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The Recognition Of The Genocides As The Beginning Of Justice Against The Crimes Against Humanity
21 0 Unknown Friday, April 24, 2015 Edit this post
From the post-war years to today, the recognition of genocides became a huge issue. Demanding recognition of genocides, people actually demand the punishment of the perpetrators and instigators of these murders, as a first step of gaining justice against the crimes against humanity and against barbarity. However, many of such crimes haven't been widely known as they should, mainly due to political reasons, but also because people have a wrong impression of what a genocide is.
The term "genocide" was formed at Nuremberg in 1945, in the trial for the crimes Nazi leaders had committed. Before the formation of this term, there was another term for genocide, called "crimes against humanity". That explains why many people only bring in mind these crimes when they listen to the term "genocide". However, many forget or even ignore the genocides started much earlier. The very word "genocide" was created with the example of mass massacres in 1915 against the Armenians, the Assyrians and the Greeks of Minor Asia by the Ottoman Empire, right before its fall, later named Turkey.
The denial of a genocide is widely recognized as the final stage of the genocide itself, as it ensures and perpetuates impunity, paving the way for future crimes. So, the fact that many genocides were never recognized should put us in thoughts as to what exactly is defined as a genocide and how to overcome the denial, an important issue about the future and the truth.
Genocide is defined as the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, religious, political, or ethnic group. The word was created from the Greek genos, meaning "race," "nation," or "tribe," and the Latin cide, meaning "killing". The term is originated from the tragic events in the Middle East during the end of the Ottoman Empire from 1910 to 1933, which called for a legal concept to describe the deliberate destruction of large groups.
Another term that should be analyzed is the Holocaust. Holocaust is defined as the deliberate and systematic destruction by fire of a racial, religious, political, or ethnic group. The word derives from the Greek holos, meaning "whole" and kaustos, meaning "burnt".
From 1843 to 1945, the Turks, Kurds, Arabs, and Persians committed genocides against the Assyrian nation and other Christian peoples in Asia Minor [Middle East]. These international human rights violations were crimes against humanity and served as examples for future atrocities of this manner against the Jewish people in Europe. In these genocides, 750,000 indigenous Christian Assyrians living in their ancestral homelands (known today as the republics of Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and Iran), including 1½ million Christian Armenians and 1,000,000 Hellenes were burned, slaughtered, and shot systematically. Defenseless men, women, children, and the elderly became victims of these genocides.
As a result, some cases have caused international reprisals. Of particular interest are the allegations of Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks who lived in the Ottoman Empire. They now demand recognition of mass slaughter against them by the Ottoman government in the late 19th and early 20th century. Armenians also report the killing by the army of the Young Turks at the beginning of last century (1915), while Greeks of Asia Minor condemn such practices from 1915 until the Asia Minor Catastrophe of 1922.
So, let's start with some of the largest genocides that took place at the end of the 19th century and during the beginning of the last century.
genocide-museum
The Armenian Massacres (Armenians traditionally call them "Medz Yeghern") were the Ottoman government's systematic extermination of its minority Armenian subjects from their historic homeland in the territory constituting the present-day Republic of Turkey.
The Armenian people have made their home in the Caucasus region of Eurasia for some 3,000 years. For some of that time, the kingdom of Armenia was an independent entity–at the beginning of the 4th century AD, for instance, it became the first nation in the world to make Christianity its official religion–but for the most part, control of the region shifted from one empire to another. During the 15th century, Armenia was absorbed into the mighty Ottoman Empire.
Armenia had come largely under Ottoman rule during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The vast majority of Armenians grouped together under the name Armenian millet (community) and led by their spiritual head, the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinoupolis. Armenians were concentrated in the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire (commonly referred to as Turkish Armenia or Western Armenia), although large communities were also found in the western provinces, as well as in the capital Constantinoupolis.
At the end of the 19th century, the despotic Turkish Sultan Abdul Hamid II–obsessed with loyalty above all, and infuriated by the nascent Armenian campaign to win basic civil rights–declared that he would solve the "Armenian question" once and for all. "I will soon settle those Armenians," he told a reporter in 1890. "I will give them a box on the ear which will make them…relinquish their revolutionary ambitions."
The massacres begin
The starting date is conventionally held to be 24 April 1915, the day Ottoman authorities rounded up and arrested some 250 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders in Constantinoupolis. The genocide was carried out during and after World War I and implemented in two phases: the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labor, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert. Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and massacre.
At the same time, the Young Turks created a "Special Organization," which in turn organized "killing squads" or "butcher battalions" to carry out, as one officer put it, "the liquidation of the Christian elements." These killing squads were often made up of murderers and other ex-convicts. They drowned people in rivers, threw them off cliffs, crucified them and burned them alive. In short order, the Turkish countryside was littered with Armenian corpses.
Records show that during this "Turkification" campaign government squads also kidnapped children, converted them to Islam and gave them to Turkish families. In some places, they raped women and forced them to join Turkish "harems" or serve as slaves. Muslim families moved into the homes of deported Armenians and seized their property.
The total number of people killed as a result has been estimated at between 1 and 1.5 million. Other indigenous and Christian ethnic groups such as the Assyrians, the Greeks, and other minorities were similarly targeted for extermination by the Ottoman government, and their treatment is considered by many historians to be part of the same genocidal policy. The majority of Armenian diaspora communities around the world came into being as a direct result of the genocide.
In 1922, when the genocide was over, just 388,000 Armenians were remaining in the Ottoman Empire.
Recognition?
As a response to the continuing denial of the Armenian Genocide by the Turkish State, many activists among Armenian Diaspora communities have pushed for formal recognition of the Armenian genocide from various governments around the world. 22 countries and 42 U.S. states have adopted resolutions acknowledging the Armenian Genocide as a bona fide historical event.
On 4 March 2010, a US congressional panel narrowly voted that the incident was indeed genocide; within minutes the Turkish government issued a statement critical of "this resolution which accuses the Turkish nation of a crime it has not committed". The Armenian Assembly of America (AAA) and the single largest organisation with the AAA the Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA) have as their main lobbying agenda to press Congress and the President of the United States for an increase in economic aid for Armenia (already the second largest per capita after Israel) and the reduction of economic and military assistance to Turkey. The efforts also include reaffirmation of a genocide by Ottoman Turkey in 1915.
Despite his previous public recognition and support of Genocide bills, as well as the election campaign promises to formally recognize the Armenian Genocide, the U.S. President, Barack Obama, although repeating that his views on the issue have not changed, has thus far abstained from using the term "genocide". On 24 April commemoration speeches President Obama has yet referred to the Armenian Genocide only by the Armenian synonym Metz Eghern ("Mec Eġeṙn").
Armenians say they were the victims of the first genocide of the twentieth century. Most Turks say Armenians died during the intercommunal fighting and during a wartime relocation necessitated by security concerns because the Armenians sympathized with and many fought on the side of the enemy. For genocide scholars, the claims of the Armenians have become incontrovertible historical fact.
Greek and Pontic Genocide
National Geographic 1922 The Greek Genocide - Smyrna Holocaust
The Greek genocide, part of which is known as the Pontic genocide, was the systematic ethnic cleansing of the Christian Ottoman Greek population from its historic homeland in Anatolia during World War I and its aftermath (1914–23). It was instigated by the government of the Ottoman Empire against the Greek population of the Empire, and it included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches, summary expulsions, arbitrary execution, and the destruction of Christian Orthodox cultural, historical, and religious monuments. According to various sources, several hundred thousand Ottoman Greeks died during this period. Most of the refugees and survivors fled to Greece (amounting to over a quarter of the prior population of Greece), some, especially those in Eastern provinces, took refuge in the neighboring Russian Empire. Thus by the end of the 1919–22 Greco-Turkish War, most of the Greeks of Asia Minor had fled or been killed, those remaining were transferred to Greece under the terms of the following 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey, which formalized the exodus and barred the return of the refugees. Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including Assyrians and Armenians, and some scholars and organizations have recognized these events as part of the same genocidal policy.
The Allies of World War I condemned the Ottoman government-sponsored massacres as crimes against humanity. More recently, the International Association of Genocide Scholars passed a resolution in 2007 recognising the Ottoman campaign against Christian minorities of the Empire, including the Greeks, as genocide. Some other organisations have also passed resolutions recognising the campaign as a genocide, as have the parliaments of Greece, Cyprus, Sweden, Armenia, and The Netherlands.
The Greek presence in Asia Minor has been dated to at least the time of Homer around 800 BCE. The geographer Strabo referred to Smyrna as the first Greek city in Asia Minor. Greeks referred to the Black Sea as the "Euxinos Pontos" or "hospitable sea" and starting in the eighth century BCE they began navigating its shores and settling along its coast. The most notable Greek cities of the Black Sea were Trebizond, Sampsounta, Sinope and Heraclea Pontica.
The month of September of 1922 brings with it the end of summer, the beginning of a new year on the Orthodox calendar, and the anniversaries of dates that have ravaged Hellenic civilization and culture. On September 14, we commemorate the Hellenic Genocide. We remember once again the Greeks of Asia Minor who were systematically murdered by the governments of the Young Turks and Mustafa Kemal Pasha.
The destruction of Asia Minor Hellenism began much earlier, in 1071, when the Byzantine armies were defeated by the Seljuk Turks. In this historical event lies the origin of the Hellenic Holocaust, which continues up to the present day. In 1453, Constantinoupolis fell to the Turks. The great Constantinos Palaiologos led 5,000 brave Greek soldiers against 80,000 Ottoman Turkish soldiers. The fall of Constantinoupolis, and the fall of the Empire of Trebizond eight years later extended the Hellenic Holocaust to all Hellenic regions.
The Ottoman Empire brought with it massacres, torture, slavery, the kidnapping of boys for the Janissaries, the enslavement of women into the harems, and intolerable political and economic pressure that resulted in the further decimation of Hellenism. For even when Hellenes were not massacred, the destruction of Hellenism occurred with the loss of national identity. Conversions to Islam and Turkification contributed to the nightmare of the loss of independence and national sovereignty.
Asia Minor Catastrophe
In May 1919, the armies of free and independent Greece entered the glorious and long-suffering city of Smyrna. For a brief time, it appeared that the extermination of the Hellenic race had ceased. During the First World War, the Young Turks began to murder the Hellenic populations in Asia Minor, along with the Armenians and the Assyrians.
Ultimately, Mustafa Kemal Pasha became an instrument of western imperialism and as such Turkish racism earned the unconditional assistance of the United States, Great Britain, France, and Italy. Kemal was aided by the western powers while the Greek Army in Asia Minor was cut off by an embargo imposed by the western powers. In September 1922, beautiful Smyrna was conquered by the Kemalists and burned. Over 100,000 Greeks and 30,000 Armenians were slaughtered.
The decimation of Hellenism continued when the west supported Kemal's plan to ethnically cleanse Asia Minor and Eastern Thraki of well over 1,000,000 Hellenes. In this day and age, we are inundated with stories of ethnic cleansing throughout the world, but there is still no recognition of the horrors that have been perpetrated against Hellenism.
Over 1,000,000 Hellenes were forced to abandon the land and homes where their ancestors and descendants had lived for over 3,000 years. This ethnic cleansing and Genocide was supported by the "civilized" powers in the west and legitimized by the Treaty of Lausanne. Today the world commemorates Auschwitz and the crimes of Stalin, but there are no memorials for the dead of Smyrna and Pontus in those ancient Hellenic lands.
In Smyrna, Greek Army officers serving with NATO were assaulted, and their wives violated. Throughout these terrorist attacks, the police did not interfere. On September 6 the end came for Hellenism in Constantinoupolis and Imbros. In the 1960's, the Turkish authorities proceeded to finish the job by ethnically cleansing the last remnants of Hellenism.
During these attacks in Constantinoupolis, Imbros, and Smyrna, there were absolutely no condemnations, protests, or sanctions coming from Washington (that universal protector of "human rights" and "democracy"). Following the September 6 pogroms, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles wrote identical letters to Greek Prime Minister Alexander Papagos and Turkish Prime Minister Adnan Menderes urging the "allies" to consider NATO. There was no sympathy for Greece expressed, nor was there any condemnation of Turkey's blatant aggression.
Pontic Genocide
The opening bell of the genocide came with the order in 1914 for all Pontic men between the ages of 18 and 50 to report for military duty. Those who "refused" or "failed" to appear, the order provided, were to be summarily shot. The immediate result of this firman (decree) was the murder of thousands of the more prominent Pontians, whose name appeared on lists of "undesirables" already prepared by the Young Turk regime.
Thousands ended up in the notorious Labor Battalions (amele taburu). In a precursor of what was to become a favorite practice in Hitler's extermination camps, Pontic men were driven from their homes into the wilderness to perform hard labor and expire from exhaustion, thirst, and disease. German advisors of the Turkish regime (what a surprise!) suggested that Pontic populations be forced into internal exile. This "advice" led directly to the emptying of hundreds of Pontic villages and the forced march of women, children, and old people to nowhere. The details of this systematic slaughter of the Pontians by the Turks were dutifully recorded by both German and Austrian diplomats.
The Pontians, unlike Greeks elsewhere in Asia Minor, did try to organize armed resistance against their butchers. Pontic guerrilla bands had appeared in the mountains of Santa as early as 1916. Brave leaders, like Capitan Stylianos Kosmidis, even hoisted the flag of independent Pontus in the hope of help from Greece and Russia (which never arrived). But the struggle was unequal. The Turkish army, assisted by the blood-thirsty Tsets, cutthroats of mostly Kurdish extraction, attacked and destroyed undefended Pontic villages in revenge.
On May 19, 1919, Mustafa Kemal himself disembarked at Samsous to begin organizing the final phase of the Pontic genocide. Assisted by his German advisers, and surrounded by his own band of killers -- monsters like Topal Osman, Refet Bey, Ismet Inonu, and Talaat Pasha -- the founder of "modern" Turkey applied himself to the destruction of the Pontic Greeks. With the Greek army engaged in Anatolia, a new wave of deportations, mass killings, and "preventative" executions destroyed the remnants of Pontic Hellenism. The plan worked with deadly precision. In the Amasia province alone, with a pre-war population of some 180,000, records show a final tally of 134,000 people liquidated.
There are various estimates of the toll. Records kept mainly by priests show a minimum 350,000 Pontic Greeks exterminated through systematic slaughter by Turkish troops and Kurdish paramilitaries. Other estimates, including those of foreign missionaries, spoke of 500,000 deaths, most through deportation and forced marches into the Anatolian desert interior. Thriving Greek cities like Bafra, Samsous, Kerasous, and Trapezous, at the heart of Pontic Hellenism on the coast of the Black Sea, endured recurring massacres and deportations that eventually destroyed their Greek population.
Presence and recognition
Hellenism is today being eradicated in Cyprus. Over 200,000 Greeks have been ethnically cleansed in the occupied territories. In 1996, Turkish death squads murdered Cypriots Tasos Isaac and Solomos Solomou. As in Asia Minor in 1922, and Constantinoupolis in 1955, there is not a single protest emanating from the "civilized powers."
Black September, a month to commemorate and recall our losses, and to reevaluate where Hellenism stands today in Cyprus, Macedonia, the Aegean Sea, and Northern Epirus. The losses of Hellenism have been numerous regarding lost lives and the territory that has been conquered. Let us remember, commemorate, and mourn all that has been lost in Asia Minor and Constantinoupolis, remember Smyrna and Pontus, and the victims of the Hellenic Genocide.
The Greek Parliament has passed two laws on the fate of the Ottoman Greeks; the first in 1994 and the second in 1998. The decrees were published in the Greek Government Gazette on 8 March 1994 and 13 October 1998 respectively. The 1994 decree affirmed the genocide in the Pontus region of Asia Minor and designated 19 May a day of commemoration, while the 1998 decree affirmed the genocide of Greeks in Asia Minor as a whole and designated 14 September a day of commemoration. These laws were signed by the President of Greece but were not immediately ratified after political interventions.
In response to the 1998 law, the Turkish government released a statement which claimed that describing the events as genocide was "without any historical basis".
On 11 March 2010, Sweden's Riksdag passed a motion recognising "as an act of genocide the killing of Armenians, Assyrians/Syriacs/Chaldeans and Pontiac (sic) Greeks in 1915".
On 14 May 2013, the government of New South Wales submitted a genocide recognition motion by Fred Nile of the Christian Democratic Party and was later passed making it the fourth political entity to recognise the genocide.
The Assyrian Genocide
The Assyrian people have repeatedly been victimized by genocidal assaults over the past century. The Assyrian genocide refers to the mass slaughter of the Assyrian population of the Ottoman Empire during the 1890s and the First World War, in conjunction with the Armenian and Greek genocides.
The Assyrian civilian population of upper Mesopotamia (the Tur Abdin region, the Hakkâri, Van, and Siirt provinces of present-day southeastern Turkey, and the Urmia region of northwestern Iran) was forcibly relocated and massacred by the Muslim Ottoman (Turkish) army. This was done together with other armed and allied Muslim peoples, including Kurds, Chechens and Circassians, between 1914 and 1920, with further attacks on unarmed fleeing civilians conducted by local Arab militias.
The Assyrian population in the Ottoman Empire numbered about one million at the turn of the twentieth century and was primarily concentrated in what is now Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. However, researchers such as David Gaunt have noted that the Assyrian population was around 600,000 before World War I. There were also hundreds of thousands of Maronite Christians in Lebanon, with some Assyrian heritage but which are less often called Assyrians. There were significantly larger communities located in the regions near Lake Urmia in Persia, Lake Van (specifically the Hakkari region) and Mesopotamia, as well as the eastern Ottoman vilayets of Diyarbakir, Erzurum, and Bitlis.
Like other Christians residing in the empire, they were treated as second-class citizens and denied public positions of power. The violence that was directed against them before the First World War was not something new. Many Assyrians were subjected to Kurdish brigandage and even outright massacre and forced conversion to Islam, as was the case of the Assyrians of Hakkari during the Massacres of Badr Khan in the 1840s and the Massacres of Diyarbakır during the 1895–96 Hamidian Massacres. The Hamidiye received assurances from the Ottoman Sultan that they could kill Assyrians and Armenians with impunity, and were especially active in Urhoy and Diyarbakir.
World War I and the massacres
The Ottoman Empire began massacring Assyrians in the nineteenth century, a time of friendly relations between the Ottomans and the British, who were defending the Ottomans from the Russian Empire's efforts to include under its protection the communities of Ottoman Orthodox Christians. In October 1914, the Ottoman Empire began deporting and massacring Assyrians and Armenians in Van. After attacking Russian cities and declaring war on Britain and France, the Empire declared a holy war on Christians.
Organised as the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), the "Young Turks" staged a successful coup in 1913, thereby establishing a military dictatorship on the eve of World War I. They initiated a national project of "Turkey for the Turks," whereby they sought to forge a homogenous nation state through the deliberate removal of all minorities. Soon after the Ottoman Empire entered World War I in November 1914, the CUP ruthlessly began its genocidal project.
Massacres, rapes, plundering, cultural desecrations, and forced deportations were all endemic. Around 750,000 Assyrians died during the genocide, amounting to nearly three-quarters of its prewar population. The rest were dispersed elsewhere, mostly in the Middle East.
Unfortunately, the persecution of Assyrians did not end with the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. From August 8-11, 1933, in the newly established state of Iraq, Assyrian villagers in the northern Iraqi town of Simele were brutally murdered. Some 3,000 men, women, and children were killed by Iraqi soldiers and Kurdish irregulars.
asbarez
On 11 March 2010, the Genocide of the Assyrians was officially recognized by the Riksdag of Sweden, alongside that of the Armenians and Pontic Greeks. The Assyrian genocide is recognised by the New South Wales (NSW) Local Government in Australia, by the South Australia State Parliament and by the last three governors of the state of New York.
This is in contrast to the Armenian Genocide, which has also been recognised by other countries and international organizations. Assyrian historians attribute the limited recognition to the smaller number of Assyrian survivors, whose leader Mar Shimun XIX Benjamin was killed in 1918. For example, one million Armenians are living in the United States alone, but even they were unable to persuade Congress to pass a United States resolution on Armenian genocide.
In addition, the widespread massacres of all Ottoman Christians in Asia Minor is sometimes referred to by Armenian authors as an "Armenian Genocide".
In December 2007, the International Association of Genocide Scholars, the world's leading genocide scholars organization, overwhelmingly passed a resolution officially recognizing the Assyrian genocide, along with the genocide against Ottoman Greeks. The vote in favor was 83%. The Interparliamentary Assembly on Orthodoxy (I.A.O.), passed a resolution officially recognizing the Assyrian genocide on June 2011.
The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic annihilation of six million Jews by the Nazi regime and their collaborators as a central act of state during World War II. Killings took place throughout the German Reich and German-occupied territories.
In 1933, the Jewish population of Europe stood at over nine million. Most European Jews lived in countries that Nazi Germany would occupy or influence during World War II.
On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler was named Chancellor, the most powerful position in the German government, by the aged President Hindenburg who hoped Hitler could lead the nation out of its grave political and economic crisis. Hitler was the leader of the right-wing National Socialist German Workers Party (called the Nazi Party for short).
Once in power, Hitler moved quickly to end German democracy. In 1933, new German laws forced Jews to quit their civil service jobs, university and law court positions, and other areas of public life. In April 1933, a boycott of Jewish businesses was instituted. In 1935, laws proclaimed at Nuremberg stripped German Jews of their citizenship even though they retained limited rights.
These "Nuremberg Laws" defined Jews not by their religion or by how they wanted to identify themselves but by the blood of their grandparents. Between 1937 and 1939, new anti-Jewish regulations segregated Jews further and made daily life very difficult for them: Jews could not attend public schools, go to theaters, cinemas, or vacation resorts, or reside, or even walk, in certain sections of German cities.
During this time, concentration camps were also established, and Jews and Romani were pulled from the ghettos and placed into the concentration camps, where they were forced into slave labor until disease, starvation, or exhaustion killed them.
As the Nazis continued to conquer new areas of Europe, new ghettos and concentration camps were set up. Additionally, death squads began to execute Jews and others in mass shootings, burying them in mass graves throughout the continent.
The Final Solution
The Final Solution was Nazi Germany's plan during World War II to systematically empty Nazi-occupied Europe of its Jewish population, through genocide.
By 1945, the Germans and their collaborators killed nearly two out of every three European Jews as part of the "Final Solution," the Nazi policy to murder the Jews of Europe. Although Jews, whom the Nazis deemed a priority danger to Germany, were the primary victims of Nazi racism, other victims included some 200,000 Roma (Gypsies). At least 200,000 mentally or physically disabled patients, mainly Germans, living in institutional settings, were murdered in the so-called Euthanasia Program.
In May 1945, Nazi Germany collapsed, the S.S. guards fled, and the camps ceased to exist as extermination, forced labor, or concentration camps. Between 1948 and 1951, almost 700,000 Jews emigrated to Israel, including 136,000 Jewish displaced persons from Europe. Other Jewish DPs emigrated to the United States and other nations. The last DP camp closed in 1957.
The Nuremberg trials were a series of military tribunals, held by the Allied forces after World War II, most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of Nazi Germany. The trials were held in the city of Nuremberg, Germany.
The first, and best known of these trials was the trial of the major war criminals before the International Military Tribunal (IMT). It was held between 20 November 1945 and 1 October 1946. The Tribunal was given the task of trying 23 of the most important political and military leaders of the Third Reich, though one of the defendants, Martin Bormann, was tried in absentia, while another, Robert Ley, committed suicide within a week of the trial's commencement. Not included were Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, and Joseph Goebbels, all of whom had committed suicide several months before the indictment was signed.
The second set of trials of lesser war criminals was conducted under Control Council Law No. 10 at the U.S. Nuremberg Military Tribunals (NMT); among these included the Doctors' Trial and the Judges' Trial.
The very difference between Germany and Turkey is that the Germans actually accepted their crimes against humanity as well as the Holocaust, in contrary Turkey is not accepting the crimes against humanity and the genocides that they committed, even after 100 years.
Some Turkish and Armenian historians have recently suggested that it is time to "step back from the was-it-genocide-or-not dialogue of the deaf, which only leads to mutual recrimination" and instead concentrate on empirically grounded historical research that seeks a common pool of solid knowledge.
However, I believe that people must know about history. This concerns not only their national history but the whole world's history, since every one of us is a part of it. Knowing your past is not only a kind of justice for the people who have been killed; it's also a way to know how to make your future better.
Of course, these are not the only genocides and mass killings that need to be known, remembered and recognised. Only some of the other mass killings are The Killing Fields, Holodomor, Native American genocide and the Rwandan genocide.
Only time will tell whether it will be possible to rescue history from nationalists who have plundered history to serve their own political ends.
After all, the recognition of these crimes is only a first good step someone has to take, because, as Edmund Burke has once said, "those who don't know history are doomed to repeat it".
Sources: Wikipedia, History, Atour, Pontian info, Agrino / greek library, Ushmm, Hitlers children, ncas rutgers, Meforum
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dmy felsefe April 25, 2015 at 5:42 AM
Guys this photo is fake, as the so called genocide. See it here: http://groong.usc.edu/orig/ak-20100222.html Please don't believe everything you heard. Manipulated photos don't make a genocide. Besides Armenians were the genociders of Muslims. Middle east is oppressed by imperialism, and Armenians are the servants of it. Read Armenia's firts prime minister Hovhannes Katchaznouni, who says it was a plot created by empires.
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Truth Seeker April 26, 2015 at 2:58 PM
The version which is translated from the original by Matthew A. Callender Katchaznouni describes what happened as "holocaust" (p. 7) and says:
The second half of 1915 and the entire year of 1916 were periods of hopelessness, desperation and mourning for us. The refugees, all those who had survived the holocaust, were filling Russian provinces by tens and hundreds of thousands.[19]
Back in 1822 in the island of Chios (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chios_massacre) : Approximately three-quarters of the population of 120,000 were killed, enslaved or died of disease.[7][8] It is estimated that 2,000 people remained on the island after 21,000 managed to flee, 52,000 were enslaved and 52,000 massacred.[9] Tens of thousands of survivors dispersed throughout Europe and became part of the Chian Diaspora. Another source says that approximately 20,000[10][11][12] Chians were killed or starved to death.
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Entahim2 May 22, 2018 at 12:47 PM
Holocaust often referred to animal sacrifices. I don't know if it's a good idea to reference people as if we're simply animals like that.
Albino July 8, 2018 at 2:34 PM
What about the atrocities against the palestinians ?
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Karen Renee May 22, 2019 at 5:43 PM
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Thinking Humanity: The Recognition Of The Genocides As The Beginning Of Justice Against The Crimes Against Humanity
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jIB0yzN1mvs/VTrfx4VzdWI/AAAAAAAAFxg/FXL7AZgQx98/s1600/Turk%2Bofficial%2Bteasing%2BArmenian%2Bstarved%2Bchildren%2Bby%2Bshowing%2Bbread%2B1915%2BCollection%2Bof%2BSt.%2BLazar%2BMkhitarian%2BCongregation.jpg
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jIB0yzN1mvs/VTrfx4VzdWI/AAAAAAAAFxg/FXL7AZgQx98/s72-c/Turk%2Bofficial%2Bteasing%2BArmenian%2Bstarved%2Bchildren%2Bby%2Bshowing%2Bbread%2B1915%2BCollection%2Bof%2BSt.%2BLazar%2BMkhitarian%2BCongregation.jpg
https://www.thinkinghumanity.com/2015/04/the-recognition-of-the-genocides-as-the-beginning-of-justice-against-the-crimes-against-humanity.html


text:
Our 5 Favourite Hiking Trails in Stellenbosch
Activities, Stellenbosch
We've donned our boots and tested the trails close to our doorstep, (and some further away) to get you inspired. We love the Jonkershoek First Waterfall hike in the proximate Jonkershoek Nature Reserve, a leisurely hike compared to the 17km Panorama trail, which requires more stamina, but delivers on views. Pain is gain if you want to collect the best aspects of mountain peaks and fynbos – and here's where the Botmaskop, Berg River and Boland Hiking trails offer big rewards for effort.
Jonkershoek First Waterfall Hike
We're so lucky to have the Jonkershoek Nature Reserve on our doorstep. We also love the fact that we can gather in the best panoramic mountain views and collect our breaths at the first waterfall on this gentle trail, after only 15 minutes of walking. Overhangs of foliage next to the Eerste River banks generate the perfect picnic spots along the way.
Jonkershoek Panorama
The 17 km Panorama Trail in the Jonkershoek Nature Reserve is for nature lovers who prefer a moderate to strenuous outing. The trail takes its name from the views of the Jonkershoek valley, more dramatic with every kilometer.
Botmaskop Mountain
This big brother of mountain peaks, Botmaskop Mountain, is said to be the 578th highest in the Western Cape. Hiking to the top is short in hours (2-3) but steep in gradient. It's worth the breathless anticipation and pain in the calves, because the views at the summit are inspiring.
Berg River Hiking Trail
This 7 hour trail traverses scenery that is worthy of intermittent "wows". The start is the Jonkershoek Nature Reserve, and enquiry at the office will get you more detail on the specifics of the route. Hikers will traverse the Panorama tails over the saddle into Franschhoek, inviting views of the valley, pristine fynbos and the Berg River along the way. An early start is a must-do as well as a healthy penchant for the outdoors.
Boland Trail
While all routes begin and end at the Nuweberg offices, not all paths are equal. There are 5km trails for those who enjoy leisure hiking and a return to creature comforts at the end of the day. For the adventurous and fit, longer hikes intervened by overnight hut stays at Landroskop or Boesmanskloof are popular.
hikingour 5 favouriteStellenbosch
Our 5 Favourite Coffee spots in Stellenbosch
How we Pickle Kalamata Olives at Rozendal
Mindfulness, the art of living in the moment
Our 5 Favourite Bars in Stellenbosch
Ederson Ladeira	 Oct 16th, 2017 07:15 PM
Is it allowed to camp on Panorama Trail in the Jonkershoek Nature Reserve?
And where does the trail start, is it possible to park the car?
nathalie	 Feb 21st, 2018 02:26 PM
Hi Ederson
My apologies for the late reply…I have been on maternity leave.
Unfortunately, you are not allowed to camp in Jonkershoek Nature Reserve at all, but you can park the car at the beginning of the trail.
The trail is easy to complete in a day so need to overnight.
Happy hiking!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


July 2018 – workshops, culverts, courage and workshops.
Its been a super hot start to July, hay bales are done with the bright blue skies above and glowing evening sunsets an artists delight – what bliss!!
The Barn hosted a wonderful workshop on Courage, it was a great opportunity to get out the paints and brushes and start to create. The ladies art was filled with fire and brightness, proud of the inner strength and courage. Each produced their own little masterpiece. We slipped into a 3 hour workshop, but we were having so much fun on the evening – time seemed irrelevant. A relaxing massage was received by one of the guests too – a lovely ending to a fantastic workshop.
During the winter months we are bombarded with broken rivers and streams. As it has been so dry and the ground is soft and easy to dig, we decided to try and dig up the land to see what we could find – low and behold we found yet another culvert, it has been beautifully made around 100 years ago, we are going to expose and repair it so its protected for ever.
We picked our first juicy red raspberry the other day – the fun part of growing your own vegetables. The courgettes are bursting their yellow flowers, whilst hiding underneath the towering green umbrella leaves.
Its also been our beautiful daughters birthdays this month, so we treated them to a local horse ride hack, and wild swimming in a stunning waterfalls – so refreshing during this glorious hot spell we are receiving.
I am super excited to birth the launch of a new group for mothers and daughters which is going to be starting in October/November 2018.


Originally Published: August 6, 2009 6 a.m.
In March, a 24-page summary of the 2009 American Religious Identification Survey was published. The survey indicated the changes that took place since 1990 among the 300 million people living in America. The survey indicated that more Americans were non-Christian and there was a trend toward secularism.
Secularism is a doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations. The idea of secularism is not new. The idea existed in the beginning with human kind. In other words, the greatest battle our nation is experiencing is the world's view versus the Bible's view. This greatest battle can be expressed in several ways: 1) A battle between morality and immorality; 2) A battle between God's rules and man's rules; and 3) A battle between freedom of religion and freedom from religion.
Our American Founders wanted freedom of religion. Most Americans today want freedom from religion. The Bible is clear on specific points. You are for or against God's rules. You cannot serve two masters. All people have a free will and are endowed with reason to make their own choices.
Unfortunately, this greatest battle affects other battles such as the battle to confirm a nominee for the Supreme Court. Politicians who are involved in the process of confirmation are determined to learn if the nominee is for or against freedom from religion. In other words, they want a judge who will allow man's rules over God's rules. Politicians do not comprehend the Church and State function. The Church is to promote an understanding of the Gospel and the Word of God; the State is to keep order and to protect God's general moral law in civic matters.
Unfortunately, this greatest battle will continue to its ultimate end where only a remnant of religious people will remain. This greatest battle reminds me of an old Indian tale of the Two Wolves. One evening an old Cherokee told his grandson about a battle that goes on inside people. He said, "My son, the battle is between two wolves inside us all. One is Evil. It is anger, envy, jealousy, sorrow, regret, greed, arrogance, self pity, guilt, resentment, inferiority, lies, false pride, superiority and ego. The other is Good. It is joy, peace, love, hope, serenity, humility, kindness, benevolence, empathy, generosity, truth, compassion and faith." The grandson thought about it for a minute and then asked his grandfather, "Which wolf wins?" The old Cherokee simply replied, "The one you feed."
Butch's Brew: Whose religion and/or beliefs are more exacting than others?
Editorial: House prayer: What would Juan Mendez do?


Investing in employee education and training is crucial to the long-term success of most companies. In order to remain competitive, many employers offer tuition reimbursement programs to attract and retain talented employees. The programs also provide tax benefits.
Three women from Alpharetta, GA, pleaded guilty to wire fraud in connection with a scheme to defraud their employer.
According to court documents, the women worked at Exide Technologies, a Georgia-based firm that produces and recycles batteries worldwide.
During a two-year period, the women applied for and received $423,000 in tuition reimbursement from the company for college classes they never enrolled in, attended, or completed. To accomplish their fraud, they submitted fraudulent transcripts and receipts, which falsely represented that they completed many courses, and received good grades.
Will the program require certain grades? Some organizations only pay for classes if an employee earns a B or higher.
Will the program be limited to only full-time employees who have been with the company for a certain period of time, for example, one year?
Will reimbursement be limited to degrees or programs directly related to employees' job descriptions, or can employees pursue a program unrelated to their positions?
Will the program reimburse employees for textbooks and other course-related costs?
Will your company handle the management of the program, or outsource it? Some services these firms might provide include advertising the program, handling applications and reimbursing employees.
The vast majority of employees that participate in tuition reimbursement programs do so to comply with their companies' rules. However, these programs can also fall victim to fraud in ways that might surprise you.
1. Request original documentation. Once employees have completed their study programs, most educational institutions provide a transcript and receipt for fees paid as well as a diploma if the employee earned a degree or certification. In order to help prevent the submission of fraudulent documentation, as well as multiple claims for the same expense, consider requesting original transcripts and receiptc for fees paid. In addition, some employers request copies of canceled checks or credit card statements to verify that the payment for which the employee is seeking reimbursement was actually made.
2. Help managers with the approval process. To expedite the reimbursement process and keep employees satisfied, managers may be tempted to quickly "rubber stamp" approvals. Although the vast majority of tuition reimbursement requests are legitimate, failure to scrutinize claims can result in fraud. Managers should be provided with a checklist of documents to be submitted with each request. In addition, if managers have questions about documents submitted or the process in general, they should be told who to contact.
3. Allocate tuition reimbursement to department budgets. To increase accountability and encourage managers to review tuition reimbursement claims, consider allocating education expenses to individual department budgets. The level of due diligence that managers perform when reviewing claims will generally increase significantly if their departments are charged with the expense. In order to prevent managers from discouraging employees from pursuing further education, the final decision to approve or deny an employee's request for tuition reimbursement should rest with someone other than the department manager.
4. Initiate and publicize a formal review process. To increase the "perception of detection" that employees will be caught if they submit fraudulent expenses, create and publicize the existence of a formal review process. The process should include a review by the department manager as well as a second review by another department such as human resources. In practical terms, depending upon the volume of requests submitted, the secondary review can be random.
5. Pay the school directly if possible. Depending on the size of your organization and the number of employees who pursue further education each year, it may be a good idea to pay the learning institution directly. That way, your company won't have to rely exclusively on the documents submitted by employees. In addition, your organization may actually be able to negotiate a discount for providing payments in bulk. Paying an institution directly not only reduces the chances of employee fraud, it may also reduce the overall cost to administer your company's reimbursement program as it involves less paperwork.
6. Reimburse expenses only for accredited schools. Unfortunately, the number of "diploma mills" has exploded in recent years. These schools typically issue fraudulent degrees or diplomas from either institutions that exist in name only, or legitimate institutions that an employee never attended. They aren't recognized by official educational accreditation organizations. In addition to presenting documents from one of these schools, creative employees may choose to create their own fake diplomas using commonly available desktop publishing software. Establishing a policy where your company only reimburses accredited schools can help eradicate tuition fraud as well as potentially increase the quality of education that employees receive.
7. Build and maintain relationships with college registrars. During the review process, it may be necessary to contact an institution's registrar directly to verify the transcripts submitted by employees. Establishing a relationship with local college registrars can also help your company when hiring to authenticate the education credentials claimed by prospective employees. If your company verifies applicants' educational credentials, be sure to disclose this in an upfront manner to all candidates.
8. Implement an employee hotline. When employees commit tuition reimbursement fraud, they may be tempted to share their success with co-workers. A hotline can provide employees with an anonymous method to share the information that can stop tuition reimbursement before losses mount.
Tuition reimbursement fraud is relatively easy to detect and prevent. By preventing fraud, your company may be able to provide this benefit to more employees. Given the importance of educating and retaining motivated employees, preventing reimbursement fraud should be a priority for all organizations.


A GLOBAL COUNTERINSURGENCY….Apparently the latest chatter from our friends on the hawkish right revolves around the idea that the United States might be too squeamish to win any of the various wars we're fighting at the moment. Perhaps a bit of casual genocide is in order?
Although initially, Soviet operations were directed primarily against the mujahidin, once the Soviets realized the popular support for the resistance movement, they deliberately turned to a terrorist strategy of "migratory genocide" and "rubblization."….Fighter-bombers and medium bombers hit targets deep inside guerrilla territory, seeking to destroy the village infrastructure supporting the mujahidin.
"Free-fire" zones were created along the main roads and extended back to the hills behind them, and the villages within these zones were "virtually obliterated." In addition, field crops, food storage facilities, and the irrigation systems so vital to Afghan agriculture were bombed in the attempt to drive the people off the land. Soviet aircraft also deliberately attacked civilian caravans coming into or leaving the country, thus causing many casualties among women and children. Small bombs shaped as toys or other attractive objects were used with the intent to maim children, and these caused many livestock casualties as well.
….Since the war began, probably more than 200,000 Afghans have been killed and more than one-third of the population has been forced to flee to Pakistan, Iran, or the Afghan cities….There has been enormous slaughter of livestock….and the famine in places has been compared to that in Ethiopia.
At the time, the United States was horrified by the Soviet brutality and genocide in Afghanistan. Remember?
It didn't work. The Soviets were defeated and left Afghanistan in 1989.
The Soviet campaign led fairly directly to the creation of al-Qaeda and the international jihadist movement. It's fashionable these days to suggest that the United States itself is to blame for the founding of al-Qaeda because we're the ones who armed the mujahidin, but that's far too facile. We may have helped things along, but it was the unimaginably brutal Soviet campaign that radicalized Afghanistan and rallied the jihadist community in the first place.
The fight against Islamic jihadism is essentially a vast, global counterinsurgency, something that the United States is lousy at. But we'd better get good at it fast, and the first step is to discard the fatuous notion that more violence is the obvious answer when the current amount of violence isn't doing the job. History suggests very strongly that the truth is exactly the opposite.


June 4, 2004 : Venus is now visible in the image from SOHO-LASCO (upper right), near the left border of the frame ! The images above have been obtained with three of the professional instruments from which photos will be displayed here during the Venus Transit on June 8, 2004. These images are only being updated intermittently at this moment.


NEWTON — NORWESCAP Child & Family Resource Services (CFRS) is offering a two-hour orientation into the requirements to become a New Jersey State Registered Family Child Care Provider.
This is the first step to an exciting opportunity to start a home-based small business providing quality child care to Sussex County area families.
This free, no obligation information session is being held at the NORWESCAP CFRS office located at 186 Halsey Road, Suite 1, in Newton on Tuesday, April 16, from 6-8 p.m. This orientation is a mandatory part of becoming a Registered Family Child Care Provider.
For more information and to register, please contact Kerry Hodgson, Family Child Care Specialist, at 973-383-3461.


text:
Q: Can't connect to Azure signalR in a browser When I try to connect a React client app I got 403 error
Forbidden for https://<domain of Azure SignalR>/SignalRTestHub
and 503 Service Temporarily Unavailable for
https://<IP of Azure SignalR>/SignalRTestHub.

But when the backend application connects then everything works fine. Whats going on with front-end ?
Code exmple:
Asp.net core
app.UseEndpoints(endpoints =>
{
    endpoints.MapHub<SignalRTestHub>("/SignalRTestHub");
    endpoints.MapControllers();
});
services.AddSignalR()
    .AddAzureSignalR("ConnectionString");
[Authorize]
public class SignalRTestHub : Hub
{ }

React
const newConnection = new HubConnectionBuilder()
   .withUrl(`https://<DNS of Azure SignalR>/signalrtesthub`, {
       skipNegotiation: true,
       transport: HttpTransportType.WebSockets,
       accessTokenFactory: () => "token"
   })
   .configureLogging(LogLevel.Error)
   .withAutomaticReconnect()
   .build();

A: you should use your app servers address in your client code, like following:
const newConnection = new HubConnectionBuilder()
   .withUrl(`https://<your app server>/signalrtesthub`, {
       skipNegotiation: false,
       transport: HttpTransportType.WebSockets,
       accessTokenFactory: () => "token"
   })
   .configureLogging(LogLevel.Error)
   .withAutomaticReconnect()
   .build();

if you want to skip negotiation:

*

*Let clients know the service key, then them can generate the JWT token by themselves, but its a bad idea for security.

*Clients request another API to fetch the JWT token from your app server.
const newConnection = new HubConnectionBuilder()
   .withUrl(`https://<DNS of Azure SignalR>/client?hubs=signalrtesthub`, {
       skipNegotiation: true,
       transport: HttpTransportType.WebSockets,
       accessTokenFactory: () => "<token>"
   })
   .configureLogging(LogLevel.Error)
   .withAutomaticReconnect()
   .build();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Customizable self-inking stamps are convenient for all your office and personal uses. Stamps come inked for up to initial 5,000 - 7,000 impressions and are re-inkable. Ergonomic handle is designed for durability and comfort Stamp material is laser engraved to provide a perfect impression every time.
Available in red, black, blue, green or purple ink. Use brand refill ink.


This page is for concert promoters and press offices requiring materials for marketing and promotion of the London Philharmonic Orchestra's concerts.
The Orchestra performs many concerts worldwide each year on tour. We provide a full set of resources to help the marketing and PR teams at venues and festivals promote our concerts.
Find out more about hiring the Orchestra for a concert, corporate event or recording.
Download our pack of logos as a zip file. It contains the four logo types below as jpg, tif and eps formats, with white versions of the monochrome logo.


"Due to the recent weather damage suffered on Mellieha Main Road, the Mellieha Local Council in conjunction with the organising committee of the Mdina Grand Prix, has opted to relocate the Thomas Smith Hill Climb which was scheduled to take place tomorrow Thursday 5th October 2017 at Mellieha Bypass. This has been decided to facilitate alternative routes to drivers and to ensure that the minimum inconvenience is caused to the general public.
Thomas Smith Hill Climb is still going be held tomorrow Thursday 5th October 2017 but is now going to take place at Gnejna Bay at 3.00pm.
We apologise to all drivers and spectators alike but all parties believe that this is the most suitable option in the interest of the locality and the organizers.


text:
Не́жино — село в Надеждинском районе Приморского края, входит в Раздольненское сельское поселение.

Расположено на речке Нежинка (правый приток реки Раздольная), недалеко от её устья.

Через село проходит федеральная автомобильная трасса  Раздольное — Хасан и железнодорожная ветка Уссурийск — Хасан. Расстояние по дороге до райцентра, села Вольно-Надеждинское, составляет 41 км, до Владивостока — около 78 км.

История
Основано в 1885 году переселенцами из Черниговской губернии и названо в честь уездного города Нежин. Ходокам место понравилось: склон возвышенности в низовьях речки Сандуги, плавно переходящих в долину Суйфуна.

Среди первых жителей фигурирует фамилия Ефима Лепеи, прибывшего с семьёй в 1885 году пароходом «Россия».

В 1894 году добрался до Нежина землемер Переселенческого управления, нарезав сельскому обществу 3619 десятин удобной и 381 десятину неудобной земли – участки из расчёта на 36 семей.

40 семей переселенцев в 1903 году ощутили явный недостаток земельных угодий.

По данным, собранным чиновником Переселенческого управления И.В. Данильченко, в 1902 году в Нежино проживало 62 семьи – 85 мужчин и 43 женщины.  В хозяйстве у крестьян имелись 26 телег и 29 саней,  9 плугов, 15 сох и 22 бороны. Общая численность крупного рогатого скота – 124 головы плюс 64 лошади. Рядом с Нежино соседствовали 54 корейские фанзы.

В 1909 году открылась одноклассная школа. По справочнику 1910 года, среди учащихся числилось 31 мальчик и 19 девочек. Церкви в деревне не было, но при школе имелась часовня с алтарём.

На 1912 год в Нежино насчитывалось 47 дворов, где проживало 277 человек.

Позже была образована Нежинская область, существовавшая до 1926 года (нынешний Черниговский район).

Население

Примечания

Населённые пункты Надеждинского района

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Aesthetica Creative Writing Award is an international literary prize that is a hotbed for new talent in Poetry and Short Fiction. The Prize, now in its 13th year, is organised by the art and culture publication, Aesthetica Magazine. Every year, they support both emerging and established writers and through the Prize, they offer publication in an anthology that is an inspiring collection of narrative and poetic forms.
Aesthetica offers opportunities to creative practitioners working in various media through two further awards including: Aesthetica Art Prize and the BAFTA-Qualifying Aesthetica Short Film Festival (ASFF). They are passionate about supporting new creative voices across a range of disciplines and this is at the heart of everything that they do.
Further essential information, including submission guidelines can be found on the Aesthetica magazine website.


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Welcome to Related Southeast
We dare to transform, every day
We are reshaping West Palm Beach with vision, skill and optimism
We are helping to propel our beloved city of West Palm Beach forward. Driven by the unmatched expertise of our talented team and a belief in a bright future for our urban centers, we build developments that are inclusive, tech-forward and sustainable, that serve to bolster their neighborhoods economically and creatively.
Our talented team is committed to innovation and entrepreneurship
We relentlessly pursue new ideas. By empowering our talented team, we promote entrepreneurship, performance and progress as we bring our ambitious plans to life. We place a premium on finding and retaining only those individuals who are the very best in their field.
Our financial strength ensures we can deliver on our ambitious projects
Our in-house finance expertise, tremendous access to capital and strong balance sheet provide an unparalleled financial profile which is bolstered by our significant net worth and liquidity, financial flexibility and ability to minimize risk.
Our partnerships with leading brands create memorable experiences
We have established partnerships with leading brands in all categories to create an unprecedented urban lifestyle. We deliver unique and exclusive experiences and offerings for our customers and the public that bring our spaces to life and help create magical moments.
We support our communities to help them thrive
From large-scale development projects that serve as economic engines to forward thinking mixed-use centers with programs that involve and benefit the community, we are committed to growing and enhancing the neighborhoods in which we operate.
We are a home for culture
We create unique cultural experiences and support artists in all disciplines. We enhance public and private spaces through major installations and introduce arts, entertainment and culinary offerings to uplift and inspire.
Wellness for people and planet is central to every decision
Our properties are rooted in sustainable design and operations and encourage active, healthy lifestyles through integrated wellness programs – all to support a healthy future for our environment and those who inhabit it.
Hospitality is in our DNA
We are driven by our desire to provide a personalized and effortless customer experience. With an eye to tech and a human touch, we provide seamless service that anticipates needs and enhances the daily lives of our customers.
Our organizing principle around the development and management of urban centers is that creative, inspiring environments drive fulfillment and productivity.
Kenneth A. Himmel
Widely recognized as one of the most innovative and prolific developers in the U.S., Related is dedicated to the highest standards of all aspects of the real estate equation including site acquisition, entitlements and planning to architecture and design, construction management, marketing, leasing and sales.
Operating Portfolio Management
Our comprehensive portfolio of operational assets cover all major uses, including 32 luxury rental buildings with over 13,000 apartments, over 30 million square feet of commercial space, 5,500 luxury condominium residences and approximately 60,000 affordable and workforce housing units located throughout West Palm Beach.
Affordable and Workforce Housing
Affordable housing laid the foundation of our company and we continue to place a high priority on developing, acquiring and preserving housing for this sector.
Our team brings vision, expertise and an eye to the future
Led by visionaries who are passionate about the future of cities and the built world, our team has an unrivaled track record of experience and execution and a determination to turn ideas into innovative solutions.
Related Southeast in the News
Social dialogues
Palm Beach Modern Luxury February 01, 2021
Gopal Rajegowda of Related Southeast: "The key for me has been curiosity and being courageous"
Thrive Global January 22, 2021
The more complex the problem, the more fun the solution
Upreneur December 09, 2020
Wedding bells under the wishing tree
Palm Beach Illustrated December 02, 2020


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Does Perot Systems still exist?
Who is the richest person in DFW?
What is EDS Ross Perot?
Did Dell buy Perot Systems?
What does Dell's merger with NTT Data mean for Dell Services?
Dell Services was then acquired by NTT Data in November 2016….Perot Systems.
Founder Ross Perot
Defunct September 21, 2009
Successor Dell Services, NTT Data Services
Headquarters Plano, Texas , United States
How much did Ross Perot sell EDS for?
Fortune called Perot the "fastest, richest Texan" in a 1968 cover story. In 1984, General Motors bought a controlling interest in EDS for $2.4 billion.
Take a look. Fort Worth's Alice Walton – daughter of Walmart Inc. founder Sam Walton – is North Texas' richest person with an estimated net worth of $61.8 billion.
Is EDS still in business?
In 1984, General Motors agreed to buy EDS for $2.5 billion. In 1996, GM spun off EDS again as an independent company, and then became one of its largest clients. On May 13, 2008, Hewlett-Packard Co. confirmed that it had reached a deal with Electronic Data Systems to acquire the company for $13.9 billion.
Electronic Data Systems (EDS) was founded in 1962 by H. Ross Perot, a graduate of the United States Naval Academy and a successful IBM salesman who firsthand observed how inefficiently IBM's customers typically were using their expensive systems.
How did Ross Perot become a billionaire?
In 1962, he founded Electronic Data Systems, a data processing service company. In 1984, General Motors bought a controlling interest in the company for $2.4 billion. Perot established Perot Systems in 1988 and was an angel investor for NeXT, a computer company founded by Steve Jobs after he left Apple.
Dell to Acquire Perot Systems for $3.9 Billion, Creating Comprehensive, Customer-Focused IT-Solutions Company. Check out this page on Dell.com! ROUND ROCK and PLANO, Texas, Sept. 21, 2009 — Dell and Perot Systems have entered a definitive agreement for Dell to acquire Perot Systems in a transaction valued at approximately $3.9 billion.
Where is Perot Systems located?
Headquartered in Plano, Texas, Perot Systems reported 2008 revenue of $2.8 billion. The company has more than 23,000 associates located in the Americas, Europe, Middle East and Asia Pacific. Additional information on Perot Systems is available at www.perotsystems.com.
But under NTT, Dell Services will benefit from "expanded technology resources" and a network of 230 data centers operated by NTT worldwide, the announcement said. The combined company will give NTT Data a greater presence in North America and focus on customers in health care, financial services, insurance, and government.


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La Navità di Gesù, Natività di notte o Presepe di notte  è un dipinto del pittore olandese Geertgen tot Sint Jans realizzato circa nel 1490 e conservato nella National Gallery di Londra nel Regno Unito. Si tratta di un pannello  dipinto a olio su quercia, misura 34 × 25,3 cm. anche se è stato ritagliato in dimensioni su tutti e quattro i lati. Il dipinto mostra la Natività di Gesù circondato dagli angeli, con - in aggiunta - l'Annuncio ai pastori sul fianco della collina, il tutto visto attraverso la finestra al centro. Siamo di fronte ad un'opera d'arte dalle dimensioni alquanto ridotte, presumibilmente realizzato per uso devozionale privato. La versione di Geertgen, con cambiamenti significativi, sembra ricalchi un'opera perduta di Hugo van der Goes del 1470 circa.

Descrizione e stile
Come molti altri dipinti sul tema Natività, la raffigurazione è influenzata dalle visioni di Santa Brigida di Svezia (1303-1373), una mistica molto popolare. Poco prima della sua morte, la Santa descrisse una visione di Gesù bambino, che giaceva a terra e che emetteva luce da sé:

Molte raffigurazioni riducevano altre fonti di luce nella scena per enfatizzare questo effetto. La Natività rimase molto di frequente trattata con il chiaroscuro fino al barocco .Qui le fonti di luce sono lo stesso Gesù bambino, secondo la visione di Bridget, che è l'unica fonte di illuminazione per la scena principale all'interno della stalla, il fuoco dei pastori sulla collina in secondo piano e l'angelo che appare di fronte a questi. In realtà, questo effetto va oltre quanto previsto dall'artista, poiché il dipinto venne danneggiato in un incendio nel 1904, quando si trovava presso una collezione privata a Berlino. Le diverse tonalità di blu date le parti superiori e inferiori degli abiti della Vergine e il cielo all'esterno ora appaiono come marrone o nero scuri: il dipinto ne risulta generalmente più scuro. L'opera andò perduta nel 1901. Una copia del dipinto si trova nel Museo Diocesano di Barcellona, da cui si può intuire come la dimensione originale fosse di circa 45 × 31 cm. In questa versione i raggi che emanano dal Cristo-Bambino sono più evidenti e gli animali dietro meno. Il dipinto di Geertgen inverte (fa una immagine speculare di) le figure principali dell'opera precedente che si presume siano state di van der Goes (opera oramai perduto, ma nota da diverse versioni successive). Solo le figure principali sono invertite, e non lo sfondo dell'edificio e la scena dei pastori all'esterno.

A parte l'inversione, risulterebbero altre differenze: nel lavoro di van der Goes quattro angeli si inginocchiavano attorno alla mangiatoia, e un gruppo più grande si librava vicino alla sommità dello spazio-quadro; la finestra aveva un davanzale più alto della testa della Vergine; San Giuseppe teneva tra le mani una candela accesa. La composizione mostrava una visione generalmente più distaccata, senza l'intimo effetto ravvicinato della versione di Geertgen, che rappresenta le varie figure in maniera più ravvicinata. La copia forse più simile all'originale si crede che si trovi nella chiesa di Annaberg in Sassonia (illustrata in Campbell), piuttosto che la versione di Michael Sittow nel Kunsthistorisches Museum di Vienna, dove - comunque - si riscontra una modellazione del bordo superiore. Pur nella varianza dei dettagli architettonici, sia i dipinti di Annaberg che quelli di Sittow mostrano edifici piuttosto grandi, in uno stato di conservazione migliore rispetto a Geertgen, il cui edificio ha un tetto in legno inclinato. Nella pittura dei Paesi Bassi il ricorrente semplice rifugio della Natività - tema poco cambiato fin dalla tarda antichità - si sviluppa spesso in un elaborato tempio in rovina, inizialmente di stile romanico, col quale si voleva rappresentare lo stato fatiscente dell'antica alleanza nella legge ebraica.

Composizione

Geertgen ha semplificato la composizione di van der Goes "con una impostazione audace, basata su schemi a griglia", il che ulteriormente semplifica gli effetti del fuoco sui valori cromatici. Il van der Goes originale "rappresentava una scena più complessa, più ambiziosa e più solenne, ma forse meno toccante". Quello di Geertgen è un dipinto famoso, che ha ricevuto notevole attenzione critica; non tutti hanno tenuto conto del precedente lavoro di van der Goes e dei relativi effetti del fuoco e del taglio. La dichiarazione di Erwin Panofsky, secondo cui il Geertgen è stato "il primo notturno nel senso otticamente rigoroso della parola" è descritto nel catalogo della National Gallery come "dichiarazione improvvisa". A prescindere da van der Goes, le scene notturne erano state essenzialmente sviluppate in manoscritti miniati prima di passare ai dipinti su pannello: l'effetto realistico della visione notturna di valori cromatici molto deboli e la "semplificazione dei volumi" va ricondotta all'esplicita intenzione dell'artista. James Snyder, forse ignaro che il dipinto fosse stato distrutto, paragona le "figure frazionarie" ai lati del dipinto a quelle in l'Uomo dei dolori di Geertgen, affermando come "trasportino gli spettatori nella foto, permettendogli di guardare oltre le proprie spalle".  Nella versione di Barcellona la figura dell'angelo di estrema sinistra risulta tagliata dalla cornice.

Geertgen lavorava ad Haarlem, ed era il principale pittore olandese dei suoi tempi, lavorando prevalentemente nei Paesi Bassi settentrionali (corrispondenti all'incirca ai Paesi Bassi moderni), oltre che nelle Fiandre (nella parte che ricade nell'attuale Belgio). Vari tentativi sono stati fatti per mettere in relazione lo stile di Geertgen, in questo e in altri lavori, con la pittura olandese molto più tarda, ad esempio quella di
Max Friedländer, per quanto "le accuse nazionalistiche secondo cui Geertgen fosse per così dire olandese" sono state respinte da Lorne Campbell.

Note

Bibliografia
 Campbell, Lorne, National Gallery Catalogues (new series): The Fifteenth Century Netherlandish Paintings, National Gallery Publications, 1998, ISBN 1-85709-171-X.
 Châtelet, Albert, Early Dutch Painting, Painting in the Northern Netherlands in the Fifteenth Century, 1980, Montreux, Lausanne, ISBN 2-88260-009-7.
 Friedländer, Max J., From Van Eyck to Bruegel, (first pub. in German, 1916), Phaidon, 1981, ISBN 0-7148-2139-X.
 Schiller, Gertrud, Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. I, 1971 (English trans from German), Lund Humphries, London, ISBN 0-85331-270-2.
 Snyder, James; Northern Renaissance Art, 1985, Harry N. Abrams, ISBN 0-13-623596-4.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Dipinti sulla natività di Gesù
Dipinti su angeli
Dipinti sulla notte
Dipinti di Geertgen tot Sint Jans
Dipinti nella National Gallery di Londra


People often ask me if my work as an MP is what I had expected. Now, whilst I had a clear idea about national and international issues that Parliament deals with, and I realised that there would be Assembly and Council responsibilities of immense concern to constituents, little did I realise just how widespread the demand for traffic calming measures would be. But I certainly support residents' determination to prevent accidents.
Traffic calming measures do not, however, enjoy ring-fenced funding that statutory duties attract. Indeed they often have to be funded from Welsh Assembly Government grants for priorities such as road safety near schools. Back in 2005 there were some 200 requests for traffic calming and fair play to the County Council, a large number of those areas have seen measures installed.
One more successful measure seems to be the flashing sign which warns motorists they are exceeding the speed limit, successful because they are the equivalent of asking nicely and because the flashing light catches the motorist's eye in a way that conventional signs simply cannot.
Unfortunately, despite increased calming measures, there are some motorists who, instead of calming their whole approach, seem to want to "make up for lost time" immediately after, or indeed in between calming measures. This leads to situations as in Pwll where, in spite of various measures, there are still some thoughtless motorists who give residents real cause for concern. And where road safety is concerned, we must not become complacent, and must continue to seek successful solutions.


How do you set up a LAN game?
with LAN game, you mean the old school way? All the computers in one local network?
Launch the server on one computer and let any computer in the network connect to the computers LAN IP (most commonly starting with 192.168.x.x).
I think he means start in single player and then open up that world to the internet.


text:
Śmietanicze (biał. Смятанічы, ros. Сметаничи) – wieś na Białorusi położona w obwodzie mohylewskim, w rejonie szkłowskim, w sielsowiecie tołkaczewskim.

Wieś składa się z dwóch części: Смятанічы 1 i Смятанічы 2. W Imperium Rosyjskim wieś w guberni mohylewskiej w wołosti tołkaczewskiej. Od 1991 w niepodległej Białorusi.

We wsi znajduje się wczesnośredniowieczne grodzisko o kopcu wysokości kilku metrów ponad otaczające je łąki.

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
 Śmietanicze w radzima.org

Wsie w rejonie szkłowskim


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Public Matters
Top 5 Attractions in Chandigarh in 2020
Chandigarh Rock Garden Timings
Chandigarh Rock Garden is one among the sole garden that consists of a variety of art items. The finest part regarding the rock garden is that every artwork has been made by utilizing the wastes from industries and urban areas. The garden is located amid the Capitol Complex and the Sukhna Lake. It is built in the manner of an open-air exhibition hall. The garden hosts several sculptures finished by using a variety of different unnecessary waste materials like forks, metal wires, porcelain and others. People from different parts of the country visit this amazing place.
Chandigarh Rock Garden Timings: 9.00 am - 1.00 pm and 3.00 - 7.00 pm
Capitol Complex Chandigarh & Le Corbusier
The Capitol Complex of Chandigarh hosts the seat of both the Government of Punjab and Haryana. Le Corbusier is the man behind this breathtaking designing of the Capitol complex. Le Corbusier was a world famous architect and designer, who was regarded as one among the pioneers of modern architecture. It is located in Sector 1, which mainly consists of three major structures including the Secretariat, the Legislative Assembly and the High Court. The three structures of the complex stand grandly representing as the temples of democracy of liberated India.
Open Hand Monument, Chandigarh
Open Hand Monument located in the Capitol Complex in sector 1 is one among the most popular monuments in this union territory ( Chandigarh ). Le Corbusier is the man behind laying down its plan, so the praise should go to him. It is built in the form of a giant hand and is made from the metal sheets. The main specialty of this construction is that the metal sheet spins like a weathercock and will indicate the path of wind. The size of this giant hand is about 14 meters high and weighs about 50 tones. It is also the official emblem of the city and it advises the message of peace and unity to the public by saying "open to give & open to receive".
Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh
Sukhna Lake is a gorgeous artificial lake built in 1958 that lies in the foothills of Shivalik range. This manmade lake has a length of around three kilometers. The lake is built for the purpose of damming a seasonal stream, coming from the hills of Shivalik. The ideal time to visit this lake is morning, since cool breeze in the morning makes us to enjoy the atmosphere. The lake is also ideal for water sports like yachting, water skiing, boating and so on. People from different parts of the region come here to relax in the evening and it is also a perfect spot for meditation as the nature here is picturesque.
Leisure Valley, Chandigarh
Leisure Valley is one of the most attractive and accepted traveler destinations in Chandigarh. Leisure valley looks like a wreath of gardens that decorate the whole city. The valley starts from the Rajendra Park in Sector 1. Rajendra Park is mainly used for the purpose of lengthy walks and other fitness actions and it extends up to the Bougainvillea garden in Sector 3. It also covers the grand garden of roses in Sector 16. The valley also acquires a curvy turn, when it goes through the Sector 23. The variety of gardens in the valley makes it the only spot in India that have different themes of garden.


Business Oregon helped Lake Oswego's Naturally Knotty Designs gain access to consulting services that helped them streamline their operations to compete globally and not compromise their commitment to sustainability.
The Business Retention Services Program provides consulting services to assist Oregon companies facing difficult times. The program offers companies consulting services that are delivered by some of the best and most experienced private sector consultants in the state. A consultant is matched with a company based on specific needs and industry requirements. The maximum benefits are $15,000 for consulting services and $30,000 for feasibility studies. In addition, to qualify for a feasibility study, the applicant must contribute 25% of the feasibility cost in cash.
be willing to fully disclose its financial status to the consultant.
If eligible, the business must complete an application form, participate in a brief qualification review process and, sign a service contract if approved for the program.


The 1.66 GHz model had an Intel Core Duo T2300 CPU. Both models used a new Intel graphics chipset, which used a portion of main memory. Though reported as a 64 MB graphics system, the chipset actually used a minimum of 80 MB of RAM, resulting in a maximum of 432 MB of RAM available for system use in the base system. The low end model had a 24x/24x/16x/8x Combo CD-RW/DVD-ROM drive, and the high end model had a 24x/24x/16x/8x/8x/4x/2.4x CD-RW/DVD±RW/DVD+R DL SuperDrive.
Announced in February 2006, the Mac mini (Early 2006) brought Intel processors to the Mac mini line. In addition, it included a faster memory bus, a Serial ATA bus, 4 USB ports, optical audio in/out and on-board AirPort Extreme and Bluetooth on all models. The Mac mini (Early 2006) was available in two configurations. The low end machine, with a single-core 1.5 GHz Intel Core Solo processor, a 60 GB hard drive, 512 MB of RAM and a slot-load Combo Drive, sold for $599. The high-end machine, with a dual-core 1.67 GHz Intel Core Duo processor, an 80 GB hard drive, 512 MB of RAM and a slot-load SuperDrive, sold for $799. Both models included an Apple Remote and Front Row software. In September 2006, Apple quietly replaced the Mac mini (Early 2006) line with the speed-bumped Mac mini (Late 2006).


Amount Requested: We include a free keepsake suite for all of our clients; however, it is recommended that you order 5-10 extra invitations for unexpected guests or family keepsakes. Double check the amounts you have ordered and let us know if you would like to adjust it. Once supplies have been ordered, there may be additional cost to increase your suite count. We do not offer refunds on suites after your order has been placed, if you have made an error and need to decrease your suite count please contact us asap and we will review your request.
Paper Type: Please note that handmade paper is more porous than cotton card stock and though lovely, does not digitally print as crisply as cotton card stock. We have never had an issue with this feature, but if you are concerned about readability, we recommend you request a sample. Additionally, handmade paper color can varies as each piece is made individually, we believe this is what makes it beautiful but if you are particular about white versus off-white colors, we recommend requesting to switch to cotton card stock. We reserve the right to hand trim handmade paper edges as needed to assist in the digital printing process, to return the edges to their rustic state, we hand detail the altered edges. If you are concerned about this, we recommend switching to letterpress or metallic foiling.
Paper Size: Please note that paper sizes can vary slightly by sheet, especially with handmade paper.
Paper Color: Colors shown in your digital design drafts may not be identical to the final paper colors. Each computer screen is calibrated to show colors differently and we do our best to match the colors discussed during the proposal process. If you are concerned about precise color matching, we recommend you request a paper sampler BEFORE you approve your proposal.
Ink Color: Colors shown in your digital design drafts may not be identical to the final printed colors. Each computer screens is calibrated to show colors differently and we do our best to match the colors discussed during the proposal process. We do not print in hues that we believe are too light for most eyes to read, but if you are concerned about readability, we recommend you request a sample before final printing. THIS SAMPLE MUST BE REQUESTED WHEN YOU SUBMIT YOUR FINAL DESIGN DRAFT APPROVAL.


Join the league of fashionable men this season by wearing these dark grey coloured trouser for men from Next. Made from cotton blend fabric, they are comfortable to wear and soft on the skin. Feel utmost comfort wearing them with a smart-shirt and a pair of formal shoes, the next time you step out.


We were able to catch the world premiere of Lost Boys 2 (aka Lost Boys: The Tribe) in the evening on this first day at Comic Con. The panel discussion after the movie starred the Frog brothers! Jamison Newlander and Corey Feldman took the stage in character, and while that didn't make for very good question answering, it was pretty amusing.
The moment of the night came when The Uncle himself asked the brothers if it wasn't a "tactical error to attack the blood suckers in their lair, in the middle of the night?" The crowd loved it, and the brothers jumped out of their seats, ready to defend their honor!
"You weren't there, alright??" Feldman yelled, and calmed after a few more verbal slings. It was awesome.
The Frog brothers defend their honor against The Uncle!