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BUSINESS LAW /
Business and human rights: implementation challenges
19 May, 2016 BUSINESS LAW 0
For most corporations, a systematic engagement with human rights is new territory. According to a report published by the Economist Intelligent Unit in 2015, the biggest current barrier in addressing human rights is the lack of understanding about what human rights responsibility entails for corporations. The report's survey of 853 senior corporate executives shows that despite a strong consensus on the relevance of human rights for business, the actual implementation presents a significant challenge.1 This chapter focuses on these challenges from a conceptual and practical perspective.
In corporate practice, human rights are typically subsumed under what is termed 'Corporate Social Responsibility' (CSR) or 'Corporate Sustainability'. However, the academic debate on business and human rights (BHR) has developed largely independently from the more popular concept of CSR.2 The CSR concept has evolved substantially over the past decades and has taken on different meanings in the United States (US) and Europe.3 Particularly in the US, CSR has long emphasized philanthropic giving, community service and marketing.4 BHR and some European concepts of CSR, in contrast, are more focused on where companies derive profits and how core operations affect human rights, particularly in places where states are not protecting the rights of their own people. The contribution of Florian Wettstein illustrates the more ambitious European perspective on CSR. He shows that the BHR concept, while distinct from CSR, could also profit from, for example, CSR's focus on company culture and values.
Some forward-looking companies are beginning to address human rights issues by aligning their organizational structures and procedures with their human rights commitment. Drawing on over 20 years of experience in the senior management team at General Electric, Ben W. Heineman Jr. outlines what it takes to create a culture of integrity that enables systematic respect for human rights. Christine Bader complements Heineman's institutional perspective by outlining typical challenges faced by individuals who are charged with the management of human rights in corporations.
To explain why addressing human rights makes good business sense for corporations, John Morrison outlines the concept of 'the social licence', while Rachel Davis and Caroline Rees outline the concept of 'saliency'. Both concepts show that ignoring human rights can be costly for corporations and 'salient' human rights risks are therefore also material business risks.
1 The Economist Intelligence Unit, 'The Road from Principles to Practices: Today's Challenges for Business in Respecting Human Rights', The Economist, 16 March 2015, www.economistinsights.com/business-strategy/analysis/road-principles-practice.
2 See F. Wettstein, 'CSR and the Debate on Business and Human Rights: Bridging the Great Divide' (2012) 22(4) Business Ethics Quarterly 739.
3 D. Matten and J. Moon, '"Implicit" and "Explicit" CSR: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Corporate Social Responsibility' (2008) 33(2) Academy of Management Review 404.
4 A.B. Carroll et al., Corporate Responsibility: The American Experience (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
From side show to main act: can business and human rights save corporate responsibility?
Florian Wettstein
The idea of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been around for some time. Howard Bowen's 1953 book Social Responsibilities of the Businessman1 is generally seen as the first systematic engagement with the responsibilities of business to society.2 However, despite the long history of CSR and the plethora of different interpretations and definitions that the discussion has produced over the years, the idea has proven surprisingly resistant towards human rights as a possible focus area.
The role of foreign multinationals in apartheid South Africa may have been the first major catalyst for questions about the human rights impact of business on a broader scale and inspired numerous works dealing with the subject.3 However, while apartheid did eventually trigger a broad debate on divestment and the role of business in countries with authoritarian and oppressive governments, it did not spark a systematic debate concerning the relationship between business and human rights (BHR) in general because the doctrine of state-centricity in human rights matters was too rigid and too firmly established.4 It took 20 more years for that doctrine to weaken and a systematic debate on the role of business in relation to human rights to emerge. The killing of Nigerian playwright and activist Ken Saro-Wiwa by the Abacha government, with alleged involvement and support of the oil giant Royal Dutch Shell, is commonly seen as the tipping point that triggered the debate.5
Interestingly, the debate on BHR that emerged during the 1990s evolved largely in parallel to the established debate on CSR.6 Apart from some overlaps, for example in regard to sweatshop and child labour issues,7 the debate was largely focused on legal arguments and driven by legal scholars, which may have moved the discussion outside the core competencies of CSR scholars. The debate started to become more diverse only recently with the inception of the mandate of the United Nations (UN) Special Representative for Business and Human Rights (SRSG), John Ruggie, in 2005 and the subsequent publications of his two major reports: the UN 'Protect, Respect and Remedy' Framework for Business and Human Rights8 and the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights9 (Guiding Principles).
The aim of this chapter is to reflect on the rise of BHR against the background of existing conceptions of CSR, on their differences and commonalities and, most importantly, on the potential for a closer integration of the two. BHR is seen as an important step beyond CSR, but CSR also has lessons for BHR.
Shell in Nigeria10
On Tuesday, 31 October 1995, Nigerian playwright and minority-rights activist Ken Saro-Wiwa, along with eight of his followers, were sentenced to death by a specially convened tribunal of the Abacha regime in Nigeria. Saro-Wiwa was spearheading widespread protests against exploitation and environmental degradation by oil companies in the Ogoni land. Protests against the environmental destruction caused by oil companies had been growing throughout the Niger Delta since the 1970s. The most devastating of such protests occurred in January 1993. It was silenced violently by government forces, resulting in the destruction of countless villages, displacing tens of thousands of Ogoni villagers, and leaving some 2,000 people dead. The trial against Saro-Wiwa and his colleagues was widely condemned. Key witnesses had been bribed and the charges were perceived as fabricated. As a consequence, Shell also came under attack for its alleged complicity in the campaign against Saro-Wiwa. It was alleged that Shell had requested police interventions against protesters and many thought that the company, given its powerful position in the country, had a responsibility to denounce the arrest of Saro-Wiwa and to press for his release. However, Shell commented that it was not appropriate for a private company to become involved in Nigerian politics. In his closing statement to the tribunal, Ken Saro-Wiwa asserted that Shell's operations in the Delta would be called into question sooner or later and that the company's day in court would surely come. Saro-Wiwa's statement proved visionary. Not only was he correct about future litigation against Shell, but he also anticipated a future in which corporations in general would increasingly be held accountable for their involvement in human rights violations – a domain that, at the time, was widely thought to be relevant only for governments.
2 Differences at the normative level: the language of rights and its ethical implications
One may not readily see the difference between BHR and CSR; in fact, one may perceive them as addressing largely the same thing, just using different language. BHR, from that point of view, could be interpreted as a subset of CSR, specifically concerned with those social responsibilities that affect human rights. However, a closer look at the two concepts reveals that the differences cut deeper than mere semantics. The semantic differences expressed through the language of rights point to more fundamental differences concerning the ethics underlying the two concepts.
One attribute that has characterized many interpretations of CSR to this day is the perceived voluntarism of such activity. In 2006, the European Commission denoted CSR as 'fundamentally voluntary business behavior'.11 While this perceived voluntarism can be interpreted in a strictly legal sense – simply as those responsibilities that companies adopt on a voluntary basis beyond the law – it often is equated also with moral discretion. The legal interpretation would see as voluntary whatever is not legally required. A moral interpretation, however, would see it as optional also in a moral sense: the adoption of responsibility beyond the law may be desired and admirable, in some cases perhaps even expected, but hardly a 'must' for companies; that is, we cannot blame them for not taking action to ensure compliance with human rights standards. Early CSR approaches, which frequently equated the social responsibility of business with the charitable donation of some of a company's profits to social causes,12 were prone to endorse such discretionary views of CSR. While this view has become less pervasive, it has not disappeared entirely.13 'Too much of the time when we think about … corporate responsibility', as Sandra Waddock and Neil Smith suggest, 'we think about it as a discretionary responsibility.'14
Moral voluntarism of this sort does not sit well with a focus on human rights issues. The language of rights is also the language of obligation. Rights and obligations are two sides of the same coin, for otherwise the idea of a right as a particularly strong normative claim would be empty and meaningless. However, the very notion of an obligation conflicts with the perceived voluntarism of CSR, since it expresses 'something we conceive as imposed upon our inclinations, something we must do whether we want to or not'.15 Thus, while CSR is often seen to deal with the supererogatory part of morality, that is, with those moral actions that lie beyond the call of duty, human rights responsibility deals with what we owe to each other in a morally obligatory sense.
Reducing BHR to a subset of CSR and thus applying this moral voluntarism to it may prove momentous from both a conceptual and a practical perspective. Conceptually, it will inevitably reduce human rights responsibility to mere acts of corporate goodwill. Shifting human rights from the domain of owed obligation into the domain of supererogatory moral discretion threatens to undermine the very core of what human rights aim to protect: the unconditional and equal dignity of all human beings. This is also of practical relevance: it results in public indifference towards corporate human rights conduct; it leads to corporations selectively meeting human rights standards based on economic incentives (the so-called 'business case for human rights responsibility'16); and it promotes hands-off public policy, which sees little need to hold companies accountable for their human rights impact.
3 Differences at the institutional level: bringing governments and the law back in
The difference between BHR and CSR at the normative level also translates into differences at the institutional level, particularly with respect to the role of government and the role of the law.
3.1 The role of government
There is a distinct difference in the ways that CSR and BHR respectively conceptualize the relationship between corporate and governmental responsibility. Conventional understandings of CSR commonly presuppose, at least implicitly, a functioning and well-ordered state as a background condition.17 Because of this assumption, CSR commonly tends to adopt an isolated view of the corporation without having to engage extensively with the role of the state. That is, it defines corporate responsibilities largely without reference to the respective responsibilities of the state. Thus, conventional conceptions of CSR rely on a rather traditional separation of the public and private domains.18 While the state organizes the public domain, companies and their respective social responsibilities are located squarely in the private realm.
Accountability and remedy
Regulatory framework and Guiding Principles
Key constituents that drive the implementation of business and human rights
The relationship of human rights to business
Global rules, private actors: future challenges for business and human rights
Defining and implementing human rights standards industry by industry
German Report
INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY LAW
What Is Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)?
Other Federal and State Regulation of Commercial Speech
Tags: Business and Human Rights


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The Obama Doctrine may act to "de-Zionise the American empire" and seriously complicate Israeli-US relations.
United States President Barack Obama's speech about the Iran nuclear deal at American University on August 5 marks a decisive feature in his Obama Doctrine that one might venture to call and consider "de-Zionising the American empire".
Does this speech, and a whole array of presidential remarks before and after it, mark a pivotal departure from past US policy towards Israel? And if so, what would that imply for the region at large?
Geoffrey Aronson, among many other observers, has already made the poignant remark that this speech marks a significant turning point in the US-Israeli relationship.
Israeli commentators, however, have been far more emphatic in their concern about what it could mean.
In an article aptly titled, "Obama isolates Netanyahu as head of warmongers," Barak Ravid has signalled the deep anxiety contingent on such a break.
"The most worrisome part of Obama's address", Ravid told his readers, "was his reference to the Israeli government's opposition to the nuclear agreement. What he said is liable to be seen in the not-so-distant future as a real turning point in the strategic relations between Jerusalem and Washington".
In yet another anxiety-ridden piece, Chemi Shalev warned, "Love or loathe Netanyahu, Obama's payback speech was unsettling."
But in what sense was it "unsettling"? Indications are that the Obama Doctrine, of which I wrote about soon after the Iran nuclear deal was reached in Vienna on July 14, 2015, may entail a particularly significant component of treating Israel like any other client state - like Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Pakistan, etc.
Inside Story - Resetting the tone of US-Israeli relations?
That possibility may account for the fact that Israel is now showing such hysterical public manifestations of separation anxiety from its ally.
"Since the US elected a left-centre president and Israel chose a rightist leader six years ago", he wrote in March 2015, "their differences have sharpened over their contrasted perspectives on the Middle East and foreign policy at large, not their bilateral relations. The rift started after Obama's re-election in 2012, as he began to decouple the US mind-set from that of Israel's on doctrinal and regional strategies, especially on Iran".
The key words in Bishara's apt reading are: "to decouple the US mind-set from that of Israel".
The deeper roots of this "decoupling" might be traced back to the most serious challenge to the unbridled power of Israeli lobbyists in the US: John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt's "The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy". Originally written in 2002, it was not published until 2006 in the UK, before it was published as a book in the US in 2007.
Obama will continue to care for Israel, but as an emperor cares for one among many of his vassals - nothing more or less... On this chessboard, Israel might be the rook or even the queen in the US' fancy military footwork... But they each have a singular function: To safeguard the king from being checkmated.
It is crucial to keep in mind that the rise of such critical thinking against the inordinate Israeli influence on US policies predates the election of Obama, and thus, today has much wider and deeper constituencies.
A pragmatist to the bone of his political character, Obama would have never ventured so resoundingly to express his position against Israel and its lobbies and strike this deal with Iran, were he not quite sure of their deep-rooted presence in the US' diplomatic core.
This possible development, of course, does not mean that the members of the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) are going to collect their belongings and move to Israel.
They will, in fact, fight this potential transition even more violently than they are now fighting the Iran deal in Congress.
The fight will continue until Israeli think-tankers from Washington and New York to Tel Aviv and Jerusalem figure out how to secure a corner office for themselves in the Obama Doctrine and the emerging geopolitics contingent on it.
Neither Obama nor any other US president will ever abandon Israel. It houses the largest US military base in the region and is central in the operation of the "empire".
What Obama may have initiated (as a key component of his Obama Doctrine) is to reduce Israel to a vassal, on par with any other vassals it has in the region - ranging from Egypt to Saudi Arabia to Pakistan.
Obama will continue to care for Israel, but as an emperor cares for one among many of his vassals - nothing more or less.
RELATED: A new era in US-Israel relationship?
Each one of these vassals has a function to play. On this chessboard, Israel might be the rook, or even the queen, in the US' fancy military footwork.
But they each have a singular function: To safeguard the king from being checkmated.
There are serious implications for the Palestinian cause if this possible "de-Zionisation of the American empire" were fully to bloom.
Obama will have, in effect, dropped the Palestinian issue at the doorstep of the Israelis.
Obama's state department is already on record for having declared it will not "protect Israeli settlements against boycott".
The president is also on record for having said he is looking for "other options" now that Netanyahu has pledged there will be no Palestinian state on his watch.
When we put these two statements together, it is clear that not only the global Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement, but also the dead-end of the two-state delusion, are Israel's problem and not his.
The implications of this for the Palestinian national liberation are hard to exaggerate.
The "de-Zionisation of the US empire" is not something necessarily good or bad for the region at large.
If we are right to read this possible move as integral to the Obama Doctrine of empire by proxy, this means far less US hard power, far more smart power, and far more phantom liberty for specific players like Iran, Israel, or Saudi Arabia to do as they will, while they remain operative within their limited role to protect the king, the emperor, the empire.


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Add These Adrenaline Activities In Tasmania To Your Adventure Hit List
By Sophie Hart
Imagine untouched wilderness, rugged terrain, tranquil waters and your wildest adventure yet, all waiting for you just a short flight away.
From kayaking, hiking and canyoning, here are the ultimate adrenaline activities to tick off on your next adventure down south. It's time to let your wild spirit run free.
Pedal Adrenaline
Featuring epic mountain biking trails through lush rainforest and down flowing trails, Tasmania is a thrill-seeker's dream. Boasting 125km of purpose-built mountain bike trails with options for all skill levels, head to Blue Derby in Tasmania's north east for some of the best trails in the world. The absolute must-dos? The wilderness rides, Blue Tier and Atlas. In Tasmania's northwest, grind through the ever-growing trail networks at Wild Mersey and in the Dial Range. For experienced riders, head to the small village of Maydena and let gravity propel you down the mountains. Located just an hour's drive east of Derby, you'll discover one of the state's newest mountain bike marvels, the St Helens Mountain Biking Trails. Here, the 42-kilometre Bay of Fires Trail plunges from the mountains to an epic stretch of coastline, while a network of shorter trails loop around the hills just south of the town.
Hike Rugged Coastlines
The breathtaking Three Capes Track is a four-day, 48-kilometre coastal-hugging hike that should be on every adventure-seeker's hit list. The Three Capes Track is open year-round and can be done DIY, staying at public eco-huts, or on a guided walk staying at private lodges. The trek begins at Port Arthur where you'll be taken by boat to Denmans Cove. From there, it's a four-kilometre hike to the first night's hut. This walk follows the highest sea cliffs in Australia and thrill-seekers can test their nerve by edging out onto the Blade at the tip of Cape Pillar while peering down onto Tasman Island. Plus, there's plenty more to experience while you're on the Tasman Peninsula like the Port Arthur Historic Site, Pennicott Wilderness Journeys' Tasman Island Cruises, and Tasmanian Devil Unzoo's Devil Tracker tours. Yep, this place truly has it all.
Go full remote with an eight-day wilderness sea kayak tour through Bathurst Harbour and Port Davey in the wild Southwest. The journey begins with a 40-50 minute scenic flight from Cambridge Airport near Hobart before touching down in the now-abandoned tin-mining settlement of Melaleuca. The itinerary is flexible, dictated by water and weather conditions, but it's guaranteed to be wild, fun and fabulous as you paddle through the dark waters of the Bathurst Narrows and out into the near open sea of Port Davey. Nights are spent camped on empty beaches as far from the world as it possibly gets.
Get Your Heart Racing At Cradle Mountain
There's no denying Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park is one of the most beautiful destinations found in Tasmania, but it's also packed with incredible adrenaline activities. Top of our list is Devils@Cradle where you'll get to see and meet the mysterious and secretive Tasmanian Devil, going horse riding with Cradle Country Adventures on an overnight ride through bush and open fields, delving deep into narrow Dove Canyon with Cradle Mountain Canyons and hiking the short and seriously pretty Dove Lake Circuit.
Chase Waterfalls
A one-hour drive from Hobart, deep within Mt Field National Park lie two majestic must-see waterfalls. Set out from the visitor centre and follow the Russell Falls Nature Walk through the rainforest to the foot of Russell Falls. From here, continue upstream to the suitably named Horseshoe Falls. Next, drive a couple of hours north and tick off the short hike to the beautiful Liffey Falls, pouring off the Great Western Tiers near Deloraine. The walk follows a series of small cascades before ending at the base of the falls for a view that will surely take your breath away.
Remote Road Trips
The Great Eastern Drive lives up to its name as one of the most treasured and scenic drives in Australia. Start from St Helens at the northern end, or Orford at the southern end and follow the coast-hugging Great Eastern Drive through wine country, secret beaches, picturesque coastal towns and vineyards. This 176-kilometre stretch of paradise is dotted with coastal stays like Piermont Retreat and Hamptons On The Bay to rest your head. You'll experience all the world-famous must-dos like Bay of Fires and Wineglass Bay and stumble on lesser-known, untouched gems. Take anywhere from a weekend to a few days, a week or longer. Just remember to slow down and savour every magical moment.
Wild Walks
Tasmania is peppered with trails winding through mountains, along the coast or just through stunning landscapes leading to picturesque destinations that will truly take your breath away. If you don't have time for Tassie's world-famous multi-day hikes then you absolutely need to tick off a few of Tasmania's 60 Great Short Walks. If you're on Tasmania's east coast, then you must head inland and hit up the 20-minute Evercreech circuit where you'll stroll among the tallest white gums in Australia, and you cannot miss Apsley River Waterhole and Gorge. For one of the most photographed and iconic trails, look no further than the 90-minute Wineglass Bay Lookout hike that will reward you with an unforgettable view of Freycinet National Park and the sweeping bay. There's raw beauty at every turn so no matter which trail you choose, you will not be disappointed.
Been bitten hard by the travel bug? Get ready to experience the ultimate thrill-seekers adventure to Tasmania and let your wild spirit run free.
Image credits: Flow Mountain Bike, Jason Charles Hill, Jarrad Seng, and Jess Bonde

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Bythotiara metschnikovii is een hydroïdpoliep uit de familie Bythotiaridae. De poliep komt uit het geslacht Bythotiara. Bythotiara metschnikovii werd in 1988 voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Bouillon, Boero & Seghers.

Bythotiaridae

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Public fee and support system for students in Europe
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Value of student fees in Europe
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Value of student grants in Europe
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Tax benefit for student's parents
Family allowances
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France 2016/17 - student fees and grants
Date of publication: 2017
Fees - first cycle (euro): min 184
Fees - second cycle (euro): min 256
Fees - note: Approximately 64 % of students pay fees
Grants - note: Approximately 36 % of students receive grants
Need-based grant (euro): max 5551
Merit-based grant (euro): min/most common 900
National student fee
The amount of annual fee fixed by the Ministry of Higher Education and Research is EUR 184 in higher education short cycle and first cycle (L1, L2, L3) and EUR 256 in the second cycle (M1, M2). In addition, a fee of EUR 215 per year is charged to all students aged 20-28. These fees are related to the social security system. Some universities add associated costs related to specific services (e.g. for diplomas related to continuing learning and training).The fees can reach more than EUR 2 000 per year.
Fees in the grandes écoles and engineering schools vary, but the most common amount is EUR 610 per year – not including fees related to social security (EUR 215) and partnerships with universities. Tuition fees in some institutions reach up to EUR 10 000 per year, depending on family income. However, there are also grandes écoles which not only deliver education without charging fees, but may even pay some students (such students are prospective civil servants and receive a wage from the State), e.g. in école polytechnique and écoles normales supérieures.
Students who receive a grant (35.8 % of the student population in 2014/15) are exempted from fees.
Non-EU students pay the same fees as those from within the EU.
Student grants
Grants are awarded on the basis of financial need to students (short, first and second cycle) less than 28 years of age. The annual amount awarded for need-based grants depends on an assessment of social criteria, with students classified into nine categories based on family income. All grant holders receive free tuition and a waiver from social security contributions (EUR 215). In 2016/17, the amount of the annual grant ranges from EUR 0 (for lower middle-class students who only receive a fee waiver and a waiver from social security contributions) to EUR 5 551. An additional grant amounting to annual EUR 1 009 is available for the most deprived (based on family income) lower middle-class students.
Students who receive a need-based grant can also get a complementary merit-based grant (based on school performance from the baccalauréat results) which amounts to EUR 900 per semester.
State guaranteed loans up to an annual maximum of EUR 15 000 are also available for all EU/EEA students aged under 28. Loans are guaranteed by a special fund 'OSEO'. Less than 0.1 % of university students take out such a loan. Interest rates are defined by banks. Repayment must start 2 years after graduation, but early redemption of interests is possible.
Parents are eligible for tax relief if students are financially dependent on them, and are less than 25 years old. The amount of tax relief is proportional to the amount of taxable income of the household. Students below 26 are also eligible for tax relief.
Family allowances are paid for two or more dependent children that are under 20 years old. The amount for families with two children is EUR 130.12 per month (less for high income families).
Source: Eurydice, National Student Fee and Support Systems 2013/2014, 2015/2016, 2016/2017


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HomeDebating SportsShould the president take a stand against players and uninvite them to the White House?
Should the president take a stand against players and uninvite them to the White House?
Debating Sports, The Debater
Last season, an NFL player took a knee during the National Anthem in order to bring attention to issues of race. The nation, including the president, reacted by protesting the protest, not only refusing to attend to the issues over which the protest began but also refusing to hear them.
Issues related to racial discrimination versus patriotism.
Kneeling versus standing with "hand on heart."
Feeling oppressed versus feeling insulted.
The freedom to protest versus the need to conform to social mores.
The Philadelphia Eagles won the Superbowl last year, and were invited to the White House by President Trump to celebrate–as per tradition. Too many Eagles players refused to go and Trump disinvited them, bringing the anger and the debate back to the front pages.
Should the president have made that move?
President Trump made the right move to disinvite the players.
the rule is appropriate; why not reinforce it
The National Basketball Association has the rule that players must stand during the national anthem, and players have followed it, finding other avenues for political commentary.
"I think the point I was trying to make a couple of weeks ago is that the NBA has always been very much a partner with the players and the union on this issue and I don't think it's a coincidence that we've gone through this together and there haven't really been any issues in the NBA," Steve Kerr, Golden State Warriors coach said. "Players are very socially active and teams and management and the league itself are very supportive not only of community service, of course, but political commentary. It's just a partnership. That's the point I was making compared to the NFL."
Fans pay an average of $172 per ticket in order to be entertained, not to be politically challenged or engaged.
Last fall, the NY Post reported that 30% of NFL fans were watching less football last season, and more than half blamed players protesting racism by kneeling during the national anthem, according to the Seton Hall Sports Poll, conducted by The Sharkey Institute.
Of those watching fewer games, 52 percent said it was because they disagreed with the protests.
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
The first amendment doesn't apply to private business.
NFL teams are private companies, which means they can set their own rules (with some exceptions). The players can be subject to discipline or termination as employees if they don't follow league rules.
Erwin Chemerinsky, the dean of Berkeley Law and a constitutional law expert explains, "Private employers can fire employees for their speech without having to worry about the First Amendment."
Eugene Volokh, a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, School of Law adds that some states have additional laws that protect the political speech of the employees of private companies. This could apply to the teams of those states but, without legal precedence, it's not clear how courts will react to the laws.
President Trump should not have uninvited the Eagles.
the Eagles didn't kneel
President Trump made it clear he believed the players who planned not to attend the ceremony at the White House were doing so because of his stance on the kneeling during the anthem. For him, it was about the anthem protest. Yet, none of the Eagles knelt during the anthem or stayed in the locker room last year.
President Trump's comments might have crossed the constitutional line last year
The president's threats over the protest may have crossed the line last year
President Trump, in a tweet-rage over the anthem protests, questioned why the NFL received tax breaks. Change tax law! he tweeted.
While the president is allowed to express his views over the issue, he can't threaten government action.
"Although the issue isn't clear cut, I would bet that the Court would view the expression of the President's views as protected First Amendment speech, as long as he doesn't back it up with the threat of an exercise of government power," one expert wrote.
Marc Edelman, professor of sports law at Baruch College in New York, said that the president's talk about tax retaliation probably crossed the the legal line.
The ACLU, too, said it believed Trump's tax statements were unconstitutional, which it called an effort "to bully the NFL into complying with his view of what is politically correct."
using fame to bring light to an issue
Would we rather live in a world that is dominated by Kim Kardashian-type fame, fame that seems to be used exclusively for self-promotion and personal gain? Or one that includes the voices of people who care deeply about social issues?
The founding fathers, in their protection of free speech–regardless of its content–had very strong feelings on this.
two interpretations of kneeling
For the players, the issue is police brutality, systemic racism—big, broad stroke concerns over race in this country.
To the president, the issue is patriotism and respect for the military.
Perhaps the best solution would be for the president to BEG the players to come to the White House so that they can sit and talk through things, try to understand each other better, try to hear each other more clearly.
Superbowl celebration cancelled
A few notable sports figures that declined the White House photo op
Let's Talk	Cancel reply
Debate disaster: two terrifying takeaways
Trump's poll numbers improve amid intensifying protests
Back to school; back to quarantine
Trump claims mail-in voting will result in rigged election
Trump approval rating drops amid multiple crises
Trump reacts to protests with call to violence
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text:
/ Theatre Department
From scholarships to off-campus internships in Chicago, Philadelphia and New York, there are plenty of opportunities for incoming and current theatre students.
Renewable for four years, the Distinguished Artist Awards (DAA) provide eligible incoming art, dance, music, theatre or creative writing students with $2,500 each year toward their college costs. Theatre DAA recipients must plan to major or minor in theatre. Apply for the DAA in theater and audition on DAA Scholarship Day.
Advanced students have the opportunity to work on independent student-led (THEA 490) productions, which include actors, designers, stage managers and directors. Students must apply one semester before the planned production.
HSRT is an Equity Small Professional Theatre operating on Hope's campus from May–August. Our students have the opportunity to work with theatre professionals from around the country through summer internships and employment.
Off-Campus Opportunities
Our students take advantage of exciting opportunities working directly with arts organizations in the Great Lakes Colleges Association (GLCA) New York Arts Program, the Chicago Semester and The Philadelphia Center.
Learn more about off-campus opportunities in theatre
Theatre Department Jobs
There are several opportunities for students to earn money working in the department during the academic year. Check out our job descriptions.
MELLON SCHOLARS PROGRAM
The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Scholars Program supports students' intellectual engagement within and across the disciplines.
Through original research that combines traditional scholarly methods, creative production, experiential education and the digital liberal arts, students work independently or in teams, with the support of faculty mentors, to build the skills needed to plan, develop and undertake significant projects of research or artistic creation, and to carry them through to completion.
Mellon Scholars emerge from the program with knowledge and experience that will serve them well in postgraduate study, law school, medical school and in competition for national and international scholarship and fellowship awards at the highest levels.
Check out opportunities at The Philadelphia Center
Theatre DAA Auditions
DeWitt Student and Cultural Center
Hope Summer Repertory Theatre receives a Michigan Council for Arts and Cultural Affairs grant
by Ronald Fleischmann
The Hope Summer Repertory Theatre (HSRT) received a $15,000 grant from the Michigan Council for Arts and Cultural Affairs (MCACA) to support the 2020 season! Funding will support the six show, three venue season from May through August 2020, with performances of The Marvelous Wonderettes, Man of La Mancha, Much Ado About Nothing, Every Brilliant […]
Theatres and Facilities
For ticket information call 616.395.7890 or email tickets@hope.edu.
Hope CollegeTheatre Department
DeWitt Student Cultural Center141 East 12th StreetFloor 2Holland, MI 49423
theatre@hope.edu


text:
Q: Multiple API's in in memory data service not working in angular 2 I am developing an angular 2 application but the back end is not created yet.
Angular has this great feature: in memory data service.
I got it working for 1 dataset already but not for multiple datasets.
In another answer someone said I could just put them together like this:

import { InMemoryDbService } from "angular-in-memory-web-api";
export class InMemoryData implements InMemoryDbService {
    createDb() {
        let categories = [
            { id: 1, category: "Person", name: "testname", faName: ""},
            { id: 2, category: "Goods", name: "testname2", faName: "" }
        ];
        let headCategory = [
            { id: 1 , name: "personen" },
            {id: 2 , name: "goederen"}
        ];
        let langText = [
            { langId: 1 , categoryId: 1, text: "testnl" },
            { langId: 2 , categoryId: 1, text: "testfr" },
            { langId: 1 , categoryId: 2, text: "testnl2" },
            { langId: 2 , categoryId: 2, text: "testfr2" },
        ];
        let langs = [
            { id: 1, langName: "Nederlands" , tag : "NL" },
            { id: 2, langName: "Frans", tag : "FR" }
        ];
        return { categories , headCategory , langText , langs };
    }
}

But it does not work, It gets 404 error on the requests.
Does anyone know how to properly use the InMemoryDbService for multiple datasets?
Here are some more snippets:
services:

import { Injectable } from "@angular/core";
import { Category } from "../models/category";
import { Headers, Http } from "@angular/http";

import "rxjs/add/operator/toPromise";

@Injectable()
export class CategoriesService {
    private Url = "api/categories";

    constructor(private http : Http) {}

    getCategories () : Promise<Category[]> {
        return this.http.get(this.Url)
            .toPromise()
            .then(response => response.json().data as Category[])
            .catch(this.handleError);
    }

    handleError(error : any) : Promise<any> {
        console.error("An error occurred", error); // for demo purposes only
        return Promise.reject(error.message || error);
    }
}

import { Injectable } from "@angular/core";
import { HeadCategory } from "../models/head-category";
import { Headers, Http } from "@angular/http";

import "rxjs/add/operator/toPromise";

@Injectable()
export class HeadCategoriesService {
    private Url = "api/headCategory";

    constructor(private http : Http) {}

    getHeadCategories () : Promise<HeadCategory[]> {
        return this.http.get(this.Url)
            .toPromise()
            .then(response => response.json().data as HeadCategory[])
            .catch(this.handleError);
    }

    handleError(error : any) : Promise<any> {
        console.error("An error occurred", error); // for demo purposes only
        return Promise.reject(error.message || error);
    }
}

Where app crashes:

import { Component, OnInit } from "@angular/core";

import { Category } from "../../models/category";
import { HeadCategory } from "../../models/head-category";

import { CategoriesService } from "../../services/categories.service";
import { HeadCategoriesService } from "../../services/head-category.service";

@Component({
    selector: "category-manager",
    templateUrl: "./category-manager.component.html",
    styleUrls: ["./category-manager.component.scss"]
})
export class CategoryManager implements OnInit {
    constructor(
        private categoriesService : CategoriesService,
        private headCategoriesService : HeadCategoriesService,
    ) {}
    title = "CategoryManager";
    Categories : Category[];
    HeadCategories : HeadCategory[];
    SelectedHeadCategory : HeadCategory;
    getCategories() : void {
        this.categoriesService.getCategories().then(Categories => this.Categories = Categories);
    }
    getHeadCategories() : void {
      this.headCategoriesService.getHeadCategories().then(headCategories => this.HeadCategories = headCategories);
    }
    ngOnInit() {
      this.getHeadCategories();
      this.getCategories();
      this.SelectedHeadCategory = this.HeadCategories[0];
    }
    clickHandler(selectedHeadCategory : HeadCategory ) : void {
      this.SelectedHeadCategory = selectedHeadCategory;
    }

}

A: I solved the problem. The problem wasn't the API as was shown in the errors. The problem was that there was no [0] at the time I called it.

A: This is my InMemoryDbService where I have used multiple APIs:
import { InMemoryDbService } from 'angular-in-memory-web-api';
import { OrderRequest } from '../../order-window/order-request';
import { Location } from '../location/location';

export class InMemoryDataService implements InMemoryDbService {

createDb() {
let orderRequests: OrderRequest[] = [
  {
    id: 1,
    fullname: 'Jack',
    tel: 4444444,
    watel: 4444444,
    confirmationId: 654645,
    location: 'Bangalore',
    mail: 'jack@gmail.com',
    manual: 'This is testing',
    termsAccepted: true,
    uFile: ''
  }
];

let locations: Location[] = [
  {
      location: 'RT Nagar'
  },
  {
      location: 'Hebbal'
  },
  {
      location: 'Sanjay Nagar'
  },
  {
      location: 'Malleswaram'
  },
  {
      location: 'Sadashivanagar'
  }
];
return {orderRequests, locations};

}
}
This is my LocationService:
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { Http, Response } from '@angular/http';

import { Location } from './location';

@Injectable()
export class LocationService {

private _locationUrl = 'api/locations';

constructor(private _http:Http) {}

getLocations(): Promise<Location[]> {
    return this._http.get(this._locationUrl)
    .toPromise()
    .then(response => response.json().data as Location[])
    .catch(this.handleError);
}

private handleError(error: Response) {
    console.error(error);
    return Promise.reject(error.json().error || 'Server error');
}
}

This is my OrderRequestService:
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { Headers, Http, Response } from '@angular/http';
import { OrderRequest } from '../order-window/order-request';

import 'rxjs/add/operator/toPromise';
@Injectable()
export class AdminService {

private headers = new Headers({ 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
private url = 'api/orderRequests';  // URL to web api

constructor(private http: Http) { }
 getOrderRequests(): Promise<OrderRequest[]> {
  return this.http.get(this.url)
  .toPromise()
  .then(response => response.json().data as OrderRequest[])
  .catch(this.handleError);
 }

 create(orderRequest: OrderRequest) {
  console.log('Create object called. Value is: ' + JSON.stringify(orderRequest));
return this.http
.post(this.url, JSON.stringify(orderRequest), { headers: this.headers})
.toPromise()
.then(res => res.json().data)
.catch(this.handleError);
}

update(orderRequest: OrderRequest): Promise<OrderRequest> {
const url = `${this.url}/${orderRequest.id}`;
return this.http
  .put(url, JSON.stringify(orderRequest), { headers: this.headers })
  .toPromise()
  .then(() => null)
  .catch(this.handleError);
}

delete(id: number): Promise<void> {
const url = `${this.url}/${id}`;
return this.http.delete(url, { headers: this.headers })
  .toPromise()
  .then(() => null)
  .catch(this.handleError);
}

private handleError(error: any): Promise<any> {
console.error('An error occurred', error); // for demo purposes only
return Promise.reject(error.message || error);
}
}

My services are working fine. Try to find out where you have made a mistake.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Anorexia patients left in the lurch as eating disorder helpline Butterfly Foundation set to be axed.
Exclusive by medical reporter Sophie Scott and the National Reporting Team's Rebecca Armitage
Australia's only dedicated support service for people with eating disorders is set to be axed next year, under a shake-up of online mental health services.
Mental health experts are devastated, saying the phone and web support run by the Butterfly Foundation has saved countless patients' lives.
Christine Morgan, the Butterfly Foundation's chief executive, said the helpline assisted more than 1,000 people each month, with patients receiving up to an hour of phone and web counselling.
"We've been told we only have another 12 months of certain funding for it," she said.
"To be honest, it fills me with horror because at the moment, this is the only national dedicated service for people with eating disorders."
The Butterfly Foundation is the country's peak support organisation for people with conditions such as anorexia and bulimia.
The Federal Government is developing a new centralised online "gateway" as part of its shake-up of mental health services.
A letter from the Federal Department of Health, obtained by the ABC, says: "It will bring together and streamline access to existing evidence-based information, advice and digital mental health treatment and connect people to services through a centralised telephone and web portal."
Experts say, while streamlining services may be worthwhile, it is crucial that specialised services are still available.
Ms Morgan said patients needed very specific services for eating disorders.
"Somebody suffering an eating disorder does not get the appropriate care and counselling if they ring in a general mental health line," she said.
The ABC understands that Federal Government funding for the National Eating Disorders Collaboration, which develops treatment guidelines for eating disorders, was also going to be axed, but received a last-minute reprieve.
St Vincent's Hospital psychiatrist Liz Scott said many of her patients regularly used the Butterfly Foundation's support service.
"If this was something like cancer affecting young people, we wouldn't be saying, 'well let's take away the phone support line' or 'let's withdraw services'. There would be a major community outcry," Dr Scott said.
She said eating disorders carried very high rates of mortality.
"One in 10 people who suffer from an eating disorder are dead within 10 years, and if you think about these disorders affecting young people, that's a horrifying statistic of something that is potentially preventable," she said.
Kath Courts, 26, who is being treated for an eating disorder, said she had used Butterfly Foundation's phone and web support to get through tough times.
"Calling the phone line was just so important to have that safe space to turn to, to tell someone how I was thinking and feeling and be believed and validated for that," she said.
Ms Courts said friends with eating disorders had contacted other mental health lines and were told to "go for a walk" or "have an ice cream".
"To be told to eat something pleasant, it's like you have absolutely no idea what I'm going through, I really need help and I'm not getting it," she said.
Ms Courts said had often struggled to find help when she needed it.
"I know for me, if I don't have anyone to talk to my thoughts get a lot darker and it's a lot more difficult to manage those urges," she said.
She said many Australians with eating disorders found it difficult to get ongoing medical treatment.
Ms Courts is hoping the Federal Government will give assurances the support line will be saved.
Other mental health groups face uncertainty
A further 20 mental health groups are also facing an uncertain future, when it comes to their online services.
The groups include Lifeline and SANE Australia.
SANE Australia chief executive Jack Heath said his organisation was keen to be part of the Government's digital gateway.
"We strongly welcome the Government's efforts to utilise digital technology," he said.
Lifeline said it was working with the Government to ensure it had input into the development of the new mental health portal.
A spokeswoman for the Federal Health Department said all government-funded digital mental health service providers, including Butterfly Foundation, were provided with funding for an additional 12 months.
"A Digital Mental Health Advisory Committee has been established to consult and co-design the detailed elements of the new gateway," she said.
"This group will include representatives of the contracted services providers."
This post originally appeared on ABC News.
© 2016 Australian Broadcasting Corporation. All rights reserved. Read the ABC Disclaimer here.
body-image
current-affairs
Sunlight 6 years ago
This is so sad. Eating disorders do require specialist help. When I was diagnosed with Anorexia, the first psychologist I saw didn't specialise in eating disorders and I remember that at the end of the session she told me to go home and 'try to eat some dinner.' That was exactly the problem, I couldn't do that. I wanted to, but I couldn't. It was such a relief when I found a psychologist that did specialise in eating issues and she understood that I wasn't just being difficult or wilful or refusing the co-operate.
When you have an eating disorder, it's so hard to even ask for help in the first place. So if someone does find the courage to call a helpline, it really needs to be a specialsed service that can handle the complexity of the problem.
Jarrah James Jorge Lopez 6 years ago
This is so disheartening. We should be reading an article about the Butterfly Foundation receiving MORE funding and NOT about the funding being scrapped. I don't know what is wrong with the people running our country. Anorexia and other eating disorders are such complex diseases and the Butterfly Foundation has been a great tool for those suffering and for those supporting people living with disorders. We need to be vocal about this, we need to ensure that this doesn't disappear.
How Matt Moran Really Feels About Fast Food
What I Eat When


text:
The Stroblhof
Open Space & Bathing Pond
Region & Activities
Stroblhof and its history
The old residential tower named "Alt-Firmian" first appeared in historical records in 1325. For many years it was owned by the Firmians, the canons of Trento, who also owned Firmian Castle (today known as Sigmundskron Castle). Shortly after that time, a farmstead was built here. At first it was known as Baumannhof, and it was then renamed Englarhof. How this complex of medieval buildings later became the Stroblhof farm is not known. Today, all that remains of the medieval residential tower by the natural lake is a ruin – its southern wall still perfectly preserved and enjoyed by bathers as a "historical windbreak".
In 1872, Eppan – like the areas of Merano and Gries, near Bolzano – was officially designated a health resort. Just a decade later, Stroblhof went through its first upgrade, transforming from a simple farmstead into a country inn. Thanks to its position at an altitude of over 500 metres at the foot of a landslide, as well as its immediate vicinity to the Eislöcher (ice caves), Stroblhof soon attracted scores of guests. The well-preserved ice cellar, built with flat porphyry stones and now listed, was used as a natural refrigerator for the farm's own produce. Various records from 1880 onwards document the inn's popularity as a venue, as well as the inauguration of the royal-imperial shooting range in 1896. As marksmanship declined in popularity after the two world wars, the shooting range lost its purpose, but Stroblhof continued to be a place for celebrations. Reports up until the 1960s document rural festivals organised by the local clubs, along with sporting and cultural events, bearing witness to the renowned hospitality of the Franz Ausserer family – Stroblhof owners since 1836.
In the 1960s, after a series of conversion and extension works, the original inn became the first hotel in the Überetsch area to feature an outdoor pool. But this was just the beginning: young heir Josef Hanni-Ausserer had plans. Stroblhof's own wine production, which had already begun around the middle of the 19th century with the Strahler, was intensified and improved in quality. In 1972, Josef had an indoor swimming pool built, the first in the area, and this was soon followed by...
Soon Andreas Nicolussi-Leck realised that the soil here at the foot of the Mendel mountains held great potential for the cultivation of Burgundy grapes. He cleared the fruit orchards, bought vineyards in the best locations and built a modern wine cellar, which enabled him to continually improve the quality of the Stroblhof wines. The mineral, fruity white wines and the elegant, long-lived Pinot noirs have nothing to fear in comparison with other first-class wines.
Anna and Thomas Nicolussi-Leck have recently joined the team at the hotel and winery. Both areas of activity now present us with new challenges, especially in terms of sustainable and responsible growth. This will be an essential step in ensuring Stroblhof's continued reputation as a historical, heritage-minded family business.
In need of vacation? We are happy to send out small sunbeams from the Stroblhof ...
E-mail * Leave this field empty:
Privacy policy read and accepted
Stroblhof - Hotel Restaurant Winery
Italia – Alto Adige 39057 S. Michele/Appiano (BZ), via Pigenoer 25
hotel@ stroblhof.it - T +39 0471 66 22 50
from early April until early November
Cafè Restaurant Stroblhof


Research at the University of Victoria has demonstrated that weight training by stroke victims can have twice the benefit to their bodies.
Dec. 18, 2012 11:00 a.m.
Research at the University of Victoria has demonstrated that weight training by stroke victims in recovery can have twice the benefit to their bodies.
A study led by UVic neuroscientist Paul Zehr showed that showed that a stroke patient exercising the strong side of their body will have roughly equivalent muscle gain on their weak side.
The study, focusing primarily on the lower body to help patients regain strength and mobility, showed improvements in the injured side of the body as roughly equivalent to the uninjured side. Overall, people who participated in the six-week study gained about 30 per cent muscle mass.
Cross-education of strength, or the idea that training one side of the human body can have benefits to corresponding muscles on the opposite side, has been known for decades – but typically the cross-benefit is only five to 10 per cent.
"A lot of times when you study the human nervous system and you try to translate that to a clinical populations, it doesn't always translate," Zehr said.
Nineteen post-stroke patients ranging in age from 26 to 81 and averaging 84 months post-stroke, completed the full six-week program that involved high-intensity exercises, such as lifting a fitted block of wood with their unaffected ankle and foot. While more tests are being done, the results of the study, completed with PhD student Katie Dragert, startled even the professor.
Retired school secretary Barb Oliver was one of those patients, having had a stroke 11 years ago. She said studies like this are important both for her and future stroke victims to live their lives and do the things they want to do.
The 61-year-old is fresh off a trip to Africa in the fall, despite the misgivings of her travel agent, who suggested Africa was no place for a "disabled person." She went anyway and hopes others can do the same as research into post-stroke patients continue.
Zehr and the PhD students hope more post stroke patients get involved and believe their research is making a difference.
Post-stroke patients looking to be involved in future studies can contact them at rnl@uvic.ca.


Mathematics of Planet Earth 2013 (MPE2013) is an initiative of mathematical science organizations around the world designed to showcase the ways in which mathematical sciences can be useful in tackling our world's problems. The exhibition "Mathematics of Planet Earth" was created by the community through a competition. The winning modules of the competition are now part of this open source exhibition and has been staged since 2013.
The MPE Open Source Exhibition is an international virtual exhibition of museum quality exhibits (called modules) on the theme of Mathematics of Planet Earth. The exhibition will continue to grow past its launch on March 5 2013 at the UNESCO Headquarters in Paris.
The modules can be reproduced and utilized by many users around the world from science museums to schools. The exhibition has a virtual part, as well as several material parts. Copies of the material parts can be recreated or travel around the world, and the virtual modules are available on the basis of creative commons licenses.
All exhibits are demonstrating in one way or another the crucial role mathematics plays in planetary issues. The modules cover a wide variety of topics such as astronomy, fluid dynamics, the mathematics of volcanoes or glaciers and problems in cartography.
The virtual modules displayed in the exhibition come from an international competition organized by the initiative MPE, IMU, ICMI and IMAGINARY in 2013 and 2017. They are of four types: interactive modules, films, posters, and instructions to realize a physical module. The three winners of the first competition have received their prize at UNESCO during the MPE Day in March 2013, the three winners of the second competition have received their prize at the MPE exhibition at Imperial College in London in October 2017.
Additionally, several physical modules were realized by Centre•Sciences CCSTI of region Centre (Orleans-France) and Adecum, Association for mathematic culture development, under the leadership and supervision of Michel Darche. They will form the base of a traveling exhibition that could be rented.
The exhibition is still under development, new ideas and modules are welcome: See the MPE project for more information.


text:
Die Brüder Theodor Eduard Ferdinand Hofmeister (* 21. April 1868 in Hamburg; † 1. März 1943) und Oskar Ludwig Robert Hofmeister (auch Oscar, * 22. Juli 1871 in Hamburg; † 24. August 1937 in Ichenhausen, Bayern) waren Amateurfotografen, die als Begründer der piktorialistischen "Hamburger Schule der Kunstfotografie" gelten. Sie arbeiteten vor allem mit dem Gummidruckverfahren und starken Vergrößerungen des Fotonegativs, um Landschafts-, Figuren- und Porträtbilder künstlerisch umzusetzen.

Leben

Biografisches
Der ältere Bruder Hofmeister, Theodor, wurde am 21. April 1868 in Hamburg geboren, drei Jahre später wurde sein jüngerer Bruder Oskar geboren. Von Kindertagen an lebten die zwei Brüder im Verbund einer wohlhabenden und angesehenen Kaufmannsfamilie in Hamburg. Der Vater Theodor August Anton Hofmeister (1831–1888), ein erfolgreicher Mitbegründer und ab 1885 alleiniger Geschäftsführer der Firma Hofmeister, Scheffler & Sieg, Kommissions- und Speditionsgeschäft, stand der Familie vor. Er hatte mit seiner Frau Augusta Wilhelmine Henriette, geborene Meyer, noch drei weitere Söhne: Gustav Otto Richard, Albert Henry William und Theodor Ferdinand Eduard.

Auch Theodor lernte den Beruf des Kaufmanns und engagierte sich vorerst im väterlichen Betrieb, bis er im Jahre 1891, im Alter von 23 Jahren, seine erste eigene kaufmännische Firma gründete.

Oskar Hofmeister entschied sich gegen eine klassische kaufmännische und für eine juristische Ausbildung. Er arbeitete hauptberuflich als juristischer Beamter in Hamburg.

Fotografie als Hobby
Hamburg war nicht nur die Geburtsstadt von Theodor und Oskar Hofmeister, in dieser Stadt entwickelten sich auch ihre fotografischen Ambitionen. Die Amateurfotografie wurde in den 1890er Jahren zu einem Hobby der wohlhabenden Hofmeisters. In Hamburg entstand 1891 der erste Amateurfotografen-Verein Hamburgs. Die Amateurfotografie war für viele reiche Bürger mit ästhetischem Kunstbewusstsein ein interessantes Hobby, denn es handelte sich nicht nur um ein sehr kostspieliges, sondern auch um ein künstlerisch gehaltvolles und elitäres Hobby: Nur reiche Großbürger hatten das nötige Geld für die teure Fotoausrüstung und die nötige Zeit, um sich umfassend mit Aufnahme- und Entwicklungstechnik zur Herstellung künstlerisch wertvoller Fotografie zu beschäftigen. In ihrer Freizeit und somit neben ihrer jeweiligen Profession übten die Hofmeisters sich in der Kunstfotografie und wurden so mehr und mehr "professionelle" Amateurfotografen. Sie gelten als Begründer und Zentrum der dabei herausgebildeten lokalen "Hamburger Schule" der Amateurfotografie.

Förderung
Großen Einfluss auf das Schaffen und den Erfolg Theodor und Oskar Hofmeisters hatten sowohl Alfred Lichtwark (1852–1914) als auch der Hamburger Kaufmann Ernst Juhl (1850–1915). Sowohl Lichtwark, Direktor der Sammlung des Hamburger Kunstvereins und der Hamburger Kunsthalle, als auch Juhl, Gründungsmitglied des Hamburger Amateurphotographen-Vereins und Gründungspräsidiumsmitglied der 1893 daraus hervorgehenden Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Amateurfotografie (kurz GzFdA; später: der Kunstfotografie) sicherten den Hofmeisters ihre Unterstützung. Durch die Gründung der GzFdA konnten erstmals in Hamburg in einem institutionalisierten Rahmen Laboratorien, Konferenzräume, Versammlungen und ein moderierter Austausch der Künstler untereinander angeleitet werden. Theodor und Oskar taten sich durch ihre spezielle, dem Wiener Kleeblatt (oder Trifolium) nachempfundene Gummidrucktechnik hervor und verkörperten auch die Ideale und Grundsätze Alfred Lichtwarks. Da Hamburg stets in einem direkten Konkurrenzverhältnis zu Wien und Wiens Trifolium stand, wurden die Hofmeisters durch die Rückendeckung Juhls und Lichtwarks zum Aushängeschild der "Hamburger Schule".

Als Hauptvertreter der "Hamburger Schule" und somit als Sprösslinge der Heimat konnten die Gebrüder Hofmeister auf die volle Unterstützung Lichtwarks und Juhls bauen, welche hervorragende Beziehungen sowohl zu fotografischen Fachzeitschriften wie der Photographischen Rundschau in Deutschland oder Camera Work in den USA unterhielten als auch einen persönlichen Austausch mit Kuratoren und Künstlern national und international pflegten.

Werk

Theoretischer Ansatz
Die fotografischen Arbeiten der Brüder Hofmeister zwischen 1895 und 1909 lassen sich vollständig der "Hamburger Schule" der Amateurfotografie zuordnen. Diese ist Teil der piktorialistischen Strömung in der Fotografie.

Piktorialistische Fotografie
Der Piktorialismus (bzw. die piktorialistische Fotografie) ist eine Stilrichtung, die versuchte, mit neuen technischen Erkenntnissen die Fotografie als Kunstform neben der Malerei zu etablieren. Sie lässt sich grob zwischen 1890 und 1910/1915 einordnen. In dieser Zeitperiode entstanden in der westlichen Hemisphäre zunehmend Amateur-Fotoclubs und -vereine, die den Grundstein für große Zentren piktorialistischer Fotografie gaben: Genannt seien London mit The linked Ring, Wien mit dem Trifolium und New York mit der Photo-Secession, die sich alle auf piktorialistische Arbeiten konzentrierten und somit einen Gegenpol zur Berufsfotografie bildeten.

Die piktorialistischen Ansätze zeichnen sich durch den Versuch aus, die Fotografie von ihrem Status als detailgetreu dokumentierendes Medium zu befreien. Insbesondere den stereotypen, unnatürlich inszenierten Porträtaufnahmen der Atelierfotografen wurde so ein Gegenpol gesetzt. Amateurfotografen arbeiteten daran, die Fotografie mittels malerischer Mittel in den Kunstdiskurs zu erheben. Potentielle Mittel waren dabei neue, natürliche Perspektiven von Landschafts- und Figurenaufnahmen, Vergrößerungen der Fotografien, das Spiel mit Tonwerten, der Einsatz von Unschärfe und nachträgliche Bearbeitung des Fotonegativs.

Alfred Lichtwarks Verständnis der Kunstfotografie
Für die piktorialistische Fotografie in Hamburg und damit für das Schaffen von Theodor und Oskar Hofmeister waren die theoretischen Ansätze Alfred Lichtwarks maßgeblich.

Dilettantismus
Einen wesentlichen Faktor für die neue Kunst in der Fotografie bildete der Dilettantismus. Die fotografischen Dilettanten / Amateure hatten nach Lichtwark im Gegensatz zu den Berufsfotografen die Möglichkeit, die Fotografie künstlerisch zu erneuern. Lichtwark förderte deshalb sehr stark die Amateurfotografen. Gleichzeitig forderte er eine Aufwertung des – bis dato negativ belasteten – Dilettantismusbegriffs in Deutschland.

Erziehung
Für Lichtwark besaß die Amateurfotografie die innovative Kraft, den Kunstsinn des Volkes zu schulen. So lag für ihn in der Amateurfotografie die Möglichkeit, dem Volk eine neue Herangehensweise an Kunst aufzuzeigen und es somit künstlerisch zu erziehen. Lichtwark trat so als Kunsterzieher auf, der pädagogisch anregen wollte.

Natur
Lichtwark forderte für die Kunstfotografie größere Natürlichkeit und eine Orientierung der Künstler an der Natur. So trat er in den Kampf gegen die unkünstlerischen Ansprüche an die Fotografie der Berufsfotografen und der Bevölkerung. Der Amateur müsse, um seinen Geschmack auszubilden, bedeutende Kunstwerke eingehend studieren und sich von jenen führen lassen. Dadurch würden die Empfindungen geschult. Das tatsächliche Forschungsfeld für die fotografische Kunst müsse jedoch die Natur sein. So gilt nach Lichtwark: "Sein [des Amateurs] unmittelbares Studienfeld bleibe die Natur, und bei ihrem Anblick muß jede Erinnerung an das, was er in der Kunst gesehen hat, verschwinden." D.h., der Kunstfotograf, der sich physisch und psychisch auf die Natur einlässt, kann seine subjektiven Empfindungen und Gefühle in die künstlerische Arbeit einfließen lassen und so eine neue Lebendigkeit in die leblosen Bilder bringen und besondere Stimmungen erzeugen. Lichtwark erteilte jungen Kunstfotografen den Rat, zu Studienzwecken in die Natur zugehen und schloss sich selbst oft solchen Studienreisen an.

Selbstbild in der Produktion
In ihrer Publikation Das Figurenbild in der Kunstphotographie geben Theodor und Oskar Hofmeister Aufschluss über ihre Arbeitsweise und ihr Selbstbild in der Bildproduktion. So vergleichen sie die eigene Arbeitsweise mit der eines Malers, der "...zunächst damit [beginnt], sich Studien anzufertigen. Er [der Maler] entwirft Skizzen." Hofmeisters selbst fertigten vor jeder Arbeit unzählige Vorstudien an. Zudem bemühten sich die Brüder stets um ein hohes Maß an Perfektion: Ihrer Publikation zufolge fordern sie von sich selbst ein Höchstmaß an Disziplin, Selbstkritik und Durchhaltevermögen.

Arbeitsweise
Für ihre fotografischen Arbeiten gab es klare Zuständigkeitsbereiche zwischen den Brüdern Hofmeister. Oskar Hofmeister war für die Aufnahme, die sie gemeinsam vorbereitet hatten, verantwortlich. Theodor Hofmeister übernahm die weitere Bearbeitung des Fotonegativs im Fotolabor.

Aufnahmetechniken

Vorstudien
Um eine Fotografie anzufertigen, arbeiteten die Brüder Schritt für Schritt einen systematischen Plan ab. Zuerst wurden Skizzen angefertigt und die Komposition zeichnerisch ausgearbeitet. Bei den Vorstudien zum "Präsidentenbildnis" von 1899, das den damaligen Vorstand der Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Amateurfotografie abbildete, machten sie erst einige Aufnahmen mit Statisten, bevor sie die wirklichen Akteure ins Bild setzen. Die tatsächliche Aufnahme war keine Momentaufnahme, sondern bis ins kleinste Detail inszeniert. Dabei durfte der Fotografierte meist selbst Position und Ort der Aufnahme wählen. So sollte sichergestellt werden, eine möglichst natürliche Pose einzufangen. Oskar Hofmeister fertigte stets sehr viele Aufnahmen an. Die ungenutzten Aufnahmen wurden als Studien gesammelt und dienten der persönlichen künstlerischen Ausbildung. Beleg dieser Arbeitsweise sind zwei überlieferte Skizzenbücher mit einmal 52 und einmal 125 Albumin- und Celloidinabzügen der Gebrüder Hofmeister.

Reisen
Auf Rat Alfred Lichtwarks unternahmen die Gebrüder Hofmeister zahlreiche Ausflüge zu Studienzwecken in das Umland Hamburgs. Überlieferte Orte des Aufenthalts sind Finkenwerder, Altona, Vierlanden, Harburg, Ochsenwerder, Altenwerder, Alstertal, die Künstlerkolonie Worpswede, Duhnen, Altenbruch, Walsrode und auch Dinan in der Bretagne. Diese Foto-Touren dienten dem genauen Beobachten der Landschaft und des Alltags der Menschen, um so Vorstudien für spätere Fotografien erarbeiten zu können. Oft unternahmen die Hofmeisters diese Reisen auch gemeinsam mit anderen Kunstfotografen oder in Begleitung Alfred Lichtwarks.

Aufnahmen
Die Originalaufnahmen waren meist 13 × 18 cm groß. Dafür nutzen sie eine Brennweite von 21 bis 27 cm, im Freien von 42 cm. Die Hofmeisters arbeiteten mit der Annahme, dass sie nur eine künstlerische Perspektive erreichten, wenn die Brennweite die doppelte Plattenlänge betrug. Zudem arbeiteten sie stets mit Stativ, einzig die Aufnahmen von Seebildern wurden freihändig aufgenommen.

Landschafts-, Figuren-, Porträtbild
Zu Beginn ihres fotografischen Schaffens 1895 produzierten Hofmeisters Landschaftsaufnahmen. In den darauffolgenden Jahren erarbeiteten sie vor allem Landschafts- und Figurenaufnahmen, für die sie Vorstudien aus Reisen ins Hamburger Umland nutzten. Häufig wurden dabei arbeitende Menschen oder Menschen auf dem Land abgebildet. Um 1900 fertigten Hofmeisters vermehrt Porträts an. Bei allen Arbeiten am lebenden Modell wurde versucht, die Menschen in ihrer natürlichen Umgebung zu erfassen.

Der Mensch in der Natur
Das Porträt des Malers Fritz Mackensen von 1897 zeigt den Maler im Halbprofil an der Staffelei und zitiert ein kompositionsgleiches Bild Arthur Illies' von 1895. Illies hatte bei der Aufnahme seiner Fotografie beabsichtigt, sein Modell entblößt in der Natur darzustellen. Da sich die Öffentlichkeit durch das Bild sittlich bedrängt fühlte, wurde dem Modell ein Umhang umgehängt, um einen Skandal zu vermeiden. Durch den Bezug zur Illies'schen Fotografie drückten Hofmeisters ihre Zustimmung zur natürlichen Darstellung des Menschen in Einklang mit der Natur und der Naturverbundenheit des Künstlers selbst aus. Die Fotografie Hofmeisters lässt sich so wie ein Gleichnis lesen, welches den Übergang von der künstlerischen Natur- zur Porträtfotografie vorgibt.

Technische Produktionsverfahren

Drucktechnik
Nach der Aufnahme war die technische Weiterverarbeitung des fotografischen Negativs elementarer Bestandteil der künstlerischen Arbeit. Wichtig waren hierfür die technischen Neuerungen in der Fotografie und die Vielzahl von Edeldruckverfahren, mit denen die Amateurfotografen arbeiteten. Theodor Hofmeister arbeitete zu Beginn vermehrt mit dem Kohledruck- und dem Pigmentdruckverfahren.

Ab 1897 setzte Theodor Hofmeister fast ausschließlich das Chromatverfahren "Gummidruck" ein. Er nutzte sowohl den einfachen als auch kombinierten und mehrschichtigen Gummidruck. Die Hofmeisterschen Gummidrucke zeichnen sich besonders durch ihre Farbigkeit aus: Oft entstanden blaue, grüne, blau- oder grünschwarze oder braune Gummidrucke. Dabei bearbeitete Theodor Hofmeister das Papiernegativ mit Kohle und Wischer von Hand weiter und prägte es so ähnlich einem Maler.

Ernst Juhl beschreibt 1901 die technische Arbeitsweise der Hofmeisters mit dem Gummidruck wie folgt: "Hofmeisters arbeiten meistens mit sehr starken Vergrößerungen, während ihre Originalaufnahmen nie über 13 × 18 cm groß sind. Sie vergrößern ihre Originalnegative (nachdem sie einen direkten Positivabdruck machten) auf Bromsilberpapier, und von diesem Papiernegativ fertigen sie ihre Gummidrucke an. In letzter Zeit drucken sie auch mit einem Positiv und Negativ gleichzeitig dasselbe Bild; sie wenden dieses Verfahren nur bei ihren zweifarbigen Bildern an, um die Farbe vom Positiv, die andere vom Negativ zu gewinnen."

Ab 1909 wandten sich Theodor und Oskar Hofmeister vom malerischen Stil der Fotografie und dem Gummidruck ab. Fortan fotografierten sie Landschaften mit dokumentarischer Genauigkeit. Dafür verwendeten sie in erster Linie das Edeldruckverfahren des Pigmentdrucks.

Vergrößerungen
Die Hofmeisterschen Gummidrucke waren bis zu 70 cm × 100 cm groß und mit Original-Rahmen sogar 90 cm × 140 cm. Die drastischen Vergrößerungen von 13 cm × 18 cm auf bis zu 70 cm × 100 cm sorgten dafür, dass die Fotografien ein dekoratives Moment erhielten. Als Wandschmuck unterschieden sie sich für den Betrachter teilweise nur marginal von einem Gemälde und förderten so den Kunstdiskurs in der Fotografie.

Effekte und Stimmung
Mit dem Gummidruck waren Theodor Hofmeister viele Möglichkeiten zur Gestaltung des Papiernegativs gegeben. Es handelt sich um malerische, von Hand manipulierte Fotografien. Hofmeister konnte Details im Bild unterdrücken oder abschwächen, verstärken oder herausarbeiten. Durch mehrfaches Übereinanderdrucken wurden die Tonwerte im Bild verändert und so eine größere Plastizität oder auch Abstraktion erreicht. Es wurden teilweise verschiedene Farben eingesetzt, und die Fotografien wurden von dem Spiel mit Unschärfe geprägt.

Auf Grund dieser Manipulationsmöglichkeiten des Gummidruckverfahrens am Originalnegativ entstand eine besondere Stimmung in der Fotografie, die so nicht im Negativ zu finden war. Diese Stimmung in den Fotografien Hofmeisters mutet melancholisch, elegisch oder auch schwermütig an.

Schüler Hofmeisters
Zu anderen Amateurphotographen und speziell zu den Mitgliedern der "Hamburger Schule" hielten Theodor und Oskar Hofmeister engen Kontakt. Namentlich bekannt sind u. a. Eduard Christian Arning, Georg Einbeck, Heinrich Wilhelm Müller, Gustav E. B. Trinks und Bernhard Troch. Jene gelten auch als Schüler der Brüder Hofmeister, die deren Produktionstechniken im Studium mit Theodor und Oskar erlernten. Die Arbeit wurde erleichtert, da sie alle Zugriff auf die Einrichtungen der Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Amateurfotografie hatten.

Vorträge/Aufsätze
 Theodor H.: Das Figurenbild in der Kunstphotographie, In: Photographische Rundschau. Zeitschrift der Freunde der Photographie, 12. Jg., 1898, S. 260ff., (online) und S. 356ff, (online)
 Theodor H.: Der Gummidruck, und sein Verwendbarkeit als künstlerisches Ausdrucksmittel in der Photographie, In: Photographische Rundschau. Zeitschrift der Freunde der Photographie, 12. Jg., 1898, S. 97ff.,(online), Forts. S. 113ff. (online) und Schluss S. 130ff., (online), [Vortrag vom 3. Februar 1898 vor der Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Amateurphotographie in Hamburg].

Ausstellungen
1895 nahmen die Brüder Hofmeister erstmals an einer Ausstellung teil. Es handelte sich dabei um die erste "Internationale Ausstellung für Amateurfotografie" in Hamburg. Veranstalter war die Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Amateurfotografie, Ausstellungsort war die Kunsthalle Hamburg. Bereits seit 1893 wurden "Internationale Ausstellungen für Amateurfotografie" unter der Leitung Ernst Juhls und in den Räumen Alfred Lichtwarks durchgeführt. 1895 nahmen Hofmeisters noch mit "kleinen, recht unbedeutenden Bilderchen" an der Ausstellung teil. Fortan waren sie bei jeder der bis 1903 jährlich folgenden "Internationalen Ausstellungen für Amateurfotografie" in Hamburg vertreten.

Die ausgestellten Arbeiten Hofmeisters gewannen von Jahr zu Jahr größere Aufmerksamkeit, im Jahr 1902 wurde ihnen ein Raum zur alleinigen Nutzung zur Verfügung gestellt.

Weitere Ausstellungen
1898 "Photo-Club de Paris", Paris.
1899 "Photographic Salon", New York.
1899 "Ausstellung für Künstlerische Photographie", Berlin.
1903 "Ausstellung für Bildnisphotographie", Wiesbaden.
u.a.m.
Quelle:

Rezeption

National
Die Brüder Hofmeister erlangten um 1900 immer größeren Ruhm und steigende Bekanntheit. So schreibt Ernst Juhl 1902: "Es kommen in den letzten Jahren des öfteren fremde strebsame Kunstphotographen nach Hamburg, um die Hofmeistersche Methode hier zu studieren." In der umfangreichen Sammlung Ernst Juhl sind Hofmeisters mit 65 Abzügen und zwei Skizzenbüchern vertreten. Damit finden sich in der Hamburger Sammlung soviel Fotografien der Brüder wie sonst nirgendwo. Nach Juhls Tod ging seine Privatsammlung 1915/16 jedoch geteilt an diese beiden Institute: Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg und Kunstbibliothek Berlin, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin.

Mit der Zeit etablierte sich der Name Hofmeister zum Synonym für die "Hamburger Schule". Bis heute ist er einer der wenigen Namen der piktorialistischen Phase in Hamburg, der noch immer bekannt und geläufig ist.

Zwar hatten die Hofmeisters viele Anhänger, doch wurde ihnen von Kritikern auch vorgeworfen, das Spiel mit der Unschärfe zu übertreiben und damit ausschließlich Gemälde zu imitieren und nachzuäffen. Die Stimmung in den Fotografien wurde vermehrt als das den "Deutschen eigene Gemüt" bezeichnet.

International
Auch international hatten die Brüder Hofmeister zur Jahrhundertwende einen bekannten Namen. Als "einzige deutsche Fotografen stellte Alfred Stieglitz sie 1904 in Nr. 7 der legendären New Yorker Kunstzeitschrift 'Camera Work' vor". Zudem befindet sich in der renommierten piktorialistischen Sammlung von Alfred Stieglitz exakt eine deutsche Fotografie; diese stammt von den Brüdern Hofmeister. Es handelt sich um den Gummidruck "Einsamer Reiter". Der Essayist und Kunstkritiker Sadakichi Hartmann schreibt 1904 in Camera Work: "Wir alle haben schon einen einsamen Reiter gesehen wie den vom Hofmeister-Bild, der langsam die Landstraße entlangreitet durch eine klassische Landschaft, hagere Baumsilhouetten, die sich geheimnisvoll gegen den bewölkten Himmel abheben, eine mystische Szenerie. [...] Er [der Reiter] ist der Mann, der sucht, und er könnte gut als Symbol für die ganze photographische Bewegung stehen, speziell für die Sezessionisten, diese eifrige Klasse von Photographen, die ruhelos nach neuen bildlichen Möglichkeiten sucht."

Zitate
"Durch ihn [den Gummidruck] ist jedem ein Mittel gegeben, sich nach seinem Willen auszudrücken: Nicht kleinlich, peinlich genau, wie die Photographie es sonst bedingt, sondern groß, breit, flott, scharf oder unscharf, wie es einem beliebt. Man kann es durch technische Fertigkeiten dahin bringen, dass man eine ganz bestimmte, gewollte Stimmung in ein Bild legt, ohne Benutzung von Zufälligkeiten, und dem Beschauer den Eindruck, welchen man bei dem Sehen des Bildes in der Natur hatte, vor Augen führt." Theodor Hofmeister, 1907.

"Will ein Maler ein Bild schaffen, sei es von einer Landschaft oder Personen, so beginnt er zunächst damit, sich Studien anzufertigen. Er entwirft Skizzen, die in großen Zügen die bildlich malerische Wirkung der Gegenstände, der Personen, des Lichts erkennen lassen. [...] So sollte der Figurenphotograph auch zu Werke gehen. (sic!)" Hofmeister, 1898.

"Man scheue sich nicht, namentlich bei figürlichen Darstellungen, reichlich Material an Aufnahmen zu verwenden." Theodor Hofmeister, 1907.

"Manches Mal muss man ganz unglaubliche Forderungen an die Modelle stellen, und es bedarf erst eines richtigen Trainings, damit sie in der gestellten Pose während der Expositionszeit gebraucht wurden. Eine kleine Aufmerksamkeit oder pekuniäre Entschädigung hilft hierüber manches Mal hinweg. Die Willigkeit der Modelle spielt durchaus eine bedeutende Rolle, wie schon oben bemerkt, müssen sie gleichsam von der Empfindung des Künstlers influiert werden, sie müssen mitspielen. Mit einem widerwilligen Modell wird man nie ein vollkommenes Bild erzielen können. (sic!)"  Hofmeister, 1898.

"Der Kinematograph analysiert in seinen Einzelaufnahmen die Bewegung des Gegenstandes; er zerlegt sie in Tausende von Punkten, die unser Auge wohl sieht, unser Gehirn aber einzeln fixiert." Hofmeister, 1898.

Der Amateurfotograf benötigt die Gabe, "gleichsam mit den Figuren seiner Bilder zu empfinden. Mögen sie nun darstellen: Scenen aus dem Handwerkerleben, Strassenbilder, aus dem salon, dem Sport, dem täglichen Leben der Grossstadt u. s. w., immer muss er sich mit den Beschäftigungen der Personen vertraut machen, mit ihnen leben, ihre Gepflogenheiten teilen. [...] Dabei darf es keinen Zufall geben, keine Momentaufnahme, sondern alles wird ruhige, überlegte Pose sein müssen. Pose in gutem Sinne. (sic!)" Hofmeister, 1898.

Werke – eine Auswahl

Kohledruck
 Bildnis eines Mädchens, 1896. Blauschwarzer Kohledruck, 16,2 cm × 11,5 cm.
 Bildnis eines jungen Mädchens, 1896. Blauschwarzer Kohledruck, 16,3 cm × 11,6 cm.

Gummidruck
 Weiblicher Studienkopf, 1897. Blauschwarzer Gummidruck, 14,6 cm × 9,8 cm.
 An der Elbe, 1897. Grüner Gummidruck, 41 cm × 57,5 cm.
 Moorblumen, 1897. Braunschwarzer Gummidruck, 56 cm × 33 cm.
 Apfelernte, 1897. Grüner Gummidruck, 34,7 cm × 56,8 cm.
 Ernst Juhl, 1897. Gummidruck, 49 cm × 37,1 cm.
 Fritz Mackensen, 1898. Rotbrauner Gummidruck, 54 cm × 45,4 cm.
 Dr. Wolters, 1899. Brauner Gummidruck, 82,8 cm × 66,6 cm.
 Birken, 1900. Gummidruck, 93,5 cm × 37 cm.
 Gustav Falke, 1900. Braunschwarzer Gummidruck, 81 cm × 61 cm.
 Die Geschwister, 1901. Brauner Gummidruck, 62,5 cm × 80 cm.
 Einsamer Reiter, 1903. Blauer Gummidruck, 68,5 cm × 98 cm.

Pigmentdruck
 Elbstrand im Schnee, 1897. Schwarzvioletter Pigmentdruck, 10,5 cm × 16,6 cm.
 Moorblumen, 1898. Brauner Pigmentdruck, 15,9 cm × 11,8 cm.
 Präsidentenbildnis der Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Amateur-Photographie, 1899. Brauner Pigmentdruck, 20,4 cm × 27,1 cm.
 Andacht, 1909. Brauner Pigmentdruck, 26,4 cm × 37,2 cm.

Mattalbumin
 Urahne, 1897. Mattalbumin, 11,4 cm × 16,4 cm.
 Die Hexe, 1899. Mattalbumin, 11,8 cm × 16,2 cm.
 Ilse Juhl, 1900. Mattalbumin, 16,7 cm × 11,6 cm.

Skizzenbücher
 Skizzenbuch L (L steht verm. für Landschaft), 1895–1900, 15 cm × 23,2 cm. Mit 52 Albumin- und Celloidinabzügen.
 Skizzenbuch B 1 (B steht verm. für Bildnis) 1896–1898, 15 cm × 23,2 cm. Mit 125 Albumin- und Celloidinabzügen.
 u. a. m.
Quelle:

Einzelnachweise

Literatur (chronologisch)
 Thomas Wiegand: Heimatbücher der Menschen. Fotobücher aus dem Verlag Hermann A. Wiechmann. In: Manfred Heiting, Roland Jaeger (Hrsg.): Autopsie. Deutschsprachige Fotobücher 1918 bis 1945. Band 1. Steidl, Göttingen 2012, ISBN 978-3-86930-412-0, S. 72–81
 Gabriele Betancourt Nuñez: Hofmeister, Theodor Ferdinand Eduard. Hofmeister, Oscar (Oskar) Ludwig Robert. In: Frank Kopitsch und Dirk Brietzke (Hrsg.): Hamburgische Biografie. Personenlexikon, Bd. 3, Göttingen 2006, S. 171–173.
 Karlheinz W. Kopanski und Claudia Gabriele Philipp (Hrsg.): Meisterwerke russischer und deutscher Kunstphotographie um 1900. Sergej Lobovikov und die Brüder Hofmeister. München und New York 1999.
 Claudia Gabriele Philipp [= Gabriele Betancourt Nuñez]: Theodor und Oscar Hofmeister "Die Geschwister" und Heinrich Wilhelm Müller "Elegie" – ein romantisches Freundschaftsbild der Kunstphotographie um 1900. In: Jahrbuch des Museums für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg, N. F., Bd. 11/12, 1992–1993, Hamburg 1994, S. 83–96.
 Karl Steinorth (Herausgeber): Wanderungen durch Deutschland: die Gebrüder Hofmeister Katalog zur  Ausstellung im Historischen Museum Frankfurt im Rahmen der Fototage 1993,  Frankfurt am Main 1993 enthält ca. 60 piktorialistische Aufnahmen deutscher Landschaften aus den Jahren 1912–22
 Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg (Hg.): Kunstphotographie um 1900. Die Sammlung Ernst Juhl. Hamburg 1989.
 Fritz Kempe: Photographie. Zwischen Daguerreotypie und Kunstphotographie. Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg, 1987.
 Erika und Fritz Kempe, Heinz Spielmann: Die Kunst der Camera im Jugendstil. Frankfurt a. M. 1986.
 Fritz Loescher: Theodor und Oskar Hofmeister, in Photographische Mitteilungen, 41. Jg., 1904, S. 161–165, (online).
 Ernst Juhl: Theodor und Oskar Hofmeister, Hamburg. In: Photographische Rundschau, Nr. 16, 1902, S. 65–70.

Weblinks
"Luminous lint" mit Heliogravüren nach Hofmeisters
"Art in Photogravure", ebenfalls mit Heliogravüren nach Hofmeisters
Aktuelle Auktionsergebnisse
Bibliographie

Fotograf (20. Jahrhundert)
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