2002-03-25 Assigned to INKTOMI CORPORATION reassignment INKTOMI CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CARNEY, ROBERT, BAI, JOSEPH J., CHENG, PAUL, CRANE, JONATHAN C.
The techniques described employ a cooperative organization of network service providers to provide improved distributed network services. The network service providers that are constituent to the cooperative organization represent various perspectives within the overall Internet content distribution network, and may include network owners, telecommunications carriers, network access providers, hosting providers and distribution network owners, the latter being an entity that caches content at a plurality of locations distributed on the network. Aspects include managing content caches by receiving control signals specifying actions related to cached content that is distributed on a network, such as the Internet, and forwarding the control signals through to the caching locations to implement the actions represented by the control signals, thus providing content publishers the capability of refreshing their content regardless of where it is cached. Aspects include managing content caches by receiving activity records that contain statistics related to requests for cached content, segregating the statistics according to which content publisher provides the content associated with the statistics, and providing to each content publisher statistics corresponding to content provided by that content publisher, thus allowing them to monitor requests for their content regardless of where it may be cached on the network.
This patent application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/245,007, entitled "Methods for Aggregated Management of Distributed Network Caches", filed by Joseph J. Bai, Robert Carney, Paul Cheng, and Jonathan C. Crane on Nov. 1, 2000, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The present invention relates generally to communication over a network; more specifically, to techniques for managing content caches and related services across multiple networks.
The combination of communication networks which has become commonly known as the Internet initially transported client (sometimes herein referred to as an audience) requests from an desktop personal computer or workstation to a content origin server relatively unaltered. A content publisher, which received all of the client requests for their content and transmitted responses thereto, typically paid for these network transactions by settling with an entity (sometimes herein referred to as a hosting provider) that provided the content publisher with access, and the necessary transmission bandwidth, to the Internet through the destination server. The audience typically settled with a network access provider, such as an ISP, that provided access to the Internet through the originating server. This settlement was typically based on network connection time and bandwidth. This scheme was relatively stable and successful. Indeed, content publishers were keenly aware of their audience's activities and the audience was assured current content by interfacing directly with the content publishers' servers.
Evolution of the Internet has changed this client-server interaction scheme. Specifically, the development and deployment of network content caching technologies has modified the pattern of interaction between content publishers and their respective audiences. Today, proxy caches located on access provider networks often intercept audience requests immediately upon entering the access provider's network. Caches, which reduce the bandwidth costs to the access provider, store content previously requested by an audience member. Thus, the content can be recalled by additional audience members without having to return to the content publisher's origin server, to access the requested content.
Caching schemes have disrupted the network traffic awareness of content publishers and the economic simplicity of the Internet. Content publishers often no longer receive requests from or directly respond to all of their audience members, thus losing some visibility of their operations. Furthermore, hosting providers lose revenue tied to audience traffic metrics related to the content that is requested from their hosting services. In addition, access providers are also affected by such a caching scheme, because they are essentially acting on behalf of the content publishers by providing caching infrastructure and services, but receiving no related compensation from the content publishers. Finally, audience members are offered improved performance from the caching scheme offered by access providers and others, without being required to compensate the providers for the improved performance.
Several content caching schemes are currently implemented on the Internet, which affect the services and associated revenue models of various types of network service providers. For example, access providers may force an audience request to a proxy server, where a large number of requests terminate and from which cached content is served, thus reducing required network bandwidth. Consequently, revenue from access providers to telecommunications carriers that provide the network backbone infrastructure is reduced. Furthermore, telecommunications carriers may aggregate requests from multiple access providers prior to forwarding to content servers, which reduces the apparent requests for content from the content publishers as evidenced at the associated hosting providers. Consequently, hosting providers contribute less revenue to the telecommunications carriers, and, since the number of requests reaching the hosting providers is reduced, the content publishers contribute less revenue to the hosting providers. Hence, the introduction of these types of services has disrupted the previously typical, and relatively simple, flow of revenue between Internet participants.
For another example, a content caching scheme involves content publishers proactively transmitting content to a content distribution network through a hosting provider, whereby the distribution network stores copies of the content at various network nodes where it is accessible to audience members at will. The hosting provider loses revenue due to the reduced bandwidth related to content requests that it provides to the content publisher, but also receives additional revenue for its contribution to the content distribution service. In addition, the distribution network receives compensation from the content publisher for the distribution services provided, whereas telecommunications carriers typically receive less revenue due to reduced traffic on their network lines. Hence, the introduction of these types of services has also disrupted the previously typical flow of revenue between Internet participants.
Based on the foregoing shortcomings, a previously unmet need is recognized for a network services model that compensates various network providers for the contribution that they make to the efficient distribution of content between content publishers and audience members.
Aspects of the invention relate to cooperative management of content cached throughout the Internet at distributed locations. In general, the techniques described employ a cooperative organization of network service providers to provide improved distributed network services. The network service providers that are constituent to the cooperative organization represent various standpoints of the overall Internet content distribution network. For example, in one embodiment, the cooperative includes but is not limited to network owners, telecommunications carriers, network access providers, hosting providers, and distribution network owners, the latter being an entity that caches content at a plurality of locations distributed on the network. Those that benefit from the cooperative and their associated services include at least content publishers, access providers, content hosting providers, and the audience who view content.
In one aspect, a method for managing content caches comprises receiving and validating control signals that specify an action related to cached content that is distributed on a network, such as the Internet, and forwarding the control signals to control gateways within content distribution networks which cache content at a plurality of locations. The distribution networks in turn forward the control signals on to the caching locations to implement the actions represented by the control signals. In one embodiment, the control signals are received from content hosting providers that received them from associated content publishers, which allows the publishers to modify their distributed cached content with a single interaction with a cooperative gateway server. In another embodiment, the control signals are also forwarded to network access providers for passing on to edge servers that serve requested content.
In another aspect, a method for managing content caches comprises receiving and storing activity records related to requests for cached content that is distributed on a network, such as the Internet, and forwarding activity logs comprising activity records related to specific content publishers to a gateway for retrieval by the respective content publishers. In one embodiment, the activity records are received from distribution network servers that received them from network access providers. In another embodiment, the access providers receive the activity records from edge servers. Embodiments allow content publishers to monitor requests for their content regardless of where it may be distributively cached on the network.
Further embodiments, regarding both the control signal and activity record aspects, comprise receiving revenue for the network services provided by the cooperative members, and distributing the revenue based on member contribution to the services rendered. In addition, one embodiment distributes the revenue with further consideration to the quality of the services provided by the cooperative members.
Implementations of the invention are embodied in methods, apparatus, and computer-readable media.
A method and apparatus for cooperative management of distributed network caches is described. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention.
Embodiments of the invention facilitate cooperation among various Internet service providers to provide improved distributed network services. The network service providers that are constituent to a cooperative organization (hereinafter "cooperative") represent various standpoints, or perspectives, within the overall Internet content distribution network. For example, in one embodiment, the cooperative includes but is not limited to network owners, telecommunications carriers, network access providers, content hosting providers and distribution network owners, the latter being an entity that caches content at multiple locations distributed on the network. Those that benefit from the cooperative and their associated services include at least content publishers, access providers/networks, content hosting providers, and the audience who view content. Furthermore, mechanisms are provided for compensating cooperative members for their contributions to delivering the content from content publishers to audience members.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram generally illustrating entities involved in the supply and demand chain for Internet content, according to an aspect of the invention. A content publisher 102 is any entity that publishes content, for example, web pages, music, video, electronic books, and other material distributable over a network, that is accessible over the Internet. A hosting provider 104 is any entity that hosts content, such as a website, for a content publisher. A hosting provider 104 provides network resources, for example, storage, access, and bandwidth, to a content publisher in order to facilitate the first portion of the content distribution process.
A cooperative 106 comprises various Internet service providers cooperating to provide improved distributed network services, and whose members represent various standpoints within the overall Internet content distribution network. As described above, in one embodiment the cooperative includes but is not limited to network owners 110, telecommunications carriers 112, network access providers 114, and distribution network owners 116. A network owner 110 is, generally, any entity that owns or controls a portion of the Internet infrastructure. A telecommunications carrier 112 is an entity that owns the domestic and international backbone wires and cable over which Internet data is transmitted, linking many networks together. A network access provider 114 is an entity that provides at least Internet access to an audience 108 of subscribers, which typically comprises the general public and business organizations. Access providers 114, for example, Internet Service Providers (ISP), often provide services other than simply Internet access. For example, access providers 114 may also serve as content publishers 102 and hosting providers 104 for audience 108 websites. Multi-service access providers are accounted for in embodiments of the invention, wherein their multiple value-added services are recognized and compensated for respectively. A distribution network owner 116 can generally be described as an entity that replicates, or caches, content at locations distributed across the Internet for delivery to audience members, with the goal of providing the content to the audience quicker and more efficiently.
Since hosting providers provide part of the content delivery infrastructure, that is, they at least deploy equipment to deliver content, according to one embodiment, they are also potential participants in the cooperative organization in addition to being beneficiaries of the infrastructure and services provided by the cooperative. Incentive for hosting providers to join the cooperative include compensation for the delivery services that they provide. Otherwise, hosting providers may be required to be party to selling agent agreements with the cooperative in order to receive compensation.
Delivery of services within the cooperative does not require direct relationships between provisioning members (e.g., hosting and access providers), between provisioning members and the content audience, or between the cooperative and the content audience.
Embodiments of the invention provide techniques for supporting services offered by the cooperative members, as described below, which in combination provide the capability of offering multi-network content distribution services to their customers. Customers may include but are not limited to content publishers and their hosting providers.
The service offerings and the indirect sales model define the cooperative to the target markets. Therefore, in one embodiment, the cooperative defines the shared content-distribution services offered by the members of the cooperative. Although the indirect sales model may appear to insulate the cooperative's customers from the services of the cooperative, product and service definition is important to the existence of the cooperative. In general, embodiments include systems and processes necessary to support multi-network products and services offered by the cooperative.
In one embodiment, the cooperative centralizes the basic marketing functions for the products and services offered by the cooperative. Consistency of marketing within the cooperative, that is, among all of its members, is important to the success of the cooperative. Therefore, the cooperative defines the goals of any marketing campaign, and generally defines the associated messages and the parameters related thereto.
Processes for customer and cooperative member account management (for example, financial settlement, such as financial resource management, allocation, and distribution, and revenue distribution and sharing).
The protocols and process standards are defined by the cooperative at all levels of the content distribution cooperative and customer-provider relationships. Reliability and consistency of the offered services is thus ensured.
In addition to specifying interoperability standards as described above, in one embodiment, the cooperative acts as an independent monitoring, management, and administrative agent of the network infrastructure on which the content distribution services are provided. In this role, the cooperative polices the performance of the individual members that provide services to the cooperative's customers. In one embodiment, cooperative policy ties revenue settlement to member performance within the scope of service level agreements that are part of the cooperative's membership contract. For example, the amount of revenue a cooperative member may receive is based on the level of contribution of a member to the overall content distribution services, as well as the quality of such contribution.
The cooperative's monitoring-related services include monitoring member network system and service availability, as well as performance. Management services include deployment and ongoing oversight of network and server capacity and performance. Administration services include the activation and oversight of customer services and related responses.
One basis of the cooperative's revenue and revenue sharing models is network utilization data related to content requests. In one embodiment, this data is obtained from distributed servers. This data includes both detailed activity records for each audience interaction and summary records for customers and cooperative members. Although the cooperative may offer service models that are not directly tied to customer utilization, utilization data is core to the defined value of the distributed services offered by the cooperative. Furthermore, content access and utilization data is highly valuable to the customer base.
In one embodiment, the cooperative provides standards of economic interaction. Specifically, the cooperative specifies aspects, or protocols, of the financial interaction between members. The content publishers are a primary source of revenue for the cooperative. With the cooperative, the relationships between the content publishers and their access or hosting providers remain intact. Given this framework, in one embodiment, the cooperative sets the wholesale and recommended retail prices or rates for its services. Note that individual cooperative members may choose to offer the cooperative's services for more or less than the recommended retail prices. A member may even choose to sell at below the wholesale cost of the service. The prices charged by cooperative members are a factor in the revenue distribution model under which the cooperative operates. Furthermore, in addition to setting billing rates and policies, the cooperative is responsible for developing, deploying, and maintaining the algorithms and systems to implement billing.
As discussed, the relationship between the content publishers and their access or hosting providers remains in tact. Thus, although the cooperative collects the billing information, applies the policies and rates, and generates the billing records, the access or hosting provider is responsible for bill presentment and collection, according to one embodiment. In addition, the access and hosting providers are responsible for forwarding the appropriate revenue share to the cooperative.
Once the revenue from a customer arrives at the cooperative, the revenue distribution or settlement process, as defined by the cooperative, determines the allocation of revenues to the members who provisioned the underlying services.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the interaction among various Internet service providers cooperating to provide improved distributed network services, including content distribution, according to embodiments of the invention. The number of entities depicted is for illustrative purposes only, for any number of entities can participate in the methods described herein. According to one embodiment, one or more content publishers 102 transmit a control signal to their respective hosting provider 104. A control signal can take any form, such as an HTML or XML document, and can utilize any communication protocol compatible with the Internet, such as TCP/IP. The content of the control signal is for providing or revising content that is distributed around the Internet in various caches.
Hosting provider 104 aggregates control signals from its content publisher 102 subscribers. In one embodiment, the hosting provider 104 operates a gateway server to at least receive, process, and transmit the control signals from the content publishers 102. The hosting provider 104 periodically forwards the control signals to a cooperative gateway server 202, which is operated by the cooperative 106 (FIG. 1). The cooperative gateway server 202 receives the control signals from the hosting providers 104, and provides administrative services thereto. For example, the cooperative gateway server 202 authenticates, authorizes, and verifies the signals prior to transmission on through the Internet. In such a scenario, the hosting provider 104 has incentive to be a participating member of the cooperative organization to benefit from the revenue generated by the cooperative, rather than being an outside agent of the cooperative.
The cooperative gateway server 202 forwards the control signals to control gateways within member distribution networks 204. Distribution networks 204 are operated by distribution network owners 116 (FIG. 1) to cache content at a plurality of locations distributed on their networks, or the Internet as a whole, with the goal of efficient and fast content delivery to audience 108. Hence, distribution network owners 116 distribute the control signals to their distributed server infrastructure, as necessary. That is, the control signals are forwarded to the plurality of locations of cached content in order to affect the content cached thereon. The cooperative gateway server 202 and the control gateways within member distribution networks 204 also forward the control signals to control gateways at network access providers 114, which forward the control signals on to edge servers 206. Edge servers 206 are servers located at the edge, or outer boundary, of an IP network, where it is closer to other IP networks. Consequently, content served from an edge server 206 is considered closer to the audience 108, and thus quicker to deliver in response to an audience 108 request.
Through the transmission of control signals by cooperative members, as described above, the content publishers 102 control their content that is cached at numerous locations across the Internet. Hence, a content publisher 102 can orchestrate revisions to their cached content through a single interaction with the centralized cooperative gateway server 202, in contrast to interacting directly with each of the numerous cache locations. As such, even dynamic content that changes frequently can be cached and subsequently dynamically refreshed. For example, if the content publisher is an auction site, the web page corresponding to a listed item can be updated at all cache sites as soon as a new bid is received, without the need for the auction site to interact directly with the many different caches that store the web page.
In another embodiment, the control signals are forwarded by the hosting providers 104 to a trusted third party, instead of the cooperative gateway server 202. The trusted third party forwards the aggregated control signals to cooperative member distribution networks 204 after authentication, authorization, and verification. Subsequently, the cooperative 106 members transmit the control signals as described above, in order to send them to the appropriate content cache servers.
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for managing content caches distributed on a network, according to an embodiment of the invention. At step 302, a control signal specifying an action related to cached content distributed on a network is received. For example, a content publisher 102 sends an HTML file representing an updated web page. At step 304, the control signal is validated. For example, it is verified that the HTML file that was received is from the content publisher. At step 306, the control signal is forwarded to one or more control gateways within one or more content distribution networks, for forwarding to a plurality of locations that cache content in order to perform the specified action related to the cached content. In one embodiment, the method described can be performed by the cooperative gateway server 202, under the control of the cooperative 106 or cooperative members. In another embodiment, the steps can be carried out by a trusted third party.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating the interaction among various Internet service providers cooperating to provide improved distributed network services, including content distribution, according to embodiments of the invention. The number of entities depicted is for illustrative purposes only, for any number of entities can participate in the methods described herein. According to one embodiment, audience 108 members, connected to the Internet through bandwidth provided by one or more access providers 114, request content from a content publisher 102. Each content access request triggers the creation of an activity record at an edge server 206. The activity record can take any form, such as an XML document, and can utilize any communication protocol compatible with the Internet, such as TCP/IP. The activity records are for recording the requests for access to content that is distributed around the Internet in various caches. Periodically, edge servers 206 forward their activity records, typically aggregated, to gateways at access provider 114 networks.
Access providers 114 aggregate the activity records from several edge servers 206, either on the same network or on multiple networks, prior to forwarding them to gateways within the member distribution networks 204. From there, distributed servers from member distribution networks 204 forward the activity records to the cooperative gateway server 202. In one embodiment, gateways at access provider networks 114 can also directly forward activity records to the cooperative gateway server 202.
The cooperative gateway server 202 further aggregates and collates the activity records that it receives, and stores them in a data warehouse 402 or similar storage facility or mechanism. The cooperative gateway server 202 periodically generates customer-specific (i.e., specific to particular content publishers 102) activity record logs or summaries that are forwarded to the hosting provider 104. The hosting provider 104 stores the activity data for subsequent retrieval by a content publisher 102. In one embodiment, the hosting provider 104 maintains a logging gateway for receiving, processing, and serving the activity logs. In this scenario, the hosting provider 104 can benefit by being a participating member of the cooperative organization, in order to be compensated for the services they provide to associated content providers.
Content publishers 102, at their discretion, can retrieve the activity record logs associated with their content. Through the transmission of activity records by the cooperative 106 to content publishers 102, as described above, the content publishers 102 can monitor the overall number of accesses to their content regardless of the content cache location. This is an advantage over current methods, whereby audience requests for and access to cached content is typically transparent to content publishers 102 because, prior to this invention, content publishers 102 generally record only content requests that actually are received by their server or an associated hosting provider 104 server. Furthermore, content publishers 102 can extract demographic and geographic information from the activity records since individual caches are frequently associated with access providers 114 serving a particular geographic locale.
In one embodiment, the activity records are generated at distribution network 204 and other member servers in response to audience 108 requests, and periodically forwarded to a trusted third party instead of the cooperative gateway server 202. The trusted third party aggregates and collates the activity records prior to forwarding through member distribution networks 204 to the respective content publishers 102.
The activity record model described streamlines the overall process of interaction between content publishers 102 and access providers 114 in relation to the current interaction process, where content publishers 102 must interact with many access providers 114. The present teachings allow for a content publisher 102 to interact with a central entity, i.e., cooperative gateway server 202 or a trusted third party, rather than a large, unmanageable number of access providers 114.
FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for managing content caches distributed on a network, according to an embodiment of the invention. At step 502, activity records related to requests for cached content distributed on a network are received. At step 504, the activity records are aggregated and stored in a data store, such as data warehouse 402. At step 506, an activity log comprising activity records related to a specific content publisher, such as content publisher 102, is forwarded to a gateway for retrieval by the specific content publisher. Thus, content publishers can monitor requests for their content that is cached throughout a network, such as the Internet. In one embodiment, the method described can be performed by the cooperative gateway server 202, under the control of the cooperative 106 or cooperative members. In another embodiment, the steps can be carried out by a trusted third party.
Content publishers 102 are considered the primary source of revenue for the cooperative. Historically, content publishers 102 pay their hosting providers 104 for their network bandwidth and site hosting services. In embodiments of the present invention, the content distribution models described herein still rely on revenue infusion from the content publishers 102.
In one embodiment, after receiving payment from content publishers 102 (FIG. 1) for the network infrastructure and services provided, hosting providers 104 (FIG. 1) retain a portion of the payment received for the distributed services that they provide and forward the remainder to the cooperative. Cooperative members, such as network owners 110, carriers 122, access providers 114, and distribution network owners 116, each receive a portion of the cooperative revenue based on their contribution to the overall content delivery service. In an alternate embodiment, the payment is forwarded to a trusted third party for settlement among the cooperative members. In another embodiment, the quality of the services provided is also a factor in distributing the revenue, similar to traditional service level agreements. In yet another embodiment, the cooperative, as an organization, retains a portion of the revenue for the services which were rendered. For example, maintaining the cooperative gateway server 202 (FIG. 2) is considered a value-added service deserving of a revenue share. In yet another embodiment, cooperative advertising activities are considered a service deserving of a revenue share. According to one embodiment of the cooperative business model, the audience 108 continues to contribute revenue to the access providers 114 for access to the Internet, which is factored into the overall revenue sharing model of the cooperative.
In summary, methods and systems for cooperative management of distributed network caches have been described.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram that illustrates a computer system 600 upon which an embodiment of the invention may be implemented. Computer system 600 includes a bus 602 or other communication mechanism for communicating information, and a processor 604 coupled with bus 602 for processing information. Computer system 600 also includes a main memory 606, such as a random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device, coupled to bus 602 for storing information and instructions to be executed by processor 604. Main memory 606 also may be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed by processor 604. Computer system 600 further includes a read only memory (ROM) 608 or other static storage device coupled to bus 602 for storing static information and instructions for processor 604. A storage device 610, such as a magnetic disk, optical disk, or magneto-optical disk, is provided and coupled to bus 602 for storing information and instructions.
Computer system 600 may be coupled via bus 602 to a display 612, such as a cathode ray tube (CRT) or a liquid crystal display (LCD), for displaying information to a computer user. An input device 614, including alphanumeric and other keys, is coupled to bus 602 for communicating information and command selections to processor 604. Another type of user input device is cursor control 616, such as a mouse, a trackball, or cursor direction keys for communicating direction information and command selections to processor 604 and for controlling cursor movement on display 612. This input device typically has two degrees of freedom in two axes, a first axis (e.g., x) and a second axis (e.g., y), that allows the device to specify positions in a plane.
The invention is related to the use of computer systems 600 for implementing the techniques described herein. According to one embodiment of the invention, those techniques are performed by computer systems 600 in response to processor 604 executing one or more sequences of one or more instructions contained in main memory 606. Such instructions may be read into main memory 606 from another computer-readable medium, such as storage device 610. Execution of the sequences of instructions contained in main memory 606 causes processor 604 to perform the process steps described herein. In alternative embodiments, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions to implement the invention. Thus, embodiments of the invention are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software.
The term "computer-readable medium" as used herein refers to any medium that participates in providing instructions to processor 604 for execution. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-volatile media includes, for example, optical, magnetic, or magneto-optical disks, such as storage device 610. Volatile media includes dynamic memory, such as main memory 606. Transmission media includes coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise bus 602. Transmission media can also take the form of acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during radio-wave and infra-red data communications.
Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to processor 604 for execution. For example, the instructions may initially be carried on a magnetic disk of a remote computer. The remote computer can load the instructions into its dynamic memory and send the instructions over a telephone line using a modem. A modem local to computer system 600 can receive the data on the telephone line and use an infra-red transmitter to convert the data to an infra-red signal. An infra-red detector can receive the data carried in the infra-red signal and appropriate circuitry can place the data on bus 602. Bus 602 carries the data to main memory 606, from which processor 604 retrieves and executes the instructions. The instructions received by main memory 606 may optionally be stored on storage device 610 either before or after execution by processor 604.
Computer system 600 can send messages and receive data, including program code, through the network(s), network link 620 and communication interface 618. In the Internet example, a server 630 might transmit a requested code for an application program through Internet 628, ISP 626, local network 622 and communication interface 618.
Alternative embodiments of the invention are described throughout the foregoing description, and in locations that best facilitate understanding the context of the embodiments. Furthermore, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. For example, many of the embodiments discussed herein use the Internet as the underlying network through which services are provided. However, the techniques described herein are not limited to any particular network system. Therefore, the specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.
providing, to each of a plurality of content publishers whose content is distributed in various caches on the network, statistics based on activity records and the corresponding requests for content provided by the content publisher so that the plurality of content publishers can monitor the overall number of accesses to their respective content regardless of the content cache location.
creating an activity log comprising statistics corresponding only to content provided by a specific content publisher of the plurality of content publishers.
aggregating, at the gateway to the first network access provider network, activity records from a plurality of edge servers.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of receiving the first set of activity records comprises receiving activity records originating at one or more edge servers.
wherein the step of providing statistics is performed by the third party by transmitting statistics associated with content provided by a first content publisher to a gateway at one or more hosting providers associated with the first content publisher.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one member of the cooperative is from a group consisting of a network owner, and a telecommunications carrier.
distributing the revenue to members of the cooperative based on member contribution to the network services provided.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the step of distributing the revenue to members of the cooperative is based on the quality of performance of the member contribution to the network services provided.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of distributing the revenue to members of the cooperative is based on the quality of performance of the member contribution to the network services provided.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of providing statistics to content publishers includes providing, in response to a request from a particular content publisher, a particular activity log that corresponds to the particular content publisher.
extracting from the activity records demographic information about those who request the content.
extracting from the activity records geographic information about those who request the content.
providing, to each of a plurality of content publishers whose content is distributed in various caches on the network, statistics based on activity records and the corresponding requests for provided by the content publisher so that the plurality of content publishers can monitor the overall number of accesses to their respective content regardless of the content cache location.
wherein members of the cooperative organization include (a) a telecommunications carrier, (b) a distribution network owner that caches content at locations distributed across the network for serving to requestors, and (c) a hosting provider that hosts content for one or more of the plurality of content publishers.
Canadian Intellectual Property Office, Office Action, Dated Mar. 8, 2005 for Application 2,434,330, request to amend the application, 2 pgs.
Current Claims, Canadian Patent Application 2,424,330, Aggregated Management fo Distributed Network Caches, pp. 1-12.


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Where does this space come from and how can I get rid of it? Please note, that I do want the space if \part or \sectionoccurs in the middle of a page, just like it works already for \section.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Instead of neglecting my blog in favor of travel browsing all day, I've decided to share photos of the top 15 most amazing places on earth I've come across in the last few weeks. Fair warning: these breathtaking photos of beautiful places in the world will fuel your wanderlust like nothing else. I can't believe such beautiful places actually exist!
And the best part? These beautiful travel photos aren't even from National Geographic or Travel Channel– they're just royalty free stock images I found on sites like Pixabay. The world is such an amazing place that you don't even have to search to find its beauty. It's accessible to everyone.
I hope these stunning travel photos inspire you to find unique places to travel in the world and to discover the most beautiful holiday destinations. So without further ado, here are the top 15 most beautiful places to visit before you die!
P.S. If you're a world traveler, you NEED this amazing scratch off map to track your travels. It's one of my favorite things ever! Also, this.
Which beautiful places in the world have you been to? Check off your favorites on this travel bucket list and share with your friends!
So if you've ever wondered "What is the most beautiful place in the world?" or "Where should I travel to before I die?", you now have 15 new options to add to your bucket list! I hope you found these 15 most beautiful places in the world as inspiring as I did. Happy traveling!


In this course we look at the problem of business process compliance. Generally, business processes describe the working procedures within an organization.in the mean time, these organizations have to make sure that working procedures follows certain policies and regulations, i.e., compliance rules. Here, we study how to reason about the compliance of business processes with such compliance rules. We base our reasoning on temporal logic.


text:
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HISTORIC DECISIONS OF THE ICTR
30 November 2015 By Ephrem Rugiririza, JusticeInfo.Net
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After 20 years, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is officially closing on December 1, although one Appeals decision on the so-called "Butare" case remains outstanding. It is expected on December 14. Below are some of its landmark decisions.
• September 2, 1998: first ICTR judgment
This was the first judgment handed down by the ICTR, but also the first for genocide by an international court. Former mayor of Taba (central Rwanda) Jean-Paul Akayesu was sentenced to life in prison. In the judgment, it was recognized for the first time that rape could be a constituent element of genocide if it was committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a particular group targeted as such.
• September 4, 1998: sentencing of former Prime Minister Jean Kambanda
After pleading guilty, the head of the interim government in place during the genocide was sentenced to life in jail for genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, direct and public incitement to commit genocide, complicity in genocide and crimes against humanity. Kambanda withdrew his guilty plea in his appeal, which was rejected on October 19, 2000.
• December 3, 2003: judgment in the Media case
Historian Ferdinand Nahimana, one of the founders of the notorious Radio-Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM), was sentenced to life imprisonment along with Hassan Ngeze, owner and director of the newspaper Kangura. Lawyer Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza, another RTLM founder, got 35 years in jail. In November 2007 the ICTR Appeals Chamber reduced the sentences, giving Nahimana 30 years, Barayagwiza 32 and Ngeze 35. Nahimana was deemed to hold responsibility for radio programmes inciting genocide that were broadcast on RTLM after April 6, 1994 because he did not punish his subordinates, the journalists of the radio, whereas he knew or had reasons to know that they were committing crimes. Barayagwiza was found not responsible with regard to RTLM, but judges upheld his leadership role within the extremist Hutu CDR party. As for Ngeze, the Appeals Chamber confirmed his conviction for inciting genocide through articles published in his newspaper in 1994.
• June 16, 2006: "judicial notice" of genocide against Tutsis
At the request of the Prosecutor in the trial of three leaders of the MRND (political party of former Rwandan president Juvénal Habyarimana), the ICTR Appeals Chamber concluded that the anti-Tutsi genocide in Rwanda was a "fact of public notoriety" which constitutes part of world history. It unanimously found there was no reason to deny that in 1994 "there were throughout Rwanda widespread or systematic attacks against a civilian population based on Tutsi ethnic identification".
• May 17, 2011: conviction of the former army boss
Army chief of staff during the genocide General Augustin Bizimungu, who was tried with three other officers, was sentenced to 30 years in jail for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. Bizimungu was convicted mainly for his "superior responsibility" for the murders and rapes committed by soldiers of the regular army, notably in Kigali and Cyangugu. According to a conversation recorded in his case file, an American diplomat warned him on May 13, 1994 that he would one day answer for what happened to Tutsis who had taken refuge in Cyangugu stadium. The judgment was confirmed on appeal.
• June 24, 2011: first woman convicted by an international court
Former Family Affairs Minister Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, the only woman indicted by the ICTR who was tried with five other people, was sentenced to life imprisonment. She is a former social worker, later becoming a lawyer. Nyiramasuhuko was found guilty on seven charges, including genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide and crimes against humanity. She is now awaiting an appeals decision.
• June 28, 2011: first case transferred to Rwanda
After refusing several requests to transfer cases to Rwanda, the ICTR handed down a first decision agreeing to do so. After a long appeals procedure, Pentecostal Pastor Jean Uwinkindi was handed over to the Rwandan authorities on April 20, 2012.
• December 21, 2011: life in jail for leaders of ex-presidential party
Leaders of the party in power at the time of the genocide were found guilty of genocide and crimes against humanity, and sentenced to life imprisonment. Matthieu Ngirumpatse was president of the MRND party of former Rwandan president Juvénal Habyarimana, while Edouard Karemera was its vice-president. In its judgment, which demonstrates superior responsibility more than any other at the ICTR, the two men were convicted for various crimes committed in 1994 throughout the country by members of their party, notably the infamous Interahamwe militia of the MRND. The judgment was confirmed on appeal.
ICTR 20th anniversary
2 min 43Approximate reading time
After 20 years, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is officially closing on December 1, although one Appeals decision on the so-called "Butare" case remains outstanding. It is expected on December 14. Below are some of its landmark decisions.
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Ephrem Rugiririza
All reports from this author
Ephrem Rugiririza is Deputy Editor-in-Chief for Africa of JusticeInfo.net. He has been covering transitional justice issues for more than 20 years. He began his career in 2001 as a correspondent for Rwanda's Judicial Diplomacy magazine for which he covered genocide trials before the traditional Rwandan Gacaca courts. Two years later, he joined Fondation Hirondelle as a journalist at the Hirondelle News Agency, then based at the headquarters of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in Arusha, Tanzania. He became editor-in-chief in 2009, before taking part in the creation of JusticeInfo.net in 2015. Ephrem Rugiririza also collaborates with other international media such as the Agence France Presse (AFP). He has also been a correspondent for Reporters Without Borders (RSF) in Tanzania.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
FIBA Europe U20 Championship
in Debrecen - Day 4
On day four FIBA Europe released the following statement:
"FIBA Europe would like to clarify the following regarding the issue of the hospitalisation of a number of players, team delegation members and Organising Committee staff at the U20 European Championship Women 2012 in Debrecen, Hungary.
On the opening day of the tournament 22 players were affected by sickness and a total of 32 persons, including delegation members were hospitalised.
Seven of them were taken to the University Hospital, while 25 have been under observation in the Department of Infection at Kenézy Gyula Hospital.
The majority of the players have returned to their teams, with the last ones are expected to be released from hospital on Monday.
Since this outbreak, the local health authorities have provided assurances that the situation is under control. The Public Health Service has launched an investigation to determine the cause.
In a meeting on Sunday, all teams were informed about the first results, which indicate that the players were infected with salmonella.
According to preliminary results, the players most probably contracted the virus during the opening ceremony dinner on Wednesday.
The restaurant where the dinner took place is not connected in any way with the teams' hotel. The final full set of results will be available on Tuesday.
The management of the teams' hotel have been taking proactive measures from the start of this outbreak to provide the highest hygiene standards and help the teams in the best possible way.
The Local Organising Committee are also making every effort possible to ensure a fast and complete recovery, as the health of all participants is of course the highest priority."
Qualifying round news
Spain are the Queen of youth basketball in Europe and the U20 defending Champions used a 16-0 second-quarter burst to blow away the Netherlands (71-40) to book their place in the quarter-final.
Queralt Casas with 10 points during the second quarter was once again the Spanish catalyst.
Turkey also booked their quarter-final place by beating Serbia (56-45). It was only during the last five minutes of the final quarter that Turkey were able to pull away.
Back-to-back three-pointers by Ozge Kavurmacioglu and Ayse Cora finally broke the resistance of Serbia. Kavurmacioglu playing with a smile on her face finished the game with 17 points and 14 rebounds.
Elsewhere in the qualifying round the Slovak Republic fought their way to victory against Ukraine (72-63), while Russia beat France (62-59) in the last few seconds (62-59).
The first 20 minutes of the match between Sweden and Belarus resembled a technical chess match which Sweden won (45-40).
However after the break Sweden started to play the type of basketball that have made them one of the best FIBA Europe youth nations. A 9-0 run (63-49) in the third quarter put them in charge for good and they paced themselves in the final quarter to win (76-65).
Farhiya Abdi and Ellen Nyström both scored 15 points for Sweden while Maryia Filonchyk compiled a double-double of 21 points and 10 rebounds for Belarus.
In the other qualifying round game Poland recovered from a (6-26) opening quarter to beat Lithuania (53-50).
In the Relegation Group Italy had to work hard before overcoming a spirited Portuguese team. The Italians relaxed a little too much after leading (30-15) at the break and needed the clutch shooting of Alice Nori and the strength of Nene Diene to see them through in the end (57-48). For Portugal Daniela Domingues led the way with 17 points.
In the other game Latvia rolled past Great Britain (77-56). Latvia hit three-pointer after three-pointer (14-of-34) against a depleted GB team.
Dita Rozenberga led Latvia with 21 points.
Visit our FIBA Europe U20 European Championship history page
Visit our FIBA section
Take a look at our "What's New" page
Return to the top of page
FIBA Europe picture credits:
Date created: 21 August 2012
<---VIDEO PICTURE GALLERY--->
Opening Ceremony picture gallery
29 August 2012 Latvia: Bridina Krista's reflections
26 August 2012 U20 European Championship title goes to Spain
26 August 2012 France take fifth place
25 August 2012 France will face Sweden for fifth place
25 August 2012 Spain to meet Russia in the final again
24 August 2012 Russia and Turkey qualify for semi-final
24 August 2012 The Netherlands on history course
24 August 2012 Spain eliminate France (55-53)
24 August 2012 Erin Mc Garrachan, GB U20 captain fighting for a win
23 August 2012 Eugénio Rodrigues from Portugal is proud of his team
22 August 2012 Second round comes to an end
22 August 2012 France eliminate the Slovak Republic
21 August 2012 Turkey, only team with perfect record - Portugal win
21 August 2012 France gave Serbia no chance
21 August 2012 Spain and Turkey remain perfect on day 4
20 August 2012 Third defeat in a row for France
20 August 2012 Slovak Republic beat Ukraine the hard way
18 August 2012 First phase comes to a dramatic end
18 August 2012 Turkey beat France for Group win
18 August 2012 The Slovak Republic send Great Britain into the relegation round
17 August 2012 Injuries and illness still the focus on day 2
17 August 2012 France lost against Ukraine
17 August 2012 Latvia defeat Belarus
16 August 2012 The show goes on despite players falling ill
16 August 2012 Turkey open with a comfortable victory against Ukraine
16 August 2012 France made to work hard against Portugal
15 August 2012 Coaches and players cannot wait to start
13 August 2012 French U20 roster for European Championship


text:
Diary of a Lost Girl
by Glenn Erickson Oct 05, 2015
G.W. Pabst's silent German classic is intact, restored and looking great. Louise Brooks is the virginal innocent betrayed on every level of the sexual double standard. Brooks is nothing less than amazing, with a performance that doesn't date, and Pabst only has to show how things are to make a statement about societal hypocrisy. German cinema doesn't get better.
Kino Lorber Classics
1929 / B&W / 1:33 flat / 112 min. / Tagebuch einer Verlorenen / Street Date October 20, 2015 / available through Kino Lorber / 29.95
Starring Louise Brooks, Fritz Rasp, Valeska Gert, Franziska Kinz, Edith Meinhard, Andrews Engelmann, Kurt Gerron, Siegfried Arno, Sybille Schmitz, André Roanne.
Cinematography Sepp Allgeier, Fritz Arno Wagner
Art Directors Erno Metzner and Emil Hasler
Original Music Javier Perez de Azpeitia (Piano)
Written by Rudolf Leonhardt from the novel by Margarethe Böhme
Directed by G.W. Pabst
The universally revered Louise Brooks – G.W. Pabst classic is 1929's Pandora's Box, a fully developed leap into silent film expressionism and exotic eroticism, made in the depths of Weimar Germany. PBS stations played a blurry but mesmerizing copy around 1978, at which time I scraped up a used published film script, the one with the silver cover and essay by Louise Brooks. Much earlier, I remember attending a screening of Brooks and Pabst's other notorious feature from 1929, Diary of a Lost Girl (Tagebuch einer Verlorenen). It was in basically good 35mm, but was a continuity-challenged mess missing perhaps a third of its footage. Action within scenes didn't make sense and the overall story was a mystery as well. We were told that it was had been cut for reasons of censorship. Since one fairly intact section we did see showed Valeska Gert apparently having an orgasm while beating out time for a group of delinquenten mädchen, all we could do is speculate that the movie must have been much, much hotter.
The word Verlorenen in German is defined as not just lost, but also defeated; gone; hopeless, forlorn; kaput, ruined. But Diary of a Lost Girl has since been substantially restored. The present version is said to be only about 102 meters short of the original length. Kino's Blu-ray of the Friedrich Wilhem Murnau Stiftung's reconstruction is a sensational find. In the last ten years or so we've seen marvelous Kino discs of restored German silents by Murnau and Lang. As this picture brings us more Louise Brooks, alive and kicking, it's a major source of pleasure.
Diary is an open critique, a social protest film about women's rights. The men are either predators or weak, or both; and the woman's place in society is so insecure that we understand when they commit injustices. There's no other way to survive. Virginal Thymian Henning (Louise Brooks) takes her First Communion only to be all but swallowed up by male desire. Her womanizing father Robert (Josef Rovenský) owns a pharmacy. He dismisses his maid Elizabeth (Sybille Schmitz) for the 'crime' of becoming pregnant, even though he was obviously her seducer. Robert's pharmacist Meinert (Fritz Rasp) keeps a collection of pornographic photos, and wastes no time seducing the unsuspecting Thymian after hours. Robert takes a new maid, Meta (Franziska Kinz), a woman with enough bad experience to leave nothing to chance. She quickly wraps her employer around her fingers, with marriage as the goal. When Thymian turns up pregnant, Meta is one of the first to condemn her. Thymian refuses to marry an admirer, the spendthrift rich boy Count Nicolas Osdorff (André Roanne). Her unforgivable 'ingratitude' is severely punished. The baby is put up for adoption and Thymian is sent to a reformatory. Billed as a philanthropic
enterprise, the combination sweat shop and torture chamber is run by a cruel director and his sadistic, sexually disturbed wife (Andrews Engelmann & Valeska Gert). With the help of Count Nicolas, Thymian escapes along with Erika (Edith Meinhard), a tough girl who invites Thymian to work in a brothel. Having been disinherited, the Count goes along with Erika. Thymian has no idea what goes on in a brothel. She first goes back to try and reclaim her baby.
Diary of a Lost Girl plays beautifully. We expect almost all dramas from this time to work within a restrictive framework of 'contemporary morality,' but Pabst avoids all that in search of a higher truth. The movie is political, not because it pushes a message but because it has a theory of how human relationships work. Robert Henning and the despicable Meinert use sex for their pleasure; their women are possessions. Meinert also uses Thymian as a pawn in his plan to wrest ownership of the pharmacy from his employer. When Thymian appeals to him for decency, he doesn't even face her. He has her father over a barrel financially. The weakling Count Nicolas is pretty much a useless drone. We assume that he becomes a tout for the brothel, working to bring in customers… but might he also be a gigolo or even a male prostitute?
The other male characters form an unforgettable gallery. The grim, menacing director of the reformatory, Andrews Engelmann, is a dead ringer for Richard Moll of TV's Night Court from the 1980s. Kurt Gerron is a doctor who frequents the brothel, while the comic Sig Arno is a goofy customer. In one of the film's few intentionally funny scenes, Arno doesn't realize that the untutored Thymian thinks he's come for dance lessons. Seeing Arno is a strange thing — just thirteen years later
he plays Toto, Mary Astor's lapdog consort in The Palm Beach Story. "Nitz, toto." Small world indeed.
But the women tell a different story, one of subjugation by sex and by class. The helpless Elisabeth is another impressive appearance by Sybille Schmitz, of Dreyer's Vampyr. Robert Henning knows that Elisabeth is doomed without her job, yet he throws her away as if she were trash. The cagier Meta ropes Robert for a husband as a way into the middle class, whereupon she acts with even less tolerance than her new peers. Given the keys as the new lady of the house, Meta immediately scrapes Thymian's name from one of them — a stepdaughter might threaten her newfound security. All of the women are trapped in cages of one sort or another. Valeska Gert's flipped-out reformatory warden has become a sadistic disciplinarian, sexually obsessed with her charges. Young Erika has youthful vitality of spirit, yet also a knowing, streetwise way of sizing up people. The other girls in the brothel treat Thymian gently but don't interfere in her 'education.'
The elegant screenplay eventually liberates Thymian from the Lower Depths, with her consciousness now attuned to recognize the hypocrisy and intolerance running through society. The story loops back to the reformatory, where Thymian takes a personal stance — not a political stand — for a morality that includes something resembling human kindness. Unlike the utter doom of Pandora's Box, Pabst's Diary of a Lost Girl ends on a well earned sentimental note.
"A little more love and no one would be lost in this world."Back in film school David Bradley showed us a terrific print of Pabst's The Love of Jeanne Ney. The 1927 movie wowed us with its fluid movements and dynamic editing, using tricks we thought were invented in the 1960s. That's why parts of Pandora's Box seemed rather klunky, with odd angles that didn't cut well, including examples of crossing the 180-degree line that did indeed look like serious mistakes. Made the same year, Diary of a Lost Girl is somewhat more fluid than Pandora, although of course not as spectacular. The editing pattern in the reformatory falls into a cadence as the girls eat their soup to a rhythm beaten out by Valeska Gert. It plays almost like the rowing scene in Ben-Hur, except that Gert is clearly deriving a sexual glow from the ritual. When Thymian tries to confront her father in a nightclub — the bourgeois can go 'have fun' in the depths — we have more bizarre 180-degree issues. Thymian and another character face each other to talk, but the mismatched eye-lines make us think that they're both looking at an unseen third party. Pabst is very particular about the visual aspect of his films, so his occasional scrambling of screen direction is an interesting detail.
Some of Brooks' costumes are certainly striking, even if they aren't as extravagant as her wardrobe from the previous picture. The slinky gowns in the brothel make a strong contrast with her communion dress in the first scenes. The show's sets are also impressive. As noted in the commentary, many of the most dramatic encounters occur on stairs.
Louise Brooks is amazingly photogenic. Barely 5′ 2″, she nevertheless seems to fill the screen with flesh. All of the characters have arresting presences — Franziska Kunz has a worried look about her that reminds me of actress Jessica Harper. The runaway delinquent Edith Meinhard would fit right into the punk scene of the 1970s. But Louise Brooks completely consumes the screen. She was not received well by the German audience. Variety's British reviewer slammed her as well: "(Pabst is) …unfortunate in the choice of his heroine. Louise Brooks (American) is monotonous in the tragedy which she has to present." But Pabst knew exactly what a treasure he had. Brooks' lack of externalized emoting causes us to watch her more closely. In Pandora she was a mystery, the kind of child-butterfly who might respond to tragedy with an uncomprehending smile. Diary of a Lost Girl hits us with just as many emotional surprises. Thymian is taken aback by everything that happens, yet retains her dignity no matter what the humiliation. Louise Brooks' performance is not tied to any time period, style or -ism. Her life energy persists outside standard moral boundaries. Her essence cannot be defeated.
The Kino Classics Blu-ray of Diary of a Lost Girl is a marvelous reconstruction and restoration. With their plain title cards and tight continuity, German films of this time can be a little abrupt. But the film is surprisingly easy to follow. The inter-titles are in German, with English subs. We're told that pieces of the picture came from different sources. All blend well save for one obvious recovered censor scene in which Meinert actually lays Thymian down on a bed. Most of the rest of the picture is in great shape. It was indeed strange, recognizing bits of the show from the long-ago screening, but only now having a clue as to what's going on.
From Educational Pictures, the short subject Windy Riley Goes Hollywood shows how hopeless Brooks' prospects for a comeback were, after walking out on Paramount back in 1928. It's terrible, worse than her nothing role in the later Republic western Overland Raiders with John Wayne. Her European movies are great art but they meant nothing to the studio executives eager to teach Brooks a cruel lesson.
The presentation is given a piano score by Javier Perez de Azpeitia, which plays very well. Thomas Gladysz's commentary is thorough and informative; it frequently refers to Louise Brooks' writings. It acknowledges that after her film career dried up, Brooks became a call girl in New York. The commentary tells us everything known about practically everybody who shows up on screen. Actors Kurt Gerron and Sybille Schmitz had tragic futures. People now familiar with the uncut Metropolis will immediately recognize Fritz Rasp, most of whose part in the science fiction film was restored in 2008. Gladysz directs an interesting website called Louise Brooks Society.
Kino once put out a DVD of Louise Brooks' third European effort, the French film Prix de Beauté. It would be marvelous to see that gem restored as well.
On a scale of Excellent, Good, Fair, and Poor,
Diary of a Lost Girl Blu-ray rates:
Sound: Excellent Stereo 2.0
Supplements: Audio commentary by Thomas Gladysz, new promotional trailer, short subject "Windy Riley Goes Hollywood."


Yesterday, I had a friend ask me what the best cameras under $500. At first, I was going to simply forward a few links, but thought this could be some useful info for others as well. The cameras listed below are in no particular order, some I have had experience with, and others are educated opinions using other's reviews, etc. If you have a recommendation please leave a comment of what you think is a good camera under $500.
Panasonic Lumix G7 – 4k video recording, Micro Four Thirds mount, flip out touch screen, amazing Optical Image Stabilization (OIS), 6 Megapixels.
GoPro Hero 7 Black – GoPro has stepped up their game with this new release. The only drawback is low light still needs improvement, otherwise, you're getting amazing electronic image stabilization, small form factor, waterproof without a casing, 4K60 Video + 12MP Photos, and live streaming features.
Samsung Gear 360 (2017 Edition) Real 360° 4K – Fun camera to take good photos and video. 4k video, 15mp for photos, connect to an app to share from your phone, works with iOS and Android, water resistant, and can fit in your pocket.
Don't forget to get a protection plan, screen protector, SD card, and camera bag.


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The Samson Christian Slo-Pitch League is in the 3rd month of its 5 month season but who will end up on top in 2013 is far from decided . Harvest Bible Chapel is leading the East Division ahead of Forest City, Summerside, Compass and Oakridge Presbyterian. The West Division is led by the team from West Park though Byron Community is hot on their heels. Further down the standings in the West are Providence United, Gateway and New Hope. Updated standings are available at www.samsonleague.com.
This is great quality ball so if you have the opportunity, check out one of their games.
The Samson Christian Slo-Pitch League was founded in 2002 out of the need for a church based league that would always ensure quality in all areas of the game. With this mandate, the league only provides its teams with diamonds that meet the standards of any professional slo-pitch association, umpires that are fully trained and certified and a playoff system that only rewards those that perform the sport well. As the slo-pitch play improves, so does the outreach to the unsaved. To ensure that our Christian witness is always on display, rules of conduct that reflect Christian values are incorporated into rulebook and a comprehensive accountability system ensures good sportsmanship.
Each season of the Samson Christian Slo-Pitch League starts with a preseason event that brings a former MLB player to proclaim a Gospel message……….
What do you call a man that takes a life altering risk that has a 1% chance of success, but because of this risk, is responsible for saving the careers of more than 500 major and minor leagues players? You call him Tommy John.
Tommy John was the guest speaker at the 2013 Sampson League Preseason event and prior to his presentation, I sat down with Tommy for a chat about baseball — past present and future, the role of medicine in sports and the influence Christianity had on his life. I was joined by Dr. Mike Nicholson to help me with medical side of this fascinating interview.
A special thanks to Greg Robinson of the Samson League Inc. For arranging our time with Tommy John.
There are few stories about professional athletes that are simple and straightforward. Most have twists and turns and all have ups and downs. The Tommy John baseball story had many, many downs. His abilities and his faith were put on trial throughout most of his life. All through these trials, as he fought to overcome what became severe isolation and the knowledge that no gave his comeback much of a chance, he did not give up. John told us that he repeated one line of Scripture over and over like a mantra: "For with God, nothing shall be impossible."
CLiL What was it like growing up as a basketball star in Terra Haute, Indiana? Are they as passionate about basketball in Hoosierland as we think?
TJ	If you didn't play basketball in Indiana, they ran tests on you to see what was wrong with you. Basketball was a religion in Indiana. One time I went to a church down the street from our rival school. We had beaten them that week and the preacher mentioned the game in his sermon, and here I was from Gerstmeyer!
CLiL We don't hear guys playing 20+ years anymore, let alone 26, especially as a pitcher. What do you attribute your longevity to?
TJ I think it was genes passed down from my dad. I developed a pretty good work ethic from my dad. Other than my elbow, I really didn't have any significant arm problems. And, I just kept myself in very good shape. Very good shape.
Also Steve Jankowski, a player-coach in the Indians' system reminded me that I was not the only man on the team, that there were eight others in the field to help me put batters out. Jankowski told me that, since I could trust my defense to make plays, I didn't have to throw at 100% power on every pitch. He told me to use about eighty percent of my power and save some for the later innings and that worked for me.
CLiL Was there an organization that was better to play for, and likewise, was there one that was the worst, or that he least liked to play for?
TJ For any ballplayer, I think as long as you're playing major league baseball, they're all very good. I particularly enjoyed playing for the Dodgers when Theo O'Malley had the ball club They treated the team pretty much like a family. But the best place in the world to play baseball, or in fact, to play sports was New York City. Playing for the Yankees was probably one of the best things that ever happened to me as far as my pro career went because it's a tough market to play in.
My pitching coach Tom Morgan comes out and says, 'What are you doing?! You're gonna get us all fired! Steinbrenner's got his hand on the red phone up there!' I left the game after 6 innings with a 2-1 lead and Goose Gossage came in for the 3-inning save. A 3-inning save!
Another New York story. In 1981, we were playing our second opening day after a 49 day strike. My son, Travis, had fallen out of a 3-story window while on vacation in the Jersey Shore and was in a coma for 17 days. He came out of the coma and walked out of the hospital after 30 days.
George Steinbrenner asked him to throw out the first pitch of that first game and I happened to be pitching that day. I could not go out and my wife was pregnant, so I asked Reggie Jackson to go out with him since he had visited Travis so often in the hospital. After he threw the pitch the crowd roared and Reggie picked him up-he was so little-raised him above his head and 56,000 people started screaming, 'TRA-VIS! TRA-VIS!' That's New York. Those were the same people who two years earlier told me I sucked.
CLiL Who were your favorite teammates?
TJ There are a lot… Mattingly, Reggie, Thurman Munson. I played only half a season with Munson in '79 before he died. Rick Rhoden.
CLiL You played in the American League before the DH was adopted so you were a batter in the AL. Any thoughts on the DH?
TJ I think pitchers should be able to hit, run bases, slide, take the second baseman or shortstop out to break up double plays, I think they should be able to do all that stuff.
CLiL In 74 you were on pace for your best season ever, tell us about July 17 1974.
TJ We were at home against the Expos and we (the Dodgers) team were trying reach the postseason for the first time in 8 years. In the 4th we had a 4-0 lead over the Expos. I was pitching to Hal Breeden with nobody out and runners on first and second base. I threw him a sharp sinker on the outside corner it and that is when everything went wrong. After the throw I felt the strangest sensation I had ever known and my arm went dead as if I had left my arm someplace else. It was as if my body continued to go forward and my left arm had just flown out to right field.
The ball,"blooped" and hit the ground well in front of the plate. I got the ball back and my arm felt fine so I threw a sinker but it only made it half way to the plate. There was a "thump" feeling in my forearm but no pain though I knew I could no longer pitch.
Dr. Jobe took me into a back room at Dodger Stadium to examine my arm. He couldn't see the problem so he told me to ice it and give it a few days' rest so that's what I did. After a few days I knew it was not good if anything, it felt worse, with spasms in my muscles on both sides of the joint.
So when Dr. Jobe took some x-rays he still didn't know how bad the ligament damage was. He sent me to a specialist, Dr. Herb Stark, who also said "rest and home therapy," This was killing me because we were in a pennant race.
In mid-August I joined the team in New York and threw some batting practice. I couldn't even reach the plate, and felt "nothing" in my arm. I told our trainer Bill Buhler to tape my elbow up real tight and it helped. I could feel my arm enough to control where the ball went, but I had no velocity or movement. I knew my arm was done for the season.
CLiL You must have been devastated. Did you think your career was over?
TJ Well, I thought it probably was. I called Dr. Jobe and told him what had happened. It was right then that I told Dr. Jobe that I wanted him to do whatever he could to give me a chance to come back even if it meant he had to operate.
CLiL What was Dr. Jobe's response?
TJ He talked to me about his idea for an operation back when I had earlier trouble. He told me that this surgery was something he had imagined a few years earlier. Back then players knew that the moment you went "under the knife" your career was likely over.
Sure I was extremely leery about the surgery Dr. Jobe was describing but I trusted him. I also knew that without the surgery I stood no chance to get back on the mound.
I asked him to do whatever needed to be done to continue pitching. Dr. Jobe was a realist and he told me that my left ulnar ligament was completely ruptured. He wanted to do radical transplant surgery yet. He said it would be less than a 1% chance that I would ever pitch again. I told Dr. Jobe, "If you do your job, I'll do mine." He said, "If you don't have surgery you'll never play again." I asked him if I did. "You'll probably never pitch again." I figured "probably" was better than "never." Whatever it took to comeback and pitch I was going to do. He was the perfect doctor and I was the perfect patient. And it changed the game of baseball.
On September 25, 1974, Dr. Jobe, while in the middle of what would become a three-hour procedure, made a fateful determination. When he went to repair (the ligament) because of the long years of wear, there was nothing left to repair. He had to look elsewhere for a substitute. Jobe replaced John's medial collateral ligament of the elbow, which was completely ruptured, with a new ligament that he harvested from the palmaris longus tendon of John's right wrist. When John woke up and reached out to learn what had happened during the surgery, he found his left arm—his pitching arm—bandaged and difficult to move. And he found that his right hand was also bandaged.
CLiL The start of Tommy John surgery…what followed for you?
TJ Since no pitcher had ever had this kind of operation, no pitcher had ever come back from it. I didn't know what to expect. The surgery had damaged my ulnar nerve, and my left hand was shriveled into a kind of a claw. I had no feeling in three of my fingers. Most don't know this but three months after my first surgery Dr. Jobe operated again to reroute the nerve through tissue on the inside of my elbow. In January Jobe removed the cast and that's when I went to work to regain strength.
CLiL What did you do to regain the strength?
TJ I worked hard, seven days a week, on exercises Dr. Jobe gave me to strengthen the arm. I worked as hard as I possibly could on my rehabilitation. I never wanted to look back and say: "Son of a gun, maybe if I'd worked a little harder in 1975, I might have come back."
I went to spring training with the Dodgers in 1975, working with the other pitchers. My arm had its full range of motion, but I could not properly grip the ball. So I came up with my own practice method. I taped my numb fingers to the others so I could grip the ball. For six weeks, I threw against this wall. It took on an almost symbolic aspect, representing the 'wall' that I was trying to break through. I'd take four or five balls, throw them against the wall, pick them up again, and continue until I felt tired.
CLiL This must have been so discouraging—– how did you persevere?
CLiL Tell us about the 1976 Season. You proved it to the world that for yo — "Nothing was impossible".
TJ I returned to the Dodgers in 1976 and pitched Good. I think I started 31 games with 10 wins against 10 losses. I received the National League Comeback Player of the Year Award.
TJ Yes, I won 20 games , only 7 losses and had a 2.78 ERA. I was 34 and I was a better pitcher now thanks to Dr. Jobe's elbow surgery Tommy John was a better pitcher after the experimental surgery and in the 168 games he started between 1976 and 1989 he completed 57 of them, a statistic that is unheard of today.
It was a pleasure and an honor for Mike and I to have had this opportunity to spend time with such a gentleman — and such a baseball icon.
DR. FRANK JOBE, who will turn 88 in the summer, is the renowned orthopedic surgeon who revolutionized the medical care and prolonged the careers of baseball pitchers with his ground-breaking tendon transplant procedure now known as the "Tommy John" surgery. It has been estimated that Jobe performed more than 1,000 Tommy John surgeries himself and that nearly 200 major leaguers — not all of them pitchers — have had their careers extended by the procedure.
This month (July 27th) Dr. Jobe will be introduced by Tommy John as Dr. Jobe is being inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown New York.


text:
Q: Induction step other than $1$ Let $k \in \mathbb{N}$. I'm trying to prove that the following implication is true only when $k=1$:
$$[\exists n_0 \ \ \ P(n_0)] \land[\forall n\ge n_0 \ \ \ P(n) \implies P(n+k)] \implies [\forall n\ge n_0 \ \ \ P(n) ]$$
Obviously in the case $k=1$ we have the axiom of induction. How can we construct counterexamples for the other cases $k\not = 1$? Is it possible to give only one counterexample which works for all $k\not = 1$?

A: Fix your $k, n_0$ and let $P(n)$ be true iff $n \equiv n_0 \pmod{k}$. Then $P(n) \implies P(n+k)$, but $P(n)$ is only true for all $n \geq n_0$ if $k=1$.


text:
China to limit carbon emissions for first time, climate adviser claims
Absolute cap to come into effect, climate adviser says on the day after US announces ambitious carbon plan
Adam Vaughan and Tania Branigan in Beijing
Tue 3 Jun 2014 04.01 EDT Last modified on Wed 14 Feb 2018 13.13 EST
The sun is seen behind smoke billowing from a chimney of a heating plant in Taiyuan, Shanxi province Photograph: JON WOO/REUTERS
China, the world's biggest greenhouse gas emitter, will limit its total emissions for the first time by the end of this decade, according to a top government advisor.
He Jiankun, chairman of China's Advisory Committee on Climate Change, told a conference in Beijing on Tuesday that an absolute cap on carbon emissions will be introduced.
"The government will use two ways to control CO2 emissions in the next five-year plan, by intensity and an absolute cap," Reuters reported He as saying. Though not a government official, He is a high level advisor.
However, Jiankun later in the day appear to row back on the comments. "What I said today was my personal view. The opinions expressed at the workshop were only meant for academic studies. What I said does not represent the Chinese government or any organisation," he told Reuters.
While environmentalists broadly welcomed his initial remarks, they cautioned that it was far from clear at what level the cap would be set and said it needed to be enforceable.
China's emissions have risen dramatically in the last two decades, overtaking those from the US – the previous biggest producer – in 2006. Although the average Chinese person's carbon footprint is still much lower than the average American's, it is catching up, and is now on a par with the average European's.
He's remarks come just a day after the Obama administration implemented tough new rules to cut carbon emissions from power plants 30% by 2030.
"The timing is very auspicious," said Frank Jotzo, an expert on the economics and policy of climate change at Australian National University and a lead author on the fifth assessment report from the IPCC, the UN's climate science panel.
Jotzo, who is attending the conference in Beijing, added: "Globally I think we are in a much better situation than we were leading into the [major UN climate change talks] Copenhagen summit in 2009. One and a half years out from the Paris climate conference, where a new agreement is to be struck, we very likely have some coordination behind the scenes and some competition for leadership on the issue."
But he cautioned: "The announcement of intent of an absolute target doesn't tell us anything substantive....[On the US side] we have a policy for the electricity sector but not an overall national number."
China set its first ever carbon targets in 2009, in the run-up to the Copenhagen summit, which was attended by Obama, Gordon Brown, Angela Merkel and other world leaders but ended in a weak deal with non-binding targets. The previous target was for a cut of emissions relative to its economic growth, by 40-45% by 2020, compared to 2005 levels, meaning absolute carbon emissions could still increase as China's economy grew.
But the new cap will be the first time that the country, which has been plagued by pollution problems in large part due to the burning of carbon-intensive coal, has promised to limit absolute emissions. Officials have not yet put a figure on what level the cap will be.
He told Reuters that the country's emissions were likely to peak at around 11bn tonnes CO2 equivalent – up from 7-9.5bn tonnes CO2e now – by 2030.
The move is likely to be welcomed by Christiana Figueres, the executive secretary of the UN climate secretariat, who oversees long-running efforts to reach an international deal on climate change. The Copenhagen meeting, but countries have agreed to reach a new deal next year at a blockbuster summit in Paris. The UN climate negotiations resume on Wednesday in Bonn.
Doug Parr, Greenpeace UK's chief scientist, said that the move by China, so shortly after the US announcement, showed "momentum" in the climate talks process.
"In the last 24 hours we've had two major announcements from China and the US which send a powerful signal to other world leaders ahead of crucial climate talks later this year. The Chinese government has already set out ambitious plans to cut the country's reliance on coal – an additional cap on CO2 suggests the country's leaders are serious about tackling their emission problem," he said.
Li Shuo, climate and energy campaigner for Greenpeace in China, said a carbon cap was a "positive and natural step forward" following the adoption of a cap on energy use, announced in 2011.
"The signal He Jiankun delivered, if it does represent the government view, is a positive note. But we need to see a number and we need some clarification," he said. "The key battle we lost with the energy cap is that it's aspirational and not attached to administrative consequences. That makes the seriousness of the target questionable."
The overall figure needed to be broken down into regional targets, with officials evaluated on their success in meeting them, to be effective, he argued. He also warned that it would be a "climate disaster" if China's emissions did not peak until 2030.
Wu Changhua, greater China director of the Climate Group, said the comments should be seen in the context of China's pilot carbon trading schemes. Many people were keen to see a swift move to the establishment of a national mechanism, he said, while others thought that in the meantime there should be an expansion and linking up of existing regional platforms.
Obama defends new carbon emission rules in face of mounting backlash
Obama urged supporters to ignore 'naysayers' and help build support for rules which would cut carbon pollution from power plants 30% by 2030
Barack Obama's carbon plan shows Australia is 'out of step', say experts
Bold US policy aiming for 30% cut shows Coalition's 5% target is too low, says climate adviser Ross Garnaut
Obama unveils historic rules to reduce coal pollution by 30%
New EPA rules spur prospects for deal to end climate change as climate groups welcome 'momentous development'
President Obama gets serious on climate change
John Abraham: With new greenhouse gas emissions regulations, the U.S. is finally a world leader on this important topic


I am glad the sun will last longest!
You have nicely "captured" the setting sun!
Gorgeous sunset - and that barbed wire makes it a little sad too.
That is an imaginative capture!
the contrast of the wire against the sun painted sky is wonderful!
Brilliant pic......and a great blog.
Awesome, that a wonderful pic, its come up natural, and thats important.
There is an award for you in my blog.
Beautiful sky and photo! Happy skywatching!
Beautiful shot. As a matter of fact the barbed wire was in focus.
nice pic! why airport? where did u go?
Anu - I have seen some of your landscape images, I think you have a natural inclination towards them, you should pursue it.
@Joy: thanks.... you are so right!!!
@PN Subramanian: thanks....yes, it was..
@T&S: thanks a lot... am going to get in touch with you when i buy my new camera!


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Azerbaijan finds it dangerous to fully trust accuracy of minefield maps provided by Armenia - official
It is dangerous to fully trust the accuracy of the minefield maps provided to Azerbaijan by Armenia, Emin Huseynov, the special representative of the President of Azerbaijan in the liberated territories [which were liberated from Armenian occupation during the 2020 second Karabakh war] within the Karabakh economic region, said in an interview with Xalq gazeti newspaper.
Note, as a result of the negotiations, the Armenian side provided the Azerbaijani side with more mine maps of liberated territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
On December 4, 2021, the Republic of Azerbaijan, guided by the principles of humanism, transferred 10 servicemen of Armenian origin to the Armenian side.
The handed persons were detained on November 16, 2021 while preventing the provocation of the Armenian armed forces in the direction of Kalbajar on the state border. It should be noted that the Republic of Azerbaijan, committed to the principles of humanism, earlier, on November 26, 2021, ensured the extradition of a civilian and a soldier of Armenian origin to Armenia.
Defence Minister receives new Commander of Russian peacekeeping forces
Turkey's fighter jet to make first flight in 2025
Defense Minister meets with military personnel of Azerbaijan Military Academy - VIDEO
US Department of State concerned over incident along Azerbaijani-Armenian border
EU spokesman comments on latest situation on the Armenian-Azerbaijani border