that as a dentist and first time offender, he would receive probation. There has been no showing of an abuse of discretion by the sentencing court, or that the information relied upon by that court was unreliable, resulting in fundamental unfairness.
VIII. CONCLUSION
1. Code of Civil Procedure section 200 provides as follows:"The court shall excuse a person from jury service upon finding that the jury service would entail undue hardship on the person or the public served by the person."Code of Civil Procedure section 201a provides:"The superior court in each county or city and county shall adopt written rules and regulations supplementary to such rules as may be adopted by the Judicial Council establishing a procedure whereby the jury commissioner of said county or city and county shall be empowered to grant excuses from jury service to such prospective jurors who in the opinion of the jury commissioner qualify for excuses under Section 200."
2. Statutes 1978, chapter 718, section 2, page 2247.
3. Defendant cites United States v. Coleman (E.D.Mich.1977) 429 F.Supp. 792, a federal case in which federal grand jury indictments were dismissed because the federal clerk did not follow proper statutory procedure in formulating potential juror lists, as authority for the proposition that even a technical violation of statutes governing juror selection requires dismissal of charges. Besides noting that such federal precedent is not binding upon the Court of Appeal (San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit Dist. v. Superior Court (1979) 97 Cal.App.3d 153, 161, 158 Cal.Rptr. 627), it should also be noted that the federal courts are not unanimous in finding that failure to precisely follow jury selection procedures taints criminal procedures. United States v. Tarnowski (E.D.Mich.1977) 429 F.Supp. 783, decided at the same time as Coleman, reached the exact opposite conclusion. Subsequent cases have held that there must be substantial failure to comply with statutory procedures to warrant dismissal, and that excusal of jurors by the clerk was not a substantial failure to comply where there was no showing that the clerk made a significant number of erroneous determinations. (See United States v. Layton (N.D.Cal.1981) 519 F.Supp. 946, 953–954.)Defendant's citation of Dorshkind v. Harry N. Koff Agency, Inc. (1976) 64 Cal.App.3d 302, 134 Cal.Rptr. 344 is inapposite. Contrary to custom, the trial judge appointed the jury foreperson. The appellate panel reversed on the ground that this infringed upon the independence of the individual juror by impliedly indicating to them that the foreperson so selected is, in the court's view, entitled to deference. In Dorshkind, the court's mistake resulted in a manifestly obvious result. In the instant case, there is no indication that the jury as selected was unrepresentative.
4. Evidence Code section 1223 provides:"Evidence of a statement offered against a party is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if:"(a) The statement was made by the declarant while participating in a conspiracy to commit a crime or civil wrong and in furtherance of the objective of that conspiracy;"(b) The statement was made prior to or during the time that the party was participating in that conspiracy; and"(c) The evidence is offered either after admission of evidence sufficient to sustain a finding of the facts specified in subdivisions (a) and (b) or, in the court's discretion as to the order of proof, subject to the admission of such evidence."
5. There had already been ample testimony that defendant, Paschal and Garcia had mutually carried out the victim's kidnapping at the time the victim testified as to Paschal's statements.
6. "Evidence of a hearsay declaration is admissible against a party to the action if the judge finds that ․ [¶] (b) the party and the declarant were participants in a plan to commit a crime or civil wrong and the hearsay declaration was relevant to the plan or its subject-matter and was made while the plan was in existence and before its execution was complete ․"In the comment, the committee stated:"Clause (b) does not accept the rule as generally stated with reference to declarations of co-conspirators and willful joint-tortfeasors, which holds the declaration inadmissible unless made in furtherance of the conspiracy. Numerous decisions, however, receive against one conspirator evidence of any statement made during the conspiracy by a co-conspirator concerning the conspiracy, despite the lack of a showing that the statement was made in furtherance of the conspiracy. With these clause (b) agrees․"
7. "As against a party, a statement which would be admissible if made by the declarant at the hearing if: ․ [¶] (b) the party and the declarant were participating in a plan to commit a crime or a civil wrong and the statement was relevant to the plan or its subject matter and was made while the plan was in existence and before its complete execution or other termination․"
8. Defendant asserts that even admissible extrajudicial statements would violate his right to confrontation, citing People v. Claxton (1982) 129 Cal.App.3d 638, 181 Cal.Rptr. 281 and People v. Coble (1976) 65 Cal.App.3d 187, 135 Cal.Rptr. 199. However, both of those cases involved hearsay admitted under the "statement against penal interests" exception of Evidence Code section 1230, and neither mentioned or considered the holding of People v. Brawley, supra, 1 Cal.3d 277, 82 Cal.Rptr. 161, 461 P.2d 361. (See People v. Claxton, supra, 129 Cal.App.3d at pp. 664–666, 181 Cal.Rptr. 281; People v. Coble, supra, 65 Cal.App.3d, at pp. 193–197, 135 Cal.Rptr. 199.)
9. CALJIC No. 3.01, as given to the jury, reads in part:"A person aids and abets the commission of a crime if, with knowledge of the unlawful purpose of the perpetrator of the crime, he aids, promotes, encourages or instigates by act or advice the commission of such crime."
10. We note that the Supreme Court has impliedly refused to apply the per se error analysis of People v. Sedeno (1974) 10 Cal.3d 703, 112 Cal.Rptr. 1, 518 P.2d 913 to the instructional error complained of here. In People v. Beeman, supra, the high court discussed the various standards for assessing prejudice and concluded that under the most lenient—People v. Watson, supra,—Beeman had been prejudiced. (Beeman, supra, 35 Cal.3d at p. 563, 199 Cal.Rptr. 60, 674 P.2d 1318.) The court then stated: "Because we reverse under Watson we do not in this case decide whether failure to correctly instruct on the element of criminal intent should as a general rule be reviewed under a stricter rule of harmless error." (Ibid., emphasis added.) It thus appears that some form of harmless error analysis should be used in such cases. Here, under the strictest harmless error standard, it is evident that defendant was not prejudiced by the trial court's instructional error.
ANDREEN, Acting Presiding Justice.
WOOLPERT and MARTIN, JJ., concur.


text:
Where Is The Randstad?
The Randstad metropolitan area in the Netherlands.
The Randstad is a vast megalopolis in the Netherlands. It is made up of the four largest cities in the country; Amsterdam, Rotterdam, the Hague, Utrecht, and their surrounding environs. It also encompasses the Amsterdam Airport Schiphol and the Port of Rotterdam. A population of about 8.2 million people makes the Randstad one of the largest metropolitans in Europe comparable in population to the San Francisco Bay and the Milan Metropolitan. It is also considered one of the richest cities in Europe with a Gross Metropolitan Product of €262,839,000. The boundaries of the Randstad have not been officially defined. In addition to the four cities, some definitions may include the cities of Hoorn, Lelystad, and Alkmaar. Federal planners and local authorities expect the city to cover the Hoorn and Alkmaar region as well as Flevoland by 2040.
Geography of the Randstad
The Randstad is divided into two large metropolitans; Noordvleugel and Zuidvleugel. Noordvleugel (North Wing) Metropolitan consists of Utrecht, Haarlem, Ijmuiden, Gooi, Almere, and Amsterdam, which also serves as the heart of the metropolitan. Noordvleugel has a population of about 3.6 million people but Utrecht with a population of about 1 million can either be excluded or included depending on the extent of definition. The city is located much farther from the rest and is more monocentric owing to its long history with Amsterdam and the Netherlands. Zuidvleugel (South Wing) Metropolitan consist of the Hague, Rotterdam, and the smaller cities of Leiden and Dordrecht. The metropolitan has a population of 3.5 million people and has the potential to be the knowledge center of the Randstad.
The Dutch argue that there is a cultural divide between the Randstad and the rest of the Netherlands in relation to the media and politics. Both the media and the government have their headquarters within the Randstad, but the region is not an accurate representation of the cultural identity of the country. Although the landscape and the cities in the megalopolis share commonalities, there are also significant differences. In broad terms, the North Wing is politically progressive while the South Wing is more conservative.
The best transport infrastructure in the Netherlands is found in the Randstad. In fact, the Netherlands is considered to have some of the best infrastructure in the world. Railways, trams, subways, and motorways connect the cities and towns while cycling corridors provide a safe route to and from the towns. The highways of the megalopolis carry some of the heaviest traffic in Europe. A decade ago the roads were either four or six lanes, but most have since been expanded to eight or ten lanes.
Geographic Controversy
The Randstad has experienced political and social tension over the past decade due to the lack of clear boundaries between the major cities and the towns in between. The smaller towns are much cleaner, safer, and more hospitable, and therefore house most of the people who work in the cities, while the cities offer better facilities such as hospitals, entertainment, and job opportunities. The cities are growing and expanding at a rate that threatens to engulf the towns in the near future.
Victor Kiprop May 29 2019 in World Facts
Hubble Observes Black Hole Devour a Star
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text:
Q: How would you modify the operation of subtraction to make it commutative? For example, absolute differences are commutative because $|2-3|=|3-2|$. However, I'm wondering how this could be expanded for subtraction with multiple terms.

A: For three variables, we can use $|x-y|+|y-z|+|z-x|$. There is a natural extension to $n$ variables $x_1,x_2,\dots, x_n$. using
$$\sum_{1\le i\lt j\le n}|x_i-x_j|.$$
What is not clear is whether these extended notions have a use.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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We will also take measurements. A further visit will provide sketched ideas or scaled drawings and an estimate of costs.We try to design and construct with flair and flexibility allowing for design changes as and when necessary. For the more complex designs a simple prototype using cheaper veneers and man-made boards (MDF, Ply) may be required. This sample will allow us to check how the final piece will blend into its environment. (As the furniture is custom built, drawings can only offer a small insight).
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text:
'Crime and Justice' Archives
Fort Collins Stabbing
Stabbing at Plaza Hotel At approximately 9:55 p.m. Christmas night a 44 year old male walked into Poudre Valley Hospital bleeding from a laceration to his neck. He was treated at the hospital for that injury and other apparent stab wounds. Allegedly, he was stabbed by Scott O'Neill (DOB 12/20/1973) outside a room at the Plaza Hotel on east Mulberry in Fort Collins, Colorado earlier in the evening. Larimer County Sheriff's Deputies were notified and contacted Mr. O'Neill at the Plaza ... Full Story
Attorney General announces lawsuit to dissolve a
DENVER — Colorado Attorney General John Suthers announced today that his office has filed a lawsuit aimed at dissolving the organization Fired Up For Kids so a successor organization can continue the entity's mission as a nonprofit organization. According to the complaint, filed in Denver District Court, Fired Up For Kids solicited donations through the sale of calendars to raise money for the Children's Hospital Burn Unit. Although the organization presented itself as a nonprofit ... Full Story
Man found to have mistreated cattle
Park County Resident Found to have "Mistreated and Neglected the Cattle Under his Care" LAKEWOOD, Colo. – On December 15, 2011, a Park County judge barred Vernon E. Wagner, of Park County, from owning, managing, controlling, or otherwise possessing cattle in Park County. The ruling stems from a joint investigation by the Colorado Department of Agriculture and Park County Sheriff's Office. Vernon E. Wagner of Park County owned a number of cattle and was under contract to care ... Full Story
Larimer County Deputy Attacked
Deputy Attacked, Former Inmate Helps Deputy Date: 12/16/2011 Christmas spirit was put to a test last night as a Larimer County Sheriff's Office deputy was attacked after stopping to assist a motorist with a broken down vehicle. Donovan James Boggs, DOB: 03/22/92, of Loveland was arrested for the assault. At approximately 7:00 p.m. last night (December 15, 2011) a Larimer County Sheriff's Office deputy observed a blue Chevy pickup truck parked off the side of the road at Interstate 25 and ... Full Story
Denver woman found guilty in mortgage fraud scam
DENVER – After deliberating for less than 4 hours, a federal court jury found Vicki Dillard Crowe, aka Vicki R. Dillard, age 32, of Denver, guilty of mail and wire fraud in connection with a mortgage fraud scheme, U.S. Attorney John Walsh, FBI Special Agent in Charge James Yacone and U.S. Postal Inspector in Charge Oscar Villanueva announced. Crowe pocketed close to $1,000,000 during the course of her fraudulent scheme. The jury trial, heard before U.S. District Court Judge Marcia S. ... Full Story
Deputies Graduate from Adams County POST Academy
Date: 12/16/2011 The Larimer County Sheriff's Office is proud to announce the graduation of Deputies Mark Hecker, Justin Calkins and Russell Downing from the Adams County Peace Officer Standards and Training Academy. Deputy Mark Hecker is a 2011 graduate of Colorado State University with a Bachelor's Degree in Sociology/Criminology. He was a member of the Larimer County Sheriff's Office Explorer Post and later served as a Reserve Deputy. Mark is the ... Full Story
Inmates Charged for Jail Disturbance
Date: 12/15/2011 Four inmates have been charged in connection with a disturbance in the high security area of the Larimer County Jail on November 20, 2011 which resulted in a lockdown of the entire facility, the activation of the Jail's Special Emergency Response Team and a K-9 to be brought into the facility. During the disturbance the inmates threw fecal matter throughout the common area and flooded their cells which resulted in the flooding of the common area. The inmates then ... Full Story
Multi-million multi-state settlement with Wells Fargo
Attorney General announces $58.75 million multi-state settlement with Wells Fargo to resolve bid-rigging allegations DENVER — Colorado Attorney General John Suthers announced today a $58.75 million multistate settlement with Wells Fargo to settle allegations that individuals working at Wachovia, which Wells Fargo acquired in 2008, engaged in anticompetitive conduct in the municipal bond derivatives industry. The settlement is one component of a $148 million coordinated state and federal law ... Full Story
Denver real estate agent, broker and appraiser
Department of Justice Press Release Denver real estate agent, broker and appraiser sentenced to federal prison as part of $4,000,000 mortgage fraud scheme DENVER – Three men were recently sentenced for implementing a mortgage fraud scheme, United States Attorney John Walsh, FBI Special Agent in Charge James Yacone and IRS Criminal Investigation, Special Agent in Charge Sean Sowards announced. U.S. District Court Judge Philip A. Brimmer sentenced Cedric Lipsey, age 36, of Denver, a licensed ... Full Story
Parker man pleads guilty to a false statement in
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE NEWS RELEASE John F. Walsh United States Attorney, District of Colorado December 5, 2011 PARKER MAN PLEADS GUILTY TO A FALSE STATEMENT IN BANKRUPTCY HEARING DENVER – Hubert B. Aguirre, Sr., age 57, of Parker, Colorado, pled guilty on November 29, 2011 to making a false statement under oath in relation to a bankruptcy case, U.S. Attorney John F. Walsh, IRS Criminal Investigation Special Agent in Charge Sean P. Sowards, and Social Security Administration Office of the ... Full Story
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Added: December 5, 2011


Heat a little oil in a large non-stick frying pan over medium heat. Cook fish for 5-8 minutes or until cooked through and golden then remove from the heat and keep warm. Flake into large pieces.
Mix together the avocado, capsicum, red onion, coriander, mayonnaise and lime juice. Season.
Mix together the tomato and coriander.
Warm the tortillas and spread with avocado. Top with carrot and beetroot along with the flaked fish. Spoon over tomato and coriander. Squeeze on a little more lime juice, roll up and serve with extra coriander if desired.
NOTE - Substitute chicken instead of fish, try adding a small can of black eye kidney beans to the tomato and coriander mixture for an extra hit of protein.


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C Complete this extract from a company report with appropriate words or phrases from the box in Exercise B.
Financial performance I am pleased to say the parent company(1) has continued its excellent performance. We are changing, growing and doing well at a difficult time for the industry............. (2)was €57.2 million - an increase of 15% on last year, and ........... (3)rose by 5% to €6.4 million. We are a highly competitive business. We have increased our............ (4) to 20%. Consequently, our........... (5) has risen and is now at an all-time high or €9.6. Increased production and strong demand have had a positive effect on our cash now, so we are able to finance a number of new projects. We have successfully moved to our new. .. . . . . . . . .. (6)in central London. We are now planning to start full production at the recently opened Spanish. .. . .. .. . . . . (7) in October. Finally, thanks once again to our loyal and dedicated............. (8) Our employees willalways be our most valuable asset.
E Now talk in the same way about your own company or one you know well.
Which other companies in your country are doing well or not doing well at the moment?
Nature's Way Foods is a drinks-manufacturing company based on the east coast of Ireland. They put chilled product, the majority of which is milk and cheese, into various types of packaging for the major retailers and various food-service companies in Ireland.
CD1.19 Listen to the second part, where Susan talks about the reasons for the company's success, and complete these notes with one word in each gap.
First reason for success: the . . . . . . . . . . . .
• Health - desire to eat healthy. . . . . . . . .. . .
• Sustainability- low level of food . . . . . . . . . . .
CD1.20 Listen to the third part and answer these questions.
1 What two things has Susan enjoyed the most when running a company?
2 What does she not enjoy about running a company?
Vocabulary | Speaking 2: Which of the qualities are most important for managers?


De Jockey Club is one of the oldest clubs in the Netherlands and one with very special and unique traditions. The colourful history of the club has contributed to the wide variance of equestrian offerings which are currently being practiced. Some of these are: lessons for beginners, medium and advanced riders in dressage (from start up to ZZ-level), show jumping (regular courses, eventing, prix caprilli) and driving (there is a possibility to apply for the official driver license). Furthermore there are special basic riding courses for young children, the opportunity for a relaxed walk in the Kralingse Bos but also day- weekend or longer rides elsewhere, Carousel shows, possibilities to learn to ride sidesaddle, voltage and pushball. These courses are available 7 days a week with diverse day and evening programs. We have qualified English speaking instructors for each discipline and each level. Private lessons are also available.
Within the Jockey Club is Equitatus, which organizes diverse activities for children and young people up to the age of 18 . For the very young we help in a playful manner to familiarize them with the movements and behavior of the ponies. For the teenagers there is the choice of pony or horse riding lessons. Activities and competitions are organized throughout the year and in the summer months riding camps are available.
In the heart of the Kralingse Bos you have the possibility to ride in two indoor arenas as well as making use throughout the year of the enormous CHIO arena with the fabulous All Weather footing. From the riding school you can directly find yourself on the horse riding tracks in the Kralingse Bos where you could almost forget that you're in the middle of a large city, watching pheasants and rabbits cavorting in their natural habitat. The club is exclusive to members who are able to make use of the riding and stable facilities where qualified staff takes excellent care of the horses and ponies. There is a special area for long reining, an automated walker, a horse wash stand and paddocks for training and care. For the riders there are changing rooms with lockers.
Our facilities for riders and horses are unique and highly ranked. But our club is also well known for the atmosphere with enjoyable social interaction, which makes it really stand out from other riding schools. You will find nowhere else that many horse lovers ride together and also enjoy a lot of other fun activities.
Every Saturday afternoon at 12.30pm one of the Jockey Club members is present to welcome potential new members. Information is given regarding all potentials for members of the Jockey Club. You will be shown the accommodation and given full explanation regarding tariffs, schedules, choice of memberships (Junior, Senior, non-riding) balloting procedures, etc.You are very welcome to visit us on a Saturday afternoon and experience all unique possibilities available for you and your family within de Rotterdamsche Manege 'De Jockey Club'.
The Rotterdam Student Horseback Riding Association 'Marcroix' is a sub-association of the Rotterdam Student Corps (RSC) and the Rotterdam Female Student Association (RVSV). Every student that is interested in horseback riding is welcome to join us.
Every Wednesday we come together to ride at the Rotterdamsche Manège from 19:00 till 20:00 o'clock. Afterwards we eat dinner together in the club-house 'De Jockey Club' and we usually round the evening off with a couple of drinks. Our lesson can be joined by every student that is a member of Marcroix, regardless of his or her riding experience. If the weather allows it we ride outside on one of the outside fields and we sometimes ride into the woods. Next to the lesson we organize many enjoyable activities such as rides at the beach, monthly drinks in one (or two) of Rotterdam's pubs, and once a year we have our 'Marcroix weekend' that takes us somewhere in the Netherlands to enjoy 2 days full of horseback riding and other activities. There is also the possibility to compete in national student riding competitions and competitions among members of the Rotterdamsche Manège.
If you are interested, you're more than welcome to just stop by on Wednesday evening, watch the lesson and join us for a drink afterwards. In case you want to ride with us or you would like to receive more information about what Marcroix is all about you can check our website www.marcroix.nl , send an email to info@marcroix.nl .


Calvinism was begun by John Calvin (1509-1564). Calvin began studying for the priesthood at age 14 but studied law after he came into a conflict with the bishop. In 1533 or 1534 he was converted to Protestantism. He was imprisoned for his beliefs and later released.
Calvin became a leader of the Reformation in Geneva when he befriended a man named Guillaume Farel. They were both banished but after a political change, Calvin returned to Geneva in 1541 and worked with Farel once again.
Calvinism is built upon five points which (the first letters of which conveniently spell out TULIP). The following description of the five points of Calvinism is taken from The Moody Handbook of Theology.
Total depravity- As a result of Adam's fall, the entire human race is affected; all humanity is dad in trespasses and sin. Man is unable to save himself.
Unconditional election- Because man is dead in sin, he is unable to initiate response to God therefore, in eternity past God elected certain people to salvation. Election and predestination are unconditional; they are not based upon man's response.
Limited atonement- Because God determined that certain ones should be saved as a result of God's unconditional election, He determined that Christ should die for the elect. All whom God has elected and Christ died for will be saved.
Irresistible grace- Those whom God elected and Christ died for, God draws to Himself through irresistible grace. God makes man willing to come to Him. When God calls, man responds.
Perseverance of the saints- The precise ones God has elected and drawn to himself though the holy Spirit will persevere in faith. None whom God has elected will be lost; they are eternally secure.
These are just the very basics of the Calvinistic theology. For a more in depth discussion, check out Arminianism vs Calvinism.
There has been a great amount of interest in the basics of Arminianism and Calvinism and I've finally decided it was time to compare and contrast both views and try to give some biblical support for each view. This has been a debate for four centuries and I can in no way be considered the authority on the subject, so I will limit my discussion of what the Bible references mean and instead will simply say what arguments are used for each point.
I personally do not hold to either view and would not consider myself to be of either camp. However, I will offer as a disclaimer that I do lean more to the Arminian side. I believe that I can fairly offer arguments for both camps but my own personal biases may be displayed in some cases.
The clash between these two views comes down to a matter of free will and whether we have any at all as compared to what God wills. Some will say that God will override human will in all cases if God wills something different. Others say that God gave humans free will and because he created humans with free will, he will not override. Finally, there are some who do not believe humans have free will and that the sovereignty of God causes everything to happen.
I will examine the five points of Calvinism and contrast them with Arminianism. To save my fingers from typing the words a hundred times, I'll use (C) for Calvinism and (A) for Arminianism from now on.
In Unconditional Election, God hand selects who is going to be saved. No matter what a person may have to say about it, God is going to save them despite themselves. Good examples of this are Nebuchadnezzar, king of the Babylonians and the Apostle Paul. Both were in the business of persecuting the people of God. Nebuchadnezzar spent seven years as a madman before turning to the Lord while Paul was blinded on the road to Damascus .
Election based on (fore)knowledge acknowledges that the Bible speaks of people being elect. The argument is made that God knew how a person would react to the gospel before it was ever presented to them. It is not a matter of God forcing His will on anyone, but rather God knew they would become saved and God chose them because of that. Despite Paul's free will seeming to be violated, it could be argued that God knew Paul would become a Christian and thus elected him and never forced anything upon him.
Unlimited atonement is much easier to explain and to believe for most. Christ died for the world. "For God so loved the world…" To not believe in unlimited atonement means that inclusive words such as "world" or "all" only refer to all the elect. While this has been argued, it seems a stretch under the original meaning of such texts.
Irresistible grace is the notion that when God extends grace to a person, they have no chance, opportunity, or will to reject it. Just as in the case of unconditional election, the person has no choice over the matter. Prevenient grace is grace that is extended to a believer before salvation. It is a matter of God opening the doors to heaven and a person choosing for themselves to walk through. If God does not open the door, the person cannot get in, but just because the door is open does not mean the person will walk through it. The person still has free will, this grace allows the person to choose God that would otherwise be unable to do so.
Perseverance of the Saints is the idea that once a person is saved, they are always saved. Because God has elected them and they had no choice in the matter, no one has any choice in the matter of becoming "unsaved." Proponents cite that we are sealed with the Holy Spirit upon salvation and that nothing can separate us from the love of God. Conditional Perseverance believes that salvation is dependent upon faith. If a person stops believing in Jesus to take away their sins, they are no longer saved. Those who believe in once saved always saved will say that a person would not stop believing in Jesus once they are saved and the situation is merely hypothetical. Believers in conditional perseverance cite that ongoing belief is required in the Bible. Even John 3:16 says "anyone who believes" not believed at one time, but is in the act of believing. Numerous epistles in the New Testament also exhort people to overcome and promise eternal life to those who do so. If overcoming was guaranteed upon salvation, the exhortation would be foolish. There's a lot more to be said on this matter as it is an entire different debate. You can read more here.
Both sides have some questions that need to be answered as far as I'm concerned. Of course there have been answers offered, but I have yet to find answers that suit me on a few of them.
(A) How can man come to God unless God opens the door? If God doesn't open the door to everyone, then he must still "elect" those he opens the door for.
(A) How do you get around the sealing of the Holy Spirit upon salvation?
(C) The Bible says that God desires all to be saved. If God is the only instrument necessary in salvation and man has nothing to do with it, why doesn't God save everyone?
For both- How does praying effect salvation? Does praying change God's mind and cause him to save someone? Would God answering our prayers override someone else's free will?
I don't believe that either side has all of the answers which is why I don't claim to be part of either side. A compromise would be appropriate but honestly it is quite unrealistic as the sides have been split for over four hundred years. The important thing to remember is that both believe that salvation comes through faith in Jesus Christ and him alone.
I do not wish to downplay the issue but as long as both sides agree on this, everything else – even what actually happens in the process of it all – is pretty trivial.


text:
Volkswagen rejects takeover bid from Porsche
Volkswagen is still in full control after sports car maker, Porsche, failed in the public takeover bid of the German car company. Porsche AG said that its offer to buy the shares it does not already own in Volkswagen AG expired with less than 1 percent of the stock offered for sale by investors.
Porsche earlier said that it has no plans to acquire Europe's biggest automaker outright and has maintained this statement throughout the bidding process. The company offered 65.54 Euros (US$89.42) for each preferred share and 100.92 Euros (US$137.69) per ordinary share. On the other hand, Volkswagen shares rose 1.9 percent to 115.80 Euros (US$155.82), while Porsche shares gained 1 percent to 1,352.53 Euros (US$1,819.92).
"Given that the current stock exchange price is higher than the offer price, the result was as expected," said Chief Executive Wendelin Wiedeking. "The completion of the mandatory offer is, amongst others, subject to approval by the relevant antitrust authorities and is not expected to occur prior to the end of June."
Porsche lifted its stake in Volkswagen last March to help the company from possible foreign takeovers. The company's other major shareholder is the German state of Lower Saxony, which holds a 21 percent stake.
Analysts saw the move as a clever strategy for Porsche to increase its decisive power in Volkswagen without being forced to pay over the odds for any additional shares. Experts also suggested that Porsche could be considering that Volkswagen share price would fall in the wake of the announcement, which will let them to buy additional shares at cheaper amounts.
Now that the takeover bid has failed, Porsche is legally free to acquire further shares in Volkswagen until it reaches 50 percent at which point it would have to make another takeover offer.
It was actually earlier this year when Porsche first decided to purchase more Volkswagen stock, with its stake raised to over 30 percent. Under a German law, it was mandatory for the low-volume luxury automaker to launch a bid for all outstanding public shares of Europe's largest automaker. Usually when one company wants to take over another, they offer a stock buyout price that is equal to or greater than the actual market value. But in Porsche's case, it only offered 101 Euros even though the stock is trading at about 112 Euros. Volkswagen shareholders then rejected Porsche's offer because of the low offer price.
Porsche unexpectedly bought shares in Volkswagen back in September 2005, becoming its biggest investor and protecting it from a possible takeover.
It is not surprising that Porsche would gain interests in Volkswagen, for the two automotive company have close relationships even in the past. In fact, Porsche founder, Ferdinand Porsche, was the original Volkswagen designer. The first Porsche cars, like the 1948 Porsche 356, used many Volkswagen components including a tuned engine, gearbox and suspension. Other collaborations were the 1969 and 1970 VW-Porsche 914, the 1976 Porsche 924 and the 2002 Porsche Cayenne.
Categories:Volkswagen


text:
Home Fail 3 Extreme Cases Of Lying and Deception That Will Leave You Stunned
3 Extreme Cases Of Lying and Deception That Will Leave You Stunned
Vigya
1. The Woman Who Faked Cancer
Jessica Vega faked, what most of us would even shudder to think about – a deadly disease like Cancer, all in a bid to get her lover back. It worked, yes, and she even got her man to agree for marriage but that is when things took a crazy turn. Word got around about the "sick" bride and soon, not just friends and family, but even strangers came forward to support the couple to get their dream wedding. It was only after the honeymoon did the husband realize that something was amiss and upon investigating, figured that his wife had been lying all along.
Jessica was jailed for two months and was even ordered to pay back to anyone who had donated to her. The sum came up to a whooping $13,000!
Watch one of Jessica's interviews below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2SssljwlaWU
2. A Not So Perfect Life
It did seem like one though. Nicholas and Christine had been together since college. They were married, had two children, pregnant with the third, and were your sweet next door family. However, on Feb. 13th, 2008, all that changed. Nicholas went to work in the morning, but never came home.
After much investigation, the police discovered that Nicholas had been living a double life with other one being full of more women, sex clubs, adult dating websites and more. In fact, he even had a secret bank account to pay for these things!
Christine eventually filed for divorce and Nicholas was ordered to pay up for child support, but the payment only came through once, before he disappeared again. He was spotted once more, and it's hard to imagine he was once the loving father and husband.
Watch one of the news clippings below:
3. A 9/11 Survivor? Apparently Not!
Tania Head's life changed on 9/11. She was working on the 96th floor of WTC's South Tower, when tragedy struck. She was injured, with her arm even burned and almost amputated, but she survived, thanks to a man who was wearing a red bandana. Her fiance, Dave, who was working in the North Tower was unfortunately not so lucky. Tania however, went on to take it all in her stride and became an inspiration to those associated with the tragedy. She was involved with support groups, fundraisers, memorial events and what not!
But all this was a lie! Her real name was Alicia Esteve Head. She was from Spain and had sustained the injuries on her arm due to car accident years back! So was anything true? Yes, Dave. But just the fact that he really did exist and died in the North Tower. She had no connection to him whatsoever.
Tania, or rather, Alicia, gained nothing out of the whole fabricated story. But why she went ahead with it, no one knows.
Read the complete story here.
betrayel
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text:
<?php
/**
 * Converts DTO objects into string representation according to the given format.
 *
 *
 * @author Sergio Arroyo <@delr3ves>
 * @since 1.0
 */

namespace Delr3ves\RestApiBundle\Marshalling;

class MarshallerImpl implements Marshaller {

    protected $marshallerFactory;

    public function __construct(SpecificFormatMarshallerFactory $marshallerFactory) {
        $this->marshallerFactory = $marshallerFactory;
    }

    /**
     *
     * @param $object
     * @param array $embedded
     * @param int $level
     */
    public function marshall($object, $format, array $embedded = array()) {
        $marshaller = $this->marshallerFactory->getMarshaller($format);
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}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Jordy Zielschot Taal (born 3 February 1995) is a Dutch footballer who plays for Hoofdklasse club Achilles Veen.

Club career
He made his Eerste Divisie debut for RKC Waalwijk on 9 November 2018 in a game against Jong PSV and allowed 5 goals in that game.

References

External links

1995 births
Living people
People from Dongen
Footballers from North Brabant
Dutch footballers
Association football goalkeepers
RKC Waalwijk players
Eerste Divisie players
Derde Divisie players
Vierde Divisie players
SteDoCo players
VV Dongen players
Blauw Geel '38 players
Achilles Veen players


The Catskill Packet, and Western Mail (Catskill, NY) lists the following totals: 1497 votes for Patrick Hamilton, 1554 votes for Stephen Hogeboom, 1410 votes for Samuel Ten Broeck, 715 votes for Peter Bishop and 613 votes for Philip Rockefeller. Doing the addition of town totals gives the above totals.
Original Election Returns. William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan.
Catskill Packet, and Western Mail (Catskill, NY). May 30, 1795.