2004-10-12 Assigned to ANTARES PHARMA, INC. reassignment ANTARES PHARMA, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BREMSETH, DAVID L., LESCH, JR., PAUL R., SADOWSKI, PETER L.
An injection device that comprises a chamber configured for containing a substance to be injected and a needle operatively associated with the chamber and having a length sufficient to deliver the substance to an intradermal injection site. A collar surrounds the needle, defining a collar cavity. The collar also has a peripheral forward skin-contacting surface that surrounds and is radially spaced from the needle and injection site by an area that is sufficiently large to allow a patient's skin to move into the collar cavity to properly position the needle for intradermal delivery of the substance to the injection site to allow spread of the injected substance under the skin while inhibiting or preventing backpressure within the skin from forcing the substance out through the injection site.
This application is a continuation of PCT/US03/03917 filed Feb. 11, 2003, which claims priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/355,926 filed Feb. 11, 2002, the content of which applications is expressly incorporated herein by reference thereto.
The present invention relates to a injection device. More particularly, the invention relates to an intradermal injector to minimize bubbling or blistering of the skin during injection.
It has been found that intradermal delivery of certain substances and vaccines is more effective than when it is delivered intramuscularly. While traditional jet injectors are known for injecting a substance intradermally, they are not capable of properly providing an intradermal injection.
Jet injectors utilize the stream of the injected substance to overcome the resistance of the skin to penetration. This high velocity stream of substance then also constitutes the substance to be delivered. Traditional jet injectors require high energy to penetrate the top layers of the skin which provide most of the resistance. Providing sufficient power for such penetration and then depositing the material to be injected just under the surface skin layer, such as what is required for an intradermal injection is challenging. An injection weak enough to administer the material intradermally may be so weak that not all the substance is delivered as the skin surface is not completely penetrated by the jet. An injection may be to sufficient to deliver the entire substance but so strong that most of the injected substance is delivered much deeper than the superficial layers of the skin.
Traditional needle injection methods aimed at delivering a substance intradermally also suffer from major shortcomings. They require a lot of skill on the part of the person delivering the injection as careful placement of the needle as part of the insertion process is required. Injecting the substance to fast from a traditional device by pushing on substance being pushed back out of the injection hole once the needle is removed. The patient is not comfortable during what seems like a long injection due to the desire to deliver the injected substance slowly to prevent the substance from coming back out of the injection site. Thus improvements in intradermal injectors are needed.
The invention relates to an injector, which is preferably an intradermal injection device. A preferred embodiment of the injector includes a chamber configured for containing a substance to be injected. A needle is operatively associated with the chamber and has a length sufficient to deliver the substance to an intradermal injection site. A collar surrounds the needle and defines collar cavity. The collar has a peripheral forward skin-contacting surface that surrounds and is radially spaced from the needle and injection site by an area that is sufficiently large to allow a patient's skin to move into the collar cavity to properly position the needle for intradermal delivery of the substance to the injection site and to allow spread of the injected substance at the injection site so as to inhibit or prevent backpressure causing the injected substance to flow out of the hole created in the skin by the needle after the injection. An energy source preferably is associated with the needle to assist in delivering the substance to the injection site. The preferred energy source is configured to provide an injection assisting pressure of between about 50 and 300 psi to the substance.
In this embodiment, the collar has a circular peripheral surface and an internal diameter of about 4 mm to 7 mm, and the skin-contacting surface of the collar is discontinuous. The skin-contacting surface can define discontinuity gaps, with the skin-contacting surface and gaps together defining a closed shape. The skin-contacting surface preferably occupies at least about 50% of the closed shape. Additionally, the closed shape is preferably rounded, but may alternatively be given other suitable shapes. A preferred shape is circular, and the discontinuity gaps preferably are substantially equally spaced along the shape, more preferably with at least two substantially equally sized continuous portions separated by the discontinuity gaps. The preferred needle is configured so that the distal, delivery end thereof is disposed within about 0.5 mm of the forward end of the skin-contacting surface.
The invention also relates to a method of intradermal administration of a substance. In the preferred method, a substance is delivered to an intradermal injection site through a needle while contacting the skin with a surface that is spaced from the needle by an area surrounding the needle and injection site. The area is sufficiently large to allow the substance to be intradermally injected without causing back pressure at the injection site in the patient's skin to force any substantial amount of the injected substance out of the needle hole. The delivery of the substance is preferably assisted by applying a pressure to the substance, preferably about between 50 and 300 psi. The needle can be moved from a retracted position to an extended position in which the needle is exposed for injecting the substance into the patient by drivingly associating a pressurized gas source therewith, the gas can be vented when the substance is injected, and the needle can be biased with a resiliently deformed resilient member to retract the needle when the gas is vented.
The needle of one injector embodiment has a retracted position, which can be within the injector body, and also has an extended position, in which the needle is disposed for penetrating a patient and injecting the substance. A resilient needle cap covers the sharp needle end and is disposed and configured such that the cover is resiliently deformed with the needle in the extended position for biasing the needle from the extended position towards the retracted position.
Preferably, the needle is disposed for piercing the cap when moved from the retracted position to the extended position. Additionally, one embodiment has a gas chamber containing a compressed gas and a plunger biased by the compressed gas with respect to the substance to be delivered, for forcing the substance through a delivery conduit, such as a needle, for the injecting of the substance. The plunger and the gas chamber are associated such that once the plunger is moved to a predetermined position to inject a predetermined amount of the substance, the compressed gas is released from the gas chamber to allow the cap or other resilient member used to retract the needle.
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the injector of FIG. 1 during the firing thereof.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the outer housing 10 includes a preferably elongated and cylindrical body 12 with proximal and distal ends 14, 16. As used with respect to the embodiments in this application, the term "distal" designates the end or direction toward the front of injector, and the term "proximal" designates the end or direction toward the rear of the injector. A needle opening 18 is disposed at the forward or distal end of the housing 10 and is configured and dimensioned for receiving an injection needle that extends from the interior of the housing.
A trigger assembly 24 is preferably disposed at the proximal end 14, although in other embodiments is disposed in other portions of the injector, including at the distal end. The trigger assembly 24 includes a button 26, which is depressible into the housing 10, preferably axially, to fire the injector. The trigger assembly 24 preferably includes a safety lock to selectively prevent the injector from firing. In the embodiment shown, safety lock 28 is constructed as part of the button 26, and can be rotated axially between locked and unlocked positions to prevent or allow firing of the injector, respectively.
The button 26 is associated with a firing latch that retains a firing member in a loaded position. The firing member preferably comprises a firing cylinder 30, which is shown in the loaded position in FIG. 1. The preferred firing cylinder 30 is substantially cylindrical, with large and small diameter sections both in the interior bore 32 and also on exterior thereof, although other embodiments have a single inner and outer diameter or other shapes.
Firing cylinder bore 32 receives piston 34, which is preferably fixed to the outer housing 10. The piston 34 is received in the cylinder bore 32 preferably in leak tight association to retain a sufficient amount and pressure of compressed gas in a gas chamber 36, defined between the bore 32 and piston 34, to fire the injector. The compressed gas can be provided in a compressed state or can be a product of a reaction of a gas generator therein, such as one activated upon firing of the injector. A seal 38, such as an o-ring, is preferably disposed in a groove 40 on the piston to seal the gas in the gas chamber 36. A preferred gas in carbon dioxide, although other suitable gases can be used. Alternative embodiments employ different energy sources to fire the injector, such as coil springs.
A plunger 42 is disposed ahead of the firing cylinder 30 and operatively associated therewith so that the firing cylinder 30 forces the plunger 42 in a distal direction when the injector is fired. The plunger 42 is received within a medicament cartridge 44, which preferably contains a medicament, but alternatively contains another suitable fluid. As shown in FIG. 1, the plunger 42 is disposed in a large diameter portion 46 of the medicament cartridge 44.
A hollow injection needle 48 is open to the interior of the medicament cartridge 44, and is preferably fixed thereto with a proximal sharp end 50 protruding into the interior of the cartridge, and a distal sharp end 52 protruding beyond the medicament cartridge 44 in alignment with the needle opening 18. In the preferred embodiment, the proximal sharp end 50 of the needle 48 is disposed distally from shoulder 54, which separates the large diameter portion 46 from a narrow diameter portion 56 and is configured to stop the motion of the plunger 42 in the distal direction upon contact therewith.
A stopper 60 is disposed in the medicament cartridge 44, preferably in the narrow portion 56. The stopper 60 seals a medicament chamber 58, which, in the loaded position shown, is defined between the plunger 42 and the stopper 60 within the medicament cartridge 44, in the large diameter portion 58. Also, in the loaded position, the stopper 60 separates the medicament chamber 58 from the needle 48.
A needle cap 62 is disposed around the needle 48, preferably between the needle 48 and the needle opening 18, surrounding the front of the distal sharp end 52. The embodiment shown has the needle cap 62 fitted to a needle holder extension 64 of the medicament cartridge 44. The needle cap 62 is preferably sufficiently resilient to bias and retract the cartridge 44 and needle 48 in a proximal direction, towards the proximal end 14. An alternative embodiment has a needle cap that is mounted outside of the outer housing. This alternative embodiment preferably has a resilient element to bias the cartridge and needle in a proximal direction.
Referring to FIGS. 1-4, a collar 20 preferably surrounds the needle opening 18 on the outside of the outer housing 10. A collar cavity 22 is defined within the collar 20, and is preferably substantially coaxial therewith and with the needle opening 18. The collar 20 has a peripheral skin-contacting surface 66 that surrounds and is radially spaced from the needle 48 and needle opening 18. This spacing, as well as the axial depth of the collar cavity are selected to space the skin-contacting surface 66 from the injection site by an area that is sufficiently large to allow a patient's skin to move into the collar cavity 22 to properly position the needle for intradermal delivery of the substance to the injection site, preferably without causing a blister or bubble in or under the patient's skin, and to allow spread of the injected substance under the skin while inhibiting or preventing backpressure within the skin from forcing the substance out through the injection site.
The configuration of the injector collar 20 affects the intradermal placement of the injected substance or medicament. If the collar 20 and collar cavity 22 is too small in diameter, the substance can be injected in the form of a blister or bubble that will stretch the outer layer of skin like a balloon. When the injector is removed, the substance can immediately exit the bubble through the needle hole, thus losing some or all of the substance from the injection. The preferred skin-contacting surface 66 is configured to reduce or eliminate this blistering or bubbling effect.
The preferred collar 20 and skin-contacting surface 66 have a closed shape and are rounded, such as having a circular or generally oval perimeter that contacts the patient's skin. In the embodiment of FIGS. 1-4, this perimeter is circular. For most vaccine injections made on the arms or legs of a person, a diameter of at least about 4 mm is desired. Diameters about between 2 mm and 10 mm are preferred, and generally, diameters of about between 4 mm and 7 mm are most useful, depending upon the substance to be injected.
In the preferred embodiment, the collar 20 and skin-contacting surface 66 are discontinuous and define discontinuity gaps 68 that divide the skin-contacting surface 66. The skin-contacting surface 66 is disposed surrounding the needle opening 18, preferably occupying angularly at least about 50%, and more preferably at least about 65% and at most about 90%, of a phantom closed, continuous shape surrounding needle opening 18 that is defined by the combination of the skin-contacting surface 16 and the gaps 68. The preferred collar 20 defines two, three, or more gaps 68, or cutout portions of the collar 20, while leaving sufficient surface area of the skin-contacting surface 66 to properly position the injector on the skin of the patient without causing discomfort and while providing sufficient contact to stretch the skin to enable correct placement of the injection. When the collar 20 or skin-contacting surface 66 is circular, it is preferred to provide substantially equal amounts of removed areas or gaps 68 in positions that are equally spaced around the periphery of the collar 20. An alternative embodiment has a substantially continuous collar with no gaps. The preferred collar 20 has an outer wall 67 with a rounded cross-section, and a substantially flat and axial inner wall 69, and which is preferably disposed at an angle of less than about 20° from the axis. In other embodiments, all walls can be rounded, all flat, or the inner wall can be rounded and the outer wall flat, depending on the intended use.
In another embodiment, a smaller diameter circular or oval collar can be utilized, with a discontinuous skin-contacting surface. This can be achieved by arranging spaced portions of the surface, or by removing portions of the surface. This lessens the force of the collar on the skin to allow the injection to be properly placed between the dermal layers. One desirable arrangement is an evenly divided circular collar that has two equal sized halves of about 7 mm outer diameter with an internal opening of about 4 mm. Another embodiment has an oval collar divided along its major or minor axis, or along both. The embodiment of FIGS. 5 and 6 has a collar 70 that defines an oval collar cavity 72 divided along its minor axis, although the outside of the collar has a substantially circular shape. Thus, the thickness of collar 70 varies along its periphery.
The skin-contacting surface is configured to contact the skin, as its name implies. The gaps are configured to release pressure at specific locations on the skin, and preferably to remain of contact with the skin when the injector is pressed against the skin for the injection. In the embodiment shown, the skin-contacting surface 66 is substantially planar, although other suitable shapes can be used.
With reference to FIGS. 1 and 7, to use the injector, the collar 20 is placed against a user's skin 78, which enters the collar cavity 22. The button 26 is depressed, which causes the latch to release the firing cylinder 30. The compressed gas in the gas chamber 36 acts against the piston 34 and firing cylinder 30 to bias and move the firing cylinder 30 distally, as shown in FIG. 7. The firing cylinder 30 in turn forces the plunger 42 distally, which biases the fluid in the medicament chamber 58 and the medicament cartridge 44, which compresses the needle cap 62 against distal wall 74 of the outer housing 10. The needle 48 is thus moved from the retracted position shown to an extended position through the needle opening 18, into the collar cavity 72, and a predetermined distance into the user's skin 78. As piston 42 travels in the distal direction, it moves the fluid in the medicament chamber 58 distally, causing the stopper 60 to move distally as well. The stopper 60 is then pierced by the proximal end 50 of the needle 48, placing the interior of the needle 48 and the medicament chamber 58 in fluid communication. Continued distal movement of the plunger 60 injects the fluid through the needle 48 into the user's skin.
The firing cylinder 30 and the piston 34 are preferably configured to release he compresses gas from the gas chamber 36. In the embodiment shown, the length of the firing cylinder 30 and the piston are selected so that beveled portion 76 at the proximal side of the firing cylinder 30 is disposed past the seal at the distal side of the piston 34, releasing the seal and letting the compressed gas escape. When the gas escapes, reducing the pressure within the gas chamber 36, the resilient needle cap 62, or an alternative spring used, retracts the medicament cartridge 44 and needle 48 in a proximal direction, back into the housing 10. This arrangement can also be used for firing and releasing gas pressure from an energy source in a jet injector.
In the extended position, the needle 48 can be disposed towards the proximal or distal sides of the forward end of the skin-contacting surface 66 or substantially flush therewith, depending on the intended use. In one preferred embodiment, the needle 48 is disposed at most about 1 mm behind or proximally from the forward end of the skin-contacting surface 66 and more preferably at most about 0.5 mm, and at least about flush therewith and more preferably at least about 0.2 mm proximally therefrom. In another preferred embodiment, the needle 48 is disposed at most about 1 mm ahead of or distally from the forward end of the skin-contacting surface 66 and more preferably at most about 0.5 mm, and at least about flush therewith and more preferably at least about 0.2 mm or 0.3 mm distally therefrom. One flush embodiment has the needle 48 in the extended position disposed between about 0.2 mm to either side of the forward end of the skin-contacting surface 66, more preferably within 0.1 mm, and most preferably within about 0.05 mm or better. In one embodiment, the position of the distal end of the 48 with respect to the skin-contacting surface 66 and the shape and size of the collar 20 and skin-contacting surface 66 are selected so that the injection depth into the patient at the injection site is around 0.2 inches.
The fluid substance to be delivered is preferably a solution, and more preferably a vaccine in liquid form. As noted above, it has been found that the intradermal delivery of a vaccine is more effective than when it is delivered intramuscularly. Relatively small amounts are administered, typically on the order of about 50 microliters, although the device can be designed to administer between about 25 and 100 microliters.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, a jet spray is not necessary, but may be used in an alternative embodiment. The preferred intradermal injection of the substance is assisted by a low pressure. While this pressure varies depending upon the length of the needle protruding from the injection device, a range of pressures between about 50 and 300 psi is generally sufficient to properly administer the substance to the desired position and location. In embodiments intended to inject the fluid no further than the dermis, high pressures that inject the substance below the dermis rather than between dermal layers, such as those obtainable by conventional needle free injection devices, should be avoided or else the substance will be placed too deeply, thus defeating the purpose for the intradermal injection. Preferably, the pressure assisted injection is made at pressures of between 65 and 250 psi, more preferably between 75 and 150 psi.
This pressure is easily achieved in a device that includes an energy source, such as a coil spring, gas propellant, or a gas spring such as described above. The collar may even be provided on a syringe with the pressure being provided by the strength of the user's thumb in depressing a plunger by a predetermined distance which corresponds to the delivery of the desired amount of substance. The collar assures that the needle is positioned appropriately so that the substance is delivered properly to the desired location.
In one embodiment, the injection device includes a housing with a skin contacting collar at a distal end of the injector; a retractable injection-assisting needle at a distal end of the injector; a fluid chamber having an opening for slidingly receiving at least a portion of the needle; a plunger movable in the fluid chamber; a trigger assembly; and a energy source operatively associated with the trigger assembly so that movement of the trigger assembly activates the energy source to move the plunger in a first direction to expel a fluid from the fluid chamber. The retractable injection-assisting needle has a needle tip located at a distal end of the needle and a discharge channel within the needle tip terminating in an orifice through which the fluid is expelled. The needle is located within the housing in a retracted position prior to activation of the energy source. Movement of the plunger in the first direction upon activation of the energy source results in at least a portion of the needle moving forward into the skin contacting collar to a needle insertion point, and expelling fluid through the needle tip and past the needle insertion point to a needle injection site. The needle insertion point is located at the needle tip, and the needle injection site is distal to the needle tip. The retraction element returns the needle tip to the retracted position inside the housing after activation of the energy source.
Other suitable injection devices that can be modified to include a collar with a skin-contacting surface are described in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/779,603, filed on Feb. 9, 2001, the content of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference thereto.
While illustrative embodiments of the invention are disclosed herein, it will be appreciated that numerous modifications and other embodiments may be devised by those skilled in the art. For example, the discontinuity gaps in the collar may be other than sheer cutouts from the collar. The collar may have protruding portions and adjacent recessed portions, which are the gaps and which may have a continuous surface with the protrusions around the perimeter and shape followed by the collar. Therefore, it will be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and embodiments that come within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
a collar surrounding the needle and defining a collar cavity, the collar having a peripheral forward skin-contacting surface that surrounds and is radially spaced from the needle and injection site by an area that is sufficiently large to allow a patient's skin to move into the collar cavity to properly position the needle for intradermal delivery of the substance to the injection site to allow spread of the injected substance under the skin while inhibiting or preventing backpressure within the skin from forcing the substance out through the injection site.
2. The injection device of claim 1, further comprising an energy source associated with the needle to assist in delivering the substance to the injection site.
3. The injection device of claim 2, wherein the energy source is configured to provide an injection assisting pressure of between about 50 and 300 psi to the substance.
4. The injection device of claim 1, wherein the collar has a circular peripheral surface and an internal diameter of about 4 mm to 7 mm.
5. The injection device of claim 1, wherein the skin-contacting surface of the collar is discontinuous.
6. The injection device of claim 5, wherein the skin-contacting surface defines discontinuity gaps, the skin-contacting surface and gaps together defining a closed shape about the needle, wherein the skin-contacting surface occupies at least about 50% of the closed shape.
7. The injecting device of claim 6, wherein the closed shape is rounded.
8. The injection device of claim 7, closed shape is circular.
9. The injection device of claim 5, wherein the discontinuity gaps are substantially equally spaced along the shape.
10. The injection device of claim 5, wherein the skin-contacting surface has at least two substantially equally sized continuous portions separated by the discontinuity gaps.
11. The injection device of claim 1, wherein the needle has a delivery end having a position in which it is disposed within about 0.5 mm of the forward skin-contacting surface.
12. The injection device of claim 1, wherein the needle and collar are configured for injecting the substance intradermally.
a plunger biased by the compressed gas with respect to the substance for forcing the substance through the delivery conduit for the injecting of the substance, wherein the plunger and the gas chamber are associated such that once the plunger is moved to a predetermined position to inject a predetermined amount of the substance, the compressed gas is released from the gas chamber to allow the cap to retract the needle.
wherein the needle has a delivery position for injecting the substance into the patient, and the needle delivery end is disposed at or behind the skin-contacting surface.
15. A method of injecting a substance intradermally, which comprises delivering a substance to an intradermal injection site through a needle while contacting the skin with a surface that is spaced from the needle by an area surrounding the needle and injection site, which area is sufficiently large to allow the substance to be intradermally injected to allow spread of the injected substance under the skin while inhibiting or preventing backpressure within the skin from forcing the substance out through the injection.
16. The method of claim 15, further comprising assisting the delivery of the substance to the intradermal injection site by applying a pressure to the substance.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the pressure is about between 50 and 300 psi.
18. The method of claim 15, wherein the skin-contacting surface comprises a collar that is part of an injection device, wherein the collar has a circular peripheral surface and an internal diameter of about 4 mm to 7 mm.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the skin is contacted by the skin-contacting surface at contact locations separated by discontinuity gaps, the contact locations and the gaps disposed along a substantially closed shape, and the surface at the contact locations occupying at least about 50% of the closed shape.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the discontinuity gaps are substantially equally spaced from each other.
21. The method of claim 18, wherein the collar has at least two substantially equally sized continuous portions.
22. The method of claim 16, wherein the needle has a length which sticks out beyond the collar surface by a distance of up to 0.5 mm.
biasing the needle with a resiliently deformed resilient member to retract the needle when the gas is vented.
a resilient needle cap covering the delivery end in the retracted position and disposed and configured such that the cover is resiliently deformed with the needle in the extended position for biasing the needle from the extended position towards the retracted position.
25. The injection device of claim 24, wherein the needle is disposed for piercing the cap when moved from the retracted position to the extended position.
27. The injection device of claim 24, further comprising a collar surrounding the needle and defining a collar cavity, the collar having a peripheral forward skin-contacting surface that surrounds and is radially spaced from the needle and injection site by an area that is sufficiently large to allow a patient's skin to move into the collar cavity to properly position the needle for intradermal delivery of the substance to the injection site to allow spread of the injected substance under the skin while inhibiting or preventing backpressure within the skin from forcing the substance out through the injection site.
a resilient member disposed and configured such that the resilient member is resiliently deformed when the needle is in the extended position for biasing the needle from the extended position towards the retracted position when the gas is released from the chamber.
29. The injection device of claim 28, further comprising a collar surrounding the delivery conduit and defining a collar cavity, the collar having a peripheral forward skin-contacting surface that surrounds and is radially spaced from the conduit and injection site by an area that is sufficiently large to allow a patient's skin to move into the collar cavity to properly position the conduit for intradermal delivery of the substance to the injection site to allow spread of the injected substance under the skin while inhibiting or preventing backpressure within the skin from forcing the substance out through the injection site.
ES2346049T3 (en) 2010-10-08 neumatico autoinjector.


Making a documentary is considerably more affordable than filming a feature film.
However, we still have some of the same expenses, such as: travel, equipment, production assistants, grips, make-up, meals for our crew, etc. And, of course, we must pay talent and experts for their time.
And, as much as we would love to tell you we are independently wealthy and have no need for fundraising, unfortunately we have limited resources.
We have, up to now, been funding the project by taking on extra production work; but we realize this is not a perfect solution as more work for other projects translates to less time spent on Make It Stop. Which is why we made the decision to go public with our project and begin fundraising.
Please consider make a donation to help with our production costs.


text:
Mi bella genio (I Dream of Jeannie) es una telecomedia estadounidense que fue emitida por la cadena NBC a lo largo de cinco temporadas, entre 1965 y 1970.

Protagonizada por Barbara Eden, como un genio de dos mil años, y Larry Hagman, como un astronauta que se convierte en su amo, con quien se enamora y finalmente se casa. Producido por Screen Gems, el programa se emitió originalmente del 18 de septiembre de 1965 al 26 de mayo de 1970 con nuevos episodios, y hasta septiembre de 1970 con repeticiones de temporada, en NBC. Se produjeron un total de 139 episodios.

Trama

Episodio piloto: «The lady in the bottle»

Desde la base espacial de Cabo Kennedy en Florida, EE. UU. (entonces Cabo Cañaveral), Anthony Nelson es enviado al espacio exterior, pero durante el recorrido cae en una isla desierta en el Pacífico Sur, después de que la misión en la que participaba fuera abortada. Durante su estancia en la isla, Tony encuentra una botella semienterrada, que sale de su hoyo y se acerca sola hasta sus pies. Al frotarla sale un extraño humo rosa y, cuando se disipa, aparece de rodillas ante él una genio. Es una joven rubia, de ojos azules brillantes y una figura espectacular, vestida entre rojo y rosa, y el Mayor Nelson le pone el nombre de Jeannie (juego de palabras en inglés, ya que la pronunciación del nombre propio es idéntica a «genie», que significa genio, y en el doblaje al español este nombre fue cambiado por el de Jenny). En un principio no se entienden porque la genio habla en persa, pero cuando Nelson desea que puedan entenderse, ella lo rescata con sus poderes mágicos apareciendo el helicóptero de la base que trataba de encontrarlo, y en agradecimiento, el astronauta le deja así en libertad; aunque como el Mayor Nelson le resulta muy divertido, decide seguir acompañándole sin que él se percate.

Al regresar a su casa en Cocoa Beach (Florida) y después de que el psiquiatra de la NASA, el Dr. Bellows, lo considerara un loco, se da cuenta de que nadie va a creerse que haya encontrado una genio en una botella. De ahí en adelante el Dr. Bellows se encarga de estudiar los comportamientos de Tony, comunicándoselos al general Petterson; pero al final de cada episodio siempre ocurre algo que impide a Bellows presentar las pruebas, quedando en ridículo ante el nombrado. Jeannie se niega a aparecer frente a alguien que no sea Nelson, aunque luego, a lo largo de los capítulos, el Mayor Roger Healey (el mejor amigo de Nelson) la descubre, intentando varias veces que Jenny se quede con él, a pesar de la amistad que lo une al mayor Nelson.

Anthony Nelson y Jeannie terminan enamorándose, y a lo largo de la serie harán varios intentos de llevar una vida normal o casarse, pero nunca logran insertarse en la sociedad, manteniendo una convivencia muy dura que les hace vivir situaciones divertidas y peligrosas. Aunque en su afán de conquistarlo Jeannie mete en problemas a Nelson constantemente, él siempre la perdona porque sabe que ella no es mala, solo que no está acostumbrada a los comportamientos humanos. Al cabo de muchos episodios terminarían casándose. Se rodaron varios episodios de su vida de casados, frecuentemente siendo visitados por el Dr. Bellows y su esposa.

Apariciones especiales
Pasados unos años, Eden regresó al papel de Jeannie cuando participó en varias películas para televisión que recrearon la historia de esta, mostrando algunos cambios en la vida de la genio y de Tony Nelson. Tal es el caso de I Dream of Jeannie: 15 Years Later (1985) y I Still Dream of Jeannie (1991). También apareció personificada como Jeannie en anuncios televisivos para AT&T y Lexus.

En mayo de 2013, Eden (78 años) actuó caracterizada como Jeannie, haciendo un pequeño acto de «aparición» en el que su nuevo amo resultó ser el expresidente Bill Clinton. Esto como parte de un evento especial.

Producción
La serie fue creada y producida por Sidney Sheldon en respuesta al gran éxito de la serie Bewitched, en español Hechizada/Embrujada de la red rival ABC, que debutó en 1964 como el segundo programa más visto en los Estados Unidos. Sheldon, inspirado en la película The Brass Bottle, protagonizada por Tony Randall, Barbara Eden y Burl Ives como el jinn Fakrash, concibió la idea de una bella genio femenino. Tanto I Dream of Jeannie como Bewitched fueron producciones de Screen Gems. El espectáculo debutó a las 8:00 p.m., el sábado, 18 de septiembre de 1965, en la NBC.

Cuando se abrió el casting para el papel de Jeannie, el productor Sidney Sheldon no pudo encontrar una actriz que pudiera interpretar el papel de la forma en que lo había escrito. Sí tenía una regla específica: no quería un genio rubio, porque la similitud con la bruja rubia de Embrujada sería demasiada. Sin embargo, después de muchas audiciones fallidas, llamó al agente de Barbara Eden, y quedó tan complacido con su interpretación del personaje, que pese a su cabello rubio decidió darle el papel. Justo cuando el piloto fue aprobado y la serie comprada para su primera temporada, Barbara se enteró de que estaba embarazada de su único hijo, Matthew, y aunque quiso renunciar a la serie, Sheldon no lo aceptó y le agregaron más velos a su traje de odalisca y grabaron la mayor cantidad de episodios que se pudo mientras su embarazo no se notara. Cuando la NBC comenzó a transmitir la mayor parte de sus programas de televisión en horario estelar en otoño de 1965, Jeannie fue uno de los dos programas regulares en la NBC que permanecieron en blanco y negro, en este caso debido a los efectos fotográficos especiales empleados para lograr la magia de Jeannie. En la segunda temporada, sin embargo, se había trabajado más en técnicas para crear los efectos visuales en color, ya que en 1966 todas las series de horario estelar en los Estados Unidos se estaban haciendo en color.

Según Dreaming of Jeannie, un libro de Stephen Cox y Howard Frank, Sheldon originalmente quería filmar la primera temporada en color, pero la NBC no quería pagar los gastos adicionales, ya que la red (y Screen Gems) creía que la serie no llegaría a una segunda temporada. Según Sheldon, en su autobiografía, The Other Side of Me, él ofreció pagar los USD 400 adicionales, por un episodio, necesarios para la filmación en color al comienzo de la serie, pero el ejecutivo de Screen Gems, Jerry Hyams, le aconsejó: «Sidney, no tires tu dinero».

Secuencia de apertura

Los primeros episodios posteriores al piloto (episodios del 2 al 8) utilizaron una apertura no analizada y expositiva narrada por Paul Frees; la narración menciona que Nelson vivió en «una ciudad mítica» llamada Cocoa Beach en «un estado mítico llamado Florida». Los episodios restantes de esa primera temporada presentaron una secuencia animada que se renovó y amplió en la segunda temporada, cuando el espectáculo cambió de blanco y negro a color. Esta nueva secuencia, utilizada desde la temporada 2 hasta la 5, presentaba la cápsula espacial del Capitán Nelson chapoteando en la playa, y Jeannie saliendo a bailar fuera de su botella (modificada para reflejar su nueva decoración) y luego besando a Nelson. Ambas versiones originales de la secuencia de apertura animada del show fueron hechas por el famoso animador Friz Freleng.

Producción
Aunque la serie se ambienta en Cape Kennedy, Florida, y Nelson vivió en 1020 Palm Drive en la cercana Cocoa Beach, se usaron locales en California en lugar de los de Florida. El exterior del edificio donde Healey y él tenían oficinas era en realidad el edificio principal del Dryden Flight Research Center en Edwards Air Force Base, al norte de Los Ángeles. «Si miras algunos de esos viejos episodios, se supone que se filmará en Cocoa Beach, pero de fondo tienes montañas: Hollywood Hills», dijo Bill Daily. En realidad, la casa del comandante Nelson se filmó en Warner Ranch, en Burbank (en Blondie Street). Muchos exteriores fueron filmados en esta instalación. La filmación interior se realizó en Sunset Gower Studios (el estudio original de Columbia Pictures) en Hollywood.

El elenco y el equipo solo hicieron dos visitas a la Costa Espacial de la Florida, ambas en 1969. El 27 de junio, un desfile en Cocoa Beach escoltó a Eden y al resto del elenco al Ayuntamiento de Cocoa Beach, donde fue recibida por admiradores y funcionarios de la ciudad. Luego los llevaron a la LC-43 en Cabo Cañaveral donde presionó un botón para lanzar un cohete meteorológico Loki-Dart. Cenaron en Bernard's Surf, donde a Eden se le otorgó el premio Commodore de la Florida por su excelente actuación. Más tarde, el séquito fue al Carnival Club de Lee Caron, donde Eden recibió una lluvia de regalos y besó al astronauta Buzz Aldrin en la mejilla, justo dos semanas antes del lanzamiento del Apollo 11.

Reparto

La canción de Jeannie
En la primera temporada, la serie usaba un vals como canción de apertura y de cierre. A partir de la segunda temporada, una canción llamada «Jeannie», compuesta por Hugo Montenegro, fue usada en el programa. La letra, creada por Buddy Kaye, nunca fue usada pese a que llegó a grabarse.

Letra en inglés:
Jeannie, fresh as a daisy
Just love how she obeys me
Does things that just amaze me so
She smiles, presto, the rain goes
She blinks, out pops a rainbow
Cars stop, even the train goes slow
When she goes by
She paints sunshine on every rafter
Sprinkles the air with laughter
We're close as a quarter after three
There's no one like Jeannie
I'd introduce her to you
But it's no use, sir
Cause my Jeannie's in love with me
She's in love with me!

Traducción:
Jeannie, fresca como una margarita
Me encanta la forma en la que me obedece
Hace cosas que me sorprenden
Cuando sonríe, empieza a llover
Cuando pestañea, sale un arco iris
Los autos se detienen, y hasta el tren va más despacio
Cuando se mueve
Ilumina cada rincón
Llena el aire de risas
Los dos juntos somos como uña y carne
No hay nadie como Jeannie
Me gustaría presentártela
Pero no va a ser posible, señor
Porque Jeannie está enamorada de mí
¡Ella está enamorada de mí!

DVD
Al comienzo estaban a la venta cuatro de las cinco temporadas de la serie en formato DVD, y el lanzamiento de la quinta temporada apareció en 2008.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

  Ver Capitulos Completos en Español.

Series de televisión de Estados Unidos
Series de televisión de NBC
Series de televisión de los años 1960
Series de televisión de los años 1970
Series de televisión de Nickelodeon
Series dobladas al español en México
Series de televisión iniciadas en 1965
Series de televisión de comedia de Estados Unidos

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
function make(installflag)
% MAKE  Make file for MetisMex
%   MAKE, MAKE(0) produce the mex files for METIS under 'build'
%   folder.
%
%   MAKE(1) produces the mex files for METIS under 'build' folder
%   and install MetisMex under the userpath/methismex. The path to
%   installed MetisMex will be added in 'startup.m' such that the
%   MetisMex will be included automatically..
%
%   MAKE(-1) uninstall MetisMex and delete all the files under
%   'build' folder.
%

%   Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Yingzhou Li, Stanford University

if( nargin == 0 )
    installflag = 0;
end

src_path = ['src' filesep];
build_path = ['build' filesep];
build_src_path = [build_path 'src' filesep];
build_mex_path = [build_path 'mex' filesep];
install_path = strsplit(userpath,pathsep);
matlab_startup_file = [install_path{1} filesep 'startup.m'];
install_path = [install_path{1} filesep 'metismex' filesep];

% make clear, installflag<0
if(installflag < 0)
    if(exist(build_path, 'dir'))
        rmdir(build_path,'s');
    end
    if(exist(install_path, 'dir'))
        rmpath([install_path 'src' filesep]);
        rmpath([install_path 'mex' filesep]);
        rmdir(install_path,'s');
    end
    if(exist(matlab_startup_file, 'file'))
        startup_path_data = importdata(matlab_startup_file);
        fid = fopen(matlab_startup_file, 'w+');
        for i=1:length(startup_path_data)
            if(~strcmp(startup_path_data{i}, ...
                ['run ' install_path 'METIS_startup.m']))
                fprintf(fid,'%s\n',startup_path_data{i});
            end
        end
        fclose(fid);
    end
    return;
end

% make
if(~exist(build_path, 'dir'))
    mkdir(build_path);
end

if(~exist(build_src_path, 'dir'))
    mkdir(build_src_path);
end

if(~exist(build_mex_path, 'dir'))
    mkdir(build_mex_path);
end

copyfile([src_path '*'],build_src_path);

mex_files = dir([build_src_path '*.c']);

c = computer;
switch c
    case 'GLNXA64'
        path_to_metis = './external/metis/';
        for i=1:length(mex_files)
            eval(['mex -largeArrayDims -lmetis ' ...
                  'CFLAGS="\$CFLAGS -std=c99" ' ...
                  '-I' path_to_metis 'include ' ...
                  '-I' path_to_metis 'GKlib ' ...
                  '-I' path_to_metis 'libmetis ' ...
                  '-L' path_to_metis 'build/Linux-x86_64/libmetis ' ...
                  '-I' build_src_path ' '...
                  build_src_path mex_files(i).name ...
                  ' -outdir ' build_mex_path]);
        end
    case 'MACI64'
        path_to_metis = './external/metis/';
        for i=1:length(mex_files)
            eval(['mex -largeArrayDims -lmetis -Dchar16_t=uint16_T '...
                  'CFLAGS="\$CFLAGS -std=c99" ' ...
                  '-I' path_to_metis 'include ' ...
                  '-I' path_to_metis 'GKlib ' ...
                  '-I' path_to_metis 'libmetis ' ...
                  '-L' path_to_metis 'build/Darwin-x86_64/libmetis ' ...
                  '-I' build_src_path ' '...
                  build_src_path mex_files(i).name ...
                  ' -outdir ' build_mex_path]);
        end
    case 'PCWIN64'
        path_to_metis = './external/metis/';
        for i=1:length(mex_files)
            eval(['mex -largeArrayDims -lmetis '...
                  'CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -std=c99" ' ...
                  '-I' path_to_metis 'include ' ...
                  '-I' path_to_metis 'GKlib ' ...
                  '-I' path_to_metis 'libmetis ' ...
                  '-L' path_to_metis 'build/Win-x86_64/libmetis/Release ' ...
                  '-I' build_src_path ' '...
                  build_src_path mex_files(i).name ...
                  ' -outdir ' build_mex_path]);
        end
end

% make install

if(installflag == 1)
    if(~exist(install_path, 'dir'))
        mkdir(install_path);
    end
    copyfile('METIS_startup.m',install_path);
    copyfile([build_path '*'],install_path);

    flagexist = 0;
    if exist(matlab_startup_file,'file')
        startup_path_data = importdata(matlab_startup_file);
        for i=1:length(startup_path_data)
            if(strcmp(startup_path_data{i},...
                ['run ' install_path 'METIS_startup.m']))
                flagexist = 1;
            end
        end
    end

    if(~flagexist)
        fid = fopen(matlab_startup_file, 'at');
        fprintf(fid, '%s\n', ['run ' install_path 'METIS_startup.m']);
        fclose(fid);
    end
    run([install_path 'METIS_startup.m']);
    return;
end

end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Tokyo is a city of theatrics and personality. Neon lights illuminate the streets by night and waves of people animate the streets by day, expressing themselves through crazy and quirky fashion. Tokyo is insanely photogenic and you'll be endlessly surprised by the different sights and sounds of Japan.
No matter how modern they are, the Japanese are still deeply wedded to tradition, and they enjoy sharing their ancient traditions with today's visitors. See ancient arts such as sumo or kabuki — or go full 21st century with the chaotic and famous Robot Restaurant.
If you want to see a show in Tokyo, you're spoiled for choice! No matter how much time you have in Japan's capital — whether you have 48 hours in Tokyo or a whole week — make it a priority to see one of these shows.
Japan is virtually synonymous with its most famous sport: sumo wrestling. This ancient sport dates back centuries to a time where it was recognized as nothing more than a form of entertainment for the deities.
Yet these days, it's iconic and internationally known, and to this day it still has a dedicated following across the country. Sumo might seem like just a shoving match, but that's far from the case — it is incredibly regimented. Wrestlers train their entire lives to make it professionally, living and dining in communal living spaces called "stables" where they undergo a rigorous training schedule.
Attending a sumo match in Tokyo is high up on the lists of visitors who are looking for an eye-opening cultural experience, vicarious adrenaline, and a wild atmosphere. There are three tournaments held in Tokyo annually at the city's 13,000-capacity stadium, Ryogoku Kokugikan, each showcasing the sport's finest athletes at the top of their game. However, if you aren't there during one of the three annual tournaments, don't fret: visitors can take a tour to see a real sumo practice and see the authentic sumo stables where the men live, work, and train each day of their lives.
There are few traditions that have withstood the test of time and emerged into the 21st century unscathed – in cities as modern as Tokyo no less. But Japan is different, finding a way to allow the ultra-modern and the traditional to coexist.
Kabuki is just one of the many ancient Japanese traditions from the 17th century that are still practiced in Tokyo today. Kabuki is a form of opera involving elaborate dress and insanely embellished stages. Epic stories are told over the course of several hours.
The stage design is what really steals the show — it's what kabuki is most well-known for. A long runway extends into the audience to provide them an up-close and emotional performance.
Tokyo houses some of the finest kabuki theatres in the country and many provide headsets with English translations to help you enjoy the show. As performances last an entire afternoon, there's the option to buy tickets for individual segments on the day, so always plan ahead to see what's scheduled. It's fanciful. It's opulent. Kabuki is as traditional as it gets in modern day Tokyo.
Check out these things to do in Ginza after watching a kabuki show.
No trip to Tokyo would be complete with experiencing the city's most far-fetched, animated, and confusing performance there is: the Robot Restaurant. Forget the notion that this is somewhere you come to dine — the chaotic robots and neon lights steal the show.
Those who dine in this robotic fantasy land can expect nothing short of organized chaos from start to finish: erratic lasers, smoke, glitter, and lights all featuring heavily throughout the evening's performance.
The story is basically centered around an epic robot battle, featuring synchronized musicians and robot-riding women, and crescendos in unapologetic chaos that leaves diners in awe. It's loud and obnoxious, and everything you'd expect from Tokyo. Hailed as one of the best restaurants in Tokyo in which to enjoy an evening's entertainment.
Tables fill up fast here, so be sure book a seat in advance!
While Kyoto is the beating heart of Japan's still-thriving geisha scene, if you're keen to see a geisha show then Tokyo can certainly deliver.
Broadway ain't got nothing on Japan's version of dinner and a show. Enjoy one of Japan's most sought-after foods, kobe beef, which can sell for over $100 per pound, all while watching some of its most iconic performers. Geisha dancing style is highly ritualized and formal, steeped in tradition. The kimonos they wear as they perform could very well be art pieces in and of themselves.
This certainly isn't a cheap activity, but for those who want a premium cultural experience on their trip to Tokyo, it can't be missed. Again, seats are limited and demand is high, so be sure to book in advance if you'd like to go.
Another one of Japan's most iconic cultural legacies to reach international fame is the samurai. While Japan has obviously modernized away from samurai culture, Japanese love for tradition has ensured that the practice's legacy lives on. You can also see samurai shows in Kyoto, as well.
Kenbu tachibana ittoryu is a performance style that's been around more than 80 years, and you can see it in action – and fight with your own 'swords' in Japanese costume – with samurai experience suitable for all. Check availability here. Those more interested in the art of katana (Japan's traditional curved swords, which are works of art all on their own) can take a lesson with a 7th-level swordmaster who is a descendant of actual samurais! See if there are spots left here.
Have you seen any shows in Japan that should be added to this list?


Each pearl is round and perfect long wearing pearls that wear nicely for everyday wear. These are 6mm round Swarovski Crystal Pearls with two types of bali sterling silver between each round pearl. The 6mm bali rings are floating rings and bumpy bali spacers. The sterling silver clasp is a heart shaped twist toggle to match the bracelet and the heart charm is a diamond cut outline charm. And one final touch is the Breast Cancer Awareness Ribbon. On the back side of the awareness ribbon the charm is entitled "breast cancer". All elements of the bracelet are .925 genuine sterling silver.


Hi, my name is Priscilla Rodriguez, And I Am 19 years old. I live San Benito Texas. I'm looking for a job for my self because I feel that I have the experience to be a babysitter and etc. I LOVE to cook, clean, and just have fun. I do indeed love children, I took care of my nephew since he was a new born and he is currently 4 years old now. I also took care of my cousins, and boyfriend's cousins as well. Im a nice and friendly person. I feel like I can help parents who are in need of someone trustworthy to care for their child while away and I know that I can lend a helping hand. If interested, feel free to email me at Priscilla33152923@gmail.com or Add me on Facebook @ Priscilla Rodriguez.


text:
Epidemiologic programs for computers and calculators: Decision-tree analysis using a microcomputer
Tim Carpenter
Carpenter, T. E. (School of Veterinary Medicine, U. of California, Davis, CA 95616). Decision-tree anaysls using a microcomputer. Am J Epidemiol 1986; 124:843-50.Decision analysis using decision trees enables the medical decision maker to simplify and solve complex problems. The technique, however, becomes cumbersome when the decision maker attempts to perform sensitivity analysis on the problem. This paper describes a computer program, written in PASCAL, to construct, modify, and perform deterministic and stochastic simulations and risk analysis on a hypothetical, decision-analysis problem. The deterministic version can be run on microcomputers with CP/M, PC-DOS, or MS-DOS operating systems, and the deterministic/stochastic version requires a PC-DOS or MS-DOS operating system.
American Journal of Epidemiology
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114461
Epidemiologic methods
10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114461
Dive into the research topics of 'Epidemiologic programs for computers and calculators: Decision-tree analysis using a microcomputer'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Decision Trees Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Microcomputers Medicine & Life Sciences 96%
Decision Support Techniques Medicine & Life Sciences 94%
Software Medicine & Life Sciences 60%
Veterinary Medicine Medicine & Life Sciences 49%
Carpenter, T. (1986). Epidemiologic programs for computers and calculators: Decision-tree analysis using a microcomputer. American Journal of Epidemiology, 124(5), 843-850. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114461
Epidemiologic programs for computers and calculators : Decision-tree analysis using a microcomputer. / Carpenter, Tim.
In: American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 124, No. 5, 01.01.1986, p. 843-850.
Carpenter, T 1986, 'Epidemiologic programs for computers and calculators: Decision-tree analysis using a microcomputer', American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 124, no. 5, pp. 843-850. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114461
Carpenter T. Epidemiologic programs for computers and calculators: Decision-tree analysis using a microcomputer. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1986 Jan 1;124(5):843-850. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114461
Carpenter, Tim. / Epidemiologic programs for computers and calculators : Decision-tree analysis using a microcomputer. In: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1986 ; Vol. 124, No. 5. pp. 843-850.
@article{d15d3557827543e5ad1c03e97983d764,
title = "Epidemiologic programs for computers and calculators: Decision-tree analysis using a microcomputer",
abstract = "Carpenter, T. E. (School of Veterinary Medicine, U. of California, Davis, CA 95616). Decision-tree anaysls using a microcomputer. Am J Epidemiol 1986; 124:843-50.Decision analysis using decision trees enables the medical decision maker to simplify and solve complex problems. The technique, however, becomes cumbersome when the decision maker attempts to perform sensitivity analysis on the problem. This paper describes a computer program, written in PASCAL, to construct, modify, and perform deterministic and stochastic simulations and risk analysis on a hypothetical, decision-analysis problem. The deterministic version can be run on microcomputers with CP/M, PC-DOS, or MS-DOS operating systems, and the deterministic/stochastic version requires a PC-DOS or MS-DOS operating system.",
keywords = "Computers, Decision making, Epidemiologic methods, Information systems, Models, Theoretical",
author = "Tim Carpenter",
doi = "10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114461",
journal = "American Journal of Epidemiology",
T1 - Epidemiologic programs for computers and calculators
T2 - Decision-tree analysis using a microcomputer
AU - Carpenter, Tim
N2 - Carpenter, T. E. (School of Veterinary Medicine, U. of California, Davis, CA 95616). Decision-tree anaysls using a microcomputer. Am J Epidemiol 1986; 124:843-50.Decision analysis using decision trees enables the medical decision maker to simplify and solve complex problems. The technique, however, becomes cumbersome when the decision maker attempts to perform sensitivity analysis on the problem. This paper describes a computer program, written in PASCAL, to construct, modify, and perform deterministic and stochastic simulations and risk analysis on a hypothetical, decision-analysis problem. The deterministic version can be run on microcomputers with CP/M, PC-DOS, or MS-DOS operating systems, and the deterministic/stochastic version requires a PC-DOS or MS-DOS operating system.
AB - Carpenter, T. E. (School of Veterinary Medicine, U. of California, Davis, CA 95616). Decision-tree anaysls using a microcomputer. Am J Epidemiol 1986; 124:843-50.Decision analysis using decision trees enables the medical decision maker to simplify and solve complex problems. The technique, however, becomes cumbersome when the decision maker attempts to perform sensitivity analysis on the problem. This paper describes a computer program, written in PASCAL, to construct, modify, and perform deterministic and stochastic simulations and risk analysis on a hypothetical, decision-analysis problem. The deterministic version can be run on microcomputers with CP/M, PC-DOS, or MS-DOS operating systems, and the deterministic/stochastic version requires a PC-DOS or MS-DOS operating system.
KW - Computers
KW - Epidemiologic methods
KW - Information systems
KW - Models
KW - Theoretical
U2 - 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114461
DO - 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114461
JO - American Journal of Epidemiology
JF - American Journal of Epidemiology

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Best Songs
Classic Rock Bands List And Directory
Top 10 Mitski Songs
Eric Kamau 10 months ago No Comments
Our top 10 Mitski songs list presents ten of the best songs released by an indie rock singer and songwriter of Japanese American descent. Born in 1990, Mitski has established her career as one of the most reputable young singer-songwriters, renowned for her inscrutable and vulnerability-inspired releases. Unlike most musical artists whose break to mainstream success instigate massive lifestyle changes, the Japanese-American singer retains a private profile.
Mitski has shown tremendous growth in her career with each of her album releases. Her songs continue to showcase Mitski's ability to pen monographs painted with symbolism. While most of her releases are ambient indie rock ballads, Mitski also features some punk rock, folk-rock, art pop, and folk-punk elements in some of her songs.
Mitski's Career Beginnings and Breakthrough
The Japanese-American singer rose from a mere high school music enthusiast to a professional artist in a span of four years. While she was eighteen, Mitski was among her high school choir members. At age twenty-two, the singer incepted her professional career.
Mitski self-released two albums, Lush in 2012 and Retired from Sad, New Career in Business in 2013. The albums were her projects back at Purchase College of liberal arts. Her breakthrough in the music industry came after releasing her third LP, Bury Me at Makeout Creek. The album managed to chart on the Lithuanian Albums chart, peaking at number ninety. Some of the best songs from Bury Me at Makeout Creek include "First Love/Late Spring" and "Townie."
Mitski's Album Releases over the Years
As earlier mentioned, Mitski started her music career with the release of two self-released LPs, Lush and Retired from Sad, New Career in Business. Unfortunately, none of the albums created much attention to Mitski's career. Nevertheless, Lush features some of the best Mitski songs, including "Liquid Smooth" and "Brand New City." On the other side, Retired from Sad, New Career in Business is home to "Goodbye, My Danish Sweetheart" and the TikTok-popular hit "Strawberry Blond."
Mitski received her big break in the music industry after the release of her third LP, Bury Me at Makeout Creek. Critics lauded the album for adding folk, punk rock, and guitar rock elements to Mitski's usual indie rock sonic vibes. While her initial two LPs were self-released, Bury Me at Makeout Creek was released through Double Double Whammy. The record label was incepted in 2011 by former Purchase College students Mike Caridi and Dave Benton.
Mitski released her fourth studio album Puberty 2, in 2016. Puberty 2 is home to "Your Best American Girl" and "Happy," which are some of the best Mitski songs. The album brought even more fame to Mitski, rising to the nineteenth spot on the Billboard Top Alternative Albums chart. Puberty 2 also rose to the fifth spot on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart. The album's sound was mainly indie rock and punk rock.
In 2018, Mitski released her fifth studio album, Be the Cowboy. Be the Cowboy saw Mitski achieve her first album to rise to the Billboard 200. The album peaked at number fifty-two on the Billboard 200. Be the Cowboy features some of the top Mitski songs, including "Washing Machine Heart," "Nobody," "Geyser," and "A Pearl."
Mitski reached new heights with the release of her most recent sixth LP, Laurel Hell. Laurel Hell finds the singer adding some electro-rock and synth-pop elements to her usual indie rock sound. The album is home to some of Mitski's musical gems such as "Working for the Knife," and "The Only Heartbreaker." Laurel Hill rose to the top of the Billboard Top Alternative Albums and Billboard Top Rock Albums chart. It also peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100, proving to be the best Mitski album release so far.
Mitski's Other Musical Pursuits
During her solo musical career, Mitski has covered several songs from reputable artists. Some of the songs she has covered include "Fireproof" by One Direction, "I'm a Fool to Want You" by Frank Sinatra, and "Let's Get Married" by Bleachers. Mitski has also collaborated with other artists in the release of music as a featured artist. Some of the songs she has featured on include "Susie Save Your Love" by Allie X and "Going Going Gone" by Lucy Dacus.
Mitski's Accolades and Legacy
With her career just gaining momentum, Mitski doesn't have many accolades to showcase. Nevertheless, her short career has seen her nominated for several awards so far. Mitski has been nominated in several categories in the Libera Awards. The nominations include Video of the Year for her song "Your Best American Girl," Album of the Year for Be the Cowboy, and Music Video of the Year for "Nobody."
Mitski's songwriting skills have seen her regarded as 21st Century poet laureate of young adulthood by NPR. The singer was nominated for a Grammy Awards in the Best Recording Package category, credit to Be the Cowboy. However, she lost the awards to the 2017 LP Masseduction by St. Vincent.
Despite being thirty-one, Mitski's career seems promising, with every album release bringing her closer to greater feats. Currently, Mitski has been regarded by music critics as one of the awe-inspiring young songwriters. Here are the top 10 Mitski songs you might wish to add to your indie rock playlist.
#10 – The Only Heartbreaker
Ushering us to the top 10 Mitski songs list is the captivating hit "The Only Heartbreaker." The song is among the best Mitski songs from her most recent sixth LP, Laurel Hill, issued in 2022. Mitski collaborated with Dan Wilson in penning the lyrics to this ballad. Dan Wilson is a 2007 and 2012 Grammy Award-nominee and member of the American rock band Semisonic. Like most of the songs on the LP, "The Only Heartbreaker" alludes to relationship-related themes.
Singer Mitski revealed that this song alludes to taking the blame for the ruin of a relationship. However, the song is more than just taking the blame for mistakes. The singer believes that her mistakes are only visible since she is the only one trying to keep the love in the relationship afloat. The song marks Mitski's first time co-writing a song with another artist.
#9 – Happy
"Happy" is a striking ballad by Mitski from her album Puberty 2. The song serves as the opening song to the LP. Mitski has been known to address the dark themes in our social life, including sadness. While the song title to our number nine track might allude to themes of happiness, the lyrics spell out something slightly different.
In this song, Mitski describes happiness as a significant other who promises his or her commitment. However, after making promises, the lover vanishes in the dark. Through the lyrics, Mitski is able to point towards the version of happiness in the eyes of a person whose relationship is sour.
#8 – First Love/Late Spring
Moving on to the number eight spot on our Mitski song list, we find the stirring track "First Love/Late Spring." The song is one of the musical gems that helped Mitski break into mainstream success. "First Love/Late Spring" is featured on her third LP, Bury Me at Makeout Creek. The song's sonic feel reminisces the '90s indie-rock ballads.
"First Love/Late Spring" finds Mitski giving us her best lyrics with themes of innocence. The singer admitted to having experienced the vulnerability born out of falling in love for the first time. "First Love/Late Spring" has been sampled in the hit "Pretty" by Amai Gu.
#7 – A Pearl
"A Pearl" is one of the best Mitski songs renowned for its spectacular animation music accompanying video. The song is featured on Mitski's fifth LP, Be the Cowboy. Its lyrics were penned by Mitski. The singer revealed that the song alludes to being in a toxic relationship for quite some time until the subject individual is conditioned to such relationship spaces.
Mitski compares the toxicity in the relationship to a pearl. The singer showcases how the subject lover doesn't wish to have the topic addressed in the relationship, only fiddling with the issue like "A Pearl." "A Pearl" is among the best Mitski songs reflective about the baggage of toxic love.
#6 – Working for the Knife
Number six on our top 10 Mitski songs list is the poignant track "Working for the Knife." The song is among the musical gems from Mitski's most recent LP, Laurel Hell. The song finds the singer crooning about being exasperated.
As described by Mitski, this feeling emanates from the social pressures and expectations bestowed on her. Mitski uses the term 'knife' to allude to feeling stabbed deep by the responsibilities among themes of oppression, mental illness, and aging. "Working for the Knife" marked Mitski's return to her solo career after two years break. Mitski worked on collaborative hits with Lucy Dacus and Allie X during her break.
#5 – Goodbye, My Danish Sweetheart
Our fifth hit on the ten best Mitski songs list is the ballad "Goodbye, My Danish Sweetheart." The song takes us back to Mitski's sophomore self-released LP, Retired from Sad, New Career in Business. Lyrics to the song were penned by Mitski, featuring the themes of love, breakup, and friendship/relationship.
In this ballad, Mitski sings about feelings and emotions one experiences after going through a heartbreak. The singer revealed that heartbreaks from either a love relationship or basic friendship evoke mixed feelings. Goodbyes never feel any good, which can also be confirmed by Post Malone and the act Jagged Edge.
#4 – Liquid Smooth
"Liquid Smooth" takes us once more to Mitski's career beginnings. The song is among the first releases by Mitski on her debut self-released LP Lush. "Liquid Smooth" finds Mitski singing about the beauty measures for young ladies. According to the lyrics, women are at their peak beauty during their early twenties. It's probably one of the anthemic songs young ladies can sing along with in celebrating their beauty before age ushers them into new graces.
#3 – Nobody
Our third track introduces us to a disco-pop hit by Mitski, "Nobody." The song is featured on Mitski's LP Be the Cowboy. "Nobody" was issued after the singer had just concluded her Australia and Asia tour. In an interview, the singer revealed that she penned this dance-oriented track to address the themes of solitude.
However, amidst the hopelessness, the singer brings dancing as her primary go-to activity at such times. Both Mitski fans and critics have lauded the song for its infectious tune. Its melancholic lyrical delivery has been praised for offering the song some emotional touch.
#2 – Your Best American Girl
"Your Best American Girl" is one of the best Mitski songs from the LP Puberty 2. The song alludes to a love narrative about a twosome driven apart by its diversity. Mitski showcases the tumult experienced by lovers whose cultural diversity proves to obstruct their happiness.
Critics have lauded this three-minute ballad for incorporating pop-punk elements in Mitski's usual indie rock vibes. "Your Best American Girl" was released at the perfect time, having it praised among releases that helped shape the culture, especially on perceptions about diversity.
#1 – Washing Machine Heart
Number one on our top 10 Mitski songs list is the stunning release "washing Machine Heart." The song is a musical gem from Mitski's LP Be the Cowboy. This upbeat song brings the best of the singer's guitar-oriented releases. "Washing Machine Heart" brings the best of Mitski's songwriting skills.
The song finds the singer reconnoitering the hyper nature of a character. Mitski revealed that the woman in the subject tries hard to practice self-control. However, the self-control she exercises feels a little unhealthy since it forces her to appear strong to the world, something she is far from. "Washing Machine Heart" was sampled in the hit "Elevator 2173" by Melody Lz.
Photo: Christian Bertrand / Shutterstock.com
Top 10 Mitski Songs article published on Classic RockHistory.com© 2022
Classicrockhistory.com claims ownership of all its original content and Intellectual property under United States Copyright laws and those of all other foreign countries. No one person, business, or organization is allowed to re-publish any of our original content anywhere on the web or in print without our permission. All photos used are either public domain creative commons photos or licensed officially from Shutterstock under license with ClassicRockHistory.com. All photo credits have been placed at end of the article.
Top 10 BABYMETAL Songs
Emily Fagan October 26, 2021
Top 10 Jimmy Barnes Songs
Eric Kamau August 24, 2022
Top 10 Soulfly Songs
Eric Kamau June 12, 2022
Top 10 Jack Harlow Songs
Eric Kamau February 9, 2022
Top 10 Madness Songs
Ollie Dean August 23, 2022
Top 10 Shawn Colvin Songs
Eric Kamau December 15, 2021
Eric Kamau
Eric Kamau is a rock and roll journalist that specializes in all musical genres.
Complete List Of ELO Albums And Discography
Jeff Beck Passes Away At 78 Years …
Ultimate Pink Floyd Page: Complete History, Songs, …
Top 10 Tommy Shaw Styx Songs
Top 10 Billy Burnette Songs
ClassicRockHistory Interviewed On ClassicRock Radio 96.1
https://youtu.be/cAZOa9DyDYo
Selected Artists
Metal Bands List And Directory
Jazz Artists List And Directory
Hip Hop, R&B And Rap Artists List And Directory
Country Artists List And Directory
Ultimate Taylor Swift Page
About: ClassicRockHistory.com CLASSIC ROCK HISTORY
Email: MusicParty@yahoo.com
If your interested in writing for us, send us an email at MusicParty@yahoo.com
ClassicRockHistory.com Copyright © 2023. Theme by MyThemeShop
Complete List Of Three Days Grace Albums And Discography
Top 10 Agnostic Front Songs
Top 10 Daryl Hall Songs As A Solo Artist
Complete List Of Arctic Monkeys Albums And Discography
18 Best Greatest Hits Albums With Unreleased Tracks & Non-Album Singles
Best Rock Albums Of 2022
12 Essential Jazz Guitar Albums
Real Meanings Behind The Songs On Stevie Nicks In Your Dreams LP
Tom Verlaine Of Television Has Passed Away At 73
Remembering David Crosby
David Crosby Dead At 81
Bono & The Edge: A Sort of Homecoming With Dave Letterman To Premier On Disney+ March 2023
10 Classic Rock Bands That Have Never Released A Live Album
Why Basic Music CDs Will Become Collectors Items
Greatest Rock Bass Lines Of The 70s
Before MTV, There Was Don Kirshner's Rock Concert
Paul De Lisle of Smash Mouth: The ClassicRockHistory.com Interview
Tod Howarth: Formerly of Frehley's Comet: The ClassicRockHistory.com Interview
Thomas Pedersen & Michael Sonne Of Wasted: The ClassicRockHistory.com Interview
Jimmy Marchiano: The ClassicRockHistory.com Interview
Real Meanings Behind Songs On Rihanna's Good Girl Gone Bad Album
Real Meanings Behind The Songs On Rihanna's Music of the Sun Album
Real Meanings Behind The Songs On Rihanna's A Girl Like Me Album
Real Meanings Behind The Songs On Stevie Nicks Rock a Little Album
Complete List Of Carly Simon Albums And Discography
Complete List Of Jack White Albums And Discography
Complete List Of The Pretty Reckless Albums And Discography


text:
Professional Conduct Procedures
The Confusion in Homeopathy
Definition of Homeopathy
The Development of Homeopathy
Characteristics of Homeopathy
Homeopathy in the Past and Present
The Philosophy of Homeopathy
The Education of Homeopathy in HK
The Discovery of Homeopathy
HKAH activity
Queen Elizabeth Stadium in Hong Kong 2018
Kln.Bay Intl. Trade and Exhibition Ctr 2011
The Snooks
Close to us:
The Founder and President
杜家麟教授
Prof. Aaron TO KA LUN
PDHom., MARH. RSHom (Oversea)
HK Association of Homeopathy—President
Macau Association of Homeopathy—President
U.K. School of Homeopathy—Homeopathy Professor
U.K. School of Health—Medical Science Professor
The School of Homeopathy—RSHom (Oversea)
U.K. Alliance of Registered Homeopaths(ARH)—Registered Member (MARH.)
U.K. The Federation of Nutritional Therapy Practitioners (FNTP)—Registered nutrition therapist
U.S. National Center for Homeopathy—Life Member
Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy—Indian Journal of Research in Homeopathy—Associate Editor
Prof. Aaron To is the Professor of ScHomeopathy(SOH) and Alternative Training(AT) in the Great China Area. He is dedicated to the promotion of high standard classical homeopathy, homeopathic education and reputable practice. He insists a comprehensive registration and regulation system for homeopathy, contributes to the full localization of homeopathy, making his dream of bringing homeopathy to China come true.
Prof.Aaron To thinks that homeopathy is an 'alternative' because no one has ever successfully promoted homeopathy. He believes homeopathy is the truth of medicine, forever law of the nature. His mission on homeopathy is to pollinate its concept on health in the society, to improve the standard of professional training and practice, to formulate a comprehensive registration system and regulation policy.
"I hope to our next generation, homeopathy is no longer an alternative medicine, but part of the main stream."
Misha Norland, the founder of the school, has reminded him that this dream is no easy job, it took a few generations to have it translated from German to English. To introduce homeopathy into Greater China Area, it has first to be localized and translated. What a huge task! But he was finally moved by Prof. To's persistence in Homeopathy and love to his own race and country. Prof. To said to him, 'I am not sure if I can finish it in my life, but I am sure if I don't give it a start, it would never be done.'
Prof. To has a life full of legends. He was a nutritional consultant for different hospital in China, a marketing consultant for several companies, and was once the lecturer with the highest charge in Southeast Asia. His talent on human resource development and speech is very impressive.
He was born in Hong Kong, with the separation of parents at young age, he was brought up by his grandparents. After graduation from high school, he could not afford university and started to work for a living, taking care of his grandparent and younger siblings. However, he has all along been deeply absorbed in medicine, he read books on nutritional medicine at young age, so that he could treat his dear fish and tortoises when they were sick. Although he had to work for his family's living, he had never given up studying. He studied nutritional medicine at night after work, fighting for every growth and improvement.
Through these years of working experience, he also learnt important techniques in marketing. He made use of his professional knowledge in Nutritional medicine and promoted it through marketing. He discovered that the only way to bring alternative medicine into China is professional training. We have to duplicate the professional knowledge among people with potentials, so that proper alternative medicine could merge into the Chinese society.
And then Prof.Aaron To met different famous nutritional medicine experts from all over the world, hoping to improve further on his knowledge so that he could help those patients whom he failed to treat at that time. One of the professors had inspired him deeply:
"If you are to chase after the truth, now or later, you would fall into the magnetic field of homeopathy,"
"I learnt the physical part of our health – nutrition medicine; and the spiritual part – flower remedies, isn't that enough to help our patients?"
"If you are to chase after the truth, it is like water in a bathing tub, there is only one single outlet. Though you may not be willing to get into it now, you may try to swirl around, now or later, you will be drained through the unique outlet to the enormous sea of Homeopathy."
And yes, Prof.Aaron To was soon magnetized by the amazing power of Homeopathy. He finished his study in homeopathy in both the U.K. School of Natural Science and School of Homeopathy. Upon graduation, he made up his mind to contribute all he learnt to promote homeopathy in Greater China Area, so that more people could be benefited through homeopathy.
Prof.Aaron To has devoted his life to homeopathy, combining his experience in homeopathic practice, incomparable presentation skills, talents in human resource development, he is the best one to fight for a comprehensive registration and regulation system for homeopathy in Greater China Area, so that homeopathy can be healthily rooted.
Home | About Us | The Founder | Homeopathy | Events | Channel | Member | Friendly | Contact Us | Become a Member
© 2014. Hong Kong Association of Homeopathy。All rights reserved。


Since 1995, Arctic Air has been producing quality, affordable refrigeration products to the commercial equipment market in the United States and Canada. Arctic Air is a division of Broich Enterprises, Inc. and was created as a quality, lower cost alternative to the standard commercial refrigeration products offered at the time. Since that time, Arctic Air products have come to be known as very reliable alternatives for many common commercial applications. In 2012, Arctic Air products underwent a major design change by upgrading our product line from a white painted steel exterior to a much higher grade stainless steel exterior. In addition, product operation and performance has been vastly improved in order to better meet the demands of the commercial foodservice industry. Arctic Air is now able to offer a commercial product line with better recovery times, greater reliability, and easier maintenance/repair at a truly incredible price.


text:
gapi.analytics.ready(function() {

  gapi.analytics.createComponent('Viewpicker', {

    /**
     * Initialize the Viewpicker instance and render it to the page.
     * If the user is not authorized, wait until authorization to render.
     * @return {Viewpicker} The instance.
     */
    execute: function() {
      var options = this.get();
      // Allow container to be a string ID or an HTMLElement.
      this.container = typeof options.container == 'string' ?
        document.getElementById(options.container) : options.container;
      // Allow the template to be overridden.
      if (options.template) this.template = options.template

      if (gapi.analytics.auth.isAuthorized()) {
        this.build();
      }
      else {
        gapi.analytics.auth.on('success', this.build.bind(this));
      }

      return this;
    },

    /**
     * Build the viewpicker instance by querying for the account
     * summaries, rendering them to the page, and then triggering
     * an initial change event (since the first view is selected
     * by default)
     */
    build: function() {
      var self = this;
      accountSummaries.get().then(function(accounts) {
        self.accounts = accounts;
        self.render();
        self.onChange();
      })
      .catch(function(err) {
        console.error(err.stack);
      });
    },

    /**
     * Render the viewpicker based on the users accounts and the
     * pre-defined template. Also add event handlers to watch for
     * changes.
     */
    render: function() {

      this.container.innerHTML = this.template;

      var self = this;
      var accounts = this.accounts;
      var properties = this.accounts[0].properties;
      var views = properties[0].views;
      var selects = this.container.querySelectorAll('select');

      this.accountSelect = selects[0];
      this.propertySelect = selects[1];
      this.viewSelect = selects[2];

      updateSelectOptions(this.accountSelect, accounts);
      updateSelectOptions(this.propertySelect, properties);
      updateSelectOptions(this.viewSelect, views);

      this.accountSelect.onchange = this.onAccountChange.bind(this);
      this.propertySelect.onchange = this.onPropertyChange.bind(this);
      this.viewSelect.onchange = this.onViewChange.bind(this);
    },

    /**
     * Emit a change event based on the currently selected account,
     * property, and view. Pass an object containing the account name,
     * property name, view name, and ids.
     */
    onChange: function() {
      var accountIndex = +this.accountSelect.value;
      var propertyIndex = +this.propertySelect.value;
      var viewIndex = +this.viewSelect.value;

      var account = this.accounts[accountIndex];
      var property = account.properties[propertyIndex];
      var view = property.views[viewIndex];

      this.accountName = account.name;
      this.propertyName = property.name;
      this.viewName = view.name;
      this.ids = view.ids;

      this.emit('change', {
        accountName: account.name,
        propertyName: property.name,
        viewName: view.name,
        ids: view.ids
      });
    },

    /**
     * A callback to be invoked when the user change the account select.
     */
    onAccountChange: function() {
      var accountIndex = +this.accountSelect.value;
      var account = this.accounts[accountIndex];

      updateSelectOptions(this.propertySelect, account.properties);
      updateSelectOptions(this.viewSelect, account.properties[0].views);

      this.onChange();
    },

    /**
     * A callback to be invoked when the user change the property select.
     */
    onPropertyChange: function() {
      var propertyIndex = +this.propertySelect.value;
      var accountIndex = +this.accountSelect.value;
      var account = this.accounts[accountIndex];
      var property = account.properties[propertyIndex];
      updateSelectOptions(this.viewSelect, property.views);

      this.onChange();
    },

    /**
     * A callback to be invoked when the user change the view select.
     */
    onViewChange: function() {
      this.onChange();
    },

    /**
     * The html structure used to build the component. Developers can
     * override this by passing it to the component constructor.
     * The only requirement is that the structure contain three selects.
     * The first will be the account select, the second will be the
     * property select, and the third will be the view select.
     */
    template:
      '
' +
      '
' +
      '    Account' +
      '    <select></select>' +
      '
' +
      '
' +
      '    Property' +
      '    <select></select>' +
      '
' +
      '
' +
      '    View' +
      '    <select></select>' +
      '
' +
      '
'
  });

  /**
   * Update a select with the specified options from the server.
   * @param {DOMElement} select The select element to update.
   * @param {Array} options An Array of objects with the keys
   *   `name` and `value`.
   */
  function updateSelectOptions(select, options) {
    select.innerHTML = options.map(function(option, i) {
      return '<option value="' + (option.value || i) + '">' +
          option.name + '</option>';
    }).join('');
  }

  /**
   * @module accountSummaries
   */
  var accountSummaries = (function() {

    var promise;

    /**
     * Make a request to the Management API's accountSummaries#list method.
     * If the requests returns a partial, paginated response, query again
     * until the full summaries are retrieved.
     * @return {Promise} A promise that will be resolved once all requests
     *   are complete.
     */
    function requestAccountSummaries() {
      return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
        var summaries = [];
        function makeRequest(startIndex) {
          gapi.client.analytics.management.accountSummaries
              .list({'start-index': startIndex || 1})
              .execute(ensureComplete);
        }
        function ensureComplete(resp) {
          // Reject the promise if the API returns an error.
          if (resp.error) return reject(new Error(resp.message));

          if (resp.items) summaries = summaries.concat(resp.items);
          if (resp.startIndex + resp.itemsPerPage <= resp.totalResults) {
            makeRequest(resp.startIndex + resp.itemsPerPage);
          }
          else {
            resolve(summaries);
          }
        }
        makeRequest();
      });
    }

    /**
     * Loop through the full account summaries array and create a new array
     * the only contains the account, property, and view names and their
     * children. Also exclude accounts with no properties as well as properties
     * with no views.
     * @param {Array} oldSummaries The account summaries array in the form
     *   return by the Management API.
     * @return {Array} The trimmed-down account summaries.
     */
    function trimAccountSummaries(oldSummaries) {
      var newSummaries = [];
      oldSummaries.forEach(function(item) {
        var account = {name: item.name, properties: []};
        var properties = item.webProperties || [];
        properties.forEach(function(item) {
          var property = {name: item.name, views: []};
          var views = item.profiles || [];
          views.forEach(function(item) {
            var view = {name: item.name, ids: 'ga:' + item.id};
            property.views.push(view);
          });
          // Only add the property if it has views.
          if (property.views.length) {
            account.properties.push(property);
          }
        });
        // Only add the account if it has properties.
        if (account.properties.length) {
          newSummaries.push(account);
        }
      });
      return newSummaries;
    }

    return {
      /**
       * Return the `requestAccountSummaries` promise. If the promise exists,
       * return it to avoid multiple requests. If the promise does not exist,
       * initiate the request and cache the promise.
       */
      get: function() {
        return promise || (promise =
          requestAccountSummaries()
            .then(trimAccountSummaries)
            .catch(function(err) {
              console.error(err.stack);
            })
          );
      }
    }

  }());

});


When the first ads were run in mid 90s when internet was still evolving, they were directly hosted on the web server and placed directly on the website. This is how the era of digital advertising started. Then internet started growing and so did the usage of computers. To host the creatives directly on to the website started becoming more pain for the website owners (publishers) and advertisers had to do a lot of manual reporting and also had to place a lot of trust on publishers with numbers that were reported back to them.
At this time ad servers were invented where their primary purpose was to serve ads. Initially the ad servers invented were only for the publishers to serve ads on their website and do granular targeting of the ads on the sites and not having to go and mess around everytime on the website when there was a new campaign to be delivered. Ad servers allowed them to just have the integration done once and then deliver ads on the site through the ad servers.
Since the use of ad servers started growing and the complexity of the advertising ecosystem started growing, the need to have specialist resources to work on ad servers started growing. Apart from just serving ads, these ad servers now been used by ad networks, ad exchanges, agencies, publishers started providing other features like retargeting, cookie targeting, geo targeting and other key features.
This is when ad operations team started coming into operations where in their main role was to manage how the ads run, they were running the day to day operations of the ads on the ad server working closely with the account management team. This was a short intro on ad operations.
I will right more in detail about how different each ad operations roles are for each of the org.


text:
LEGO is Launching 100% Plant-Based Bricks
Home » News » LEGO is Launching 100% Plant-Based BricksBy Eve Danzeisen | March 12, 2018
In its commitment to zero waste by 2030, Danish toymaker LEGO is launching plant-based bricks to be released this year. Opting for sugarcane polyethylene rather than oil-based plastic, LEGO will release new 'botanical' elements including trees, bushes, and plants as a symbol of going green.
The sugarcane from which the bricks are constructed will be sustainably and ethically sourced according to the Bioplastic Feedstock Alliance (BFA) and Bonsucro Chain of Custody (CoC) guidelines.
Sustainability for LEGOis no small feat:
"The LEGO Group believes a new sustainable material must have an ever-lighter footprint than the material it replaces across key environmental and social impact areas such as fossil resource use, human rights and climate change."
These new green toys comprise only about 2% of LEGO's bricks, so the company still has a long way to go to achieve its 2030 goal. The rest of the bricks consist of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, ABS, which is derived from petroleum — as is LEGO's packaging.
Although they have made progress in reinventing LEGO bricks with eco-friendly material, the company has yet to find something to replace ABS. ABS is the only material they've found to maintain the consistency of the much-loved, sturdy, building bricks in vibrant colors, that click together perfectly, lasting for years and years. The new botanical bricks will be on the softer side and won't be the strongest in a LEGO set — but they will help reduce toxic plastic waste.
Tim Brooks, LEGO Vice President, in an interview with Wired said, "A lot of it is how we make the bricks, how we optimize the machines. Different materials perform in different ways. Some materials are hydroscopic and some are hydrophobic…Some can be blown through tubes, some have to be screw-fed. There are a lot of different considerations."
He added that LEGO had 50 years to perfect is use of ABS. Scientists are consistently working on renewable materials. Some sort of combination of material and LEGO's building process is bound to match.
LEGO has also partnered with World Wildlife Fund (WWF) to reduce its CO2 emissions, and even reached its renewable energy target 3 years earlier than planned. With continued dedication to environmental stewardship, we hope LEGO is able to find a sustainable solution for all of its bricks soon.
Teri J Wilson on March 21, 2018 at 11:00 am
Bravo! Lego has set the bar!
Sue s on March 19, 2018 at 8:27 am
Kudos to Legos. Setting the bar for Other toy manufacturers.
Patricia Franco on March 19, 2018 at 1:12 am
This is a good thing 🙂 thank you
Kylie T on March 17, 2018 at 4:48 pm
Interesting read!
B. Maurene White on March 17, 2018 at 4:36 am
Now we know what gifts we can give our grandchildren teach them care and hope for the world as well as physical construction skills
Leanne on March 17, 2018 at 2:46 am
I hope that LEGO can find a sustainable solution for it's bricks and soon.