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Jan Crouch, 78
Crouch, a televangelist, co-founded the Trinity Broadcasting Network with her husband more than four decades ago. She was instantly recognizable for her mountain of blond hair, warm smile and long eyelashes. TBN bills itself as the world's largest Christian television network. It owns the religious entertainment complex Trinity Music City USA in Hendersonville.
James Robert Cullom
Cullom served Water Street Church of Christ in Charlotte, Tenn., as pastor for 49 years. He also was a former chairman of the Foster Care Review Board of Dickson County and a former board member of the Dickson County school board. He also served in the Red Cross, Cancer Society and Big Brothers.
Bob Cummings, 94
Cummings was a longtime local football coach who spent time working on every level. His career included stints at the old Litton High School, Tennessee Tech, Vanderbilt and Hendersonville High, where his teams went to six bowl games in seven years. He was inducted into the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame in 2015.
Clifford Curry, 79
An R&B artist, Curry was best known for his 1967 single "She Shot a Hole in My Soul." Nearly 40 years after it was recorded, the song was included on "Night Train to Nashville: Music City Rhythm & Blues 1945-1970," the Grammy-winning CD that was a companion to the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum exhibit of the same name. "It was one of the biggest R&B songs to originate out of Nashville," said Michael Gray, co-curator of the exhibit.
Catherine Darnell, 65
Darnell was a longtime Tennessean writer and columnist whose popular "Scene and Heard" and "Cat in the Hat" social columns appeared in the newspaper's Living section until 2002. She was known for her engaging columns' rural, small-town wit and "mama and them" colloquialisms.
Larry Daughtrey, 76
Daughtrey was a legendary political reporter for The Tennessean known as a tenacious watchdog at the Tennessee state Capitol who always broke the story first. Daughtrey worked as a political reporter at The Tennessean from 1962 to 1997, helping solidify the newspaper's reputation for crusading journalism while becoming a mentor for dozens of young reporters. He converted to writing a political column for the newspaper after his retirement.
Art Demmas, 82
Demmas was a legendary NFL referee and former Vanderbilt football standout, helping lead the Commodores to the 1955 Gator Bowl and a win over Auburn. As a referee, he was assigned to four Super Bowls and numerous playoff games. By the end of his career, he was one of the most decorated officials in NFL history. He was inducted into the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame in 1997.
Lane Dickeson
Dickeson was a standout wrestler at Wilson Central, finishing as a medalist in his junior and senior seasons. He reached the state tournament four consecutive seasons, graduating in 2015. Dickeson spent last season as a redshirt freshman on the wrestling team at Notre Dame College in South Euclid, Ohio.
Andrew Dorff, 40
As a songwriter for Universal Music Publishing Group Nashville, Dorff co-wrote the No. 1 hits "My Eyes" and "Neon Light" by Blake Shelton, Kenny Chesney's "Save it for a Rainy Day" and Hunter Hayes' "Somebody's Heartbreak." He was the brother of Hollywood actor Stephen Dorff and son of songwriter Steve Dorff.
Holly Dunn, 59
A country singer, Dunn had a hit in 1986 with "Daddy's Hands," about her minister father. The Grammy-nominated Dunn was the Academy of Country Music's top new female vocalist in 1986 and was named most promising newcomer by the Country Music Association the next year. She continued to record and tour in the 1990s, but eventually she left the music business to pursue her love of painting.
Ben Ellis
Ellis, a Latin teacher for eight years at Christ Presbyterian Academy in Brentwood, died from esophageal cancer about 10 days after students and faculty gathered in his driveway to sing worship songs with him. A video from the students singing at Ellis' house went viral, thanks in part to country star Tim McGraw posting it on social media. The video has more than 20 million views, touching people nationwide.
Jane Eskind, 83
Eskind was a political pioneer who became the first woman ever to win a statewide election in Tennessee. She was elected to the Public Service Commission in 1980. She went on to run for other state offices — including the Democratic primary for governor in 1986 — and became the first woman to chair the state Democratic Party, eventually counting presidents among her allies.
Reed Evans, 82
Evans was a Dickson Middle School leader for decades. The Smith County native arrived in Dickson in 1959 for a job as teacher and coach at Hampton High School, the school for Dickson County's African-American students. He later became principal of then Dickson Jr. High in 1978 and remained in that position until retiring from Dickson Middle School in 1998.
Donny Everett, 19
The Vanderbilt pitcher was called "a fun-loving teddy bear and a real Midwest American kid" by coach Tim Corbin a day after Everett's drowning. Before Vanderbilt, the right-hander played at Clarksville High. He was one of the nation's top high school pitchers and a projected first-round pick in last year's Major League Draft. But Everett balked on a signing bonus of up to $2.5 million in June 2015 to instead play at Vanderbilt.
F. Miles Ezell Jr., 89
Ezell worked 66 years for Purity Dairies, which was a family-run business founded by his father in the 1920s as Ezell's Dairy. Ezell served as controller, treasurer, president and chairman of the board for Purity Dairies. He was serving as senior chairman at the time of his death. Ezell also was a member of the Lipscomb Board of Trustees from 1980 to 2002, serving as chairman for six years.
Joey Feek, 40
Country music fans first met Feek in 2008 — she and husband Rory comprised Grammy-nominated duo Joey+Rory, which placed third on the CMT reality talent search "Can You Duet." Their debut single, "Cheater, Cheater," climbed to No. 30 on Billboard's country radio airplay charts. But it was through her battle with cervical cancer that she garnered worldwide interest, with millions learning of Feek's unwavering dedication to God, her daughter and her family.
Peter Fyfe, 92
Fyfe spent 35 years as organist and choirmaster at Christ (Episcopal) Church downtown, turning that congregation (now the cathedral of the Episcopal Diocese of Tennessee) into a choral music force. He taught some four decades as adjunct organ professor at the Blair School of Music at Vanderbilt University, and he regularly commissioned new choral works from notable composers.
David Greer, 75
Greer served as Springfield's fire chief from 1972 until his retirement in 2007. A Gallatin native, Greer began his firefighting career at the Gallatin Fire Department in 1961 at the age of 21. He worked his way up to the rank of fire captain in Gallatin before leaving to join the Springfield Fire Department as chief. A fire station on Bradley Drive in Springfield is named in his honor.
Quentin Groves, 32
The former Auburn star was a linebacker for the Titans. He spent time with seven NFL teams. Groves appeared in all 16 games with the Titans in 2014, starting three. He recorded 18 tackles and a sack.
Don Gupton Sr., 88
Gupton spent the majority of his life selling cars. He was the president of Springfield's Gupton Motors, a company founded by his brother, Bobby, 55 years ago.
Merle Haggard, 79
Haggard was the the working man's poet, an architect of the Bakersfield Sound and a fiercely independent artist who influenced country music like few others. Over the length of his half-century career, Haggard recorded 38 No. 1 country singles and wrote some of the genre's most revered classics, which have been recorded by Dolly Parton, Emmylou Harris, The Byrds, Vince Gill, The Grateful Dead and countless others. The "Okie from Muskogee" was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1994.
Robert Hamlett, 84
Hamlett was a Nashville singer who helped usher in a thrilling new era for gospel group The Fairfield Four. They appeared on albums by Elvis Costello and John Fogerty, and their own album, "I Couldn't Hear Nobody Pray," won a Grammy in 1998. Two years later, Hamlett and his fellow members were seen and heard in the 2000 film "O Brother, Where Art Thou?" That film's soundtrack earned them a second Grammy in 2002.
Joe Hayes, 76
Hayes served on the Lebanon Council for more than 20 years, ending in 2014. He also was an avid supporter of Cumberland University baseball and worked as a spotter for the announcer at football games. Hayes also coached youth softball for many years in Lebanon.
Dean Hester, 71
Hester served the town of White Bluff for over 35 years as a police officer, police chief and later the street department supervisor.
Hubert Dwane "Hoot" Hester, 65
Hester was a master fiddler who played with legends ranging from Ray Charles to Earl Scruggs and was a member of the Grand Ole Opry staff band for more than a dozen years. In addition to his work as a session musician, Hester played on multiple television shows, including "Nashville Alive" and "Pop Goes the Country," and was the house band's fiddler on "Nashville Now." Hester also was one of the founding members of the Western swing outfit The Time Jumpers.
Jim Hickman, 79
Nicknamed "Gentleman Jim," the former Major League All-Star was born and raised in Henning, Tenn. After six years in the minors Hickman became an original member of the New York Mets in 1962. After five seasons in New York, Hickman went to the Los Angeles Dodgers, Chicago Cubs and St. Louis Cardinals. In the 1970 All-Star game Hickman drove in Pete Rose in a famous play where Rose steamrolled catcher Ray Fosse at the plate.
Ronald Hickman, 81
Hickman was a longtime Metro Parks and Recreation golf professional, working at Shelby Golf Course, Two Rivers and McCabe. Before embarking on his golf career in 1964, Hickman was an outstanding football player at East High and Tennessee Tech. He has been nominated for the Tennessee Tech Sports Hall of Fame.
John Hollins Sr., 83
Hollins was a fierce figure in Nashville's legal community who was perhaps best known to the public for his role in the Marcia Trimble case. He was a lawyer for 54 years, and his career included work as a prosecutor and in private practice. He retired from the firm he helped found, Hollins, Raybin & Weissman, in 2011, where in recent years he practiced family law.
John Jay Hooker, 85
A champion of progressive policies and civil rights, Hooker was perhaps Nashville's most recognizable and charismatic political figure. The lawyer served as special assistant to Attorney General Bobby Kennedy and unsuccessfully ran for governor of Tennessee in 1966, 1970, 1998 and 2014. In his final fight, Hooker, who had been diagnosed with stage 4 metastatic melanoma in 2015, pushed for Tennessee to adopt a "death with dignity" law similar to Oregon's.
Robert A. "Bob" Hoover, 94
Hoover was a World War II fighter pilot who became an aviation legend for his flying skills in testing aircraft and demonstrating their capabilities in air shows. Hoover began flying in 1937 at Berry Field in Nashville.
Harold Huggins, 73
A longtime Nashville sports writer, Huggins worked for the Nashville Banner, The Tennessean and the City Paper. He was elected into the Tennessee Sports Writers Association Hall of Fame in November.
James "Jim" Stocker Hunt, 76
Hunt and his three brothers formed Nashville-based Hunt Brothers Pizza in 1991. Today, the company has more than 7,300 locations in 28 states and on some U.S. military bases in Germany.
Pete Huttlinger, 54
A guitar virtuoso, Huttlinger toured and recorded with John Denver for several years in the 1990s. He also backed LeAnn Rimes and John Oates, and he appeared on recordings by Denver, Oates, Faith Hill, Jimmy Buffett and the Nashville Chamber Orchestra, among others. As a solo artist, he released more than 15 albums and performed everywhere from coffee shops to Carnegie Hall.
Marion James, 81
James was a blues singer whose 60-year career began inside the Jefferson Street music clubs where other future legends like Little Richard and B.B. King cut their teeth. Known as Nashville's Queen of the Blues, she landed a top 10 single with "That's My Man." A Nashville native, James made honoring and preserving Jefferson Street's musical legacy a top priority.
Sonny James, 87
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, James released 16 consecutive chart-topping singles. The "Young Love" singer also appeared in multiple films, including "Second Fiddle to a Steel Guitar," "Nashville Rebel," "Las Vegas Hillbillies" and "Hillbillies in a Haunted House," and guested on "The Ed Sullivan Show" multiple times. In 1961 he was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2006 he was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame.
Bobby Jones, 86
Jones served on the Robertson County Commission for 40 years until he lost a re-election bid in 2014. His father and grandfather also were commissioners. Jones also was a minister and performed at least 6,111 marriages in Roberson County.
Chris LaCrosse, 63
LaCrosse served 11 years on the Ashland City Council.
John D. Loudermilk, 82
Loudermilk was a member of the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame and the author of enduring songs such as "Then You Can Tell Me Goodbye," "Tobacco Road" and "Indian Reservation." Over the past 60 years, Loudermilk's compositions have been recorded by an eclectic collection of artists that ranges from George Hamilton IV to David Lee Roth.
Mary Frances Lyle, 80
Lyle went to law school at age 40. She and a group of women in 1981 founded the Lawyer's Association for Women. Lyle also spent 25 years as a lobbyist with the Nashville Women's Political Caucus, where she fought for legislation that benefited women, be it in the workplace or their family law proceedings.
George MacIntyre, 76
MacIntyre manned the winningest Vanderbilt football team in more than a half-century when his squad posted an 8-4 record and played in the Hall of Fame Bowl in 1982. That stood as Vanderbilt's most wins since 1955 and remained in that position until James Franklin's team went 9-4 in 2012.
Lonnie Mack, 74
Mack's pioneering electric guitar work — heard on gritty instrumental favorites "Memphis" and "Wham!" — inspired generations of rock guitarists, among them Stevie Ray Vaughan, Eric Clapton and Keith Richards. In 2001, Mack was inducted into the International Guitar Hall of Fame.
J. Deotha Malone, 88
Malone was a lifelong educator and pioneer in Gallatin politics for African-Americans and women. The Gallatin native made history when she became the first African-American elected to the Gallatin City Council in 1969. Malone also was the city's first female vice mayor, a position she held for 38 of her 40 years in office. In addition to her time in public office, Malone also served as an educator and supervisor for the Sumner County Board of Education for more than five decades.
Tony Martell, 90
A music executive, Martell's T.J. Martell Foundation has raised over $270 million for leukemia, cancer and AIDS research. The T.J. Martell Foundation was founded in 1975 in honor of Martell's son, T.J., who died at 19 after a battle with leukemia.
Willis McCallister, 92
McCallister was a retired Nashville fire marshal who went on to become one of the city's first African-American council members. McCallister, who friends and colleagues say went by Mac, was the city's 14th African-American council member and served District 21 for just more than two decades. During his tenure on the council, McCallister also was instrumental in the relocation of Metro General Hospital.
Jack McCanless
McCanless served more than 10 years on the Cheatham County Commission. "He loved the community and the people here and always fought for the taxpayers," County Commissioner Gary Binkley said.
Mack "Macky-Do" McGee, 78
A grill chef, biscuit-maker and ice cream slinger at Vandyland, McGee was as iconic as the restaurant itself. He was the face behind the counter for more than 40 years, starting in 1961 as a car-hop when it was called Candyland. He moved to the grill in 1963 and never looked back. The wood-paneled space was warmer when lit by McGee's broad, toothy grin and never-ending stream of encouraging words for the patrons who sat before him. He smiled right up until the day the restaurant's neon sign went dark in 2006.
LeMore McGill, 65
McGill played on one of the last Fisk football teams and then spent 40 years coaching in Nashville. He played football and baseball at old Pearl High and Fisk. He then coached at Fisk, Pearl and five other high schools from 1972 to 2012. A highlight of McGill's career came when he led the Hillsboro girls basketball team to the 2008-09 state championship.
Jerry McMillan
A Gallatin veterinarian, McMillan was credited with saving the life of a fellow Lion's Club member last year. The longtime resident was a pillar in the community as a volunteer and owner of McMillan Veterinary Clinic, but also as a Gallatin Lion's Club member for almost 35 years. "He was a role model for all of us on how to be a good person," Police Chief Don Bandy said.
Clayton McWhorter, 82
McWhorter was a veteran health care pioneer, businessman and philanthropist who helped put Nashville on the map as a place for health care success. He joined HCA in 1970 and led as CEO from 1985 to 1987, the same year he co-founded HealthTrust Inc., where he served as CEO until 1995. McWhorter's influence rippled beyond the health care industry into many Nashville industries. In 1996, he launched Clayton Associates, an investment firm that provides venture capital to startup companies, and he went on to serve as inaugural board chairman of the Nashville Entrepreneur Center when it was founded in 2010.
Warren Miller, 87
Miller served on the Pegram Board of Mayor and Aldermen for many years. He also was a lifetime member of the Pegram Fire Department.
Lincoln "Chips" Moman, 79
Moman was a Memphis music icon, Elvis Presley producer, and country and soul-songwriting giant. A gifted rockabilly guitarist and band leader in the 1950s, Moman went on to become one of the architects of Stax Records and author of some of the most enduring songs in the history of R&B and country music, from "Dark End of the Street" to "Luckenbach Texas (Back to the Basics of Love)."
Rob Monaco, 54
Monaco was a four-year starting offensive lineman at Vanderbilt who briefly played in the NFL. Monaco played for Vanderbilt from 1981 to 1984 and was part of the 1982 Vanderbilt team that went 8-4 and reached the Hall of Fame Bowl. He was selected by the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1985 NFL draft.
Scotty Moore, 84
Moore was one of the foundational figures in rock 'n' roll, a profoundly influential guitarist and the man who helped Elvis Presley become the king. A longtime Nashvillian, Moore was a member of Elvis' original band, the Blue Moon Boys, playing on the singer's epochal Sun Records sides and continuing to work with Presley into his career with RCA.
Joe Moscheo, 78
Moscheo was a music executive who sang with Elvis Presley as a member of gospel group The Imperials. Moscheo was inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 2007 and had previously been inducted as a member of The Imperials.
Edward Nelson, 84
Nelson's decadeslong career in the financial services industry included more than 20 years at Commerce Union Bank — now Bank of America — where he served as CEO from 1983 to 1985. He resigned from Commerce Union to launch merchant banking firm Nelson Capital Corp. Nelson also played a pivotal role in shaping Middle Tennessee's economic landscape through his longtime commitment to fostering business ties with Japan. He was a leading figure in the effort to bring a Nissan auto plant to Smyrna in the early 1980s, and helping relocate the Japanese Consulate office to Nashville from New Orleans in 2008.
Virgil Nipper Sr., 88
Nipper was an outstanding football, basketball and baseball player at North High in the 1940s. After high school he signed a pro contact with the Boston Red Sox, but never played. He spent many years playing in the city leagues, however, while also enjoying a successful career in sporting goods sales.
Betty Chiles Nixon, 80
Nixon was a trailblazing woman in Nashville politics, a mentor for progressives and a relentless advocate for neighborhoods throughout the city's steady growth. She served three terms on the Metro Council from 1975 to 1987. Nixon later became one of the first women to run for mayor of Nashville, finishing third behind winner Bill Boner in the 1987 mayor's race. She ran for mayor again in 1991, losing to Phil Bredesen.
Jack Norman Jr., 89
Norman was a Nashville lawyer who tallied among his adventures stints as a circus worker and a skydiver. Norman practiced civil, criminal and personal injury law, but was known later in his career for doing family law such as divorces. He represented music legends: Kris Kristofferson in 1987, winning a paternity lawsuit filed against Kristofferson, and George Jones in the late 1970s in a child support case.
Curly Putman, 85
Putman was one of the finest songwriters Nashville has ever known. A member of the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame since 1976, Putman penned some of country music's most enduring classics, including "Green, Green Grass of Home," "My Elusive Dreams" (co-written with Billy Sherrill) and "D-I-V-O-R-C-E" and "He Stopped Loving Her Today," both of which he co-wrote with Bobby Braddock.
Dale Quillen, 91
Quillen was a well-known Nashville attorney and prominent member of the Music City community known by colleagues for his wit and legal acumen. Quillen saw lawyers as an important buffer between government and people, acknowledging the important role of government but believing in the need to have an adversary in the courtroom.
Mamie Rallins, 74
Rallins was a former Tennessee State track and field star and Olympian. A Chicago native, Rallins was a Tigerbelle for legendary TSU coach Ed Temple in the early 1970s. She was an Olympian in the 100-meter hurdles in 1968 in Mexico City and 1972 in Munich. She was the No. 1 ranked 100-meter hurdler in the world in 1969. In 1976, Rallins became the first African-American female coach at Ohio State when she helped start the Buckeyes' women's track and field program.
Buck Rambo, 84
In 1960, Rambo and his then-wife, Dottie, formed a singing group originally called The Gospel Echoes. After their daughter Reba joined the band, they became The Singing Rambos. The Rambos recorded several dozen albums. They also toured with acts like The Stamps Quartet and Oak Ridge Boys, appeared on multiple television programs, including "The PTL Club," and sang on "Highway Call," the 1974 solo record made by Dickey Betts of the Allman Brothers. In 2001, The Rambos were inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame.
Jim Ridley, 50
Ridley was the driving force for more than two decades behind alt-weekly newspaper the Nashville Scene, a nationally renowned film critic and cornerstone of the local film community.
Leon Russell, 74
A Southern rock icon, Russell performed, toured and recorded with a wide-ranging roster of performers over his nearly six-decade career, including Elton John, Willie Nelson and George Harrison. Russell's "A Song for You" has been recorded by more than three dozen artists (Ray Charles won a Grammy for his version) over the years. His work spanned genres, and, over the years, several artists found chart success by recording his songs. Russell was a member of the Rock and Roll and Songwriters Halls of Fame.
Doug Shannon, 88
Shannon was a prominent insurance agent, real estate agent and political activist. For 40 years, Shannon first worked at and later ran Portland-based Shannon Insurance Agency Inc., and sold real estate. He served on the Sumner County Board of Education for years and is one of the founding members of Portland's Education Foundation. He also was president of the Rotary Club.
Jean Shepard, 82
A trailblazer, Shepard was a Country Music Hall of Fame member, a member of the Grand Ole Opry for more than 60 years and one of traditional country music's greatest, feistiest advocates. She was a pioneer for women in country music. Her 1956 LP, "Songs of a Love Affair," was one of the genre's first concept albums, and other gutsy, forthright recordings such as "Act Like a Married Man" helped to pave the way for artists like Loretta Lynn.
Ken Simington, 64
A television producer, Simington helped bring "Tennessee Crossroads" to the PBS airwaves for nearly 30 years. "Crossroads" is PBS' most-watched locally produced show. Simington started at Nashville Public Television (then WDCN) in 1979 and was nominated for the Regional Emmy Award 17 times throughout his career. He won the award in 2006 for the documentary "Living On: Tennesseans Remembering the Holocaust."
Katherine Smith, 79
Smith was an originator of studio dance in Dickson with the creation of Katherine Smith School of the Arts in 1972. She taught many area children how to dance until she stopped operating the studio in 1988.
M. Lee Smith, 74
Smith was an influential player in Tennessee Republican politics and a longtime news publisher. He worked on the campaign trail and inside the halls of government to transform Tennessee from a Democratic-dominated state to one with strong Republican competition. He served as a legislative assistant to Sen. Howard Baker in the late 1960s and as a top aide to Gov. Winfield Dunn in the early 1970s. After a term in the governor's administration, he founded M. Lee Smith Publishers in 1975.
Ralph Stanley, 89
A bluegrass legend, Stanley was a member of the Grand Ole Opry and the Bluegrass Hall of Fame. After receiving an honorary Doctorate of Music from Lincoln Memorial University in 1976 (and another from Yale in 2014), he was known to fans worldwide as "Doctor Ralph." His style of banjo picking — which, like the man himself, had no frills — influenced countless musicians.
Pat Summitt, 64
The legendary Tennessee women's basketball coach, Summitt amassed 1,098 wins during her 38-year career. Her victory total was the most for any men's or women's coach in NCAA Division I basketball history. In August 2011 Summitt announced that she had been diagnosed with early onset Alzheimer's disease, saying, "It's not going to keep me from living my life." And it didn't. She taught one more season after her diagnosis, then stepped down to become the program's head coach emeritus.
Ed Temple, 89
Another coaching icon, Temple served as the women's track and field coach at Tennessee State from 1953 to 1994. Temple gave the women's track team the nickname Tigerbelles and turned the team into a national power. In 1960 Temple had become so well known for what he had accomplished at TSU, he was named head coach of the U.S. Olympic Women's Track and Field Team in Rome. Temple returned as the U.S. coach in the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo. U.S. athletes won 23 Olympic medals under Temple. His teams also won 34 national titles.
Bill Terry, 41
Terry was the co-founder of popular, rugged cooler company Orca and a leader in outdoor and church activities in Dickson.
Kevin Tuck, 55
A resident of Dickson for most of his life, Tuck was the girls basketball head coach at Martin Westview, where he would go on to have a plethora of success in the 1990s, including a state championship. After his stint in West Tennessee, Tuck was called home. He would take over as the girls and boys basketball coach for Dickson County in 1998, amassing over 500 wins in his career before stepping down in 2013.
Brian Uhl, 51
A longtime Nashville chef, Uhl bridged the old worlds of continental-style fine dining with new eclecticism. Most recently, Uhl served as restaurateur Randy Rayburn's culinary right hand as executive chef at Midtown Cafe as well as executive chef and partner at Cabana. Previous to that, he worked at the helm of Sunset Grill from 2000 until 2005.
Bill Wade, 85
Wade will be remembered as an all-time great Vanderbilt quarterback, an NFL champion and a gentleman who never acted like he was either. Wade, a Montgomery Bell Academy product and Vanderbilt Hall of Famer who is among the best athletes in Nashville history, was the No. 1 overall pick of the Los Angeles Rams in 1952 and earned All-Pro honors twice. He played 13 seasons for the Rams and Chicago Bears, leading the latter team to the 1963 NFL Championship.
Matthew Walker Jr., 74
Walker was a civil rights activist who participated in the Freedom Rides and the historic sit-ins that desegregated Nashville's lunch counters in 1960. Walker was among a group of black college students — including fellow Fisk University alumni U.S. Rep. John Lewis, D-Ga., and Diane Nash — who led protests throughout the region. He was arrested and got his teeth knocked out while demonstrating, but remained committed to the principles of nonviolent resistance. The protesters' efforts were rewarded when Nashville became the first city in the South to desegregate its lunch counters.
George Weicker, 62
The Franklin Road Academy baseball coach, Weicker was a member of the first Nashville Sounds team. He had served as FRA's coach since 1986. FRA won state championships in 1988 and 2000. Weicker was a first baseman on the first Nashville Sounds team in 1978. After his playing career he joined the Vanderbilt baseball staff. He left Vanderbilt after five seasons when he was hired at FRA. Weicker was inducted into the Tennessee Baseball Coaches Association Hall of Fame in January.
Nera White, 80
A native of Lafayette, White was one of the greatest women's basketball and softball players of all time. She led Nashville Business College to 10 AAU national championships from 1955 to 1969, including eight consecutively. White was the Most Valuable Player of the World Championships in 1957-58 after leading the United States to a win over Russia in the title game. She also was an outstanding softball player and the first woman to circle the bases in 10 seconds.
Fleming Williams, 89
Williams was first elected as the Williamson County sheriff in 1970. As a result of term limits no longer in place, Williams' wife ran for sheriff in 1976 and served at the position through 1978. Williams returned as sheriff in 1978 and served until he retired in 1990. He worked hard during his tenure to root out all sorts of crime in Williamson County, including bootlegging.
Kim Williams, 68
A member of the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame, Williams co-wrote hits such as Randy Travis' "Three Wooden Crosses," Joe Diffie's "If the Devil Danced (In Empty Pockets)," Reba McEntire's "The Heart is a Lonely Hunter" and Garth Brooks' "Papa Loved Mama."
Rick Wright, 57
Wright was the longtime lead guitarist for Country Music Hall of Famer Connie Smith. As a member of Smith's backing band The Sundowners, Wright played and sang behind her during countless tour dates and Grand Ole Opry performances over the past 17 years. He also appeared on her last album.
Glenn Yarbrough, 86
A folk singer, Yarbrough was a founding member of vocal group The Limeliters. In the mid-1960s, at the peak of The Limeliters' success, Yarbrough left the group (though he often returned for reunion tours) and pursued a solo career. His single "Baby, the Rain Must Fall" was his most successful release, peaking at No. 12 on Billboard's Hot 100 in 1965.
Doug Young
Young was Murfreesboro's vice mayor and a member of the planning commission since 1987. The Murfreesboro City Council recently honored Young by using his name for the firefighter and police training center that is under construction.
Steve Young, 73
A singer-songwriter, Young was best known for penning the Eagles hit "Seven Bridges Road" and Waylon Jennings' outlaw anthem "Lonesome, On'ry, and Mean."
Jim Zapp, 92
Zapp was a standout from Nashville and teammate of Willie Mays in the Negro Leagues. In the mid-1940s, Zapp played for the Nashville Cubs for one season. He later was signed by the Birmingham Black Barons of the Negro American League, which is where he teamed up with Mays, a teenage rookie at the time. Zapp and Mays helped lead Birmingham to the American League title in 1948.


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At the Saturday evening banquet for the participants at the 2010 Canadian National Championship in Kelowna, the food was great, the speeches mercifully short, the comedy entertainment bombed but the awards and trophies were well deserved and graciously received.
Awards were presented by CCA representative Jack Bowman, with photos by Dave O'Byrne.
The 2010 Canadian Nationals - who's going to win?
Who'll make the podium at the Paralympic Games?


Information Technology job openings in Manhattan and Westchester County showed declines during the third quarter in eight of 11 commonly-used categories, according to the third quarter Pace/SkillPROOF IT Job Index Report (PSII), out today.
New York, NY – October 16, 2008 – Information Technology job openings in Manhattan and Westchester County showed declines during the third quarter in eight of 11 commonly-used categories, according to the third quarter Pace/SkillPROOF IT Job Index Report (PSII), out today.
The decline was most pronounced in Westchester County, where the IT job market had its worst quarterly slide since the PSII was created in 2005. The index dropped more than 100 points during the third quarter, in contrast to the strong growth of over 40 points reported last quarter.
In Manhattan, the IT job market experienced a mild 30-point decline during the third quarter. The category of Computer Scientists, Research maintained its upward trend of the last three quarters. Of the other 10 categories, eight showed a steady decline, and two were essentially flat. Of the latter two, Network and Computer Systems Administrators held steady, and Other Computer Specialists declined slightly.
Even so, "the resiliency of the IT job market in New York City is expected to continue through the next two to three quarters," the report says.
In Westchester, of the 11 job categories, only Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts exhibited growth with a slight upturn near the end of the quarter.
Long view. "As the nation and the world adopt a 'wait and see' economic attitude, we at the Seidenberg School of Computer Science and Information Systems take the 'long view' of IT jobs," said Constance A. Knapp, the Interim Dean. "This issue of the Pace/SkillPROOF IT Index Report provides a context in which to understand the volatility of the labor market in the New York area in general and in the IT field specifically.
Information Technology job openings in Manhattan and Westchester County showed growth during the second quarter in seven of 11 commonly-used categories, according to the second quarter Pace/SkillPROOF IT Job Index Report (PSII), out today.
New York, NY – July 16, 2008 – Information Technology job openings in Manhattan and Westchester County showed growth during the second quarter in seven of 11 commonly-used categories, according to the second quarter Pace/SkillPROOF IT Job Index Report (PSII), out today.
The growth was most pronounced in Westchester County, where the IT job market grew at a rate of 44 percent over the first quarter. The overall IT growth in Manhattan was one percent, still a contrast to employment declines in other sectors.
The PSII is a composite index that provides a snapshot of IT job openings at major firms in Manhattan and Westchester County in separate reports. The 11 standard IT job categories are those defined by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
In Manhattan, the largest gain was for Computer Programmers, followed by Computer Support Specialists and Network Administrators. Among the few categories that lost ground in the second quarter were Software Engineers Applications followed by IT Managers. Demand for Other Specialists remained flat.
In Westchester, seven job categories showed improvement in the second quarter: IT Managers, Computer Scientists Research, Computer Programmers, Software Engineers Systems, Systems Analysts, Database Administrators, and Network and Data Analysts. The Software Engineers Applications market was one of three IT categories that declined, along with Network Administrators and Other Specialists.
The reports are available at www.pace.edu/PSII .
The partners. The PSII was developed and is calculated by Hormozi, a professor of economics and public administration in Pace University's Dyson College of Arts and Sciences. It is based on labor market data provided by Henning Seip of SkillPROOF, Inc. The index is produced under the auspices of Pace's Seidenberg School of Computer Science and Information Systems.
The market for IT jobs in Manhattan continued to decline in the first quarter, but at a much slower rate than in the last, according to the latest Pace/SkillPROOF IT Job Index Report (PSII), out today. Westchester County's overall job market for IT professionals reversed itself, showing a significant upturn.
New York, NY – April 9, 2008 – The market for IT jobs in Manhattan continued to decline in the first quarter, but at a much slower rate than in the last, according to the latest Pace/SkillPROOF IT Job Index Report (PSII), out today. Westchester County's overall job market for IT professionals reversed itself, showing a significant upturn.
The PSII is a composite index that provides a quarterly snapshot of the IT job markets in Manhattan and Westchester County in separate reports. The indexes are based on 11 standard IT job categories defined by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
In Manhattan, the behavior of the IT job market during the first quarter of 2008 exceeded expectations, and was contrary to that of the labor market as a whole. While the employment picture in New York City was declining, the IT employment market slowed its pattern of decline of the past three quarters and dropped by only 6 points. Of the 11 job categories, the largest gain was for IT Managers, followed by Software Engineers/ Systems, and Systems Analysts.
Defying the overall job market, IT employment in Westchester County showed significant growth in the first quarter of 2008 after a fourth quarter decline in 2007. Of the 11 job categories, five showed substantial increases, two remained flat and four declined.
The partners. The PSII was developed and is calculated by Farrokh Hormozi, PhD, professor of economics and public administration in Pace University's Dyson College of Arts and Sciences. It is based on labor market data provided by Henning Seip of SkillPROOF, Inc. The index is produced under the auspices of Pace's Seidenberg School of Computer Science and Information Systems.
A private metropolitan university, Pace has campuses in New York City and Westchester County, New York, enrolling more than 13,000 students in bachelor's, master's, and doctoral programs in the Dyson College of Arts and Sciences, Lienhard School of Nursing, Lubin School of Business, School of Education, School of Law, and Seidenberg School of Computer Science and Information Systems. www.pace.edu.


text:
package com.wandrell.pattern.test.integration.repository.access.postgresql.eclipselink;

import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration;
import org.springframework.test.context.TestPropertySource;

import com.wandrell.pattern.test.util.config.context.PersistenceContextPaths;
import com.wandrell.pattern.test.util.config.context.RepositoryContextPaths;
import com.wandrell.pattern.test.util.config.context.TestContextPaths;
import com.wandrell.pattern.test.util.config.properties.DatabaseScriptsPropertiesPaths;
import com.wandrell.pattern.test.util.config.properties.JdbcPropertiesPaths;
import com.wandrell.pattern.test.util.config.properties.JpaPropertiesPaths;
import com.wandrell.pattern.test.util.config.properties.PersistenceProviderPropertiesPaths;
import com.wandrell.pattern.test.util.config.properties.QueryPropertiesPaths;
import com.wandrell.pattern.test.util.config.properties.RepositoryPropertiesPaths;
import com.wandrell.pattern.test.util.config.properties.UserPropertiesPaths;
import com.wandrell.pattern.test.util.test.integration.repository.access.AbstractITQuery;

/**
 * Integration tests for
 * {@link com.wandrell.pattern.repository.jpa.JpaRepository JPARepository}
 * implementing {@code AbstractITQuery}, using a PostgreSQL database and
 * Eclipselink-based JPA.
 *
 * @author Bernardo Martínez Garrido
 * @see com.wandrell.pattern.repository.jpa.JpaRepository JPARepository
 */
@ContextConfiguration(locations = { TestContextPaths.DEFAULT,
        PersistenceContextPaths.ECLIPSELINK, RepositoryContextPaths.JPA })
@TestPropertySource(locations = { QueryPropertiesPaths.JPA_QUERY,
        RepositoryPropertiesPaths.JPA,
        PersistenceProviderPropertiesPaths.ECLIPSELINK,
        UserPropertiesPaths.POSTGRES, DatabaseScriptsPropertiesPaths.POSTGRESQL,
        JdbcPropertiesPaths.POSTGRESQL,
        JpaPropertiesPaths.POSTGRESQL }, properties = {
                "jpa.persistenceUnitName=test_model_jpa_eclipselink_postgresql",
                "jdbc.url=jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/test_jpa_eclipselink" })
public final class ITQueryPostgreSqlEclipselinkJpaRepository
        extends AbstractITQuery {

    /**
     * Default constructor.
     */
    public ITQueryPostgreSqlEclipselinkJpaRepository() {
        super();
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I attended a few social media events recently in Boston and as always it was great seeing people I had not seen in awhile. For people wondering, I have deleted plancast and foursquare so if I run into you at an event it will be a surprise. I like that. The mystery of running into someone rather then just knowing they are present because my phone says so. I like talking to people, interacting, listening to what they have to say, seeing if I can help them somehow. Sometimes it works, sometimes not so much.
I think the gadgets are starting to take over, and that many of the people using them have lost social skills at their expense. Do you remember when you called your friends and said what are you doing?
I turned 50 last friday and had a wonderful birthday with my Lady Karen. We stayed down near Fanuiel hall and had dinner in the South end. It was a great day of reflection and being present, enjoying one anothers company, and being in the moment. I am so greatful I have found a woman so beautiful, so wonderfully grounded that I miss her madly when she is not present.
For me personally, losing some of the tools has allowed me more time to focus on work, friends and family. I still have work to do, but I think I am headed in the right direction finally.


Designed for all-round purposes, the Portwest General Utility Orange Gloves A700OR use synthetic leather and elastane to guarantee exceptional flexibility, grip and mechanical protection. They come with additional reinforced stitching on the thumb that enhances their mechanical strength, while their lightweight design makes them ideal in applications that range from construction and maintenance to general handling and packaging.
Designed for multi-purpose use, the Portwest Utility Orange Gloves are suitable across a wide range of industries. While they do offer flexibility and use in a variety of conditions, their lightweight, hugging and strong design ensures that they continue to provide protection in whatever environment that they are in.


Millions of people from around the world purchase the cannabidiol based goods on a day to day basis with the purpose of treating various health-related symptoms. Most of the diseases seem impossible to overcome the consumption of traditional medications. That's the reason why consumers have chosen alternative therapy. However, still, no one precisely understands how the compound mentioned above affects the patient's health condition. Scientists have not yet managed to discover the possible outcomes of the ingredient, but they will undoubtedly uncover the secrets behind the products in the matter of the months.
We all should agree with the fact that there is a chance of hurting oneself without understanding in and outs of the so-called miracle solution. We have decided to craft the article to help the beginners make the right decisions without spending too much money on the professional experts.
Cannabis market grows while more and more people root for the cannabidiol goods too. You will eventually find it difficult to purchase the products from a CBD shop because they sell out in a matter of hours. Additionally, the majority of the manufacturers don't pay attention to produce high-quality materials. You should be quite careful while shopping for desired solutions. We will try our best to provide you with the necessary instructions.
By the way, Food and Drug Administration has just approved usage of tfhe Epidiolex. However, you will not be able to purchase without providing a particular prescription to the nearby pharmacy centers. You might not know that the solution as mentioned earlier is also purely derived from CBD oil. Anytime soon cannabidiol will be officially legalized in all the states, and you will have no problem consuming the mixtures with tetrahydrocannabinol.
Most of the stores already offer CBD oil for sale. Before our team provides you with exclusive packages, we want to teach you all the basics regarding the cannabidiol.
Scientists have managed to implement the bunch of cannabinoids in everyday usage actively. CBD is one of them. Manufacturers have crafted different types of concentrations. Oil is the mandatory one because it surely is super simple to consume without facing problems furthermore. On the other hand, most of the providers have the CBD oil for sale, that's the reason why you should root for this particular kind.
How CBD affects Patient's Health Condition?
It will take me hours to adequately describe how robust the solution is. However, we must learn all the necessary information regarding the mixture.
All the CBD solutions affect the inner parts of the body. They target the CB1 and CB2 receptors, which coordinate how the body controls movement, pain, mood, memory, appetite and other essential factors, too. We should not forget that CB2 is the one which regulates the immune system. That's the only reason why the above-described compound is so effective against dealing with inflammation and continuous pain.
We have got numerous requests for reviewing the products and concluding their overall quality. Some of the cannabidiol products do have the side-effects because they contain more than the recommended amount of THC. That's the ingredient which makes the consumers feel high and bit nervous too. You should always control the precise portions to stay away from the life-threatening issues.
By the way, FDA has officially announced the exact dosage of cannabidiol. Of course, you cannot take in as much compound as you want without controlling the serving sizes. Consumers can digest up to two thousands milligrams of the CBD, which is impossible for most of you. However please let your professional doctor schedule your daily intake servings. That's the only way to manage the treatment period properly.
Scientists have not yet conducted studies onto the children under the age of eighteen. So try your best to keep the goods away from them in order not to hurt them in any way. Most of the researches have been tested on humans and animals, which partly worsens the actual results. At the same time, there is no data which proves how the CBD works for a long-term period. Anyways, be sure to visit the healthcare center and let them decide if the consumption will be worth trying out.
More and more people talk about consuming CBD oil to quit smoking. Happily for us, in 2013 non-profit organization held the research for a short period. Twenty four participants took in the solution. At the end of the study, those people who had the mixture consumed had seen the 40% reduction of cigarette consumption.
Nowadays most of the stores offer CBD oil for sale, so be attentive to claim the deals as fast as possible. That's the only way to save some amount of money.
CBD Oil - Learn More About the Unique Benefits of CBD Oils from CannabisNet on Vimeo.
OTHER STORIES YOU MAY ENJOY!
THE TOP 5 CBD PRODUCTS ONLINE, CLICK HERE.
HOW TO USE CBD OIL ON A DAILY BASIS, CLICK HERE.
Could this Argument end Cannabis Prohibition?
The Gallup poll results, which were released on Wednesday, revealed that 64% of adult respondents believe that cannabis should be legalized.


Organic chicken livers dressed with the Mediterranean flavours. Makes an awesome pasta sauce or serve it with steamed rice or quinoa!
Vegans, turn away! Today we talk animals, animal meat, animals' organs. YES!
Animal organs are the most nutritious parts that you can eat from an animal. They are particularly rich in B-vitamins, such as vitamin B12 and folate. They are also rich in minerals, including iron, magnesium, selenium and zinc, and important fat-soluble vitamins like vitamins A, D, E and K. Furthermore, organ meats are an excellent protein source. Overall they can be consider a kind of superfood!
However, because organs do absorb the most what the animal eats/drinks it is important to be very well aware of the source and prefer organic, grass-fed animals.
Here in Shanghai the only animal organ certified as organic is chicken livers sold on Kate and kimi.com. At least that I am aware of!
I try to consume them on a weekly base: stir-fried with sesami oil and seeds, wrapped in bacon and baked. Last week I tried a more "mediterranean" approach and cooked them with tomatoes, capers and olive oil.
They turned out SO GOOD I had to share the recipe with you guys!
Get all your ingredients ready on a cutting board. This recipe cooks quick so you want to have all you need already lined up. Cut each chicken liver in half, slice the mushrooms and halve the tomatoes.
In a skillet heat up oil and brown the garlic, add the mushrooms, season with salt and pepper and cook on medium-high until cooked and golden in color.
Add the chicken livers, tomatoes, capers, season again. Cover with a lid and cook on medium until meat is cooked and tomatoes are soft. This should take about 5-10 min.
Add some chopped fresh parsley and serve it up with a side of rice, quinoa, couscous…you name it.
I find this make also a great pasta sauce!


A woman from Onslow County was reappointed to the Dangerous Dogs Appeals Board after her term expired.
Mary Thomas� term expired April 4. Her reappointment was approved July 15. Her three-year term will expire April 4, 2016.
The five-member board reviews, and affirms or reverses, potentially dangerous and dangerous dog determinations made by the Animal Services director.


Jared Kushner, the son-in-law of Donald Trump and a special advisor to the president on the Israeli-Palestinian peace process, has come under scrutiny for leaked comments made to a group of congressional interns. According to various reports, Mr. Kushner expressed pessimism about the peace process, indicating that "there may be no solution" that is acceptable to all parties. For many in the region, Mr. Kushner's comments also displayed a clear bias in favor of Israel. Added to the deepening investigation into Israeli Prime Minister Benyamin Netanyahu's finances that could threaten his government's stability, some observers have wondered whether any progress is even possible, let alone imminent.


text:
Home > Learn > Latest News > Exclusive: Balkrishna Doshi Unveils the Details of the Revitalisation of Bhadra Fort
Exclusive: Balkrishna Doshi Unveils the Details of the Revitalisation of Bhadra Fort
May 02, 2016 - By WA Contents
Indian architect Balkrishna Doshi, is the principal of Sangath, regrouping Vastu Shilpa Consultants and Vastu Shilpa Foundation, unveils details of the redevelopment plan of Bhadra Precinct, in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. The project started in 2011 and completed November 2014 in collaboration with different public, private and independent organisations such as the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation and the Archeological Survey of India, Vastu Shilpa Foundation for Studies and Research in Environmental Design and CEPT University; as well as multidisciplinary team of professionals like planners, engineers, architects, historians and conservationists; in a dialogue with the local organized groups of temple and mosque representatives as well as informal vendors and shop owners.
In an exclusive video, Dr. Balkrishna Doshi gives some details on the project. You can view this video below or you may click this link on mobile devices which can't handle embedded videos.
Funded by the JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission), the project became the first of its kind as a redevelopment and pedestrianization of a public space in an Indian old city. The redevelopment plan focuses on very basic aspects of the city to be considered in details; traffic congestion, no pedestrian demarcation, dense built fabric, unorganised informal activities, scarcity of open spaces, noise and air pollution.
The basic principles of the masterplan for redevelopment of Bhadra Precinct were to make the historic core a walkable precinct, develop pedestrian plazas, promote the use of public transport, develop large parks, conserve the heritage monuments and make this place a true city centre of Ahmedabad.
The project addresses a long forgotten issue in countries with rapid developing economies like India: the concern to prioritize the revitalization of old cities instead of building and developing new and more economically profitable areas. Being an intervention for everybody it does not revalue the land owned by the rich, but instead will benefit directly to the diverse community of the inhabitants in the walled city.
As a pioneer project in including the street vending activities in the design, exhaustive research on the informal activities in the plaza has been undertaken:vending pattern, types and typologies of stalls, location, movement, sizes and arrangement of hawkers have been documented in order to produce an inclusive and coherent proposal for relocation of 600 street vendors, thus protecting the livelihood of economically weaker citizens. It is a complex project that deals with multiple parameters and criteria ranging from public policy to design.
Over the time the revitalization of the area will flourish into the consequent up-gradation of the existing buildings in the surroundings. Given the guidelines for an elevation treatment, many of their upper floors abandoned and underused will convert into prosperous restaurants, offices or shops.
The impact will spread gradually along the axis of the Plaza into the bazaar street that connects to Manek Chowk (an open space that hosts commercial and leisure activities) towards the east, and Sabarmati river towards the west. The city of Ahmedabad –currently pending for recognition as World Heritage City status- will reflect on this project as a model example for redeveloping other public spaces.
Through the years, awareness of the value of this place will arise, connecting with the people and their pride for culture and identity of their past and present glory. The Bhadra Plaza will then again become one of the true great public centers in India, an open living room for people to meet, gather, celebrate, shop and recreate.
In 1958 Balkrishna Doshi gets the commission for a new auditorium, the Premabhai Hall. Facing the Bhadra Plaza, the building became an opportunity to design a first proposal for the revitalization of the area. The envisioned plaza would take in diverse activities distributed at different levels, and become a public foyer preceding the cultural hub of the Auditorium.
In 2009, the scenario was of a plaza whose original outline could still be traced, but that had been greatly encroached upon and suffered from intense traffic congestion, no pedestrian demarcation, unorganized informal activities, unutilized open spaces, haphazard parking, as well as noise and air pollution.
Along with the pedestrianization of the plaza, public access to the Bhadra site by pedestrian friendly lanes as well as enhancing the connection accross the Sabarmati River through a pedestrian bridge have been proposed. The project also includes the conservation and adaptative reuse of the Bhadra Fort by the Archeological Survey of India and the Redevelopment of the Lal Darwaza Bus Terminus in close proximity to the Plaza. The up gradation of the Bus Terminus also provides an opportunity to meet the parking requirements within the congested walled city.
Existing activity pattern at plaza: total no. of Hawkers: 894
The design allows the informal and formal activities occur while maintaining the quality and character of a vast public space with leisure zones with trees and shade, fountains and seating areas. Some of the other issues the project addresses are the up gradation of physical elements such as signage, lighting, landscaping and street furniture. Designed portal columns, arranged along the market space demarcate the commercial activity. These vertical elements will guide the new location of the stalls and the zones for street vendors, as well as provide light and structure for the awnings required in monsoon or summer seasons.
The pedestrian Plaza will also have entry gates for emergency, religious processions –like Tazia– and delivery of goods to the shops in the ground floors. As well as a museum located in the refurbished basement of an obstructing structure, a police station and a public toilet.
Before 2012 and after the 2014 redevelopment plan.
The project received HUDCO (Housing and Urban Development Corporation), 2012 Award for Best Practices to Improve the Living Environment, First Prize in the category of Conservation and Heritage and exhibited at 'Celebrating Habitat', Retrospective exhibition of B. V. Doshi at National Gallery of Modern Arts NGMA in Delhi, October-December 2014.
Dr. Balkrishna Doshi, a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects and a Fellow of the Indian Institute of Architects was born in Pune in August 26th, 1927.
After initial study at the J J School of Architecture, Bombay, he worked for four years with Le Corbusier as Senior Designer (1951-54) in Paris and four more years in India to supervise his projects in Ahmedabad. His office Vastu-Shilpa (environmental design) was established in 1955.
List of interventions at Bhadra Square
Dr Doshi has been a member of the Jury for several international and national competitions including the Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts, Aga Khan Award for Architecture and Pritzker Prize.
Apart from his international fame as an architect, Dr. Doshi is equally known as educator and institution builder. He has been the first founder Director of School of Architecture, Ahmedabad (1962-72), first founder Director of School of Planning (1972-79), first founder Dean of Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology (1972-81), founder member of Visual Arts Centre, Ahmedabad and first founder Director of Kanoria Centre for Arts, Ahmedabad. Dr. Doshi has been instrumental in establishing the nationally and internationally known research institute Vastu-Shilpa Foundation for Studies and Research in Environmental Design. The institute has done pioneering work in low cost housing and city planning.
As an academician, Dr. Doshi has been visiting the U.S.A. and Europe since 1958 and has held important chairs in American Universities. Balkrishna Doshi is the principal of Sangath, India, Honorary Member of World Architecture Community.
In recognition of his distinguished contribution as a professional and as an academician, Dr. Doshi has received several international and national awards and honours.
Architect/Planner: Balkrishna Doshi
Client: Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
Consultant: Project Management - CEPT University, Structure Consultant - N K Shah, Service Consultant - SHETH TECHNO
All images courtesy of Vastu Shilpa Foundation.
> via Vastu Shilpa Foundation
Source: http://worldarchitecture.org/balkrishna_doshi_unveils_the_details_of_the_revitalisation_of_bhadra_fort.html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
\section{Introduction}
Several high and medium-entropy alloys (HEA/MEA) outperform mechanical properties of conventional alloys, while some even combine exclusive property combinations such as high strength and high ductility - even down to cryogenic temperatures~\cite{gludovatz2014, li2016, Wu2014a}. Meanwhile it is well established that configurational entropy of most HEA is not outperforming enthalpic interactions~\cite{ma2015, li2019}, and HEAs are better referred to as multi-principle element alloys. The strong enthalpy contributions are documented by local chemical ordering~\cite{Koch2017, li2019, Antillon2020}, phase decomposition~\cite{otto2013, pickering2016}, and tunable stacking fault energies~\cite{ding2018PNAS}.

The origin of high strength of HEA and MEA is controversially discussed in the community~\cite{Yin2020a, zhang2020Nature, li2019, Nohring2020}. Curtin and coworkers~\cite{Varvenne2016a} developed a model predicting flow stresses for solid solution strengthening in multi-principle element alloys solely based on misfit volumes and elasticity. In their recent study they exclude that SRO is required to match the yield stresses found in experiments for the CrMnFeCoNi family including the ternary MEA CrCoNi~\cite{Yin2020a}. Several research groups \cite{yao2014, okamoto2016, lee2020} performed detailed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and/or atom probe tomography studies on CrMnFeCoNi and related alloys without resolving any trace of short-range order (SRO). Recently, R. Zhang et al. observed, however, weak reflections at 1/2 (111) for the CrCoNi MEA in energy-filtered transmission electron diffraction indicating local chemical ordering~\cite{zhang2020Nature}; similarly F.X. Zhang~\textit{et al.} identified SRO by X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) enhanced by density functional theory~\cite{zhang2017PRL}. Upon annealing fine precipitates evolved from the SRO in CrCoNi supporting their view that local chemical ordering is a crucial factor in the strength of multi-principle element alloys~\cite{zhang2020Nature}. SRO is indirectly supported by trains of dislocations which traveled along the same path as displayed in TEM images of deformed CrCoNi, CrFeCoNi, CrMnFeCoNi alloys~\cite{otto2013b}. Dislocation trains sweeping over an area of SRO are typically expected to destroy pinning sites as repeated slip by subsequent dislocations randomizes any local chemical order. The destruction of pinning sites is however, not observed in our recent in-situ TEM results revealing jerky dislocation glide by repeated pinning and depinning along the lines of consecutive dislocations~\cite{lee2020}.

If SRO is not the underlying mechanism, a different interpretation is pending~\cite{Ma2020}. The unexpected range of (complex) stacking fault energies observed by atomistic simulations and TEM studies could be an alternative scenario explaining why dislocations experience pinning sites along their lines leading to increased lattice resistance~\cite{Smith2016, li2019}. The resulting wavy dislocation lines have been observed for different HEA/MEA in experiments~\cite{Smith2016,laplanche2016, li2019, lee2020} and atomistic simulations \cite{Smith2016,Varvenne2016a,Rao2017a,Pasianot2020,Antillon2020,Li2019d}. Li~\textit{et al.} argue that the wide range of stacking fault energy (SFE) causes peaks in the energy landscape where locally lattice friction becomes enhanced \cite{li2019}. As a consequence dislocation segments need to unzip from the local barriers while gliding. Such a mechanism would only exist in MEA/HEA, but not in conventional dilute solid solutions.

In this study we investigate the repeated local pinning along subsequent dislocations in the face-centered cubic (FCC) CoCrFeMnNi HEA by combining in-situ TEM and atomistic simulations. The in-situ TEM studies reveal wavy dislocation lines and their jagged motion even under an applied tensile strain. These observations are reproduced in atomistic computer simulations without the need for SRO. The underlying mechanism is directly linked to locally varying fluctuations in Peierls barriers, which lead to dislocation pinning points in chemically complex alloys, and show their relation to the critical stress needed for moving a dislocation line.

\section{Results}
We first start with the experimental analysis of the structure and glide motion of dislocations in CoCrFeMnNi HEA by in-situ TEM tensile testing (Fig. \ref{fig:jerky_glide} and Supplementary Video 1). Uniaxial tensile load is applied to the Cu grid which transfers stress to the HEA thin foil prepared by FIB lift-out (Fig. \ref{fig:jerky_glide} (a)). The loading direction and the viewing direction (or electron beam direction) are $[21 \bar{1}]$ and $[113]$, respectively. Under $[21 \bar{1}]$ zone axis, three $\{111\}$ slip planes are inclined with respect to the viewing direction except ($a$) plane in Thompson notation. Due to limited thickness of the thin foil, dislocations glide on one of inclined slip planes are connected to top and bottom surface of the foil (Fig. \ref{fig:jerky_glide}). During deformation, dislocations bow out under the local shear stress toward their glide direction (Fig. \ref{fig:jerky_glide} (b, c)).

In Fig. \ref{fig:jerky_glide} (c) representative snapshots are presented showing the glide motion of Shockley partial dislocations separated by stacking faults appearing as dark bands. All images are processed to enhance the dislocation contrast (details in Method section). While gliding, dislocations advance through kink-pair-like glide mechanism. For example, for the case of the dislocation, \textit{D}, indicated by black arrow, only the upper part of the dislocation line (blue arrow) moves forward. With some delay, the bottom part (green arrow) follows. The jerky motion can be more clearly seen by tracing the dislocation position over time (Fig. \ref{fig:jerky_glide} (d)). The positions are extracted by using Gaussian and ridge detection image filters. As described above, a small dislocation segment  propagates by forming small humps, while the rest hardly moves. This glide motion by continuous pinning-unpinning is observed for most dislocations, and could be the reason for the high shear stress required for dislocation glide in HEAs ~\cite{lee2020}.

Local chemical ordering or clustering might affect the pinning and depinning of dislocations, however, in this alloy, we could not resolve it even with state-of-the-art chemical analysis by STEM energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and atom probe tomography~\cite{lee2020}. We can also exclude experimental artifacts, such as FIB damages or surface oxide, since both are located at the outer-most surface of the TEM sample and have a thickness of 5-10\,nm~\cite{kiener2007, mayer2007}. Therefore, the jerky motion in the middle part of the dislocations, which is placed near the center of the TEM foil should not be affected by the external artifacts.

\begin{figure*}[tbp]
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/HEA_pinning_jerky_glide.pdf}
    \caption{
    Jerky glide motion of dislocations in Cantor alloy during in-situ TEM straining.
    (a) Schematic illustration of the experimental setup. FIB lamella is lifted-out and fixed to a custom-made Cu straining grid.
    (b) Schematic drawing showing the slip plane and dislocation array in a thin TEM sample. The slip plane is inclined and the ends of dislocations are attached to top and bottom surfaces of the lamella.
    (c) Snapshots of in-situ TEM straining movie. Dislocations show jerky glide motion. Dislocations continuously form small humps while propagating as indicated by blue and green arrows. Thompson tetrahedron represents the slip planes under the given diffraction condition.
    (d) Traces of dislocation (`$D$' in (c)) measured directly on a sequence of TEM frame images during glide. Dislocation line was traced for five consecutive frames at three different stages of glide. The evolution of wavy line shape during glide implies local pinning.
    (e) Growth of a Shockley partial emitted from a surface notch under applied tensile load in the computer simulation. Similar to the experiment, a wavy dislocation line can be seen.}
    \label{fig:jerky_glide}
\end{figure*}

Fig.~\ref{fig:jerky_glide}(e) shows the evolution of the first Shockley partial dislocation emitted from a surface crack in an atomistic simulation. Colored dislocation lines show the growth of the dislocation half-loop in \SI{1}{\pico\second} increments. Analogous to the TEM observations an inherent waviness of the dislocation can be seen.
As all atoms in the simulated sample are distributed randomly ( Supplementary Fig.~\ref{fig:supp_sro}), we see that even in the absence of SRO localized dislocation pinning can be observed. This supports the notion, that the random chemical fluctuations in the HEA are sufficient to pin the dislocation line.
In the following we will investigate the equimolar CoCrFeMnNi HEA using the \textsc{lammps} software~\cite{Plimpton1993} and a classical interatomic potential\cite{Choi2018} to determine the origin of these nano-scale dislocation pinning points.

The classical Peierls model of dislocation glide states that the stress required to move a dislocation is proportional to the maximum slope in the energy path connecting two neighboring stable states. For pure metals this energy path may be approximated by a sinusoid and the so-called Peierls stress can be calculated analytically.
In dilute solid solutions the local energy function is changed around each solute and therefore the local stresses required for dislocation glide change. Nevertheless, the local Peierls stress can still be calculated from the slope of said energy curve~\cite{Hirth1982,Bulatov2008}.

\begin{figure*}[tb]
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/fig2.pdf}
\caption{
  Stacking fault energy averaged for the CoCrFeMnNi sample (a-b) and an example for the localized stacking fault energy calculated for a single atom (c-d).
  (a) Generalized stacking fault energy (GSF) curve along the leading (red) and trailing (green) partial dislocation's displacement. GSF surface (b) with arrow indicating the minimum energy path connecting two stable FCC sites via a HCP site.
  (c) Minimum energy path connecting the local minima of the corresponding GSF surface shown in (d). (c \& d) are shown as an example for a single Co atom in the GSF plane. Dashed lines indicate the maximum slope (in units of force) \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\).
}\label{fig:GSF_curve}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[tb]
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/fig3.pdf}
  \caption{
    Dislocation moving through its obstacle landscape (a-c) highlighting the pinning of the dislocation line. Spatial and temporal distribution of the dislocation during its glide showing regions of strong pinning (d-e).
    (a-c) Proposed pinning point landscape around \(x = \SI{-120}{\angstrom}\) showing the initial configuration (a), a bowing out of the dislocation line due to pinning at the highest obstacle (b), and the modified dislocation pinning point landscape after the dislocation rearranged the local chemical environment (c).
    (d) Position of the leading partial dislocation in \SI{0.25}{\pico\second} increments over a \SI{20}{\pico\second} interval. Proposed dislocation pinning points are marked by circles.
    (e) 2D histogram of the leading partial occupation density \(C_\mathrm{leading}\). Bright yellow spots indicate a long residence time of the dislocation due to local pinning (logarithmic color scale). Red circles highlight proposed pinning points.
  }\label{fig:pinning_points_landscape}
\end{figure*}

The general-stacking-fault (GSF) energy surface is the energy profile for the rigid displacement of two crystal planes~\cite{Vitek1968,Vitek2004,Lu2000} and it is often taken as stand-in for the Peierls energy.
Conventionally, the GSF energy surface is calculated as an average over the whole GSF plane. For example, Fig.~\ref{fig:GSF_curve} (a) gives the averaged GSF energy surface for the HEA sample. The energy profile along the displacement of leading (marked by red) and trailing (marked by green) partial dislocations shows symmetric shape as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:GSF_curve} (b). However, in the case of HEAs, we expect the GSF energy surface to strongly vary based on the local atomic arrangement. Therefore, the Peierls stress becomes a local quantity which has to be calculated for each atom. Fig.~\ref{fig:GSF_curve} (c) and (d) give an example of such a local GSF curve.
Compared to a monoatomic metal there are two notable differences in local GSF curve of HEAs; Firstly, the energy path for leading and trailing partials are not symmetric as there are pronounced changes in the local chemical environment after the first displacement. The maximum slope of the GSF curve also becomes asymmetric which corresponds to the local critical force \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) required to move a dislocation segment.
Secondly, the three local minima are shifted compared to the perfect FCC positions due to spatial variations in the equilibrium bond length~\cite{Oh2016}.

In order to see the effect of the local fluctuations in the GSF energy surface and thereby in the local \(F_\text{GSF}\) a constant shear force is applied to the dislocation. To minimize the effect of thermal fluctuations the temperature is set to \SI{2}{\kelvin}.

Fig.~\ref{fig:pinning_points_landscape} (a-c) show a 3D representation of the local \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\), and thereby also the local dislocation pinning point landscape. Superimposed is the dislocation line at different times as it travels through the crystal. The dislocation is pinned on the highest, \textit{i.e.} strongest, obstacle and strongly bows out under the applied load (b). After the dislocation has passed over a given area, the atoms are shuffled and the dislocation obstacle landscape has changed for following dislocations.

Fig.~\ref{fig:pinning_points_landscape} (d) shows the position of the leading partial dislocation under applied shear load over a \SI{20}{\pico\second} interval in \SI{0.25}{\pico\second} increments. Positions, where multiple line segments are close to each other, correspond to positions where the dislocation line is locally pinned while wider line spacing indicate faster dislocation glide. Gray circles highlight positions of increased \(F_\text{GSF}\), which we propose to lead to a locally increased dislocation line pinning.

To effectively correlate \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) with the dislocation position during dislocation glide we collect the leading partial's dislocation positions on a \(3 \times 3\,\si{\angstrom\squared}\) binning grid. The dislocation position is extracted every \SI{10}{\femto\second} and the every bin that is touched by the dislocation line has its count incremented by 1. This leading partial occupation \(C_\mathrm{leading}\) is shown in (b). Brighter regions in the plot correspond to regions of longer dwelling time for the dislocation and therefore suggest stronger pinning sites. Note, that the color scale is logarithmic.
Additional red points mark positions of locally increased \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) (sampled on the same grid). These were obtained from local averaging of \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) for the leading partial. While it is difficult to judge the spatial correlation between \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) and \(C_\mathrm{leading}\); between \(x \approx \SIrange{140}{160}{\angstrom}\), \(x \approx \SIrange{80}{100}{\angstrom}\), or \(x \approx \SIrange{-50}{-20}{\angstrom}\), a spatial correspondence of high \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) and long dislocation residence time may be seen. This confirms that the local \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) parameter calculated here is a good descriptor for the local dislocation pinning in the HEA.
Supplementary video 2 shows the leading partial dislocation line overlaid on top of the \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) grid where the pinning can be appreciated in motion.

The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient \(R\) can be used to estimate the correlation between two variables. It becomes \(1\) for a positive linear correlation and \(-1\) for negative linear correlation~\cite{Schober2018}. Calculating \(R\) between \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) and \(C\) for the leading and trailing partial dislocations separately gives \(R_\mathrm{leading} = 0.14\) and \(R_\mathrm{trailing} = 0.16\), respectively. To give perspective on these numbers, we created many different random arrangements of \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) and found their correlation with the observed \(C\) to be substantially smaller: \(R_\mathrm{leading} = R_\mathrm{trailing} = 0.00 \pm 0.02\). Confirming that there is a correlation between the \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) determined for each atom and the dislocation pinning points.

We have found an atomic descriptor of dislocation pinning points in an HEA that does not only describe the observations from our atomistic simulations well but also fits in with expectations from the established theory of the Peierls model.

\begin{figure*}[tb]
\includegraphics[]{figures/fig4.pdf}
\caption{
  Correlation of the proposed pinning point distribution to the resistance against dislocation glide in several alloys.
  Distribution of \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) over all atoms in the GSF plane (a) or Co atoms only (b). A dashed line marks the \(99.4\) percentile of \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) (\(P_{95.4} (F_\mathrm{GSF})\)) threshold for each sample.
  Comparison of the critical force required for dislocation glide (\(F_\mathrm{crit}\)) (c) and the dislocation mobility \(M\) for all samples against \(P_{95.4} (F_\mathrm{GSF})\) (d). Dashed lines are added as a guide for the eye.
}\label{fig:pinning_points}
\end{figure*}

To increase solid solution strengthening in alloys a high density of strong dislocation line pinning points is required. Based on our findings, an alloy with a increased number of high \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) lattice sites would be strongest.
Using the same routine used for the Cantor alloy in the previous section we tested the hypothesis and created different samples ranging from pure Ni over Ni based binary and ternary alloys up to the HEA and determined the force required for dislocation glide.

Firstly, \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) is determined for a dedicated \(\{111\}\) plane and a dislocation is subsequently inserted. Fig.~\ref{fig:pinning_points}(a)
gives the leading partial dislocation's \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) spectra for all species in the sample, while in (b) only the contribution of Co atoms is shown.
The binary NiCo alloy is contrasted against NiCoCr and the CoCrFeMnNi HEA. In the NiCo alloy, Ni and Co atoms have very similar \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) values around \SI{0.2}{\electronvolt\per\angstrom}. If Cr is added to the alloy, the wider range of distinct chemical environments leads to a broadening of the Ni peak, which remains centered around \SI{0.2}{\electronvolt\per\angstrom}. The Co peak on the other hands not only broadens but also shifts to significantly higher values around \SI{0.8}{\electronvolt\per\angstrom} while Cr has intermediate \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) values between \num{0.4} and \SI{0.6}{\electronvolt\per\angstrom}.
Further addition of Fe and Mn does not lead to significant shifts in peak positions for any of the 3 elements with Fe and Mn themselves having low \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) around \SI{0.2}{\electronvolt\per\angstrom}. Their effect is mostly a reduction in the number of high \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) sites due to a reduction in Co and Cr concentration.

From this data we would expect dislocations in NiCo to move the easiest and fastest, while CoCrFeMnNi has intermediate dislocation pinning due it its reduced number of pinning sights compared to NiCoCr where we expect the highest resistance against dislocation glide.
We perform two sets of shear simulations on the different samples. First we apply a constantly increasing shear force \(F\) and track the critical force \(F_\mathrm{crit}\) required for the leading and trailing partial dislocation to move. \(F_\mathrm{crit}\) is chosen as the force required to move each dislocation by \SI{25}{\angstrom}.

For further analysis the \(99.4\) percentile of \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) \((P_{95.4} (F_\mathrm{GSF}))\) is chooses as a measure of the \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) distribution. \(P_{95.4} (F_\mathrm{GSF})\) means that \SI{95.4}{\percent} of the \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) values are lower so it gives a representative number for the upper tail of \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) (see dashed line in (a)).
Charting \(F_\mathrm{crit}\) against \(P_{95.4} (F_\mathrm{GSF})\) for all tested samples reveals a linear correlation (Fig.~\ref{fig:pinning_points}(c)). Showing the initially suggested correlation.

An increased pinning point density should not only influence the the critical force required to initiate dislocation glide but should also reduce its overall mobility. The mobility \(M\) is defined as \(v = M \times F\), where \(v\) is the dislocation's velocity and \(F\) is the acting force~\cite{Hirth1982}. We apply a constant force of \(F_\mathrm{crit}\). If leading and trailing partial had different \(F_\mathrm{crit}\) values, as was the case for samples with a negative stable stacking fault energy (NiCr, NiCoCr, NiCrFe, CoCrFeMnNi), the one for the leading partial was chosen. In those cases, only the mobility of the leading partial was calculated.
Fig.~\ref{fig:pinning_points}(d) gives the calculated dislocation mobilities for all samples studied and similar to (c) a correlation between \(P_{95.4} (F_\mathrm{GSF})\) and \(M\) can be seen.

While we have shown that the local Peierls energy landscape can be used to describe dislocation pinning in random alloys, the question impact of SRO remains elusive.
Here we find that, the \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) spectrum for remains essentially unchanged for four different CoCrFeMnNi SRO samples compared to their random counterpart (see supplementary material). Additionally, we calculate \(F_\mathrm{crit}\) and \(M\) for the SRO samples and add it to Fig.~\ref{fig:pinning_points} (c \& d). As expected from our previous analysis, the similarities in \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) between SRO and random samples lead to matching \(F_\mathrm{crit}\) and \(M\).
The CoCrFeMnNi samples were produced using Monte-Carlo style optimization algorithm to artificially skew the bond count towards an increased count of A-B bonds. Two samples with varying degrees of instilled SRO are prepared (see supplementary material for the WC SRO analysis of the two different SRO samples). The A-B species, which feature increased bond compared to the random sample are replaced by Co-Cr, which leads to an increase in energy in the sample, thereby being an unfavorable SRO and by Ni-Mn, which is a energetically favorable SRO in these samples.

In summary, we find that the dislocation pinning points identified in the Cantor alloy could also be found in different binary and ternary alloys. The critical force required for a dislocation to move correlates with the amount of high strength pinning points identified from the atomistically resolved GSF curves. Similarly, a greater number of strong pinning sites leads to an overall reduced dislocation mobility.

\section{Discussion}

The stable stacking fault energy for the CoCrFeMnNi alloy calculated from the the interatomic potential are negative indicating that the hexagonal close-packed (HCP) phase is more stable than the FCC phase. This negative stacking fault energy is in line with some density function theory calculations~\cite{ma2015, Zhao2017}, while others report a stable stacking fault energy close to 0~\cite{Huang2015} or around \SI{30}{\milli\joule\per\meter\squared}~\cite{Zaddach2013,BeyramaliKivy2017}.
Therefore, leading and trailing partial dislocation are not gliding together keeping a constant width. Instead the leading partial starts to glide while the trailing partial remains in-place as the increasing stacking fault width decreases the overall energy of the crystal.
Moreover, the periodic boundary conditions applied to the simulation cell in the glide direction lead to the effect that the leading partial dislocation starts to interact with the stationary trailing partial across the periodic boundary. To reduce the artifacts of the negative stacking fault energy, we only calculated the mobility of the leading partial for these samples.
The main conclusion about the nature of the dislocation pinning points in HEAs remains unaffected by the negative stacking fault energy, as we isolated the leading partial dislocation's pinning points and its mobility.

The correlation factor \(R\) calculated here should not be taken as a an absolute number attesting to the strength of association. \(R\) can only quantify a linear relationship between two variable. Moreover, other statistical measures need to be met to make quantitative statements based on a given value of \(R\)~\cite{Schober2018}.
Nevertheless, we deem it valuable as a measure to compare the observed spatial distribution of proposed pinning force \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) and the dislocation occupation number \(C\). Comparing the observed \(R\) to many different random arrangements of \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) showed that the observations cannot be explained by random chance.

Having identified the dislocation pinning points allowed us to sample their density for different binary and ternary alloys and compare those to the CoCrFeMnNi HEA. Neither Co nor Cr lead to a substantially shift the \(F_\mathrm{GSF}\) distribution when added to Ni. Only the addition of both leads to a pronounced increase in pinning point density and strength.
Further addition of Fe and Mn leads to no relevant shift in the \(F_\mathrm{crit}\) spectrum and therefore only decreases the pinning point density. The strengthening predicted based on this pinning point analysis (strength increases from NiCo and NiCr to NiCoCr)  is confirmed from our single dislocation shear simulations.
These findings are in line with experimental observations, where NiCoCr consistently shows higher hardness~\cite{Wu2014a} and tensile yield strength~\cite{Wu2014,Slone2019} compared to other alloys from the same family.

We find that the SRO created in the CoCrFeMnNi samples neither influences the SFE landscape nor the forces required for dislocation glide. This is in agreement with a recent study on the CoFeNiTi model HEA~\cite{Antillon2020}, where it is found that chemical ordering leads to a strength increase due to the formation of energetically favorable bonds, while simultaneously decreasing the misfit volume of the different elements. Following the solid solution strengthening model this change in the misfit volume leads to a decrease in strength. Pasianot and Farkas find that these two effects compensate for edge dislocations which offers an explanation for the constant strength observed in Fig~\ref{fig:pinning_points}.

Dislocation waviness observed by Li~\textit{et al.}~\cite{Li2019d} was attributed to differences in the Co-Cr bond count (measured in the form of the Warren-Cowley SRO parameter). This is in agreement with our results where we find the strong interaction of Co and Cr. Note that their results are obtained at higher temperatures of \SI{300}{\kelvin} where thermally activated dislocation glide plays a substantial roll.

To address the open question regarding the single dislocation type studied here can represent other dislocation types, we refer to recent study of pure edge, pure screw and a \SI{60}{\degree} mixed dislocation in a model FCC HEA. Here it was shown that edge and mixed dislocation are more wavy compared to the screw dislocation. It is found that while the edge dislocation shows the widest partial dislocation separation, the Peierls stress is comparable (\SIrange{100}{150}{\mega\pascal} mixed dislocation, \SIrange{125}{150}{\mega\pascal} for edge and screw dislocation) in all three cases~\cite{Pasianot2020}. Therefore, the study of an edge dislocation can be seen as representative in the context of our study.

While we have found an atomic scale descriptor to predict possible pinning sites for the dislocation line, this does not result in a full description of solid solution strengthening akin to the works by Varvenne \textit{et al.}~\cite{Varvenne2016a}. Effects like temperature, dislocation line tension, etc.\ are neglected in the force -- pinning points correlations shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:pinning_points} (c \& d). To extrapolate to a macroscopic yield strength as would be required for a full comparison with published yield strength measurements (\textit{e.g.} Wu~\textit{et al.}~\cite{Wu2014}), the influence of microstructure, impurities in the experimental samples must not be underestimated.

\section{Conclusion}

Having identified the dislocation pinning points answers a long standing question in the HEA community, which has often talked about the existence of dislocation pinning points leading to a wavy or jagged dislocation line, but has so far not been able to identified their origin.

Local pinning of the dislocation line in HEAs is facilitated by a locally increased slope of the general stacking fault curve, which is in agreement with the established Peierls model.

In the interatomic potential model these changes are highly non-linear and the interaction of Co and Cr leads to the highest density of strong dislocation pinning points in the alloy.

The higher density of dislocation pinning points correlates with the critical force required to move an edge dislocation and its mobility over a wide range of equimolar Ni-based alloys with and without short-range order.

\section*{Acknowledgement}
The authors would like to acknowledge financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under grants No. STU 611/2-1 and DE 796/13-1 as part of SPP 2006.
S.L.\ is funded by Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.
S.H.O\. is supported by the Creative Materials
Discovery Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (NRF-2015M3D1A1070672, NRF-2019M3D1A1078296), Bioinspired Innovation Technology Development Project (NRF-2018M3C1B7021994).
Calculations for this research were conducted on the Lichtenberg high performance computer of the TU Darmstadt.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Gauss Centre for Supercomputing e.V. (www.gauss-centre.eu) for funding this project by providing computing time on the GCS Supercomputer SuperMUC-NG at Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (www.lrz.de).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Lightroom: Remember selected image and filter settings when changing folders?
When I change from folder A to folder B then back to folder A, the first image in folder A is alway selected. Similarly, filter settings should not be lost. I think it would be much better if it worked like this...In folder A, I have image 23 selected. I switch to folder B. Then I switch back to folder A and image 23 is still selected (and the filters are the way I left them in folder A instead of being cleared).
Sorry. Not used to using feedback outside the app (where this would be automatic).
I can't believe that this time saver feature is still not implemented!
Filters are not cleared if you click the small lock icon all the way on the left of the filter bar. The problem of Lightroom not remembering the selected image is indeed annoying.
You are right filters are not reset, but instead of creating a new topic I chimed in here.
Just to be clear, are you proposing that Lr remember the last image you had selected in every folder?
I can see value in remembering the last image when going back and forth between a few folders in a short period of time, but wouldn't necessarily want Lr to go back to image #23 in a folder that I haven't touched in 6+ months.
Also, what would the proposed behavior be if you had multiple images selected, navigated to another folder, and then came back? Should all of those images be selected again?
Yes, exactly, I would love to have LR to show the folder, with the last image or selection of images when moving away and coming back to a folder. It could be a general setting how LR should behave, leaving and returning to a folder.
When searching images spread over multiple folders I often have to jump to another folder, as there is a particular image I have in mind that lives at another folder. So I jump into that folder to make a selection, tagging or rating to this image, then I want to jump back to the folder I was in before to continue my search from where I left the folder.
"When searching images spread over multiple folders I often have to jump to another folder, as there is a particular image I have in mind that lives at another folder. So I jump into that folder to make a selection, tagging or rating to this image, then I want to jump back to the folder I was in before to continue my search from where I left the folder. "
The Any Source plugin keeps a history of the most recent source, filter, and selection combinations, and provides Back and Forward commands for moving back and forth through the history. It's not quite as convenient as having LR's Back command work this way, but it gets the job done for me.
with the plugin to make it work, I need to assign keyboard shortcuts and use these instead of just clicking with the mouse etc. (as I used to navigate in LR)?
"I need to assign keyboard shortcuts and use these instead of just clicking with the mouse etc. (as I used to navigate in LR)?"
You don't need to assign keyboard shortcuts -- you can use the menu commands File > Plug-In Extras > Back / Forward. That's obviously less convenient than either a shortcut or having the feature built-in to LR, and assigning a shortcut can be inconvenient too (especially on Windows).


Students and family attend the Joel Barlow High School graduation at the O'Neill Center on Western Connecticut State University's campus in Danbury, June 22, 2010.
From left, Kelsey McKissick, Melissa McAniff and Lauren Mastroni attend the Joel Barlow High School gradution at the O'Neill Center on Western Connecticut State University's campus in Danbury, June 22, 2010.
Charles Goldburg sits with fellow graduating seniors at the O'Neill Center on Western Connecticut State University's campus in Danbury, June 22, 2010.
Jaclyn Pack sings "Lean on Me" during the Joel Barlow High School gradution at the O'Neill Center on Western Connecticut State University's campus in Danbury, June 22, 2010.
Zachary Frank speaks during the Joel Barlow High School gradution on Western Connecticut State University's campus in Danbury, June 22, 2010.


I grew up in a family with a lot of hate and love. I don't know which one is more. My parents' marriage is not a marriage anymore (maybe because it's so many years. But my mom totally hates my dad.
Anyhow I have a 5 year older brother. My brother is most calm in my family. My mom is a perfectionist, so basically she has a problem with everyone who is not perfect. My dad has anger issues, as he used to beat up my mom.
We all live together. I am a med student.
Life's pretty good except when I get angry, and this is usually on my mum or brother. There is some verbal abuse and physical violence, that sometimes I use for my protection, as generally people hit back when you hit them.
As for anger, boy I have a lot of anger and negative thoughts, but I never thought of hurting someone or me. And after 20 min or so after an anger episode I am all calm and embarrassed. My mum usually cries.
Needless to say the guilt is killing me, to an extent that I started thinking lately that I am going to hell. I know this is serious and I know I need help.
Hello Warda, and thanks for telling your story here. It is good that you want to control your anger. The reason you feel guilty after an anger episode is that you are a good person, and you really don't want to hurt your family.
I realize you are surrounded by a lot of stressful emotions and relationships. I suggest you move out and get your own place, if at all possible. Either way, here are some things that will help, if you do the exercises.
Follow all of the steps on this FAQ page. These are powerful tools, if you use them consistently. I also suggest you use this page to let go of your parents.
Believe in yourself, Warda, and create a good life for yourself. Be sure and use these tools, and you will start to feel a lot better.