I have been leading flipped class workshops for many years and as I have worked with thousands of teachers, I have identified several hurdles that need to be overcome for teachers and schools to implement the flipped class model in their schools. In a previous blog, I talked about the number one hurdle: that of flipping the mind of the teacher. We must rethink what class looks like. If this hurdle is not overcome the rest of the hurdles will not matter. In this series of posts I will highlight the other three hurdles which need to be overcome before you flip your class.
Once teachers have flipped their thinking about class time, the second hurdle they need to overcome is the issue of technology. Many teachers are not completely comfortable using technology. The thought of creating or curating video content for their students is a daunting task.
My experience is that technology often is too complex. There are too many buttons and too many steps for most educators. They have been trained in child psychology and development, pedagogy, content, and technology. The problem with technology is that it is always changing. Keeping up with technological change is overwhelming for most educators and they need simple solutions so they can get to the important part of education which I believe is interacting and connecting with their students.
How do we overcome this barrier? First, I call upon the makers of educational technology to make their products "crazy-easy" to use. Manufacturers should design their products with the end-user in mind. Teacher end-users may not be "techies," so please think through the design.
What do you minimally need technologically to flip your class? I see two types of software you need to learn to use. Since most teachers flip their classes with videos, they need both a way to create videos and a way for students to access videos. I have seen effective use of video cameras to flip your classroom. If you want a video, then you might use your smart phone or a dedicated video camera. The other video creation category is screencasting programs where videos are made of your computer or iPad screen and at the same time recording your voice. I have only listed screencasting programs below. I know this is not an exhaustive list, and your favorite tool may not be on the list. My recommendation is that you find one tool that works and you learn to use it well.
You can also mix and match some of these tools. See my post about how I used Doceri, Telagami, and iMovie for the iPad to create a video.
The second technology piece to master is hosting and posting your videos on the web so your students can access them. If YouTube is not blocked, you can create a YouTube channel and post your videos there. There are other sites on which videos can be hosted, such as screencast.com, vimeo.com, and teachertube.com. Each of these have advantages and disadvantages.
If you really want to make accessing your content easy for your students, which you should, I recommend that a school invests in a learning management system. There are many on the market such as: MyBigCampus, Haiku Learning, Blackboard, Schoology, Edmodo, InfoMentor (Europe), Moodle, and a host of others. One other product I have been getting excited about is VersoApp. This platform is not quite a learning management system, and has built in interactivity. I like it because it is "crazy easy" to use. It is sort of the anti-LMS way to have students interact with your content.
What technology do you need to master when you flip your classroom?
So as you flip your class, figuring out which technology to embrace is hard. Choose one and get good at it. Feel free to post your favorites below and why you like them. Your comments would be helpful for readers of this post.
The Knowmia Teach App is pretty good and it is free. I used to like Educreations, but Knowmia has some features that put it on top.
Our school has joined the 1-1 world, with each student being assigned a Chromebook from day 1 of high school.
This is my second full year flipping my classroom. As for technology, I not have spent a single moment making videos for my math classes (algebra 1, 2 and Geometry). I have however spent many hours sifting through various videos on youtube ~ as there are many out there. My main hurdle was/is the time requirement to make my own videos – with 4 different preps, I don't have the time to make 4 different videos each night. I do have the time to find them, however, from some really good online/youtube math teachers!
You have hit upon the third hurdle which is the next blog post: TIME!
Thanks for the post Jon, I'm looking forward to the next two in the series.
I've been clear on the need for "flipping their thinking" (first T) since I started this journey a year ago. Over the last months I have come to discover that I need to be more conscious of other teachers' fear and/or unfamiliarity with technology. That was an eye-opener for me and something I need to work on as I move forward in coaching others.
And yes, I got the "green light" just today on my planned position as a Flipped Learning evangelist at the Tec. I'm not sure I'll get that title on my official business card quite yet, but that is my main focus over the next year down here in Mexico. Very much looking forward to my PD session with a group of high school teachers tomorrow!
Flipasaurus is a perfect solution to overcome struggles with YouTube(and others) being blocked by schools. http://flipasaurus.com/? This video hosting site makes it incredibly quick and easy to share videos with students. You mentioned a lot of great tools for using the iPad and computer to create videos/screencasts and now Flipasaurus can be used with mobile devices. Check it out.
Joey: I do like flipasurus. It is a great place to put your videos.
Here's free online Flip Teaching PD that you can go through, in less than an hour, and teach yourself the basics of How To Record, with short 5 or 10 minute tutorials, using free software on Windows or Mac. You can also go through Best Practices for making your video lessons. This is all on http://www.FlippinTeachers.com. The way we teach how to record makes it "crazy easy" to record your video lessons.
We also have the only free online system specifically Designed By Flip Teachers, For Flip Teachers with ad-free hosting plus numerous other features for teacher/student facilitation at http://www.CrazyForEducation.com. Our system is "crazy easy" to use.
I suggest you start with the Teacher Success Stories from teachers all over the U.S. to hear the experiences of teachers and students using the system. If you have any questions, you can contact us through the Contact links. We've had many teachers hear an hour presentation and start Flipping their classes within a week or two so it doesn't have to be complicated to get started.
Thank you to Jon and Aaron for the fantastic work you're doing in spreading Flip Teaching and revolutionizing education.
I would love input on my set-up. I have been using a Chromebook solely for my recordings. Explain Everything on Chromebook works fantastically, but it's recording feature is recording my PDFs blurry. So, I attempted using SnagIt/Screencastify/CaptureCast for capture on top of it, and I get lagged/frozen videos. Maybe I want to use my Chromebook too much, but I don't want to give in to the Windows world.
Have you tried screencastify on your chromebook. See http://www.jonbergmann.com/flipwritingscreencastifygoogledrive/ and I have an embedded video where I discuss how to use screencastify.
Yes, I have, but I use PDF notes, that I annotate, and I have yet to find an so that I can import PDFs and annotate smoothly, that will play nicely with Screencastify. I hope that makes sense.


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Q: Not saving texts when selecting other option from dropdown list in HTML form I am using the following code to develop a dropdown list in a html form.

option1
option2
option3
Other

I want to create a text box so that user can write something when they select Other option. The function showField(name) is creating the new text box.
function showfield(name)
    {
        if(name=='Other')document.getElementById('div1').innerHTML='<input type="text" name="complaintCategory" />';
        else document.getElementById('div1').innerHTML='';
    }

The problem I am facing is that when I select "Other" option from the dropdown list and then write something on it, it is not saving the texts, it is saved as value Other only. I want to pass the texts written in the text box as the complaintCategory. Would really appreciate someone's help on this, i am stuck.
Thanks in advance...

A: (I'm working on the assumption that <html:select property="complaintCategory" will output <select name="complaintCategory". It is usually helpful to narrow down the problem to server side code or client side code and provide only one of them.)
When you submit the form (after selecting other) you will have 2 elements with the same name.
Whatever server side code you are using to read the submitted form data, it appears to be taking the first value.
Either:

*

*Modify your server side code to get the second value (I don't know the API you are using to parse the form data so I can't tell you the specifics for that)

*Call the generated input by a different name and an if statement.

e.g.
client side:
if(name=='Other')document.getElementById('div1').innerHTML='<input type="text" name="otherComplaintCategory" />';

server side (psuedo code):
IF complaintCategory is "Other":
THEN complaintCategory = otherComplaintCategory

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Home > Education > Diamond Education > Diamond Fire – What exactly is it and how does it come about?
Diamond Fire – What exactly is it and how does it come about?
By Bryan Boyne (g.g.)
When we think about what makes a diamond beautiful, two words generally come to mind; fire and brilliance. Most people tend to think of them as one-in-the-same – basically the degree to which the diamond sparkles. But the two are actually distinct optical aspects. Brilliance can be thought of as brightness and scintillation; small flashes of bright white light. Fire is the dispersion of white light into rainbow colors as a result of refraction. It is therefore best to think of brilliance as white sparkles, and fire as color sparkles.
The Basics of Light
Visible light is part of a spectrum of electromagnetic energy that travels in waves. White light is made up of many wavelengths, each corresponding to a specific color. When light enters a transparent substance such as water, glass, or diamond, it slows down significantly. This slowing causes light to 'bend' or refract. Upon exiting the material back into air it speeds up again. Different wavelengths are bent at different rates and become separated or 'dispersed'. It is this dispersion that allows for an observer to see the individual colors of a rainbow, colors refracted by a prism, and 'fire' from a diamond.
The video above is a comparison of two diamonds of different cut qualities, set side by side for the purposes of evaluating their ability to produce fire events in a lighting environment conducive to seeing this effect. The diamond on the left is a 0.90 H VS1 A CUT ABOVE® (AGS Ideal Hearts and Arrows) and on the right a 1.01 I VVS1 GIA Triple Excellent. (*details and diagnostic image package for both diamonds below)
The Magic of Fire
Experiencing fire in a diamond is similar to seeing a rainbow after a rain shower. It is always remarkable in its beauty and fleeting in its presence, which makes it all the more special. Like the colors of a rainbow, fire is light that has been "un-bundled" and separated into the individual colors of the spectrum by a prismatic effect. In a rainbow, the water vapor in the atmosphere acts as a prism as light travels through it. A faceted diamond also acts as a prism as light slows down upon entering and speeds up upon exiting the facets. The precise alignment of a diamond's facets is critical in determining how probable it is to see fire events in a diamond.
When a light beam traveling at 186,000 miles per second goes from air and enters a transparent material such as glass or diamond, it is slowed down considerably. The more it is slowed the greater the material's ability to refract the light. Diamond happens to have a very high refractive index. The higher the refractive index, the greater the potential for dispersion. While diamond therefore has a very high potential to exhibit fire, the quality of the cut is the key to whether that fire potential is realized.
The Role of Diamond Proportions
Through ray tracing it is possible to calculate the amount and location of dispersion of the light that the diamond is returning to the eye. The basic proportions must be within a relatively narrow range to provide a foundation for the generation of significant fire.
The Role of the Light Source
Our ability to observe fire also requires the proper lighting conditions. Like the aftermath of a rain shower that does not produce a rainbow, a well cut diamond in certain types of lighting environments will not produce fire.
Singular, direct light sources of small angular size are more likely to produce fire than large diffuse sources. Outdoors, in direct sunlight, a diamond can exhibit excellent fire. However, if there is cloud cover, the light will be diffused. While this might be an optimal lighting environment for observing a diamond's brightness and contrast patterns, fire will be almost completely suppressed.
Indoor lighting with a number of individual lights of small angular size can produce a "fire friendly" environment to optimize our ability to observe fire. You may find this type of lighting in restaurants, stores, and even in elevators! By contrast, typical office lighting with long fluorescent tubes covered by plastic diffusers creates a lighting environment that suppresses fire. Fortunately, LED lighting is becoming ever more common and often features multiple small sources which are good for the observation of fire. The videos on this page were created in a controlled lighting environment with multiple LED light sources.
The Role of the Observer
Whether an observer perceives a colored sparkle (fire), depends on a number of factors including the viewing distance from the diamond. It also depends upon the observer's pupil size as the fan of spectral color falls across their pupil and a specific color gets clipped from the fan.
As a dispersed beam of light exits the diamond, the different wavelengths have different trajectories that cause them to fan out even further with distance, increasing the chance that they can be clipped.
This is why you might see fire in a diamond on someone's hand in a dimly lit restaurant from two or three tables away.
Actual spectral fan from a diamond falling across an observer's eye.
Red/yellow portion of spectrum missing the pupil which is clipping the green/blue portion.
Photo courtesy of GemConcepts Ltd.
The Role of Virtual Facets and Faceting Precision
The real work of light performance is done by 'virtual facets'. These are areas of the diamond that reflect light back to the eye. The number of virtual facets is much greater than the number of physical facets, as a single facet can reflect light rays from multiple sources and directions. The larger the virtual facets are, the greater the probability that a fan will be large enough for a single wavelength to be clipped by an observer's eye.
Virtual facets greatly outnumber physical facets
Therefore, the facet design must be one including some larger virtual facets. Precise facet alignment in 3 dimensions (optical symmetry) is critical in making sure the virtual facet sizes prescribed by the design are faithfully produced and not broken up in a chaotic and unpredictable collection of very small virtual facets. The craftsmanship of each facet is also critical to dispersion - they need to be polished to a perfectly flat mirror finish in order for the diamond to exhibit its full potential for fire.
The video above is the same video at the top of the page, but shown in incremental mode giving a view of the fire effects of extremely small variations in angles.
Laboratory Grading of Fire
The only scientific, peer reviewed evaluation of fire is contained within the light performance grading system developed by AGS Laboratories. A 3-D scan of the actual diamond is mathematically ray-traced and the effects of 32,000 rays are calculated. The diamond is graded for brightness, contrast, light leakage, and dispersion. The grade of ideal (0) is only awarded if the aspect has no significant deficits.
In addition to being able to generate ASET light maps for light return, light leakage, and contrast, the AGSL system also can produce fire maps. They indicate the areas of the diamond capable of producing fire.
Fire is arguably the most magical aspect of diamond light performance and a key contributor to diamond beauty, even though it will not be exhibited in every lighting environment. The facet design and craftsmanship of the cut are the keys to producing a fiery diamond.
Ideal cut diamonds with top levels of optical precision, such as the A CUT ABOVE® in the videos above, excel in producing fire. In comparison to many GIA Triple Ex diamonds, the amount of additional fire produced by the highest cut quality is quite noticeable.
AGS-104089831020 Light Performance Images
Click images to Enlarge
GIA2217469490 Light Performance Images
Diamond Certification when Buying a Loose Diamond Online
How to Compare Loose Diamonds When Buying Online
When is the Best Time of Year to Buy an Engagement Ring?
Average Diamond Engagement Ring Size | Where to Buy One
A CUT ABOVE® Super Ideal Diamonds vs Other Diamond Brands

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'Je suis chancelière Allemagne': It was a weekend of somber observance, full of poignant moments and soulful rhetoric. If only the rain hadn't gotten in the way. But who better to save the day than Europe's Commemorator-in-Chief, aka Angela Merkel, who took center stage at remembrance ceremonies in Berlin and Paris to remind us what Europe, peace, guilt and reconciliation are really all about? After last week's disappointment over Merkel's pending departure from the political stage, the weekend appearances of a leader widely seen as the anti-Trump were like catnip to her legions of groupies in the worlds of politics, media and beyond — a reaffirmation in their minds of why she's the bee's knees. As was to be expected, a certain American "friend" appeared less enthusiastic. And truth be told, he wasn't the only one left underwhelmed.
GUTEN MORGEN EUROPA. I'm Matt Karnitschnig in Berlin, sitting in for Florian, who is taking the Bohemian waters this week on much-deserved Kur. We've got a busy day ahead with British and EU negotiators and the General Affairs Council talking Brexit in Brussels, as the rush to strike a divorce deal ratchets up another notch. But first, a quick recap of the weekend's doings.
AU REVOIR TRUMP: POTUS took advantage of a break in the clouds and has departed the Continent. And no one is more relieved than Emmanuel Macron, who in between trolling Trump and profusely apologizing, pledged to make Europe's military great again — with Made-in-the-EU hardware. And why not? If European countries are going to shell out untold billions to meet their NATO obligations, shouldn't they buy European?
If only European countries would put their money where their mouth is. Truth is, for all the recent heavy breathing over building the vaunted "European Army," it remains little more than a pipe dream. Which might explain why even Russian President Vladimir Putin likes the idea. Our own David Herszenhorn was on the front lines in Paris all weekend and filed this dispatch. Our White House colleague Nancy Cook has the story on why Trump was the odd man out this weekend. (Mixing up the Baltics and the Balkans couldn't have helped).
GIMME A BREAK: For anyone overcome by the pathos of recent days, we recommend a healthy dose of Blackadder.
SEEHOFER WATCH: After weeks of speculation, it finally looks like CSU leader and Interior Minister Horst Seehofer is prepared to step down from one or both posts. Seehofer's epic clashes with Merkel over migration nearly triggered the government's collapse over the summer and many conservatives blame him for their party's lackluster showing in recent regional elections. Merkel's own decision to step away from the leadership of her Christian Democrats appears to have made Seehofer's decision easier. Or maybe not. As anyone who's been following the saga can attest, this feels a lot like déjà vu.
GERMANY'S LITTLE GREEN (WO)MEN: It's no secret Germany's Greens are on a tear. After garnering just 8.9 percent of the vote in last year's national election, a switch in leadership has propelled the party as high as 23 percent in recent polls. While one could argue about the sustainability of those figures — the Greens have been here before, only to crash down to earth — there's no denying that the party's feel-good message of ecology, equality and European unity is playing well. Especially, it turns out, for females. For the first time ever, the Greens overtook the center-right (CDU/CSU) among women in the benchmark Emnid poll this week, with 28 percent. That's particularly worrying to Merkel's bloc, which has long relied on the female vote to win elections.
Greens congress wrap: Amid the soaring poll ratings and a string of recent regional election gains, the Greens were in a celebratory mood at their party congress in Leipzig over the weekend. With an eye on the European election in May, where party leaders hope to double their 2014 result and crack the 20 percent threshold, delegates nominated a fresh slate of candidates, 20 women and 20 men. Ska Keller, currently co-leader of the Greens in the European Parliament, will lead the German list alongside Sven Giegold, another current MEP focused on economic and financial issues. Keller, who pledged to make fighting the rise of populism a priority, is a leading candidate to become the European Greens' Spitzenkandidat as well.
Despite the recent criticism from France over the Spitzenkandidat system, don't expect Germany's Greens to back down from their insistence that the Commission's next president come from the ranks of the lead candidates. German Green MEP Reinhard Bütikofer noted last week that his national party is now polling higher than Macron's La République en Marche in France. Ouch!
A WORTHY CAMPAIGN: As excited as we at Playbook are about the impressive slate of ethnic Germans, or Biodeutsche as they're now called, running for the European Parliament, we were more than disappointed to hear that Jon Worth, the lone Brexit refugee (and trainspotting blogger) in the race was sent home packing.
One of an illustrious line of Oxford PPE grads to devote themselves to saving the European project, this ardent Remainer (and early POLITICO fan) was prepared to make the ultimate sacrifice by abandoning the Union Jack to wrap himself in Germany's Schwarz-Rot-Gold.
Alas, it wasn't meant to be. Worth refused to take no for an answer, fighting until the 20th round — the last spot on the list that had even a remote chance of winning a seat. But in the end, Germany's parochial "climate-nationalists" refused to forgive him his Britishness. Not even Worth's bold promise to keep Europe's night trains running was enough to convince Germany's eco-warriors of his worthiness.
The system was rigged against him, he explained afterwards with a hint of Trumpian defiance, vowing to turn his back on a career in politics.
Too bad. Nonetheless, we tip our hats to a worthwhile effort, and take comfort in the knowledge our favorite blogger can now devote even more time to Europe's rail stock, the Twittersphere and POLITICO.
SPANISH PM FOR SECOND VOTE: "If I was Theresa May, I would call a second referendum — no doubt," Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez said in an interview with POLITICO's Diego Torres and David Herszenhorn. "It's true that we're now on the verge of signing a transition deal … [but] I'd like to see the British government calling a second referendum. I don't mean now, but in the future, so that it can come back to the EU. In another way, but back into the EU." The Continent's leaders have frequently expressed their regret that Brexit is happening, but they have for the most part avoided backing a second vote.
Businesses call for state bailouts if UK crashes out of EU: A no-deal Brexit could require U.K. government bailouts like those following the financial crisis to prevent businesses from going bankrupt, argue some in the industry. Charlie Cooper has more.
CHINA GETS AI EDGE: Bruno Maçães travels to Shenzhen in China for his latest story in The Coming Wars series for POLITICO. He looks at how the developments China is making in artificial intelligence could define the future of the country — and with it the world.
FOLLOW-UP ON TRANSPARENCY FILE: In Friday's Playbook, we reported that Commission First Vice President Frans Timmermans had declined to meet negotiators from the Parliament and Council of the EU to discuss better lobbying transparency, with Parliament negotiator Sylvie Guillaume upset about the resultant delay. The Commission got in touch to tell us it isn't blocking anything, but merely waiting for others to move.
US TRIES TO STAFF UP STATE DEPARTMENT POST MIDTERMS: The Trump administration named several high-level diplomatic nominees and appointments last week amid hopes that expected Republican gains in the Senate will speed up the confirmation process, reports POLITICO's Nahal Toosi. One of those nominated was former Virginia Governor James Gilmore, for the post of U.S. ambassador to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.
Richard Ojeda to run for US president.
BIRTHDAYS: Austria. 100 years ago today, the first Austrian republic, originally named Deutsch-Österreich (German Austria), was created out of the ruins of the Habsburg Empire. Felix Austria! Also celebrating: MEPs Mary Honeyball and Anders Primdahl Vistisen; POLITICO's Bennett Richardson; Stanislas de Margerie; Eurasia Group President Ian Bremmer; Luca Spinelli; Hassan Rouhani, president of Iran, turns 70.
Celebrated Sunday: MEP Javi López; POLITICO's Global Editor Matthew Kaminski; Mikhail Ruderman; European Commission's Nadège Defrère; Anya Firestone. Poland celebrated its Independence Day, with as many as 200,000 people joining a parade in Warsaw Sunday marking 100 years of the country's restored independence. Jan Cienski was there.
Celebrated Saturday: MEPs Eleonora Forenza and Christine Revault d'Allonnes Bonnefoy; Hannes Swoboda, former MEP; Bellona Europa's Jonas Helseth.


Prices, promotions, styles, and availability might vary. It could differ from policy to policy, however residence insurance coverage will normally cover damage from storms, flooding, earthquakes, fire, lightning, explosions, theft, riots and vandalism. More and more folks run micro-businesses from their houses. In Lakeview Township, where the housing market is robust, the median enhance in assessments was 31.2 p.c, in response to the assessor's workplace. Buildings insurance cover protects the construction, the fixtures and fittings in your house; whereas contents insurance coverage covers your belongings.
Shop featured classes in Kitchen & Residence to search out probably the most commonly sought items including Furniture & Décor; Kitchen & Dining; Bedding & Tub; Patio, Garden & Backyard; Vacuums, Cleansing & Storage; and Kids' Furniture & Décor. For industrial reasons, some massive competitive insurers aren't included by comparability sites. Hyatt Lodges Corporation has taken a minority funding stake in Oasis , which rents out 2,000 homes in 20 cities.


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No more parachute appointments
Public corporations are renowned for parachuting people into executive positions as the practice has become endemic over the last three decades. The Lee Myung-bak administration is no exception and has faced much criticism for such alleged cronyism. The strong backlash against Lee's ambitious four-rivers restoration project may partly be explained by his controversial way of making appointments. Meanwhile, President-elect Park Geun-hye's repeated vows not to appoint figures to run state enterprises unless they have demonstrable business expertise bodes well and reflects public sentiment.
Park's transition team, which officially kicked off yesterday, plans to make this a top priority. One of her aides said the committee is discussing ways to prevent influence-peddling from political bigwigs. Even though this is welcome news, the examples of previous administrations tend to make us more cynical. Despite issuing strong pledges to revamp the appointment system for CEOs of public companies, Lee soon lost the public's trust by forcibly evicting executives appointed under the administration of his more liberal predecessor Roh Moo-hyun. Instead, it put people loyal to Lee in the top posts. In the second half of its term, the Lee administration could not escape being blasted for favoritism. High-profile cases include the so-called "ko-so-yeong" appointments, referring to three groups who appear to have benefited from Lee's generosity: Graduates from Korea University; people who, like Lee, attended Somang Church; and those hailing from Yeongnam (regional name for South and North Gyeongsang provinces).
Meanwhile, public enterprises' performances went from bad to worse, as seen by the rapid increase of their debt from 249.3 trillion won ($234 billion) in 2007 to 463.5 trillion won by the end of 2011. The Korea Water Resources Corporation and Korea Land and Housing Corporation did not help matters by making available such large funds for various national projects. To end this nefarious practice, the new administration must mend the recruitment system for heads of public entities. Despite its good intentions, the current system has failed due to a number of loopholes it left open for exploitation. No matter how noble it may seem, a system cannot work unless those who use it abide by the rules.
The Park administration must not repeat the same mistakes. It must recognize the disappointing reality and thoroughly review the system, make it more transparent by publicizing candidates' test scores and inviting experts to make unbiased recommendations of candidates. Only then will the public's confidence be regained.


text:
Q: Turn string containing two words in two seperate strings in R Assume following simple character vector:
x <- c("Indiana Jones", "Tom Cruise", "Brad Pitt")

The goal is to split each string containing two words (so containing a space, basically). So in this case I want the vector to be like:
x <- c("Indiana", "Jones", "Tom", "Cruise", "Brad", "Pitt")

Is there perhaps a specific package which may help me to do this?


If you are considering getting dental implants, you are already on the road to restoring your smile. Since dental implants are surgically placed and inserted into the jawbone, one of the questions our Old Bridge patients ask is whether or not they will need a bone graft prior to the procedure. We encourage you to visit our dental office for an examination and X-rays so that we can answer this question based on your health. You can schedule an appointment by calling (732) 839-0579. In the meantime, here are some answers to frequently asked questions about the bone graft procedure.
The best way to find out if you need a bone grafting procedure is to call 732-839-0579 and schedule an appointment with our dental office. At Empire Dental Group of New Jersey, we can take X-rays and let you know if your bone is lacking in density. We can then make a recommendation for treatment and let you know if you need to see a specialist.


"Aladdin Sane" was the sixth album released by Bowie back in 1973. There was a high expectation from fans and critics after his previous album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars. NME editors Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray called the album oddly unsatisfying, while Bowie encyclopedist Nicholas Pegg describes it as one of the most urgent, compelling and essential of his releases. The Rolling Stone review by Ben Gerson pronounced it "less manic then The Man Who Sold The World, and less intimate than Hunky Dory, with none of it's self-doubt".
There were four single releases from the album, the most predominent being "The Jean Genie" in 1972 preceeding the albums completion and release date. "Drive-In Saturday" "Time" and "Let's Spend the Night Together" were all released in 1973.
Album produced by David Bowie and Ken Scott.
The album has remained in excellent condition.
The albums hinged cover is in excellent condition, with a strong hinge and spine.
The cover displays only minimal signs of wear.


When we asked Richard to take a look at Resident Evil: Operation Raccoon City, he started sniffling and claiming to have gone down with the T-Virus. Can this action-packed retelling of the series' early years be the cure to what ails him, or just one more headache?
I have a pet theory about Capcom – one I can't in any way prove, but I think would explain a lot. About thirty years ago, its founder discovered a tarnished golden lamp somewhere in Osaka, and rubbing it produced a genie. "What is your wish?" asked the genie. "To have a beloved games company," answered the excited man in a heartbeat. And in Japanese, obviously.
Like I said, it's just a theory. In unrelated news, here's a Resident Evil spin-off.
Operation: Raccoon City is a slice of Resident Evil from the baddies' viewpoint – Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead, if you will. You're one of a squad of four amoral soldiers sent in by the Umbrella Corporation ("Umbrella: Always Open To Evil") to clean up after the T-Virus turns Raccoon City into a charnel house, and get rid of any evidence of their involvement.
Except for the giant Umbrella logos in their secret bases, obviously.
To give it some credit, this is a fun premise – if one that's instantly let down by a lack of any real story. Technically, stuff happens in a linear sequence that can be seen as a 'plot', and there are individual moments that tie into the main series, like making a faulty Nemesis see STARS, but mostly you're just footling around and being shouted at by your boss. Typical mission objectives are to burn documents, smash servers, try to get out of the city and generally be dicks in the name of Umbrella ("Umbrella: More T-Victims?") and its concerned shareholders.
Frustration on the other hand abounds, especially if you try to play on your own. Put simply, there are two ways to play this game – with three other people in multiplayer, or screaming and smashing your controller of choice into tiny fragments of hate-infused dust.
Even at its very best, Operation: Raccoon City isn't very good. It's incredibly short, with only seven maps to get through, its cover system is fiddly, its weapons lacking in punch and with absolutely no cool set-pieces or memorable moments to look forward to. It's not so much bad as grindingly unenthusiastic, from the way it looks at the Resident Evil universe and opts to recreate a few empty streets and labs for your shooting pleasure, to the half-hearted way most of its unlockable weapon upgrades are just mildly different rifles and pistols. There's no sense of passion behind anything; not a scrap of personality or flicker of inspiration in sight.
Avoid the single-player. Not only is it a tenth as good as the already not great multiplayer, it verges on unplayable at points. Your squadmates' AI is beyond pathetic, with them constantly getting in your way, randomly running around, walking straight into explosive tripwires that they just warned you about, and every other cack-handed thing a computer controlled imbecile can do short of repeatedly blasting you in the face. You can't even give them orders.
Worse, while in multiplayer you can be instantly revived if you either die or get infected by the zombies, (making a complete mockery of the latter as a mechanic, but never mind), flying solo you're unceremoniously kicked you back to the last checkpoint. This means you're left trying to carry the whole mission in a game designed for four; and four players whose brains aren't functionally identical to a skull full of banana pudding. It's not impossible, but nor is it fun.
Making this worse, the design is often sloppy, and sometimes just plain cruel. Guns hold ridiculously little ammo for instance, especially for the number of bullets it takes to drop enemies, and many encounters feel like they needed at least one more pass before being signed off. The first boss for instance chases you down a corridor, which is fine, but then traps you behind an invisible wall and beats the stuffing out of you if you don't realise he's currently invincible and that you're meant to be trying to get out through the door behind you instead of making a stand. The core logic of the situation is fine. The signposting and prompting are undercooked, especially as you've just been introduced to his weakness (a giant globby eyeball) and already been trained to expect most doors to remain locked until you've dealt with nearby threats.
Later examples aren't usually as pointed, but can be just as obnoxious. At one point for instance you have to fight Nemesis, and the whole encounter feels completely untuned. He takes insane amounts of damage without actually being an interesting challenge. Another sequence pits you against what feels like a never-ending army of Lickers, who are exactly no fun to fight even when you're not sure how long you're meant to last. Don't even get me started on an encounter in a power plant, where you have to put up with both being gang-rushed by enemies from all sides, including Spec Ops guys with guns and grenades, and sniped from on-high while your AI squadmates amble around admiring the wall textures. My blood is still boiling.
By far the worst moment in the entire game though is a couple of levels from the end. It starts when you cross an invisible tripwire that crashes an enemy pod down on you, which can easily take 25% of your health up-front even if you know it's coming. Then you find yourself in a cramped space, fighting enemies that can eat their own body weight in bullets, leap great distances to gut you, has a knockdown attack, ignores your stun grenades, and delivers massive damage with every blow. Four of these bastards, to be exact. At once. Did I mention you have no real dodging ability? Because you don't. At all. You can't even roll out of the way.
Oh, and just to rub salt in the wound, instead of rewarding you with a checkpoint after this, Operation: Raccoon City sends in a team of Spec Ops soldiers with machine guns.
That's the point I gave up on trying to finish this game in single-player mode.
In multiplayer, with the ability to revive other players, things are far looser and thus more enjoyable, though still very weak next to the competition. Capcom's own Lost Planet 2 offers much the same basic action with huge bosses and set-pieces, while Left 4 Dead 2 kicks every shade of snot out of Raccoon City's clunky cover system and boring enemies.
In public games, expect complete silence. There's no text-chat at all, only VoIP. Matchmaking also offers no real control over where in the campaign you end up when you use Quick Match. You can simply invite other people into your own game to avoid spoilers from levels you've yet to reach properly (though the only big spoiler is that there's really nothing to spoil) but will probably be waiting a while to get a full team. If you can get three friends together, that's obviously the best way… but at £30 per copy and with no bundles on sale, it's expensive mediocrity.
Stretching things out a bit are the dedicated multiplayer modes, including one where the goodies face off against the baddies in a Last Man Standing type fight with wandering zombies. Not much to say about these except that while the idea is fun, the basic combat isn't satisfying enough to carry the action. In a genre not already up to its brains in zombie apocalypses, the novelty would have helped a lot. As it is, the shambling hordes add little, and nowhere near enough.
What really slams the nails into Operation: Raccoon City's coffin though is its bugginess and the quality of the port. Setting the tone admirably, I had to restart the first fight after the game failed to notice the enemies were all gone and it was time to open the gate to the next area. Keyboard and mouse controls suffer from the standard porting feel; laggy and unpleasant. The bit of the screen that handles grenades only has visuals for the Xbox 360's D-Pad, making it a pain to hurl the right one instead of wasting something valuable like a zombie cure mid-combat. The carefully designed PC defaults? "1" for Grenade, "2" for Zombie Cure and "3" for First Aid Spray… demoting the Switch Weapon command to "4". Attention to detail, right there!
By far the worst issue I encountered though was the sound regularly cutting out. This happened seemingly at random, forcing me to play through whole levels in complete silence. Not only does this kill the atmosphere, it's a huge tactical disadvantage not to know things like whether a zombie is about to try and eat your skull. It would come on again for the cut-scenes, and occasionally back up in the main levels, only to go off once again, but not once did I manage to get through a whole mission without interruption. Restarts and reboots did nothing to fix this, and while I initially thought it might just be a problem with my audio drivers, a glance at the Steam forums showed lots of others having the same problem.
And yes, the Games For Windows Live parasite is firmly implanted. Sigh.
Tagged with Resident Evil: Operation Raccoon City, wot i think, resident evil.


text:
Tyler Davis leads Texas A&M past Ole Miss 71-69
The Rebels stay on the road for a second straight game when they play at Arkansas on Saturday afternoon.
Posted By: Jim Holder
COLLEGE STATION, Texas (AP) — Tyler Davis scored 20 points, including Texas A&M's final basket, and the Aggies defeated Ole Miss 71-69 on Tuesday night for A&M's first victory in Southeastern Conference play this season.
With the scored tied at 69, Davis missed a short jumper but grabbed the rebound for the putback and a 71-69 A&M lead with 22.7 seconds remaining. The Rebels' Breein Tyree missed a 3-point attempt at the other end that rattled in and out as time expired, and the Aggies could finally celebrate an SEC victory.
A&M (12-6, 1-5 SEC) led 64-62 with 3:19 left after Robert Williams collected an alley-oop pass from Duane Wilson and slammed the ball home. On the other end, Williams blocked a shot following a Rebels offensive rebound, and D.J. Hogg caused one of the loudest roars of the night when he drained a 3-pointer from the far right corner to lift A&M to a 69-62 lead with 2:51 left.
That wasn't enough to stave off the Rebels, however, and the Aggies needed Davis and decent defense to finally close it out. The Rebels (10-8, 3-3) have never won in College Station, falling to 0-3.
The teams played before a good crowd of 10,578 in the 13,000-seat arena considering A&M was closed on Tuesday because of an ice storm that had enveloped the region starting early that morning. On Tuesday afternoon the university offered free parking for all comers and free admission for all A&M students to try and create a home-court advantage.
Texas A&M: The Aggies needed this win in the worst way, considering they had been ranked No. 5 as recently as Dec. 31 before falling to No. 11 and then completely out of the rankings in the last two polls.
Ole Miss: The Rebels once again failed to string together consecutive victories since SEC play started, as they've traded wins and losses in each of their first six games against their conference brethren.
Texas A&M: The Aggies play their second consecutive game at home when Missouri visits Saturday afternoon, in trying to win two in a row for the first time in SEC play this season.
Ole Miss: The Rebels stay on the road for a second straight game when they play at Arkansas on Saturday afternoon, in trying to avoid losing two in a row for the first time against league competition.
Tyree scores 22, Ole Miss rallies past Texas A&M
Luke previews Ole Miss-Texas A&M game
Bjork leaving Ole Miss for Texas A&M
Shuler, Davis lead Ole Miss past SE Louisiana
Ole Miss volleyball earns historic win at Texas A&M
Ole Miss softball falls 2-0 at Texas A&M
Ole Miss baseball takes SEC road series from Texas A&M
Ole Miss rallies in 9th to beat Texas A&M 1-0


The Department of Music presents the Chamber Orchestra Percussion Ensemble in "East Meets West" on Saturday, November 12, 2011. The program includes "Gamelan Anklung", "Valley of the Bells", "Petite Suite", and "Tabuh Tabuhan". It also includes a list of the personnel.


A gaming laptop is an ideal choice for the gamer on the go. It is very similar to a desktop but adds the benefit of being portable. Being able to take your gaming rig with you wherever you go is a very appealing feature to even modest computer gamers. There are many gaming laptops available on the market right now and this guide will explain some of the important features to look for as you shop for the best gaming laptop. We have even included three laptop recommendations for each price range; budget, mid-range, and high end.
One of the distinguishing features of a gaming laptop is its screen size. Laptop screens typically range from 14" to well over 17." The extra screen size will cost more money but in the long run can be money well spent. You don't want to go through all the trouble of having a fast computer if you can't see any detail on the screen! We recommend a screen size of at least 15" to really enjoy the gaming experience.
The amount of RAM in a gaming laptop can really have an impact on gaming performance. At the very least, you'll want at least 4 GB of DDR3 RAM. Any less than that and your gaming performance can really suffer. Thankfully, RAM prices have dropped considerably in recent years making it even more affordable.
The amount of video RAM in a gaming laptop also heavily influences the laptop's performance. As you shop, you will notice that gaming laptop's can have either dedicated graphics or a hybrid graphics system and you're wondering what the difference is. A dedicated graphics system does not share its video resources with other devices, instead it uses the video memory solely for the purpose of delivery the visuals. This is not to say that the hybrid systems are bad by any means. It ultimately comes down to your budget. The laptops with dedicated graphics generally cost more, however they also perform better. If you can afford the dedicated graphics system, I would spring for it, however, if money is an issue, a hybrid system can serve you just as well. A gaming laptop should have at least 512 MB of video memory in order to properly serve its function.
Another feature not to be overlooked when shopping for a gaming laptop is the battery life. You can have the most powerful gaming laptop around but if your battery only lasts 20 minutes, what good is that? If you plan on gaming for several hours on end (and we hope you are) you'll want a battery that has plenty of juice to sustain your gaming needs for awhile. Typically manufacturers will list the battery technology they use and you can look into the more detailed specifications. Also of interest might be our conserving laptop battery life article.
Similar to a desktop computer, there are several external connectors on a gaming laptop. Most (if not all) gaming laptops feature a headphone jack, which is nice if you do not wish to disturb others around you while you game. Several USB ports are important as well for plugging in a nice mouse, keyboard, or other external speakers.
With the above-mentioned considerations into account, lets look at some of the best gaming laptops available. Our top selection is the Alienware M17x AM17xR4-6837BK Notebook PC . Although it has a hefty price tag, the laptop has all the parts a true gamer could want. With a 17.3-inch screen size, you won't miss any bit of the on screen action. With 8 GB of DDR3 memory powering it, the laptop will breeze through all the tasks you can send at it. An Intel Core i7 processor lies at the helm and can handle any of the latest games. The 2 GB of dedicated GDDR5 video memory will be used well while providing the best frame rates for all of your favorite games. With the Alien M14x gaming laptop, you will be a very happy gamer enjoying all of your favorite games at their highest settings.
Our next recommended gaming laptop is the Acer Aspire AS7750G-9621 Gaming Laptop . This powerhouse gaming laptop features 8 GB of DDR3 memory, 1 GB of DDR3 dedicated graphics memory, a 750 GB hard drive capable of storing plenty of games and an Intel Core i7 CPU at the core. The laptop also has a screen size of just over 18 inches making it easy for you to see all the detail in your favorite games. The major difference between this laptop and the Alienware mentioned above is the type of video memory used. The Alienware has GDDR5, which is the latest technology whereas the Acer laptop uses GDDR3.
Our final recommended laptop takes into consideration the budget minded gamer. The Acer Aspire AS7750G-9411 Gaming Laptop is a great deal. With a very friendly price, the laptop has plenty of great features to get excited about. Similar to our other two recommended laptops, the AS7750G-9411 contains a lightning quick Intel Core I7 CPU. With 4 GB of DDR3 memory, information is quickly sent to the CPU providing great frame rates for your games. Also, worth mentioning, the 4 GB of included memory can be expanded to 16 GB later on to meet future gaming requirements. The 17-inch screen size is a welcome feature as well, even with the cheaper price tag, you won't be sacrificing any of the visual flair.
With that, we have completed our top 3 gaming laptop recommendations and each one can be found at TigerDirect.com . With each one, you'll be able to play your favorite games on high settings. Our goal in writing this article is to provide valuable insight about gaming laptops and break down all the features in simple to understand terms. The last thing you want when shopping for a gaming laptop is to be confused by all the terminology and features thrown at you. That's what building-a-gaming-computer.com is here for! If you are interested in reviews of laptop bags and backpacks, check out our article here.


Lovely verse..the photo is perfect with it.
Crossing the sky Must be a nice thing..
Beautiful, lg. I hope you're finding a few minutes here and there to check out the tennis. :) I keep having to tape it and I'm always behind on the matches.
Yes..yes. I am 'on it' with regard to the U.S, Open!!!!!!!!!
wow, my kind of photo.
...and i wish i could live in a magical place like yours.


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In addition, we also offer reduced advertising rates for recruitment advertising in GOLF RETAILING Magazine.
Information is power and in a highly competitive market it can be extremely useful to know how your company or its products are percieved by your customers or prospects. What does the industry at large or a specific segment of it think about a specific product area? Are your customers buying some products from a rival when they could buy from you? Whatever you want to find out we can help. We can build and manage a web based survey and present the findings to you. What's more you can access any area of our market leading data base and select the contacts you would like us to mail the survey to on your behalf either under your name or ours!
Whether it be business cards, letter heads, print or online adverts, catalogues, exhibition graphics or any other marketing material our in house designer can help.
Call us on 01892 53834 or e-mail sales@golfretailing.com to find out more.


text:
Bishop Lamont
God's Body (feat. Biggz & ANEEWAY JONES) - Single
Backpack (feat. Bishop Lamont & Fann)
Constant Struggle (feat. Killah Priest & Bishop Lamont)
Ghostface Killah 2018
Team America F**k Yeah Anthem
Team America, F**k Yeah Special Forces 2011
Giraffe P*ssy (feat. Royce da 5'9", Xzibit, Bishop Lamont)
Apollo Brown & Ras Kass 2014
From Slave Chains To Handcuffs (feat. Ras Kass, Bishop Lamont & Compton Menace)
KXNG Crooked & Bronze Nazareth 2019
Life or Death (feat. RBX & Xzibit)
The Reformation: G.D.N.I.A.F.T 2016
The Layover
N****r Noize
Pope Mobile
The Preformation
The Shawshank Redemption - Angola 3
Un-American (feat. Ryu & Apathy) - Single
Heebie Jeebies - Single
Invisible - Single
We Got Next (from "NBA Live 06") - Single
Caltroit
I Rap Black (feat. Chuck D, Bishop Lamont & Mykill Miers) - Single
Max I Million
Why U Keep Calling (feat. Bishop Lamont & Justin Vee) - Single
Dennis Blaze
The Way the World Ends (feat. Bishop Lamont) - Single
Elijah Allan-blitz
Dirty Girl, Pt. 2
Bobby Light
About Bishop Lamont
Even though the man most responsible for West Coast gangsta rap, Dr. Dre, took him under his wing in the mid-2000s, Carson, CA, native Bishop Lamont has never fit the gangsta mold of his left-coast peers. With one foot firmly planted in underground hip-hop and the other in the mainstream, Lamont's varied lyrical topics, which juggle street rap, sociopolitical muckraking, and even religion, established the rapper as a strong up-and-coming contender in West Coast rap.
Born Philip Martin in Inglewood, Lamont bounced all around Los Angeles' different neighborhoods when he was young until settling down in Carson. Beginning to rap at age 13, he tried to veer away from the street life and kept himself busy racking up a huge collection of hip-hop tapes, vinyl, and CDs. Once Lamont started making his own tapes and CDs, he caught a break when his Who I Gotta Kill to Get a Record Deal, Vol. 1 mixtape found its way into the hands of Kanye West. Lamont planned to meet with West, who was interested in signing him, on the set of the video shoot for Dr. Dre protégé the Game's "Dreams" in 2005, though West canceled at the last minute. Instead, the Carson rapper approached Dr. Dre himself and handed him the mixtape. A few weeks later, Dr. Dre professed in a radio interview his desire to work with him and before long, signed Lamont to Aftermath later in 2005.
Lamont's professional recording career started to thrust forward. Having worked closely with Warren G, he made several appearances on Warren G's 2005 album In the Mid-Nite Hour. He also earned work providing tracks for various video games, including NBA Live 06 and Madden NFL 07. However, in 2007 his Internet and street mixtapes started to raise his profile considerably and lent credence to why Dr. Dre was championing the complex MC. Among the popular street releases were N*gger Noize (2007), Caltroit (2007) (a collaboration between him and Detroit MC/producer Black Milk), and Pope Mobile (2008). Lamont proclaimed himself "the Platinum Backpacker," and his mixtapes grabbed the attention of many hip-hop fans and publications by uniting underground hip-hop producers (9th Wonder, Black Milk) with mainstream ones (Scott Storch, Danjahandz). Throughout 2007 and 2008, his tentative debut album, The Reformation, was being promoted alongside Dr. Dre's long-awaited third LP, Detox, since Lamont seemed to be playing a big role in the latter album's recording. The hip-hop media even began comparing his relationship to Detox with Snoop Dogg's role in Dr. Dre's G-funk masterpiece The Chronic. ~ Cyril Cordor
Stat Quo
Illaj


Alkaline water is showing up on more and more grocery shelves—but it doesn't offer any health benefits over its neutral-pH brethren.
The claims that it's healthier come from the "alkaline diet" myth that we've covered before—but there's nothing special about eating alkaline foods (alkaline being the opposite of acidic) because our body regulates its acid/alkaline balance independently of what we eat.
Refinery29 explains this myth in detail ("if your blood pH is abnormally high or low, your first clue will be passing out," says one PhD-holding nutritionist) and goes on to say the only thing alkaline water could possibly help is the rare and mild condition of having a stomach that's irritated by acidic foods. Read more at the link below about why alkaline water is just a meaningless marketing gimmick.


text:
Title: Chondrichthyes
Subject: Evolution of fish, Shark, Vertebrate, Batoidea, Taxobox/testcases
Temporal range: 422–0 Ma[1][2]
Latest Silurian to Present
Great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias
Class: Chondrichthyes
Huxley, 1880
Subclasses
Chondrichthyes (; from Greek χονδρ- chondr- 'cartilage', ἰχθύς ichthys 'fish') is a class (biology) that contains the cartilaginous fishes: they are jawed vertebrates with paired fins, paired nares, scales, a heart with its chambers in series, and skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone. The class is divided into two subclasses: Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays, skates, and sawfish) and Holocephali (chimaeras, sometimes called ghost sharks, which are sometimes separated into their own class).
Within the infraphylum Gnathostomata, cartilaginous fishes are distinct from all other jawed vertebrates, the extant members of which all fall into Teleostomi.
1 Anatomy
1.1 Skeleton
1.2 Appendages
1.3 Body covering
1.4 Respiratory system
1.5 Immune system
2 Reproduction
4 Evolution
5 Phylogeny
The skeleton is cartilaginous. The notochord, which is present in the young, is gradually replaced by cartilage. Chondrichthyans also lack ribs, so if they leave water, the larger species' own body weight would crush their internal organs long before they would suffocate.
As they do not have Holocephali, which is a very specialized group, lacks both the Leydig's and epigonal organs.
Apart from placoid scales (or dermal denticles), making it feel like sandpaper. In most species, all dermal denticles are oriented in one direction, making the skin feel very smooth if rubbed in one direction and very rough if rubbed in the other.
Originally, the pectoral and pelvic girdles, which do not contain any dermal elements, did not connect. In later forms, each pair of fins became ventrally connected in the middle when scapulocoracoid and pubioischiadic bars evolved. In rays, the pectoral fins have connected to the head and are very flexible.
One of the primary characteristics present in most sharks is the heterocercal tail, which aids in locomotion.[3]
Body covering
Chondrichthyans have toothlike scales called dermal denticles or placoid scales. Denticles provide two functions, protection, and in most cases streamlining. Mucous glands exist in some species as well.
It is assumed that their oral teeth evolved from dermal denticles that migrated into the mouth, but it could be the other way around as the teleost bony fish Denticeps clupeoides has most of its head covered by dermal teeth (as does, probably, Atherion elymus, another bony fish). This is most likely a secondary evolved characteristic, which means there is not necessarily a connection between the teeth and the original dermal scales.
The old placoderms did not have teeth at all, but had sharp bony plates in their mouth. Thus, it is unknown whether the dermal or oral teeth evolved first. Nor is it sure how many times it has happened if it turns out to be the case. It has even been suggested that the original bony plates of all the vertebrates are gone and that the present scales are just modified teeth, even if both teeth and the body armor have a common origin a long time ago. However, there is no evidence of this at the moment.
All chondrichthyans breathe through five to seven pairs of gills, depending on the species. In general, pelagic species must keep swimming to keep oxygenated water moving through their gills, whilst demersal species can actively pump water in through their spiracles and out through their gills. However, this is only a general rule and many species differ.
A spiracle is a small hole found behind each eye. These can be tiny and circular, such as found on the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum), to extended and slit-like, such as found on the wobbegongs (Orectolobidae). Many larger, pelagic species, such as the mackerel sharks (Lamnidae) and the thresher sharks (Alopiidae), no longer possess them.
Like all other jawed vertebrates, members of Chondrichthyes have an adaptive immune system.[4]
Fertilization is internal. Development is usually live birth (ovoviviparous species) but can be through eggs (oviparous). Some rare species are viviparous. There is no parental care after birth; however, some chondrichthyans do guard their eggs.
The class Chondrichthyes has two subclasses: the subclass Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays, skates, and sawfish) and the subclass Holocephali (chimaeras). To see the full list of the species, click here.
Subclasses of cartilaginous fishes
Sharks Elasmobranchii is a subclass that includes the sharks and the rays and skates. Members of the elasmobranchii have no swim bladders, five to seven pairs of gill clefts opening individually to the exterior, rigid dorsal fins, and small placoid scales. The teeth are in several series; the upper jaw is not fused to the cranium, and the lower jaw is articulated with the upper. The eyes have a tapetum lucidum. The inner margin of each pelvic fin in the male fish is grooved to constitute a clasper for the transmission of sperm. These fish are widely distributed in tropical and temperate waters.[5]
and rays, skates, and sawfish
Chimaeras Holocephali (complete-heads) is a subclass of which the order Chimaeriformes is the only surviving group. This group includes the rat fishes (e.g., Chimaera), rabbit-fishes (e.g., Hydrolagus) and elephant-fishes (Callorhynchus). Today, they preserve some features of elasmobranch life in Paleaozoic times, though in other respects they are aberrant. They live close to the bottom and feed on molluscs and other invertebrates. The tail is long and thin and they move by sweeping movements of the large pectoral fins. There is an erectile spine in front of the dorsal fin, sometimes poisonous. There is no stomach (that is, the gut is simplified and the 'stomach' is merged with the intestine), and the mouth is a small aperture surrounded by lips, giving the head a parrot-like appearance.
The fossil record of the Holocephali starts in the Devonian period. The record is extensive, but most fossils are teeth, and the body forms of numerous species are not known, or at best poorly understood.
Extant orders of cartilaginous fishes
Galean
sharks Carcharhiniformes ground
sharks Compagno, 1977 8 51 >270 7 10 21
Heterodontiformes bullhead
sharks L. S. Berg, 1940 1 1 9
Lamniformes mackerel
sharks L. S. Berg, 1958 7
+2 extinct 10 16 10
Orectolobiformes carpet
sharks Applegate, 1972 7 13 43 7
Squalomorph
sharks Hexanchiformes frilled
cow sharks de Buen, 1926 2
+3 extinct 4
+11 extinct 6
+33 extinct
Pristiophoriformes sawsharks L. S. Berg, 1958 1 2 6
Squaliformes dogfish
sharks 1 2 29 1 6
Squatiniformes angel
sharks Buen, 1926 1 1 23 3 4 5
Rays Myliobatiformes stingrays
relatives Compagno, 1973 10 29 223 1 16 33
Pristiformes sawfishes 1 2 5-7 5-7
Rajiformes skates
guitarfishes L. S. Berg, 1940 5 36 >270 4 12 26
Torpediniformes electric
rays de Buen, 1926 2 12 69 2 9
Holocephali Chimaeriformes chimaera Obruchev, 1953 3
+3 extinct 39
Taxonomy according to Leonard Compagno, 2005[6] with additions from [7]
†Order Mongolepidiformes Karatajüte-Talimaa & Novitskaya 1990
†Order Omalodontida
†Order Coronodontiformes Zangerl 1981
†Order Symmoriiformes Zangerl 1981
Subclass Holocephali
†Superorder Paraselachimorpha
†Order Desmiodontiformes Zangerl 1981
†Order Polysentoriformes Cappetta 1993
†Order Orodontiformes Zangerl 1981
†Order Petalodontiformes Zangerl 1981
†Order Helodontiformes Patterson 1965
†Order Iniopterygiformes Zanger 1973
†Order Debeeriiformes
†Order Eugeneodontiformes
Superorder Holocephalimorpha
†Order Psammodontiformes* Obruchev 1953
†Order Copodontiformes
†Order Squalorajiformes
†Order Chondrenchelyiformes Moy-Thomas 1939
†Order Menaspiformes
†Order Cochliodontiformes Obruchev 1953
Order Chimaeriformes (chimaeras)
†Plesioselachus
†Order Lugalepidida
†Order Squatinactiformes Zangerl 1981
†Order Protacrodontiformes
†Infraclass Cladoselachimorpha
†Order Cladoselachiformes Dean 1909
†Infraclass Xenacanthimorpha Berg 1940
†Order Bransonelliformes Hampe & Ivanov 2007
†Order Xenacanthiformes Berg 1940
Infraclass Euselachii (sharks and rays)
†Order Ctenacanthiformes Zangerl 1981
†Division Hybodonta
†Order Hybodontiformes Owen 1846
Division Neoselachii Compagno 1977
Subdivision Selachii (modern sharks)
Superorder Galeomorphi Compagno 1977
Order Heterodontiformes (bullhead sharks)
Order Orectolobiformes (carpet sharks)
Order Lamniformes (mackerel sharks)
Order Carcharhiniformes (ground sharks)
Superorder Squalomorphi
Order Chlamydoselachiformes
Order Hexanchiformes (frilled and cow sharks)
Order Squaliformes (dogfish sharks)
†Order Protospinaciformes
†Order Synechodontiformes
Order Squatiniformes (angel sharks)
Order Pristiophoriformes (sawsharks)
Subdivision Batoidea (rays)
Order Torpediniformes (electric rays)
Order Pristiformes (sawfishes)
Order Rajiformes (skates and guitarfishes)
Order Myliobatiformes (stingrays and relatives)
* position uncertain
Radiation of cartilaginous fishes, based on Michael Benton, 2005.[8]
Cartilaginous fish are considered to have evolved from acanthodians. Originally assumed to be closely related to bony fish or a polyphyletic assemblage leading to both groups, the discovery of Entelognathus and several examinations of acanthodian characteristics indicate that bony fish evolved directly from placoderm like ancestors, while acanthodians represent a paraphyletic assemblage leading to Chondrichthyes. Some characteristics previously thought to be exclusive to acanthodians are also present in basal cartilaginous fish.[9][10]
Unequivocal fossils of cartilaginous fishes first appeared in the fossil record by about 395 million years ago, during the middle Devonian. The radiation of elasmobranches in the chart on the right is divided into the taxa: Cladoselache, Eugeneodontiformes, Symmoriida, Xenacanthiformes, Ctenacanthiformes, Hybodontiformes, Galeomorphi, Squaliformes and Batoidea.
By the start of the Early Devonian, 419 mya (million years ago), jawed fishes had divided into four distinct clades: the placoderms and spiny sharks, both of which are now extinct, and the cartilaginous and bony fishes, both of which are still extant. The modern bony fishes, class Osteichthyes, appeared in the late Silurian or early Devonian, about 416 million years ago. Spiny sharks are not classified as true sharks or as cartilaginous fishes, but as a distinct group, class (biology) Acanthodii. However, both the cartilaginous and bony fishes may have arisen from either the placoderms or the spiny sharks. Cartilaginous fishes first appeared about 395 Ma. The first abundant genus of shark, Cladoselache, appeared in the oceans during the Devonian Period.
A Bayesian analysis of molecular data suggests that the Holocephali and Elasmoblanchii diverged in the Silurian () and that the sharks and rays/skates split in the Carboniferous ().
Devonian (419–359 mya)
Cladoselache Cladoselache was the first abundant genus of primitive shark, appearing about 370 Ma.[11] It grew to 6 feet (1.8 m) long, with anatomical features similar to modern mackerel sharks. It had a streamlined body almost entirely devoid of scales, with five to seven gill slits and a short, rounded snout that had a terminal mouth opening at the front of the skull.[11] It had a very weak jaw joint compared with modern-day sharks, but it compensated for that with very strong jaw-closing muscles. Its teeth were multi-cusped and smooth-edged, making them suitable for grasping, but not tearing or chewing. Cladoselache therefore probably seized prey by the tail and swallowed it whole.[11] It had powerful keels that extended onto the side of the tail stalk and a semi-lunate tail fin, with the superior lobe about the same size as the inferior. This combination helped with its speed and agility which was useful when trying to outswim its probable predator, the heavily armoured 10 metres (33 ft) long placoderm fish Dunkleosteus.[11]
Carbon-
iferous
Orthacanthus senckenbergianus The first 15 million years of the Carboniferous has very few terrestrial fossils. This gap in the fossil record, is called Romer's gap after the American palaentologist Alfred Romer. While it has long been debated whether the gap is a result of fossilisation or relates to an actual event, recent work indicates that the gap period saw a drop in atmospheric oxygen levels, indicating some sort of ecological collapse.[13] The gap saw the demise of the Devonian fish-like ichthyostegalian labyrinthodonts, and the rise of the more advanced temnospondyl and reptiliomorphan amphibians that so typify the Carboniferous terrestrial vertebrate fauna.
The Symmoriida; some, the petalodonts, had peculiar cycloid cutting teeth. Most of the sharks were marine, but the Xenacanthida invaded fresh waters of the coal swamps. Among the bony fish, the Palaeonisciformes found in coastal waters also appear to have migrated to rivers. Sarcopterygian fish were also prominent, and one group, the Rhizodonts, reached very large size.
Most species of Carboniferous marine fish have been described largely from teeth, fin spines and dermal ossicles, with smaller freshwater fish preserved whole. Freshwater fish were abundant, and include the genera Ctenodus, Uronemus, Acanthodes, Cheirodus, and Gyracanthus.
Stethacanthidae
As a result of the evolutionary radiation, carboniferous sharks assumed a wide variety of bizarre shapes; e.g., sharks belonging to the family Stethacanthidae possessed a flat brush-like dorsal fin with a patch of denticles on its top.[12] Stethacanthus' unusual fin may have been used in mating rituals.[12] Apart from the fins, Stethacanthidae resembled Falcatus (below).
Falcatus Falcatus is a genus of small cladodont-toothed sharks which lived 335–318 Ma. They were about 25-30 cm (10-12 inches) long.[14] They are characterised by the prominent fin spines that curved anteriorly over their heads.
Orodus Orodus is another shark of the Carboniferous, a genus from the family Orodontidae that lived into the early Permian from 303 to 295 Ma. It grew to 2 m (7 ft) in length.
[15] and marine ecosystems took even longer.[16]
Triassic (252–201 Ma): The fish fauna of the Triassic was remarkably uniform, reflecting the fact that very few families survived the Permian extinction. In turn, the Triassic ended with the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event. About 23% of all families, 48% of all genera (20% of marine families and 55% of marine genera) and 70% to 75% of all species went extinct.[17]
Jurassic (201–145 Ma): The end of the Cretaceous was marked by the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (K-Pg extinction). There are substantial fossil records of jawed fishes across the K–T boundary, which provides good evidence of extinction patterns of these classes of marine vertebrates. Within cartilaginous fish, approximately 80% of the sharks, rays, and skates families survived the extinction event,[18] and more than 90% of teleost fish (bony fish) families survived.[19]
Cretaceous (145–66 Ma):
Squalicorax falcatus Squalicorax falcatus is a lamnoid shark from the Cretaceous
Ptychodus Ptychodus is a genus of extinct hybodontiform shark which lived from the late Cretaceous to the Paleogene.[20][21] Ptychodus mortoni (pictured) was about 32 feet long (10 meters) and was unearthed in Kansas, United States.[22]
Cenozoic Era (65 Ma to present): The current era has seen great diversification of bony fishes.
Megalodon battle History Channel
The Nightmarish Megalodon Discovery
Megalodon is an extinct species of shark that lived about 28 to 1.5 Ma. It looked much like a stocky version of the great white shark, but was much larger with fossil lengths reaching 20.3 metres (67 ft).[23] Found in all oceans[24] it was one of the largest and most powerful predators in vertebrate history,[23] and probably had a profound impact on marine life.[25]
Extinct orders of cartilaginous fishes
Holocephali †Orodontiformes
†Petalodontiformes
†Helodontiformes
†Iniopterygiformes
†Debeeriiformes
†Eugeneodonti
formes [26]
†Psammodonti
formes Position uncertain
†Copodontiformes
†Squalorajiformes
†Chondrenchelyi
†Menaspiformes
†Coliodontiformes
sharks †Protospinaci-
Other †Squatinactiformes
†Protacrodonti-
†Cladoselachi-
†Xenacanthiformes
†Ctenacanthi-
†Hybodontiformes
└─Infraphylum Gnathostomata
├─Placodermi — extinct (armored gnathostomes)
└Eugnathostomata (true jawed vertebrates)
├─Acanthodii (stem cartilaginous fish)
└─Chondrichthyes (true cartilaginous fish)
├─Holocephali (chimaeras + several extinct clades)
└Elasmobranchii (shark and rays)
├─Selachii (true sharks)
└─Batoidea (rays and relatives)
Note: lines show evolutionary relationships.
Cartilaginous versus bony fishes
Largest cartilaginous fishes
Threatened rays
Threatened sharks
^ Function of the heterocercal tail in sharks: quantitative wake dynamics during steady horizontal swimming and vertical maneuvering - The Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 2365–2374 (2002)
^ Flajnik, M. F., and M. Kasahara. "Origin and evolution of the adaptive immune system: genetic events and selective pressures." Nature Reviews Genetics 11.1, 47-59 (2009).
^ Leonard Compagno (2005) Sharks of the World. ISBN 9780691120720.
^ Benton, M. J. (2005) Vertebrate Palaeontology, Blackwell, 3rd edition, Fig 7.13 on page 185.
^ A Silurian placoderm with osteichthyan-like marginal jaw bones
^ Zhu, Min; Xiaobo Yu, Per Erik Ahlberg, Brian Choo, Jing Lu, Tuo Qiao, Qingming Qu, Wenjin Zhao, Liantao Jia, Henning Blom & You'an Zhu (2013). "A Silurian placoderm with osteichthyan-like marginal jaw bones". Nature (502): 188–193. doi:10.1038/nature12617.
^ a b c d The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals 1999, p. 26.
^ a b c d
^ http://www.sju.edu/research/bear_gulch/pages_fish_species/Falcatus_falcatus.php Fossil Fish of Bear Gulch 2005 by Richard Lund and Eileen Grogan Accessed 2009-01-14
^ Baez. John (2006) Extinction University of California. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
^ Fossils (Smithsonian Handbooks) by David Ward (Page 200)
^ The paleobioloy Database Ptychodus entry accessed on 8/23/09
^ "BBC - Earth News - Giant predatory shark fossil unearthed in Kansas"
^ a b
Taxonomy of Chondrichthyes
Images of many sharks, skates and rays on Morphbank
Extant classes of phylum Chordata
Subkingdom Eumetazoa
(unranked) Bilateria
Superphylum Deuterostomia
Cephalochordata
Leptocardii (lancelets)
Olfactores
Urochordata (tunicates)
Ascidiacea (sea squirts)
Appendicularia (larvaceans)
Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids)
Craniata
(Vertebrates + Myxini)
Agnatha (jawless fish)
Cyclostomata
Myxini (hagfish)
Hyperoartia (lampreys)
(jawed vertebrates)
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras)
(bony fish)
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
Sarcopterygii
(lobe-finned fish)
Actinistia (coelacanths)¹
Rhipidistia
Dipnoi (lungfish)¹
Tetrapoda
Amphibia (amphibians)
Amniota
Synapsida
Sauropsida
(withal Diapsida)
Lepidosauria
Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)²
Squamata (scaled reptiles)²
Archelosauria
Testudines (turtles)²,³
Archosauria
Crocodilia (crocodilians)²
¹subclasses of Sarcopterygii
²orders of class Reptilia (reptiles)
³traditionally placed in Anapsida
italic are paraphyletic groups
Extant cartilaginous fish orders
Infraphylum Gnathostomata
Selachii (sharks)
Hexanchiformes (frilled and cow sharks)
Squaliformes (dogfish sharks)
Pristiophoriformes (sawsharks)
Squatiniformes (angel sharks)
Heterodontiformes (bullhead sharks)
Orectolobiformes (carpet sharks)
Carcharhiniformes (ground sharks)
Lamniformes (mackerel sharks)
Batoidea (rays)
Torpediniformes (electric rays)
Pristiformes (sawfishes)
Rajiformes (skates and guitarfishes)
Myliobatiformes (stingrays and relatives)
Chimaeriformes (chimaeras)
Cartilaginous fish
Vertebrate classes
Pridoli first appearances
Silurian, Carboniferous, Paleogene, Neogene, Cambrian
Devonian, Chondrichthyes, Chimaera, Hydrolagus, Petalodontiformes
Devonian, Permian, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Carboniferous
Devonian, Ordovician, Paleogene, Neogene, Cambrian
Jurassic, Permian, Devonian, Paleogene, Neogene
Evolution of fish
Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician, Actinopterygii, Fish
Carcharhiniformes, Lamniformes, Hexanchiformes, Squaliformes, Chondrichthyes
Animal, Osteichthyes, Sarcopterygii, Actinopterygii, Agnatha
Batoidea
Rajiformes, Myliobatiformes, Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii, Pectoral fin


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Bella Thorne is officially single.
The Famous in Love star announced in an Instagram post on Monday afternoon that her relationship with rapper Mod Sun has come to an end.
"I will always love you," she captioned a photo of the pair.
"All good things must come to an end," Thorne, 21, wrote alongside a broken heart emoji.
Her split from her musician boyfriend comes nearly two months after she broke up with YouTube star Tana Mongeau.
After dating for a little over a year, Thorne revealed on Twitter at the end of February that the two were no longer an item.
"Tana and I aren't together anymore, pls stop asking. We love U guys," Thorne shared.
Mongeau also reassured fans that there is no bad blood between the former couple.
"There's no negativity at all," Mongeau tweeted.
At the end of January, Thorne raved about her open relationship with Mod Sun and Mongeau to Gay Times for their February 2019 issue.
"I don't think anybody will really understand the bonds that I share with Mod or Tana," Thorne told the outlet.
In October, Thorne confirmed to the Los Angeles Times that she was dating both Sun and Mongeau.