text:
Stone Garden of Light WTC Memorial
Memory Tower
Tower Footprints - Memory Tower
Each footprint would be occupied with a "Memory Tower" conforming exactly to the footprint boundaries. Each Memory Tower would start at the base memorial level of 30 feet below street. The first floor of each Memory Tower would be dedicated to remains and solemn remembrance areas. The second level serves as the main lobby. The third level is the garden lobby containing the company memorials. Above this lobby, the tower portion of the building, an 80' per side square, rises from a section of the footprint. The upper tower has 11 floors, for a total of 14 floors. The external facade of the memory tower will be designed to complement the surrounding structures.
[Since the WTC competition stage 1 was completed, several other competitors released footprint design elements that are more defined and stylistically appropriate than my tower concept. As a result, I would change the street level and above footprint component of my design if the opportunity to resubmit came up. However, the lowest level devoted to remains storage, etc. would be unchanged, along with the family bedrock access rooms. The Tribute in Light equipment on the roof would also be retained.]
Remains Storage and Solemn Contemplation
The base memorial floor of each Memory Tower would be dedicated to remains and solemn remembrance. The unidentified remains from the medical examiner would be located here, split between the two footprints. A large crypt containing ash remnants from the wtc site will also be placed at this level in each building. These are the "tombs of the unknown" as this ash contains the microscopic remnants of many victims. Some family groups have requested the return of this ash, currently stored at the Fresh Kills Landfill in Staten Island, to the site. Sections of this level would be designated family using the medical examiner ID system, the rest would be public areas of contemplation and reflection. Exterior entrance doors lead to the memorial floor level.
Main Lobby - Survivor Stories
The Memory Tower main lobby serves as a multipurpose area, also with doors to the outside. Displays include tributes to the survivors of September 11th. Stories from the seriously injured are highlighted along with accounts of close escapes. The North Tower will have an area devoted to the small group who survived the collapse in the B stairwell. The South Tower features the story of survival on the 78th skylobby and above.
Company Memorial Atrium
A memorial located on the third floor of each Memory Tower is dedicated to the companies that lost members on 9-11. Every company that lost an employee would be represented, whether the loss was a single individual or several hundred. Due to the amount of space needed to accommodate large name lists, those companies with substantial losses can be allocated more space. However, the largest would be no more than four times the size of companies memorializing a single lost employee. The space allocation formula allows the story of these companies to be visible, as the loss of even one employee impacts a company. This reaffirms the memorial guidelines principle that each individual victim should be recognized equally.
Company memorials for companies operating in a particular tower would be located in that tower. If the death of the employee(s) can be assigned to the attack or fall of a specific tower the memorial will also be assigned to the building. All other assignments are apportioned based on space requirements. Companies representing Pentagon and United Flight #93 victims are in this group. A glass roof encloses this floor excluding the tower extension.
Tower Extension
The 11 floors in each extended tower can be allocated for a variety of applications. The plan reserves a section of the top floor and the entire floor below it in each tower as a family viewing room. The skyward tone of this room provides a different experience from the ground-based first floor area. The floor just below this will be designated for friends and colleagues of victims, who do not qualify for family room access. This area will also accommodate survivors of the attacks. The other floors provide expansion space for the future, special exhibits, etc.
Towers of Light Display
The flat roof of each Memory Tower will serve as a permanent launching point for a restored tribute in light display. In order to minimize the impact on the neighborhood and regional wildlife, the lights would only be used 11 nights a year. They include September 10 and 11, February 26, Labor Day, March 11, and 6 other dates to be determined later.
Introduction | Garden Statues | Tower Footprints | Children | Future | Links | Designer


text:
WELSH WHITELEY ARCHITECTS
Press & Recognition
TIM WHITELEY, AIA
minor in Historic Preservation
Tim has worked in the architectural field in Alaska since 1992. He was first employed by the National Park Service in Anchorage to document historic structures for the Historic American Building Survey. NPS projects included drawing the salmon cannery complex in the village of Kake on Kuiu Island in Southeast Alaska, as well as work in Skagway.
He moved to Ketchikan in 1996. Since then, he has been active in many non-profit organizations within the local community, including KRBD Radio Board of Directors, Ketchikan Yacht Club's Wednesday night sailing, and the Ketchikan Public Utilities Advisory Board. Prior to moving to Ketchikan he volunteered with Habitat for Humanity Anchorage, designing the first houses that organization constructed in Anchorage. He currently serves as the Southeast Chair on the American Institute of Architects Alaska Chapter's Executive Board, and is the Cub Scout Master for Pack 4 in Ketchikan.
AMANDA WELSH
TIM WHITELEY
© 2022 - All Rights Reserved. WELSH WHITELEY ARCHITECTS, LLC.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The approach is nothing new for the Wingnuts, who have executed 32 sacrifice bunts this season. The Wingnuts' best bunters are also some of their fastest players, and they can easily turn sacrifices into hits.
That play has become Mike Conroy's specialty. He leads the Wingnuts with 11 sacrifices, but he's also capable of laying down a bunt in the perfect spot and earning a single. He did that in the third, wheh his job was simply to move Jessie Mier from second to third.
Conroy did one better, pushing a bunt past pitcher Ramon Garcia then beating Garcia, sprinting to cover first base, in a race to the bag. Conroy's speed was put to use again moments later, when he stole second and eventually scored on a passed ball.
"Worse comes to worst, you move a guy over," Conroy said of his bunt. "But you get a bunt like that, with some speed, it becomes a base hit. It's just putting pressure on the defense."
Getting to third base allowed Mier to score on a sacrifice fly, and the Wingnuts' offense got going again on a bunt hit by Jake Kahaulelio. The next batter, Rodriguez, blasted a two-run homer that gave the Wingnuts a 4-1 lead.
Rodriguez missed the previous three games with an ankle injury that threatened to sideline him even longer, but his impact was felt with his home run and the depth he gives to the lineup with Ziegler and Porter batting behind him.
The presence of those three hitters allows the Wingnuts players and Hooper to be more liberal in ways to get on base and move around the bases.
"That's the epitome of a good team," Conroy said. "You have every aspect — power, speed, defense, quality pitching — and you put all those together, you're going to have a good team."
Mier delivered a sacrifice bunt in the fourth, moving two runners into scoring position before Wilson Batista scored on a sacrifice fly. Ziegler doubled in the fifth to drive in Kahaulelio, and while Porter went hitless, he drew a pair of walks.
"They keep saying it's a different lineup when I'm in there, but I don't like to talk about myself," Rodriguez said. "It is a different lineup. I'm just real happy to come in and produce and help the team.
"It's a great lineup. We're giving managers trouble right now. They don't know which pitcher to bring in to face which hitter. We've got a good chemistry going on right now, and hopefully it'll continue."
Wingnuts starter Anthony Capra supplemented the offense with his third straight solid start. Capra's ERA was 7.24 on July 23, but aside from one hiccup he has been one of Wichita's most reliable starters.
In his last three starts, Capra has allowed four earned runs in 18 innings. He suffered a hard-luck loss and took a no-decision in his previous two outings, and Thursday's win was his first since July 28.
Capra's ERA fell to 4.61, but he had to sweat out the win when reliever James Hoyt allowed a run and El Paso loaded the bases with two outs and the tying run at the plate. But Fernando Valenzuela popped out to end the game.
E— El Paso 1, Wichita 2. LOB— El Paso 11, Wichita 8. DP— Wingnuts 1 . 2B— Nelson (7), Khoury (14), Ziegler (13). HR — Rodriguez (12). SF—Khoury (10, Conroy (2). SB — Nelson (2), Muse (6), McDonald (14), Conroy (20). CS — Acey (2), Khoury (8).
HBP — by Simon (Einertson). WP — Garcia. Umpires — home, Joe Pascucci; first, Justin Post; second, Dan Hoffman. T — 3:15. A — 2,234 .


OLDRIGHTIE: Budget Ground hog Day.
In all fairness 13 years of Socialist profligacy and debt could never be assuaged in a couple of years. So as George Osborne wrestles with a Treasury Department hell bent on protecting their ink wells and their empirical obsession with pen pushing, getting the Nation's books in order is a tall one.
He also has to watch the shambles and bank raids engineered by Berlin, through its very own pet poodles in Brussels. Those clowns continue to soak up tax and membership fees with gay abandon. For we Brits our loathing of the EUSSR monolith is not allowed a voice by the likes of Calamity Clegg and the paedo ring leader and all round master of the dark arts, Mandleson.
On the latter's coat tails are hauled along Leon Brittan and the Kinnocks. All of them fifth columnists of the EU. No doubt supporters of the bank robbery being pushed in Cyprus. At least once their cash holdings there had been made safe from the men in hoop striped jumpers and slit masks, from Phlegm HQ! You may be certain that a few nods and winks ensured none of the favoured sons' accounts remained on that Island before the cars screamed up outside the banks and the shotguns were loaded.
So our George has quite a balancing act to do. If he has any sense he should hammer home how this mess and this dreadful banking fraud was not only permitted to become reality under Labour, they actually encouraged it. Such actions by a preceding Government ought by now to be disregarded, after approaching three years to address those glaring self interested actions.
Just, however, remember, how we are burdened by mass and unsustainable immigration, unmitigated waste of billions and billions, illegal wars, NHS genocidal practices by Labour placement Trust Executives, some still clinging to first class home visits. As our pockets are scoured and turned out to determine if any loose change has been hidden, stop and think. If it's bad now, how much worse would it be under another Labour regime?
One which would happily embrace the Cypriot raid on their own citizens, if necessary, to further vote rigging and EUSSR diktats. Whatever this 2013 Budget brings, we should still raise a glass to the fact that it's not another Gordon Brown sleight of hand hiding the dealers behind it from Brussels. So, Mr Osborne, ignore your neighbour and his siren voices from Clegg's mob and go for your opponents and how they, not you, mortgaged irrevocably our grandchildren's future.
You mention Clegg,Brittain, Kinnock, Mandleson, this country will remain cursed until the Prince of Darkness himself is tried and hanged, yes he still loiters between the underworld and the BBC, evil incarnate BLIAR, the aforementioned are merely the scrapings from his foreskin.
My Lord Viscount, whilst in full agreement with your general argument (paling, it must be said, at the earthy imagery invoked), do you not feel that Anthony Lynton's paymasters deserve a mention? Yes, he did their bidding and has been financially rewarded if morally bankrupted, but he is weak and easily persuaded ... what of the money men who commanded him?
Yes agreed you know and I know who they are but I find that such naming will do little but add to the general inability of the population to grasp the enormity of the crime committed by Bliar, coping as they do with the dumping in their tiny minds the blizzard of problems just trying to exist. I read today of the rise in birth defects in Iraqi children, seeing the theatre in some large church with the usual criminals in attendance yesterday there is no hope , I felt faint with disgust.


text:
Custom Home Features
Stone Materials
Limestone Learning Center
Limestone Through the Years
Los Angeles Limestone Company
Limestone is History
For millennia now, people have been in love with limestone. Beautiful and strong, limestone has never failed to make an impression on individuals, or on entire religions. Limestone is a naturally-occurring material that has a variety of building and agricultural uses. Limestone is also a cousin of the beautiful and sophisticated marble, which has been loved and adored for centuries and the perfect and perfectly beautiful flooring. Limestone appears in history in Europe and North Africa, making lives better.
The Great Pyramids at Giza, in Egypt, is one of the world's most popular tourist destinations. Majestic stone rises high above a hilly sand horizon, and holds the some of the world's oldest and most valuable treasures from a time long ago. The pyramids held the bodies of Egyptian royalty, the bodies of their pets, and the things that they would need as they entered the afterlife. There was plenty of room for everything, but access was restricted to the holy people of Ancient Egypt. These incredible buildings were made by importing huge blocks of limestone, placing it into place, and carefully carving the limestone into its ideal shape. After the carving was complete, the pyramids were finished off with a protective coat, and stood, proud and beautiful, for hundreds of years.
The Coliseum was a huge limestone arena known for being the showplace of prisoners of war in Ancient Rome, the Gladiators. In history, the story and names of gladiators have far exceeded The Coliseum in terms of popularity, but those gladiators are long gone, and The Coliseum still stands. Thousands of tourists come from all over the world to see the place where battles to the death were fought between warriors, and warriors and animals. The Coliseum is very much in ruins, but the lovely limestone is still strong enough to retain the important details.
At the height of the Mayan Empire in the Central Mexican Yucatan Peninsula, many impressive and incredibly beautiful buildings were raised to various gods and for various reasons. From worship to the sacrifice of enemies to trading with neighboring nations, the limestone temple at Chichen Itza stood the test of time, past the fall of the Mayan empire, past the growing number of French immigrating to the region, and the renewed interest in the ruins as a tourist destination in the mid-20th century. Considering the close proximity of the site at Chichen Itza to the sea, it is no surprise that limestone was chosen as the building material.
Your Patio
When you choose limestone for you home, you're taking a piece of history home to be as beautiful tomorrow as it was thousands of years ago. With little maintenance and all of the glory of thousands of years of reliable use, limestone is the way to go for even the little things around your home. Calling your local limestone company today, and schedule a consultation to make your home a beautiful piece of history.
Great Home Materials
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How to Choose the Right Natural Stone for Your Outdoor BBQ
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5 Limestone Options You Should Consider in Your Next Remodel
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text:
National Wildlife Refuge Administration Act
Provides authority, guidelines, and directives for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to improve the National Wildlife Refuge System; administer a national network of lands and waters for the conservation, management, and restoration of fish, wildlife and plant resources and habitat; ensure the biological integrity, diversity, and environmental health of refuges is maintained; define compatible wildlife- dependent recreation as appropriate general public use of refuges; establish hunting, fishing, wildlife observation and photography, and environmental education as priority uses; establish a formal process for determining compatible uses of refuges; and provide for public involvement in developing comprehensive conservation plans for refuges.
16 U.S.C. 668dd et seq.
Wikipedia: National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966
Cornell Law's US Code Collection - National Wildlife Refuge Administration Act


All these years, it was in a box 3,000 miles away.
In 1977, I was a second-semester freshman at The College Formerly Known as Glassboro State. My classmate/bandmate Joe Stewart and I made a student film titled "What Is Rock and Roll?" for our Film Theory and Technique class, which was taught by one Prof. Richard Grupenhoff, whose beard could only be called professorial.
The assignment was to make a film utilizing both non-synch and synch sound. Our film featured footage shot at the Philadelphia Spectrum and the Tower Theater (in Upper Darby, Pa.), and sound footage of my old band the Back Street Kids (though I do not appear in the film), performing "Purple Haze" in our cellar in suburban South Jersey.
I hadn't seen the film since those days. I never knew what became of it.
Lo and behold, another old college buddy, Doug Kirby (a video wizard and co-founder of the content-rich travel website roadsidemerica.com), randomly discovered it in a box about a week ago!
This is not just a digital transfer, but a restoration. (OK, it's not UCLA Film Archive level, but I love every scratch, and there are plenty.) The film was in pretty bad shape. Doug had his transfer guy do some re-splicing, after which Doug performed a bit of post-production magic.
"What is rock and roll, you ask? Go to a record store." The film opens with footage shot by Joe (who also narrated) at Sound Odyssey, a record store at the Cherry Hill Mall where he was on staff. It's kind of a flip-out seeing what appear to be iron-on T-shirt designs of Roger Daltrey next to the Fonz. Such was '77.
Gathering outside of the Spectrum was always a fun part of the ritual — meeting up, seeing Philly cops on horses and, later on, seeing the Rocky statue. This was shot on the chilly night of March 8, 1977, just prior to a show on Genesis' "Wind and Wuthering" tour. I was using an expensive movie camera signed out of GSC, which could have been confiscated at any moment.
I grabbed a quick shot of my gang. From left are Little Hippie, Zar, Bobby D (who all worked at the Continental Restaurant at the Echelon Mall, a scene of constant drudgery and occasional debauchery) and Ben (yep, the very same Rabbi Benjamin Sendrow who recently delivered a moving prayer at the behest of President Trump; read all about Ben HERE).
There it is: the Spectrum! Who didn't I see there? I caught the Rolling Stones, The Who, David Bowie, Pink Floyd, the Allman Brothers, Robin Trower, Blue Oyster Cult, the Electric Light Orchestra, Wishbone Ash, Deep Purple, Ian Hunter and Mick Ronson, Heart, the Kinks, Manfred Mann's Earth Band, Paul McCartney and Wings, George Harrison, Black Sabbath, Ted Nugent … even the Flyers once.
Joe shot Peter Gabriel (left) and Tom Verlaine with Television performing at the Tower. Meanwhile, at the Spectrum, I did something really precarious. When they turned on the smoke machine during Genesis' set, I bolted down to the front of the stage with that borrowed GSC camera and stole a sweet shot of Mike Rutherford playing a double-neck (right). I could have been ejected from the venue and lost the camera. Doug asked if there was more footage of Genesis on the "cutting room floor." I laughed and said nah, what you see is all I had.
The film ends with BSK doing the Jimi Hendrix song. Trying for the "Let It Be" effect, I filmed the band setting up and bantering. But the editing in that section was generally "in camera," so you hear the camera turn on and off. The song, of course, was shot in one long take. Above is my brother Brian Voger (left) on bass and the Bummahead (right) singing.
Here's Karch on guitar (left) and John Young on drums (right). Brian painted the Sha Na Na-influenced cartoons on the wall behind John Young. Y'know, all of these guys are still the best of friends and still sometimes play together.
"What Is Rock and Roll?" isn't genius, but it is a relic. It's been like a "Twilight Zone" episode to see the past again. Like seeing ghosts move, talk … and make music.


text:
Film as Theory
Madeleine Bernstorff
Winfried Pauleit
Olga Moskatova
Laurence A. Rickels
Film as Theory - Winfried Pauleit
For a long time we took it for granted that there is film as an art form, and that there is theory as a particular form of elaborated commenting on film.
This distinction is well established beyond the context of film studies, throughout the history of other arts (e.g. literature and fine art).
It is also related to a form of identity politics that we use to make sense of our selves, as part of a differentiated field of cultural practices.
In everyday communication we claim to make films, to be a film maker, or we claim to do theory, to be a theory person (or to be a film curator, to be a person who runs a cinema, or a film museum, etc.).
This distinction is also mirrored in different institutions: The humanities within the universities on the one hand and the art schools on the other, and their particular practices:
making pictures or other art works, versus writing academic texts.
These distinctions have been questioned, attacked, or crossed through from different positions during the last decades, and double identities became fashionable.
This is very roughly the context of my presentation.
What I would like to address is the very possibility that film itself can be theory – or can become theory.
That means: film itself arguing in place of a text.
If you look in the printed summary for this panel, the questions that follow this hypothesis read like that: (and I quote the text of the summary):
But what does "in place" of a text mean here?
What do film argumentation methods look like?
What are the connecting points between text-based theory and film theory that is not (any longer) a theory of film, but theory itself, albeit precisely as film? (etc.).
The rhetoric of these questions suggests answering them by looking at films – experimental films – commenting on them and describing their particular qualities as theory.
I will not follow this direction – at least not in the first place – because this path and setting would only reproduce the usual distinction of film (here) and theory (there), and may end up in mere speculation.
Rather, I suggest looking at the rhetoric of this claim that film can be theory or can become theory, and at the efforts and attempts that have already been undertaken in this direction.
Looking at these claims, there are three different models of understanding and describing the notion of "film as theory."
The first claim is that film – and particularly experimental film – can somehow equal theory, although bypassing the established system of a language-based theory.
You can find this claim very often as an implicit hypothesis or rather as a metaphorical description.
There are also elaborated arguments that follow that path.
With regard to experimental cinema, there is Edward Small's book Direct Theory: Experimental Film/Video as a Major Genre (1994).
With regard to the works of Jean-Luc Godard and Harun Farocki, and to "Essayfilm," there is Volker Pantenburg's book Film als Theorie. Bildforschung bei Harun Farocki und Jean-Luc Godard (Film as Theory: Image Research in the Work of Farocki and Godard, 2006).
The rhetoric of these arguments usually includes the point that there is a need for interpretation or translation of this sort of visual theory into language, for a better understanding.
As a consequence, these arguments often include this interpreting and translating, and their writers behave like advocates, and show or explain to their readers why and how particular films can be understood or perceived as theory.
(I hope that one can see the problematic issue of this claim.)
The second model of "film as theory" is a counter-position to the first one. It argues that film can be theory if it really makes proper arguments that are understandable without translation or comment.
As a consequence, the defenders of this position argue that film as theory has to be built on language.
You can find this position e.g. in Phillip Lopate's writing on essay-films (Totally, Tenderly, Tragically/In Search of the Centaur: The Essay-Film, 1998).
The argument of Lopate goes like this:
Stan Brakhage's Mothlight is a wonderful experimental film and an exceptional work of art. It has shifted our understanding of film in a fundamental way. However, it does not qualify as an essay or as theory, as it does not make any verbal argument.
One of the results of his research is that films very rarely make proper arguments.
We don't have to agree with Lopate.
But it is the aim of this congress to investigate the field of experimental films and their quality of thought, as well as their potential for theory. If one follows Lopate, one may argue that Michael Snow's film So is this makes language-based arguments within film, as well as Heinz Emigholz's A series of thoughts, where he is filming and discussing the work of El Greco.
The first and the second model are both built on the distinction between two areas that I described in my first remarks:
a distinction between image and word, art and theory, etc.
Both take it for granted, rely on it, but apply it differently.
In contrast to this, the third model changes the conditions under which film and theory are placed in a relationship to one another.
Various attempts have been made to suspend that particular distinction from the side of theory and philosophy:
E.g. the figure of the language game is an attempt that pushes theory towards aesthetic production.
The graphemes used in deconstruction build a similar figure.
Another attempt is the concept of the "image-text" developed by the visual theorist W. J. T. Mitchell, which tries to cross out the difference between text and image with this conceptual hybrid notion image-text. He postulates that the difference is a construction, and that each text includes aspects of an image, just as each image contains components of text. In brief: there are only hybrid forms.
All these attempts of the third model have been perforating our everyday understandings of film and theory for quite some time. They take a different methodological path as they do not only look for theory, or for the potential of theory in film.
Instead, they question our understanding of film and of theory in a fundamental way.
I hope that my sketch of these already existing different models can help to build the ground for a taxonomy of "film as theory" that allows us to distinguish various modes of talking and thinking film as theory.
I would like to talk about an example within this context – which may qualify as a fourth model of film as theory.
It does not equal theory, and it does not make verbal arguments. Its method may be similar to deconstruction, but it does not use texts but a whole film archive instead.
I'm talking about Christoph Keller's presentation of the Encyclopaedia Cinematographica, a research project founded in post-war West Germany.
I like to talk about this example, as it takes up a thread that came up in another panel discussion on Thursday.
In her response to Siegfried Zielinski, Gertrud Koch discussed the notion of "experiment." Experiment as a device of control and even torture, to cause nature to speak up.
Film recordings were often used to register scientific experiments, developing particular methods and dispositifs. Today, these experiments are no longer restricted to scientific laboratories. They also take place in the public sphere, and surveillance cameras are only one device of control amongst others.
Encyclopaedia Cinematographica was a scientific film project that sought to compile a comprehensive archive of all kinds of movement. The methodology of this project can be characterized as an attempt to structure movements into various distinguishable units of motion, for example, how an animal runs or a metal melts, and to create short films of each unit for research and teaching purposes, particularly in the natural sciences and ethnology.
The starting point of this project was animal movement, taking up earlier studies by Muybridge and Marey and extending them into the field of animal and human behavior. Founded in 1952, the film project came to a close in the 1990s. Encyclopaedia Cinematographica left behind a body of several thousand films
In 2001, part of the film archive Encyclopaedia Cinematographica was presented publicly in the form of an art exhibition. The artist Christoph Keller chose 40 exemplary films from the collection, inserted them into video loops and presented them as a video installation on 40 monitors in the space of Kunstwerke Berlin.
(photo/clip)
Keller's installation is coded differently, simply by transferring the scientific films to an art context. By producing loops he even followed a certain use that was the suggested by the scientists.
The installation shows animals as well as a particular setting of an experiment or a staged arrangement.
It also makes visible the implied film proof of natural laws, from which our understanding of animals and their behavior was derived for a long time.
I would even go so far as to say that in the off-screen of these films the ideologies of social Darwinism, including the Nazi interpretation of "racial hygiene" are inscribed.
These ideologies can be uncovered, studied, questioned, and
worked through while reading these images.
I think it is possible to take this installation as a further model for film as theory, a model that works differently.
I would suggest two ways to describe its function:
From the side of the spectator: reading these images may evoke theories from the collective memory and at the same time through the process of reading, the theories will be deconstructed almost automatically.
And from the side of production: this sort of video installation does a reframing of films. And the reframing also alters the frame for the theories connected to these films through cultural practices.
I would call this a counter-strike of picturing and therefore deconstructing theory.
Constanze Ruhm brought up similar practices referring to intertextuality in the TV series "Breaking Bad" on Thursday evening.
The strategy at work in Keller's installation also seems to be similar to the one that we can find in Isodore Isou's film Traité de Bave et d'Éternité. Although I have to admit that I'm skeptical about the title of this panel and the attempt to place Isou's film in the context of found footage and appropriation. I would rather call Izou's strategy a form of disappropriation or a sort of exorcism.
‹ (10) Film as Theory up Film as Theory - Olga Moskatova ›


Hailing from Richmond, VA Tuamie is one of the beat scene's brightest young talents. A true "head" and lover of records, Tuamie pride's himself on making beats with unidentifiable samples.
'Masta Killa' is no generic beat tape mind you. The album is full of house, soul, and African rhythms generating a feeling of mid 90's nostalgia while maintaining a contemporary sound. 'Masta Killa', considered a cult classic, and was Grand Garden's first cassette release and is available now for the first time on vinyl.
Multiple tracks from 'Masta Killa' were featured on Tuamie's 'The Gift Volume 4' (LP) release with DJ House Shoes' label, Street Corner Music.


text:
package com.microsoft.aad.taskapplication.helpers;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.Context;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.ArrayAdapter;

/**
 * Adapter to bind a WorkItemAdapter List to a view
 */
public class WorkItemAdapter extends ArrayAdapter<WorkItem> {

	/**
	 * Adapter context
	 */
	Context mContext;

	/**
	 * Adapter View layout
	 */
	int mLayoutResourceId;

	public WorkItemAdapter(Context context, int layoutResourceId) {
		super(context, layoutResourceId);

		mContext = context;
		mLayoutResourceId = layoutResourceId;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the view for a specific item on the list
	 */
	@Override
	public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {
		View row = convertView;

		final WorkItem currentItem = getItem(position);

		if (row == null) {
			LayoutInflater inflater = ((Activity) mContext).getLayoutInflater();
			row = inflater.inflate(mLayoutResourceId, parent, false);
		}

		row.setTag(currentItem);
//		checkBox.setText(currentItem.getTitle());
//		checkBox.setEnabled(true);

		return row;
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Category: Prescriptivism
Is twote the past of tweet?
September 14, 2022 Sacha Beniamine Comments 0 Comment
Have you ever encountered the form twote as a past tense of the verb to tweet? It is something of a meme on Twitter, and a live example of analogy (and its mysteries). However surprising the form may sound if you have never encountered it, it has been the prescribed one for a long time:
A little known fact – the past tense of Tweet is to Twote. This and more from the professor of Tweetology. http://t.co/wEXf4XJ #5years
— Twitter (@Twitter) March 16, 2011
Ten years later, the question popped up among a linguisty Twitter crowd, where a poll again elected twote as the correct form:
Past tense of "I tweet"?
— Emmett! (@WannabeLinguist) July 27, 2021
It is clear that this unusual form replacing tweeted is some sort of form, but why specifically twote? I saw here and there a reference to the verb to yeet, a slang verb very popular on the internet and meaning more or less "to throw". Rather than a regular form yeeted, the past for to yeet is often taken to be yote. The choice of an irregular form is probably meant to produce a comedic effect.
Yeet -> yote
Tweet -> twote
— DTM (Vacation mode) (@destiny_thememe) July 11, 2021
This, precisely, is analogical production: creating a new form (twote) by extending a contrast seen in other words (yeet/yote). Analogy is a central topic in my research. I have been trying to answer questions such as: How do we decide what form to use ? How difficult is it to guess? How does this contribute to language change?
But first, have you answered the poll?
Here at the SMG we need to know:
What do you think the past tense of 'I tweet' is?
— Surrey Morphology (@SurreySMG) September 7, 2022
What is the past tense of "to tweet"?
To investigate further why we would say twote rather than tweeted, I took out my PhD software (Qumin). Based on 6064 examples of English verbs1, I asked Qumin to produce and rank possible past forms of tweet2. To do so, it read through examples to construct analogical rules (I call them patterns), then evaluated the probability of each rule among the words which sound like tweet.
can we please conjugate "tweet" like "meet"
for example: yesterday, I twet
— Charlotte Moore-Lambert (@cavaticat) December 31, 2019
Qumin found four options3: tweeted (/twiːtɪd/), by analogy with 32 similar words, such as greet/greeted; twet (/twɛt/), by analogy with words like meet/met; tweet (/twiːt/) by analogy with words like beat/beat, finally twote (/twəˑʊt/), by analogy with yeet. Figure 1 provides their ranking (in ascending order) according to Qumin, with the associated probabilities.
Figure 1. Qumin's ranking of the probability for potential past forms of to tweet
As we can see, Qumin finds twote to be the least likely solution. This is a reasonable position overall (indeed, tweeted is the regular form), so why would both the official Twitter account and many Twitter users (including several linguists) prefer twote to tweeted?
speak / spoke
write / wrote
tweet / twote??
:///
— rax king (@RaxKingIsDead) August 31, 2018
But Qumin has no idea what is cool, a factor which makes yeet/yote (already a slang word, used on the internet) a particularly appealing choice. Moreover, Qumin has no access to semantic similarity, which could also play a role. Verbs that have similar meanings can be preferred as support for the analogy. In the current case, both speak/spoke and write/wrote have similar pasts to twote, which might help make it sound acceptable. Some speakers seem to be aware of these factors, as seen in the tweet above.
Is it twankt or twunkt? I'm thinking about the past-tense of tweet.
— Duncan Post (@BigDunkCan) September 1, 2022
What about usage?
Are most speakers aware of the variant twote and using it? Before concluding that the model is mistaken, we need to observe what speakers actually use. Indeed, only usage truly determines "what is the past of tweet". For this, I turn to (automatically) sifting through Twitter data.
A few problems: first, the form "tweet" is also a noun, and identical to the present tense of the verb. Second, "twet" is attested (sometimes as "twett"), but mostly as a synonym for the noun "tweet" (often in a playful "lolcat" style), or as a present verbal form, with a few exceptions, usually of a meta nature (see tweets below). I couldn't find a way to automatically distinguish these from past forms while also managing within the Twitter API limits. Thus, I left out both from the search entirely. This leaves only our two main contestants.
If it's not already been formally done, I should now like to declare the past tense of "tweet" to be "twet"
Today I "tweet", yesterday I "twet".
Hello? Webster? Funk and Wagnall?
Anybody there?
— Bob Valvano (@espnVshow) May 24, 2019
Today I tweet, yesterday I 'twet' 😂😂😂😂😂😂. https://t.co/JHJleKDicg
— Lij Tafari (@lijitimate) July 13, 2021
it is better to tweet and delete than to have never have twet at all
— Sylvie Borschel (@hellosylv) July 3, 2021
I extracted as many recent tweets containing tweeted or twote as Twitter would let me — around 300 000 tweets twotten between the 26th of August and the 3rd of September. 186777 tweets remained after refining the search4. Of these, less than 5000 contain twote:
Counts of tweets containing either of two possible pasts for the verb "to tweet" in the past few days on twitter (mentions excluded).
As you can see, the tweeted bar completely dwarfs the other one. However amusing and fitting twote may be, and despite @Twitter's prescription (but conforming with Qumin's prediction), the regular past form is by far the most used, even on the platform itself, which lends itself to playful and impactful statements. This easily closes this particular English Past Tense Debate. If only it were always this simple!
The English verb data I used includes only the present and past tenses, and is derived from the CELEX 2 dataset, as used in my PhD dissertation and manually supplemented by the forms for "yeet". The CELEX2 dataset is commercial, and I can not distribute it. [↩]
The code I used for this blog post is available here, but not the dataset itself. Note that for scientific reasons I won't discuss here, this software works on sounds, not orthography. [↩]
One last possibility has been ignored by this polite software, a form which follows the pattern of sit/sat. I see it used from time to time for its comic effect, but it does not seem at all frequent enough to be a real contestant (and I do not recommend searching this keyword on Twitter). [↩]
Since there has been a lot of discussion on the correct form, I exclude all clear cases of mentions. I count as mentions any occurrences wrapped in quotations, co-occurring with alternate forms, mentioning past tense, or with a hashtag. Moreover, with the forms in –ed, it is likely that the past participle would be identical, but for twote, the past participle could well be twotten. To reduce the bias due to the presence of more past participles in the usage of tweeted, I also exclude all contexts where the word is preceded by the auxiliary forms has, have, had, is, are, was, were, possibly separated by an adverb. [↩]
December 15, 2021 Steven Kaye Comments 2 comments
Recently, a friend of mine received an email saying that because of their hard work in difficult circumstances this year, he and his colleagues would all be "gifted" a few extra days off over Christmas. And the other day I saw someone else wondering on Facebook: 'when did the word "given" cease to exist, and why is everything "gifted" now?' So with the festive season fast approaching, it seems like a good time to ask: is there really something funny going on with the word gift?
Once you gift it a bit of thought, I don't think I am gifting anything away by pointing out that the verb to give is still very much with us. But the rise of a rival verb to gift, in some contexts where you'd expect to give, has been receiving attention for a while now: in recent years it has been discussed on National Public Radio in the US (The Season of Gifting) and in The Atlantic magazine ('Gift' is Not a Verb). Whether or not it bothers you personally, you may well have noticed the trend. The existence of gift as a noun is just a mundane fact of life, but apparently the corresponding verb gets people talking.
Now, nobody would be surprised to learn that English changes over time, or even that it has pairs of words that mean more or less the same thing… how much difference is there between liberty and freedom, or between little and small? And in fact, synonyms have an important role to play in language change. If we look back and notice that one expression has been replaced by another – a historical change in the vocabulary, as when the Shakespearian anon gave way to at once – then there must have been an intervening period when they were both around with pretty much the same meaning, and people had a choice of which one to use.
Does that mean that we do now find ourselves in the very early stages of a long historical process which will eventually result in to gift replacing to give altogether? If that's the case, in a few generations' time people will be saying things like 'Never gift up!' or 'Could you gift me a hand?'.
Frankly, my dear, I don't gift a damn
But whatever happens in the future, that clearly isn't the situation now. So if English often provides multiple ways of saying the same thing, why have people taken the coexistence of to give and to gift as something to get worked up about – and can linguistics shed any light on what is going on here?
One thing that makes this specific pairing stand out is that the two words are just so similar. Gift is obviously connected with give in the first place: that makes it easy to wonder why anyone would bother to avoid the obvious word, only to pick an almost identical one. Another factor (as the title of The Atlantic article makes clear) is the idea that gift is really a noun, and so people shouldn't go around using it as a verb.
But if we take a broader view, it turns out that what is happening with to gift is not out of the ordinary. Instead, it fits neatly with some things that linguists have already noticed about English and about language change more generally. For one thing, English is very good at 'using nouns as verbs' – which is why we can hammer (verb) with a hammer (noun), fish (verb) for fish (noun), and so on. So a verb gift, meaning 'give as a gift', goes well with what the language already does. What often happens is that when a new verb of this kind starts to take off, not all speakers are happy about it, but after a while it gains acceptance. For example, the twentieth century saw complaints about verbs-from-nouns such as to host, to access or to showcase, but they grate less on people nowadays.
You could even try hammering with a fish!
Ultimately, the ability to create words like this is just an 'accidental' fact about English, which also has various other ways of making verbs from nouns – for example, turning X into 'X-ify' (person-ify, object-ify) or 'be-X' (be-friend, be-witch). The bigger question may be: as we already have the verb give, why would anyone bother to make a verb gift in the first place, and why would it ever catch on? It might seem that by definition, a gift is something you give, so inventing a term meaning 'give as a gift' is pointless.
But that is not how things really are. Gifts are given, but that doesn't mean that everything that can be given counts as a gift: a traffic warden might give you a parking ticket and in return you might give him a piece of your mind, but the noun gift doesn't cover either of those things. Among other restrictions on its use, it is generally associated with positive feelings: if you give something as a gift, it is usually something tangible that you expect to be warmly received, and that carries over into the verb to gift itself.
This subtle difference between to give and to gift explains why for the moment it is impossible to gift someone a sidelong glance, or lots of extra work to do. But apparently it is becoming possible to gift an employee some time off, even though that is not a physical present that can be handed over and unwrapped. Evidently, the writer just felt like using a verb that sounded a bit more interesting and positive than to give, and the 'warmly received' part of the meaning was enough to outweigh the lack of any tangible object involved.
This is an example of something that happens all the time in language change. Naturally, while a word is still restricted in its use, it is more noticeable and interesting than a word you hear regularly. As a result, sometimes people decide to go for the less common word even where it doesn't quite belong, to achieve some kind of extra effect… but over time, this process makes the word sound less and less special, until it eventually becomes the new normal. We don't even need to look far to find this happening precisely to the word 'gift' in other languages: French donner 'give' is based on don 'gift', and it has totally wiped out the normal verb for give that 'should' have been inherited from Latin.
So if speakers and writers of English continue to chip away at the restrictions on gift as a verb, maybe one day it really will replace give altogether. Of course, that idea sounds totally outlandish at the moment – but then, I'm sure the ancient Romans would have thought much the same thing. You never know what will happen next: language change truly is the gift that keeps on giving!
What's the good of 'would of'?
September 12, 2018 Helen Comments 0 Comment
As schoolteachers the English-speaking world over know well, the use of of instead of have after modal verbs like would, should and must is a very common feature in the writing of children (and many adults). Some take this an omen of the demise of the English language, and would perhaps agree with Fowler's colourful assertion in A Dictionary of Modern English Usage (1926) that "of shares with another word of the same length, as, the evil glory of being accessory to more crimes against grammar than any other" (though admittedly this use of of has been hanging around for a while without doing any apparent harm: this study finds one example as early as 1773, and another almost half a century later in a letter of the poet Keats).
According to the usual explanation, this is nothing more than a spelling mistake. Following 'would', 'could' etc., the verb have is usually pronounced in a reduced form as [əv], usually spelt would've, must've, and so on. It can even be reduced further to [ə], as in shoulda, woulda, coulda. This kind of phonetic reduction is a normal part of grammaticalisation, the process by which grammatical markers evolve out of full words. Given the famous unreliability of English spelling, and the fact that these reduced forms of have sound identical to reduced forms of the preposition of (as in a cuppa tea), writers can be forgiven for mistakenly inferring the following rule:
'what you hear/say as [əv] or [ə], write as of'.
But if it's just a spelling mistake, this use of 'of' is surprisingly common in respectable literature. The examples below (from this blog post documenting the phenomenon) are typical:
'If I hadn't of got my tubes tied, it could of been me, say I was ten years younger.' (Margaret Atwood, The Handmaid's Tale)
'Couldn't you of – oh, he was ignorant in his speech – couldn't you of prevented it?' (Hilary Mantel, Beyond Black)
Clearly neither these authors nor their editors make careless errors. They consciously use 'of' instead of 'have' in these examples for stylistic effect. This is typically found in dialogue to imply something about the speaker, be it positive (i.e. they're authentic and unpretentious) or negative (they are illiterate or unsophisticated).
These examples look like 'eye dialect': the use of nonstandard spellings that correspond to a standard pronunciation, and so seem 'dialecty' to the eye but not the ear. This is often seen in news headlines, like the Sun newspaper's famous proclamation "it's the Sun wot won it!" announcing the surprise victory of the conservatives in the 1992 general election. But what about sentences like the following from the British National Corpus?
"If we'd of accepted it would of meant we would have to of sold every stick of furniture because the rooms were not large enough"
The BNC is intended as a neutral record of the English language in the late 20th century, containing 100 million words of carefully transcribed and spellchecked text. As such, we expect it to have minimal errors, and there is certainly no reason it should contain eye dialect. As Geoffrey Sampson explains in this article:
"I had taken the of spelling to represent a simple orthographic confusion… I took this to imply that cases like could of should be corrected to could've; but two researchers with whom I discussed the issue on separate occasions felt that this was inappropriate – one, with a language-teaching background, protested vigorously that could of should be retained because, for the speakers, the word 'really is' of rather than have."
In other words, some speakers have not just reinterpreted the rules of English spelling, but the rules of English grammar itself. As a result, they understand expressions like should've been and must've gone as instances of a construction containing the preposition of instead of the verb have:
Modal verb (e.g. must, would…) + of + past participle (e.g. had, been, driven…)
One way of testing this theory is to look at pronunciation. Of can receive a full pronunciation [ɒv] (with the same vowel as in hot) when it occurs at the end of a sentence, for example 'what are you dreaming of?'. So if the word 'really is' of for some speakers, we ought to hear [ɒv] in utterances where of/have appears at the end, such as the sentence below. To my mind's ear, this pronunciation sounds okay, and I think I even use it sometimes (although intuition isn't always a reliable guide to your own speech).
I didn't think I left the door open, but I must of.
The examples below from the Audio BNC, both from the same speaker, are transcribed as of but clearly pronounced as [ə] or [əv]. In the second example, of appears to be at the end of the utterance, where we might expect to hear [ɒv], although the amount of background noise makes it hard to tell for sure.
"Should of done it last night when it was empty then" (audio) (pronounced [ə], i.e. shoulda)
(phone rings) "Should of." (audio) (pronounced [əv], i.e. should've)
When carefully interpreted, writing can also be a source of clues on how speakers make sense of their language. If writing have as of is just a linguistically meaningless spelling mistake, why do we never see spellings like pint've beer or a man've his word? (Though we do, occasionally, see sort've or kind've). This otherwise puzzling asymmetry is explained if the spelling of in should of etc. is supported by a genuine linguistic change, at least for some speakers. Furthermore, have only gets spelt of when it follows a modal verb, but never in sentences like the dogs have been fed, although the pronunciation [əv] is just as acceptable here as in the dogs must have been fed (and in both cases have can be written 've).
If this nonstandard spelling reflects a real linguistic variant (as this paper argues), this is quite a departure from the usual role of a preposition like of, which is typically followed by a noun rather than a verb. The preposition to is a partial exception, because while it is followed by a noun in sentences like we went to the party, it can also be followed by a verb in sentences like we like to party. But with to, the verb must appear in its basic infinitive form (party) rather than the past participle (we must've partied too hard), making it a bit different from modal of, if such a thing exists.
She must've partied too hard
Whether or not we're convinced by the modal-of theory, it's remarkable how often we make idiosyncratic analyses of the language we hear spoken around us. Sometimes these are corrected by exposure to the written language: I remember as a young child having my spelling corrected from storbry to strawberry, which led to a small epiphany for me, as that was the first time I realised the word had anything to do with either straw or berry. But many more examples slip under the radar. When these new analyses lead to permanent changes in spelling or pronunciation we sometimes call them folk etymology, as when the Spanish word cucaracha was misheard by English speakers as containing the words cock and roach, and became cockroach (you can read more about folk etymology in earlier posts by Briana and Matthew).
Meanwhile, if any readers can find clear evidence of modal of with the full pronunciation as [ɒv], please comment below! I'm quite sure I've heard it, but solid evidence has proven surprisingly elusive…
Today's vocabulary, tomorrow's grammar
May 9, 2018 Helen Comments 1 comment
If an alien scientist were designing a communication system from scratch, they would probably decide on a single way of conveying grammatical information like whether an event happened in the past, present or future. But this is not the case in human languages, which is a major clue that they are the product of evolution, rather than design. Consider the way tense is expressed in English. To indicate that something happened in the past, we alter the form of the verb (it is cold today, but it was cold yesterday), but to express that something will happen in the future we add the word will. The same type of variation can also be seen across languages: French changes the form of the verb to express future tense (il fera froid demain, 'it will be cold tomorrow', vs il fait froid aujourd'hui, 'it is cold today').
The future construction using will is a relatively recent development. In the earliest English, there was no grammatical means of expressing future time: present and future sentences had identical verb forms, and any ambiguity was resolved by context. This is also how many modern languages operate. In Finnish huomenna on kylmää 'it will be cold tomorrow', the only clue that the sentence refers to a future state of affairs is the word huomenna 'tomorrow'.
How, then, do languages acquire new grammatical categories like tense? Occasionally they get them from another language. Tok Pisin, a creole language spoken in Papua New Guinea, uses the word bin (from English been) to express past tense, and bai (from English by and by) to express future. More often, though, grammatical words evolve gradually out of native material. The Old English predecessor of will was the verb wyllan, 'wish, want', which could be followed by a noun as direct object (in sentences like I want money) as well as another verb (I want to sleep). While the original sense of the verb can still be seen in its German cousin (Ich will schwimmen means 'I want to swim', not 'I will swim'), English will has lost it in all but a few set expressions like say what you will. From there it developed a somewhat altered sense of expressing that the subject intends to perform the action of the verb, or at least, that they do not object to doing so (giving us the modern sense of the adjective 'willing'). And from there, it became a mere marker of future time: you can now say "I don't want to do it, but I will anyway" without any contradiction.
This drift from lexical to grammatical meaning is known as grammaticalisation. As the meaning of a word gets reduced in this way, its form often gets reduced too. Words undergoing grammaticalisation tend to gradually get shorter and fuse with adjacent words, just as I will can be reduced to I'll. A close parallel exists in in the Greek verb thélō, which still survives in its original sense 'want', but has also developed into a reduced form, tha, which precedes the verb as a marker of future tense. Another future construction in English, going to, can be reduced to gonna only when it's used as a future marker (you can say I'm gonna go to France, but not *I'm gonna France). This phonetic reduction and fusion can eventually lead to the kind of grammatical marking within words that we saw with French fera, which has arisen through the gradual fusion of earlier ferre habet 'it has to bear'.
Words meaning 'want' or 'wish' are a common source of future tense markers cross-linguistically. This is no coincidence: if someone wants to perform an action, you can often be reasonably confident that the action will actually take place. For speakers of a language lacking an established convention for expressing future tense, using a word for 'want' is a clever way of exploiting this inference. Over the course of many repetitions, the construction eventually gets reinterpreted as a grammatical marker by children learning the language. For similar reasons, another common source of future tense markers is words expressing obligation on the part of the subject. We can see this in Basque, where behar 'need' has developed an additional use as a marker of the immediate future:
ikusi behar dut
see need aux
'I need to see'/ 'I am about to see'
This is also the origin of the English future with shall. This started life as Old English sceal, 'owe (e.g. money)'. From there it developed a more general sense of obligation, best translated by should (itself originally the past tense of shall) or must, as in thou shalt not kill. Eventually, like will, it came to be used as a neutral way of indicating future time.
But how do we know whether to use will or shall, if both indicate future tense? According to a curious rule of prescriptive grammar, you should use shall in the first person (with 'I' or 'we'), and will otherwise, unless you are being particularly emphatic, in which case the rule is reversed (which is why the fairy godmother tells Cindarella 'you shall go to the ball!'). The dangers of deviating from this rule are illustrated by an old story in which a Frenchman, ignorant of the distinction between will and shall, proclaimed "I will drown; nobody shall save me!". His English companions, misunderstanding his cry as a declaration of suicidal intent, offered no aid.
This rule was originally codified by Bishop John Wallis in 1653, and repeated with increasing consensus by grammarians throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries. However, it doesn't appear to reflect the way the words were actually used at any point in time. For a long time shall and will competed on fairly equal terms – shall substantially outnumbers will in Shakespeare, for example – but now shall has given way almost entirely to will, especially in American English, with the exception of deliberative questions like shall we dance? You can see below how will has gradually displaced shall over the last few centuries, mitigated only slightly by the effect of the prescriptive rule, which is perhaps responsible for the slight resurgence of shall in the 1st person from approximately 1830-1920:
Until the eventual victory of will in the late 18th century, these charts (from this study) actually show the reverse of what Wallis's rule would predict: will is preferred in the 1st person and shall in the 2nd , while the two are more or less equally popular in the 3rd person. Perhaps this can be explained by the different origins of the two futures. At the time when will still retained an echo of its earlier meaning 'want', we might expect it to be more frequent with 'I', because the speaker is in the best position to know what he or she wants to do. Likewise, when shall still carried a shade of its original meaning 'ought', we might expect it to be most frequent with 'you', because a word expressing obligation is particularly useful for trying to influence the action of the person you are speaking to. Wallis' rule may have been an attempt to be extra-polite: someone who is constantly giving orders and asserting their own will comes across as a bit strident at best. Hence the advice to use shall (which never had any connotations of 'want') in the first person, and will (without any implication of 'ought') in the second, to avoid any risk of being mistaken for such a character, unless you actually want to imply volition or obligation.
Words apart: when one word becomes two
March 28, 2018 Borja Herce Comments 0 Comment
As any person working with language knows, the list of words from which we build our sentences is not a fixed one but rather is in a state of constant flux. Words (or lexemes in linguists' terminology) are constantly being borrowed (such as 'sauté' from French), coined (such as 'brexit' from a blend of 'Britain' and 'exit') or lost (such as 'asunder', a synonym for 'apart'). These happen all the time. However, two more logical processes exist that can alter the total number of entries in the dictionary of our language. Occasionally, lexemes may also merge, if two or more become one; or split, if one becomes two. These more exotic cases constitute a window into the fascinating workings of the grammar. In this blog I will present the story of one of these splitting events. It involves the Spanish verb saber, from Latin sapiō.
The verb's original meaning must have been 'taste' in the sense of 'having a certain flavour', as in the sentence "Marmite tastes awful". At some point it also began to be used figuratively to mean 'come to know something', not only by means of the sense of taste but also for knowledge arrived at by means of other senses. It is interesting that in the Germanic languages it seems that it was sight rather that taste that was traditionally used in the same way. Consider, for instance, the common use, in English, of the verb 'see' in contexts like "I see what you mean", where it is interchangeable with 'know'. Whether the source verb can be explained by the differences between traditional Mediterranean and Anglo-Saxon cuisines I'd rather not suggest for fear of deportation.
In any case, what must have been once a figurative use of the verb 'taste' became at some point the default way of expressing 'know'. These are the two main senses of saber in contemporary Spanish and of its equivalents in most other Romance languages. The question I ask here is: do speakers of Spanish today categorize this as one word with two meanings? Or do they feel they are two different words that just happen to sound the same? There may be a way to tell.
In Spanish, unlike in English, a verb can take dozens of different forms. The shape of a verb changes depending on who is doing the action of the verb, whether the action is a fact or a wish etc. Thus, for example, speakers of Spanish say yo sé 'I know' but tú sabes 'you know'. They also use one form (so-called 'indicative') in sentences like yo veo que tú sabes inglés 'I see that you know English' but a different form (so-called 'subjunctive') in yo espero que tú sepas inglés 'I hope that you know English'. The Real Academia Española, the prescriptive authority in the Spanish language, has ruled that, because saber is a single verb, it should have the same forms (sé, sabes etc.) regardless of its particular sense. Speakers, however, have trouble to abide by this rule, which is probably the reason why the need for a rule was felt in the first place. My native speaker intuition, and that of other speakers of Spanish, is that the verb may have a different form depending on its sense:
Forms of Spanish saber (forms starting with sab– in light gray, forms starting with sep– in dark gray)
The most obvious explanation for why this change could happen is that, when the two main senses of saber drifted sufficiently away from each other, speakers ceased to make the generalization that they were part of the same lexeme. When this happened, the necessity to have the same forms for the two meanings of saber dissappeared. But, why sepo?
Because cannibalism is on the wane (also in Spain) we hardly ever speak about how people taste. As a result, the first and second person forms of saber (e.g. irregular sé) are only ever encountered by speakers under their meaning 'know'. Because of this, they do not count as evidence for language users' deduction of the full array of forms of saber₂. This meant that the first and second person forms of saber₂ 'taste', when needed (imagine someone saying sepo salado 'I taste salty' after coming out of the sea), had to be formed on the fly on evidence exclusive to its sense 'taste' (i.e. third persons and impersonal forms):
Because of the evidence available to speakers, at first sight it might seem strange that this 'fill-in-the-gaps' exercise did not result in the apparently more regular 1SG indicative form sabo. This would have resulted in a straightforward indicative vs subjunctive distinction in the stem. The chosen form, however, makes more sense when one observes the patterns of alternation present in other Spanish verbs:
Verbs that have a difference in the stem in the third person forms between indicative and subjunctive (cab- vs quep- or ca- vs caig-) overwhelmingly use the form of the subjunctive also in the formation of the first person singular indicative. This is a quirk of many Spanish verbs. It appears that, by sheer force of numbers, the pattern is spotted by native speakers and occasionally extended to other verbs which, like saber₂ look like could well belong in this class.
In this way, the tiny change from sé to sepo allows us linguists to see that patterns like those of caber and caer are part of the grammatical knowledge of speakers and are not simply learnt by heart for each verb. In addition, it gives us crucial evidence to conclude that, today, there are in Spanish not one but two different verbs whose infinitive form is saber. Much like the T-Rex in Jurassic Park, we linguists can sometimes only see some things when they 'move'.
What happened to whom (and why)?
January 31, 2018 Helen Comments 3 comments
Wh- words like which, whom and why get a lot of knickers in a twist, as attested by this oatmeal comic on when to use who vs whom, or the age-old debate about the correct use of which vs that (on which see this blog post by Geoffrey Pullum). But in Old English the wh- words formed a complete and regular system which would have been easy to get the hang of. They were used strictly as interrogative pronouns – words that we use for asking questions like who ate all the pies? – rather than relative pronouns, which give extra information about an item in the sentence (Jane, who ate all the pies, is a prolific blogger) or narrow down the reference of a noun (women who eat pies are prolific bloggers). They developed their modern relative use in Middle English, via reinterpretation of indirect questions – in other words, sentences like she asked who ate all the pies, containing the question who ate all the pies?, served as the template for new sentences like she knew who ate all the pies, where who functions as a relative.
Who ate all the pies? They did.
Originally, the new relative pronoun whom (in its Middle English form hwām) functioned as the dative case form of who, used when the person in question is the indirect object of a verb or after prepositions like for. For direct objects, the accusative form hwone was used instead. So to early Middle English ears, the man for whom I baked a pie would be fine, while the man whom I baked in a pie would be objectionable (on grammatical as well as ethical grounds). Because nouns also had distinct nominative, dative and accusative forms, the wh- words would have posed no special difficulty for speakers. But as English lost distinct case forms for nouns, the pronoun system was also simplified, and the originally dative forms started to replace accusative forms, just as who is now replacing whom. This created a two-way opposition between subject and non-subject which is best preserved in our system of personal pronouns: we say he/she/they baked a pie, but I baked him/her/them (in) a pie.
Thus hwone disappeared the way of hine, the old accusative form of he. Without the support of a fully-functioning case system in the nouns, other case forms of pronouns were reinterpreted. Genitive pronouns like my and his were transformed into possessive adjectives (his pie is equivalent to the pie of him, but you can no longer say things like I thought his to mean 'I thought of him'). The wh- words also used to have an instrumental case form, hwȳ, meaning 'by/through what?', which became an autonomous word why.
Although him and them are still going strong, whom has been experiencing a steady decline. Defenders of 'whom' will tell you that the rule for deciding whether to use who or whom is exactly the same as that for he and him, but outside the most formal English, whom is now mainly confined to fixed phrases like 'to whom it may concern'. For many speakers, though, it has swapped its syntactic function for a sociolinguistic one by becoming merely a 'posh' variant of who: in the words of James Harding, creator of the 'Whom' Appreciation Society, "those who abandon 'whom' too soon will regret it when they next find themselves in need of sounding like a butler."


Whew! The A to Z Challenge is over. As usual, I'm torn. I'm sad it's over. There were so many good posts, but I'm also glad it's over because I'm tired of reading so many good posts every day. I think all in all, I had about 50 blogs I was reading daily. I maybe cheated on two days because I was too tired. Even then, I ready 75% of the blogs in my feed.
This year, I feel a bit special too. I was a minion for the awesome C. Lee McKenzie, and I got featured quite a few times throughout the challenge.
Okay, so I had this all written out and it got deleted except for the bit above. I am so mad right now.
Anyways, I had a blast again. My posts went over really well. People loved the evil twists I threw at them. I gained new followers. Last year, I didn't see a jump in my followers, so that was nice. I approached replying to comments differently this year. Mostly because I was tired by the time I got around to it, and also so I didn't pad my comments with my replies. Since I was a minion, I was in charge of two blocks and every day I was introduced to new blogs that way, so I didn't visit the list as much as I did last year. Not sure return comments were as high as last year. I replied to 95% of the posts I read, so you'd think comments here would be higher. Page hits were high at least, so people were reading.
I'm going to wrap it up (again and this is why I'm annoyed about this being take two) with blogs I thought rocked the challenge.
Story Dam because, duh, it was the other blog I posted on.
Collin and Nick did 100 word flash fiction like I did. Those posts are the best.
My writing buddy, Melissa put together a fantasy super squad.
Sarah gave tips on naming our characters.
Nadine took us outside to her garden.
TD Harvey wrote some amazing flash fiction.
Ornery's Wife showcased her beautiful arts and crafts.
JH Moncrieff showed that life can be stranger than fiction.
And what sort of vampire junkie would I be if I didn't mention Timothy and vampires from around the globe.
Minioning for C. Lee was fun, wasn't it?
I know what you mean about reading so many good posts - good stuff, hard to have enough time.
Congrats on finishing A to Z!
It was lots of fun. I think we won best minions award. That's a thing, right?
I feel pretty much the same way--sad it's over but relieved to not have to look at so many blogs everyday anymore.
I think I saw a few comments from you.
Congrats! It sounds like you did an excellent job and with the minion duties as well. Your dark and twisted stories were a daily highlight for me. Thanks for the shout!
I'm glad my dark and twisted stories went over so well.
Glad you gained some new followers this year. Being a Minion does add a lot work, but it also gets you to visit new blogs.
The Linky List for the Reflections posts opens Monday morning - don't forget to add your link.
I really liked how it forced me to look at new blogs each day. I know last year looking at the list at times felt like real chore.
Thanks so much for the shout out, Patricia! I know what you mean about not having enough time to read...I think I'll be catching up for a while. :) And thanks for all your comments!
You're posts were informative and I bookmarked one for later reference.
There were a few times I gave answers to a person because they asked something, but it did cut down on time spent and let me comment on other blogs more. I thought it was the better idea because I don't know it doesn't seem like people subscribe to comments to see if the blog owner replies.
Yes, it was a blast. One year, I'm gonna get all my posts written before April hits!
This year, I had my posts written mid-March, but I didn't get them all scheduled early. Weebly has been having issues with scheduling, so it was a giant pain.
Congratulations! Your posts were awesome. It was a lot fun and I met some new blogger friends.
Thanks. I hopefully made new blogger buddies too.
I agree! Making time to do your own blog entry is one thing, finding time to read good posts is another. It is my first time doing this challenge and I must say it has made me appreciate blogging all the more with the discipline I have developed for this passion.
More powers to you! And thanks btw for dropping by at my site one time!
Congrats on doing your first challenge.
Wooohooo! We made it through to the Z. Congratulations!
Well, it was more like 1 1/3 blogs since the one I split duties with two others. There were a couple days I was just too tired to read a lot of posts. The short ones were a blessing on those days.
Patricia -- your stories were so creative. I really enjoyed them. It was great to meet you as a fellow minion.
Yea! we made it! I don't know how you kept up: Clones?
Sheer willpower? I mostly didn't want to get behind, so even when I was tired I still visited the blogs I was subscribed to.
I enjoyed your FF - it was great!
Thank you for the consistent visits and comments on my blog.
Thanks Michelle. You had great posts too and I rarely missed reading them. Maybe once I was too worn out.
super job with the challenge - loved your words! and i know some of those blogs, will have to check out the rest. there were a lot of good ones!
thanks for visiting me a ton! a great co-muffin!
Many ups and downs... runners who reached the line and finished, meeting and finding cool people like yourself makes it all worth it!!
I have just found you through your reflection. Sorry I didn't make it during April. The list is daunting as you know. I wish everyone gave themselves a designation. Because I am a writer I started with the (WR) folks, and still didn't make it. This was my 3rd year and in my own reflection I have some opinions about what works. I'm sure you agree that all the work is worth the pay off of finding blogs that are great examples of how to do or not do it. Glad we shared the experience this year.
Congratulations on completing the challenge! Thanks for your help behind the scenes too. Just meandering through from the Road Trip.
Loving your wordy theme :) I think it's really interesting seeing what everyone chose for their themes!


Using the same project, drag and drop a PictureBox control onto the default Form1 (see Figure 5).
Figure 5. Adding a PictureBox Control to Form1.
Press F5 to test the application. You can drag an image from Microsoft Word and drop it onto the PictureBox control, which will then display the image. Interestingly, dragging and dropping an image from WordPad does not cause the PictureBox control to display the image—but you'll see more about that later.
You need to write some code so that you can drag the image displayed in the PictureBox control to someplace else, such as another control or Microsoft Word (or WordPad).
Here, you use the DoDragDrop() method of the PictureBox control to copy the image displayed in the PictureBox control. The second parameter of this method indicates the type of drag operations that can occur (in this case it is either a move or copy operation).
You can call the DoDragDrop() method either in the MouseDown or the MouseMove event.
That's it! You can now drag and drop the image displayed in the PictureBox control to another control. But this time, you'll find that you can drag the image onto WordPad—but not into Microsoft Word.
You can drag a picture from Microsoft Word and drop it onto the PictureBox control. But you cannot drag and drop from WordPad.
When you try to drag the image from the PictureBox control onto Word, it does not accept the picture. But you can drag and drop the same image onto WordPad.
To understand why you can drop an image from Word but not from WordPad, you need to modify your application so that you can discover the exact data types that a drop operation passes to the PictureBox control.


Your hair might become thin for a variety of reasons. For example, your scalp hair might become thin as you grow older. Not to be outdone, your eyebrows might follow suit. Your eyebrows also can become thin if you're not gentle with them. For example, if you line your brows with an eyebrow pencil, be gentle. If you make it a habit of vigorously plucking, rubbing or scratching your eyebrows, hair in the area might fall out and never grow back. To remedy this situation, you might consider an eyebrow transplant.
Your hair might fall out if you're undergoing medical treatments or taking certain medications. For example, you might lose hair from your eyebrows, as well as from your eyelash and other areas of your body, if you're undergoing chemotherapy treatments. If you have an autoimmune illness, you might lose your hair. Autoimmune illnesses cause your body's immune system to attack parts of your body instead of protecting you from illnesses. For example, if you have alopecia areata, your immune system will attack your hair follicles and cause your hair to fall out.
Physical trauma also can cause you to lose your hair. For example, you might lose your eyebrows if you receive a burn in the area. You hair also can fall out if you're stressed. Simply being stressed can cause the hair to fall out on its own, or you might develop a habit of pulling your hair, or plucking at your eyebrows. Sometimes, if your situation changes, your hair might grow back on its own, but it might not come back at all. An eyebrow transplant might be necessary if you experience a trauma that causes you to lose your hair permanently.
Men and women can benefit from hair transplant services. Hair loss is just as common for women as it is for men, according to ABC News. Though men are often concerned about losing their hair, the worry for women might be stronger. When women lose their hair, they might also lose self-esteem and self-confidence. If you're a woman who is experiencing genetic hair loss, you might consider a female hair replacement procedure. This treatment can give you back a full head of hair, or full eyebrows, and thus, restore your self-esteem and confidence.
There's a proverb that states that your eyes are the windows to your soul. Well, if that's the case, your eyebrows are the frames, and it's likely that you want to have beautiful frames. At Puig Hair Restoration Center, we can expertly frame your eyes. If you're eyebrows are thin or if you don't have eyebrows, call us for a consultation for an eyebrow transplant that brings out the beauty in your eyes.


Art Wynwood VIP preview! What's in store for this weekend!
We welcome Mmmm Restaurant, to the neighborhood!
Sobe Promotions of of Wynwood!
Wynwood Mural Tours coming to the hood!
Miami Mana Production Village in Wynwood!!


text:
package com.defano.wyldcard.runtime.compiler;

import com.defano.hypertalk.exception.HtException;

public interface CompileCompletionObserver {

    /**
     * Invoked after a compile has completed.
     *
     * @param scriptText The text of the script that was compiled.
     * @param compiledScript The compiled Script object.
     * @param generatedError Any exception generated during the compile process, or null, if the compile succeeded.
     */
    void onCompileCompleted(String scriptText, Object compiledScript, HtException generatedError);
}


text:
Joseph-Marie Ndi-Okalla (Douala, 1957. november 21. –) kameruni római katolikus pap, a Mbalmayói egyházmegye megyéspüspöke.

Pályafutása
Joseph-Marie Ndi-Okalla filozófiai és katolikus teológiai tanulmányait a nkolbisoni szemináriumban, majd később a párizsi Séminaire des Carmes Katolikus Intézetében végezte. 1983. augusztus 13-án szentelték pappá.

A Párizs-Sorbonne Egyetemen és a Párizsi Katolikus Intézetben történelmet és társadalomismeretet tanult, ahol 1984-ben biblikus teológiai mester diplomát szerzett. Később, 1987-ben a Bonni Egyetemen doktorátust szerzett dogmatikából. Ezen kívül a St. Augustin Hittudományi Főiskolán missziológiai tanulmányokat folytatott. Ezt követően St. Germain-des-Prés plébánián káplánként szolgált.

2007-ben a Bécsi Egyetem vendégprofesszoraként tanított, illetve 2009-2011 között a Sacré-Cœur de Mokolo plébánián szolgált káplánként Yaoundéban. 2009-ben tanácsadóként vett részt a második rendkívüli Afrikáról szóló püspöki szinóduson Rómában. 2011-től a Közép-Afrikai Katolikus Egyetem helyettes rektora és a Kameruni Püspöki Konferencia hitoktatási testületi titkára.

Püspöki pályafutása
2016. december 27-én Ferenc pápa Mbalmayo püspökévé nevezte ki, majd 2017. február 28-án Piero Pioppo apostoli nuncius szentelte püspökké. Társszentelők: Adalbert Ndzana és Jean-Marc Aveline.

Jegyzetek

További információk
 Joseph-Marie Ndi-Okalla püspök Kamerunból érkezik Budapestre az 52. Nemzetközi Eucharisztikus Kongresszus előadójaként
 Bishop Joseph-Marie Ndi-Okalla, Catholic-Hierarchy

1957-ben született személyek
Kameruniak
Katolikus püspökök
Élő személyek
21. századi püspökök

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Cats are in Columbia for Today's Top 10
By Nick Roush | October 29, 2016 | 8:00am | 2
Before getting into the nitty gritty of this morning's game, allow me to set the scene.
Upon arriving in Columbia, Missouri, the first task at hand was retrieving my press and parking passes at the Hearnes Center, the former home of Mizzou men's basketball. I didn't expect anything miraculous from the arena, but I could not believe what I was seeing when my eyes gazed upon "The Zou." If the picture above from @UKFootball looks sad, it's because it is.
Farot Field at Memorial Stadium would be the worse SEC venue if not for Vanderbilt. Middle Tennessee was not intimidated last weekend because their stadium is similar. The only difference between WKU's football stadium and Missouri's is that Mizzou just finished a renovation two years ago to add more suites at the "Tiger Deck," yet it's still not dramatically more impressive than the team that just recently joined the C-USA.
I shouldn't hate too much. UK has fed off the stadium's energy in their two previous trips by playing with ZERO energy. They must bring it today.
I also would be doing a disservice to the fine people of the Show Me State if I didn't commend them for having a beautiful campus. With the athletic complex, campus, greek row and the quaint downtown all nearby, I could have easily been convinced to attend Mizzou.
1. Your Early Gameday Schedule
9:00 — KSR Pregame Show begins on 630 WLAP
9:45, 8:45 CT — The Cat Walk in Columbia at Gate 6W
10:00 — Freddie and Christi take over with the Countdown to Kickoff
12:00 — Kickoff on the SEC Network with Tom Hart, Andrew Ware and Cole Cubelic
2. Mizzou is Fragile
Mark Stoops was proud to proclaim earlier this week that his team is no longer fragile, able to handle all types of adversity. That is not the case with the Missouri Tigers. Mizzou is coming off a homecoming loss to Middle Tennessee State. Their only two wins this season were against Delaware State and Eastern Michigan. They won 12 games in 2013, 11 in '14 and only 5 in '15. They must win today for any hopes at postseason play. If Kentucky sprints out to an early lead, they will lose the crowd and likely their will to win.
3. Keeping up with the Tigers' Tempo
Under Gary Pinkel, the Tigers were known for their defense. Now, they have the league's worse defense. Their only way to win is through their uptempo offense, averaging around 80 plays a game. They will do their best to stretch out UK's defense and wear them down by running a play every 10 seconds. If the Cats can get them behind the chains with great first down defense, Mizzou will struggle. If not, the defense will rely on long possessions from the offense to give them time to catch their breath on the sidelines.
4. Today's Uniforms
The Cayts will be rocking the BEST uniform combination in their repertoire: blue helmets, white jerseys and blue pants.
5. One Hell of a Preview of the Cayts
I'm surprised this magazine didn't spell Cats with a "y." KSR fan @christie98 picked up this magazine at her Columbia hotel, only to discover that Maxwell Smith and Mikel Horton would hold Kentucky's keys to victory.
6. NBA Cats in Action
Saturdays are for the Boys and College Football, but with the NBA League Pass' free trial still underway, you can watch over a dozen former Cats tonight, highlighted by the nightcap in Sacramento.
7:00 — Boston (James Young) at Charlotte (Aaron Harrison & MKG)
7:30 — Memphis (Andrew Harrison) at New York Knicks
7:30 — Orlando at Cleveland (DeAndre Liggins)
8:00 — Indiana at Chicago (Rajon Rondo)
8:00 — New Orleans (Anthony Davis & Terrence Jones) at San Antonio
9:00 — Portland at Denver (Jamal Murray)
10:30 — Minnesota (Karl-Anthony Towns) at Sacramento (Boogie, WCS & Skal)
7. The Thriller Parade is Tonight in Lexington
Tonight at 8:00, the Thriller music video will be relived by thousands, starting at the Kentucky Theater with zombies crawling down Main Street to the Pavilion. Deciding to partake in the annual tradition is one of the best decisions I've ever made. You would not believe how scared little kids get when they see a 6'6″ cowboy zombie. You were supposed to register in advance, but if you know the dance and how to put on makeup, you won't be turned away.
8. High School Football Scores
Belfry 21, Johnson Central 16
Shelby County 33, South Oldham 32
PRP 42, Central 3
Ballard 31, Doss 20
E-Town 51, Glasgow 30
Harlan County 48, Bell County 12
Lex Cath 23, Southwestern 22
Beechwood 42, Newport Central Catholic 14
9. Game Four at Wrigley
The Cubbies let one get away last night, falling 1-0 in their first World Series game at Wrigley since World War II. They get the chance to even the series tonight at 8:08('s and Heartbreaks).
10. Today's College Football Schedule and Scoreboard
2 Comments for The Cats are in Columbia for Today's Top 10
ChuckHayesIsAFullGrownMan
10:09 am October 29, 2016 Permalink
I thought the "worse" / "worst" mistake was a typo, but then it happened again a few paragraphs later. Wow.
Nick, I have a serious question….what exactly do your parents tell their friends that you do?


"Petite dress by Chi Chi London Petite, Lightweight woven fabric, Sweetheart neck, Tie straps, Zip-back fastening, Regular fit - true to size, Hand wash, 100% Polyester, Our model wears a UK 8/EU 36/US 4 and is 163cm/5'4" tall, Exclusive to ASOS. Chi Chi London are your go-to girls when it comes to dressing up. Whether you're a prom queen, party princess or bridesmaid, Chi Chi London Petite scales down its occasionwear to perfect proportions to bag you that best-dressed crown."


What happens in Brazil, stays in Brazil (probably). The problems of the Brazilian president are domestic in nature, and there is no real economic reason for contagion to other emerging markets. US politics has a more global impact, of course, with the rhetoric being ramped up about the "witch hunt" or "independent investigation".
The renegotiation of NAFTA was formally initiated with Congress being informed that discussions start in August. There is, inevitably, uncertainty about the outcomes. Presidential power over trade is near absolute when destructive, and substantially limited when constructive; the president can tear up trade agreements, but negotiating a new deal needs Senate approval.
German producer price inflation was slightly stronger than expected – as evidence of rising pricing power by German companies, and a possible response to the tightness of the labor market and its impact on cost pressures. Of course, this is but one divergent province in the disparate Euro empire.
The Fed's Bullard speaks, but Fed policy has been rather under-Tweeted about recently. The idea of a rate rise next month has fluctuated with the data, but the hard data remains good and the soft data is largely meaningless noise.


What would your business do if you couldn't access your normal work places? Unexpected events like floods and fire will stop your employees unable to do their jobs. Cyber attacks can also result in your IT systems being down for days. How can your business continue to work?
This is where business continuity can help your business by giving you a virtual office so your employees can continue to work no matter what happens.
When your business experiences downtime for any reason you cannot conduct business as usual and when your businesses can't conduct business as usual, you will lose money.
A business continuity solution ensures your business can quickly get back on your feet after a disaster, so you can keep on working and avoid losing money due to extended downtime.
If you can't access your business systems and you can't serve your customers or clients, that downtime could jeopardise their business by convincing them to defect to your businesses competitors.
A business continuity solution will help your business avoid losing customers or clients to your competition by ensuring you are always able to serve your customers or clients.
Businesses are subject to important industry regulations and other legal requirements. These laws require businesses to closely safeguard and retain sensitive digital information for immediate access at all times.
A business continuity solution ensures your business does not have to worry about compliance violations and legal issues related to data loss and downtime.
We'll work with you to put together a business continuity plan so your business can recover quickly from any event that stops your business from working. We work with your business to enhance your emergency procedures to make sure they are always the best option for you and that they are fully tested.
Using our Cloud software you will still be able to access your servers, even if you can't access your office or normal place of work. The virtual office gives you the ability to manage software (SaaS), platforms and infrastructure through the cloud.
We continuously back up your data both on site, and to our cloud server. Your business can continue working from these backups whilst we restore your data back onto your main server. We regularly check that all backups are working so in an emergency you can rest assured your data can still be accessed.
We have partnered with a number of industry-leading Business Continuity vendors such as Datto.
Talk to us about Business Continuity, Disaster Recovery and Backup and find out how we can help.


What a success! We had over 80 people attend the FIN Resource Fair on April 29. We had over a dozen service providers tabling and several inspiring speakers, whose stories you can read in this month and July's spotlights. Check out the photo album that Community Advocate Sheelan Shamdeen put together.
We heard a lot of great feedback and are excited to say that there are many new events in the works for the second half of 2016. We will be coordinating workshops among the FIN providers and organizing field trips to local businesses and farmer's markets. Stay tuned for more!