text:
How to Make Your Company Resilient to Cyberattacks
A Cyber Resilience Strategy, Which Helps Prepare Organizations for a Cyber Attack.
Increase the resilience of your production against cyber attacks
It's not a question of if your company will fall victim to a cyber attack, but only when. Cybercriminals can still reach the target despite all cyber security measures. A cyber resilience strategy helps to secure business operations as much as possible.
"Business model" extortion flourishes
Increase resilience against cyber attacks
Reports of cyber attacks on companies appear in the press almost weekly. Manufacturing companies are increasingly becoming the focus of cybercriminals - examples include a leading agricultural machinery manufacturer, an automation technology company, a supplier of printing inks, and a producer of pumps and valves.
This is apparent: If production processes are paralyzed for several days or weeks, companies are threatened with significant monetary damages, customer losses, and image damage. This makes them worthwhile targets for blackmail from the cybercriminals' point of view.
To do this, hackers gain access to their victims' systems. At the end of the attack chain, they execute ransomware and encrypt the data of the affected company. The data is only rereleased against the payment of a ransom.
This "business" seems to be flourishing - according to industry association Bitkom, damage caused by ransomware rose from 5.3 billion euros in 2019 to 24.3 billion in 2021. The German Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA) sees 2021 as "the year of ransomware." According to the BKA, Germany is affected by ransomware attacks with above-average frequency in an international comparison.
In our free briefing, "Cybersecurity in production - the eight most important aspects," you can find comprehensive information on the topic.
Manufacturing companies, in particular, face significant challenges in terms of cyber security. In the world of Industry 4.0, the systems of classic IT are merging with those of operational technology (OT) in production. On the one hand, this convergence brings new opportunities for more flexible displays. Still, on the other hand, it also poses enormous risks in terms of security, and this risk is vastly underestimated. For example, in preparing its Digital Defense Report 2021, Microsoft found that 20 million devices were accessible via the preset password "admin."
With Sentinel and the various Microsoft Defender products, Microsoft offers solutions for intelligent, company-wide security and threat analyses, for which a connector for SAP systems is also available. This means that companies can also continuously monitor their SAP systems around the clock - an essential step in implementing a holistic security strategy.
Cyber security refers to the methods and procedures used to protect electronic data. This essentially involves the technical protection of systems against intrusion by hackers and the response to attacks. Technological solutions for security information and event management (SIEM) and security orchestration, automation, and response (SOAR), for example, enable threats and attacks to be detected early and responded to accordingly.
However, experience shows that even the best technical solutions cannot guarantee one hundred¬ percent protection. Companies should therefore prepare for the worst-case scenario. The cyber resilience approach describes how you can increase your company's resilience against attacks from cybercriminals. Consider the following eight tips if you want to develop and implement a cyber resilience strategy that is as efficient as effective.
1. create awareness among employees
To put it bluntly, people are considered the weakest link regarding cybersecurity. It is all too easy, for example, to unthinkingly click on a link in an email during a stressful working day, which cybercriminals use to gain access to systems. All employees must be aware of their responsibility to avert such dangers from the company.
Regular training and tests, such as simulated phishing emails, help build the appropriate awareness and keep knowledge of cyber security issues up to date.
2. implementation of a cyber hygiene policy
The development of a guideline for "cyber hygiene" is urgently recommended. This must be understood as a whole range of regulations that all employees must support. The package of measures aims to minimize the risk of cyber attacks by consistently following specific rules.
The cyber security systems themselves must always be optimally configured and kept up-to-date. This also applies to all applications - effective patch management ensures that all (security) updates are installed. Password policies, access management, regulations for secure remote access, network segmentation, backup strategy, and, last but not least, email security - are all aspects that should be considered in a cyber hygiene policy.
3. assessment of the internal IT and OT systems
One crucial task is to record all IT and OT systems. This should also include logging which processes are handled via the respective systems and how business-critical they are. The collaboration of the systems, for example, via interfaces, should also be analyzed and documented. On the one hand, this helps to identify security gaps and, on the other, to react in a targeted manner in the event of a cyber attack.
Companies that do not want to build up internal resources for this purpose can also rely on service providers to operate a SOC.
5. establishment of a security operations center
Cybercriminals are becoming increasingly professional and "work" around the clock. To ensure smooth business operations, it is, therefore, necessary to continuously collect, correlate and evaluate data relevant to IT security. To this end, setting up a Security Operations Center, or SOC for short, is advisable.
Such a control center monitors the company's entire IT infrastructure "24/7" - networks, servers, workstations, and Internet services. The data collected, such as log files, is analyzed in real-time to identify anomalies at an early stage. If necessary, the concerned departments are informed, and measures are taken to protect data and applications to ensure business continuity.
6. development of an emergency plan
If despite everything, cybercriminals are successful in their endeavors, a predefined emergency plan helps to act in a level-headed manner. This plan should define the relevant internal responsibilities and a reporting chain. It should also describe the critical business processes, protective measures, and procedures for (step-by-step) restoration of the ability to work.
Cooperation with external service providers should also be regulated - who will provide support and to what extent? The plan should also include guidelines for communicating the incident to the outside world, for example, to inform customers and partners.
The Federal Information Security Agency provides valuable guidance for creating an IT contingency plan.
7. simulations of attacks reveal attack potential
Regular stress tests and penetration tests are invaluable when preparing the company to cope with cyber attacks. If the internal reporting chain is functioning, if thought is given to informing customers and partners, for example, and if the defined measures to contain and defend against the attack are initiated - a simulation will help uncover possible attack potential.
8. establish cyber resilience as a business process
Cybercrime is constantly evolving. In the meantime, the extortion of companies, in particular, has advanced to become a real "industry" in which cyber criminals cooperate with service providers, for example, to execute the attacks or "the payment system.
To keep pace, companies need to understand that cyber security and resilience are not one-off tasks. They should be understood as business processes that need to be continuously developed and maintained.
Today, companies should expect to become victims of cyber attacks. It is therefore essential to strengthen the resilience of structures and processes against such threats to safeguard business operations as far as possible and avert damage to the company. A holistic cyber resilience strategy is the tool of choice.
Would you like to set up your Operational-IT securely?
Cybersecurity for SAP in Manufacturing and Production
Criminals are increasingly attacking production systems and paralyzing entire companies. Our security briefing summarizes the 8 most important points.
Oliver Becker
Expert for the Manufacturing Industry


Seems like it was only yesterday that I couldn't see my own feet, yet Bridget is already six months old. She is growing like a weed.
John and I were both only children, so this whole sibling thing is a novel experience for us. One thing we are discovering is how different every child is. There are so many theories about how environment affects child development that it's easy to believe that parenting choices have consistent results. You can easily fall into the trap of believing there is one "right" way to discipline, or to reassure your child, for example, because you had positive results when you tried it.
Yet Bridget has a distinct personality, already different from that of her big sister Brontë.So far, Bridget is much calmer, much less temperamental than her big sister in every way except one… she flies into a biting, scratching, screaming jackal-baby whenever she is hungry, and Bridget is much hungrier than you would ever think possible for someone who probably has a stomach the size of a crabapple.
Though I am still breastfeeding her as much as possible, her demands have far outstripped my supply at this point and I have the angry-baby welts, scratches, and bite marks from chin to bellybutton to prove it. It feels like I'm nursing a jackal. I'm pumping every chance I get in a mad attempt to increase said supply, and most of my free time is literally being eaten up by a frantic dash to get more food into my crazed infant. Our Vitamix is well used, these days, as every spare fruit and vegetable, grain and nut butter is blended into supplemental food smoothies we try to stuff down her gullet before she takes a match and burns the house down to the ground.
She will easily knock back ten ounces of milk in a sitting, then scream for more. I have made her drinks involving, say, a couple bananas, a few tablespoons of almond butter, some ground oatmeal, a couple cups of coconut water. I'll think… This will definitely do the trick. She's going to be absolutely stuffed… then watch the concoction disappear in under five minutes before she breaks into shrieking fits while clawing at my face. It's not only exhausting, but baffling… WHERE IS SHE PUTTING IT? THE FOOD IS BIGGER THAN HER BODY!
I swear this kid is going to eat us out of house and home.


It stands to reason that there should be a Spaceballs special edition released this month. Not as hilarious as Blazing Saddles or as sharp a satire as The Producers it's still good for a few, mostly obvious, laughs at the expense of the Jedi juggernaut.
Animals. With lightsabers. It does exactly what it says on the tin.
Star Wars Land Speed. Perfect for popping down the shops, cruising around town or Nerf herding.


16 year old Lukasz Michalek picked up two vital points on Wednesday, with Nigel Gardner in close pursuit adding one more point to his tally. With just two more club nights to go before the competition closes, it looks like these two have broken away from the rest of the pack. Lukasz leads with 11/16 while Nigel has scored 10/16. With very few games left to play for these two it will be difficult for Nigel to overhaul Lukasz. Les Hall is currently 3rd with 6.5/10 and Kobus Nienaber just behind on 6/10. These two could make a late challenge if they can find enough opponents to close the gap, but that seems unlikely now. Full details of all internal competitions can be seen on the League Management System or from the links on the right hand site of the website.


It's midnight in San Antonio, TX. I'm lined up on a concrete pad with 49 other young men. We're all dog tired—worn out from emotional goodbyes, invasive medical screenings, and a plane ride or two across the country.
Maybe your "boot camp" was orientation week during your freshman year at college. Perhaps it was the new employee training at your present job. Or, maybe it was that first month after your parents split up, your best friend died, or your spouse left you.
In one way or another, we've all been here: disoriented by the alien nature of our present circumstances and forced to reorient ourselves to a brand new reality—whether we like it or not.
We've all been here: disoriented by the alien nature of our present circumstances and forced to reorient ourselves to a brand new reality.
For Christians, this is especially true. We've been called from darkness into light (1 Peter 2:9), adopted into God's family (Romans 8:15), and given new citizenship in His kingdom (Phil 3:20). In sum, God has made us radically new in Christ (2 Cor 5:17).
This transition almost always involves a clean break with the sinful patterns and relationships that marked our pre-Christian lives. It demands we profoundly adjust the ways we make decisions, use our resources, and interact with the people around us.
All of that is profoundly disorienting. And, if you don't remember what it was like for you, sit down for a cup of coffee with a recent convert, and you'll see what I mean.
Lucky for us, God isn't a vindictive drill sergeant. The ideal He has in mind for us isn't a squared-away neatnik with impeccable boot-shining credentials, but the image of His eternally perfect Son (Romans 8:29).
Though His reorientation process doesn't come without its own kind of pain (James 1:2-4), He promises His Holy Spirit to comfort and guide us as we strive towards the goal.
So, how can we reorient ourselves to our new reality in Christ?
Reorientation means learning how to exist within your new state of affairs. For Christians, that involves no less than claiming the identity that is ours in Christ.
You are an adopted child of the triune God (John 1:12-13).
Because of what Jesus has done, you have access to the Father (Eph 2:18) and will live forever in His presence (Rev 22:1-5).
God has given you His Spirit as the power of new life at work within you (Gal 5:16-26).
This process is every bit as important to "mature" believers as it is to those who are new in the faith. Every day, the world gives us reasons to find our identity outside of Christ. Whenever we head down one of those blind alleys, we need reminders of who we are in Christ and reoriented to what it means to live as one of God's children.
Prayer is the practical expression of our new identity in Christ.
When we come to God in prayer, we acknowledge Him as our Father (Matt 6:9). We kneel safely in His presence only because Jesus has opened up the way to His heavenly sanctuary (Heb 10:19-20). We find the words to speak, not because we're clever, but because His Spirit groans within us (Romans 8:23).
When we pray, we don't just ask God to do stuff. We reframe our lives in practical acknowledgment of His control over all our circumstances.
When we pray, we don't just ask God to do stuff. We reframe our lives in practical acknowledgment of His control over all our circumstances. In that way, we reorient ourselves to live in light of what is profoundly true about us and our world.
But, Augustine's more profound point was that God's calling to new life always includes the power to obey. We may fail. We may fall. We may lose our way, but God promises to keep working with us so that we can work out the effects of His grace in our lives (Phil 2:13).
So, part of reorienting our lives simply means living in the knowledge that God is at work within us. We don't have to wait on the sidelines until God writes a message in the clouds. Instead, we can take action knowing that He is in us, with us, and for us.
Life in the midst of a fallen world can be profoundly disorienting. Still, God has not left us without help. By His Spirit, we've received everything we need to reorient ourselves to the new life given to us in Christ.
Embark on a four week journey through the Gospels to discover Jesus' encounters with broken people.
In our 28-day I Can Only Imagine study, we've built a threefold strategy for experiencing spiritual transformation: recall, reorient, and reimagine. My previous post talked about how to recall our past in light of God's present. This post has looked at the second of those three. In the next, we'll consider what it means to reimagine our lives in Christ.


At Ray White Springwood, we are always on the lookout for enthusiastic and professional candidates to join our team.
We believe that the reason Ray White Springwood has been able to become as successful as it is today can be attributed to the constant recruitment of a balanced cross-section of experienced personnel as well as individuals starting out in the industry.
Our goal over the coming years is to keep expanding with the right people to consolidate our position in the marketplace as one of the leading offices within the area.
Please call the Ray White Springwood Principal, Michael Lanskey on 0405 125 847.
© Ray White Springwood QLD. Based in Springwood.


You will need to make some changes to your yard well before your first child starts crawling. Even if your yard seems to be relatively safe, there could be hidden dangers around every corner. Here are a few tips and tricks that you can use to make your yard as safe and secure as possible.
A lovely outdoor space doesn't just happen out of nowhere. It's something that calls for a significant amount of dedication, time and hard work. If you want your garden to look neat, healthy and gorgeous, then regular upkeep should be a way of life for you. These garden maintenance strategies can get you on the track to an outdoor space that's the envy of your entire neighborhood.


Member for Newcastle Tim Crakanthorp is calling out the Minister for Transport, Andrew Constance for misleading Newcastle commuters about increased patronage figures on the Newcastle bus network since the new timetable was introduced by Keolis Downer.
Bus Patronage - a Comparison of Monthly Opal Trips by Operator and by Contract Area released by Transport for NSW reveals that patronage on buses in Newcastle has decreased, which directly contradicts the Minister's assertions in Parliament that patronage has increased.
On 6 March 2018 Andrew Constance told the Parliament "I took the January 2017 patronage numbers and compared them to January 2018. In January 2017, the patronage numbers were 304,330. In January of this year they were 319,360", but the figures released by own department show that the in January 2018 there was only 300,000 Opal trips.
The figures reveal a drop in patronage; for the month of January 2017 there were 304,000 Opal trips whereas in January 2018, there were only 300,000. In February, with the new timetable in effect for the whole month, patronage decreased from 402,000 in 2017 to 394,000 in 2018, a reduction of 8,000 Opal trips.
Since the introduction of the new timetable there have been 2,000 fewer Opal trips per week on the network. The release for the data comes after Mr Crakanthorp raised questions in the NSW Parliament about bus patronage figures last week.
With the release of the data, Keolis Downer and the Minister are attempting to skew the figures by adding in a range of different trip types, however the Opal card data does not lie.
Since the start of the year, Mr Crakanthorp's office has been inundated with calls about Keolis Downer's new network, with many commuters advising they are no longer using the service.


Product information "Pretty Polly - Curves Backseam Tights"
Pretty Polly Curves Backseam Tights. The Curves range is designed to be a comfortable fit for the curvier figure. The range includes beautiful sheers, patterned and opaque tights that will complete any outfit. A product that you can wear all day and into the evening.
Related links to "Pretty Polly - Curves Backseam Tights"


text:
Zantiébougou is een gemeente (commune) in de regio Sikasso in Mali. De gemeente telt 35.800 inwoners (2009).

Gemeente in Mali

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: DataRow[] dr = fromTable.Select(expr); failes if expr contains backslash given is a small DaTaTable, containing a column "Measurement File", it contains the path to the measurementfiles. A second column should show some values evaluated from those files.
To find the corresponding rows I wrote a small method
public static DataRow[] SelectRows(DataTable fromTable,string ColName,string CellContent)
{
    expr = ((ColName.Contains(" ")) ? "'" + ColName + "'" : ColName) + " = '" + CellContent + "'";
    return fromTable.Select(expr);
}

This fails, if expr  contains backslashes, which of course occur in paths...
the problem is, that the WPF Shows just one backslash, the debugger shows them with their escape sequence
I tried the @literal, but I think I did in a wrong way.
But what me really confuses is following statment:
fromTable.Rows[0][2]==CellContent

it evaluates to True if the contents are identically (otherwise to false)
So I'm doing a beginners error, but I don't see it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
module Traits
@doc """This package provides an implementation of traits, aka interfaces or type-classes.
     It is based on the premises that traits are:

     - contracts on one type or between several types.  The contract can
        contain required methods but also other assertions and just
        belonging to a group (i.e. the trait).
     - they are structural types: i.e. they needn't be declared explicitly
        """ -> current_module()

export istrait, istraittype, issubtrait, check_return_types,
       traitgetsuper, traitgetpara, traitmethods,
       @traitdef, @traitimpl, @traitfn, TraitException, All

if !(VERSION>v"0.4-")
    error("Traits.jl needs Julia version 0.4.-")
end

## patches for bugs in base
include("base_fixes.jl")

## common helper functions
include("helpers.jl")

#######
# Flags
#######
type Flags
    # A type to hold flags
    check_return_types::Bool
end
getflag(f::Flags, n::Symbol) = getfield(f, n)
setflag!(f::Flags, n::Symbol, val) = setfield!(f, n, val)

"""
Flags for various Traits behavior:

- first arg: check return types?
"""
const flags = Flags(true)

# By setting them in Main before using, they can be turned on or off.
# TODO: update to use functions.
if isdefined(Main, :Traits_check_return_types)
    println("Traits.jl: not using return types of @traitdef functions")
    setflag!(flags, :check_return_types, Main.Traits_check_return_types)
end

@doc "Toggles return type checking.  Will issue warning because of const declaration, ignore:"->
function check_return_types(flg::Bool)
    setflag!(flags, :check_return_types, flg)
    nothing
end

#######
# Types
#######
@doc """`abstract Trait{SUPER}`

     All traits are direct decedents of abstract type Trait.  The type parameter
     SUPER of Trait is needed to specify super-traits (a tuple).""" ->
abstract Trait{SUPER<:Tuple}

# Type of methods field of concrete traits:
typealias FDict Dict{Union{Function,DataType},Function}

# A concrete trait type has the form
## Tr{X,Y,Z} <: Trait{ Tuple{ST1{X,Y},ST2{Z}} }
#
# immutable Tr1{X1} <: Traits.Trait{ Tuple{} }
#     methods::FDict
#     constraints::Vector{Bool}
#     assoctyps::Vector{Any}
#     Tr1() = new(FDict(methods_defined), Bool[], [])
# end
#
# where methods field holds the function signatures, like so:
# Dict{Function,Any} with 3 entries:
#   start => _start(Int64) = Tuple{Vararg{Any}}
#   next  => _next(Int64,Any) = Tuple{Vararg{Any}}
#   done  => _done(Int64,Any) = Bool

# used to dispatch to helper methods
immutable _TraitDispatch end
immutable _TraitStorage end

# @doc """Type All is to denote that any type goes in type signatures in
#      @traitdef.  This is a bit awkward:

#      - method_exists(f, s) returns true if there is a method of f with
#        signature sig such that s<:sig.  Thus All<->Union{}
#      - Base.return_types works the other way around, there All<->Any

#      See also https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/8974"""->
# abstract All

# General trait exception
type TraitException <: Exception
    msg::AbstractString
end

# Helper dummy types used in istrait below
abstract _TestType{T}
immutable _TestTvar{T}<:_TestType{T} end # used for TypeVar testing
#Base.show{T<:_TestType}(io::IO, x::Type{T}) = print(io, string(x.parameters[1])*"_")

#########
# istrait, one of the core functions
#########

# Update after PR #10380
@doc """Tests whether a DataType is a trait.  (But only istrait checks
        whether it's actually full-filled)""" ->
istraittype(x) = false
istraittype{T<:Trait}(x::Type{T}) = true
function istraittype{T<:Tuple}(xs::Type{T})
    for x in xs
        istraittype(x) || return false
    end
    return true
end

@doc """Tests whether a set of types fulfill a trait.
     A Trait Tr is defined for some parameters if:

     - all the functions of a trait are defined for them
     - all the trait constraints are fulfilled

     Example:

     `istrait(Tr{Int, Float64})`

     or with a tuple of traits:

     `istrait( (Tr1{Int, Float64}, Tr2{Int}) )`
     """ ->
function istrait{T<:Trait}(Tr::Type{T}; verbose=false)
    if verbose
        println_verb(x) = println("**** Checking $(deparameterize_type(Tr)): " * x)
    else
        println_verb = x->x
    end

    if !hasparameters(Tr)
        throw(TraitException("Trait $Tr has no type parameters."))
    end
    # check supertraits
    !istrait(traitgetsuper(Tr); verbose=verbose) && return false

    # check instantiating
    tr = nothing
    try
        tr = Tr()
    catch err
        println_verb("""Could not instantiate instance for type encoding the trait $Tr.
                     This usually indicates that something is amiss with the @traitdef
                     or that one of the generic functions is not defined.
                     The error was: $err""")
        return false
    end

    # check constraints
    if !reduce(&, tr.constraints)
        println_verb("Not all constraints are satisfied for $T")
        return false
    end

    # Check call signature of all methods:
    for (gf,_gf) in tr.methods
        println_verb("*** Checking function $gf")
        # Loop over all methods defined for each function in traitdef
        for tmm in methods(_gf)
            tm = FakeMethod(tmm, ret=true)
            println_verb("** Checking method $tmm")
            checks = false
            # Only loop over methods which have the right number of arguments:
            for fm in methods(gf, NTuple{length(tm.sig),Any})
                if isfitting(tmm, fm, verbose=verbose)
                    checks = true
                    break
                end
            end
            if !checks # if check==false no fitting method was found
                println_verb("""No method of the generic function/call-overloaded `$gf` matched the
                             trait specification: `$tm`""")
                return false
            end
        end
    end

    # check return-type.  Specifed return type tret and return-type of
    # the methods frets should fret<:tret.  This is backwards to
    # argument types checking above.
    if flags.check_return_types
        for (gf,_gf) in tr.methods
            println_verb("*** Checking return types of function $gf")
            for tmm in methods(_gf) # loop over all methods defined for each function in traitdef
                tm = FakeMethod(tmm, ret=true)
                tm = replace_concrete_tvars(tm)
                println_verb("** Checking return types of method $tmm")
                tret_typ = tm.ret
                fret_typ = Base.return_types(gf, tm.sig)
                # at least one of the return types need to be a subtype of tret_typ
                checks = false
                for fr in fret_typ
                    if fr<:tret_typ
                        checks = true
                    end
                end
                if !checks
                    println_verb("""For function $gf: no return types found which are subtypes of the specified return type:
                                 $tret_typ
                                 List of found return types:
                                 $fret_typ
                                 Returning false.
                                 """)
                    return false
                end
            end
        end
    end
    return true
end
# check a tuple of traits against a signature
function istrait{T<:Tuple}(Trs::Type{T}; verbose=false)
    for Tr in Trs
        istrait(Tr; verbose=verbose) || return false
    end
    return true
end

## Helpers for istrait

# FakeMethod is a datatype similar to Method.
immutable FakeMethod
    sig::Type
    tvars::SimpleVector
    va::Bool
    ret::Union{Type,TypeVar} # return type
    FakeMethod(sig,tv,va) = new(sig,tv,va)
    FakeMethod(sig,tv,va,ret) = new(sig,tv,va,ret)
end
function FakeMethod(m::Method; ret=false)
    # make sure the tvars are always in a SimpleVec
    tvs = isa(m.tvars, SimpleVector) ? m.tvars : Base.svec(m.tvars)
    if ret
        # last
        sig = Tuple{m.sig.parameters[2:end]...}
        ret = m.sig.parameters[1]
        return FakeMethod(sig, tvs, m.va, ret)
    else
        return FakeMethod(m.sig, tvs, m.va)
    end
end
@doc """isfitting checks whether the signature of a method `tm`
     specified in the trait definition is fulfilled by one method `fm`
     of the corresponding generic function.  This is the core function
     which is called by istraits.

     Checks that tm.sig<:fm.sig and that the parametric constraints on
     fm and tm are equal where applicable.  Lets call this relation tm<<:fm.

     So, summarizing, for a trait-signature to be satisfied (fitting)
     the following condition need to hold:

     A) `tsig<:sig` for just the types themselves (sans parametric
         constraints)

     B) The parametric constraints parameters on `sig` and `tsig` need
        to feature in the same argument positions.  Except when the
        corresponding function parameter is constraint by a concrete
        type: then make sure that all the occurrences are the same
        concrete type.

     Examples, left trait-method, right implementation-method:
     {T<:Real, S}(a::T, b::Array{T,1}, c::S, d::S) <<: {T<:Number, S}(a::T, b::AbstractArray{T,1}, c::S, d::S)
     -> true

     {T<:Integer}(T, T, Integer) <<: {T<:Integer}(T, T, T)
     -> false as parametric constraints are not equal
     """ ->
function isfitting(tmm::Method, fmm::Method; verbose=false) # tm=trait-method, fm=function-method
    println_verb = verbose ? println : x->x # TODO maybe move this function out
    tm = FakeMethod(tmm, ret=true)
    fm = FakeMethod(fmm)

    # Replace type parameters which are constraint by a concrete type
    # (because Vector{TypeVar(:V, Int)}<:Vector{Int}==false but we need ==true)
    tm = replace_concrete_tvars(tm)
    fm = replace_concrete_tvars(fm)

    # Special casing call-overloading:
    if fmm.func.code.name==:call && tmm.func.code.name!=:call # true if only fm is call-overloaded
        # prepend ::Type{...} to signature
        tm = FakeMethod(Tuple{fm.sig[1], tm.sig...}, tm.tvars, tm.va)
        # check whether there are method parameters too:
        for ftv in fm.tvars
            flocs = find_tvar(fm.sig, ftv)
            if flocs[1]==1 # yep, has a constraint like call{T}(::Type{Array{T}},...)
                if length(flocs)==1
                    tm = FakeMethod(tm.sig, Base.svec(ftv, tm.tvars...) , tm.va)
                else
                    println_verb("This check is not implemented, returning false.")
                    # Note that none of the 1000 methods of call in
                    # Base end up here.
                    return false
                end
            end
        end
        # # There is a strange bug which is prevented by this never
        # # executing @show.  I'll try and investigate this in branch
        # # m3/heisenbug
        # if length(tm.sig)==-10
        #     @show tm
        #     error("This is not possible")
        # end
    end

    ## Check condition A:
    # If there are no function parameters then just compare the
    # signatures.
    if tm.tvars==Base.svec() && fm.tvars==Base.svec()
        out = tm.sig<:fm.sig
        println_verb("Reason fail/pass: no tvars in trait-method only checking signature. Result: $out")
        return out
    end

    # If !(tm.sig<:fm.sig) then tm<<:fm is false
    # but the converse is not true:
    if !(tm.sig<:fm.sig)
        println_verb("""Reason fail: !(tm.sig<:fm.sig)
                     tm.sig = $(tm.sig)
                     fm.sig = $(fm.sig)""")
        return false
    end

    # False if there are not the same number of arguments: (I don't
    # think this test is necessary as it is tested above.)
    if length(tm.sig)!=length(fm.sig)!
        println_verb("Reason fail: not same argument length.")
        return false
    end
    # Getting to here means that that condition (A) is fulfilled.

    ## Check condition B:
    # If there is only one argument then we're done as parametric
    # constraints play no role:
    if length(tm.sig)==1
        println_verb("Reason pass: length(tm.sig)==1")
        return true
    end

    # First special case if tm.tvars==Base.svec() && !(fm.tvars==Base.svec())
    if tm.tvars==Base.svec()
        fm.tvars==Base.svec() && error("Execution shouldn't get here as this should have been checked above!")
        for (i,ftv) in enumerate(fm.tvars)
            # If all the types in tm.sig, which correspond to a
            # parameter constraint argument of fm.sig, are the same then pass.
            typs = Tuple{tm.sig.parameters[find_tvar(fm.sig, ftv)]...}
            if length(typs)==0
                println_verb("Reason fail: this method $fmm is not callable because the static parameter does not occur in signature.")
                return false
            elseif length(typs)==1 # Necessarily the same
                continue
            else # length(typs)>1
                if !reduce(&, map(isleaftype, typs)) # note isleaftype can have some issues with inner constructors
                    println_verb("Reason fail: not all parametric-constraints in function-method $fmm are on leaftypes in traitmethod $tmm.")
                    return false
                else
                    # Now check that all of the tm.sig-types have the same type at the parametric-constraint sites.
                    if !allequal(find_correponding_type(tm.sig, fm.sig, ftv))
                        println_verb("Reason fail: not all parametric-constraints in function-method $fmm correspond to the same type in traitmethod $tmm.")
                        return false
                    end
                end
            end
        end

        println_verb("""Reason pass: All occurrences of the parametric-constraint in $fmm correspond to the
                        same type in trait-method $tmm.""")
        return true
    end

    # Strategy: go through constraints on trait-method and check
    # whether they are fulfilled in function-method.
    for tv in tm.tvars
        # find all occurrences in the signature
        locs = find_tvar(tm.sig, tv)
        if length(locs)==0
            throw(TraitException("""The parametric-constraint of trait-method $tmm has to feature
                                 in at least one argument of the signature."""))
        end
        # Find the tvar in fm which corresponds to tv.
        ftvs = Any[]
        for ftv in fm.tvars
            flocs = find_tvar(fm.sig, ftv)
            if flocs==locs
                push!(ftvs,ftv)
            end
        end

        if length(ftvs)==0
            ## This should pass, because the trait-parameter is a leaftype:
            # @traitdef Tr01{X} begin
            #     g01{T<:X}(T, T) -> T
            # end
            # g01(::Int, ::Int) = Int
            # @assert istrait(Tr01{Int}, verbose=true)
            if isleaftype(tv.ub) # note isleaftype can have some issues with inner constructors
                # Check if the method definition of fm has the same
                # leaftypes in the same location.
                if mapreduce(x -> x==tv.ub, &, true, fm.sig[locs])
                    println_verb("Reason pass: parametric constraints only on leaftypes.")
                    return true
                end
            end
            println_verb("Reason fail: parametric constraints on function method not as severe as on trait-method.")
            return false
        end

        # Check that they constrain the same thing in each argument.
        # E.g. this should fail: {K,V}(::Dict{K,V}, T) <<: {T}(::Dict{V,K}, T).
        # Do this by substituting a concrete type into the respective
        # TypeVars and check that arg(tv')<:arg(ftv')
        checks = false
        for ft in ftvs
            for i in find(locs)
                targ = subs_tvar(tv, tm.sig[i], _TestTvar{i})
                farg = subs_tvar(ft, fm.sig[i], _TestTvar{i})
                checks = checks || (targ<:farg)
            end
        end
        if !checks
            println_verb("Reason fail: parametric constraints on args $(tm.sig[i]) and $(fm.sig[i]) on different TypeVar locations!")
            return false
        end
    end

    println_verb("Reason pass: all checks passed")
    return true
end

# helpers for isfitting
function subs_tvar(tv::TypeVar, arg::DataType, TestT::DataType)
    # Substitute `TestT` for a particular TypeVar `tv` in an argument `arg`.
    #
    # Example:
    # Array{I<:Int64,N} -> Array{_TestTvar{23},N}
    if isleaftype(arg) || length(arg.parameters)==0 # concrete type or abstract type with no parameters
        return arg
    else # It's a parameterized type: do substitution on all parameters:
        pa = [ subs_tvar(tv, arg.parameters[i], TestT) for i=1:length(arg.parameters) ]
        typ = deparameterize_type(arg)
        return typ{pa...}
    end
end
subs_tvar(tv::TypeVar, arg::TypeVar, TestT::DataType) = tv===arg ? TestT : arg  # note === this it essential!
subs_tvar(tv::TypeVar, arg, TestT::DataType) = arg # for anything else

function replace_concrete_tvars(m::FakeMethod)
    # Example:
    # FakeMethod(Tuple{T<:Int64,Array{T<:Int64,1},Integer},svec(T<:Int64,),false, T<:Int64)
    # ->
    # FakeMethod(Tuple{Int64,   Array{Int64,1},   Integer},svec()         ,false, Int64)
    newtv = []
    newsig = Any[m.sig.parameters...] # WTF: need the .parameters... here even though
                                      #      I added the start, next & done methods to Type{Tuple}
    if isdefined(m, :ret)
        ret_tuple = isa(m.ret, Tuple)
        newret = ret_tuple ? Any[m.ret.parameters...] : Any[m.ret]
    end
    for tv in m.tvars
        if !isleaftype(tv.ub)
            push!(newtv, tv)
        else
            replaced = true
            newsig = Any[subs_tvar(tv, arg, tv.ub) for arg in newsig]
            if isdefined(m, :ret)
                newret = Any[subs_tvar(tv, arg, tv.ub) for arg in newret]
            end
        end
    end
    if isdefined(m, :ret)
        if ret_tuple
            return FakeMethod(Tuple{newsig...}, Base.svec(newtv...), m.va, Tuple{newret...})
        else
            return FakeMethod(Tuple{newsig...}, Base.svec(newtv...), m.va, newret[1])
        end
    else
        return FakeMethod(Tuple{newsig...}, Base.svec(newtv...), m.va)
    end
end

# Finds the types in tmsig which correspond to TypeVar ftv in fmsig
function find_correponding_type(tmsig::Tuple, fmsig::Tuple, ftv::TypeVar)
    out = Any[]
    for (ta,fa) in zip(tmsig,fmsig)
        if isa(fa, TypeVar)
            fa===ftv && push!(out, ta)
        elseif isa(fa, DataType) || isa(fa, Tuple)
            append!(out, find_correponding_type(ta,fa,ftv))
        else
            println("ta=$ta\nfa=$fa")
            error("Not implemented")
        end
    end
    return out
end
function find_correponding_type(ta::DataType, fa::DataType, ftv::TypeVar)
    # gets here if fa is not a TypeVar
    out = Any[]
    if !( deparameterize_type(ta)<:deparameterize_type(fa)) # ||
        # length(ta.parameters)!=length(fa.parameters)  # don't check for length.  If not the same length, assume that the first parameters are corresponding...
        push!(out, _TestType{:no_match})  # this will lead to a no-match in isfitting
        return out
    end
    for (tp,fp) in zip(ta.parameters,fa.parameters)
        if isa(fp, TypeVar)
            fp===ftv && push!(out, tp)
        elseif isa(fp, DataType) || isa(fa, Tuple)
            append!(out, find_correponding_type(tp,fp,ftv))
        end
    end
    return out
end

# find_tvar finds index of arguments in a function signature `sig` where a
# particular TypeVar `tv` features. Example:
#
# find_tvar( Tuple{T, Int, Array{T}} -> [1,3]
function find_tvar{T<:Tuple}(sig::Type{T}, tv)
    ns = length(sig)
    out = Int[]
    for i = 1:ns
        if length(find_tvar(sig[i], tv))>0
            push!(out,i)
        end
    end
    return out
end
find_tvar(sig::TypeVar, tv) = sig===tv ? [1] : Int[]  # note ===, this is essential!
function find_tvar(arg::DataType, tv)
    ns = length(arg.parameters)
    for i=1:ns
        if length(find_tvar(arg.parameters[i], tv))>0
            return [1]
        end
    end
    return Int[]
end
find_tvar(arg, tv) = Int[]

######################
# Sub and supertraits:
######################
@doc """Returns the super traits""" ->
traitgetsuper{T<:Trait}(t::Type{T}) =  t.super.parameters[1]
traitgetpara{T<:Trait}(t::Type{T}) =  Tuple{t.parameters...}

@doc """Checks whether a trait, or a tuple of them, is a subtrait of
     the second argument.""" ->
function issubtrait{T1<:Trait,T2<:Trait}(t1::Type{T1}, t2::Type{T2})
    if t1==t2
        return true
    end
    if t2 in traitgetsuper(t1)
        return true
    end
    for t in traitgetsuper(t1)
        issubtrait(t, t2) && return true
    end
    return false
end

# TODO: think about how to handle tuple traits and empty traits
function issubtrait{T1<:Trait, Tu<:Tuple}(t1::Type{T1}, t2::Type{Tu})
    if t2==()
        # the empty trait is the super-trait of all traits
        true
    else
        throw(TraitException(""))
    end
end

# traits in a tuple have no order, really, this should reflected.
# Maybe use a set instead?  Subtrait if it is a subset?
function issubtrait{T1<:Tuple, T2<:Tuple}(t1::Type{T1}, t2::Type{T2})
    if length(t1)!=length(t2)
        return false
    end
    checks = true
    for (p1,p2) in zip(t1, t2)
        checks = checks && issubtrait(p1,p2)
    end
    return checks
end

## Trait definition
include("traitdef.jl")

# Trait implementation
include("traitimpl.jl")

# Trait functions
include("traitfns.jl")

## Common traits
include("commontraits.jl")

end # module

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
FNS Vol.10 No.10 , October 2019
Antiradical Activity and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power of Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus floridanus and Pleurotus sajor-caju Formulations Extracts in Vitro
Etoundi O. C. Blanche, Kayo T. C. Valère, Mbang M. A. Judith, Ngono N. A. Rosalie
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon.
Abstract: Edible mushrooms, known for many years and considered as functional foods, contain a wide variety of biomolecules with nutritional and medicinal properties. Pleurotus species, especially Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus floridanus and Pleurotus sajor-caju are the most commonly consumed in Cameroon. The present work aims to study the "in vitro" antiradical activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power of extracts of formulations of these three species. Mushrooms were harvested in two mycicultures from Cameroon, then dried and crushed finely to obtain powders. In well-defined proportions, ten different formulations were made and their aqueous, ethanol and hydroethanol extracts prepared. These were used to determine total phenolic content by using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method, the antioxidant activity determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging activity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, with vitamin C (ascorbic acid) as standard. The results obtained from the ten formulations, including thirty extracts, showed that all the extracts had quite significant ferric reducing power at C = 1 mg/ml, (7.35 - 26.02 mg EAA/g). They also had good percentages of DPPH radical inhibition at C = 25 mg/ml (60.40% - 77.72%) and a significant polyphenol content at C = 100 mg/ml (13.73 - 21.15 mg CE/g). The aqueous extracts had the best activities compared to the standard. In addition, a strong positive linear correlation exists between polyphenol content and the scavenging property (R2 = 0.9063; p = 0.0003) also with the ferric reducing test (R2 = 0.9253; p = 0.0001); suggesting the responsibility of these compounds for these activities. This study suggests that these mushrooms may be used as a natural source of potential antioxidants for food supplements and their consumption is strongly recommended for their beneficial effects on health through, the protection of the human body against the oxidative damage involved in the occurrence of many chronic diseases.
Keywords: Scavenging Activity, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power, Edible Mushrooms
Mushrooms, species known for many years (5000-4000B.C.), play and continue to play an important role in many aspects of human activity. Edible mushrooms, for example, are widely used in human food because of their excellent nutritional and medicinal value [1] .
The true nutritive value of mushrooms has rapidly become known and recognized not only by mushroom researchers and farmers but also by the general consumers [2] . In addition to their good flavour, mushrooms possess favourable chemical components with high amounts of functional proteins, low total fat level, and the high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), making them well suited for low-calorie diets. Edible mushrooms provide a nutritionally significant content of vitamins (B1, B2, B12, C, D, and E) [3] [4] . Moreover, mushrooms have a low glycaemic index, and high mannitol, making them particularly beneficial for diabetics. Mushrooms have very low sodium (Na) concentration, which is beneficial for hypertensive patients and a high content of potassium (K) and phosphorus (P), which is an important orthomolecular aspect [2] . In Asia, mushrooms are used as important source of home remedies against various diseases elicited by oxidative stress [5] .
There is no easy distinction between edible and medicinal mushrooms because many of the common edible species have therapeutic properties [6] [7] . Besides antioxidant properties, mushrooms have received considerable attention for their biological activities, such as antitumor, antiviral, anticomplementary, anticoagulant, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, immunostimulant and immunological activities, which made them suited for uses in food, cosmetics, biomedicine, agriculture, environmental protection and wastewater management [8] [9] [10] . For many reasons, mushrooms are also considered as a good source of natural antioxidants and seem useful as a natural source of potential antioxidant additives [11] .
To date, numerous edible wild mushroom species, growing in various ecological conditions are known. Those of the highest economic value are usually produced under artificial conditions, i.e., on a well-defined substrate and under full climatization. These are mostly Agaricus bisporus (button mushroom), Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus spp., and Flammulina velutipes [12] .
The genus Pleurotus is the most commonly studied nowadays and it accounts for about 25% of world mushroom production. It gathers about 40 species that are edible and about ten of which are grown for consumption. In Cameroon, the most cultivated are P. ostreatus, P. pulmonarius, P. sajor-caju, P. floridanus, P. citrinopileatus, and P. salmoneo-stramineus. Three species, P. pulmonarius, P. floridanus, P. sajor-caju, have been choose as sample for this study because they are commonly consumed due to their availability, their low cost of production, their high product yield and their easy cultivation procedures [13] . Also, individually, they have shown significant antiradical, antihyperglycémic and antidiabetic activity [14] [15] . In view of their functional properties, the formulation of these fungi in proportions defined according to a formula could optimize their various properties. Based on the hypothesis that the formulations of these three fungal species could optimize their antioxidant properties, we aim tostudy "in vitro", the antiradical activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power of extracts of formulations of Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus floridanus and Pleurotus sajor-caju.
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
Three species of oyster mushroom, P. pulmonarius, P. floridanus and P. sajor-caju were harvested during early mature fruiting stage in two mycicultures from Cameroon, at Pk 21, a city's suburb of Douala and at Obala during the dry season. After collection, the mushrooms were individually cleaned and air-dried until dryness. Then each species of dried mushroom sample was ground to obtain fine powder.
2.2. Extraction
To obtain formulations, the powders of the three species of mushrooms were mixed for 150 g of total powder in three proportions defined in Table 1 below.
Table 1. Defined proportions for each formulation.
Pp: Pleurotus pulmonarius; Pf: Pleurotus floridanus; Ps: Pleurotus sajor-caju.
The aqueous, ethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts of the various formulations were prepared at the Biochemistry Laboratory of the University of Douala. Formulations of mushrooms powders (100 g) were macerated in 600 ml of solvent (proportion 1w:6v), respectively distilled water, ethanol and water/ethanol (1v:1v) during 48 h. After, the salters were filtered using a filter paper, then the filtrate was dried in a drying oven (brand binder) at 45˚C until dryness to obtain the crude extract. The dry raw extracts were stored at 4˚C in glass bottles until analysis.
2.3. Antioxidant Activity
2.3.1. Scavenging Activity of DPPH (2,2-Diphényl-1-Picrylhydrazyl) Radical
DPPH radical scavenging activity was determined according to Ivette [16] , with some modifications. The reaction mixture consisted of 100 µL of 25 mg/mL of each formulation extract and 1 mL of 0.3 mM 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical solution in ethanol. Each test was repeated 3 times. After incubation for 30 min in the dark, at room temperature, absorbance was determined by a spectrophotometer at 517 nm. The results were presented as percentage DPPH radical inhibition (%I), calculated according to the formula:
% I = [ ( A control − A sample ) / A control ] × 100
Acontrol = Absorbance of negative control at the moment of solution preparation.
Asample = Absorbance of sample after 30 mins.
2.3.2. Determination of Total Phenolic Content
The total phenolic compound content in dry mushroom extracts was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu procedure [17] , using catechin as standard. 30 µL of sample at 100 mg/ml was added to 1 ml of 1N Folin-Ciocalteu's Reagent diluted 10 times and mixed before being incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. Each test was repeated 3 times. Absorbance was measured at 765 nm. Total phenolic compound content has been expressed as mg of catechin equivalent (CE) per g of dry mushroom extract (mg CE/g).
2.3.3. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP)
FRAP assay was measured according to the procedure described by Benzie and Strain [18] . The FRAP reagent contained 2.5 mL of a 10 mM TPTZ solution in 40 mM HCl, 2.5 mL of 20 mM FCEl3·6H2O, and 25 mL of 300 mM acetate buffer (pH 3.6). It was freshly prepared and warmed at 37˚C. Then, to 2 mL of FRAP reagent, 75 µL of each extract at 1 mg/mL was added. The reaction mixture was incubated at room temperature for 30 min and the absorbance was measured at 593 nm. The results expressed as mg of Ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) per g of dry mushroom extract (mg AAE/g).
All assays were carried out in triplicates and results expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). The data was introduced in an EXCEL spreadsheet (Microsoft Office 2013) and then analyzed with the STATGRAPHICS Centurion XV version 17.1.12 software. Statistical analysis was carried out with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Fisher LSD post hoc test. Values of p < 0.05 were considered significant.
The ten formulations established following three different proportions resulted in thirty extracts including ten aqueous, ten ethanolic and ten hydro-ethanolic. These extracts were used for the evaluation of scavenging activity of DPPH, the total polyphenol content and the ferric reducing antioxidant power.
3.1. Scavenging Activity of DPPH (2,2-Diphényl-1-Picrylhydrazyl) Radical
The evaluation of the scavenging activity of extracts at a concentration of 25 mg/ml by the DPPH assay was expressed as percentage inhibition as presented in the graph below (Figure 1). It appears that, for each formulation, there is a significant difference (p < 0.05) between its different extracts and the extract with the highest percentage of inhibition is the aqueous extract (Ea) followed by the hydro-ethanol extract (Eh) and the ethanol extract (Ee) with the lowest percentage inhibition. Similarly, there is a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the percentages of inhibition of Ea, Ee, and Eh of the different formulations. Ea of all formulations have the largest percentages of inhibition. However, at this concentration, there was a significantly high difference (p < 0.05) between the percentages of inhibition of these extracts. It is also noted that Ea of F1, F3, F8, and F9 had the highest inhibition percentages (77.72% ± 0.97%; 75.16% ± 0.52%; 73.79% ± 0.79% and 72.31% ± 0.30%, respectively). But compared to Vit C used as standard for the same concentration, only the Ea of F1, F3, and F8 had higher percentages of inhibition (p < 0.05) than Vit C (71.74% ± 1.14%).
Figure 1. DPPH radical scavenging activity of different extracts according to the formulations and comparatively with vitamin C (ascorbic acid used as standard). Ea: aqueous extract; Ee: ethanol extract; Eh: hydro-ethanol extract; F1-10: Formulations; Vit C: vitamin C; p < 0.05.
3.2. Total Phenolic Content
The total polyphenol content of the extracts of the different formulations were expressed in mg of catechin equivalent per g of extracts (mg CE/g) at a single concentration (100 mg/ml). These different levels have resulted in the graph below (Figure 2). It shows that there is a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the polyphenol content of the extracts of the same formulation. Moreover, for all these formulations, Ea exhibited higher polyphenol levels than those of Eh, which are themselves higher than those of Ee. In addition, there is a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the levels of polyphenols of Ea, Ee and Eh of the different formulations. The Ea of all formulations with the highest content, the comparison between them showed that, the Ea of F1, F3, F8 and F9 had the highest levels of polyphenols with 21.15 ± 0.58 mg CE/g; 19.23 ± 0.18 mg CE/g; 18.65 ± 0.35 mg CE/g and 17.95 ± 0.59 mg CE/g, respectively.
3.3. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power
The reducing capacities of formulations extracts were measured according to the FRAP assay and expressed as mg AAE/g, are shown in Figure 3. It shows that
Figure 2. Total phenolic content of different extracts according to the formulations. Ea: aqueous extract; Ee: ethanol extract; Eh: hydro-ethanol extract; F1-10: Formulations; p < 0.05.
Figure 3. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of different extracts according to the formulations. Ea: aqueous extract; Ee: ethanol extract; Eh: hydro-ethanol extract; F1-10: Formulations; p < 0.05.
there is a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the reducing antioxidant powers of the extracts of the same formulation. Additionally, for all these formulations, Ea exhibited higher antioxidant power than those of Eh, which are higher than those of Ee. Furthermore, there is a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the reducing capacities of Ea, Ee and Eh of the different formulations. The Ea of all formulations with the highest content, the comparison between them showed that, the Ea of F1, F3, F8 and F9 had the highest reducing powers with 26.02 ± 0.45 mg AAE/g; 24.27 ± 0.49 mg AAE/g; 22.64 ± 0.88 mg AAE/g and 19.95 ± 0.20 mg AAE/g.
The evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the extracts of the different formulations prepared, by DPPH assay, Total phenolic content and Ferric reducing antioxidant power showed that the aqueous extracts of all the formulations had the best antioxidant activities followed by the hydroethanolic and ethanolic extracts. These results could be explained by the fact that the yield efficiency of bioactive compounds is higher for water than for ethanol because of their polarity; Water being more polar than ethanol will extract more compounds than the latter. In addition, the hydroethanol mixture had a higher yield than that of ethanol. In fact, Hip et al., [19] had shown that in edible fungi, oyster, in particular, water yielded better extraction of antioxidant compounds than 20% (V/V) hydroethanol and 60% (V/V) Hydroethanol and thus a better Yield than 50% (V/V) hydroethanol used in our study. Furthermore, they demonstrated that 60% (V/V) hydroethanol had a better yield than 100% ethanol. More specifically, Prabu et al. [20] showed that, in P. floridanus species, water had a better extraction yield than ethanol.
In addition, there is a linear relationship between the three assays. This was justified by the Pearson test which showed a very high and highly significant positive correlation (p < 0.001) between the DPPH radical scavenging assay and the polyphenol contents of the aqueous extracts with a coefficient of Correlation R2 = 0.9063 for a probability p = 0.0003. Moreover, the correlation was also significant between DPPH and FRAP assays (R2 = 0.8840, p = 0.0007) and between Total phenolic content and Ferric reducing antioxidant power assays (R2 = 0.9253, p = 0.0001). This correlation was also significant (p < 0.05) for the hydroéthanolic extracts with R2 = 0.6554 and p = 0.0397 between DPPH assay and the polyphenol contents, R2 = 0.8745 and p = 0.0009 between FRAP assay and Total phenolic content and R2 = 0.6389 and p = 0.0464 between DPPH and FRAP assays. However, it was even less high and not significant (p > 0.05) for ethanolic extracts with R2 = 0.5640 and p = 0.0895 between DPPH assay and the polyphenol contents, and R2 = 0.5469 and p = 0.1018 between DPPH and FRAP assays, but significant between FRAP assay and Total phenolic content with R2 = 0.8855 and p = 0.0007.
In light of the foregoing, the genus Pleurotus would have more water-soluble compounds than in ethanol as demonstrated by Lee et al. [21] (Lee et al., 2006). As part of this study, water is, therefore, the best solvent for extraction of total polyphenols, a result justified by Pinelo et al. [22] and Ghosh et al. [23] which claimed that the best yields of total phenols are obtained using polar solvents such as water, methanol and ethanol.
Moreover, in general, antioxidant power is strongly dependent on the concentration of phenolic compounds [24] . This fact corroborates the study of Trabelski et al. [25] that showed a significant and positive correlation between phenolic compound levels and antiradical activity.
In conclusion, the results indicate that all the formulations' extracts had antioxidants properties. Furthermore, water was the best extraction solvent for phenolic compounds present in the studied mushrooms and, as a consequence, water extracts of all formulations had better antioxidant properties. However, among the ten formulations prepared, the water extract of the formulation one had the highest concentration of phenolic compounds, the highest reducing power, and the best radical-scavenging properties. That may be due to the presence of the three species of mushroom in the same proportion in the formulation. Though other antioxidants were probably present in the mushroom extracts, phenolic compound in the extracts was responsible for their effective antioxidant properties. Antioxidant activity of the edible mushrooms has significant importance because this activity greatly contributes to their nutraceutical properties, thus enhancing their nutritional value.
All authors would like to thank the Biochemistry Laboratory of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Douala for having coordinated the major part of this work.
Cite this paper: Blanche, E. , Valère, K. , Judith, M. and Rosalie, N. (2019) Antiradical Activity and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power of Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus floridanus and Pleurotus sajor-caju Formulations Extracts in Vitro. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 10, 1202-1211. doi: 10.4236/fns.2019.1010087.
[1] Marsi, K., Emery, M., Patrick, T., Olive, T., Sangwa, K., Glauber, K., Eddy, N., Joseph, B. and Jean-Baptiste, S. (2015) Chemical Screening of Some Mushrooms of Katanga (DRC) and Their Biological Activities Evaluation. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 10, 435-449.
[2] Chang, S.T. and Wasser, S.P. (2012) The Role of Culinary-Medicinal Mushrooms on Human Welfare with a Pyramid Model for Human Health. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 14, 95-134.
https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v14.i2.10
[3] Finkel, T. and Holbrook, N.K. (2000) Oxidants, Oxidative Stress and the Biology of Ageing. Nature, 408, 239-247.
[4] Kozarski, M., Klaus, A., Vunduk, J., Zizak, Z., Niksic, M., Jakovljevic, D., Vrvic, M.M. and van Griensven, L.J.L.D. (2015) Nutraceutical Properties of the Methanolic Extract of Edible Mushroom Cantharellus cibarius (Fries): Primary Mechanisms. Food & Function, 6, 1875-1886.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C5FO00312A
[5] Khatua, S., Paul, S. and Acharya, K. (2013) Mushroom as the Potential Source of New Generation of Antioxidant: A Review. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 6, 496-505.
[6] Valverde, M.E., Hernandez-Perez, T. and Paredes-Lopez, O. (2015) Edible Mushrooms: Improving Human Health and Promoting Quality Life. International Journal of Microbiology, 2015, Article ID: 376387.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/376387
[7] Chen, S.Y., Ho, K.J., Hsieh, Y.J., Wang, L.T. and Mau, J.L. (2012) Contents of Lovastatin, γ-Aminobutyric Acid and Ergothioneine in Mushroom Fruiting Bodies and Mycelia. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 47, 274-278.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2012.01.019
[8] Kozarski, M.S., Klaus, A.S., Niksic, M.P., van Griensven, L.J.L.D., Vrvic, M.M. and Jakovljevic, D.M. (2014) Polysaccharides of Higher Fungi: Biological Role, Structure and Antioxidative Activity. Chemistry & Industry, 68, 305-320.
https://doi.org/10.2298/HEMIND121114056K
[9] Van Griensven, L.J.L.D. (2009) Culinary-Medicinal Mushrooms: Must Action Be Taken? International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 11, 281-286.
[10] Loria-Kohen, V., Lourenco-Nogueira, T., Espinosa-Salinas, I., Marin, F.R., Soler-Rivas, C. and Ramirez de Molina, A. (2014) Nutritional and Functional Properties of Edible Mushrooms: A Food with Promising Health Claims. Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences, 4, 187-198.
[11] Boonsong, S., Wanwimol, K. and Pongtep, W. (2016) Antioxidant Activities of Extracts from Five Edible Mushrooms Using Different Extractants. Agriculture and Natural Resources, 50, 89-97.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anres.2015.07.002
[12] Caglarirmak, N. (2011) Edible Mushrooms: An Alternative Food Item. Economical and Societal Features, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products, Arcachon, 4-7 October 2011, 548.
[13] Djomene, Y., Foudjet, E., Fon, D. and Ninkwango, T. (2017) The Marketing of Edible Mushrooms in Cameroon. Scientific and Technical Review Forest and Environment of the Congo Basin, Vol. 8, 65-71.
[14] Arini, N. and Tajul, A. (2016) Nutritional and Antioxidant Values of Oyster Mushroom (P. sajor-caju) Cultivated on Rubber Sawdust. 161-163.
[15] Etoundi, O., Mbang, M., Tuem, S. and Gouado, I. (2017) Study of Toxicity and Antidiabetic Activity of Ethanolic and Hydroethanolic Extracts of Pleurotus pulmonarius and the Aqueous Extract of Pleurotus floridanus. Journal of Food, Nutrition and Population Health, 1, 20.
[16] González-Palma, I., Escalona-Buendía, H.B., Ponce-Alquicira, E., Téllez-Téllez, M., Gupta, V.K., Díaz-Godínez, G. and Soriano-Santos, J. (2016) Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous and Methanol Extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus in Different Growth Stages. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 1099.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01099
[17] Singleton, V.L. and Rossi, J.A. (1965) Colorimetry of Total Phenolics with Phosphomolybdic-Phosphotungstic Acid Reagents. American Journal of Technology and Viticulture, 16, 144-153.
[18] Benzie, I.F.F. and Strain, J.J. (1996) The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of "Antioxidant Power" the FRAP Assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239, 70-76.
https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0292
[19] Hip, S., Fook, Y., Swee, K. and Chun, W. (2009) Phenolic Profiles of Selected Edible Wild Mushrooms as Affected by Extraction Solvent, Time and Temperature. Asian Journal of Food and Agro-Industry, 2, 392-401.
[20] Prabu, M. and Kumuthakalavalli, R. (2014) Nutritional and Phytochemical Studies on Pleurotus florida (mont.) Singer and Calocybe indica P&C. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 3, 4913.
[21] Lee, Y., Yen, M. and Mau, J. (2006) Antioxidant Properties of Various Extracts from Hypsizigus marmoreus. Food Chemistry, 104, 1-9.
[22] Pinelo, M., Rubilar, M., Jerez, M., Sineiro, J. and Nunez, M.J. (2005) Effect of Solvent, Temperature, and Solvent-to-Solid Ratio on the Total Phenolic Content and Antiradical Activity of Extracts from Different Components of Grape Pomace. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53, 2111-2117.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0488110
[23] Goli, A., Barzegar, M. and Sahari, M. (2005) Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Compounds of Pistachio (Pistachia vera) Hull Extracts. Food Chemistry, 92, 521-525.
[24] Hanson, G., Aggeler, R., Oglesbee, D., Cannon, M., Capaldi, R. and Tsien, R. (2004) Investigating Mitochondrial Redox Potential with Redox-Sensitive Green Fluorescent Protein Indicators. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279, 13044-13053.
[25] Trabelsi, N., Megdiche, W., Ksouri, R., Falleh, H., Oueslati, S., Bourgou, S., Hajlaoui, H. and Abdelly, C. (2010) Solvent Effects on Phenolic Contents and Biological Activities of the Halophyte Limoniastrum monopetalum Leaves. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 43, 632-639.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Justin Jay takes it dark with remix of Disciple's "They Don't Know"
Even though it is still January, it already feels like 2015 will be the year of DIRTYBIRD, with the DIRTYBIRD 10 dropping today and the venerated label's artists being booked more than ever while more and more people fall in love with the imprints recognizable style of dirty house. Over the past year, LA based Justin Jay has been invaluable to the rise of DIRTYBIRD, and while he does not have a new track on DIRTYBIRD 10, this week, Justin Jay released his own special, dark take on Disciple's "They Don't Know," out February 22nd on FFRR Records.
In his remix, Justin Jay toes the line between deep house and techno, making the track almost unrecognizable, with a crisp percussion and a heady synth groove setting the tone. This is the perfect backdrop to overlay the vocals of the original, pitched down and dark. The track culminates with a distinct techno beat that will keep you dancing all night long.
This is definitely one remix you will not want to miss. Pick up a copy when it drops February 22nd.


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Front Royal, Virginia Getting a DC Fast Charger
September 25, 2015 September 28, 2015 Lanny
DC Fast Charger w/ SAE Combo at Visitors Center
A DC Fast Charger for CHAdeMO and SAE Combo equipped cars is being installed in downtown Front Royal, Virginia. A concrete pad and signs for two parking spaces to be reserved for EV charging are already in place in the parking lot of the Front Royal Visitors Center at 415 E. Main Street.
Equipment Donated by Nissan North America
The Town Council approved a plan at their August 24, 2015 General Meeting to accept a donation of an electric vehicle fast charger from the Nissan North America EV Advantage Program. The value of the equipment and services being provided by Nissan is $38,000. The Town of Front Royal will pay for the installation costs and pay $600.00 to cover four years of Greenlots software and support services. The town must also commit to keeping the charging equipment in place, maintained and accessible to the general public at all times for at least five years.
click image for interactive map
Program Participation Includes Reliability Requirement
A clause in the agreement with the Town of Front Royal that was published in the council agenda states that the DCFC "shall suffer no more than forty-eight (48) hours of inoperability in any calendar month nor more than eight hours of inoperability in each of more than two out of four consecutive months."
The Town has yet to determine the fee that they will asses to use the electric car charging station. Follow @PlugInSites for updates.
EV Charging Stations Under Solar Array at CCBC Catonsville Campus
Statewide Network of EV Charging Stations in Delaware


Concerns have been raised that the main road in Sauchen, near Kemnay, is often used as a through road for many vehicles, and has a 30mph limit despite the fact there is a playpark that runs alongside it.
There are two entrances to the playpark from Main Street, one which has a gate that opens towards the road, and the other has no gate at all.
There is no footpath on this side of the playpark, and there are also no crossings nearby for children to safely cross the road to reach the playpark's entrance, despite the fact there are two bus stops on both sides of the road.
Janina Kutscha, who created the petition, is hoping to gain support from the community to push Aberdeenshire Council into installing something that will help keep the children safe.
Janina previously contacted the council to inquire about such a traffic-calming measure to be included in the area, but was told that her request was rejected, and that a 20mph limit would only be applied in a residential area, or other situations where there is a particular risk to vulnerable road users, usually around school areas.
A spokeswoman for Aberdeenshire Council said: "After a speed complaint is received, local roads staff normally place electronic speed-monitoring equipment at the location to determine if an issue exists.
"If speeding is detected, they will provide the local police sergeant/inspector with relevant documentary evidence and request attention to the issue.


We are open hearts, seeing Oneness in All.
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With more than a decade of celebrated sobriety, Carol credits an important part of her recovery to the AA program. She holds two Masters Degrees; one in Consciousness Studies from the Holmes Institute and the other in Fine Arts from the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. She is the Founder and Senior Minister for Heart, Mind & Spirit Recovery – a Center For Spiritual Living Focus Ministry.
Carol incorporates humor and lessons from her international travels, AA background and her own recovery journey to create heart-centered messages that are inclusive, instructive and inspirational. With her unique expertise as CEO of a conference planning company, she has the ability to create life-changing classes, retreats, workshops, symposia and large-scale conferences with deep transformational learning.
She has served on numerous national boards, and is a sought out advisor in New Thought church leadership and community growth.
Carol's passionate message is one of empowering individuals to discover their authentic selves and intrinsic value as unique expressions of God. Her spiritual counseling, recovery ministry and experiential learning retreats and lectures incorporate spiritual practices and principles, sacred wisdom teachings, universal laws and powerful life skills to step into the next level of recovery.
Her Heart, Mind and Spirit Recovery Retreats offer experiential, life changing opportunities for expansion and growth, in a safe, nurturing environment.
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To meet Carol is to know that she embodies hope, strength and compassion.
We are a vibrant and welcoming community hosting relevant programs, events and speakers. We host national and local speakers, sponsor an annual Healing Hearts Service and are the largest church presence in Denver PrideFest.


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Join Shelene Bryan on a journey to uncover the ark-building, sea-parting, lion taming, ridiculous faith that will leave you in awe of the Creator and all He has prepared for you. Are you ready to live an absurdly, unbelievably good life-a life of ridiculous faith.
Need encouragement? Read Ridiculous Faith. It'll help you remember all things are possible with God!
Want to infuse your faith with supernatural inspiration? You've found a book for doing just that—and it will change your life!
I'm not sure I've met a leader in the past few years who embodies faith in action like Shelene Bryan. Her fire for doing something for God is contagious and I believe she is one of the best voices to write about faith. I can't wait for people to read this inspiring work from an inspiring friend!
If you are in a season of needing a miracle, you will find strength and hope from the beautiful promises and miracles revealed in Shelene's book.


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Printed on: 21 Jan 2022
Other registration types
Crofting
Search Registers of Scotland
Division of owner occupied crofts
Automatic disburdenment
Standard securities
Crofting and the land register
This guidance covers areas where crofting tenure may be relevant to land registration.
Section 28(1) of the Land Registration (Scotland) 1979 Act provides that, amongst other things, the right of a crofter or cottar within the meaning of section 3 or 28(4) respectively of the Crofters (Scotland) Act 1955, or a landholder or statutory small tenant within the meaning of section 2(2) or 32(1) respectively of the Small Landholders (Scotland) Act 1911 is an overriding interest. Such rights may (or in certain cases must) be noted by the Keeper on the landlord's title sheet.
The Land Registration etc. (Scotland) Act 2012 ("the 2012 Act") largely sweeps away the concept of overriding interests (although something similar is retained for servitudes created other than by dual registration, core paths delineated in an order under section 22 of the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003 and public rights of way.) Consequently, in most cases the Keeper will not require to know, when processing a registration application, whether the plot of land to which the deed relates is held in crofting tenure. The areas where crofting tenure may be relevant to land registration are covered below.
Division of owner-occupied crofts
Section 34 of the Crofting Reform (Scotland) Act 2010 ('the 2010 Act') inserted a new section 19D into the Crofters (Scotland) Act 1993 ("the 1993 Act"). Under section 19D, an owner occupier crofter requires the consent of the Crofters Commission before dividing his or her croft. If the croft has not been divided with the Commission's consent prior to a transfer, any deed purporting to transfer ownership of any part of the croft is void and as such will not be a valid deed for the purposes of the 2012 Act. In completing an application form to accompany a deed for registration the applicant (or applicant's solicitor) must certify that the deed is valid. Accordingly, in cases where section 19D may apply, the applicant or solicitor must be satisfied that the appropriate consent is in place or is not required (because, for example, the subjects have been decrofted). The evidence of consent (or, e.g. of decrofting) should not be submitted with the application.
Under section 19(4) of the 1993 Act, subjects conveyed in pursuance of section 12 -18 of the 1993 Act (Rights of crofters and cottars to acquire their subjects) are automatically disburdened of any prior standard security granted by the former landlord, without the need for a formal discharge or deed of disburdenment. Applicants should have regard to this provision when completing an application for registration of a deed affecting an unregistered plot and should not disclose any securities disburdened by virtue of this provision in the heritable securities section of the application form. Where an application is made for registration of a deed over a registered plot and the applicant considers that a heritable security disclosed on the title sheet is disburdened by virtue of section 19(4) the applicant may inform the Keeper in the further information section of the application form.
Financial assistance to crofters
There are currently 2 main schemes of financial assistance to crofters; the Crofting Counties Agricultural Grants Scheme (CCAGS) and the Croft House Grant Scheme (CHGS). The detail of each scheme can be found on the Scottish Government website. From a land registration point of view only CHGS is relevant. The Croft House Grant (Scotland) Regulations 2006 provide that, upon payment of a grant under the regulations, the Scottish Ministers must register in the relevant property register a notice setting out the conditions which attach to the grant. There is also provision for a further notice to be registered where the conditions cease to have effect. In general terms, unless otherwise extinguished, the conditions of such a notice subsist for 15 years (where the grant was made for erection of a dwellinghouse) and 10 years (where the grant was for a purpose set out in schedule 1 to the regulations, other than erection of a dwellinghouse.). Accordingly an applicant for a deed affecting an unregistered plot should disclose, in the heritable securities section of the application form, any extant notices under the 2006 regulations. Attention is also drawn to the transitional provisions in the regulations in respect of grants made under the Crofters etc. Building Grants (Scotland) Regulations 1990. In some cases there may be extant notices/conditions from schemes prior to 1990 (where the period was 40 years). Applicants should satisfy themselves as to whether any such conditions remain extant and, if they do, the notice should be disclosed on the application form.
Section 19(3) of the 1993 Act alters the normal prior tempore potior jure rule on ranking of securities. Applications for registration of a deed affecting an unregistered plot should disclose all outstanding standard securities in the General Register of Sasines. Where such a security was granted in favour of Scottish Ministers or HIE in terms of the 1993 Act that fact should also be disclosed on the application form (in addition to the usual information about parties, recording date etc.) That information will be available in the Sasine minute for the standard security and will allow the Keeper to appropriately reflect the ranking of the security.
Security in favour of landlord
Where the Land Court makes an order authorising acquisition of croft land it may include in the order a condition that the crofter grant a standard security in favour of the landlord to secure any sum which may become due by virtue of section 14(3) of the 1993 Act (disposal within 10 year period). There are no special rules on ranking of such securities. Applicants for registration of a deed affecting an unregistered plot should satisfy themselves the security is no longer extant or, failing that, disclose it on the application form in the usual way.
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What is Ham Radio and How Does It Work
A brief exploration of ham aka amateur radio and how one can get started with a ham radio kit and a ham radio license
This blog takes a close look at the phenomenon called amateur radio and how one can obtain a ham radio license and kit...
Sep 04, 2019 By Team YoungWonks *
What is amateur radio? Indeed, at a time when radio may not quite have as many takers as it once did, one would imagine that this is a question only a few would know the answer to. But then again amateur radio, also known as ham radio, is actually quite popular among radio enthusiasts. This blog takes a look at the phenomenon that is amateur radio, how it came about and how it continues to fascinate radio lovers.
What is Ham Radio/ Amateur Radio?
Amateur radio, also known as ham radio, is the use of radio frequency spectrum for non-commercial exchange of messages, wireless experimentation, self-training, private recreation, radiosport, contesting and emergency communication. The term amateur is used to describe someone who has authorisation and interest in the radioelectric practice but with only a personal aim and no monetary rewards (either direct or indirect) in mind; such a person is different from those involved in commercial broadcasting, public safety (think police and fire), or professional two-way radio services (read maritime, aviation, taxis, etc.). In simpler words, ham or amateur radio is a popular hobby and service that brings people, electronics and communication together. People use it to talk across town, around the world, or even into space, all without the Internet or cell phones. It's fun, social, educational, and can be of great help in times of need.
History of Ham Radio
What does ham radio for? The history of amateur radio goes back to the 19th century, when the word ham was a pejorative term used in professional wired telegraphy, mainly to mock operators who had poor Morse code sending skills, aka the ham-fisted ones. This term continued to be used after the invention of radio and the popularity of amateur experimentation with wireless telegraphy; even among land- and sea-based professional radio operators, ham amateurs were considered a nuisance. But the 20th century saw the amateur radio community rebrand the word and by the mid-20th century, it had lost its pejorative meaning. There are
Back in 1909, the First Annual Official Wireless Blue Book of the Wireless Association of America published a list of wireless telegraph stations in Canada and the United States, including 89 amateur radio stations. Much like with radio in general, amateur radio was associated with amateur experimenters and hobbyists. Amateur radio enthusiasts have significantly contributed to science, engineering, industry and social services.
How Does Ham Radio Work?
Typically, amateur radio operators - and they can be doctors, students, kids, politicians, truck drivers, movie stars, missionaries and what you - share a basic knowledge of radio technology and operating principles, and pass an examination for a license issued by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The license allows ham radio operators to operate on radio frequencies allocated by the FCC for use; these frequencies are also known as the "Amateur Bands." Be it through Morse Code on an old brass telegraph key, voice communication on a hand-held radio or computerized messages transmitted via satellite, all hams use radio to reach out to the world.
Hams can operate from just above the AM broadcast band to the microwave region, in the gigahertz range. Many ham bands are found in the frequency range that goes from above the AM radio band (1.6 MHz) to just above the citizens band (27 MHz). During daylight, 15 to 27 MHz is said to be a good band for long-distance communications. At night, the ideal band for is 1.6 to 15 MHz. These bands are often referred to historically as short-wave bands (representing short-wave radio). Unlike frequencies used by FM radio stations and TV stations, which are line-of-sight and therefore limited to 40 or 50 miles, short-waves bounce off the ionosphere from the transmitter to the receiver's antenna. The higher the frequency is, the shorter the wavelength. Some ham radio operators use the very dependable Morse code, while others rely on voice. Morse code signals (beeps) often get through when voice transmissions cannot.
While ham radios do broadcast in all directions, amateur radio enthusiasts usually do not use their radios like a disk jockey would at a radio station. In normal AM or FM radio, one disk jockey transmits and thousands of people listen. Hams, meanwhile, carry out two-way conversations, often with another ham or with a group of hams in an informal roundtable. These other hams could be in the same town, county, state, country or continent or may consist of a mix of countries, depending on the frequency and the time of the day. Hams also take part in networks, often called nets, at predetermined times and frequencies to exchange third-party messages. Some hams use radioteletype (RTTY) with computer screens replacing the noisy teletype machines of the past.
Many hams begin on VHF FM, using battery-operated hand-held transceivers to transmit on one frequency and receive on another frequency. They use FM repeaters, set up and supported by local radio clubs. These repeaters borrow antenna space from TV-station-tower owners on top of mountains and high buildings to receive and re-broadcast signals to extend the range.
The FM repeater receives one signal at a time and simultaneously rebroadcasts it on another frequency using many more watts of power than available from a small hand-held radio. This extends the range of the hand-held radio from a few miles to tens or hundreds of miles. When a ham is traveling, he or she can find a repeater to use, and have a good, static-free, FM-radio-quality conversation via a radio that is small enough to fit comfortably in one's pocket or purse. Linked repeaters make possible fun wireless communications across an entire state with a hand-held radio. Repeaters use common transmit and receive frequency pairs. The frequency pairs in use are informally assigned by groups of hams in such a way that one frequency pair in use is far enough from another repeater thus avoiding unwanted interference.
Uses of Ham Radio
Using ham radio, one can communicate from one's home, behind the wheel of a car or even from the top of a mountain and that too without using the Internet or a cell phone network. Especially during a disaster or calamity, when usual communications channels fail to function, amateur radio operators can chip in by aiding emergency communications efforts and working with public service agencies. For instance, the Amateur Radio Service helped New York City agencies communicate with each other after their command center was destroyed during the 9/11 tragedy. Ham radio also came to the rescue during Hurricane Katrina and the devastating floods in Colorado in 2013.
And of course, one can interact with other hams using one's voice and a microphone, interface a radio with one's computer or tablet to send data, text or images, or Morse code, which continues to be in demand. In fact, ham radio can even connect one to astronauts aboard the International Space Station, to other hams through one of several satellites in space, or bounce signals off the moon and back to Earth.
Ham radio enthusiasts also prefer making and experimenting with electronics. Computer hobbyists enjoy using Amateur Radio's digital communications opportunities. Others take part in "DX contests", where the goal is to see how many hams in distant locations can be contacted.
How to Get Started with a Ham Radio?
To start with, one needs to get an amateur radio license from the FCC. Any person, except for a representative of a foreign government, regardless of citizenship who wishes to apply for a US amateur radio license has to appear before Volunteer Examiners (VEs); anyone who qualifies by examination is eligible to apply for an operator/primary station license grant. VEs are licensed radio amateurs who conduct examination sessions, often through permanently established teams on a monthly or quarterly basis.
Licenses are valid for 10 years from the date of issuance or renewal and they can be renewed online. The entry-level license, known as Technician Class, is given out after the applicant successfully completes a 35-question multiple choice written examination. The license awards full operating privileges on all amateur bands above 30 MHz and limited privileges in portions of the high frequency (HF; 3 to 30 MHz) bands. The next level, known as General Class, needs one to pass the Technician test and a 35-question multiple-choice General exam. General class licensees get privileges on portions of all amateur bands, and have access to over 83% of all amateur HF bandwidth. The top US license class is Amateur Extra Class. This license needs applicants to pass both the above tests and a 50-question multiple-choice theory exam. Those with Amateur Extra licenses are granted all privileges on all US amateur bands.
After that one can look at what kind of equipment one plans to use and what type of communication he/ she'd wish to try. Keep in mind that one's first radio needn't be new. There are many older transceivers that work quite well. These transceivers ("rigs," as hams call them) are often available online on auction sites such as eBay.
It is said that HF transceivers with 100 watts of output and a built-in antenna tuner are a good option for beginners. Of course, HF radios with VHF and even Ultra High Frequency (UHF; 300 Mhz to 3 gigahertz/ GHz) coverage can also be purchased at a higher cost. If the radio can't operate directly from AC power, one will require external DC power supply. A multi-band dipole makes for a brilliant option as it is a good, inexpensive antenna, connected to the radio through coaxial cable or open-wire feed line, although such a line will need an external antenna tuner to function. To try Morse code, one can add a straight key or paddle (most radios come with a built-in keyer). To run the radio with digital modes, one has to add a sound card data interface with cables connected to the radio.
One can seek some more handy advice by joining the American Radio Relay League (ARRL, www.arrl.org), which is the largest membership association of amateur radio enthusiasts in the US and is known to offer good technical support.
Radio Regulation
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU), a special United Nations (UN) agency focusing on matters related to information and communication technologies, has established the amateur radio service through the Radio Regulations. It is important to note that national governments control technical and operational characteristics of transmissions and give out licenses to individual stations with an identifying call sign. Prospective amateur operators need to undergo tests of their understanding of key concepts in electronics and radio rules laid down by the host government. Radio amateurs carry out communication across cities, countries and even continents, by using a range of voice, text, image, and data communications modes and having access to frequency allocations throughout the radio frequency spectrum. In several countries, amateur radio operators also send, receive, or relay radio communications between computers or transceivers linked to secure virtual private networks on the Internet.
Amateur Radio Today
Amateur radio is officially represented and coordinated by the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU), which is organized in three regions and has national amateur radio societies from different countries as its members. According to a 2011 estimate shared by ARRL, there are over 600,000 radio amateurs in the United States and around two million people self-proclaimed amateur radio lovers across the world.
Not surprisingly, an overwhelming 830,000 amateur radio stations are situated in the IARU Region 2 (the Americas) followed by IARU Region 3 (South and East Asia and the Pacific Ocean) which has around 750,000 stations. A relatively smaller number - about 400,000 - are based out of IARU Region 1 (Europe, Middle East, Africa).


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Airbnb Removes 'Slave Cabin' Listing After TikTok User Complaint
A location listed on Airbnb as a "slave cabin" was removed from the platform after a TikTok user spoke out against the company profiting from a former slave location.
Wynton Yates, a black lawyer from New Orleans, blasted Airbnb over the listing labeled "The Panther Burn Cottage at Belmont Plantation" in Greenville, Mississippi.
"If you were to see just the pictures of the inside of it, you'd have no idea [of] the history of that building, and I think for me, that is a mockery of the experience," Yates told USA Today. "It is the continuation of erasing what the experience of slavery was."
Yates' posted a video to TikTok speaking out against the rental listing used as "a tenant sharecroppers cabin" and "a medical office for local farmers and their families." The property was also listed as an "1830s slave cabin." The post has garnered more than 2.6 million views.
In an interview with Mic, Yates added that the listing felt like a mockery of the history of American slavery.
@lawyerwynton
#airbnb this is not ok. #history #civilrights #americanhistory
♬ Blade Runner 2049 – Synthwave Goose
"Growing up, [my family] would take my siblings and my cousins and I and put slave shackles in our hands so that we could feel the weight of the steel that was put on our ancestors' bodies to contain them," Yates shared with the outlet. "To see someone just blatantly make a mockery out of it just didn't sit right with me."
Viewer comments expressed widespread shock over the property's purported historical usage, including the mention that more than 60 reviews had been left by people who had stayed at the cabin.
"How do you sleep there and not feel the pain in that room?" one user asked.
"This is soooo not ok!!!" another responded.
"I wouldn't be able to sleep in there knowing the pain and suffering slaves went through. Who does this?" one commenter asked.
"I am not even sure where to start with this one. Can't believe people actually stayed there and reviewed it," still another person commented.
A follow-up video by the lawyer claimed that the cabin had been moved from its original location to its current spot.
According to a report by TMZ, an Airbnb spokesperson says they're removing listings that are known to have included former slave quarters on site in the U.S.
The company also apologized for "any trauma or grief created by the presence of this listing, and others like it, and that we did not act sooner to address this issue."
According to USA Today, the property changed ownership last month. The new owner, Brad Hauser, said he opposed the previous owner's decision to market the building as a place where enslaved people once slept. He said that the cabin had actually not been slave quarters, but just a doctor's office.
"I intend to do all I can to right a terrible wrong and, hopefully, regain advertising on Airbnb, so The Belmont can contribute to the most urgent demand for truth-telling about the history of not only the South but the entire nation," Hauser said.
https://www.dailywire.com/news/airbnb-removes-slave-cabin-listing-after-tiktok-user-complaint
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With MINIFOR Bioreactor, a controlled, efficient and optimal cell culture (mammalian cells: CHO, HeLa, HEK-293, hybridoma, etc; insect cells: sf9, High Fives, recombinant protein expression, etc. and other eukaryotic cell lines) is possible.
Should not be afraid of biological contamination anymore. Easy to maintain sterility for several weeks.


Sally Clarkson is the beloved author of multiple bestselling books, including Own Your Life and Desperate (with Sarah Mae). As a mother of four, she has inspired thousands of mothers through Whole Heart Ministries (www.wholeheart.org), which she founded with her husband, Clay, in 1998. Since then, she has advocated relentlessly for the power of motherhood and the influence of home through her Mom Heart conferences (momheart.org), speaking to audiences on several continents. Sally encourages many through her blogs and websites—sallyclarkson.com and lifegivinghome.com (the companion site to this book)—as well as through her e-books and live webinars.