text:
\section{Introduction}

Superconducting circuits have gained increased interest in recent
years, particularly for their possible use in quantum information
processing and as artificial atoms \cite{YouReview}. In relation
to the artificial-atom concept, the idea of placing such an atom
in contact with a harmonic-oscillator circuit element, which
serves as a cavity, has attracted a great deal of attention
\cite{Chiorescu}. Such circuit-QED systems hold promise for
studying various quantum-optics phenomena in a highly controllable
and easily tunable setting, as well as exploring parameter regimes
that are inaccessible using natural atoms.

One of the most intriguing and counterintuitive phenomena in the
fields of atomic physics and quantum optics is lasing
\cite{Milonni}. Given the above-mentioned advantages of
superconducting circuits for studying atomic-physics and
quantum-optics phenomena, it is natural to investigate
superconducting implementations of lasing. Indeed, there have been
a number of recent theoretical proposals
\cite{You,Rodrigues,Hauss,Zhirov,Hatakenaka} and experimental
demonstrations of lasing \cite{Astafiev,Grajcar} and population
inversion \cite{Berns} in superconducting systems.

In Ref.~\cite{You} a cyclically manipulated artificial atom is
constantly driven into its excited state, from which it can relax
by emitting a photon into the cavity, thus establishing a lasing
state. In Ref.~\cite{Hauss} an atom that is illuminated by an
oscillating field with a properly chosen frequency emits photons
into a low-frequency cavity. Here we analyze a situation that is
different from both Refs.~\cite{You,Hauss}, but is closer to the
usual picture of lasing with natural atoms. Furthermore, the
models that we study are closely related to the experiment of
Ref.~\cite{Astafiev}. It should be mentioned here that similar
models have been studied in the past in the study of single-atom
lasing (see e.g.~Refs.~\cite{Mu,Briegel}). A similar model was
also analyzed in Ref.~\cite{Rodrigues}, but that paper explored
different parameter regimes and analyzed different aspects of the
problem from the present paper.

Using a transition-rate-based calculation, a semiclassical
calculation and numerical simulations, we analyze the different
possible states of the cavity as the system parameters are varied.
Each one of the analytic calculations has its advantages. The
transition-rate-based calculation derives in a transparent manner
the lasing suppression condition and the state of the cavity deep
in the lasing and the suppressed-lasing regimes. The semiclassical
calculation provides a good approximation for the state of the
cavity throughout the lasing state, but is not suited to analyze
the suppressed-lasing regime, where it turns out that the state of
the cavity takes the form of a thermal state. For clarity, we
start by analyzing a simplified two-level-atom model, and we later
take the same approach to analyze a three-level-atom model that
describes more accurately the experiment of Ref.~\cite{Astafiev}.
In particular, we comment on a possible experimental
implementation of the crossover between the lasing and thermal
regimes with a superconducting artificial-atom laser.

\section{Two-level atom}

In this section we analyze the simplified model where the atom
contains two energy levels only. This model provides a good
qualitative understanding of the mechanisms at play and the
resulting phenomena in the experimental setup of interest to us.
The qualitative understanding developed in this section will also
be useful for identifying the importance of the different
processes in the more realistic model analyzed in Sec.~III below.

\subsection{Model}

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=7.0cm]{LasingFig1.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Schematic diagram of a two-level atom
interacting with a cavity mode. The coupling strength for the
exchange of excitations between the atom and the cavity is $g$.
The atom is biased such that it experiences `inverted relaxation'
from the ground to the excited state, with rate $\Gamma$. The loss
rate of photons out of the cavity is $\kappa$.}
\end{figure}

We consider the simple system composed of a two-level system
interacting with a harmonic oscillator (which typically is one
mode of an electromagnetic cavity). The system is shown
schematically in Fig.~1. The Hamiltonian of the combined
atom-cavity system is given by
\begin{equation}
\hat{H} = \frac{\hbar\omega_a}{2} \hat{\sigma}_z + \hbar\omega_0
\hat{a}^{\dagger} \hat{a} + g \sigma_x \left( \hat{a} +
\hat{a}^{\dagger} \right),
\end{equation}
where $\omega_a$ is the atom's characteristic frequency,
$\omega_0$ is the cavity's natural frequency, $g$ is the
atom-cavity coupling strength, $\hat{\sigma}_x$ and
$\hat{\sigma}_z$ are the usual Pauli matrices operating on the
atomic state, and $\hat{a}$ and $\hat{a}^{\dagger}$ are,
respectively, the annihilation and creation operators acting on
the state of the cavity. We shall describe quantum states using
the notation $\ket{n_a,n_c}$, where $n_a=0$ for the atomic ground
state and $n_a=1$ for the excited state, and $n_c$ represents the
number of photons in the cavity.

In order to have efficient emission of photons from the atom into
the cavity, the atom and cavity frequencies must be almost equal.
For the remainder of this paper, we shall take
$\omega_a=\omega_0$. We also take this frequency to be the largest
frequency (or energy) scale in the problem.

The setup is designed such that the atom's bias conditions cause
it to `relax' from the ground state to the excited state, with
rate $\Gamma$ \cite{2pi}. In this section, the inverted relaxation
is assumed as part of the theoretical model under consideration; a
similar process will be derived from first principles in a
realistic three-level-atom model in Sec.~III. It is this
counter-intuitive, inverted relaxation that will provide the
mechanism for population inversion, which plays a crucial role in
the realization of the lasing state. As such, one can say that the
(usual) threshold condition for lasing action is automatically
satisfied in this model. Note that we are ignoring any weak
relaxation process pushing the atom from the excited to the ground
state, since such a process would not affect the main points we
wish to study. Furthermore, since the atom's relaxation rate will
be taken to be very large, we shall ignore any additional atomic
dephasing mechanisms. The cavity is taken to possess a decay rate
$\kappa$.

An alternative description of the above situation concerning the
bias conditions would be to say that the cavity is in contact with
a heat bath that has a very small and positive temperature, while
the atom is in contact with a heat bath that has a very small and
negative temperature. It is worth mentioning here that a similar
approach (with negative effective bath temperature) was used in
Ref.~\cite{Gardiner} to describe an amplification process.

\subsection{Photon emission and loss rates}

In order to determine the state of the cavity for a given set of
parameters, we first note that the above model contains a
mechanism for photon emission into the cavity and a mechanism for
photon loss from the cavity. We consider these two mechanisms
separately.

The loss rate of photons from the cavity (i.e.~the transition rate
from the state $\ket{n_a,n}$ to the state $\ket{n_a,n-1}$, where
$n_a$ represents the state of the atom) is given simply by the
decay rate $\kappa$ multiplied by the number of photons in the
cavity $n$:
\begin{equation}
\Gamma_{\rm loss} = n \kappa.
\label{eq:LossRate}
\end{equation}

Obtaining the photon emission rate requires a somewhat more
careful analysis. We first consider the situation where there are
no or few photons in the cavity. The atom's bias conditions
constantly push it to its excited state. We can therefore assume
the atom to be initially in the excited state. If the atom is in
its excited state and the cavity has $n-1$ photons, the
atom-cavity coupling (with matrix element $g\sqrt{n}$) induces
dynamics between the states $\ket{1,n-1}$ and $\ket{0,n}$. Since
$\Gamma\gg g$, the dynamics will take the form of an incoherent
process described by the transition rate $W_{\ket{1,n-1}
\rightarrow \ket{0,n}} = 4n g^2/\Gamma$. Any population that
starts to accumulate in the state $\ket{0,n}$ will quickly relax
to the state $\ket{1,n}$, because the atom is constantly pushed in
this direction by its surrounding environment. These two steps
complete the transition from the state $\ket{1,n-1}$ to the state
$\ket{1,n}$, or in other words, the process of adding one photon
to the cavity. Since the upward-relaxation process occurs at a
very large rate, it can be treated as being instantaneous. We
therefore find that the photon emission rate (i.e.~the transition
rate from the state $\ket{n_a,n-1}$ to the state $\ket{n_a,n}$) is
given by the rate of the $\ket{1,n-1} \rightarrow \ket{0,n}$
transition, i.e.
\begin{equation}
\Gamma_{\rm emission} = \frac{4n g^2}{\Gamma}.
\label{eq:EmissionRate}
\end{equation}
The photon emission rate therefore increases linearly with $n$ for
small values of $n$ \cite{ExplainGamma1}. Clearly this situation
cannot persist for large $n$, since this mechanism is ultimately
limited by the atom's relaxation rate $\Gamma$. Indeed, when
$g\sqrt{n}$ becomes comparable to or larger than $\Gamma$, the
$\ket{1,n-1} \leftrightarrow \ket{0,n}$ transitions must be
treated as coherent oscillations. One can now argue that in the
limit of very large $n$, where the system spends half of the time
in each one of the two states ($\ket{1,n-1}$ and $\ket{0,n}$), the
atom has a chance to incoherently relax from its ground state into
its excited state only half of the time. In this case the photon
emission rate asymptotically reaches the value $\Gamma/2$, which
it cannot exceed.

The main advantage of the above derivation of the photon emission
rate is its simplicity, as well as the simplicity of the resulting
expressions. A more detailed analysis of the photon emission rate
for any value of $n$ is possible, assuming that cavity is in a
coherent (i.e.~lasing) state. This calculation will be carried out
in Sec.~II.D below (see also \cite{Mu,Stoof}).

\subsection{Lasing condition and possible steady states}

Combing the photon emission and loss rates as functions of photon
number $n$, one can obtain the probability distribution of photon
number states in the cavity. In particular, if this probability
distribution has a peak for some value of $n$, the peak value can
be obtained by locating the intersection point between the
emission and loss rates. Some relevant examples of such a
peak-finding calculation are depicted schematically in Fig.~2.

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=9.0cm]{LasingFig2.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Schematic plot of the photon emission rate
$\Gamma_{\rm emission}$ (green solid line) and the photon loss
rate $\Gamma_{\rm loss}$ (blue dashed line) as functions of the
photon number in the cavity $n$. The intersection point (red
circle) determines the value of $n$ in the photon-number
probability distribution with the highest probability. Going from
(a) to (d), $\Gamma$ is increased, while $\kappa$ is kept fixed.}
\end{figure}

We treat the atom's relaxation rate $\Gamma$ as the tunable
parameter, keeping $g$ and $\kappa$ fixed. From
Eq.~(\ref{eq:EmissionRate}) one can see that small values of
$\Gamma$ correspond to a large initial slope of the emission rate
(at $n=0$), even though the emission rate reaches the saturation
level for a relatively small value of $n$. Figure 2(a) represents
this situation. If we increase $\Gamma$, the initial slope of the
emission rate decreases, but it eventually reaches a larger value.
By comparing Figs.~2(a) and 2(b), one can see that the peak value
of the photon number in the cavity increases with increasing
pumping rate. This result agrees with intuitive expectations.

A change of behaviour occurs when $\Gamma$ reaches a certain
regime, an expression for which will be given shortly. As can be
seen from Fig.~2(c), the peak value of $n$ starts decreasing with
increasing $\Gamma$ and vanishes at a certain value of $\Gamma$.
Beyond this point the value of $n$ with maximum occupation
probability remains at zero.

This suppression of lasing action by strong pumping is quite
counterintuitive. It can be understood in terms of the quantum
Zeno effect; at a certain point, the decoherence associated with
pumping becomes the most dominant effect and inhibits the emission
of photons from the atom into the cavity \cite{Wang,Gurvitz}. In
the following we shall analyze this effect, as well as the state
of the cavity in the different regimes, more quantitatively.

By combining Eqs.~(\ref{eq:LossRate}) and (\ref{eq:EmissionRate}),
we find that if
\begin{equation}
\frac{4 g^2}{\Gamma} > \kappa,
\label{eq:LasingCondition}
\end{equation}
the photon emission rate is larger than the photon loss rate,
assuming a small photon number in the cavity. Starting with a
small photon number, the number increases exponentially in time
[The growth in photon number continues until the peak value of $n$
is reached, as represented by the circles in Figs.~2(a,b)]. If, on
the other hand, Eq.~(\ref{eq:LasingCondition}) is not satisfied,
the loss rate will be higher than the emission rate, and lasing
would not occur. Equation (\ref{eq:LasingCondition}) can therefore
be considered a second threshold condition for lasing in this
setup. Note that population inversion is guaranteed in this model
and that all emission from the atom goes into the cavity.

We now consider the situation where the lasing condition
(Eq.~\ref{eq:LasingCondition}) is satisfied, and we analyze the
probability distribution of the photon number in the cavity. Deep
in the lasing regime, we can assume that the emission rate is well
approximated by $\Gamma/2$. The loss rate is still given by
Eq.~(\ref{eq:LossRate}). The peak in the photon-number probability
distribution therefore occurs at
\begin{equation}
n_{\rm max} = \frac{\Gamma}{2 \kappa}.
\label{eq:LasingAverageNumber}
\end{equation}
Note that this steady-state photon number is independent of the
atom-cavity coupling strength. It is also worth mentioning that
this relation remains valid even if $\Gamma$ is smaller than $g$.

The width of the probability distribution can be calculated as
follows. The `probability current' from the $(n-1)$-photon state
to the $n$-photon state is given by
\begin{equation}
W_{n-1 \rightarrow n} = \frac{\Gamma}{2} P_{n-1},
\end{equation}
whereas the probability current in the opposite direction is given
by
\begin{eqnarray}
W_{n \rightarrow n-1} & = & n \kappa P_{n} \nonumber
\\
& = & \frac{\Gamma}{2} P_{n} + \left( n - n_{\rm max} \right)
\kappa P_{n}.
\end{eqnarray}
Here $P_n$ is the probability of having $n$ photons in the cavity.
Using the detailed balance equation, i.e.~$W_{n-1 \rightarrow
n}=W_{n \rightarrow n-1}$, the above two equations can be combined
to give
\begin{equation}
\frac{P_n-P_{n-1}}{P_n} \approx - \, \frac{n-n_{\rm max}}{n_{\rm
max}},
\end{equation}
which can be integrated to give the probability distribution
\begin{equation}
P_n = P_{\rm max} \exp \left\{ - \, \frac{\left( n-n_{\rm max}
\right)^2}{2 n_{\rm max}} \right\}.
\end{equation}
The width of the probability distribution is therefore of the
order of $\sqrt{n_{\rm max}}$, as would be expected for the lasing
state.

We now turn to the situation where lasing is suppressed, i.e.~when
$4g^2<\Gamma\kappa$. In the linear regime (i.e.~when $n$ is
small), we can write simple detailed balance equations for the
probabilities $P_n$;
\begin{equation}
\frac{P_{n+1}}{P_n} = \frac{\Gamma_{\rm emission}(n)}{\Gamma_{\rm
loss}(n+1)} = \frac{4 g^2}{\Gamma \kappa}.
\end{equation}
This equation can be identified as the detailed-balance equation
for a cavity in thermal equilibrium at effective temperature
\begin{equation}
T_{\rm eff} = \frac{\hbar\omega_0}{k_B} \left[\log \left\{
\frac{\Gamma\kappa}{4 g^2} \right\} \right]^{-1}.
\end{equation}
Note that here we are neglecting the small ambient temperature of
the cavity. Using the Bose-distribution formula, we find that the
average number of photons at the above effective temperature is
given by
\begin{equation}
\avg{n} = \left(\frac{\Gamma\kappa}{4 g^2}-1\right)^{-1}.
\label{eq:ThermalAverageNumber}
\end{equation}
Therefore, if we start from large values of $\Gamma$ and we
gradually decrease it, the average number of photons in the cavity
starts increasing. This number follows a $1/x$-type function that
diverges at the threshold condition. The nonlinearity in the
emission rate [see Fig.~2(c)] prevents the photon number from
diverging at the critical value of $\Gamma$; instead the system
changes behaviour and enters the lasing regime.

\subsection{Semiclassical derivation}

In this subsection, we briefly review a mean-field approximation
that can be used to find an analytic expression for the number of
photons in the cavity in the lasing state. We follow closely the
calculation of Ref.~\cite{Mu} (see also Ref.~\cite{Gurvitz}): we
write equations of motion for the expectation values of the
relevant operators (in the rotating frame for simplicity), and
from the stationary steady-state solution we extract the number of
photons in the cavity.

We start with the Lindblad master equation for the model under
consideration (see e.g.~Ref.~\cite{Gardiner})
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{d\rho}{dt} & = & - \frac{i}{\hbar} \left[ \hat{H} , \rho
\right] + \Gamma \left( \hat{\sigma}_+ \rho \hat{\sigma}_- -
\frac{1}{2} \hat{\sigma}_- \hat{\sigma}_+ \rho - \frac{1}{2} \rho
\hat{\sigma}_- \hat{\sigma}_+ \right) \nonumber \\ & & + \kappa
\left( \hat{a} \rho \hat{a}^\dagger - \frac{1}{2} \hat{a}^\dagger
\hat{a} \rho - \frac{1}{2} \rho \hat{a}^\dagger \hat{a} \right),
\label{eq:Master_equation}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\rho$ is the total system's density matrix, and
$\hat{\sigma}_{\pm}$ are the atom's raising and lowering
operators. We can now multiply this equation on the left by any
operator $\hat{A}$ and take the trace over the density matrix. The
result is an equation of motion for the average value of the
operator $\hat{A}$, denoted $\avg{A}$.

The relevant equations of motion are:
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{d\avg{a}}{dt} & = & g \avg{\sigma_-} - \frac{\kappa}{2}
\avg{a} \nonumber
\\
\frac{d\avg{\sigma_-}}{dt} & = & g \avg{a \sigma_z} -
\frac{\Gamma}{2} \avg{\sigma_-} \nonumber
\\
\frac{d\avg{\sigma_z}}{dt} & = & - 2 g \avg{ a^{\dagger} \sigma_-
+ a \sigma_+ } + \Gamma \left( 1 - \avg{\sigma_z} \right).
\label{eq:Semiclassical_equations}
\end{eqnarray}
Using the mean-field approximation (i.e.~ setting $\avg{a
\sigma_z} = \avg{a} \avg{\sigma_z}$ etc.), choosing $\avg{a}$ to
be real and setting the left-hand sides to zero (for the
steady-state solution), we find for the average number of photons
in the cavity (using the relation $\avg{n} = \avg{a^2}$)
\begin{equation}
\avg{n} = \frac{\Gamma}{2\kappa} \left( 1 - \frac{\Gamma
\kappa}{4g^2} \right).
\label{Eq:simple_N}
\end{equation}
This expression is the mean-field approximation of the number of
photons in the cavity. It predicts that deep in the lasing regime,
i.e.~when the second term inside the parentheses can be neglected,
the number of photons will be given by $\Gamma/2\kappa$. It also
predicts that the photon number will start decreasing with
increasing $\Gamma$ and will vanish when $\Gamma\kappa/(4g^2)=1$.
Both of these results agree with the results of Sec.~II.C. Note
that the semiclassical calculation deals with average values, and
therefore is not suited to describe the thermal state (which
requires knowledge of the probability distribution of the photon
occupation number in the cavity).

\subsection{Numerical calculations}

We now solve Eq.~(\ref{eq:Master_equation}) numerically for
different values of $\Gamma$, keeping $g$ and $\kappa$ fixed. As
representative quantities that manifest the differences between
the lasing and suppressed-lasing regimes, we plot in Fig.~3 the
average photon number in the cavity $\avg{n}$ and the photon
number with maximum probability $n_{\rm max}$ as functions of the
parameter $\Gamma\kappa/(4g^2)$.

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=8.0cm]{LasingFig3.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Average photon number $\avg{n}$ (blue
solid line) and maximum-probability photon number $n_{\rm max}$
(green solid line) in the cavity as functions of the parameter
$\Gamma\kappa/(4g^2)$. Note that $n_{\rm max}$ corresponds to red
circles in Fig.~2. The values $g/\omega_0=8\times 10^{-3}$ and
$\kappa/\omega_0=5\times 10^{-3}/(2\pi)$ were used in the
numerical calculations. The red dashed line shows the predictions
of Eq.~(\ref{eq:LasingAverageNumber}) in the lasing regime, and
the red dotted line shows the predictions of
Eq.~(\ref{eq:ThermalAverageNumber}) in the thermal regime. The
green line agrees very well with the predictions of the
semiclassical calculation (Eq.~\ref{Eq:simple_N}).}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=9.0cm]{LasingFig4.eps}
\caption{Occupation probability as a function of photon number in
the cavity for a point in the lasing regime (a;
$\Gamma\kappa/(4g^2)=0.5$) and one in the thermal regime (b;
$\Gamma\kappa/(4g^2)=1.25$). The system parameters are given in
Fig.~3. The curve in (a) is fitted very well by a gaussian
function, and the curve in (b) is fitted very well by a Boltzmann
thermal-distribution function.}
\end{figure}

The average photon number $\avg{n}$ agrees with the analytic
expressions of Sec.~II.C [Eqs.~(\ref{eq:LasingAverageNumber}) and
(\ref{eq:ThermalAverageNumber})] away from the threshold on both
the lasing and thermal sides. The maximum-probability number
$n_{\rm max}$ agrees with the quadratic function derived in
Sec.~II.D (see also Ref.~\cite{Mu}) throughout the lasing regime.
$n_{\rm max}$ coincides with $\avg{n}$ deep in the lasing regime,
but it decreases faster as the threshold is approached and clearly
exhibits an abrupt change of behaviour when the threshold
condition is crossed.

In Fig.~4 we plot the probability distribution of the photon
number in the cavity for two points in Fig.~3, one in the lasing
state and one in the thermal state. Apart from a small regime
around the lasing-suppression threshold, the probability
distribution is fitted very well by a gaussian function in the
lasing regime and by an exponential (i.e.~Boltzmann-distribution)
function in the thermal regime.

\section{Three-level atom}

We now consider a model that corresponds more closely to the
experiment of Ref.~\cite{Astafiev}, i.e. a Cooper-pair box coupled
to a harmonic-oscillator circuit element. In the analogy with
conventional lasers using natural atoms, the Cooper-pair box plays
the role of the atom, whereas the linear circuit element plays the
role of the cavity. We follow the methods explained in Sec.~II
above and apply them to this more realistic model with a
three-level atom. It should be noted here that there has been some
work in the past on single-atom lasers using three-level atoms or
ions \cite{Mu,Briegel}. The model we consider here, however,
provides a more accurate description of the experimental situation
of main interest to us \cite{Astafiev}.

\subsection{Model}

The Hamiltonian of the system is now given by
\begin{equation}
\hat{H} = \frac{\hbar\omega_a}{2} \left( \cos \theta
\hat{\sigma}_z + \sin \theta \hat{\sigma}_x \right) +
\hbar\omega_0 \hat{a}^{\dagger} \hat{a} + g_0 \sigma_z \left(
\hat{a} + \hat{a}^{\dagger} \right),
\end{equation}
where, as before, $\omega_a$ is the atom's characteristic
frequency and $\omega_0$ is the cavity's natural frequency, and
these two frequencies are taken to be equal. The angle $\theta$
represents the deviation of the atom's bias point from the
so-called degeneracy point, and $g_0$ is the atom-cavity coupling
strength. In the three-level-atom model, the Pauli matrices
$\hat{\sigma}_x$ and $\hat{\sigma}_z$ operate on the two active
atomic states, with no need to include the third (inert) state
explicitly in the Hamiltonian (in particular, the energy of the
third state does not affect the results below).

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=10.0cm]{LasingFig5.eps}
\caption{The different processes involved in lasing for the
experiment of Ref.~\cite{Astafiev}. The first, second and third
quantum numbers represent, respectively, the number of Cooper
pairs in the box, the number of unpaired electrons in the box and
the number of electrons in the drain electrode. The box is
resonantly coupled to a cavity mode, and the two can exchange
excitations. The states with $N$ and $N+1$ Cooper pairs in the box
are coupled because the box is biased in the vicinity of the
so-called degeneracy point, so that Cooper pairs can tunnel
coherently between the box and the source electrode. The system's
total energy is lowered every time an electron tunnels (in a
dissipative process) from the box to the drain electrode. The
state with $N+1$ Cooper pairs and a single unpaired electron in
the box does not participate in the lasing mechanism. The inset in
the bottom-left corner of the figure shows the same processes as
in the main part of the figure, but in the energy eigenbasis of
the Cooper-pair box. Because of the mixing between the Cooper-pair
number states in the energy eigenstates of the box, the different
relaxation rates shown in that inset obey the relations
$\gamma_{0\rightarrow 2} = \Gamma_1 \cos^2(\theta/2)$,
$\gamma_{1\rightarrow 2} = \Gamma_1 \sin^2(\theta/2)$,
$\gamma_{2\rightarrow 1} = \Gamma_2 \cos^2(\theta/2)$ and
$\gamma_{2\rightarrow 0} = \Gamma_2 \sin^2(\theta/2)$. The inset
in the top-right corner of the figure shows a truncated model of a
three-level atom where relaxation processes take the atom from the
ground state ($\ket{0}$) to an inert state ($\ket{2}$) and then to
the excited state ($\ket{1}$).}
\end{figure}

A schematic diagram of the photon emission mechanism is shown in
Fig.~5, including the dissipative processes. The state with $N+1$
Cooper pairs in the box can relax to the state with $N$ Cooper
pairs and an unpaired electron in the box and an electron added to
the drain electrode (this transition occurs with rate $\Gamma_1$).
This state can relax further when the unpaired electron tunnels
from the box into the drain electrode (with rate $\Gamma_2$). Once
the box has $N$ Cooper pairs and no unpaired electrons, its
coupling to the source electrode allows a new Cooper pair to
tunnel from the source electrode to the box.

One can now see how the inverted relaxation process occurs. Using
an applied gate voltage to the Cooper-pair box, the system is
biased such that the state with $N+1$ Cooper pairs in the box is
lower in energy than the state with $N$ Cooper pairs, assuming a
fixed number of electrons in the drain electrode. Under this
condition, the state of the box with $N+1$ Cooper pairs can, on a
qualitative level, be identified as the ground state $\ket{0}$,
and the state with $N$ Cooper pairs in the box can be identified
as the excited state $\ket{1}$. When the box starts in the state
with $N+1$ Cooper pairs and one electron tunnels out of the box
into the drain electrode, the artificial atom goes from the ground
state $\ket{0}$ to a third state that contains $N$ Cooper pairs
and one unpaired electron in the box. Barring coincidences, the
extra unpaired electron in the box acts as an additional gate
voltage, moving the Cooper-pair box away from the degeneracy point
and from resonance with the cavity. As a result, this third level
will not be involved in any coherent dynamics and can, for our
purposes, be considered completely inert. Once in the inert state,
the unpaired electron can tunnel from the box to the drain
electrode and the atom relaxes to its excited state $\ket{1}$,
thus completing the relaxation process. The fact that the states
of the source and drain electrodes change during the relaxation
processes, which is needed in order to ensure that energy is
always lowered in each step of the relaxation process, does not
need to be explicitly taken into account once we have established
the mechanism for the inverted relaxation process in the
Cooper-pair box. Note that there are additional relaxation
processes in Fig.~5, which occur because the ground and excited
states of the box are superpositions of the states with $N$ and
$N+1$ Cooper pairs in the box.

\subsection{Photon emission and loss rates}

The derivation of the emission rate is less straightforward in
this case than the in Sec.~II.B. Nevertheless, it can be done, and
we carry it out here.

First we consider the small-$n$ limit, where photon emission can
be treated as an incoherent process. When the atom is in the state
$\ket{1}$, the process by which it emits a photon into the cavity
still occurs with the rate given by Eq.~(\ref{eq:EmissionRate}),
noting that the relevant relaxation rate here is $\Gamma_1$ (which
is the relaxation rate out of the space of active atomic states
and represents the decoherence rate in that space) and now we have
$g=g_0\sin\theta$. One difference between the present case and
that of Sec.~II.B is that now the atom can undergo recurring
transitions between the states $\ket{0}$, $\ket{1}$ and $\ket{2}$
even without the emission or absorption of photons. Therefore we
need to include some additional arguments in order to take the
above fact into account. When the atom is in the state $\ket{0}$,
the process by which it absorbs a photon from the cavity occurs
with the same rate as the one for photon emission. The net photon
emission rate is therefore given by
\begin{equation}
\Gamma_{\rm emission} = \frac{4n g^2}{\Gamma_1} \left( P_1 - P_0
\right),
\end{equation}
where $P_j$ is the occupation probability of atomic state $j$.
Using the relaxation rates shown in Fig.~5, we can derive the
probabilities of the different states:
\begin{eqnarray}
P_0 & = & \frac{\tan^2 \frac{\theta}{2}}{\tan^2 \frac{\theta}{2} +
\cot^2 \frac{\theta}{2} + \frac{\Gamma_1}{\Gamma_2}} \nonumber
\\
P_1 & = & \frac{\cot^2 \frac{\theta}{2}}{\tan^2 \frac{\theta}{2} +
\cot^2 \frac{\theta}{2} + \frac{\Gamma_1}{\Gamma_2}} \nonumber
\\
P_2 & = & \frac{\Gamma_1/\Gamma_2}{\tan^2 \frac{\theta}{2} +
\cot^2 \frac{\theta}{2} + \frac{\Gamma_1}{\Gamma_2}},
\end{eqnarray}
which gives
\begin{equation}
P_1 - P_0 = \frac{\cos\theta}{\cos^2\theta + \left( \frac{1}{2} +
\frac{\Gamma_1}{4\Gamma_2} \right) \sin^2\theta}.
\end{equation}
With this expression we find that the net emission rate in the
small-$n$ limit is given by
\begin{equation}
\Gamma_{\rm emission} = \frac{4n g^2}{\Gamma_1} \left(
\frac{\cos\theta}{\cos^2\theta + \left( \frac{1}{2} +
\frac{\Gamma_1}{4\Gamma_2} \right) \sin^2\theta} \right).
\label{Eq:EmissionRateLinear}
\end{equation}

Deep in the lasing regime, strong coupling with the cavity causes
the atom to quickly reach equal populations of the states
$\ket{0}$ and $\ket{1}$ every time it enters the space of active
states. Relaxation from the active space to the inert state
therefore occurs with rate $\Gamma_1/2$. Relaxation from the inert
state back to the active space occurs with rate $\Gamma_2$. The
atom's resetting rate (or Cooper-pair current) is therefore given
by $(\Gamma_1/2)\times\Gamma_2/(\Gamma_1/2+\Gamma_2)$, which is
the rate for a sequence of such recurrent relaxation steps. Since
the atom has two possibilities when relaxing from the inert state
to the active space [state $\ket{1}$ with probability
$\cos^2(\theta/2)$ and state $\ket{0}$ with probability
$\sin^2(\theta/2)$], the net photon emission rate will be given by
\begin{equation}
\Gamma_{\rm emission} =
\frac{(\Gamma_1/2)\times\Gamma_2}{\Gamma_1/2+\Gamma_2} \times
\cos\theta.
\label{Eq:EmissionRateSaturated}
\end{equation}
In the following subsection, we use the above rates to describe
the state of the cavity.

\subsection{Lasing condition and possible steady states}

We can now follow the arguments of Sec.~II.C with the expressions
just derived in Sec.~III.B and describe different properties of
the system.

Setting the photon emission rate in the small-$n$ limit
(Eq.~\ref{Eq:EmissionRateLinear}) equal to the photon loss rate
(Eq.~\ref{eq:LossRate}), we find the threshold condition
\begin{equation}
\frac{\Gamma_1\kappa}{4g^2} = \frac{\cos\theta}{\cos^2 \theta +
\left( \frac{1}{2} + \frac{\Gamma_1}{4\Gamma_2} \right)
\sin^2\theta}.
\label{Eq:Threshold}
\end{equation}
Deep in the lasing regime, equating the emission rate
(Eq.~\ref{Eq:EmissionRateSaturated}) to the loss rate
(Eq.~\ref{eq:LossRate}) gives an average photon number of
\begin{equation}
\avg{n} = \frac{1}{\kappa}
\frac{(\Gamma_1/2)\times\Gamma_2}{\Gamma_1/2+\Gamma_2} \cos\theta.
\label{Eq:nLasing}
\end{equation}
In the suppressed-lasing regime, we find a thermal state with
effective temperature
\begin{equation}
T_{\rm eff} = \frac{\hbar\omega_0}{k_B} \left[\log \left\{
\frac{\Gamma_1\kappa}{4 g^2} \frac{\cos^2 \theta + \left(
\frac{1}{2} + \frac{\Gamma_1}{4\Gamma_2} \right) \sin^2\theta}
{\cos\theta} \right\} \right]^{-1}.
\end{equation}
Except for the above modified expressions, the qualitative
physical description of the system remains essentially the same as
the one given in Sec.~II.C.

\subsection{Semiclassical calculation}

We now follow the semiclassical approach to derive the average
photon number in the lasing state for the three-level-atom model.
Using Eqs.~(\ref{eq:Semiclassical_equations}) as a template and
Fig.~5 as a guide for the relevant dissipative processes, we write
the equations of motion:
\begin{widetext}
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{d\avg{a}}{dt} & = & g \avg{\sigma_-} - \frac{\kappa}{2}
\avg{a} \nonumber
\\
\frac{d\avg{\sigma_-}}{dt} & = & g \avg{a \left(P_1-P_0\right)} -
\frac{\gamma_{0\rightarrow 2}+\gamma_{1\rightarrow 2}}{2}
\avg{\sigma_-} \nonumber
\\
\frac{d(P_1-P_0)}{dt} & = & - 2 g \avg{ a^{\dagger} \sigma_- + a
\sigma_+ } + \gamma_{0\rightarrow 2} P_0 - \gamma_{1\rightarrow 2}
P_1 + \left( \gamma_{2\rightarrow 1} - \gamma_{2\rightarrow 0}
\right) \left( 1 - P_0 - P_1 \right) \nonumber
\\
\frac{d(P_1+P_0)}{dt} & = & - \gamma_{0\rightarrow 2} P_0 -
\gamma_{1\rightarrow 2} P_1 + \left( \gamma_{2\rightarrow 1} +
\gamma_{2\rightarrow 0} \right) \left( 1 - P_0 - P_1 \right),
\end{eqnarray}
where the $\gamma$s are the different relaxation rates, and
$\sigma_-$ transforms the state $\ket{1}$ into the state
$\ket{0}$. Using the relations $\gamma_{0\rightarrow 2} = \Gamma_1
\cos^2(\theta/2)$, $\gamma_{1\rightarrow 2} = \Gamma_1
\sin^2(\theta/2)$, $\gamma_{2\rightarrow 1} = \Gamma_2
\cos^2(\theta/2)$ and $\gamma_{2\rightarrow 0} = \Gamma_2
\sin^2(\theta/2)$, the steady-state solution of the above
equations gives
\begin{eqnarray}
\avg{n} & = & \frac{1}{2\kappa} \Bigg[ \frac{ \gamma_{0\rightarrow
2} - \gamma_{1\rightarrow 2} + 2 \gamma_{2\rightarrow 0} - 2
\gamma_{2\rightarrow 1} }{ \gamma_{0\rightarrow 2} +
\gamma_{1\rightarrow 2} + 2 \gamma_{2\rightarrow 0} + 2
\gamma_{2\rightarrow 1} } \left\{ \left(
\frac{\gamma_{0\rightarrow 2}^2}{4} - \frac{\gamma_{1\rightarrow
2}^2}{4} \right) \frac{\kappa}{2g^2} + \gamma_{2\rightarrow 0} +
\gamma_{2\rightarrow 1} \right\} \nonumber \\
& & \hspace{7cm} - \frac{\left(\gamma_{0\rightarrow 2} +
\gamma_{1\rightarrow 2}\right)^2}{4} \frac{\kappa}{2g^2} +
\gamma_{2\rightarrow 1} - \gamma_{2\rightarrow 0} \Bigg] \nonumber
\\
& = & \frac{1}{2\kappa} \left[
\frac{\Gamma_1-2\Gamma_2}{\Gamma_1+2\Gamma_2} \left\{
\frac{\Gamma_1^2 \kappa \cos\theta}{8g^2} + \Gamma_2 \right\}
\cos\theta - \frac{\Gamma_1^2 \kappa}{8g^2} + \Gamma_2 \cos\theta
\right] \nonumber
\\
& = & \frac{\Gamma_1}{2\kappa} \left[
\frac{1}{1+\frac{\Gamma_1}{2\Gamma_2}} \cos\theta - \left( 1 +
\frac{1-\frac{\Gamma_1}{2\Gamma_2}}{1+\frac{\Gamma_1}{2\Gamma_2}}
\cos^2\theta \right) \frac{\Gamma_1^2 \kappa}{8g^2} \right].
\label{Eq:complicated_N}
\end{eqnarray}
\end{widetext}
Equation (\ref{Eq:complicated_N}) is clearly more complicated than
Eq.~(\ref{Eq:simple_N}), reflecting the more complicated nature of
the two-step relaxation process in the three-level-atom model.

If we go deep into the lasing regime, i.e. by neglecting the terms
containing $\Gamma_1 \kappa/g^2$ in Eq.~(\ref{Eq:complicated_N}),
we recover Eq.~(\ref{Eq:nLasing}). If we equate $\avg{n}$ to zero,
we recover the threshold condition in Eq.~(\ref{Eq:Threshold}). If
we take the case where $\Gamma_1=\Gamma_2$,
Eq.~(\ref{Eq:complicated_N}) reduces to
\begin{equation}
\avg{n} = \frac{\Gamma_1}{2 \kappa} \left[ \frac{2}{3} \cos\theta
- \frac{\Gamma_1\kappa}{8g^2} \left( 1+ \frac{1}{3} \cos^2\theta
\right) \right],
\end{equation}
and the threshold condition is given by
\begin{equation}
\frac{\Gamma_1\kappa}{4g^2} = \frac{4 \cos\theta}{3+\cos^2\theta}.
\end{equation}

If we take the limit $\Gamma_2\gg\Gamma_1$,
Eq.~(\ref{Eq:complicated_N}) reduces to
\begin{equation}
\avg{n} = \frac{\Gamma_1}{2\kappa} \left[ \cos\theta -
\frac{\Gamma_1 \kappa}{8g^2} \left( 1 + \cos^2\theta \right)
\right],
\end{equation}
and the threshold condition is given by
\begin{equation}
\frac{\Gamma\kappa}{4g^2} = \frac{2\cos\theta}{1+\cos^2\theta}.
\end{equation}

For the parameters quoted in Ref.~\cite{Astafiev},
i.e.~$g=(2\pi)\times 44$ MHz, $\Gamma_1=\Gamma_2=(2\pi)\times 600$
MHz, $\kappa=(2\pi)\times 1.3$ MHz, $\theta=0.18\pi$, one finds
that the ratio $\Gamma_1\kappa/(4g^2) \approx 0.1$ (and
$\avg{n}\approx 70$), with the threshold occuring at
$\Gamma_1\kappa/(4g^2)\approx 0.9$. This set of parameters is
therefore well inside the lasing regime. By reducing $g$ and
increasing $\kappa$ (e.g.~during fabrication), however, the
boundary between the two regimes seems to be easily reachable.
Since the pumping rate $\Gamma$ is somewhat controllable in
experiment, it should be possible to study the transition between
the two regimes on a single sample.

\subsection{Numerical calculations}

We solve the quantum-optical master equation relevant to this
model [which follows straightforwardly from
Eq.~(\ref{eq:Master_equation}) and Fig.~5] numerically for
different values of $\Gamma_1$, keeping $g$, $\kappa$ and
$\Gamma_2/\Gamma_1$ fixed. We plot in Fig.~6 the average photon
number in the cavity $\avg{n}$ and the photon number with maximum
probability $n_{\rm max}$ as functions of $\Gamma_1\kappa/(4g^2)$.
The main features in Fig.~6 are similar to those in Fig.~3, which
is an indication that a good intuitive understanding of the system
can be obtained from the simplified two-level-atom model. The
curves in Fig.~6 also agree with the analytic expressions given in
this section. We do not plot the probability distributions here
because they look very similar to the ones shown in Fig.~4.

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=8.0cm]{LasingFig6.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Average photon number $\avg{n}$ (solid
lines) and maximum-probability photon number $n_{\rm max}$ (dashed
lines) in the cavity as functions of the parameter
$\Gamma_1\kappa/(4g^2)$. The values $g/\omega_0=8\times 10^{-4}$,
$\kappa/\omega_0=5\times 10^{-4}/(2\pi)$ and $\theta=\pi/3$ were
used in the numerical calculations. The ratio $\Gamma_2/\Gamma_1$
is 1 for the blue (black) lines and 10 for the green (gray) lines.
All the numerical results agree well with theoretical predictions.
The small difference between the solid and dashed lines deep in
the lasing regime is due to the discreteness of $n_{\rm max}$.}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion}

We have analyzed the lasing behaviour of a single artificial atom
in a cavity, in particular in connection with recent experiments
on superconducting charge qubits. Although increased pumping
strength initially results in a larger photon population in the
cavity, increasing the pumping rate beyond a certain point starts
to suppress the number of photons in the lasing state. When the
pumping rate reaches a critical threshold value, lasing action is
completely lost and a thermal state of the cavity is formed. We
have analyzed the properties of both the lasing and
suppressed-lasing (thermal) states. We have used a
transition-rate-based approach, semiclassical calculations and
numerical simulations in our analysis, and all three methods give
consistent results. Our analysis and results are very relevant to
the experimentally achieved situation of Ref.~\cite{Astafiev},
suggesting that experimental tests of the phenomena studied in
this paper should be possible in the near future.

\begin{acknowledgments}
We would like to thank A. Abdumalikov, O. Astafiev, P. Berman, A.
Fedorov, Y. Nakamura, A. Satanin and A. Smirnov for useful
discussions. This work was supported in part by the National
Security Agency (NSA), the Laboratory for Physical Sciences (LPS),
the Army Research Office (ARO), the National Science Foundation
(NSF) grant No.~EIA-0130383, the JSPS-RFBR 06-02-91200 and
Core-to-Core (CTC) program supported by the Japan Society for
Promotion of Science (JSPS).
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Movie review by
Sandie Angulo Chen, Common Sense Media
Popular with kidsParents recommend
Common Sense says
Dr. Seuss classic is cute, but watch for product tie-ins.
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Did we miss something on diversity?
Research shows a connection between kids' healthy self-esteem and positive portrayals in media. That's why we've added a new "Diverse Representations" section to our reviews that will be rolling out on an ongoing basis. You can help us help kids by suggesting a diversity update.
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A lot or a little?
The parents' guide to what's in this movie.
Stands out for positive messages.
Educational Value
The Lorax teaches a valuable lesson about the importance of the natural world and protecting natural resources. The idea of "unless" is pivotal to the story -- that Earth will continue to be polluted and destroyed "unless" people like Ted and Audrey stand up for it.
Like the book, the movie promotes an environmental message about conservation along with themes of courage and integrity. It also suggests the danger of giving into materialistic impulses that can damage the environment. The movie will make kids think about where their stuff comes from, whether having too much stuff is a good thing, and what the consequences of their actions might be. Unfortunately kids may be confused by these positive messages once they realize how many product tie-ins are associated with the movie (see "Consumerism" section).
Positive Role Models
At first Ted is driven purely by his feelings for Audrey, but then he decides to learn the story of the Lorax and the Truffula trees for himself and to help his entire town; ultimately he turns out to be a brave guy who stands up for what's right. The Once-ler redeems the greedy acts of his past. Audrey and Grandma subvert the conventional idea that having plastic trees -- plastic everything -- is better than real nature. On the negative side, the Once-ler breaks his promise and allows his family to convince him to chop down all the trees to make a profit.
Violence & Scariness
The Once-ler employs a huge machine attached to axes to chop down the Truffula trees. At one point, the Once-ler and a baby Barbaloot are floating on a mattress toward a waterfall, but neither is injured. A few characters are hit in the face with various objects (marshmallows, a hammer), but there's no lasting harm.
Sexy Stuff
Ted has a crush on Audrey; at the end of the movie, they share a brief kiss. He also imagines kissing her earlier in the film.
Language includes "stupid" and "dumb."
Although the film (and story) itself espouses the same ecologically friendly themes as Dr. Seuss' book, the studio has agreed to more than 70 merchandise tie-ins, from the standard stuffed animals and figurines to the more egregious IHOP pancake platter and Mazda SUV promotions (the latter has included school events in which kids are urged to ask their parents to test-drive the vehicle). Many social critics have slammed the studio for taking Seuss' anti-consumerist message and turning it into an opportunity for the Lorax to promote various products.
Drinking, Drugs & Smoking
What parents need to know
Parents need to know that this animated adaptation of Dr. Seuss' beloved tale of The Lorax is age-appropriate for younger kids; there's little scary stuff, and the pro-environmental message is a positive one. The main issue here is really the movie's huge number of consumerist tie-ins -- at least 70 different marketing promotions. For an anti-materialism story to advertise so many products to kids and their parents sends a particularly confusing message. Still, the movie itself -- like the original story -- promotes conservation and protecting the environment. Kids will leave the film wanting to do more to help the natural world ... too bad that take-away will be diluted by the onslaught of available merchandise with the Lorax's bright-orange image on it.
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Adult Written byjerry d. March 4, 2012
Junk Food for your Eyes and Ears
This movie is not for children who can't already recognize that attitudes expressed in a film may not be appropriate or representative of real life. But ev... Continue reading
Adult Written byOrson1989 March 21, 2012
Give me a Break
The film is not suggesting that your child should feel guilty for sitting in a wooden chair. The film's message is that people should use natural resource... Continue reading
Add your ratingSee all 83 parent reviews.
Teen, 13 years old Written bymikasascrustyscarf November 29, 2021
the once-ler was unarguably the best character
good role model for children
and very good looking ;)
Teen, 16 years old Written byIMITBEURDADDY May 19, 2021
Oh we dont got time for that.
This movie is really funny and its crazy to see how O'hare is pretty much a dictator and owns Thneedville cause he controls the air. Most of the song are enjoy... Continue reading
Add your ratingSee all 117 kid reviews.
THE LORAX takes place in the town of Thneedville, where there are no real trees, or grass, or nature to speak of -- everything is plastic and fake. When young Ted (voiced by Zac Efron) discovers that what his crush, Audrey (Taylor Swift), wants more than anything is to see a real tree, he sets out to find one for her. Advised by his grandmother (Betty White), Ted leaves Thneedville in search of the reclusive Once-ler (Ed Helms), who tells him the story of The Lorax (Danny DeVito). As Ted learns more about the history of the Truffula Trees that the Once-ler chopped down, his life is Thneedville is challenged by the town's bigwig, Mr. O'Hare (Rob Riggle), who profits from the manufactured air that the citizens have been taught to buy and breathe. But if Ted exposes the truth to the people of Thneedville, they'll realize nature isn't the dirty inconvenience they've been taught to believe.
Is it any good?
To those who consider the book as Dr. Seuss' magnum opus, this adaptation of The Lorax will be at least somewhat a relief (unlike the miserable The Cat in the Hat). It's light and sweet and frames the original story in an easy-to-understand plot about a boy who wants to impress his tree-obsessed crush. The star-studded voice cast does a fine job (the main characters are even named after Dr. Seuss -- Theodore Geisel -- and his widow, Audrey), and the songs are all upbeat, if not Randy Newman-memorable. If it weren't an adaptation, The Lorax would make for a fun, message-filled movie with a charming set of characters.
The problem is that passionate lovers of The Lorax will expect more; they'll hope for a movie as timeless and important as Seuss' subversive commentary on the perils of conspicuous consumption and forsaking the environment to benefit the almighty dollar. But the studio has already marred that idea with its constant parading of various Lorax-approved products. Having the Lorax shill for an SUV or themed breakfasts is counter to the spirit of the story -- which, at least in the movie, promotes a return to nature. Kids will surely delight in The Lorax, but teens and parents savvy enough to recognize the irony of big-studio consumerism may wonder whether Dr. Seuss would have approved at all. (If you're looking for another take on the tale, try the excellent 1970s adaptation -- it's shorter, but it doesn't have the pesky tie-ins to worry about.)
Talk to your kids about ...
Families can talk about The Lorax's messages. What does it want viewers to take away from the story? What are some ways that parents and kids can make a difference to the environment?
What made kids want to see this movie -- the story or all the product tie-ins? Do kids want a product because The Lorax is on it? How do kids feel about the fact that one of their favorite characters is being used to sell products that might not be good for the Earth?
What are your favorite Dr. Seuss stories? Which ones were best translated into movies? Are there any other Dr. Seuss books you'd like to see adapted?
How do the characters in The Lorax demonstrate courage and integrity? Why are these important character strengths?
In theaters: March 2, 2012
On DVD or streaming: August 7, 2012
Cast: Danny DeVito, Ed Helms, Taylor Swift, Zac Efron
Director: Chris Renaud
Studio: Universal Pictures
Genre: Family and Kids
Topics: Book Characters, Science and Nature
Character strengths: Courage, Integrity
MPAA rating: PG
MPAA explanation: brief mild language
Our editors recommend
Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who!
Adorable 'toon fun for all, no matter how small.
Age-appropriate food adventure goes down easily.
Live-action take on classic has some crude, scary moments.
Adorable big-screen Pooh adaptation is short and sweet.
For kids who love Dr. Seuss
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Wargaming on Tour: the MGT-20 Rolls Out!
Now that gamescom 2014 has come to an end it's time for us to once again hit the road in our tricked-out MGT-20 gaming truck. European tour, anyone? Check out the list of dates and venues in the table below to see where you can rendezvous with our Community Team, get hold of some amazing goodies and play some games. We have also included links to our Flickr accounts for past events. Scout the photos and see if you are in their number!
As an extra special treat we have also prepared the following infographic with some cool stats about the truck and its tour. Have you been lucky enough to be part of the journey so far?


Well I've been quiet for a little while, catching up with my writing and catching my breath between journeys to Europa. Mostly preparing to leave Alaska permanently. Being back here has been tinged with a kind of nostalgia already. I am doing things that I know I will probably never do again: Picking spruce tips for tea, harvesting devil's club, drying morels, puffballs and boletes to rediscover in over a year when my container is finally sent to Georgia; Taking people on tours to float down the Chilkat River or to see bears on the Chilkoot; Meeting friends to discuss my plans; Stopping others to let them know that my farewell event will be coming up on September 8th at the ANB/ANS Hall. Plus remembering the things I won't miss here. Everyplace has its curses. In New York City it was crime, rats , roaches, ultra hipness. Here in Haines it's small minded pettiness, bovine tourists and other forms of myopia. But there is much goodness and many friends that I will indeed miss.
Meanwhile on October 4th I leave for good. And there has been much to consider. Fortunately last summer's insane moving crunch has left me in perfect position to move. Everything I own is in unit number 3 at S & W Storage. And I have gone through it all to remove things I won't need in Tbilisi: lamps, waffle irons, heaters, microwave ovens, anything that simply plugs in and gets hot. Also I've put the finishing touches on my boxes and reorganized everything into the most efficient shape. And finally I've gone through the last of my mother's things and mailed off the items connected more to my stepfather Mike's family. And so my life here seems nearly completely closed down. Only a few final details left. They could be finished in a day. My storage unit is paid through October 2019.
Then there are the more complicated problems associated with my departure. New passport? It arrived last week after being rejected once for too much shadow in my photo I assume, but they didn't specify. Airline tickets to Paris? Yes. But I still need to buy my December tickets from Paris to Tbilisi. I'm waiting for my funds to resolve a bit first. Train tickets for the Western European portion of my journey? Yes. Though I have to wait until I get to Europe to buy my specific reservations. A rental in Prague for a week? Yes. Though I am reminded how much hotel prices have risen since my first visit to Prague in 2000. Letters to friends in Paris, Switzerland and Germany? Yes and they are waiting for me. My apartment for the first three months in Tbilisi? Yes. Same place. (Thanks Mariam.) Continuity is a good thing.
And so what am I doing once I leave?
On October 4th I leave on Alaska Marine Lines' ferry for Juneau. I'll spend a night at the Best Western Hotel then ricochet from Juneau to Seattle to Portland to Reyjavik to Paris. Then I'll spend a couple of weeks in Paris with the Carons decompressing from all of my summer finalities. I'll then spend two weeks at L'Abri in Switzerland where I hope to give two lectures: one on rediscovering beauty; one on the meaning of texture. Then I have been granted a four week residency at the International Institute of Puppetry in Charleville-Mézières France.
Signora delle marionette in Palermo.
At that point several things will happen: I will give a presentation on the state of this Gravity From Above documentary project. And then there is an important moment for both the life of the project and my own future. I don't know how they will decide. (There have also been changes in the leadership since I was last there.) I will also interview more students for the project as well as do more research on the project especially for older imagery and cinematic images. All in all it looks to be a time to keep an eye on.
Then at the beginning of December I will travel up to northern Germany to visit good friends and then slingshot over to Prague for my final Gravity From Above interviews and images. Then I will return to Paris to wrap things up to go to Tbilisi, Georgia on December 14th.
When I arrive in Georgia I will immediately go to work getting ready to edit Gravity From Above on professional equipment. I will also check in with Nini Sanadiradze at the The Union of Tbilisi Museums at start to prepare for a tojina conference in late January. And thus my new life begins.
Watch this to be mesmerized by the dancers at Erisioni that I saw last March.
And so is this the finish line for Gravity From Above? Maybe. Or close to it. The end is in sight though. I still have to get my translations done. I still need to get music composed and recorded. I'll probably need a few shots that I forgot about. I will need to get the films and their rights. But that's what I'll be working on from October to January. And how much of what gets done depends on what the International Institute of Puppetry provides.
Oh! And then there is trying to get the thing seen!!!
And so maybe there is more left than I thought. But we are certainly closing in on something!
And dear readers, friends and puppeteers I still need your support. The challenge isn't over.
But thank you so much for helping me get this far.


text:
The Paradise är en brittisk TV-serie från 2012–2013. Serien hade premiär på BBC One den 25 september 2012. Den är baserad på Damernas paradis av Émile Zola från 1883, man har dock flyttat handlingen till Nordöstra England. En andra säsong sändes på BBC 2013.

Handling
Den unga och ambitiösa Denise får en plats i det lyxiga varuhuset The Paradise och hon imponerar redan från början med sitt nytänkande. Samtidigt finns det de som har svårt för en ung, kreativ kvinna, som inte är rädd för att visa framfötterna och som dessutom drar till sig chefens förälskade blickar, framförallt när han redan är ihopkopplad med en rik och viljestark arvtagerska i den lilla staden.

Rollista i urval
 Emun Elliott - John Moray
 Joanna Vanderham - Denise Lovett
 Elaine Cassidy - Katherine Glendenning
 Sarah Lancashire - Miss Audrey
 Matthew McNulty - Dudley
 Peter Wight - Edmund Lovett, Denise farbror
 David Hayman - Jonas
 Stephen Wight - Sam
 Sonya Cassidy - Clara
 Ruby Bentall - Pauline
 Finn Burridge - Arthur
 Patrick Malahide - Lord Glendenning

Externa länkar

TV-seriestarter 2012
Brittiska TV-serier från 2010-talet
Brittiska dramaserier
TV-serier baserade på böcker
1880-talet på film
TV-program i BBC
TV-program i SVT
1870-talet på film
Engelskspråkiga TV-serier

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Karen Fiorito
Karen Fiorito received her Master's in Fine Art in Printmaking from Arizona State University and her Bachelor's of Fine Art in Printmaking from the University of the Arts in Pennsylvania.Her work has also been featured in major publications such as Art in America, the Hungton Post, the LA Weekly,and URB Magazine.She was the recipient of a Change, Inc. Grant from Robert Rauchenberg in 2004 and a Pun Foundation Grant for a billboard in Santa Monica in 2005. Fiorito recently curated Evolution Revolution: The Interconnectedness of All Beings, a ground breaking, multimedia, educational, socially and environmentally conscious exhibition which explored various aspects of animal welfare, the environment and human's connection to all beings. This exhibition featured the works of William Wegman, Robbie Conal, Sue Coe, Gee Vaucher, Peter Kuper, Yuri Shimojo, Jonathan Horowitz, Emek, and Cole Gerst and debuted at the Arena 1 Gallery at the Santa Monica Art Studios on February 19, 2011. She recently was the rst resident artist at Jo Lankester Limited Edition Prints in Townsville, Australia, where she also was commissioned by the Perk Tucker Regional Gallery to produce a two-sided light box on Flinders Square. Currently Ms. Fiorito divides her time between Los Angeles, CA and Australia. She is currently working on a solo show to debut in Los Angeles in 2013.
Course of Life
Area(s) of Expertise:
Area(s) of Interest:
philosophy and politics
and anything remotely related
Master's and Bachelor's Degree in Fine Art
Mentors and Inspiration:
Robbie Conal
Sue Coe
Joseph Segura
Kathryn Maxwell
City or Town:
Buddha Cat Press
Evolution Revolution: The Interconnectedness of All Beings
C4 Gallery, Hollywood
Huffington Post Review by Matt Gleason


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Home > Catholic Books > Saints > Carmelite Saints and Writings
An Investigation Concerning the State (Collected Works of Edith Stein, Vol 10)
Our Price: £18.95(VAT Free)
Author: Translated by Marianne Sawicki
Publisher: ICS
Any state exists only for the benefit of human beings. This basic tenet of Edith Stein's political thought rests on her conviction that humanity is fundamentally one community, precious beyond measure. Differences of race, culture, and language offer us means to grasp the values of life uniquely so that we may share them universally, reaching across all such social boundaries.
Stein wrote this treatise in the early days of the Weimar Republic, shortly after the First World War. It sets forth a philosophy of law, government, and administration that is at once idealistic and practical. What is right, Stein argues, does not arise from legislation or litigation or politics. Right relations, as such, are more basic than any institution. Here, too, are Stein's first serious discussions of religious issues such as guilt, expiation, and freedom of conscience. This is the philosophical work that immediately preceded her decision to be baptized, on January 1, 1922.
More by this Author: Translated by Marianne Sawicki
Keywords: Carmelite books Edith Stein (Saint Teresa Benedicta of the Cross)
Potency and Act (Collected Works of Edith Stein, Vol 11)
Translated by Walter RedmondCode: B2595 Price: £25.95
The Science of the Cross (Collected Works of Edith Stein, Vol 6)
Edith SteinCode: B0501 Price: £12.95


You know, I look forward to a lot of movies. Still, hearing about some movies that get me SO excited it's not even funny. The live-action Transformers movie was one such. While there was a good chance the movie could have sucked I was incredbly excited. Well, it's happening again and as luck would have it it's another 80's property aimed at me when I was a kid. Yes, it's a live action version of G.I. Joe. That creates a significant level of giddyness in me to start. Then, there is the news about the movie recently released, or to be more exact the pictures about the movie that were recently released.
If you haven't seen or heard, the pictures are of Snake-Eyes. Seeing the costume was nice enough as it really seems to be based off of the recent interpretation done through Devil's Due. Still, add more excitement to that as somehow I missed the fact that Ray Park will be playing Snake-Eyes. Yes, we're talking Darth Maul himself folks. Please know that I'm not just excited because it's "Darth Maul." I think Ray Park is quite the martial arts badass for the movies he has been in. While all the movies may not have been good (Ballistic: Ecks Vs. Sever) or you may not have even actually seen his face (or head in Sleepy Hollow) his physicial performance has always been there.
I must say that I really am geeking out quite a bit over this. The rest of the cast looks pretty interesting too, and while I may not be a fan of the director (Stephen Sommers) I do know that sometimes with the right property a director's style meshes well and this may just be the case with G.I. Joe.
That suit looks pretty badass...Ray Park in it will only make it better.


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Q: CreateBatchWrite with DynamoDBContext Update/Insert C# I have a list of files that should be inserted or updated in dynamodb, so I'm doing in this way:
 var batch = _dynamoDbContext.CreateBatchWrite<MyEntity>();
 batch.AddPutItems(myEntityList);
 batch.ExecuteAsync();

This works fine if DynamoDB table is empty, but sometimes I should update instead insert, but I got the following error:
 An item with the same key has already been added. Key: Amazon.DynamoDBv2.DocumentModel.Key

How can I solve it ? I need to use batch, because of performance.

A: You can use transactions to do insert or updates but they are double the cost, otherwise you will need to update one by one
Here's some more info on a previous post
DynamoDB Batch Update

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley stopped at Dottie's Coffee Lounge in Pittsfield after announcing she's running for Governor in 2014.
Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley continues her statewide tour after announcing a run for Governor in 2014.
Coakley stopped in Pittsfield on the second day of her three-day tour across the state. The North Adams native and Williams College graduate greeted patrons at a downtown coffee shop and reunited with childhood friends. She stressed the need for education improvements including longer school days and economic development at the former General Electric Plant in Pittsfield. Coakley echoed Governor Deval Patrick's efforts to strengthen infrastructure in the Berkshires, but didn't provide specifics on how she would accomplish that.
Coakley also addressed her failed 2010 Senate campaign. She lost to Republican Scott Brown in a special election to fill the Senate seat held by Democrat Ted Kennedy for nearly 50 years.
Coakley is citing her accomplishments as Attorney General in reducing energy and health care costs. Tommie Hutto-Blake is a member of the Democratic Berkshire Brigades. She came out to see Coakley during her visit and says she isn't completely sold.
Donna Walto was among the dozen or so voters who welcomed Coakley to Pittsfield. She says Coakley's loss in 2010 is not a deciding factor this time around.
Former state GOP Chair Jennifer Nassour says the current field of six Democratic gubernatorial candidates will hurt them.
"For the Democrats it's going to end up being a blood bath, a shoot-out in the O.K. Corral," said Nassour.
Berkshire County GOP Chairman Jim Bronson says Coakley and state Treasurer Steven Grossman are the top Democratic candidates.
Bronson says Charlie Baker, who was the Republican candidate for governor in 2010, is in a one-horse race for the party's nomination in 2014. Meanwhile, Coakley welcomes the crowded Democratic field.
"I think we'll have a spirited race and I know that at the end of that we'll all work to make sure we have a Democratic Governor next time around," said Coakley.
Coakley's barnstorming tour continued this week with five scheduled stops, ending in Salem.
Attorney General Martha Coakley brought her barnstorming campaign kickoff for governor to western Massachusetts today.
Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley has announced she will run for governor in 2014, but Democrats in the western part of the state are ambivalent.


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Q: suffficient geolocation permission (cordova) get an error saying that the application does not have enough geolocation permissions
I observed that several Cordova applications for mobile devices use the Application System Webview. However, some mobile devices have it disabled and don't allow for location sharing.
What ought I to do in this circumstance?
I've set up the Cordova-Plugin-Geolocation 4.1.0 plugin.
additionally grant permissions in config.xml

A: It's difficult to give a detailed answer from the little information you provided. But generally you need to request the users explicit permission to use features such as location, camera and storage. You can do this with the Cordova diagnostics plugins: https://www.npmjs.com/package/cordova.plugins.diagnostic
The documentation should tell you how.


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vorheriger Artikel Antiangiogenic therapies in ovarian cancer
01.09.2016 | original report | Ausgabe 3/2016
Healthcare resource utilization and G‑CSF use in patients with solid tumors or hematological malignancies hospitalized for febrile neutropenia in Bulgaria, Czech Republic and Slovakia
memo - Magazine of European Medical Oncology > Ausgabe 3/2016
Georgi Mihaylov, Zhasmina Mihaylova, Lubos Drgona, Andrea Cipkova, Jan Novak, Roumyana Petrova
Ergänzende Inhalte
The online version of this article (doi: 10.1007/s12254-016-0279-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Prior conference presentations: Mihaylov G, Mihaylova Z, Drgona L, Cipkova A, Novak J, Petrova R. Healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) in hospitalized febrile neutropenia (FN) patients treated with chemotherapy for solid tumors (ST) and hematological malignancies (HM) in Bulgaria (BG), Czech Republic (CZ) and Slovakia (SK) as observed in clinical practice. ISPOR 17th Annual European Congress, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 8–12 November 2014; abstract and poster code PCN245. Gercheva L, Goranov S, Raynov J, Mihaylova Z, Mihaylov G, Karanikolov S, Petrova R. Healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) in hospitalized febrile neutropenia (FN) patients treated with chemotherapy for solid tumors (ST) and hematological malignancies (HM) in Bulgaria. ISPOR 17th Annual European Congress, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 8–12 November 2014; abstract and poster code PCN238
Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a common side effect of chemotherapy that frequently necessitates hospitalization and healthcare resource utilization (HCRU), but is poorly studied in Eastern European countries. We investigated HCRU and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) use in patients hospitalized for FN in Bulgaria, Czech Republic, and Slovakia.
This was a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Eligible patients were ≥18 years old, had received chemotherapy for solid tumors or hematological malignancies of any stage, and had been hospitalized for FN. The primary objective was to evaluate FN-related HCRU; secondary objectives included the description of chemotherapy treatment patterns and G‑CSF use. Data were analyzed by participating country.
Data of 156 patients from Bulgaria and 79 patients each from the Czech Republic and Slovakia were analyzed. The most frequent solid tumors were breast (n = 28) and testicular cancer (n = 13), and the most common hematological malignancies were non-Hodgkin B‑cell lymphoma (n = 51) and acute myeloid leukemia (n = 35). In general, G‑CSF was used to treat FN rather than as prophylaxis. Most patients had a single FN episode, predominantly in cycle 1. The mean duration of FN-related hospitalization was 7–9 days, with longer stays in patients with hematological malignancies.
Results indicate considerable FN-related HCRU in all countries. Frequent lack of G‑CSF primary prophylaxis was observed, particularly in Slovakia.
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Abo für kostenpflichtige Inhalte
The Electronic Supplementary Material is intended to support payors, decision makers, and health economics experts to make their own cost calculations. It contains details on the specific healthcare resource use variables on which data was collected. It also contains detailed tables of the findings and sensitivity analyses.
12254_2016_279_MOESM1_ESM.docx
Crawford J, Dale DC, Lyman GH. Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia: risks, consequences, and new directions for its management. Cancer. 2004;100(2):228–37. CrossRefPubMed
Green MD, Koelbl H, Baselga J, et al. A randomized double-blind multicenter phase III study of fixed-dose single-administration pegfilgrastim versus daily filgrastim in patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Ann Oncol. 2003;14(1):29–35. CrossRefPubMed
Holmes FA, Jones SE, O'Shaughnessy J, et al. Comparable efficacy and safety profiles of once-per-cycle pegfilgrastim and daily injection filgrastim in chemotherapy-induced neutropenia: a multicenter dose-finding study in women with breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2002;13(6):903–9. CrossRefPubMed
Holmes FA, O'Shaughnessy JA, Vukelja S, et al. Blinded, randomized, multicenter study to evaluate single administration pegfilgrastim once per cycle versus daily filgrastim as an adjunct to chemotherapy in patients with high-risk stage II or stage III/IV breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(3):727–31. CrossRefPubMed
Aapro MS, Bohlius J, Cameron DA, et al. 2010 update of EORTC guidelines for the use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor to reduce the incidence of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in adult patients with lymphoproliferative disorders and solid tumours. Eur J Cancer. 2011;47(1):8–32. CrossRefPubMed
Kuderer NM, Dale DC, Crawford J, et al. Mortality, morbidity, and cost associated with febrile neutropenia in adult cancer patients. Cancer. 2006;106(10):2258–66. CrossRefPubMed
Hirsch BR, Lyman GH. Pharmacoeconomics of the myeloid growth factors: a critical and systematic review. Pharmacoeconomics. 2012;30(6):497–511. CrossRefPubMed
Schilling MB, Parks C, Deeter RG. Costs and outcomes associated with hospitalized cancer patients with neutropenic complications: A retrospective study. Exp Ther Med. 2011;2(5):859–66. PubMedPubMedCentral
Lyman GH, Dale DC, Crawford J. Incidence and predictors of low dose-intensity in adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy: a nationwide study of community practices. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(24):4524–31. CrossRefPubMed
Weycker D, Danel A, Bendall K, et al. Cost of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia treated in inpatient, outpatient, and home care settings among adults with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in European clinical practice. Blood. 2011;118:4200, ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts.
Weycker D, Barron R, Kartashov A, et al. Incidence, treatment, and consequences of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in the inpatient and outpatient settings. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2014;20(3):190–8. CrossRefPubMed
Saramago P, Andreozzi V, Ferreira JM, et al. Modelling the direct costs of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia treatment in Portuguese hospitals clinical practice. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18S):17081, ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings (Post-Meeting Edition), June 20 Supplement.
Mayordomo JI, Lopez A, Vinolas N, et al. Retrospective cost analysis of management of febrile neutropenia in cancer patients in Spain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25(10):2533–42. CrossRefPubMed
Ihbe-Heffinger A, Paessens BJ, von Schilling C, et al. Management of febrile neutropenia – a German prospective hospital cost analysis in lymphoproliferative disorders, non-small cell lung cancer, and primary breast cancer. Onkologie. 2011;34(5):241–6. CrossRefPubMed
Moeremans K, Caekelbergh K, Spaepen E. et al. Economic aspects and drivers of febrile neutropenia in cancer – a multicentre retrospective analysis in Belgium. ISPOR 8th Annual European Congress, Florence. 2005.
Liu Z, Doan QV, Malin J, et al. The economic value of primary prophylaxis using pegfilgrastim compared with filgrastim in patients with breast cancer in the UK. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2009;7(3):193–205. CrossRefPubMed
Vainchtock A, Cohen-Nizard S, Durand-Zaleski I. Analysis of public and private hospital databases (PMSI) 2010/2011 to estimate the frequency and associated costs for febrile neutropenia in france. ISPOR 16th Annual European Congress, Dublin. 2013.
Mattli R, Pletscher M, Eichler K. et al. Inpatient hospital costs of febrile neutropenia as a consequence of chemotherapy for breast cancer and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Switzerland. ISPOR 16th Annual European Congress, Dublin. 2013.
Liou SY, Stephens JM, Carpiuc KT, et al. Economic burden of haematological adverse effects in cancer patients: a systematic review. Clin Drug Investig. 2007;27(6):381–96. CrossRefPubMed
Kuderer NM, Dale DC, Crawford J, et al. Impact of primary prophylaxis with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on febrile neutropenia and mortality in adult cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a systematic review. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(21):3158–67. CrossRefPubMed
Caggiano V, Weiss RV, Rickert TS, et al. Incidence, cost, and mortality of neutropenia hospitalization associated with chemotherapy. Cancer. 2005;103(9):1916–24. CrossRefPubMed
Kuderer NM. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor prophylaxis in adult cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Cancer Treat Res. 2011;157:127–43. CrossRefPubMed
Crawford J, Glaspy JA, Stoller RG, et al. Final results of a placebo-controlled study of filgrastim in small-cell lung cancer: exploration of risk factors for febrile neutropenia. Support Cancer Ther. 2005;3(1):36–46. CrossRefPubMed
Fiegl M, Steger GG, Studnicka M, et al. Pegfilgrastim prophylaxis in patients at different levels of risk for chemotherapy-associated febrile neutropenia: an observational study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2013;29(5):505–15. CrossRefPubMed
Maenpaa J, Varthalitis I, Erdkamp F, et al. The use of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and management of chemotherapy delivery during adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer – further observations from the IMPACT solid study. Breast. 2016;25:27–33. CrossRefPubMed
World Health Organization. Access to new medicines in Europe: technical review of policy initiatives and opportunities for collaboration and research 2015. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/306179/Access-new-medicines-TR-PIO-collaboration-research.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 20 July 2015.
Georgi Mihaylov
Zhasmina Mihaylova
Lubos Drgona
Andrea Cipkova
Jan Novak
Roumyana Petrova
memo - Magazine of European Medical Oncology An International Journal for Oncology and Haematology Professionals
short review
Antiangiogenic therapies in ovarian cancer
Reversal of direct oral anticoagulants in hemophilia treatment
Acute myeloid leukemia: highlights from ASH 2015
Novel strategies in the management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Rationale of an economically driven PD1 biomarker development in lung cancer—an academic dilemma
Welcome to the new associate Editor-in-Chief of memo


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72 Dangerous Animals: Latin America es una serie documental australiana de 12 capítulos producida por Showrunner Productions en colaboración con Netflix y emitida en 2017.

Argumento
En los primeros 11 capítulos de la serie se presentan una selección de 72 animales hallados en Latinoamérica, con muestras de vídeo, área de distribución de cada animal, opiniones de expertos, testimonios de testigos oculares y de víctimas de la vida real, cada animal es analizado para determinar que tan peligroso puede ser hacia la gente. Al final de cada capítulo se seleccionaba un ganador entre las especies aparecidas, el cual era el animal más peligroso, y en el capítulo final los 11 animales seleccionados de los capítulos anteriores eran re-evaluados para ordenarlos en un conteo que determinaba al más peligroso de todos.

Episodios
A continuación se muestran los animales presentados en el programa, en orden de aparición y la posición que obtuvieron en el episodio de acuerdo a su potencial de amenaza hacia los humanos.

"Peligro en la jungla" (Jungle Jeopardy)
 Jaguar (segundo lugar)
 Pez vampiro (quinto lugar)
 Mono capuchino (cuarto lugar)
 Terciopelo (primer lugar)
 Hormiga gigante amazónica (sexto lugar)
 Cocodrilo del Orinoco (tercer lugar)

"Mordidas fatales" (Deathly Bite)
 Orca (cuarto lugar)
 Armadillo (séptimo lugar)
 Serpiente de cascabel (segundo lugar)
 Viuda negra (quinto lugar)
 Mosquito (primer lugar)
 Iguana (sexto lugar)
 Caimán negro (tercer lugar)

"Los fenómenos" (The Freaks)
 Calamar de Humboldt (segundo lugar)
 Perezoso de dos dedos (sexto lugar)
 Avispa guerrera (cuarto lugar)
 Pez gato (quinto lugar)
 Araña errante brasileña (primer lugar)
 Lagarto moteado mexicano (séptimo lugar)
 Serpiente cabeza de lanza dorada (tercer lugar)

"Asesinos o salvadores" (Killer or Saviors)
 Tarántula (sexto lugar)
 Garrapata de Cayenne (segundo lugar)
 Rana mono encerada (cuarto lugar)
 Yarará (primer lugar)
 Alacrán de corteza de Arizona (tercer lugar)
 Monstruo de Gila (quinto lugar)

"Cazadores en grupo" (Pack Hunters)
 Tiburón oceánico (cuarto lugar)
 Hormiga roja de fuego (quinto lugar)
 Perro salvaje (segundo lugar)
 Piraña (sexto lugar)
 Mosca de arena (tercer lugar)
 Abeja asesina (primer lugar)

"Asesinos al instante" (One Hit Wonders)
 Boa constrictora (sexto lugar)
 Pez escorpión (cuarto lugar)
 Hormiga bala (tercer lugar)
 Rana dardo venenosa (primer lugar)
 Raya de agua dulce (quinto lugar)
 Oruga asesina (segundo lugar)
 Tegu (séptimo lugar)

"Detente, hay peligro" (Stop! Danger Ahead)
 Foca leopardo (quinto lugar)
 Hormiga guerrera (sexto lugar)
 Puma (cuarto lugar)
 Araña reclusa (tercer lugar)
 Mono aullador (séptimo lugar)
 Nigua (segundo lugar)
 Cocodrilo americano (primer lugar)

"Mejor dejarlos en paz" (Best Left Alone)
 Anguila eléctrica (segundo lugar)
 Carpincho (sexto lugar)
 Chinche asesina (primer lugar)
 Víbora de palma verde (cuarto lugar)
 Llama (quinto lugar)
 Oso hormiguero gigante (tercer lugar)

"¿Es esto en serio?" (Are They for Real?)
 Elefante marino (cuarto lugar)
 Avispa caza tarántulas (quinto lugar)
 Serpiente de coral (tercer lugar)
 Tórsalo (segundo lugar)
 Ciempiés gigante amazónico (sexto lugar)
 Murciélago vampiro (primer lugar)
 Solenodon (séptimo lugar)

"Cazadores que muerden" (Stealth Hunters)
 Cascabel muda (tercer lugar)
 Araña de arena de seis ojos (sexto lugar)
 Escorpión amarillo brasilero (cuarto lugar)
 Caracol de agua dulce (segundo lugar)
 Pez sapo (quinto lugar)
 Tiburón sarda (primer lugar)

"¿Mito o realidad?" (Killers: Myth or Reality)
 Águila harpía (cuarto lugar)
 León marino (tercer lugar)
 Tarántula Goliat (sexto lugar)
 Anaconda (primer lugar)
 Aguará-guazú (séptimo lugar)
 Candirú (quinto lugar)
 Nutria gigante (segundo lugar)

"Nuestro conteo final" (The Final Countdown)
11.- Araña errante brasileña10.- Anaconda9.- Tiburón sarda8.- Abeja asesina7.- Yarará6.- Cocodrilo americano5.- Murciélago vampiro4.- Chinche asesina3.- Rana dardo venenosa2.- Mosquito1.- Terciopelo

Véase también
 Animales peligrosos: Australia
 72 Dangerous Animals: Asia

Enlaces externos

Series de televisión de Netflix
Series de televisión de Australia


Tis the season for giving thanks and giving gifts – and now you can also be rewarded for giving referrals to AIS!
For a limited time, AIS is offering a special incentive for customer referrals that result in new business: up to two months of free service for your firm, the referrer.
Refer a prospective new customer to your AIS representative; we'll confirm right away whether it is already an opportunity on which we are currently working.
If the new business MRR is greater than your firm's current MRR, we'll credit the amount of MRR of the new deal up to two months' worth of free service for you, the referrer.


Security Screens and Doors are applications for windows and doors that provide superior protection against intruders, outside heat, the suns damaging UV rays and other unwanted pests. This type of security appliance is constructed with high tensile marine grade stainless steel mesh and extruded heavy-duty tempered aluminium frame so a criminal can't cut or bash their way through. There is nothing more important than the safety of your family and house. Unfortunately, the incidence of crime is steadily rising throughout the country and Sunshine Coast is no exception. In order to keep your household safe and give yourself peace of mind, it is a great idea to fit your property with Security Screens Sunshine Coast. Hence, Security Screens & Doors are suitable for both hinged and sliding doors and grilles can be applied to windows as well.
In Sunshine Coast, Security Screens & Doors Suppliers offering the strongest, most resilient and highest quality Security Screens Sunshine Coast. All Security Doors in Sunshine Coast are made to the highest industry standards and manufacturing process ensures the optimal strength of the finished product. The aluminium is tempered and welded carefully so that there are no weak points and, as a result, your safety is maximised. Just as every home is different, so too are all of Security Screen & Doors in Sunshine Coast. Security needs, frame sizes, exterior and interior designs all vary and comprehensive range has a style and aesthetic to suit everyone. You can choose from a wide array of designs, colours, patterns and finishes. Mix and match to get the exact style you want, and then leave it to manufacture for your customized Security Doors in Sunshine Coast.
This guide illustrates a step-by-step approach to find best Security & Door Suppliers in the Sunshine Coast, you can follow that should help you make the right choices. It will help you decide what you need in a supplier, identify potential suppliers and choose your supplier.
In Sunshine Coast, you can find best Security Screen & Doors Supplier Company that supplies high quality and affordable Security Screens and venetian blinds homes. At Absolute Security, they can help you to feel safe in your home. Security Screens & Doors Supplier provide and install a wide range of stainless steel and aluminium Security Screens and Doors in a great range of colours and styles at competitive prices. If you are looking for cheap Security Screens & Doors without compromising on quality or service, then you can find the right solution nearby Sunshine Coast.
You can find the cheap roller blinds, Security Screens & Doors suppliers through a variety of channels. It's best to build up a shortlist of possible suppliers through a combination of sources to give you a broader base to choose from.
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You can also take help from the local business-support organizations or business advisors, which can often point you in the direction of potential suppliers.
Exhibitions are also offered a great opportunity to talk with a number of potential security suppliers in the same place at the same time. Before you go to an exhibition, it's a good idea to check that the exhibitors are relevant and suitable for you.
North Coast Blinds & Security is the premier supplier of window coverings and security screens and insect screens Sunshine Coast. They supply a large range of products to suit all styles of home. The friendly team can provide expert advice plus a free measure and quote followed by prompt and professional installation. The products come in a large variety of colours, shapes and sizes and are manufactured in our factory at Kunda Park.


Reviews, videos, latest news, specs and road tests on the 2019 Audi A4. Top Gear reviews the Photo. Terrific refinement, class-leading technology, and incredible interior quality. Want to know more? Read more.
We have now one of the air vents twisting it is going to shut and open it which is a nicelittle touch coming along the sprint has a pleasant aggressive bezel above the gauges very clean trying – super minimalistic you've gotten some black leather-based and a few gray stitching alongside the dash as wellthen coming to the touch display navigation system hitting the house button. We've got many alternative settings your apple carplay and android auto after all your audio controls Wi-Fi after which you possibly can scroll over to your climate and see totally different settings like you can see the place all the air is directed what is on and off more controls beneath that and then all your local weather controls are positioned proper right here actually cool really this you spin left and rightand that truly changes the temperature you even have an LCD display to correspond to that after which over on the right aspect this is how you alter your fan velocity you get a little bit display as well and your analysis a see all of the completely different buttons your defogger you're the Alcantara on the shift knob as nicely asthe shifter boot very straightforward to have interaction you to gear quick shifter extremely sighs good weighted shift knob to give 2019 Audi A4.


text:
Cabinet approves order to dispatch MSDF to the Middle East
By RYUICHI YAMASHITA/ Staff Writer
The Maritime Self-Defense Force destroyer Takanami will be dispatched to the Middle East early next year. (Provided by Maritime Self-Defense Force)
The government on Dec. 27 approved orders to dispatch a Maritime Self-Defense Force destroyer to the Middle East on a "research" mission that underscores the delicate situation that Prime Minister Shinzo Abe is in.
The destroyer Takanami could set sail for the Middle East as early as February. The ship has a surveillance helicopter on board that can be used in the mission to gather intelligence concerning conditions facing ships navigating in nearby waters.
A P-3C patrol aircraft now operating off Somalia as part of an anti-piracy mission will be diverted to airspace over waters where the MSDF destroyer will eventually begin its operations.
About 260 SDF members will be involved in the Middle East operations.
Defense Minister Taro Kono issued orders on Dec. 27 to begin preparations for the dispatch.
The United States had asked Japan to join Operation Sentinel, a multinational effort to secure the safety of ships sailing around the Strait of Hormuz, which has seen the most friction between the U.S.-led coalition and Iran.
But because of Japan's long history of friendly ties with Iran, Tokyo did not want to take any action that could aggravate Tehran.
Japan did not join Operation Sentinel but still decided to send a destroyer to the region.
However, the MSDF will operate in the Gulf of Oman, the northern half of the Arabian Sea as well as the Gulf of Aden to the east of the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait. These areas are outside of the Strait of Hormuz.
Given the location of the MSDF operations, questions have been raised over whether the dispatch is actually needed.
A tanker registered with a Japanese company did come under attack near the Strait of Hormuz in June. But there have been no reports since then of Japanese ships facing danger in the waters where the MSDF destroyer and aircraft will be dispatched.
The mission was approved for study and research under provisions of the law that established the Defense Ministry. For that reason, the government does not have to seek Diet approval for the dispatch.
But due to concerns about the safety of the SDF members who will be deployed, the Cabinet order will be effective for only one year. If the government seeks an extension, it must approve another order as well as submit a report to the Diet about the details of the first year of operations.
Defense Ministry officials will ask their U.S. counterparts to share intelligence gathered by the U.S.-led coalition based on the long alliance with Japan.
However, that cooperation has led to concerns within the SDF that Iran could consider the MSDF ship as part of the U.S.-led coalition and expose crew members to possible danger.
There are also worries about the short period to train for the dispatch, with departure scheduled for early February.
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text:
Select Fr En
An uncompromising painter
Standing and valuation
Valuation and Pricing
Television documentaries
Yatrides, la plaque, la Bible et la sphère.
Yatrides' Art
Polychromies
Numbered Editions
(source: official French web site of the great artist www.yatrides.com)
Yatridès 1959
Of Franco-American nationality, Georges YATRIDES has born in France in 1931. He was born of Greek parents who emigrated in 1917, after the fall of the Ottoman Empire, and who had an Christian Orthodox Archimandrite for a great grandfather and a Graeco-American father, a native of the United States studying in France, himself the son of an Christian Orthodox Deacon carrying out his christian pastorate in Rock Springs in Wyoming, USA.
Life and his craft drove him to expatriate himself to, in particular, Switzerland, Greece, Africa, Mexico, the United States and several times to Great Britain.
In 1954, still under the influence of GAUGUIN and the Fauvists, he exhibits paintings, dating from 1945 to 1949, in Vichy, then in 1956 in Paris, at Madame Chastenet de Gery's Gallerie des Voyelles, since disappeared. There, he is noticed by an expert, attached to the International Galleries in Chicago and accepts a contract for exclusive world rights proposed by its director Samuel E. JOHNSON.All his production makes its way into the largest Private Collections in the United States and Canada. He figures in numerous Retrospectives and Art School's artistic events. Let us remember the one in 1958 : Drawings and Watercolours of the French School 1900-1959, works of artists who had, for the most part, participated in the prestigious Exhibition : From Clouet to Matisse - French drawings in American Private Collections - An Exhibition organized at the Musée de l'Orangerie by the American Embassy in Paris - the one in 1959 in Chicago : Contemporary French Masters, bringing together 18 painters including Braque, Villon, Chagall and Picasso - the one in 1960: Masters of Modern Art 1910-1960 (Special Mention in Cubist, Post-Impressionist, Expressionist and Surrealist Schools) - the one in 1965: Specialists in XXth Century Masters (Special Mention in Collector's choice 1965).
From 1957 to 1965, in accordance with the same contracts of exclusive rights, personal exhibitions are mounted in the USA, Canada, Latin America, Switzerland, Great Britain and Greece, where all his works are acquired by important Private Collections. A permanent exhibition of his paintings is mounted in the United States, tacitly extending these contracts until such time as Yatridès on his own initiative puts an end to them.
Freed from all exterior constraint, master of his graphics, his light and his chromatic, Yatridès is thus enabled to undertake the large compositions that will characterize his art of the seventies, and in which will be blended the scattered elements of his earlier work. Retrospective exhibitions follow throughout the world, among which, the one in Paris in 1974. In 1981, three crypts in the Sacré-Coeur in Paris are made available for YATRIDES to expose paintings of biblical inspiration.
His paintings and drawings arouse the enthusiasm of important international collectors, justifying the prevailing prices paid amongst them. His work makes complete artistic events such as the XIth and XIIIth Salons in Montmorency, in 1981 and 1983, the XXXIIIrd Salon in Montargis, in 1988, the French and Canadian International Biennials in 1987, 1989 and 1991, those in 1988 in Quebec, bringing together 170 of the finest artists from 30 different countries, and in 1993, artistic events in which Yatridès participates as the Special Guest of Honour (Grand Invité d'Honneur).
Numerous publications and catalogues are dedicated to him. In 1983, Jacques CHARPENTIER composes his Prelude for the Elsewhere in Rio de Janeiro, in homage to the New Scrolls, the painting that Yatridès had given for the Polish Children's Christmas, and whose sale at auction had made possible the sending of a convoy of medicines and medical equipment.
In 1992, the work of Arthur Conte is published, "Yatridès, Master of Time", and in 1994, that of Alexandre (Sacha) Bourmeyster, "Yatridès and His Century, the Anti-Picasso". Followed by: in 1960, "YATRIDES ' Interstellar Icons" in KUBRICK 'S film of 1968, "2001: Space Odyssey", as well as "Yatridès and The Bible", Editor's Choice - to be published.
2013 © YatridesArts.com - Tous droits réservés.


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