text:
Search by Topic and Jurisdiction
Search by Topic Only
Law Thoughts
Starred Cases
Accounts Settings
Here's how to get more nuanced and relevant search results:
FOR THESE RESULTS...
USE THE SYNTAX...
FOR EXAMPLE...
Both terms must be present and trademark and infringement
Either term must be present or trademark or infringement
Exclude a term not trademark not infringement
Enclosed quotation (exact match) " " "trademark infringement"
Unidirectional search, left to right: in armed robbery w/5 gun, "gun" occurs to right of "armed robbery." w/# armed robbery w/5 gun
Bidirectional search: in armed robbery near:5 gun, "gun" occurs to either to right or left of "armed robbery." near:x armed robbery near:5 gun
Grouping search terms ( ) (bike or scooter) w/3 (injury or accident)
Expand root word by any number of letters ! liab! yields liable or liability
Search All Courts
This Document Cites the Following Cases:
ERIE RAILROAD CO. v. TOMPKINS
58 S. Ct. 817 (1938) | Cited 13146 times
Spurgeon v. Mission State Bank.
151 F.2d 702 (1945) | Cited 23 times
Appelt v. Whitty
286 F.2d 135 (1961) | Cited 9 times
Kantor v. Galleries
704 F.2d 1088 (1983) | Cited 129 times
Ziady v. Curley
Hawes v. Club Ecuestre El Comandante
598 F.2d 698 (1979) | Cited 110 times
SOUTHERN PACIFIC COMPANY v. STAG LINE
39 S. Ct. 11 (1918) | Cited 7 times
DAY & ZIMMERMANN v. CHALLONER ET AL.
96 S. Ct. 167 (1975) | Cited 240 times
This case is cited by:
Crescent City Pediatrics v. Bankers Insurance Co.
459 F.Supp.2d 510 (2006) | Cited 2 times
Hall v. Curran
2010 | Cited 0 times
GARCIA v. AMERICAN HERITAGE LIFE INS. CO.
773 F. Supp. 516 (1991) | Cited 0 times
Robyn L. Vandevander
Davis v. Accor North America
Greene v. State of Massachusetts et al
Reid v. UBER Inc
Padilla-Mangual v. Pavia Hospital
516 F.3d 29 (2008) | Cited 43 times
Bank One v. Montle
White et al v. Maximo Solar Industries, Inc. et al
Perez v. Perea
KIER BROS. INVS. v. WHITE
943 F. Supp. 1 (1996) | Cited 0 times
Azubuko v. First National Bank of Boston
92 F.3d 1169 (1996) | Cited 0 times
Webster et al v. Sutton et al
Toro v. Martinez
Solimino v. Target Corporation
Toste Farm Corp. v. Hadbury Inc.
70 F.3d 640 (1995) | Cited 8 times
Valentin v. Hospital Bella Vista
Caribe Equity Group
RODRIGUEZ DIAZ v. SIERRA MARTINEZ
717 F. Supp. 27 (1989) | Cited 0 times
ALSHRAFI v. AMERICAN AIRLINES
Galva Foundry Co. v. Heiden
Dunser v. Aronoff
915 F.2d 1071 (1990) | Cited 56 times
Izquierdo v. Denton Construction
39 F.3d 1166 (1994) | Cited 1 time
Lopez-Flores v. Bagazinski
Mulholland v. AAA Food Service Inc.
CFSC CONSORTIUM
198 F. Supp.2d 116 (2002) | Cited 0 times
LEÓN RIBAS v. PONCE YACHT & FISHING CLUB
ROSADO-MARRERO v. HOSP. SAN PABLO
Rishell v. Jane Phillips Episcopal Memorial Medical Center
12 F.3d 171 (1993) | Cited 14 times
In re Barach
540 F.3d 82 (2008) | Cited 6 times
Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FSB v. Castillo-Sanchez
Bower et al v. Wurth et al
Bower v. EgyptAir Airlines
Aponte-Davila v. Municipality of Caguas
Hearts With Haiti, Inc. v. Kendrick
Alicea et al v. Arecibo Lighthouse et al
Orlando Alejandro-Ortiz
PALERMO v. ABRAMS
62 F. Supp.2d 408 (1999) | Cited 0 times
TOSTE FARM CORP. v. HADBURY
RIVERA v. HOSPITAL INTERAMERICANO DE MEDICINA
125 F. Supp.2d 11 (2000) | Cited 0 times
Long v. Sasser
Millan-Martinez v. Maldonado-Miranda et al
SAUNDERS et al v. SAPPI NORTH AMERICA INC et al
Gillespie et al v. Dring et al
HEARTS WITH HAITI INC et al v. KENDRICK
HEDGER et al v. BAR HARBOR TRUST SERVICES
Bobola et al v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.
Prieto et al v. Soria
Coury v. Prot
85 F.3d 244 (1996) | Cited 385 times
Lfredo Bueno-Irizarry v. Dvanced Cardiology Center Corporation
Yeldell v. Tutt
Aponte-Davila v. Municipality of Caguas et al
Roca et al v. LM Waste Services Corp. et al
Pacho v. Enterprise Rent-A-Car
MELENDEZ v. RAMIREZ
ALICEA-RIVERA v. SINDICATO DE ASEGURADORES PARA LA
12 F. Supp. 2d 243 (1998) | Cited 0 times
CLYDE v. LUDWIG HARDWARE STORE
This case cites:
Rodriguez-Diaz v. Sierra-Martinez
853 F.2d 1027 (1988) | Cited 58 times | First Circuit | August 10, 1988
CAMPBELL, Chief Judge.
Plaintiff Wilfredo Rodriguez Diaz (Rodriguez Diaz) appeals from an order of the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico dismissing his complaint for negligence and medical malpractice for lack of diversity jurisdiction. Rodriguez Diaz brought this action in the district court following a motor vehicle accident in Puerto Rico when he was 17 years of age. All the defendants reside in Puerto Rico. However, between the time of the accident and the commencement of this action, Rodriguez Diaz moved from his family's home in Puerto Rico to New York, and attained his 18th birthday. He then sued in the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico, on his own behalf and through his parents as next friends, alleging that he is a citizen of New York and that there is diversity of citizenship under 28 U.S.C. § 1332 (1982).
The facts relevant to the jurisdictional issue are these: On November 21, 1984, Rodriguez Diaz, while operating a motorcycle in Caguas, Puerto Rico, was in a collision with an automobile driven by Marcelo Sierra Martinez. Rodriguez Diaz suffered bodily injuries. He was immediately taken to the Hospital Regional de Caguas, from where he was transferred to the Centro Medico for emergency treatment. Rodriguez Diaz alleges in the present complaint that the treatment he received at the Centro Medico caused him to suffer a massive bone infection and aggravation of a leg injury. From Centro Medico he was transferred to Hospital General San Carlos where he alleges he also received improper treatment. Sometime later, Rodriguez Diaz was transferred to a hospital in New York City. He alleges he was living in New York at the time he brought this action in the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico. He further alleges in his complaint that he intends to remain in New York and make it his permanent home, and that he is now domiciled there. Rodriguez Diaz had turned 18 by the time he brought this action.1 His parents were and still are residents and domiciliaries of Puerto Rico, where the age of majority is 21. P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 31, § 971 (1967).
The defendants in the action brought by Rodriguez Diaz were the driver of the automobile, Sierra Martinez, and two Puerto Rico hospitals, all of whom are residents and domiciliaries of Puerto Rico. The defendants moved in the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico where the action was brought to dismiss the complaint for lack of diversity jurisdiction. The district court concluded that, under Puerto Rico law, Rodriguez Diaz is a minor, and, therefore, his domicile is that of his parents. 665 F. Supp. 96 (D.P.R. 1987). Ruling that as a matter of law Rodriguez Diaz's domicile at the time of the filing of this action was Puerto Rico, the court dismissed the complaint for lack of diversity. This appeal followed.
In its decision, the district court observed that, for purposes of diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1), state citizenship and domicile are equivalents. The court also noted that in a diversity case the capacity of a person to sue or be sued is determined by the law of the state of the litigant's domicile. Fed. R. Civ. P. 17(b). The court then made certain observations crucial to its analysis. These were that the citizenship of a minor was the citizenship of his parents, and that the latter's domicile determined whether the minor had become emancipated so that he could establish a domicile of choice elsewhere. 665 F. Supp. at 98-99. On the basis of the foregoing, the district court concluded that the law of Puerto Rico -- the home of Rodriguez Diaz's parents -- controlled the issue of Rodriguez Diaz's present domicile. As under Puerto Rico law plaintiff was still a minor, being under 21 at the time of suit, and as he was unemancipated under Puerto Rico law, he could not establish a domicile of choice outside Puerto Rico. It followed that he was still a domiciliary of Puerto Rico, and that, therefore, there was no diversity of citizenship. Id.
While the case is close, we disagree with the district court's conclusion that the domicile of Rodriguez Diaz's parents -- Puerto Rico -- is the jurisdiction whose law must necessarily determine his capacity to acquire a domicile of choice.
We begin with certain generally accepted principles: As the lower court correctly noted, state citizenship2 for diversity purposes is ordinarily equated with domicile. Hawes v. Club Ecuestre El Comandante, 598 F.2d 698, 701 (1st Cir. 1979). A person's domicile "is the place where he has his true, fixed home and principal establishment, and to which, whenever he is absent, he has the intention of returning." C. Wright, A. Miller & E. Cooper, 13 B Federal Practice & Procedure § 3612, at 526 (1984). Domicile generally requires two elements: 1) physical presence in a state, and 2) the intent to make such a state a home. J. Moore, J. Lucas, H. Fink, D. Weckstein & J. Wicker, 1 Moore's Federal Practice para. 0.74 [.3-1] (1988). It is the domicile at the time suit is filed which controls, and the fact that the plaintiff has changed his domicile with the purpose of bringing a diversity action in federal court is irrelevant. Id. at para. 0.74 [3.-1]. Thus, except for the possible effect of his being a minor under Puerto Rico law, plaintiff's settling in New York with the requisite domiciliary intent would make him a citizen of New York and entitle him to pursue this action.
The district court ruled that since plaintiff was under 21, the age of majority in Puerto Rico, he was a minor as a matter of law, and as such he could have only one domicile, that of his parents, which in this case is Puerto Rico. It so ruled even though the age of majority in New York is 18, so that, in the eyes of New York, plaintiff could acquire a personal domicile of his own there. We shall assume for purposes of resolving the legal issue raised in this appeal that New York is plaintiff's "true, fixed home."3 C. Wright, A. Miller & E. Cooper, 13 B Federal Practice & Procedure § 3612, at 526. The question before us is whether this is enough for plaintiff to have acquired a New York domicile for diversity jurisdiction purposes.
The parties and the district court have framed the issue as one of choice of law: which law is applicable, Puerto Rico law or New York law. It is a general principle of common law, recognized also in Puerto Rico, P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 1, § 8 (1967), that the domicile of an unemancipated minor is ordinarily that of his parents. The age of majority in Puerto Rico is 21, P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 31, § 971 (1967), while in New York it is 18. N.Y. Civ. Prac. L. & R. 105 (5) (Supp. 1988). Plaintiff was 18 when he filed this action in the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico. Depending on which law is applied, the argument goes, Rodriguez Diaz will be treated as an adult or as a minor, with the capacity or lack of capacity to establish his own independent domicile. Plaintiff argues that we have to apply New York law, because that was his "domicile" at the time the action was filed. Not surprisingly, defendants argued, and the district court agreed, that whether Rodriguez Diaz was an adult with capacity to establish his domicile of choice is governed by Puerto Rico law.
As we see it, resolution of the issue before us does not and should not turn solely upon a conflicts of laws analysis. Although federal courts have to apply the choice of law rules of the forum to determine the substantive law in diversity cases, Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Electric Manufacturing Co., 313 U.S. 487, 85 L. Ed. 1477, 61 S. Ct. 1020 (1941); Day & Zimmermann, Inc. v. Challoner, 423 U.S. 3, 46 L. Ed. 2d 3, 96 S. Ct. 167 (1975), the "determination of litigant's state citizenship for purposes of section 1332(a)(1) is controlled by federal common law, not by the law of any state." Kantor v. Wellesley Galleries, Ltd., 704 F.2d 1088, 1090 (9th Cir. 1983). The issue of what substantive law applies in a diversity case "is surely a different problem from that of whether a litigant should have access to federal court, and it does not conduce to clarity of analysis to suppose that the same answers will suffice for different questions." C. Wright, The Law of Federal Courts § 26, at 147 n.4 (1983). As stated by the Fourth Circuit,
The question of domicile can arise, in regard to the diversity clause of Article III, § 2 of the Federal Constitution and under 28 U.S.C. § 1332, only in federal court. The problem is, therefore, one uniquely of federal cognizance and the considerations underlying Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 82 L. Ed. 1188, 58 S. Ct. 817 (1938), do not obtain.
Ziady v. Curley, 396 F.2d 873, 874 (4th Cir. 1968). That does not mean that state law and state conflicts rules regarding domicile should be ignored. At very least, they are "useful in providing basic working definitions." Stifel v. Hopkins, 477 F.2d 1116, 1120 (6th Cir. 1973). However, as the Sixth Circuit pointed out in Stifel, the considerations undergirding state choice-of-law rules have often been "developed in such diverse contexts as probate jurisdiction, taxation of incomes or intangibles, or divorce laws." Id. Choice-of-law formulae, therefore, cannot be the sole guideposts when determining, for federal diversity purposes, whether a party is domiciled in one or another state. Id. at 1126. The ultimate decision must be such as will best serve the aims of the federal diversity statute and the perspectives of a nationwide judicial system.
In the case at bar, the district court noted that in a suit brought by the next friend, the minor's domicile was controlling for diversity purposes. The court went on to state,
Under the common law, the citizenship of a minor is the citizenship of his parents, and to determine whether the minor has become emancipated so that he may establish a domicile of choice, we look to the law of the state of the citizenship of the parents. Spurgeon v. Mission State Bank, 151 F.2d 702, 703 (8th Cir. 1945).
665 F. Supp. at 98. After noting the dilemma caused by the fact Rodriguez Diaz had achieved majority status in New York, his present home, at age 18, while remaining a minor under Puerto Rico law, the court rejected plaintiff's argument that he had the capacity to acquire a domicile of choice in New York. The court stated, "we have already concluded that the law of Puerto Rico controls the issue of Wilfredo's [Rodriguez Diaz's] domicile." See supra.
The district court went on to show that, by Puerto Rico's standards, plaintiff was unemancipated, given Puerto Rico's strict civil law requirement that emancipation occur by formal notarized document. 665 F. Supp. at 99.
The difficulty with this rationale, as we see it, lies in the court's basic premise that the law of Puerto Rico controls. If Rodriguez Diaz were clearly a minor (under, say, both New York and Puerto Rico law), the court's analysis would be hard to fault. The domicile of a minor is commonly regarded as that of his parents; as Rodriguez Diaz's parents were domiciled in Puerto Rico, the law of Puerto Rico would ordinarily be controlling as to the means whereby, being a minor, he could be emancipated and so become free to acquire a domicile of choice.4
The problem here, however, is that the question is not whether, as a minor, plaintiff was emancipated, but whether he is a minor. That, in turn, depends upon a determination of where he is domiciled, the ultimate question. We do not, therefore, find the district court's analysis persuasive.
This is not to say that Puerto Rico may not properly believe that the interest it has in its own citizens includes a legitimate concern as to the age at which a minor child reaches majority. Whether and when a person has legal capacity to, among other things, sue in Puerto Rico's own courts, make contracts, dispose of property, and sustain himself without parental support or reciprocal duty owed to his parents, are all matters properly within the state's province. However, local interests of this character are not in issue here. Rodriguez Diaz's right of access to a federal court is "one uniquely of federal cognizance." Ziady v. Curley, 396 F.2d at 874; and since Rodriguez Diaz is now physically present in New York, which regards him, at 18, as having the capacity to be its domiciliary, we must weigh a ruling that would extend Puerto Rico's less favorable policy towards 18 year olds against one that would accord to plaintiff the mature status he enjoys under the law of the state in which he now resides.
In any event, the court below erred in assuming at the very outset of its inquiry that Rodriguez Diaz was a minor and, on that basis, invoking the law of his parents' domicile in preference to that of his present physical residence, which does not view him as a minor.
A similar logical difficulty occurs when we turn to the alternative approaches urged by appellees. For example, appellees point to Article 9 of the Puerto Rico Civil Code providing that,
The laws relating to family rights and obligations or to the status, condition and legal capacity of persons, shall be binding upon the citizens of Puerto Rico, although they reside in a foreign country.
P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 31, § 9 (1967) (emphasis supplied). Appellees argue that this article provides that the issue of plaintiff's legal capacity is governed by Puerto Rico law. The problem is, however, that the term "citizens of Puerto Rico" has been defined by the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico as equivalent to domicile. Lopez v. Fernandez, 61 P.R. 503 (1943). Therefore, whether Article 247 of the Civil Code, P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 31, § 971 -- which provides that the majority age in Puerto Rico is 21 -- applies to Rodriguez Diaz will depend on where he is domiciled. Since this is the ultimate issue in contention, the approach does nothing to assist our resolution of the dispute.
The fact is, there is no purely logical way out of the dilemma. We cannot decide whether plaintiff is a minor under Puerto Rico law or an adult pursuant to New York law, without first determining where he is domiciled. On the other hand, we cannot make a determination whether he has the capacity to establish his own domicile without first knowing if he has reached the age of majority. We have, therefore, come full circle. To know if he has the legal capacity to establish his domicile of choice we need to know if he is an adult. But to determine whether he is an adult or a minor we first have to know where he is domiciled.
There is, to be sure, a possible way out of this circle under formal conflict of laws principles. We could apply forum law to determine Rodriguez Diaz's legal capacity. Restatement of the Law, Conflicts of Law (Second), §§ 13 and 15(a) (1971).5 This might be a proper resolution had the question of plaintiff's domicile arisen in a Commonwealth of Puerto Rico court, where the question of domicile is likely to implicate local matters over which Puerto Rico has the final say. But we do not think the lex forum provides a satisfactory resolution where the overriding and ultimate question is plaintiff's citizenship for purposes of federal diversity jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). Federal district courts sit throughout the nation. While it is unlikely a tort action like this, based on an accident in Puerto Rico, with all defendants residing there, could be pursued elsewhere than in the District of Puerto Rico, plaintiff could be involved in other federal diversity cases in other federal district courts, including the district courts located in New York. Were we to apply the rule of lex forum, Rodriguez Diaz could be viewed at one and the same time, and within the same judicial system, as both a citizen of New York and a citizen of Puerto Rico. That this is even theoretically possible suggests the unsatisfactoriness of determining state citizenship here, for federal diversity purposes, on the basis of lex forum. Rodriguez Diaz, we think, must be a "citizen" of one or the other state -- not of both simultaneously.
We do not, moreover, see any compelling reasons of policy for adopting the law of the forum here. As pointed out already, while Puerto Rico doubtless has legitimate reasons for regulating persons such as plaintiff in respect to the making of contracts, property dispositions, support, and the like in Puerto Rico, it has little if any interest, based simply on the continuing presence of his parents in Puerto Rico, in denying to Rodriguez Diaz, while physically residing in New York, the right to sue under the diversity jurisdiction in a federal district court whether in Puerto Rico or elsewhere. While not crucial to our result, we also note that even plaintiff's parents have joined him in bringing this action: thus the parents' separate interests provide no reason to deny him the right to sue in a federal court.6 In brief, a mechanical recourse to the lex forum does not strike us as a thoughtful solution to the current dilemma.
Since neither pure logic nor conflict rules provide a meaningful solution, we feel free to make the choice we think fits best with the aims of the diversity statute and the national character of the federal judicial system. We hold that Rodriguez Diaz is a domiciliary of the State of New York -- or, rather, that, if he can satisfy the district court that he meets the requisite factors of physical presence and intent, he is entitled to be a New York domiciliary for diversity purposes notwithstanding his minority status under Puerto Rico law. In reaching this result, we focus upon the physical and mental aspects of plaintiff's own situation, rather than imposing upon him a disability foreign to the law of the state where he now resides and having little meaning in this situation even to the place -- Puerto Rico -- whose law calls for it. To hold that one who meets all the domiciliary requirements (including capacity) of the state where he currently resides is a citizen of that state, seems clearly the most reasonable result here.
Our approach is consistent with that of other federal courts. As we earlier noted, it is well established that the determination of domicile under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a) is a problem "uniquely of federal cognizance," Ziady v. Curley, 396 F.2d at 874. While in the ordinary case, relevant rules of state law provide the basis for the applicable federal common law, federal courts will deviate if necessary in order to achieve the purposes of the diversity statute7 and, sometimes, simply to achieve a more equitable and coherent result.8 Not surprisingly, a number of cases have arisen from the tension, as here, between technical presumptions as to the domicile of a minor and the realities of the minor's actual situation.
In the present case, there are perhaps no urgent reasons of federal diversity policy comparable to those found by the courts in Ziady v. Curley, Elliott v. Krear, and Linville v. Price. See note 7, supra. Since Rodriguez Diaz is recently from Puerto Rico, and his parents reside there, it is unlikely he would encounter prejudice were he forced to sue in Puerto Rico's own courts. The more realistic comparison, however, may be between the relative unfairness of denying a federal forum to Rodriguez Diaz while granting it to another young Puerto Rican of similar age whose parents moved to New York with him. Federal diversity jurisdiction exists as a matter of right for those who meet the statutory criteria, whether or not the plaintiff would actually encounter prejudice in the courts of another state. Federal courts should not, therefore, deny the right on the basis of pointless technicalities. In this case, if Rodriguez Diaz, being physically present in New York, qualifies under regular domiciliary rules as a domiciliary of New York, we do not think the difference in law between his former domicile, Puerto Rico, and New York concerning the age of majority should deny him the right to sue as a citizen of New York in federal court.
We emphasize, as already stated, see note 3, supra, that we do not purport to decide here whether Rodriguez Diaz, in fact, meets the requirements for domicile in New York. Obviously he must be prepared, among other things, to demonstrate the requisite intent. We say only that he should be treated no differently than if, having been in the same accident and then moving to New York, he were 21 at the time he sued. In such a case, he would still have to establish that his move involved a genuine change in domicile.
Vacated and remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent herewith.
Dissent follows.
TORRUELLA, Circuit Judge (dissenting).
With due respect I believe the majority has reached the wrong result, and that, by a circuitous route. Its conclusion is inevitable because its reasoning commences by "assum[ing] for purposes of resolving the legal issues raised in this appeal that New York is plaintiff's 'true, fixed home.'" Ante at 1030 (footnote and citation omitted). I believe this is a fallacious assumption because it improperly shifts the focus of analysis.
Since the only undisputed fact in this case is that plaintiff was domiciled in Puerto Rico to begin with, it seems to me that the logical starting point is determining how plaintiff could change his domicile from Puerto Rico to New York. The answer to that question, in the context of this case, raises an issue of capacity, not one of intention. Since there is no case in which a change in domicile has taken place without, at the very least, a physical departure from the place of original domicile, and it is legally impossible to acquire a new domicile without first loosing the old one, we must determine the legal significance of such action in that jurisdiction; i.e., Puerto Rico. The issue thus is what, if any, is the legal significance, for change of domicile purposes, of an 18 year old resident of Puerto Rico leaving that jurisdiction.
The answer under Puerto Rican law is clear: none. An 18 year old is considered a minor in Puerto Rico. 31 L.P.R.A. § 971 (1967). The domicile of an unemancipated minor is that of his parents, 1 L.P.R.A. § 8 (4), or in appropriate cases, his guardian, id. § 8(6). See also Lopez v. Fernandez, 61 P.R. 503 (1943). A minor can be emancipated, thus allowing him to acquire a separate domicile from his parents or guardian, only by either parent (or both if they jointly exercise the patria potestas) appearing before a civil law notary9 in the presence of two witness, and, with the minor's consent, signing an emancipation deed. 31 L.P.R.A. § 911 (Supp. 1985). Unless this formal proceeding is effectuated beforehand, a Puerto Rico-domiciled minor lacks legal capacity to change his domicile from that of his parents, or in the appropriate case, his guardian. His moving away from his legal domicile (i.e., that of his parents or guardian), be that to a different location down the street, or to another place in Puerto Rico, or to another jurisdiction, is legally irrelevant because he cannot gain a new domicile until one has licitly lost the old one.
That a state has a paramount interest in protecting, regulating and controlling its minor citizens is beyond cavil. The importance attached to this principle is reflected in the numerous provisions of law in Puerto Rico, commencing with its Constitution, see P.R. Const. Art. II, § 15, and continuing throughout its general legislation, see, e.g., 31 L.P.R.A. §§ 242 (marriage), 1446 (property), 3402 (contracts) (1982). A case in point is Article 9 of its Civil Code which makes the laws "relating to family rights and obligations or to the status . . . and legal capacity of persons . . . binding upon the citizens of Puerto Rico," even if they move outside of this jurisdiction. 31 L.P.R.A. § 9 (1967) (emphasis supplied). This paramount interest of a state in regulating the conduct of its minors is not, of course, limited to Puerto Rico, and protective legislation may be found throughout the United States varying in its content in a manner reflective of local interests and attitudes.
Because this is, as it should be, an area highly reflective of local attitudes, values and mores, it is particularly unsuited to federalized tinkering. Thus, the majority is mistaken in placing emphasis on the "right of access to a federal court" as the central issue raised by this appeal. Ante at 1031.
It is axiomatic that federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction in which litigation is restricted to enumerated parties and causes. The Puerto Rican laws previously cited are not in any way designed to impede access to our forum. It is only by their general, non-discriminatory application that they prevent plaintiff from litigating in this court. Diversity jurisdiction, particularly in this day and age, is not in need of unnatural expansion, see Nat'l Law J., Feb. 29, 1988, at 1, col. 3 (discussing recent judicial and legislative efforts to eliminate or curtail diversity jurisdiction), and especially not at the expense of important, non-selective local interests. The majority's reasoning inappropriately invades an area traditionally left to the sound discretion of state legislation.
To reach this result, the majority ignores substantial authority which indicates this issue should be resolved on the basis of state law, not "federal common law." See 1 J. Moore, Moore's Federal Practice, para. 0.74[6.-2] at 708.55 n. 2 (age of majority for purposes of diversity dependent on state law) and 708.59 (emancipation of minor for purposes of diversity determined by state law); C. Wright, A. Miller & E. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure, § 3615 at 562-63 (same). The majority also implicitly rejects without explanation the only precedent directly on point, cited by the district court.10 In Spurgeon v. Mission State Bank, 151 F.2d 702 (8th Cir. 1945), the court determined whether a eighteen year-old minor who moved to Kansas from his parents' home in Missouri was "capable of acquiring a domicile of his choice" for purposes of diversity jurisdiction. The court determined that the appellant had acquired a domicile in Kansas by first ruling that "whether the appellant was an emancipated minor at the time of his departure from the home of his parents is a question controlled by Missouri law." Id. at 703. That is, for purposes of determining whether an eighteen year-old had the capacity to acquire a domicile of choice, the court looked to the law of the jurisdiction from which the youth had departed. See also Curry v. Maxson, 318 F. Supp. 842, 844 (W.D. Mo. 1970).
Admittedly, the above cited authority can be read to support an alternative rule of law, a rule implicitly applied by at least one court but also rejected by my brothers. In Appelt v. Whitty, 286 F.2d 135 (7th Cir. 1961), the court denied diversity jurisdiction after it used Illinois law to determine that the minor plaintiff, who had moved from Michigan to Illinois, was emancipated. Although the court gave no reason why it applied Illinois rather than Michigan law (nor did it suggest that the outcome would have been different), it appears to have used the principle of lex loci, since the case came on appeal from the District Court of the Northern District of Illinois. The lex loci approach to capacity is also the suggested approach of the Restatement (Second) Conflict of Laws (1971), as stated in comment d to its section 13, for determining capacity to acquire a domicile of choice.11
The Restatement also suggests that either of the two approaches discussed above be taken to govern the issue of whether a child has been emancipated. That is, the treatise suggests either that emancipation be considered a question of status to be determined pursuant to the laws of the state in which the parents lived when the alleged emancipation took place, or it be considered an issue of capacity and thus generally determined according to the laws of the forum. See Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 22 comment f (1971).
Therefore, if this court applied either of these approaches to the facts of this case, it would find that appellant's domicile is Puerto Rico.
The majority, however, finds all of this authority unpersuasive. Instead, it directs a district court sitting in Puerto Rico and adjudicating a case controlled by Puerto Rico law, concerning an incident occurring in Puerto Rico, and involving an individual who is unemancipated and still a minor under Puerto Rico law, to apply New York law to determine that the youth is no longer a minor (i.e., emancipated) and thus able to invoke diversity jurisdiction in Puerto Rico. Most disturbingly, it adopts this approach without citing important policy considerations or supporting authority. Indeed, it admits that "there are perhaps no urgent reasons of federal diversity policy comparable to those found by the courts" in the only cases it cites as authority for ignoring "relevant rules of state law, in order to achieve the purposes of the diversity statute." Supra at 1033. I would go further and state that the majority's approach is not suggested by any policy considerations supporting federal diversity.
"The major rationale of diversity jurisdiction . . . [is] to give a citizen of one state access to an unbiased court to protect him from parochialism if he was forced into litigation in another state in which he was a stranger and of which his opponent was a citizen." Ziady v. Curley, 396 F.2d 873, 875 (4th Cir. 1968). Obviously, this purpose of diversity jurisdiction is irrelevant to a case, such as this one, involving a youth who brings suit in a jurisdiction from which he only recently departed, under whose laws he is still a citizen, and in which his parents continue to make their home. Appellant is not looking to federal court for protection from bias and parochialism but rather is forum shopping by filing in the federal jurisdiction in Puerto Rico where he is entitled to a civil jury trial. Compare Elliott v. Krear, 466 F. Supp. 444 (E.D. Va. 1979) (policy reasons underlying diversity jurisdiction not applicable when plaintiff not a stranger to the forum and thus Ziady not controlling and no diversity found).
Assuming there is a federal policy to make federal courts more widely available to litigants and to not "deny the right [to federal court] on the basis of pointless technicalities," supra at 1034, the majority's approach does not satisfy even this goal. For example, if any individual in appellant's situation now wanted to file a diversity suit against a New York citizen in New York (a forum much more likely to be unfriendly), he would be barred from access to federal court due to lack of diversity. Thus, the majority's approach provides neither greater access nor eliminates "pointless technicalities" as a barrier to federal court.
Perhaps most troubling about the decision of the majority is that it is presented without reliance on any rule of law. Is the majority saying that henceforth in this circuit the age of eighteen is the age of emancipation for choosing one's own domicile for purposes of diversity jurisdiction? If so, why is eighteen chosen instead of twenty-one or any other age? Or is the rule now that we will use the law of the jurisdiction to which the youth has moved, such that if a New York nineteen year-old leaves his parents and moves to Puerto Rico his domicile will remain in New York? Or is it that we use the law of the jurisdiction which has the youngest age of emancipation? Perhaps the rule is simply that we use the law of the jurisdiction which will create diversity jurisdiction.
Whatever the new rule is, I simply cannot see why it has been adopted at the expense of valid local interests -- interests completely ignored by the majority. For instance, Puerto Rico may have a very legitimate interest in allowing parents to control the lawsuits of its citizens under the age of twenty-one. It may want parents deciding whether and in what court to bring a lawsuit. By allowing parents to determine what court a suit is prosecuted, the Commonwealth allows parents better to control the expense and scope of litigation. In some situations, parents may decide that local court is the better alternative.12 Furthermore, Puerto Rico may have an interest in not encouraging a young person to leave home to establish domicile elsewhere so as to bring a suit in federal court contrary to the wishes of those ultimately responsible under its law for that youth.
Because the majority (1) does not begin its analysis at the only logical starting point -- whether appellant had capacity to change his domicile; (2) refuses to apply the only other accepted approach to this type of issue -- the law of the forum; and (3) offers no policy justification for ignoring local interests in deciding this case without reference to an appropriate rule, I dissent.
1. The age of majority in New York is 18. N.Y. Civ. Prac. L. & R. 105 (5) (Supp. 1988).
2. Section 1332(a) (1) provides, The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions where the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $10,000, exclusive of interest and costs, and is between-- (1) citizens of different States; . . . . Section 1332(d) provides, The word "States" as used in this section includes the Territories, the District of Columbia, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
3. We emphasize, however, that the district court did not make a finding that Rodriguez Diaz (assuming he had the legal capacity to obtain a New York domicile) actually met the elements necessary to acquire a domicile there. To the extent there may be a genuine issue of fact as to plaintiff's "true, fixed home" and actual intention, our present assumption, arguendo, that his presence in New York meets these requirements, should not be taken as a final resolution of that issue. The only issue the district court addressed, and the only issue now before us, is whether, for diversity purposes, Rodriguez Diaz could have a domicile separate from that of his parents. We leave open the factual issue of whether plaintiff actually met the elements necessary to acquire a domicile of choice in New York.
4. We agree that, ordinarily, if a person is under 18, federal courts should follow the common law principle that he is incapable of choosing his own domicile. There is a general understanding that a person under 18 lacks the full capacity to conduct his life as he will. The years between 18 and 21, however, are currently a twilight zone. The majority of the states have adopted 18 as the age of majority. C. Wright, A. Miller & E. Cooper, 13 B Federal Practice & Procedure § 3615, at 563 (1984). A person 18 or older has the constitutional right to vote in federal and state elections. U.S. Const. amendment XXVI. Nonetheless, some states, like Puerto Rico, still consider a person under 21, but 18 or older, to be incapable (unless formally emancipated) of conducting his personal life. Although this policy is entitled to respect in federal courts for substantive law purposes, we see no necessary reason to give it special deference for diversity jurisdictional purposes when it conflicts with another state's policy judgment that an 18 year old living within its borders is of legal age and fully capable of choosing the place he regards as home. Puerto Rico, in fact, recognizes that a child may be emancipated with parental consent and, thereafter, although under age, will be capable of choosing a domicile of his own. It is generally recognized that even persons lacking the capacity to enter into contracts and other legal arrangements may have sufficient capacity to select a domicile of choice. R. Weintraub, Commentary on the Conflicts of Laws § 2.4, at 18 (1980).
5. "[A] person cannot acquire a domicil of choice unless he has legal capacity to do so. Whether such legal capacity exists will be determined by the law of the forum." Restatement of the Law, Conflicts of Law (Second) § 13, comment d.
6. There would, of course, be no diversity jurisdiction as to any claim of the parents, who reside in Puerto Rico. The parents sue here solely as next friends; their domicile is irrelevant in such circumstances. See Ziady v. Curley, 396 F.2d at 874 n.l; C. Wright, A. Miller & E. Cooper, 13B Federal Practice & Procedure § 3615.
7. See, e.g., Ziady v. Curley, 396 F.2d 873 (4th Cir. 1968) (in deciding infant plaintiff's domicile, the court took into account a major purpose of diversity jurisdiction, which is to protect a citizen of one state from parochialism if forced to litigate in another state); Linville v. Price, 572 F. Supp. 345 (S.D. W. Va. 1983); Elliott v. Krear, 466 F. Supp. 444 (E.D. Va. 1979).
8. Bjornquist v. Boston & A.R. Co., 250 F. 929 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 248 U.S. 573, 63 L. Ed. 427, 39 S. Ct. 11 (1918). In that case, this circuit refused to follow the common law rule that a minor could not establish his own domicile for diversity purposes: the minor's parents were dead, and plaintiff's domicile was technically that of his deceased father. Nonetheless, we found that he had acquired a Maine domicile when he moved there when 19 for a relatively brief sojourn with an aunt. See also Stifel v. Hopkins, 477 F.2d 1116 (6th Cir. 1973) (a prisoner may show a change of domicile to a state to which he was moved by his jailers notwithstanding old rule that the pre-incarceration domicile of a prisoner must continue during his imprisonment).


Spread the Gospel message with scriptured greeting cards for all occasions. Featuring 10 cards with a special bible verse, these charming cards are ready for a variety of occasions. Each card features one of our signature designs and a heartfelt message. Personalize them with a message of your own, or sign your name and send. Either way, someone will know you care and your relationship will be strengthened. Order your box of all occasions cards today!


Adoption is a wonderful process of creating families, but it also involves quite a bit of paperwork. If you thought that all that paperwork is done before the adoption, unfortunately, there is still lots of paperwork to do after the adoption is finalized. If you want to do it right until the very end, make sure everything is done properly. There are some important things to consider in the weeks after your child's adoption is finalized.
Your child's original birth certificate may be kept and sealed after adoption so a new birth certificate can be created. Once you finalize the adoption process, a new certificate is going to be created, which will state your child's adopted name, as well as list you and your partner as the birth parents. This could cause problems for your child later in life, so do your best to get a copy of the original birth certificate.
Obtaining a social security number is important for filing taxes. The documentation you need to add a new card for your child is a birth certificate or a certified copy of the adoption order.
After the adoption, it is also important to take care of your child's medical insurance. You can add your child to your medical insurance plan. If you are covered by an individual plan, check the laws in your state to determine your rights. If you haven't already chosen a pediatrician for your child, now is the time to do so. Your child will need to see the doctor regularly for the first two years of life to ensure his or her health and development are on track.
It is important to be aware of the fact that your child is your responsibility. After the adoption, you will need to get life insurance and create a will to secure your child in case anything unpredictable happens. Think about the person you would like to leave your child with and add the guardian's name to your will. This is something people don't like to think about, especially in a joyous time like during an adoption, but it needs to be done. Doing it right after the adoption is much more practical simply because you you're taking care of it at the same time as all the other paperwork and documentation updates.
Finally...something fun! Create and send out adoption announcements to share the official new addition to your family. Check out one of our previous blog posts for some fun ideas for announcing your adoption.


text:
Berecz Mihály (Budapest, 1997. – ) magyar zongoraművész, egyetemi tanár. Édesapja, Berecz András (1957-) mesemondó.

Életpályája
2004-ben kezdett zenét tanulni. 2006-ban zongorázni kezdett, Major Edit irányítása alatt. 2007-ben kezdett zeneelméletet és zeneszerzést is tanulni. A Szent István Király Zeneművészeti Szakközépiskolában Belák Erzsébet volt a tanára. 2013-ban debütált a Művészetek Palotájában. Kocsis Zoltán vezénylésével. 2016–2020 között a Royal Academy of Music-on tanult Londonban, ahol Christopher Elton oktatta. 2022-től a Liszt Ferenc Zeneakadémia kamaratanszékének tanára.

Olyan karmesterekkel játszott együtt mint például Vásáry Tamás, Keller András, de dolgozott már Záborszky Kálmánnal, Vashegyi Györggyel, Gál Tamással és Ménesi Gergellyel is. A Concerto Budapest, a Nemzeti Filharmonikus Zenekar, a Budapesti Filharmóniai Társaság Zenekara, a Miskolci Szimfonikus Zenekar, a Zuglói Filharmónia és a Kassai Állami Zenekar partnere is volt.

Díjai
 a XII. Országos Zeneiskolai Verseny kiemelt első díja (2010)
 a III. Országos Bartók Béla Zeneiskolai zongoraverseny kiemelt nívódíj (2011)
 a Nemzetközi Ifjúsági Fesztivál aranyérme (Prága, 2012)
 a II. Manhattan Nemzetközi Zenei Verseny I. díja (2018)
 a londoni Királyi Zeneakadémia Harriet Cohen díja (2018)
 a zürichi Anda Géza verseny Liszt-Bartók különdíjasa (2021)
 Junior Prima díj (2020)
 a Ciffra Alapítvány tehetség díjasa (2021)

Jegyzetek

Források
 Berecz Mihály honlapja
 Concerto Budapest
 Opera.hu

1997-ben született személyek
Élő személyek
Magyar zongoristák
Magyar egyetemi, főiskolai oktatók
Junior Prima díjasok

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
namespace Envoy {
namespace {

class Http11ConnectHttpIntegrationTest : public testing::TestWithParam<Network::Address::IpVersion>,
                                         public HttpIntegrationTest {
public:
  Http11ConnectHttpIntegrationTest()
      : HttpIntegrationTest(Http::CodecClient::Type::HTTP1, GetParam()) {
    upstream_tls_ = true;
  }

  void TearDown() override {
    test_server_.reset();
    fake_upstream_connection_.reset();
    fake_upstreams_.clear();
  }

  void addDfpConfig() {
    const std::string filter =
        R"EOF(name: dynamic_forward_proxy
typed_config:
  "@type": type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.filters.http.dynamic_forward_proxy.v3.FilterConfig
  dns_cache_config:
    name: foo
)EOF";
    config_helper_.prependFilter(filter);

    config_helper_.addConfigModifier([&](envoy::config::bootstrap::v3::Bootstrap& bootstrap) {
      auto* cluster = bootstrap.mutable_static_resources()->mutable_clusters(0);
      const std::string cluster_type_config =
          R"EOF(
name: envoy.clusters.dynamic_forward_proxy
typed_config:
  "@type": type.googleapis.com/envoy.extensions.clusters.dynamic_forward_proxy.v3.ClusterConfig
  dns_cache_config:
    name: foo
)EOF";
      TestUtility::loadFromYaml(cluster_type_config, *cluster->mutable_cluster_type());
      cluster->clear_load_assignment();
      cluster->set_lb_policy(envoy::config::cluster::v3::Cluster::CLUSTER_PROVIDED);
    });
  }

  void initialize() override {
    TestEnvironment::writeStringToFileForTest("alt_svc_cache.txt", "");
    config_helper_.addFilter("{ name: header-to-proxy-filter }");
    if (try_http3_) {
      envoy::config::core::v3::AlternateProtocolsCacheOptions alt_cache;
      alt_cache.set_name("default_alternate_protocols_cache");
      const std::string filename = TestEnvironment::temporaryPath("alt_svc_cache.txt");
      envoy::extensions::key_value::file_based::v3::FileBasedKeyValueStoreConfig config;
      config.set_filename(filename);
      config.mutable_flush_interval()->set_nanos(0);
      envoy::config::common::key_value::v3::KeyValueStoreConfig kv_config;
      kv_config.mutable_config()->set_name("envoy.key_value.file_based");
      kv_config.mutable_config()->mutable_typed_config()->PackFrom(config);
      alt_cache.mutable_key_value_store_config()->set_name("envoy.common.key_value");
      alt_cache.mutable_key_value_store_config()->mutable_typed_config()->PackFrom(kv_config);

      config_helper_.configureUpstreamTls(use_alpn_, try_http3_, alt_cache);
    } else if (upstream_tls_) {
      config_helper_.configureUpstreamTls(use_alpn_, try_http3_);
    }
    config_helper_.addConfigModifier([&](envoy::config::bootstrap::v3::Bootstrap& bootstrap) {
      auto* transport_socket =
          bootstrap.mutable_static_resources()->mutable_clusters(0)->mutable_transport_socket();
      envoy::config::core::v3::TransportSocket inner_socket;
      inner_socket.CopyFrom(*transport_socket);
      if (inner_socket.name().empty()) {
        inner_socket.set_name("envoy.transport_sockets.raw_buffer");
      }
      transport_socket->set_name("envoy.transport_sockets.upstream_http_11_proxy");
      envoy::extensions::transport_sockets::http_11_proxy::v3::Http11ProxyUpstreamTransport
          transport;
      transport.mutable_transport_socket()->MergeFrom(inner_socket);
      transport_socket->mutable_typed_config()->PackFrom(transport);

      auto* cluster = bootstrap.mutable_static_resources()->mutable_clusters(0);

      ConfigHelper::HttpProtocolOptions protocol_options;
      protocol_options.mutable_upstream_http_protocol_options()->set_auto_sni(true);
      protocol_options.mutable_upstream_http_protocol_options()->set_auto_san_validation(true);
      if (upstream_tls_) {
        protocol_options.mutable_auto_config();
      } else {
        protocol_options.mutable_explicit_http_config()->mutable_http_protocol_options();
      }
      ConfigHelper::setProtocolOptions(*cluster, protocol_options);
    });
    BaseIntegrationTest::initialize();
    if (upstream_tls_) {
      addFakeUpstream(createUpstreamTlsContext(upstreamConfig()), upstreamProtocol(), false);
      addFakeUpstream(createUpstreamTlsContext(upstreamConfig()), upstreamProtocol(), false);
      // Read disable the fake upstreams, so we can rawRead rather than read data and decrypt.
      fake_upstreams_[1]->setDisableAllAndDoNotEnable(true);
      fake_upstreams_[2]->setDisableAllAndDoNotEnable(true);
    } else {
      addFakeUpstream(upstreamProtocol());
      addFakeUpstream(upstreamProtocol());
    }

    if (try_http3_) {
      uint32_t port = fake_upstreams_[0]->localAddress()->ip()->port();
      std::string key = absl::StrCat("https://sni.lyft.com:", port);

      size_t seconds = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(
                           timeSystem().monotonicTime().time_since_epoch())
                           .count();
      std::string value = absl::StrCat("h3=\":", port, "\"; ma=", 86400 + seconds, "|0|0");
      TestEnvironment::writeStringToFileForTest(
          "alt_svc_cache.txt", absl::StrCat(key.length(), "\n", key, value.length(), "\n", value));
    }
  }

  void stripConnectUpgradeAndRespond() {
    // Strip the CONNECT upgrade.
    std::string prefix_data;
    const std::string hostname(default_request_headers_.getHostValue());
    ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstream_connection_->waitForInexactRawData("\r\n\r\n", &prefix_data));
    EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat("CONNECT ", hostname, ":443 HTTP/1.1\r\n\r\n"), prefix_data);

    // Ship the CONNECT response.
    fake_upstream_connection_->writeRawData("HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n\r\n");
  }
  bool use_alpn_ = false;
  bool try_http3_ = false;
};

INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(IpVersions, Http11ConnectHttpIntegrationTest,
                         testing::ValuesIn(TestEnvironment::getIpVersionsForTest()),
                         TestUtility::ipTestParamsToString);

// Test that with no connect-proxy header, the transport socket is a no-op.
TEST_P(Http11ConnectHttpIntegrationTest, NoHeader) {
  initialize();

  // With no connect-proxy header, the original request gets proxied to fake upstream 0.
  default_request_headers_.setCopy(Envoy::Http::LowerCaseString("foo"), "bar");
  default_response_headers_.setCopy(Envoy::Http::LowerCaseString("foo"), "bar");
  codec_client_ = makeHttpConnection(lookupPort("http"));
  auto response =
      sendRequestAndWaitForResponse(default_request_headers_, 0, default_response_headers_, 0);

  ASSERT_TRUE(response->complete());
  EXPECT_EQ("200", response->headers().getStatusValue());
  ASSERT_FALSE(upstream_request_->headers().get(Http::LowerCaseString("foo")).empty());
  ASSERT_FALSE(response->headers().get(Http::LowerCaseString("foo")).empty());

  // Second request reuses the connection.
  sendRequestAndWaitForResponse(default_request_headers_, 0, default_response_headers_, 0);
}

// If sending to an HTTP upstream, no CONNECT header will be appended but a
// fully qualified URL will be sent.
TEST_P(Http11ConnectHttpIntegrationTest, CleartextRequestResponse) {
  upstream_tls_ = false;
  initialize();

  // Point at the second fake upstream. Envoy doesn't actually know about this one.
  absl::string_view second_upstream_address(fake_upstreams_[1]->localAddress()->asStringView());
  codec_client_ = makeHttpConnection(lookupPort("http"));
  // The connect-proxy header will be stripped by the header-to-proxy-filter and inserted as
  // metadata.
  default_request_headers_.setCopy(Envoy::Http::LowerCaseString("connect-proxy"),
                                   second_upstream_address);
  auto response = codec_client_->makeHeaderOnlyRequest(default_request_headers_);

  // The request should be sent to fake upstream 1, due to the connect-proxy header.
  FakeRawConnectionPtr fake_upstream_raw_connection_;
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstreams_[1]->waitForRawConnection(fake_upstream_raw_connection_));
  std::string observed_data;
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstream_raw_connection_->waitForData(
      FakeRawConnection::waitForInexactMatch("\r\n\r\n"), &observed_data));
  // There should be no CONNECT header.
  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::StrContains(observed_data, "CONNECT"));
  // The proxied request should use a fully qualified URL.
  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContains(observed_data, "GET http://sni.lyft.com/test/long/url HTTP/1.1"))
      << observed_data;
  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContains(observed_data, "host: sni.lyft.com"));

  // Send a response.
  auto response2 = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\ncontent-length: 0\r\nbar: eep\r\n\r\n";
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstream_raw_connection_->write(response2, false));

  // Wait for the response to be received.
  ASSERT_TRUE(response->waitForEndStream());
  EXPECT_EQ("200", response->headers().getStatusValue());
  ASSERT_FALSE(response->headers().get(Http::LowerCaseString("bar")).empty());
}
// Test sending 2 requests to one proxy
TEST_P(Http11ConnectHttpIntegrationTest, TestMultipleRequestsSignleEndpoint) {
  initialize();

  // Point at the second fake upstream. Envoy doesn't actually know about this one.
  absl::string_view second_upstream_address(fake_upstreams_[1]->localAddress()->asStringView());
  codec_client_ = makeHttpConnection(lookupPort("http"));
  // The connect-proxy header will be stripped by the header-to-proxy-filter and inserted as
  // metadata.
  default_request_headers_.setCopy(Envoy::Http::LowerCaseString("connect-proxy"),
                                   second_upstream_address);
  auto response = codec_client_->makeHeaderOnlyRequest(default_request_headers_);

  // The request should be sent to fake upstream 1, due to the connect-proxy header.
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstreams_[1]->waitForHttpConnection(*dispatcher_, fake_upstream_connection_));

  stripConnectUpgradeAndRespond();

  // Enable reading on the new stream, and read the encapsulated request.
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstream_connection_->readDisable(false));
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstream_connection_->waitForNewStream(*dispatcher_, upstream_request_));
  ASSERT_TRUE(upstream_request_->waitForEndStream(*dispatcher_));

  // Send the encapsulated response.
  default_response_headers_.setCopy(Envoy::Http::LowerCaseString("bar"), "eep");
  upstream_request_->encodeHeaders(default_response_headers_, true);

  // Wait for the encapsulated response to be received.
  ASSERT_TRUE(response->waitForEndStream());
  EXPECT_EQ("200", response->headers().getStatusValue());
  // Make sure the upgrade headers were swallowed and the second were received.
  ASSERT_FALSE(response->headers().get(Http::LowerCaseString("bar")).empty());

  // Now send a second request, and make sure it goes to the same upstream.
  response = codec_client_->makeHeaderOnlyRequest(default_request_headers_);

  // The request should be sent to fake upstream 2, due to the connect-proxy header.
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstream_connection_->waitForNewStream(*dispatcher_, upstream_request_));
  ASSERT_TRUE(upstream_request_->waitForEndStream(*dispatcher_));
  upstream_request_->encodeHeaders(default_response_headers_, true);

  // Wait for the encapsulated response to be received.
  ASSERT_TRUE(response->waitForEndStream());
  EXPECT_EQ("200", response->headers().getStatusValue());
}

// Test sending requests to different proxies.
TEST_P(Http11ConnectHttpIntegrationTest, TestMultipleRequestsAndEndpoints) {
  initialize();

  // Point at the second fake upstream. Envoy doesn't actually know about this one.
  absl::string_view second_upstream_address(fake_upstreams_[1]->localAddress()->asStringView());
  codec_client_ = makeHttpConnection(lookupPort("http"));
  // The connect-proxy header will be stripped by the header-to-proxy-filter and inserted as
  // metadata.
  default_request_headers_.setCopy(Envoy::Http::LowerCaseString("connect-proxy"),
                                   second_upstream_address);
  auto response = codec_client_->makeHeaderOnlyRequest(default_request_headers_);

  // The request should be sent to fake upstream 1, due to the connect-proxy header.
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstreams_[1]->waitForHttpConnection(*dispatcher_, fake_upstream_connection_));

  stripConnectUpgradeAndRespond();

  // Enable reading on the new stream, and read the encapsulated request.
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstream_connection_->readDisable(false));
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstream_connection_->waitForNewStream(*dispatcher_, upstream_request_));
  ASSERT_TRUE(upstream_request_->waitForEndStream(*dispatcher_));

  // Send the encapsulated response.
  default_response_headers_.setCopy(Envoy::Http::LowerCaseString("bar"), "eep");
  upstream_request_->encodeHeaders(default_response_headers_, true);

  // Wait for the encapsulated response to be received.
  ASSERT_TRUE(response->waitForEndStream());
  EXPECT_EQ("200", response->headers().getStatusValue());
  // Make sure the upgrade headers were swallowed and the second were received.
  ASSERT_FALSE(response->headers().get(Http::LowerCaseString("bar")).empty());

  // Now send a second request, and make sure it goes to upstream 2.
  absl::string_view third_upstream_address(fake_upstreams_[2]->localAddress()->asStringView());
  default_request_headers_.setCopy(Envoy::Http::LowerCaseString("connect-proxy"),
                                   third_upstream_address);
  response = codec_client_->makeHeaderOnlyRequest(default_request_headers_);

  // The request should be sent to fake upstream 2, due to the connect-proxy header.
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstreams_[2]->waitForHttpConnection(*dispatcher_, fake_upstream_connection_));
  stripConnectUpgradeAndRespond();

  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstream_connection_->readDisable(false));
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstream_connection_->waitForNewStream(*dispatcher_, upstream_request_));
  ASSERT_TRUE(upstream_request_->waitForEndStream(*dispatcher_));
  upstream_request_->encodeHeaders(default_response_headers_, true);

  // Wait for the encapsulated response to be received.
  ASSERT_TRUE(response->waitForEndStream());
  EXPECT_EQ("200", response->headers().getStatusValue());
}

// Test sending requests to different proxies.
TEST_P(Http11ConnectHttpIntegrationTest, TestMultipleRequestsSingleEndpoint) {
  // Also make sure that alpn negotiation works.
  use_alpn_ = true;
  initialize();

  // Point at the second fake upstream. Envoy doesn't actually know about this one.
  absl::string_view second_upstream_address(fake_upstreams_[1]->localAddress()->asStringView());
  codec_client_ = makeHttpConnection(lookupPort("http"));
  // The connect-proxy header will be stripped by the header-to-proxy-filter and inserted as
  // metadata.
  default_request_headers_.setCopy(Envoy::Http::LowerCaseString("connect-proxy"),
                                   second_upstream_address);
  auto response = codec_client_->makeHeaderOnlyRequest(default_request_headers_);

  // The request should be sent to fake upstream 1, due to the connect-proxy header.
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstreams_[1]->waitForHttpConnection(*dispatcher_, fake_upstream_connection_));
  stripConnectUpgradeAndRespond();

  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstream_connection_->readDisable(false));
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstream_connection_->waitForNewStream(*dispatcher_, upstream_request_));
  ASSERT_TRUE(upstream_request_->waitForEndStream(*dispatcher_));
  upstream_request_->encodeHeaders(default_response_headers_, true);

  // Wait for the encapsulated response to be received.
  ASSERT_TRUE(response->waitForEndStream());
  EXPECT_EQ("200", response->headers().getStatusValue());

  // Now send a second request to the same fake upstream. Envoy will pipeline and reuse the
  // connection so no need to strip the connect.
  default_request_headers_.setCopy(Envoy::Http::LowerCaseString("request2"), "val2");
  response = codec_client_->makeHeaderOnlyRequest(default_request_headers_);
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstream_connection_->waitForNewStream(*dispatcher_, upstream_request_));
  ASSERT_TRUE(upstream_request_->waitForEndStream(*dispatcher_));
  EXPECT_FALSE(upstream_request_->headers().get(Http::LowerCaseString("request2")).empty());

  upstream_request_->encodeHeaders(default_response_headers_, true);
  // Wait for the encapsulated response to be received.
  ASSERT_TRUE(response->waitForEndStream());
  EXPECT_EQ("200", response->headers().getStatusValue());

  // Now send a request without the connect-proxy header. Make sure it doesn't get pooled in.
  default_request_headers_.remove(Envoy::Http::LowerCaseString("connect-proxy"));
  response = codec_client_->makeHeaderOnlyRequest(default_request_headers_);

  // The request should be sent to fake upstream 0.
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstreams_[0]->waitForHttpConnection(*dispatcher_, fake_upstream_connection_));
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstream_connection_->waitForNewStream(*dispatcher_, upstream_request_));
  ASSERT_TRUE(upstream_request_->waitForEndStream(*dispatcher_));
  // No encapsulation.
  EXPECT_TRUE(upstream_request_->waitForEndStream(*dispatcher_));
  upstream_request_->encodeHeaders(default_response_headers_, true);
  ASSERT_TRUE(response->waitForEndStream());
  EXPECT_EQ("200", response->headers().getStatusValue());
}

// Test Http2 for the inner application layer.
TEST_P(Http11ConnectHttpIntegrationTest, TestHttp2) {
  setUpstreamProtocol(Http::CodecType::HTTP2);
  use_alpn_ = true;
  initialize();

  // Point at the second fake upstream. Envoy doesn't actually know about this one.
  absl::string_view second_upstream_address(fake_upstreams_[1]->localAddress()->asStringView());
  codec_client_ = makeHttpConnection(lookupPort("http"));
  // The connect-proxy header will be stripped by the header-to-proxy-filter and inserted as
  // metadata.
  default_request_headers_.setCopy(Envoy::Http::LowerCaseString("connect-proxy"),
                                   second_upstream_address);
  auto response = codec_client_->makeHeaderOnlyRequest(default_request_headers_);

  // The request should be sent to fake upstream 1, due to the connect-proxy header.
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstreams_[1]->waitForHttpConnection(*dispatcher_, fake_upstream_connection_));
  stripConnectUpgradeAndRespond();

  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstream_connection_->readDisable(false));
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstream_connection_->waitForNewStream(*dispatcher_, upstream_request_));
  ASSERT_TRUE(upstream_request_->waitForEndStream(*dispatcher_));
  upstream_request_->encodeHeaders(default_response_headers_, true);

  // Wait for the encapsulated response to be received.
  ASSERT_TRUE(response->waitForEndStream());
  EXPECT_EQ("200", response->headers().getStatusValue());
}

#ifdef ENVOY_ENABLE_QUIC

// Test Http3 failing to HTTP/2 if proxy settings are enabled.
TEST_P(Http11ConnectHttpIntegrationTest, TestHttp3Failover) {
  setUpstreamProtocol(Http::CodecType::HTTP2);
  use_alpn_ = true;
  try_http3_ = true;
  initialize();

  // Point at the second fake upstream. Envoy doesn't actually know about this one.
  absl::string_view second_upstream_address(fake_upstreams_[1]->localAddress()->asStringView());
  codec_client_ = makeHttpConnection(lookupPort("http"));
  // The connect-proxy header will be stripped by the header-to-proxy-filter and inserted as
  // metadata.
  default_request_headers_.setCopy(Envoy::Http::LowerCaseString("connect-proxy"),
                                   second_upstream_address);
  auto response = codec_client_->makeHeaderOnlyRequest(default_request_headers_);

  // The request should be sent to fake upstream 1, due to the connect-proxy header.
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstreams_[1]->waitForHttpConnection(*dispatcher_, fake_upstream_connection_));
  stripConnectUpgradeAndRespond();

  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstream_connection_->readDisable(false));
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstream_connection_->waitForNewStream(*dispatcher_, upstream_request_));
  ASSERT_TRUE(upstream_request_->waitForEndStream(*dispatcher_));
  upstream_request_->encodeHeaders(default_response_headers_, true);

  // Wait for the encapsulated response to be received.
  ASSERT_TRUE(response->waitForEndStream());
  EXPECT_EQ("200", response->headers().getStatusValue());
}

// Test HTTP/3 being used if proxy settings are not set.
TEST_P(Http11ConnectHttpIntegrationTest, TestHttp3) {
  setUpstreamProtocol(Http::CodecType::HTTP3);
  use_alpn_ = true;
  try_http3_ = true;
  initialize();

  codec_client_ = makeHttpConnection(lookupPort("http"));
  auto response = codec_client_->makeHeaderOnlyRequest(default_request_headers_);

  // The request should be sent to fake upstream 0.
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstreams_[0]->waitForHttpConnection(*dispatcher_, fake_upstream_connection_));
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstream_connection_->waitForNewStream(*dispatcher_, upstream_request_));
  ASSERT_TRUE(upstream_request_->waitForEndStream(*dispatcher_));
  upstream_request_->encodeHeaders(default_response_headers_, true);

  // Wait for the encapsulated response to be received.
  ASSERT_TRUE(response->waitForEndStream());
  EXPECT_EQ("200", response->headers().getStatusValue());
}

#endif

TEST_P(Http11ConnectHttpIntegrationTest, DfpNoProxyAddress) {
  useAccessLog("%RESPONSE_CODE_DETAILS%");
  addDfpConfig();
  initialize();

  codec_client_ = makeHttpConnection(lookupPort("http"));
  // Set the host to a domain which does not exist.
  default_request_headers_.setHost("doesnotexist.lyft.com");

  // Without the proxy header set, the filter will fail the request due to DNS resolution failure.
  auto response = codec_client_->makeHeaderOnlyRequest(default_request_headers_);
  ASSERT_TRUE(response->waitForEndStream());
  EXPECT_EQ("503", response->headers().getStatusValue());
  EXPECT_THAT(waitForAccessLog(access_log_name_), testing::HasSubstr("dns_resolution_failure"));
}

TEST_P(Http11ConnectHttpIntegrationTest, DfpWithProxyAddress) {
  addDfpConfig();

  initialize();

  // Point at the second fake upstream. Envoy doesn't actually know about this one.
  absl::string_view second_upstream_address(fake_upstreams_[1]->localAddress()->asStringView());
  codec_client_ = makeHttpConnection(lookupPort("http"));
  // Set the host to a domain which does not exist.
  default_request_headers_.setHost("doesnotexist.lyft.com");
  // The connect-proxy header will be stripped by the header-to-proxy-filter and inserted as
  // metadata.
  default_request_headers_.setCopy(Envoy::Http::LowerCaseString("connect-proxy"),
                                   second_upstream_address);

  auto response = codec_client_->makeHeaderOnlyRequest(default_request_headers_);

  // The request should be sent to fake upstream 1, as DNS lookup is bypassed due to the
  // connect-proxy header.
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstreams_[1]->waitForHttpConnection(*dispatcher_, fake_upstream_connection_));
  stripConnectUpgradeAndRespond();

  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstream_connection_->readDisable(false));
  ASSERT_TRUE(fake_upstream_connection_->waitForNewStream(*dispatcher_, upstream_request_));
  ASSERT_TRUE(upstream_request_->waitForEndStream(*dispatcher_));
  upstream_request_->encodeHeaders(default_response_headers_, true);

  // Wait for the encapsulated response to be received.
  ASSERT_TRUE(response->waitForEndStream());
  EXPECT_EQ("200", response->headers().getStatusValue());
}

TEST_P(Http11ConnectHttpIntegrationTest, DfpWithProxyAddressLegacy) {
  config_helper_.addRuntimeOverride(
      "envoy.reloadable_features.skip_dns_lookup_for_proxied_requests", "false");

  addDfpConfig();

  initialize();

  // Point at the second fake upstream. Envoy doesn't actually know about this one.
  absl::string_view second_upstream_address(fake_upstreams_[1]->localAddress()->asStringView());
  codec_client_ = makeHttpConnection(lookupPort("http"));
  // Set the host to a domain which does not exist.
  default_request_headers_.setHost("doesnotexist.lyft.com");
  // The connect-proxy header will be stripped by the header-to-proxy-filter and inserted as
  // metadata.
  default_request_headers_.setCopy(Envoy::Http::LowerCaseString("connect-proxy"),
                                   second_upstream_address);

  auto response = codec_client_->makeHeaderOnlyRequest(default_request_headers_);

  // Wait for the encapsulated response to be received.
  ASSERT_TRUE(response->waitForEndStream());
  EXPECT_EQ("503", response->headers().getStatusValue());
}

} // namespace
} // namespace Envoy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Toronto, April 12, 2012 - Our member boards share a belief that continued stability in our schools and sustained growth in student success are deeply connected. Experience has taught us that sustained labour peace is a critical element in creating the conditions necessary for student success in Ontario schools. For these reasons, the Ontario Public School Boards' Association www.opsba.org accepted the government's invitation to come to the table to participate in provincial discussions.
We agree that in this economy, we have to find significant cost savings. At the same time, we must also strive for harmony where our students learn and our staff work. Collective bargaining has to lead to collective agreements which support student engagement, parent engagement, staff engagement, and safe and nurturing learning environments.
"We urge the provincial government and all our education partners to explore all available measures and find a way to move forward," said Lori Lukinuk, Vice President of OPSBA. "If Ontario's students are to continue to make significant progress and rank among the best in the world, there is no question that every effort to sustain and strengthen labour harmony must be pursued. This is a time to look to our long-term interests, to keep our focus on a strong, sustainable education system."
We cannot emphasize sufficiently that the collective bargaining process must help improve the learning conditions for our students. We feel that the common purpose of all our collective efforts must be maximizing the opportunities for success of each and every student in our system and must be the fundamental basis of the contracts emerging from the process.
OPSBA is committed to working with our employees and the government to reach fair and equitable new contracts. The interests of our students must remain the first priority for all parties - there can be no disruption to their education. This is what parents expect of us and what students deserve.


A dream for any girl's room! With this delightful rug, your little girl can show the whole world what a real princess she is. The enchanting fairytale design in soft pink fits in wonderfully in a romantic children's or teenager's room. Since even princesses do not always just sit quietly, this pretty floor covering is hard-wearing: Machine-woven from 100% polyester, this robust and easy to care for rug impresses with its tensile strength and absolute suitability for everyday use. It has a comfortable pile height of seven millimetres and weighs 650 grams per square metre.


Below is an essay on "Glory of War" from Anti Essays, your source for research papers, essays, and term paper examples.
War is something that has plagued our world ever since man began walking on the earth. Throughout history man has employed various tactics to use to defeat one's enemy. From the sword, to catapults, to guns, and now atomic bombs man has slowly developed his killing ability. But to what end we may never know. There has never been peace on earth yet wars are fought trying to keep the peace. People have lost their lives defending their rights or taking someone's rights for the greater good. However it seems that war is not the solution to peace. Knowing this, I feel that we should withdraw from Vietnam. Having fought the Japanese in World War II, I know all too well how ruthless and exhausting a war Vietnam can be because its environment is not much different from that of the islands in the Pacific. The tactics that the Vietnamese employ is very similar to what the Japanese used when fighting in World War II. "War is brutish, inglorious, and a terrible waste." (315) It is something that damages people mentally and physically. Yes, there is glory in war, but there is also sacrifice and the loss of many great people.
How Does Wilfred Owen Feel About War?


I had shown here that My Envy Box was the first Sampler box I had ever tried. I thought of doing small reviews of the samples. To start off, these are tiny samples for one use. So, it is indeed not possible to say that these reviews are the last and final words on the products. This is more of my 'take' on the limited use I had the chance of doing.
I did follow up with my Body Shop Rainforest Conditioner and after my hair dried, I have a beautiful shiny and voluminous hair.
But honestly, I did not find anything exotic.
Eminence organic Skin Care Chocolate Mousse Hydrating Mask: On opening the little pot, I could barely help from taking a quick lick. It looked like chocolate mousse, smelt like chocolate mousse and the texture looked delicious.
The first whiff was that of delicious chocolate. But once the top note was gone, it started smelling less like chocolate mousse.Since my skin was feeling very dry, I was expecting this to be creamy. This is not creamy, but dries on the skin. I was used this along with the Thalgo facial Collagen cremes and I woke up in the morning with fresh skin.
But still, I am not convinced if this is a product I badly want.
up with beautiful skin on the morning after. I really have no comments with these.
The Givenchy Samples: They smell good. But the quantity is really too tiny.
Verdict:All the samples were too small and since they lasted only one use, it is not possible to makeup a mind about the product. At first, I was pretty impressed, but once I tried out the samples and realizing that they do not give sufficient uses, I think 850 INR is a bit too steep.
The only redeeming factor about the box was Forest Essentials Rose Lip Balm which is a good size and I would review separately.
What would I like to see: Some makeup products, either more number of samples or bigger sizes of the samples.
The box was a sample. But my opinion is honest.


text:
Posted on May 12, 2016 May 11, 2016 by Steve Murray Entertainment
Game of Thrones: Oathbreaker Review
Not everyone in Game of Thrones gets a happy ending but the only thing that is certain in A Song of Ice and Fire is that everyone's story will reach an end. As you would expect from Game of Thrones, more stories reached their end but a couple of stories started anew this week.
If you could describe this week's episode in one word, it would be transitional. We got Jon's return to the land of the living. Arya is No One. Bran learned a little about the difference between the myth of Ned Stark and the real man. Dany moved into an old folks home. Tommen still has no spine. And Ramsay Bolton managed to consolidate his hold on the North. A lot of stuff happened. It just wasn't as explosive as the last couple of weeks.
So no one was surprised by Jon's resurrection. The problem is what's next. He did his duty as Lord Commander by hanging those who betrayed the Night's Watch by killing their Lord Commander. Then he walked off. You would have expected Jon to use his return to power at Castle Black and his new Wilding friends to prepare a defense against the oncoming army of the dead. You know, something, something warrior of the Lord of Light that Stannis was supposed to be but wasn't. (Unless he's getting a revival too.) Instead, Jon's wandered off and left Edd in charge of The Wall.
I realize that there's the need for cliffhangers with TV shows but it's not like Game of Thrones is going to lose its audience because there isn't a cliffhanger. If Jon hung the traitorous four and retired to his office, would we think any less of the episode than if he just walked out on Castle Black? It's not as interesting a talking point but the looming question is going to be what's next regardless of what Jon does after the ending.
Speaking of what's coming next, there's the Lannister Twins Revenge Tour. Cersei thinks she has the upper hand with the undead Mountain and the heart of the King. The problem is that the King's heart (or perhaps another part of his anatomy) belongs to Maggie Tyrell and the King has always proven himself to be easily manipulated. Case in point, he goes to confront the High Sparrow and is easily diverted into a friendly chat.
As was explored last season, Cersei is still trying to find her place in a world where she doesn't wield considerable influence over the Iron Throne. Sure, she wasn't able to control Joffrey or Tywin like she could Tommen but it wasn't like the events of the Seven Kingdoms were completely outside her influence. Being arrested by the Faith Militant, having the Small Council walk out on her and her son being swayed by the High Sparrow's charm shows that she has lost control and can't even find a way to fight back. Cersei may never be redeemed but she might get close to a redemptive arc as we see her adapt to these new circumstances.
Not much happened in Essos. Dany arrived in Dosh Khaleen which is where all the Dothraki were heading anyway which seems awfully convenient. She also might get offed for not immediately checking into the Khaleesi retirement home. So rescue is coming soon as she's one of the few hero characters left in the show. Tyrion still seems to be wasting away with nothing to do. He lacks the political capital he did in King's Landing so he's basically keeping the throne warm for Dany. Varys is doing Varys things, though. He extracts information from a Meereenese prostitute in the most politely threatening way possible and we learn what he means by his birds thanks to Qyburn.
Meanwhile, outside of Westeros, Arya and Bran are probably supposed to seem like they're on parallel paths that will eventually converge (yes, I know this sentence sucks). The problem is that Bran should be getting epic warging and magic powers but instead is getting a history lesson. If this will eventually lead to Bran finding a way to save humanity (and fan theories indicate that could be coming next week), then it would be worth it. Arya, on the other hand, was supposed to be this Stark avenging bad ass. Instead, she's No One. How can she play any part in the wars to come if she has no allegiance?
We got two returning characters in Oathbreaker. Sam made a brief appearance on his way home to drop off Gilly and Baby Sam. I kind of get the feeling that Sam's homecoming, even if it's supposed to be just an overnight visit en route to the Citadel, won't go as he hopes. Granted, does anything go well in Westeros?
The other return was Rickon, just one week after I said he wasn't a major character (and he still isn't). It was treated as a cliffhanger for the next episode even if we probably shouldn't care about Rickon since he's been missing for the last two seasons. I suppose that the real hook is what Ramsay will do to Rickon to get what he wants. The other question is what Ramsay wants. Ramsay has never been as openly ambitious as Roose and doesn't have Littlefinger around to help him achieve that end. I suppose that we're supposed to be concerned that Rickon will become the new Reek because Ramsay is violent and insane. At a certain point, they have to give him a little direction of his own rather than being a House Bolton enforcer.
Overall, this wasn't the big spectacle of an episode that we were treated to over the last two episodes. That doesn't mean that the advancing of the narrative isn't still important. The first two episodes crammed a lot of story into two hours in order to get the ball quickly rolling on the season. Oathbreaker slowed the action down so we can catch our breath. It's the first episode of the season that plays long game storytelling this season.
Other random points of note:
Of course Jon is allowed to walk out on the Night's Watch without punishment. Your watch ends upon death. Jon died which discharges his oath to the Watch. He's basically a free man.
I just noticed that Conleth Hill's house sigil during the opening credits is a spider. Nice touch.
Still no Littlefinger. I'm probably well overhyping what he will be up to upon return but you know that shit will go down when he returns.
There was an episode called Oathkeeper in Season Four which saw a Bolton plot to kill Jon Snow and consolidate power in the North. Oathbreaker in Season Six sees a Bolton plot to consolidate power in the North that includes attacking Castle Black to kill Jon Snow.
Anyone else hoping that Jon would drop a "f*ck Olly" somewhere during the episode?
Next week, Sansa and Brienne reach Castle Black which just adds to Brienne's long list of missed connections with Stark family members. Ser Friendzone and Daario track Dany to Dosh Khaleen which likely sets up either a rescue or the greatest epidemic to befall the Dothraki ever. And Tyrion and Varys try to save what little hold Team Targaryen has on Meereen because someone in Essos has to know what they're doing.
Cross-posted from et geekera. For more from et geekera, follow us on Facebook, Twitter, Google+, Tumblr, Steam and RSS.
Game of Thrones George R. R. Martin HBO Oathbreaker Review
← Wednesday Link-Off: Panama and Politics and PACs, Oh My
F1 Power Rankings: Spanish Grand Prix →

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Horror novel about an immortal snake-woman, feeds on blood and can take over human bodies This was a paperback I read back in the late 80s-early 90s, out of my dad's collection.  It may have been published earlier.  Not a typical incubus-succubus story, the main villain is a mythological immortal, half woman half-snake creature, possibly called Lamia or Naga, who feeds on blood and can possess people's bodies.
The plot I can remember:  The protagonist is a single woman with a teenage son.  The creature possesses the body of her sister and then comes to stay with them.  The woman begins to notice odd things, and the sister begins killing random people, transforming from human into its snake woman form and draining them of blood.  The first of the attacks is a girl from the local high school, very athletic, and the creature finds the smell of her blood irresistible.
More people die.  There is a hint of a past lesbian relationship between the protagonist and another woman—the other woman ends up being targeted and killed by the creature as a warning not to pry.  At some point, the sister leaves and takes the teenage son with her and seduces him.  He returns later, but the only thing he remembers is 'she kept putting me to sleep.'
The woman contacts the sister's employer and discovers that her sister had been ill for several weeks before coming to see them.  I think she learns about the creature possessing her and decides killing her sister is the only way to stop the evil.  Thinking that's the end she walks to the body, but the creature is waiting for her, thinking something like 'It was a good body" and starts to speak the words for possession.  The story ends.
This stuck with me because the creature was unusual.  I thought it might be called 'The Lamia' but the only book I could find with that title was nothing like the plot.
No name or author I can recall, nor cover art.  My dad did a lot of collecting from yard sales, so the cover may have been missing.  Any help recalling this would be greatly appreciated!

A: The name of the book is 'Ludlow's Mill' by R.R. Walters.  A grateful shout-out to Will Erickson--'Paperbacks from Hell' author--and his blog Too Much Horror Fiction.  He circulated my question among his readers and one of them came up with the title and author, and even the front and back covers.  Happy to have found this again.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Join one of the fastest growing cashback sites in America and become part of an expanding global group. Started 9 years ago in the UK, the company now has nearly 5 million members who save millions of pounds every month as a member of the UK's most generous cashback site. Three years ago, we launched our website, which saw more than 300% membership growth and 700% advertising revenue growth in 2014! We are excited to be looking to recruit a key candidate for our Montclair, New Jersey office to continue this incredible rapid site growth.
We are a privately owned and aims to always be the US' most generous cashback website. The company is ethical and lives by the motto "do as you would be done by." We extend this way of operating to all of our members, stores, employees and partners as one of our core values.
Reporting to the Digital Marketing Manager (US based), the Performance Marketing Manager will be responsible for US marketing initiatives as they pertain to digital marketing areas including lead-gen, PPC, social media and SEO. The role will involve helping to develop and execute digital marketing strategies to aggressively drive awareness and membership to our site.
The successful applicant will have 2+ years digital marketing experience, including some within the affiliate marketing industry. A friendly, hands-on, and fun approach to work is also a must. You will be joining a small team of less than 10 employees at an exciting stage of development, so real flexibility and a 'team' ethic to work outside of the job description is expected. The role will involve developing and maintaining strong relationships with internal and external stakeholders as well as the UK head office.
Support the US Digital Marketing Manager in the implementation and execution of Company's marketing activities to acquire new members to our site.
Drive aggressive membership growth with particular emphasis on lead-gen through an affiliate network (such as Commission Junction or Linkshare), as well as a strong knowledge of PPC, social media, SEM, display, and retargeting.
Daily affiliate management – includes reporting, recruitment, uploading creative, communicating with affiliates, quality control.
Strategize and work with affiliates to optimize delivery and overall campaign performance.
Constantly review key metrics: Cost Per Member Registration and Cost Per Member Activation.
Develop campaigns with affiliate and direct partnerships that work with Company's demographic.
Execution of all agreed seasonal marketing campaigns alongside the Marketing Manager and other departments.
Assist Digital Marketing Manager in successfully executing and optimizing additional digital marketing areas such as Display, Retargeting, SEO and/or PPC.
Responsible for ensuring the brand values of Company are reflected in all campaigns and with the publishers Company works with.
Strong understanding of Performance Marketing, including CPC, CPM, CPA, lead-gen, social media marketing, paid search, etc.
Numerical and analytical with ability to analyze data and present findings focused on ROI.
A strong understanding of how offers and incentives can be used to drive response and profitability.
Experience of mobile / app marketing a plus.
Strong SEO knowledge a plus.
Flexibility essential in this rapidly changing environment.


Shanti Stupa at Dhauli Hills is a significant symbol of love and peace. It is at Dhauli that Ashoka resorted to Buddhism. Hirapur – 64 Yogini shrine dating back to the 9th century AD gives a glimpse of the religious and occult practices of medieval times. Pipli is a centre for appliqué work, which depicts the essence of Oriya culture.
13th century Sun Temple at Konark conceived as a massive chariot hauling the Sun God across the heavens is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Raghurajpur is a Heritage Craft village where the entire community is involved in making Pattachitra Palm Leaf engravings and is an example of stellar craftsmanship.
The 12th century Jagannath Temple at Puri is dedicated to Lord Jagannath –"The Lord of the Universe" where yogis and devotees throng to seek forgiveness, to seek blessing. The chariots of the divine siblings, Jagannath, Subhadra and Balabhadra, roll down in the famous annual Rath Yatra.
Chilka Lake spread across 1200 sqkm is Asia's largest brackish water lake studded with small islands and has a unique ecosystem with a large number of aquatic flora and fauna. Gopalpur is a sleepy hamlet that betrays no traces of its glorious past. The ruins of an old port speak of a time that won Gopalpur its prominent place in Odisha's history.
Rolling green hills, jungles washed by rains and clouds tucked within the distant hills – that's Taptapani – A Marvel of nature also known for its natural hot sulphur springs with medicinal properties.
Rayagada is a district of meadows, forests, waterfalls and terraced valleys, thickly inhabited by colourful ethnic and tribal groups such as the heavily tattooed Kutia Kondhs .As they trek downhill from the mountains we visit them at their weekly markets locally called 'haat' by making our way through the swarm of buyers and sellers.
A day to further explore the beautiful Dongriya Kondh tribes at their weekly market in Chatikona. The tribal people showcase a rainbow of oriental culture and cultural trappings, which are held beautiful in an ethnic kaleidoscope.
In Koraput the vast stretch of hilly region, charming valleys, perennial streams, waterfalls and deep forests have attracted some aboriginal races like the Marias, the Gadabas and the famed Bondas. These "First Citizens" still choose to live in harmony with nature . Understand this ancient land , its spirituality and wonder.
Feel the upbeat vibrant and colourful market of Paraja tribes at Kunduli . Drive past the scenic stretch of Odisha and do not fail to ascertain the beautiful life of a tribal who is more adept in protecting Mother Nature and its bounty.
So ends our tryst with the fascinating tribals who never fail to share memories for a lifetime, leaving a Smile behind to beckon You !


foods are designed for specific groups, such as Cichlids or Livebearers.
guesswork out of proper nutrition.
a more broad range of choices, such as Spirulina formulas for herbivores/omnivores.
Other things to consider are the age/size of your fish and if they are actively breeding.
Most fish keeping books will provide you with suggestions for a proper diet.


KiloSports Nutrition is a manufacturer that designs specialized sports nutrition supplements with only one goal in mind: propelling athletes to optimum body strength. KiloSports Nutrition formulates their products to be potent and effective, eliminating plateaus in physique and driving people beyond their highest athletic performances. So whether you're looking for high-quality protein, intense pre-workout formulas, nitric oxide boosters, thermogenic fat burners, or effective sexual enhancers, KiloSports Nutrition is your choice for advanced supplement designs in strength improvement, performance, and physique.


text:
Mid-Tenn Homes
National Lifestyles
Tempo Magazine
Wedding and Engagement Forms
Jack Daniel Distillery
Beans Creek Winery
George Dickel Distillery
Hammer's Dept. Store
Miss Mary Bobo's Boarding House
Moore County Century Farms
Fact Finder Magazine Link
MCN Press Club
Online Inserts
MCN Txt Alerts
Mid TN Business
Local Online Inserts
Work continues on sewer line repair
Posted on Thursday, December 20, 2012 at 11:51 am
Workers from Hawkins and Price Construction pump water from a manhole on Monday. Construction continues on the Metro Utility Department repair project, which is about 35 percent complete according to engineer Jimmy Highers. (MCN Photo by Robert Holman)
Work continues on the Metro Utility District sewer line repairs between Main Street near SR 50 and Hwy. 55.
During the Metro Utility Board meeting on Dec. 10, board members heard an engineer's report from Jimmy Highers, of Goodwyn, Mills and Cawood. Highers said the project is progressing as planned.
"The project is right at 35 percent complete," said Highers, while addressing the utility board. "We're going into a little more difficult weather, but I really don't see any problems with it. (They) will try not to tear up any more of the creek bank … try to keep it from eroding."
Workers are repairing what is one of the city's main transmission lines, while also replacing a number of manholes. The repairs to the lines, which are approaching 40 years old according to Metro Utility Department manager Rick Garland, are necessary to eliminate groundwater infiltration.
Cracks and holes in the sewer lines were allowing excess water to enter the line, thus reaching the sewer plant.
"They are laying main sewer line," said Garland. "Right now they are in part of the same ditch line. If they have to get away from that, they are having to (go through) some rock; and that's quite a lengthy process right there. Plus they are replacing the majority of those manholes."
While the existing line has been there for decades, Garland said he expects the new line to last just as long.
"I probably shouldn't see anything like this again in my lifetime," he said. "That should probably last another 40 or 50 years."
The repairs are expected to move across Hwy. 55 and continue there as well. Garland said after the work is complete, the only thing the department should have to be concerned with is point repair — repairing smaller, more specific problems, such as a broken pipe.
He added that once the work is finished, a crew will seed and straw the area so it will return to its natural state.
By ROBERT HOLMAN, Editor
Social Media Posts from Local Businesses
Do you think property taxes should be raised to make improvements to Moore County High School's campus?
No (63%, 718 Votes)
Yes (37%, 416 Votes)
Total Voters: 1,134
Copyright 2021 Lakeway Publishers, Inc. All rights reservered. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed without written permission.
Copyright Lakeway Publishers, Inc. Privacy Policy


Pryor, Oklahoma, USA, 21 February 2008 -- /PRNewswire/ -- Orchids Paper Products Company (AMEX:TIS) today announced it has entered into an exclusive waste paper supply agreement with Dixie Pulp and Paper, Inc. of Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Under the terms of the agreement, Dixie will be the sole supplier of waste paper to Orchids. The agreement is effective 01 April 2008, and carries a five-year term.
"As a 100% recycled tissue manufacturer, our waste paper supply is of utmost importance. As such, we have entered into this agreement to ensure the supply of quality waste paper to our facility, and are pleased to enter into a partnership with a first class organization such as Dixie Pulp and Paper," said Robert Snyder, Orchids' president and chief executive officer.
Orchids Paper Products Company is an integrated manufacturer of tissue paper products serving the private label consumer market. The company produces a full line of tissue products, including paper towels, bathroom tissue and paper napkins. From its operations in Pryor, Oklahoma, Orchids Paper Products Company uses recycled waster paper to produce finished tissue products, which it provides to retail chains throughout the central United States. For more information on the company and its products visit http://www.orchidspaper.com/.


text:
ACI Alliance to Present Dr Karl White with Lifetime Achievement Award
Jun 14, 2019 | Uncategorized |
The American Cochlear Implant Alliance (ACI Alliance) announced it will award Karl White, PhD, with the Lifetime Achievement Award for Service to Families and Professionals.
WHEN: At the Opening Session of CI2019 Pediatric on Thursday, July 11 at 8:40 a.m.
WHERE: The Diplomat, Hollywood, Florida
WHY: Dr White is a Professor of Psychology at Utah State University and the founding Director of the National Center for Hearing Assessment and Management (NCHAM). For the past 40 years, he has devoted his professional career to conducting research and providing training globally about issues and evidence related to implementing and improving the efficacy of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) programs for children who are deaf and hard of hearing.
Dr Karl White, PhD
Dr White's expertise has extended to the design and implementation of national legislation and programs across the US. He has encouraged initiatives that aim to provide families with comprehensive and unbiased information about options and the wide-ranging ways that children may develop language. He has influenced our thinking globally about what people with hearing loss can achieve by serving as an expert for public television, TED talks, and numerous media sources. Dr White is an undisputed proponent for families of children who are deaf and hard of hearing and the professionals who serve them.
Source: ACI Alliance
Image: ACI Alliance
PreviousElite Hearing Network Appoints Scott Holstine as Vice President, Operations and Sales
NextACI Alliance to Present Dr Karl White with Lifetime Achievement Award
Phonak ABCs of eAudiology #8: 10 Steps to Client Selection & Other Considerations for eAudiology
Natus Medical Adds Starkey Hearing to Supporting Manufacturers for Otoscan
Sensorion Receives European Medicines Agency Approval for PIP on Hearing Loss Treatment
Phonak ABCs of eAudiology #6: 10 Steps to Technology & Connectivity for eAudiology