text:
Testing it's wings one last time...
the young Eagle gives itself to the Wind…
Arlie Neskahi & Eagle's Jump
Eagle's Jump's music features the Native vocal majestics and flute playing of Arlie Neskahi--whose style has been honed to perfection with over 35 years of performing and studying traditional Native music. His performance is complimented by the stellar keyboard work of Mark Cardenas which ranges from warm synth washes to acid jazz, rock and funk. And Ben Smith, "Chief High Hat" adds just the right amount of rhythmic texture, or... rockin, funkin' drive to our grooves.
This is the cutting edge of a new genre that has as it's intent to explore the world of Native American music. Eagle's Jump strives to deliver a sound that allows the Native compositions to breathe without always being constrained to Western time and meter. Little of this has ever been done, rather, Native music is usually chopped and stretched to fit the Western time or groove. Their music features native vocal stylings and time, and also merges and soars with contemporary flavors!
Eagle's Jump headlined the Solar Festival Concert 2017
Indian Head Casino, Warm Springs Oregon
Arlie Neskahi & Eagle's Jump won the
Contemporary Music Award at the
First Annual West Coast Native American Music Awards
For the song, Why
Arlie, Mark, Ben, Danny M and Danny G have all worked together on numerous projects, most notably the landmark release, Dreaming in Color, by The Songcatchers on A&M Records, 1994. www.rainbowwalker.net/songcatchers
The music of Eagle's Jump is a unique merging of the old and the new, the dance of the Musical expressions of many cultures... Just only now, beginning to know one another's Song after 5 centuries... It is an exciting musical adventure, take the leap with Eagle's Jump...
EJ Concert at Andrew Morrison's Murals, photo Jack Storm
Eagle's Jump can play...
a small warm room with an acoustic duo,
a midsize room/club with a duo/trio,
or a fullhouse banquet or hall with a four or five piece group
Full concert venue with 4 to 6 piece.
Studio Demo Samples
Wind Song... Song of the Spirit of the Wind
Why... ... When Will I Ever Love Again?
Take Me Back...... Forty Nine Love Song
To contact us for bookings...
Eagle's Jump
Arlie Neskahi
206-781-3855 business voice mail
email: neskahi@earthlink.net
Gonna Love Hard
Broken Treaty Bluez
Powwow Jam
...is Dine' (Navajo), born within the Dine' Nation of New Mexico. His Dine' name is Hataali Chee,"Red Singer", and his vocal and native flute music is noted for it's melodic and soulful style. Currently living in Seattle, Washington, he is well known throughout the Indian Nations for his performance, composition and knowledge of traditional music. In addition, he is an excellent storyteller and lecturer on Native American culture and spirituality. Arlie has won many awards and has numerous song commissions from the Gathering of Nations Song to the Mayor's Honor Song of Seattle. His band, Songcatchers, album, Dreaming in Color was awarded the First Americans in the Arts; Outstanding Musical Achievement for 1994. His composition and performance, Round Dance, was featured on the 1995 Grammy Award winning Prayer for the Wild Things; by Paul Winter and the Earth Band.
In 2002, Arlie completed a commissioned song for the Office of the Mayor of Seattle. Then in 2003, he was appointed to the Seattle Arts Commission by Mayor Greg Nichols. The Mayor Song's documentary was chosen for screening at the NAFTA filmfest in LA, Nov. 2002, and won first place in it's category at the National Association of Telecommunications Officers and Advisors Awards, 2003. He wrote "Kinji's Suite" for the Third Angle ensemble of the Oregon Symphony, which was debuted in November 1999 and performed again in February 2001. His music has been featured on four Spirit Mountain Casino ads promoting the Grand Ronde's Tribe's community fund. In 1999, Two Rivers, a native flute/electric guitar duo, was released on Sounds of Portland. This CD, produced by KXL FM 95.5, and the Portland Visitor's Association, featured some of the finest of Portland's musicians. His native singing group the White Eagle Singers are known throughout North America as one of the finest "powwow drums" today. They are winners of numerous singing competitions in both the US and Canada.
He toured internationally with the American Indian Dance Theatre as lead singer and Musical Director to Japan, Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, and 2 US tours of the West and East Coasts. His other current musical projects include working on producing Native Music concerts with Painted Sky www.paintedsky.org, in the Pacific NW. Lead singer for the White Eagle Singers and being contracted to compose for theatre, video, and film.
Arlie's full music bio can be found here. www.arlieneskahi.com
Mark Cardenas
Mark Cardenas, keyboardist, one of the hottest cats in Seattle, Mark is one of my grand partners in the Native musical scene. He is a master of composition and musical arrangement. When he speaks EVERYBODY listens as they know he can guide the music to the right places. Mark is a person whose accompaniment to Native music is unparalleled He is one of the original members of the Songcatchers and his work with this band in the mid-90's set the bar for Native musical collaboration.
Born and raised in Los Angeles, Mark began studying piano at the early age of four and moved on to guitar at 11. In his early teens he studied classical piano at the USC Prepatory School of Music. Studies at LA Harbor College and Sonoma State University introduced him to jazz and funk. He toured extensively around the East Coast for the next several years. In 1983 Mark relocated to Minneapolis where he soon landed a position as multi-keyboardist in Prince's funk alter ego group, The Time. Mark recorded on the multi-platinum album Ice Cream Castles and appeared in the Warner Bros. box office hit Purple Rain. In 1985 Cardenas recorded tracks for Janet Jackson's critically acclaimed debut album Control. Mark presently resides in Seattle as one of the most sought-after live performance keyboardists and session players. He has taught vocal and instrumental music full-time for 4 years in the Everett Public Schools. He has shared the stage with such artists as Peter Gabriel, George Clinton, The Neville Brothers, Heart, Chris Barron (Spin Doctors), Pigeonhed and Phat Sidy Smokehouse and numerous other artists and productions.
Mark recently composed several soundtracks for Microsoft Video and Multimedia.
Ben Smith, drums/percussion, is another exciting person with whom I love to make music. Ben's work blending and following the lead of the Native vocables and rhythmic textures is amazing. As a powerhouse drummer his respect and love for Native music comes through as he flies with the music. And in return, he is able to drive some masterful grooves on Eagle's Jump's funky and rockin' pieces! Ben is also one of the original members of the Songcatchers.
Ben is the talented drummer behind Ann and Nancy Wilson of Heart. He hooked up with Ann and Nancy in Seattle when they were looking for a drummer for their band "The HeartMongers." They must have liked what he had to offer, because he has been with Heart on and off now for a decade. Ben has performed and recorded with an impressive and diverse roster of artists, including: Heart, Kenny G, Taj Mahal, Lovemongers, Deniece Williams, P.F. Sloan (legendary producer and writer of "Eve of Destruction" and "Secret Agent Man"), Cornelius Bumpus, Cyndi Lauper, jazz artists Nancy Wilson, Ernestine Anderson and Randy Brecker, Fatback Band, Phoebe Snow, Tingstas and Rumbel, Southside Johnny, The Songcatchers featuring Charles Neville, Tony Gable and 206 (top of the charts Contemporary Jazz group) and Mercury Records new artist Laura Love; as well as the many other talented artists Ben works with live and in the studio, in New York, Los Angeles and Seattle.
Currently, he is also working with Nancy Wilson's new music group, Roadcase Royale!
Versatile. Solid. Precise. Dependable. On disk and on stage, Ben Smith earns his reputation night in and night out as a premiere, first-call player. http://www.bensmithdrummer.com/
Danny Godinez
Danny Godinez, guitarist, a masterful musician and former touring member of the Songcatchers. Danny is a master in many styles from classical to funk to rock, he is a joy to play with and lends his style and virtuosity to the Eagle's Jump experience. His group, The Danny Godinez Band has toured extensively the past two years.
Danny Godinez has been playing guitar for over 20 years. He is currently singing and playing guitar for the Danny Godinez Band who has performed over 200 shows this past year and a half. They have played a number of festivals throughout Washington, including the Tacoma Blues Festival, where a representative from Tacoma Guitars described them as "mesmerizing....". The band tours throughout the Northwest, Midwest, East Coast, and Alaska.
Danny performed on a Bob Dylan tribute record for Red House Records entitled "A Nod to Bob". Danny has toured the United States as guitarist for the Lara Lavi Band. Lara has written with Chris Isaak, Suzanne Vega, and The Neville Brothers. In 2000, Danny placed first in the State of Washington in a guitar competition sponsored by VH-1 and Fender Guitars.
Danny enjoys teaching guitar immensely and has taught guitar for over twelve years. Danny is a founding member of Rock School and taught for us at BEST High School and Northstar Junior High prior to becoming a staff member at Rock School. www.dannygodinez.com
Danny Mangold
Danny Mangold, while a member of the Metros in Mpls, Mn. helped secure the band a recording contract with Capitol Records/MTM in 1985. After the band broke up in 1989, he moved to Seattle, Washington, and was introduced to Charles Neville ( Neville Bros.) by Mark Cardenas (The Time) and Ben Smith (Heart) and Arlie Neshkahi to help form The Songcatchers (A&M Records). He also opened a vintage guitar store in Seattle in the early 90's. At that time, the store had many celebrity clients including..
Green Day, Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Oasis, Foo Fighters, Soundgarden, Rolling Stones, Spin Doctors, Paul McCartney, Bill Frisell, Pat Metheny, Robben Ford and many other well-known musicians.
Returning to first love of music, Mangold formed a band featuring Grammy nominee Chris Barron of the Spin Doctors.. proceeds going to the Everett Women's Shelter in 1997. Drummer on the project, Ben Smith, introduced Mangold to Ann Wilson from Heart/Lovemongers. Over 2000-2001, Mangold filled in for Nancy Wilson on various live dates, and Today, Mangold continues to produce music in Seattle for Music Supervisors, Los Angeles. He continues to produce music and has 3 solo CD's.." Hey Rainmaker", "Lucky Me" and " Here Comes Tomorrow" . January of 2020, he spent songwriting with Hall of Famer and Heart Vocal icon, Ann Wilson.He continues to live in Seattle, 15 minutes from Jimi Hendrix's memorial cemetery and visits Jimi every so often. https://www.facebook.com/louislouis1234
Some highlighted performances
Warm Spring Oregon Solar Fest Days, Indian Head Casino. Wm Springs, OR
UW and Amazon's CoMotion PechaKucha Celebration, Intellectual House, UW, Seattle, WA
Mercer Island Days Summer Festival, Mercer Island, WA
6th Annual Northwest Native Celebration, Tacoma Art Museum, Tacoma, WA
Chief Seattle Club Annual Fundraser, Seattle, WA
Indigenous Beauty: Masterworks of American Indian Art, Seattle Art Museum
Folklife Festival, Seattle Center Mural Ampitheatre
Eagle's Jump at North Seattle Community College, Seattle WA
Seattle Presents, Showcase Concert at City Hall, Seattle, WA
University of Washington/Bothell Campus, Seattle WA
Eagle's Jump Benefit Concert, Green Bean Coffee, Seattle, WA
Lewis/Clark College, Lewiston, ID
University District Community School, Seattle, WA
Edmonds Community College, Edmonds, WA
University of Washington, Seattle WA
Edmonds Comm College Fundraising Dinner
Arlie Neskahi & Eagle's Jump performed closing concert for the LaConner Summer Water Music Festival in LaConner, WA. Featuring native traditional to funky native fusion as well as an arrangement of Kinji's Suite.
University of Washington Native American Week, Seattle, WA.
American Bar Assocation, Spirit of Excellence Awards, Seattle, WA


text:
#include <folly/portability/GTest.h>
#include <thrift/lib/cpp2/op/Clear.h>
#include <thrift/lib/cpp2/op/Get.h>
#include <thrift/test/gen-cpp2/clear_types.h>

namespace apache::thrift::test {
namespace {

template <typename T>
void checkIsDefault(const T& obj) {
  EXPECT_EQ(*obj.bool_field(), false);
  EXPECT_EQ(*obj.byte_field(), 0);
  EXPECT_EQ(*obj.short_field(), 0);
  EXPECT_EQ(*obj.int_field(), 0);
  EXPECT_EQ(*obj.long_field(), 0);
  EXPECT_EQ(*obj.float_field(), 0.0);
  EXPECT_EQ(*obj.double_field(), 0.0);
  EXPECT_EQ(*obj.string_field(), "");
  EXPECT_EQ(*obj.binary_field(), "");
  EXPECT_EQ(*obj.enum_field(), MyEnum::ME0);
  EXPECT_TRUE(obj.list_field()->empty());
  EXPECT_TRUE(obj.set_field()->empty());
  EXPECT_TRUE(obj.map_field()->empty());
  EXPECT_EQ(*obj.struct_field()->int_field(), 0);
}

TEST(ClearTest, Struct_NoDefaults) {
  StructWithNoDefaultStruct obj;
  checkIsDefault(obj);
  const auto& def = op::getDefault<StructWithNoDefaultStruct>();
  checkIsDefault(def);
  const auto& idef = op::getIntrinsicDefault<StructWithNoDefaultStruct>();
  checkIsDefault(idef);
}

TEST(ClearTest, Struct_Defaults) {
  StructWithDefaultStruct obj;
  const auto& def = op::getDefault<StructWithDefaultStruct>();
  EXPECT_EQ(obj, def);

  apache::thrift::clear(obj);
  EXPECT_NE(obj, def);
  checkIsDefault(obj);

  const auto& idef = op::getIntrinsicDefault<StructWithDefaultStruct>();
  EXPECT_EQ(obj, idef);
  checkIsDefault(idef);
}

TEST(ClearTest, RefFields) {
  StructWithNoDefaultStruct obj;
  obj.ref_field_ref()->int_field() = 42;

  auto obj2 = obj;
  EXPECT_EQ(*obj.ref_field_ref()->int_field(), 42);
  EXPECT_EQ(*obj2.ref_field_ref()->int_field(), 42);

  apache::thrift::clear(obj);
  EXPECT_EQ(*obj.ref_field_ref()->int_field(), 0);
  EXPECT_EQ(*obj2.ref_field_ref()->int_field(), 42);
}

TEST(AdaptTest, ThriftClearTestStruct) {
  static_assert(!folly::is_detected_v<
                adapt_detail::ClearType,
                AdapterWithContext,
                AdaptedWithContext<int64_t, ThriftClearTestStruct, 1>>);

  auto obj = ThriftClearTestStruct();

  obj.data()->value = 42;
  obj.meta() = "foo";

  EXPECT_EQ(obj.data()->value, 42);
  EXPECT_EQ(obj.data()->fieldId, 1);
  EXPECT_EQ(*obj.data()->meta, "foo");

  apache::thrift::clear(obj);

  EXPECT_EQ(obj.data()->value, 0);
  EXPECT_EQ(obj.data()->fieldId, 1);
  EXPECT_EQ(*obj.data()->meta, "");
}

TEST(AdaptTest, AdapterClearTestStruct) {
  static_assert(folly::is_detected_v<
                adapt_detail::ClearType,
                AdapterWithContextAndClear,
                AdaptedWithContext<int64_t, AdapterClearTestStruct, 1>>);

  auto obj = AdapterClearTestStruct();

  obj.data()->value = 42;
  obj.meta() = "foo";

  EXPECT_EQ(obj.data()->value, 42);
  EXPECT_EQ(obj.data()->fieldId, 1);
  EXPECT_EQ(*obj.data()->meta, "foo");

  apache::thrift::clear(obj);

  EXPECT_EQ(obj.data()->value, 0);
  EXPECT_EQ(obj.data()->fieldId, 1);
  EXPECT_EQ(*obj.data()->meta, "");
}

TEST(AdaptTest, AdapterClearTestStructOpClear) {
  static_assert(folly::is_detected_v<
                adapt_detail::ClearType,
                AdapterWithContextAndClear,
                AdaptedWithContext<int64_t, AdapterClearTestStruct, 1>>);
  using namespace apache::thrift;
  using field_type_tag = type::field<
      type::adapted<AdapterWithContextAndClear, type::i64_t>,
      FieldContext<AdapterClearTestStruct, 1>>;

  auto obj = AdapterClearTestStruct();

  obj.data()->value = 42;
  obj.meta() = "foo";

  apache::thrift::op::clear_field<field_type_tag>(obj.data(), obj);

  EXPECT_EQ(obj.data()->value, 0);
  EXPECT_EQ(obj.data()->fieldId, 1);
  EXPECT_EQ(*obj.data()->meta, "foo");
}

// TODO: move this to public header
template <typename Struct>
void clear_struct(Struct& s) {
  op::for_each_ordinal<Struct>([&](auto id) { op::clear<>(id, s); });
}

TEST(ClearStructTest, StructWithDefaultStruct) {
  StructWithDefaultStruct obj;
  clear_struct(obj);
  checkIsDefault(obj);
}

TEST(OpClearTest, StructWithDefaultStruct) {
  {
    StructWithDefaultStruct obj;
    clear_struct(obj);
    checkIsDefault(obj);
  }

  {
    auto obj = AdapterClearTestStruct();
    obj.data()->value = 42;
    obj.meta() = "foo";
    clear_struct(obj);
    EXPECT_EQ(obj.data()->value, 0);
    EXPECT_EQ(obj.data()->fieldId, 1);
    EXPECT_EQ(*obj.data()->meta, "");
  }
}

TEST(OpClearTest, OptionalField) {
  OptionalField obj;
  obj.optional_i32() = 10;
  obj.boxed_i32() = 20;
  obj.shared_i32_ref() = std::make_shared<const std::int32_t>(30);
  obj.unique_i32_ref() = std::make_unique<std::int32_t>(40);
  clear_struct(obj);
  EXPECT_FALSE(obj.optional_i32());
  EXPECT_FALSE(obj.boxed_i32());
  EXPECT_FALSE(obj.shared_i32_ref());
  EXPECT_FALSE(obj.unique_i32_ref());
}

TEST(OpClearTest, TerseWriteField) {
  TerseWriteField obj;
  obj.field_1() = 1;
  EXPECT_EQ(obj.field_1(), 1);
  EXPECT_EQ(obj.field_2(), 2);
  clear_struct(obj);
  EXPECT_EQ(obj.field_1(), 0);
  EXPECT_EQ(obj.field_2(), 0);
}

} // namespace
} // namespace apache::thrift::test

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
George Abbot School
NON SIBI SED TOTI
House Structure
Induction Day
BEING PART OF THE GEORGE ABBOT TEAM
Staff benefits at George Abbot include the opportunity to utilise our healthcare plan supporting health and wellbeing; reduced treatment costs are available to colleagues in areas such as dentistry, eye care, physiotherapy and many more.
Staff admissions priority: priority is given to the 'children of staff' who have been employed by the school for more than two years prior to considering applications from 'nearest school'. Please see the Admission Arrangements Policy for further information.
A training programme that takes into account the individual needs of staff. A carefully thought through meetings structure that deploys staff time to what matters – learning for every student.
An excellent and supportive induction programme for all staff. Induction days, mentoring and coaching for new managers, NQTs join us at the end of June prior to their first term of teaching.
As a large school there are many opportunities for staff, at whatever level, to take on additional responsibility of a whole school nature; some with incentive allowances attached, or time provided. As a result, many members of staff have been internally promoted.
External staff development opportunities – attendance at courses and conferences, links with colleges, opportunities for staff exchanges, support for initial teacher training as well as liaison with other educational establishments.
A highly successful 'School-Centred Initial Teacher Training' (SCITT) offering School Direct Primary and Secondary, Researchers in Schools and Teach Independent programmes. We were a Training School from 2000, and were one of the first 100 Teaching Schools designated. As a result, we have vast experience of leading, mentoring and coaching the development of colleagues at all stages of their career.
Support staff employed to embrace Workforce Reform: all faculties have their own teaching assistant; non-teaching pastoral managers staff each year group; excellent administrative support throughout the school.
Great staff facilities which include – staff work rooms with individual workstations; Staff Lounge which is the hub of the communication centre where free teas and coffees are served morning break time; good ICT facilities for staff use; lunches provided for all Progress Monitoring Consultations and INSET days.
We are a member of Guildford Education Partnership (GEP Academies), a developing Multi Academy Trust with a cross-phase family of schools with the common aim of continuous school improvement through challenge, collaboration and support.
Training to Teach
George Abbot is a great place to train as a teacher. We are a long established Teaching School and provider of school centred, initial teacher training. Our SCITT programme provides training for over 60 teachers annually in both the primary and secondary sector. We have strong partnerships with local schools and offer an excellent range of schools for training placements. We offer both salaried and unsalaried training places in a wide range of subject areas.
For more information, please click the link below:
George Abbot Teaching School
To apply for a position at George Abbot School, please download and complete the relevant application form and submit by email to the Headteacher's PA, Mrs G Newman, via the following email address: gmnewman@georgeabbot.surrey.sch.uk
Teaching Staff Application Form
Support Staff Application Form
Future Employment
We are always delighted to receive applications from specialist teaching staff who are interested in working at George Abbot School. We are particularly keen to receive applications from: English, Maths, Science, Humanities and Languages specialists. If you are interested, please contact the school for further details.
Safer Recruitment Statement
George Abbot School is committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and young people and expects all staff and volunteers to share and demonstrate this commitment. The successful applicant will be subjected to an enhanced DBS Check via the Disclosure and Barring Service.
Please click here to view our vacancies.
© Reserved - George Abbot School - 2019 - a Premium Website by WebPress
Exam Leavers Certificate Collection - 16 & 17 January 4:00-7:00pm Elmslie Hall
For further information please click HERE

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Jeffree Star said his legal team have "reached out."
Jeffree Star is threatening to sue American superstore chain Walmart after he accused them of selling counterfeit versions of his makeup.
On January 30th, Jeffree shared a picture of Walmart's online store, which displayed a product claiming to be "Jeffree Star liquid lipstick." But according to the man himself, the lipstick is not a genuine Jeffree Star product.
"Allowing 3rd party companies to sell counterfeit nasty FAKE makeup on your website is illegal. And also highly dangerous," Jeffree tweeted at Walmart.
He went on to say, "My legal team has reached out and we want answers."
I have bought several fake #jeffreestar products from a few websites and I'm having it tested by a chemist to show you how deadly these products are… Video coming soon. Lawsuit coming soon.
Pointing out the dangers of counterfeit makeup, Jeffree also tweeted, "I have bought several fake Jeffree Star products from a few websites and I'm having it tested by a chemist to show you how deadly these products are… Video coming soon. Lawsuit coming soon."
Over on Snapchat, Jeffree continued to speak out against the alleged counterfeit products.
"I logged into Walmart.com and yes, they are allowing third party companies to submit fake cosmetics to their website and they are allowing it to be sold, which is so illegal."
"When Walmart is willing to sell dangerous cosmetics and they don't care? Girl, can we say 'lawsuit?'" he added.
Jeffree went on to say that fake makeup has "rat poison," "lead," and "cancerous ingredients" in fake makeup. All the more reason to do your research before buying cosmetics from just anywhere.


text:
Stephanie Curl
Stephanie is an Intake Staff Attorney working with the Intake Team at HIAS Pennsylvania. She received her B.A. in French from Georgetown University in 2014 and her J.D. from Temple University Beasley School of Law in 2021. During law school, Stephanie served as a Staff Editor for the Temple International and Comparative Law Journal. She also participated in Temple law's Asylum Practicum which partnered with the Washington Office on Latin America to create and provide asylum resources for attorneys and pro-se asylum seekers nationwide. Stephanie also volunteered with a group of Temple law students assisting the Sheller Center for Social Justice to file cases under the Federal Tort Claims Act on behalf of families separated at the US-Mexico border. Stephanie also served as an intern for the Asylum Outreach Program at HIAS Pennsylvania and as a Law Clerk at the Philadelphia office of Green and Spiegel LLC.
Back to all Staff Profiles


text:
Monday, 12th November, 2018 2.00 pm
181112 Agenda Supplement Council Questions PDF 355 KB
Councillor Nicola Heaton – work commitments
Councillor Mohammed Ibrahim - unwell
Councillor Sue Johnson – unwell
Councillor Dave Smith – personal
Councillor Chris Tansley – personal
Councillor Marcia Watson - personal
Questions from citizens PDF 129 KB
Bed and Breakfast Accommodation
MH asked the following question of the Portfolio Holder for Housing and Planning:
In January the Council passed a motion to ensure 'that no family is placed in Bed and Breakfast accommodation by the end of 2018'. What action has been taken to ensure this is achieved, and what still remains to be done? In particular can the Council explain what provisions are in place for the families displaced from Bed and Breakfast accommodation? Does the Council believe it is still on target to eliminate Bed and Breakfast accommodation for families by the end of the year?
Councillor Woodings replied as follows:
Thank you, Lord Mayor. I would like to thank this citizen for their question. It is correct that in January 2018, this Council passed a motion promising, along with other commitments, to ensure sufficient provision of temporary accommodation so that no family is placed in bed and breakfast accommodation by the end of 2018. We did this because our city, along with the rest of the country, is facing an unprecedented crisis in housing caused by a broken housing market, 8 years of austerity, and changes to welfare. I can report that we are making steady progress against our targets to achieve this. In relation to action taken over the last twelve months, the City Council has introduced the following measures:
· A new supply of alternative temporary accommodation (90 units) is being brought in by the end of December and that includes 50 properties which are being bought by Nottingham City Homes specifically as temporary accommodation.
· Additional staffing and resources in place to support people to avoid being made homeless or to facilitate access to new tenancies in the private rented sector.
I am pleased to report that over 250 new tenancies have been created in the last 12 months. In order to prevent unnecessary eviction from social housing, Nottingham City Homes has put in place an effective mechanism to identity and prevent eviction of families at risk. We have made changes to the way we allocate housing to allow people a fair chance of accessing the limited supply of social housing before reaching homelessness. We have made widespread contact with empty homeowners and offer to purchase properties to bring them back into use and we estimate there are approximately 750 empty properties in the city. The introduction of a private sector leasing scheme whereby Nottingham City Homes will lease properties from landlords for a fixed period of time and take on the property management for use as temporary accommodation is another scheme in train and the introduction programme of home visiting and promotion of the right messages to ensure people know they can remain with extended family whilst the City Council helps them to find more settled accommodation. This is all being driven in a systematic way by a cross Council task group with a targeted action plan which meets every week to drive progress under clear corporate leadership and political scrutiny.
So ... view the full minutes text for item 46.
Councillor Raine submitted a petition from residents of Staplehurst Drive, Tring Vale and Desford Close proposing that residents of those streets are issued with resident parking permits with the restrictions being Monday to Saturday 8am – 5pm, due to ongoing problems caused by Nottingham City Hospital staff parking. The petition received 73 signatures.
To confirm the minutes of the last meeting of Council held on 10 September 2018 PDF 337 KB
Councillor Jim Armstrong raised a point of order in reference to Standing Order 21 relating to conduct – "Councillors shall at all times during Council meetings behave with courtesy and respect towards others and do nothing which might bring the Council into disrepute or disrupt Council business". Councillor Armstrong felt that the minutes of Council were abbreviated and therefore brought the Council into disrepute. Councillor Toby Neal raised a point of order because he felt that Councillor Armstrong's continued raising of the same issue at successive Council meetings without taking what Councillor Neal considered to be the appropriate action to resolve his concerns brought the Council into disrepute. The Lord Mayor stated that the minutes were recorded in accordance with usual practice and suggested that if Councillor Armstrong wished to change this practice then this could be done by proposing an amendment to the Constitution.
Councillor Jim Armstrong requested a recorded vote on confirmation of the minutes but the Lord Mayor declined this request.
The minutes of the meeting held on 10 September 2018 were agreed as a correct record and signed by the Chair.
Councillor Jim Armstrong raised a point of order that councillors who had not been present at the meeting on 10 September 2018 had voted on the accuracy of the minutes of that meeting. The Lord Mayor confirmed that only those councillors present at a meeting could vote on confirming the accuracy of the minutes of that meeting and the vote of councillors not present at the meeting on 10 September 2018 had not been taken into account.
I would like to welcome Councillor Roger Steel who was elected to represent the Clifton North ward at the by-election held on 27 September 2018.
Centenary to mark the end of World War 1
11 November marked the centenary of the end of the First World War. This has been commemorated by people across the Country and the City in a variety of different ways. In Nottingham the Victoria Embankment was the focal point. Commemorations took place in the morning and the evening. Tributes to the Armed Forces were made through the Service of Remembrance and a minute's silence at 11o'clock and an event in the evening 'The Battle's Over' featuring sound and lightscapes, music and poetry and a beacon that lit up the front of the war memorial.
Green Energy Award for Former Councillor Alan Clark
Former councillor Alan Clark was posthumously awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award at the Solar Power Portal Awards in October in recognition of his achievements whilst serving as the Council's Portfolio Holder for Energy and Sustainability from 2011 to 2016. The Award acknowledged his leading role in making Nottingham the UK's most energy self-sufficient City including identification of solar as a key part of Nottingham's sustainable journey. The awards also announced a new category recognising public sector projects from next year, which will be named in his honour.
BME Housing Leaders 2018
Inside Housing has recently published its inaugural list of outstanding housing professionals from a black and minority ethnic background and Delroy Beverley, Nottingham City Homes' Director for Construction, Repairs and Maintenance has featured in the inaugural list. In 2015, he became the first BME person from social housing sector to be named the Institute of Directors' director of the year and, as a BME leader, works hard to inspire the next generation.
Former Councillor Tim Bell
Former Councillor Tim Bell passed away on 17 September 2018. He was elected to represent the Beechdale Ward on 4 May 1995 where he served as a councillor until 2003.
Councillor Graham Chapman spoke in tribute to former Councillor Tim Bell, and a minute's silence was held.
WQ1 Response FINAL , item 51. PDF 116 KB
Councillor Roger Steel asked the following question of the Deputy Leader:
Does the Deputy Leader of the Council recall the Leader of the Council writing in The Guardian in 2011 that he was "damn sure that at Nottingham City Council there is absolutely no political gesturing in the very tough budget decisions" and that he has himself acknowledged that there is a need for prudency in financial management. Was the Council therefore displaying such prudency when it chose to use its apparent limited resources to fund a politically charged sign, advocating support against perceived education cuts, in Old Market Square?
Can I thank Councillor Steel for his question and can I welcome him and his questions back to the Council. To be frank, we have probably missed his questions more than we have him, but he's back now and so welcome.
No I can't remember what Jon said in the Guardian whenever. Life is too short for me to do that. Nevertheless, I do have to say that last year the Government's proposed national funding formula would have resulted in 98% of schools in Nottingham from April of this year losing in total £22million. I do know about that and I also know that it was going to work out at £578 per pupil and thanks to the outcry and hard work of a number of campaigns, including ones organised by the City Council working with schools to write to every Nottingham parent, the Government made some revisions to its proposals to the point where the loss was reduced to £10million. So we only lost £10million, our children, and it is £263 per pupil instead of £578. This is not money that went on "little extras", to quote the Chancellor but on teachers, on books, on learning support and support in particular for children with special education needs. Some examples from my own ward, Aspley, which is one of the more deprived: Brocklewood school, £199 per pupil lost. Ambleside, £215 lost. Rosslyn, £153 per pupil lost. Bluecoat, which services the whole city, £620. Trinity, which again services a lot of the estate, £477 and St Theresa's £159 per pupil. That is substantial.
What the first campaign did was to show that public condemnation does pay and in May this year, we in this Council discussed a motion that set out a number of ways we could work to try bring about further changes to the government's proposal, hence the sign. I think, referring to the sign in Old Market Square, he might mean the school cuts campaign banners that were recently put up in response to the Council resolution, but I am only guessing. The Council's contribution to these banners was the princely sum of £1,000 and given the very real detriment the funding cuts will have, we were happy to help the school cuts campaign and it was not our campaign, gain a presence in the city centre. At this ... view the full minutes text for item 51.
Review of Statement of Licensing Policy PDF 111 KB
Report of the Chair of the Licensing Committee
Enc. 3 for Review of Statement of Licensing Policy , item 52. PDF 2 MB
Enc. 2 for Review of Statement of Licensing Policy , item 52. PDF 220 KB
The Chair of the Licensing Committee presented a report seeking adoption of a new Statement of Licensing Policy, as set out on pages 25-78 of the agenda.
RESOLVED to adopt the Statement of Licensing Policy as set out in appendix 1 to the report with effect from 7 January 2019.
Statement of Gambling Policy PDF 212 KB
Enc. 1 for Statement of Gambling Policy , item 53. PDF 1 MB
Enc. 2 for Statement of Gambling Policy , item 53. PDF 211 KB
The Chair of the Licensing Committee presented a report seeking adoption of a new Statement of Gambling Policy, as set out on pages 79 – 126 of the agenda, giving councillors the opportunity to renew the 'no casino' resolution should they wish to do so which will otherwise cease to have effect in January 2019.
(1) renew the previous 'no casino' resolution pursuant to Section 166 of the Gambling Act 2005 so that with effect from 31 January 2019 no casino licences will be issued within the administrative area of the City of Nottingham;
(2) adopt the Statement of Gambling Policy as set out in appendix 1 of the report; and
(3) authorise the Corporate Director of Commercial and Operations to comply with the relevant statutory requirements in respect of the advertisement and publication of the Statement.
Amendments to the Constitution PDF 199 KB
Enc. 1 for Amendments to the Constitution , item 54. PDF 163 KB
The Leader of the Council presented a report proposing amendments to the Council's Constitution, as set out on pages 127-144 of the agenda, including amendments to:
· committee terms of reference
· the Scheme of Delegation
· Standing Orders; and
· committee memberships.
(1) amend the Area Committee Terms of Reference, as detailed in appendix A to the report, to clarify the Committees' role in relation to consultation on Section 106 funding;
(2) amend the Audit Committee Terms of Reference, as detailed in appendix B to the report, to ensure that it reflects the roles and responsibilities of local authority audit committees;
(3) amend the Health and Wellbeing Board Terms of Reference to add the Nottingham City Council Chief Executive as a non-voting member of the Board;
(4) approve non-executive changes to the Scheme of Delegation, as detailed in appendix C to the report;
(5) amend Standing Orders, as detailed in appendix D to the report, to
i) make the deadline for citizen questions submitted for a response at Full Council 9am 2 clear working days before the Council meeting; and
ii) clarify what constitutes an appropriate Council question;
(6) note the executive change to the Scheme of Delegation, as detailed in appendix E to the report;
(7) note changes to committee memberships, as detailed in appendix F to the report, approved by the Corporate Director for Strategy and Resources as in-year changes; and
(8) approve the amendments to the relevant parts of the Constitution as required by the above changes.
The Leader of the Council submitted a report detailing decisions taken under procedures which include exemption from Overview and Scrutiny Call-in Procedure Rules and Special Urgency Access to Information Rules, as set out on pages 145-150 of the agenda.
(1) the urgent decisions (exempt from call-in):
Engagement of professional services
A letter of engagement was required by 5 October 2018 in order to engage the provider of professional services
Investment acquisition – Project Fothergill
The terms for the purchase stated that contracts had to be exchanged on this property matter within 15 days of receiving a full legal pack and that completion shall be 5 days after.
Investment Acquisition – Project Brookfield
Heads of Terms had been agreed with the vendor and a condition of the sale was an exchange within 10 days of receiving the full legal pack, and completion 5 days thereafter.
Investment Acquisition – Project Aston
£1,750,
Legal work was already underway and waiting 28 days would have delayed receiving income from the investment further.
Progressing Development Projects
Orders needed to be placed urgently in order to provide programme certainty.
Amendments to Polling Districts and Places PDF 117 KB
Report of the Deputy Leader
The Deputy Leader of the Council presented a report setting out proposed delegations to the Chief Executive to make changes to polling districts and places, as set out on pages 151 – 154 of the agenda.
(1) delegate authority to the Chief Executive to make any changes to polling districts for the elections in 2019, which in his view are made necessary by the ward boundary changes brought into force by the Nottingham (Electoral Change) Order 2018;
(2) delegate authority to the Chief Executive to make any changes to polling places for the elections in 2019 in those affected polling districts, which in his view are made necessary by the ward boundary changes brought into force by the Nottingham (Electoral Changes) Order 2018;
(3) delegate authority to the Chief Executive on an on-going basis to identify and resolve any changes to polling places, where the venue is no longer available or fit for purpose in between scheduled formal polling districts and places reviews; and
(4) note that a full polling districts and places review will commence after the local elections in summer 2019, in conjunction with the scheduled Parliamentary Polling Districts and Places Review, which is required to be completed by no later than January 2020.
Nottingham Homelessness Prevention Strategy 2019 to 2024 PDF 198 KB
Report of the Portfolio Holder for Planning, Housing and Heritage
Appendix 1a - Homelessness Prevention Strategy 2019 to 2024 - Full version , item 57. PDF 1 MB
Appendix 1b - Homelessness Prevention Strategy 2019 to 2024 - Summary version , item 57. PDF 3 MB
Appendix 2. Equality Impact Assessment for Homelessness Prevention Strategy , item 57. PDF 172 KB
The Portfolio Holder for Housing and Planning presented a report seeking adoption of a new Homelessness Prevention Strategy for 2019 to 2024, as set out on pages 155 – 246 of the agenda, which had been developed and supported by a cross-sector partnership led by Nottingham City Council.
RESOLVED to approve the Homelessness Prevention Strategy 2019 to 2024, as set out in appendix 1 of the report.
This Council notes that:
· Government cuts have resulted in more than one in four children (27.7%) in the UK living in poverty with this expected to rise to almost one in three (31.3%) by 2021-22.
· A survey by Plan International UK found that 1 in 10 teenage girls have been unable to afford sanitary products.
· 56% of teenage girls stated they would rather be bullied at school than talk to their parents about their periods.
· This is a particular problem for girls from low-income families where the choice is often between buying food or sanitary items.
· In many cases girls lose a significant number of days of schooling.
· Women in low-income employment are sometimes unable to afford sanitary products when struggling to meet household bills and feed their families and the choice is often between buying food or sanitary items.
· In many cases women miss work, training and career opportunities.
Only female prisoners have a statutory right to access free sanitary products.
· Take a partnership approach to ensuring that sanitary products are available in schools across Nottingham.
· Encourage businesses in the City to provide sanitary products for staff.
Moved by Councillor Nick Raine, seconded by Councillor Linda Woodings:
· 56% of teenage girls stated they would rather be bullied at school than talk to their parents about their periods
· take a partnership approach to ensuring that sanitary products are available in schools across Nottingham;
Brexit Update PDF 290 KB
Report of the Chair of the Audit Committee
The Chair of the Audit Committee presented a report updating Council on recent developments in relation to Brexit, some potential impacts and the actions that the Council has taken to date, as set out on pages 247 – 252 of the agenda.
(1) reaffirm the Council's policy, originally adopted at Full Council on 9 November 2015, that the City Council believes it is in the best interests of business, residents and the whole city of Nottingham for the UK to continue its membership of the European Union, while seeking reform on a number of key issues;
(2) note the report from officers on the potential impact of leaving the European Union on Nottingham City;
(3) ask that all service and project plans are reviewed with regard to Brexit and that assurances of progress are reported to the Audit Committee; and
(4) ask that a report of the status of the authority's emergency planning with regard to Brexit is presented to the Audit Committee in the new year.


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Граф де Уренья — испанский дворянский титул. Он был создан в 1462 году королем Кастилии Энрике IV для Алонсо Тельес-Хирона де лас Касас, также известного как Альфонсо Пачеко (1453—1469), 2-го сеньора де Осуна. Альфонсо Тельес-Хирон был старшим сыном Педро Хирона (1423—1466), 1-го сеньора де Осуна и магистра Ордена Калатравы (1445—1466), и Инес де лас Касас. Ему также принадлежали виллы Тьедра, Вильяфрадес-де-Кампос и Побладура-дель-Валье, Вильяфречос и Вильямурьель-де-Кампос.

Название графского титула происходит от названия муниципалитета Уруэнья (Уренья), провинция Вальядолид, автономное сообщество Кастилия и Леон.

С 1973 года Анхела Мария де Ульоа-и-Солис-Бомонт, старшая дочь и наследница Анхелы Солис-и-Тельес-Хирон (род. 1950), 17-й герцогини Осуны, носит титул графини де Уренья, а также маркизы де Пеньяфьель и герцогини де Гандия.

Графы де Уренья
  (ок. 1453—1469), 1-й граф де Уренья, старший сын Педро Хирона (1423—1466) от внебрачной связи с Изабель де лас Касас
 Супруга — Бланка де Эррера (1450—1499), сеньора де Педраса-де-ла-Сьерра, дочь Гарсии Гонсалеса де Эррера, сеньора де Педраса, и Марии Ниньо де Португаль.

  (ок. 1456 — 21 мая 1528), 2-й граф де Уренья, младший брат предыдущего, третий сын Педро Хирона (1423—1466) от внебрачной связи с Изабель де лас Касас
 Супруга — Леонор де ла Вега-и-Веласко (? — 1522), дочь Педро Фернандеса де Веласко-и-Манрике де Лара, 2-го графа де Аро, и Менсии де Мендоса-и-Фигероа.

  (ок. 1480 — 25 апреля 1531), 3-й граф дк Уренья, старший сын предыдущего и Леонор де ла Вега-и-Веласко
 Супруга — Мария де Гусман Веласко, дочь Хуана Алонсо де Гусмана, 3-го герцога де Медина-Сидония, и Изабель Фернандес де Веласко

 Хуан Тельес-Хирон Эль-Санто (25 апреля 1494 — 19 мая 1558), 4-й граф де Уренья, младший брат предыдущего, сын Хуана Тельес-Хирона, 2-го графа де Уренья, и Леонор де ла Вега-и-Веласко
 Супруга — Мария де ла Куэва и Толедо (? — 1566), дочь Франсиско Фернандеса де ла Куэвы, 2-го герцога де Альбуркерке, и Франсиски Альварес де Толедо-и-Энрикес

  (29 июля 1537 — 13 сентября 1590), 5-й граф де Уренья, 1-й герцог де Осуна (с 1562), вице-король Неаполя (1582—1586), единственный сын предыдущего и Марии де ла Куэвы-и-Толедо
 Супруга — Леонор Анна де Гусман-и-Арагон (1540—1573), дочь Хуана Алонсо де Гусмана, 6-го герцога де Медина-Сидония, и Анны де Арагон-и-Гурреа
 Супруга — Изабель де ла Куэва-и-Кастилья (? — 1618), дочь Диего де ла Куэва-и-Толедо (? — 1551), и Марии де Кастилия, сестра Бельтрана де ла Куэвы, 3-го герцога де Альбуркерке.

  (20 октября 1559 — 25 ноября 1600), 6-й граф де Уренья, 1-й маркиз де Пеньяфьель, 2-й герцог де Осуна, сын предыдущего от первого брака с Леонор Анной де Гусман-и-Арагон.
 Супруга — Анна Мария де Веласко, дочь Иньиго Фернандеса де Веласко, 4-го герцога де Фриас, и Анны де Гусман-и-Арагон

  Педро Тельес-Хирон-и-Веласко (17 декабря 1574 — 24 сентября 1624), 7-й граф де Уренья, 3-й герцог де Осуна, 2-й маркиз де Пеньяфьель, старший сын предыдущего и Анны Марии де Веласко
 Супруга — Каталина Энрикес де Рибера-и-Кортес Суньига, дочь Фернандо Энрикеса де Рибера-и-Портокарреро, 2-го герцога де Алькала-де-лос-Гасулес, и Хуаны Кортес де Суньиги.

  (15 ноября 1597 — 12 октября 1656), 8-й граф де Уренья, 4-й герцог де Осуна, сын предыдущего и Каталины Энрикес де Риберы и Кортес
 Супруга — Изабель Раймунда де Сандоваль-и-Рохас (? — 1658), дочь Кристобаля Сандоваля-и-Рохаса, герцога де Уседа, и Анны де Падильи, графини де Санта-Гадеа.

  (25 мая 1625 — 2 июня 1694), 9-й граф дк Уренья, 5-й маркиз де Пеньяфьель, 5-й герцог де Осуна, второй сын предыдущего и Изабель Раймунды де Сандоваль-и-Рохас.
 Супруга — Феличе Гомес де Сандоваль (1633—1671), дочь Франсиско Гомеса де Сандоваля-и-Рохаса, 3-го герцога де Лерма и 1-го герцога де Уседа, и Феличе Энрикес де Кабрера-и-Колонна
 Супруга — Анна Антония де Бенавидес Понсе де Леон (1653—1707), 4-я маркиза де Карасена, дочь Луиса Франсиско Фернандеса де Бенавидеса Каррильо де Толедо, 5-го маркиза де Фромиста, и Каталины Понсе де Леона Кордовы де Арагон.

 Франсиско де Паула Тельес-Хирон-и-Бенавидес (11 марта 1678 — 13 апреля 1716), 10-й граф де Уренья, 6-й герцог де Осуна, старший сын предыдущего от второго брака с Анной Антонией де Бенавидес Понсе де Леон
 Супруга — Мария Ремигия дель Пилар де Веласко-и-Бенавидес (1678—1734), дочь Иньиго Мельчора Фернандеса де Веласко-и-Гусмана, 7-го герцога де Фриас, и Марии де Бенавидес, герцогини де Кардона.

 Хосе Мария Тельес-Хирон-и-Бенавидес (25 мая 1685 — 18 марта 1733), 11-й граф де Уренья, 7-й герцог де Осуна, младший брат предыдущего
 Супруга — Франсиска Бабиана Перес де Гусман, дочь Мануэля Алонсо Клароса «Эль-Буэно» Переса де Гусмана, 12-го герцога де Медина-Сидония, и Луизы Марии де Сильвы-и-Аро.

 Педро Зоило Тельес-Хирон и Перес де Гусман Эль-Буэно (27 июня 1728 — 1 апреля 1787), 12-й граф де Уренья, 8-й герцог де Осуна, сын предыдущего и Франсиски Бабианы Перес де Гусман
 Супруга — Мария Висента Пачеко Тельес-Хирон, дочь Франсиско Хавьера Пачеко Тельес-Хирона, 6-го герцога де Уседа, и Марии Доминги Тельес-Хирон-и-Фернандес де Веласко, 8-й маркизы де Берланга.

 Педро де Алькантара Тельес-Хирон-и-Пачеко (8 августа 1755 — 7 января 1807), 13-й граф де Уренья, 9-й герцог де Осуна, сын предыдущего и Марии Висенты Пачеко Тельес-Хирон
 Супруга — Мария Хосефа Пиментель-и-Тельес-Хирон (1750—1834), 12-я герцогиня де Бенавенте, дочь Франсиско Альфонсо Пиментеля-и-Борха, 11-го герцога де Бенавенте, и Марии Фаустины Тельес-Хирон-и-Перес де Гусман.

 Франсиско де Борха Тельес-Хирон-и-Пиментель (6 октября 1785 — 21 мая 1820), 14-й граф де Уренья, 10-й герцог де Осуна, 14-й герцог де Бехар, 15-й герцог де Гандия, 13-й герцог де Аркос, 11-й маркиз де Пеньяфьель и др. Сын предыдущего и Марии Хосефы Пиментель-и-Тельес-Хирон
 Супруга — Франсуаза де Спонтин (1785—1830), 11-я маркиза де Альменара, дочь Фредерика Августа Александра, герцога де Бофорт-Спонтин, и Марии де лос Долорес Леопольды де Толедо-и-Сальм-Сальм, 10-й маркизы де Альменара.

  (10 сентября 1810 — 29 сентября 1844), 15-й граф де Уренья, 11-й герцог де Осуна, 13-й герцог де Бенавенте, 15-й герцог де Бехар, 16-й герцог де Гандия, 14-й герцог де Аркос и др. Старший сын предыдущего и Франсуазы де Спонтин, графини де Бофорт.

 Мариано Тельес-Хирон-и-Бофорт-Спонтин (19 июля 1814 — 2 июня 1882), 16-й граф де Уренья, 12-й герцог де Осуна, 14-й герцог де Бенавенте, 16-й герцог де Бехар, 17-й герцог де Гандия, 15-й герцог де Аркос и др. Младший брат предыдущего, второй сын Франсиско де Борха Тельес-Хирона-и-Пиментеля (1785—1820), 10-го герцога де Осуна, и Франсуазы де Спонтин, графини де Бофорт.
 Супруга — принцесса Мария Леонора цу Сальм-Сальм (1842—1891), дочь Франца Йозефа Фридриха Филиппа, принца цу Сальм-Сальм (1801—1842), и принцессы Марии Жозефины Софии цу Лёвенштайн-Вертхайм-Розенберг (1814—1876).

 Педро де Алькантара Тельес-Хирон-и-Фернандес де Сантильян (4 сентября 1812 — 3 сентября 1900), 17-й граф де Уренья, 13-й герцог де Осуна, 18-й граф и 15-й герцог де Бенавенте. Сын Педро де Алькантары Тельес-Хирона-и-Пиментеля (1786—1851), 9-го маркиза де Хабалькинто, и Марии дель Росарио Фернандес де Сантильян-и-Вальдивия (1795—1857). Внук 9-го герцога де Осуна.
 Супруга — Хулия Фернанда Домине-и-Десмаисиерес (1842—1901), дочь Антонио Хосе Домине-и-Мена и Марии Долорес Досмаисиерес-и-Фернандес де Сантильян

  (3 марта 1870 — 1 апреля 1909), 18-й граф де Уренья, 14-й герцог де Осуна, 12-й герцог де Уседа, 17-й герцог де Эскалона, 18-й граф де Оропеса и 11-й граф де ла Пуэбла-де-Монтальбан. Сын Франсиско де Борха Тельес-Хирона-и-Фернандеса де Веласко (1839—1897), 11-го герцога де Уседа, и Анхелы Марии де Константинопла Фернандес де Кордовы-и-Перес де Баррадас (1849 — ?).

 Мариано Тельес-Хирон-и-Фернандес де Кордова (9 сентября 1887 — 3 октября 1931), 19-й граф де Уренья, 15-й герцог де Осуна, 13-й герцог де Уседа, 18-й герцог де Эскалона, 17-й маркиз де Вильена, 21-й граф де Альба-де-Листе, 19-й граф де Оропеса и 14-й граф де Пинто. Младший брат предыдущего, сын Франсиско де Борха Тельес-Хирона и Фернандеса де Веласко, 11-го герцога де Уседа, и Анхелы Марии де Константинопла Фернандес де Кордовы и Перес де Баррадас
 Супруга — Петра Дуке де Эстрада-и-Морено (1900—1985), дочь Хуана Антонио Дуке де Эстрады-и-Кабесы де Вака, 8-го маркиза де Вильяпанес, и Марии де ла Консоласьон Морено-и-Сулета де Реалес.

 Анхела Мария Тельес-Хирон-и-Дуке де Эстрада (7 февраля 1925 — 29 мая 2015), 20-я графиня де Уренья, 16-я герцогиня де Осуна, 14-я герцогиня де Уседа, 20-я герцогиня де Медина-де-Риосеко, 17-я герцогиня де Бенавенте, 16-я герцогиня де Аркос, 19-я герцогиня де Гандия, 19-я герцогиня де Эскалона, 18-я маркиза де Берланга, 14-я маркиза де Бельмонте, 19-я маркиза де Вильена, 12-я маркиза де Хабалькинто. Единственная дочь предыдущего и Петры Дуке де Эстрады-и-Морено.
 Супруг — Педро де Солис-Бомонт-и-Лассо де ла Вега (1916—1959), сын Педро де Солиса-и-Десмаисиерес и Марии де Грасии Лассо де ла Веги-и-Кинтанильи
 Супруг — Хосе Мария де Латорре-и-Монтальво (1925—1991), 6-й маркиз де Монтемусо, сын Мануэля Латорре-и-Лопеса Фернандеса де Эредия, 5-го маркиза де Монтемусо, и Пилар Монтальво-и-Оровио.

 Анхела Мария де Ульоа-и-де Солис-Бомонт (род. 23 ноября 1973), 21-я графиня де Уренья, герцогиня де Гандия и маркиза де Пеньяфьель, старшая дочь Анхелы Марии де Солис-Бомонт-и-Тельес-Хирон (род. 1950), 17-й герцогини де Осуна, графини-герцогини де Бенавенте, графини де Пеньяранда-де-Бракамонте, графини де Оропеса, графини де ла Пуэбла-де-Монтальбан, графини де Пинто и графини де Алькаудете, маркизы де Берланга, и Альваро де Ульоа-и-Суэльвес (род. 1950), графа де Аданеро и маркиза де Кастро-Серна. Внучка Анхелы Марии Тельес-Хирон-и-Дуке де Эстрада (1925—2015), 16-й герцогини де Осуна, и Педро де Солиса-Бомонта-и-Лассо де ла Вега.

См. также
 Герцог Осуна
 Маркиз де Пеньяфьель

Ссылки
 Condes de Ureña

Источники
 Elenco de Grandezas y Títulos Nobiliarios Españoles. Instituto "Salazar y Castro, C.S.I.C.

Графы Испании

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


(real surname Elenev). Born Apr. 17 (29), 1827, in Smolensk Province; died Feb. 10 (23), 1902, in Tsarskoe Selo, now the city of Pushkin. Russian publicist.
Skaldin came from a family of dvoriane (nobility or gentry) and graduated from Moscow University. From 1859 to 1861 he was secretary of the Editing Commissions that were preparing the peasant reforms of 1861. Between 1868 and 1896 he was a member of the Council on Press Affairs; in 1890 he became a member of the Council of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Skaldin first appeared in print in 1860. He published his chief work, In the Hinterland and in the Capital (serialized in Otechestvennye zapiski [Notes of the Fatherland], 1867-69; separate edition, 1870), under his pen name, Skaldin. In this study, from a standpoint of bourgeois liberalism, Skaldin defended the interests of the peasants and criticized the vestiges of serfdom that were hindering Russia's economic development. The book attracted the attention of K. Marx, F. Engels, A. I. Herzen, and N. P. Ogarev. V. I. Lenin utilized material from Skal-din's book in his article "The Heritage We Renounce" to illustrate theoretical propositions about enlightenment.
In the 1870's, Skaldin evolved toward reaction of the Black Hundreds type. In pamphlets published during the 1880's and 1890's on student disturbances, Gymnasium instruction, the censorship, and the Finnish question, he attacked materialism, socialism, and the revolutionary and democratic movement.


Coconut Creek, Florida - Monopoly Group sells 5 developed single-family lots in a gated community to D.R. Horton. Homes will sell from the high $600's - $800's.
Estero, Florida- Monopoly Group purchased from Regions Bank & PNC Bank a distressed $36,300,000.00 mortgage and notes secured by 68.91 acres of vacant, entitled, residential development land in Estero, Florida.
North Lauderdale, Florida - Monopoly Real Estate represented the investor-seller on the sale of 14 develoiped town house lots in the Mediterania Townhouse Community. The community was planned and approved for 58 townhomes of which 44 were built and sold by the original developer prior to losing the community to forclosure. A community pool with cabana and all infrastructure were fully completed by the original developer. North Broward County is mostly built out with very little land and a limited number of new homes available.
Tamarac, Florida - Monopoly Real Estate sold the remaining 28 townhouse lots in St. Moritz Tamarac. The Seller was an investor who purchased the distressed assets which included 28 lots and 4 built townhomes from a lender following forclosure. Monopoly was the sole broker facilitating the transaction.
Coconut Creek, Florida - Monopoly Real Estate sold the remaining five developed lots in Rainforest Estates to Paragon Homes. The Investor/Seller purchased unsold homes and lots from the FDIC. Monopoly was the sole broker representing both Buyer and Seller. Paragon Homes plans to build and market single-family homes with 3,500 square feet under air from the low $500's.


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Staff and students at Waldegrave School are this week celebrating a report from Ofsted which has judged the school to be outstanding. The school was last inspected in 2007 and has gone through considerable change since then. We opened our new co-ed sixth form in 2014, welcoming boys for the first time. The recent two day inspection looked at all of aspects of the school including: standards of achievement, teaching and learning, the personal development and well-being of students, leadership and management and the sixth form. All were graded outstanding which puts Waldegrave in the top 25% of schools in the country.
The Co-Chair of Governors, Fran Perrow and Andrew Tanner, said "The 'Outstanding' Ofsted rating reflects the dedication and talent of our excellent staff. We are immensely proud of Waldegrave's success and look forward to delivering an outstanding education to pupils for the foreseeable future."
The quality of teaching is consistently strong across the curriculum.
Teachers are thoughtful practitioners, constantly looking at ways to become even better.
Leaders, governors and teachers are united in having the highest aspirations for pupils.
Students achieve exceptionally well in the sixth form. This is due to consistently effective teaching and excellent opportunities to enhance students' wider personal development.
Middle leaders are very effective at improving the quality of provision and outcomes in their subjects.


If you focus on it, spending a bunch of money on a completely new pellet stove for your privilege of burning cheaper fuel defeats the whole perform. However, if you can buy a slightly used pellet stove for half price – or less, you've saved enough money to hire a year's price of corn or wood pellet fuel.
Buying a used pellet stove for your home requires no for a longer period or effort than buying a 1. In one respect it's easier because you have fewer selection. But lack of choice doesn't have to mean lack of quality. I'm sure the current who owns any stove appear at will a person it was method stove they will get at the efforts.
If your choose a pellet stove just begun, new or used, the following buying guide will give you the information it is advisable to make an informed decision.
Installing a wood or pellet stove usually requires a building permit. You happen to be picking up your permit application, understand what will speak the type of heating appliance you wish to install and what kind extra documentation, if any, is required. The vast majority of important if your very own a mobile or modular home.
When I spoken with the City of Quincy building department, they said a product brochure with clearance and venting information would be helpful. You can get all this information on the stove manufacture's website, downloading the owner's manual and printing it from.
If reside in the Corn Belt, the number of fuel is pretty obvious. If you live in the Northeast, the fuel of options is wood pellets. Since fuel corn is "imported" to the Northeast, eliminate the cost of wood pellets is competitive with callus. Wood pellet fuel is also becoming a common commodity in home improvement stores as more home owners in this region purchase wood pellet stoves.
You don't want a big stove conserve lots of big. The majority of the used corn and wood pellet stoves I've seen produce 35,000-45,000 btus – enough to heat some 1,200 square foot ranch or the main living areas of two story home.
If you can acquire a good deal on a larger, 50-60,000 btu stove, one of the will work great too since extremely high output models come along with 5 heat settings ranging from a low of 8,000 btus for chilly days, to max power for the coldest rain.
Just because you're choosing a used pellet stove doesn't imply you should return on the dark day of pellet stove heating with gel starters. Frankly, I wouldn't buy a stove without electronic ignition.
A standard size hopper holds 40 pounds of pellet motivate. This is enough fuel to heat your home for 20-30 hours. A larger capacity hopper, although not necessary, adds convenience by requiring less frequent fillings.
During the months that transition in and out of the heating season, you might not need complete heating capacity of your pellet stove. A heat output control will ensure maximum comfort from minimal fuel. Heat output controls can consider the form of a thermostat, hi/lo blower or variable speed auger that controls the cost pellets are fed into the burn the playing pot.
Believe it or not, the #1 complaint people have with pellet stoves is dirty viewing glass. An aura washing system, now standard on many new pellet stoves, removes the fly ash from the viewing window and eliminates frequent restoring.
Many sellers of used pellet stoves include the venting pipe, hearth pad, log set, and any left over pellet fuel in the retail price. These extras can corresponding to hundreds of dollars in savings.
Start with craigslist. Will certainly used pellet stove sellers offer increase only, craigslist enables in which refine your search by City or Problem. This is a big time saving idea. A recent check in the Boston area arrived 12 used stoves within a 50 mile radius of my home.
eBay has plenty of listings too, you just won't find as many local sellers as should on craigslist. When I narrowed my eBay leads to a 50 mile radius of my zip code using the Search Option function, it returned only 1 seller.
However, eBay will conveniently notify you by email whenever a new listing pops up. Another option is to delay payment for 3 months by using the eBay visa card.
Here's they're certified tip: A search on either craigslist or eBay will turn up MORE used pellet stoves if you employ the term "pellet stove" instead of the narrower "used pellet wood stove." Also try "pellet", "wood pellet", or a brand name, such as "Englander".
Generally speaking, the higher the original retail price, the more you help save percentage wise. Stoves that sold for $3,000 new can wind up being purchased used at savings of 50-70%. Stoves priced new under $2,000 may actually depreciate a lesser.
If you prefer to pay for delivery, call someone like Yellow Truck or a courier intend to make end projects. If you buy from an eBay seller for you to ship the stove, a freight shipping calculator is provided on the sales page.
No matter who ships your stove, make the sure the18 wheeler they send has an enhancement gate so you can get your 300 pound stove off the18 wheeler.
Most cities and towns require a qualified pro to fill in the installations. If you're an experienced home owner, finding one shouldn't thought of as a problem. For anyone who is new to home ownership, You need to a service like Need Contractor regarding any list of pre-screened contractors is your area.


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THE AKBARI LAB
News Press/Blog
For This Local Startup, It Is all About The BugsBy Steve Adamek Sunday, May 3, 2020
https://www.sdbj.com/news/2020/may/03/local-startup-it-all-about-bugs/
PDF HERE
Buzzkill
TIMOTHY WINEGARD: We like to think we get to make our own history, that we did this as human beings. And that's not necessarily the case.
(SOUNDBITE OF MOSQUITO BUZZING)
WINEGARD: We have to look back at history and, you know, take away some of the human elements to look at what is really going on.
(SOUNDBITE OF MOSQUITOES BUZZING)
WINEGARD: And it is mosquito-borne disease that is the game changer or decides the fate of these certain historical events, not human agency. We've seemed to be fighting a losing battle throughout our existence. It's still the animal that kills more human beings on the planet than any other animal to this day, and that's including other humans.
RUND ABDELFATAH, HOST:
You're listening to THROUGHLINE from NPR.
RAMTIN ARABLOUEI, HOST:
Where we go back in time...
ABDELFATAH: To understand the present.
OMAR AKBARI: Hello?
ABDELFATAH: Hi, is this Omar?
AKBARI: Hi. Yes. hi.
ABDELFATAH: Hi. This is Rund. I'm one of the hosts of the show. And I think Ramtin...
ARABLOUEI: Hi. Hello.
ABDELFATAH: Hey.
AKBARI: Hi.
ARABLOUEI: Awesome, technology. It's amazing how much we've been able to continue doing this show despite the fact that we're all in isolation.
ABDELFATAH: It's probably safe to say that, right now, you're not thinking much about mosquitoes.
AKBARI: With all the coronavirus talk going on right now, I thought you guys are focused mostly on coronavirus. But mosquitoes are just as important, I would argue.
ABDELFATAH: This is Omar Akbari. He's an associate professor at the University of California, San Diego. And he spends a lot of time studying mosquitoes in his lab.
AKBARI: One thing to think about with coronavirus is that you can actually socially distance yourself and protect yourself. Right? But with mosquito vector pathogens, how are you going to isolate yourself? How are you going to protect yourself? It's difficult, right?
ARABLOUEI: Omar says mosquitoes are, without a doubt, humanity's greatest predator, past and present.
AKBARI: You know, as of right now, just thinking about malaria, there is about a thousand people dying every single day, and those are mostly children under the age of 5. And if you calculate it, it's a child dying every two minutes. Right? And dengue fever, you get about 390 million infections. And those mosquitoes that are transmitting those pathogens are becoming more abundant, and they're spreading to new places because of climate change and global warming.
ARABLOUEI: New places like, for example, California.
AKBARI: In California, which is where I live, prior to 2013, there were no Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. And those are the kinds of mosquitoes that transmit dengue, Zika, yellow fever, chikungunya - they're nasty mosquitoes. And they weren't in California prior to 2013. But in seven years, they spread throughout all of California, and they're going to continue to populate the United States, and we're just gonna continue to see this happen over and over again.
ARABLOUEI: Omar is part of a community of scientists from all over the world trying to come up with a plan to fight the mosquito before things get worse.
ABDELFATAH: Now, this might seem like an impossible task - right? - battling millions upon millions of mosquitoes across the globe. But consider this - most mosquitoes are completely harmless.
AKBARI: There's over 3,000 species of mosquitoes on the earth, but only a handful of them actually transmit pathogens that affect us.
ABDELFATAH: Those few outliers - the ones that transmit pathogens, the ones that can kill - those are the mosquitoes Omar and other researchers care about. Their goal is to find ways to prevent those mosquitoes from passing on deadly viruses.
AKBARI: And really, these consist of what I would call population replacement or population suppression.
ARABLOUEI: Let's break that down really quickly. So population replacement means scientists modify the genetic code of mosquitoes so they can no longer transmit deadly diseases, in effect overriding natural selection and choosing which genes are passed on.
ABDELFATAH: Population suppression takes an even more extreme approach.
AKBARI: The goal with that is to get rid of those species that transmit these pathogens - right? - completely from the population.
ABDELFATAH: In other words, eliminate the deadly mosquitoes altogether. Now, that's a little more complicated because whenever you totally get rid of something in the wild, it can disrupt the ecosystem. So far, Omar and others have only had success in the lab.
AKBARI: In our lab, we have actually engineered mosquitoes that are unable to transmit dengue virus and Zika virus. And there are other groups that have engineered mosquitoes that cannot transmit the malaria parasite. So we know we can engineer mosquitoes that are unable to transmit pathogens.
ARABLOUEI: The next step is figuring out how to get those engineered mosquitoes into the real world, and the biggest challenge there is speed. Viruses adapt fast, so they need to make sure that the mosquitoes can spread these modified genes across the wild population before the viruses evolve and make those genes obsolete.
ABDELFATAH: While scientists are making progress every day, the pressing question is, will they solve this puzzle fast enough?
AKBARI: It's a race against time. It's a race against evolution. These viruses are rapidly evolving in the wild. It's just a matter of time before the next Zika-type virus, you know, comes onto the radar, so we need to develop better technologies now to protect ourselves in the future, just like we need to do for coronaviruses.
ABDELFATAH: Mosquitoes were on earth long before humans arrived and have played an outsized role in our history from the start.
ARABLOUEI: This tiny insect has tipped the scales in crucial battles, changed the fate of empires, and even altered our DNA.
ABDELFATAH: In total, mosquitoes are thought to have killed roughly half of all humans who have ever lived. That's an estimated 52 billion people.
ARABLOUEI: So on this episode, we're going to focus on three stories - stories that will remind us how much of human history was shaped by something out of our control, something so small yet so deadly, and give us a clue about how it might shape our future.
TISH THOMAS: This is Tish Thomas (ph)...
RICK PANNELL: And Rick Pannell (ph)...
THOMAS: ...Chasing cattle around the pasture...
PANNELL: ...In Rushville, Mo...
THOMAS: And we love to listen to...
PANNELL: ...Listen to THROUGHLINE.
THOMAS: ...THROUGHLINE.
(SOUNDBITE OF MARSH AMBIENCE)
UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #1: The Pontine creates fear and horror. Before entering it, you cover your neck and face well before the swarms of large, bloodsucking insects are waiting for you in this great heat of summer between the shade of the leaves, like animals thinking intently about their prey. Here you find a green zone, putrid, nauseating, where thousands of insects move around - where thousands of horrible marsh plants grow under a suffocating sun.
WINEGARD: The Pontine marshes are roughly 310 square miles of marshland just east of Rome. And essentially, throughout history, they were one of the malarial hotbeds of Europe. In fact, Europeans generally call malaria the Roman fever.
ABDELFATAH: Ancient scribes recorded the symptoms of this Roman fever.
WINEGARD: So it's a very cyclical timeframe of when you get chills, fever, sweat, feel fine...
ABDELFATAH: And starts all over again.
WINEGARD: ...Chills, fever, sweat...
ABDELFATAH: You're stuck in bed...
WINEGARD: ...Feel fine...
ABDELFATAH: ...Alternating between pain...
ABDELFATAH: ...And relief.
WINEGARD: ...Feel fine.
But eventually, you get what they call cerebral malaria, which is essentially swelling of the brain. And then you go into a coma and you die.
I am Dr. Tim Winegard. I'm a history professor at Colorado Mesa University, also the head coach of the hockey team, being Canadian. And I wrote the book, "The Mosquito: A Human History Of Our Deadliest Predator."
(SOUNDBITE OF BATTLE AMBIENCE)
ABDELFATAH: It was the year 264 B.C. in ancient Rome.
ABDELFATAH: The Roman Republic had by then conquered the Italian peninsula and expanded throughout the Mediterranean, just beginning their rise to power. But this also meant that the republic was in a state of constant warfare as they fended off sieges from neighboring enemies. They were able to maintain their stronghold in part thanks to the Pontine marshlands that surrounded the city.
WINEGARD: After the fall of Alexander the Great's empire, there's two vying superpowers, if you will, who are vying to control trade in the Mediterranean region. And that's Carthage and Rome.
ARABLOUEI: Carthage was an ancient city in North Africa in what's today called Tunisia. It was one of the wealthiest and most advanced cities in the Mediterranean. It had a navy that could actually threaten Rome.
WINEGARD: And eventually, they're going to butt heads to control trade.
ARABLOUEI: And one way to control trade was to wage war.
WINEGARD: Why trade when you can invade, right?
ARABLOUEI: This began more than a century of conflicts between the two powers which came to be known as the Punic Wars. The first Punic War lasted 23 years, ending with a devastating defeat for the Carthaginians. Legend has it, after the loss, one of Carthage's generals went home humiliated and did something that would change the future for his city. He made his son, his heir, dip his hands in blood and swear an oath of hatred against Rome.
ABDELFATAH: That child would grow up to be called Hannibal of Carthage.
(SOUNDBITE OF WAR HORN SOUNDING)
ABDELFATAH: When he became a military commander, Hannibal began a campaign to avenge the loss of the first Punic War. He marched his army across the Pyrenees and the Alps.
WINEGARD: So he comes into Italy, and he defeats the Romans battle after battle after battle.
ARABLOUEI: Hannibal's march towards Rome culminated in the epic battle of Cannae.
WINEGARD: And at the Battle of Cannae, he absolutely annihilates the Roman legions. After that battle, the doorstep to Rome is wide open for Hannibal to essentially attack the Eternal City, take Rome and end the Punic Wars - but he doesn't.
ARABLOUEI: Hannibal stopped his invasion of Rome. One of the main reasons - the Pontine marshes.
WINEGARD: In order to lay siege to Rome, you cement yourself in these Pontine marshes. And Hannibal was already very familiar with malaria. In fact, he lost his right eye to the fevers of malaria. His troops had contracted malaria in northern Italy. His wife and son had already died of malaria. It might seem a little harsh to say this, but it's important to note that a sick soldier is more draining on the military machine than a dead one.
Dead soldiers need to be replaced in the line, no question. But a sick soldier also needs to be replaced in the line, but they also continue to consume valuable resources. So they're actually a drain on the military machine, and they're a handicap. So he wasn't willing to sacrifice his army, essentially, to the malarial mosquitoes of the Pontine marshes.
ARABLOUEI: With that, Hannibal's campaign for Rome came to an end. And century after century, those mosquitoes in the marshes held off invader after invader.
ABDELFATAH: The Pontine marshes were like a biological moat that protected Rome. But mosquitoes don't favor sides in war. They infect without prejudice, and Rome itself fell victim.
WINEGARD: Endemic malaria starts to suck and bleed the vitality of Rome because everybody is sick all the time. You don't have enough farmers to farm your crops. You don't have enough farmers to work in the mines. You don't have enough traders. So your society starts to collapse upon itself because your manpower is continuously rotating through sickbay, if you will.
ABDELFATAH: So that's when people came up with the obvious solution - drain it.
UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #2: Since 300 B.C., this land had been a fever-stricken swamp. All efforts to cultivate it have failed - Nero, the Caesars, the popes. Even Napoleon I has attempted to drain ...
ABDELFATAH: For centuries, people tried and failed. And it wasn't until the early 20th century that someone finally managed to do it.
UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #2: The triumph of Mussolini.
WINEGARD: So, eventually, Mussolini successfully reclaims these Pontine marshes.
ARABLOUEI: The Battle for Land was a project started in 1928 by Benito Mussolini, Italy's fascist dictator. His goal was to turn the marshes into farmland.
UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #2: ...Been constructed to carry away the waters, which will leave a fertile land of over 200,000 acres.
WINEGARD: He builds pumping stations, canals, to drain the water out into the sea.
UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #2: Thousands of tons of chemicals being thrown down to destroy the eggs of mosquitoes before the sowing begins.
WINEGARD: He plants a bunch of trees - like, tons of trees - relocates people into this new, reclaimed land. They start farming. He builds a bunch of model towns, makes sure they have screens on all the windows. And there's mosquito precautions in these model towns, if you will, as well. And malaria rates across Italy are slashed by over 90%. So it's actually a remarkable feat what Mussolini does.
UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #3: Benito Mussolini, who had been dictator of the Italian people for 21 uninterrupted years, fell from power.
ARABLOUEI: After Benito Mussolini was deposed by his own citizens during World War II, Italy signed an armistice with the Allied Powers.
WINEGARD: Hitler was enraged that the Italians had switched sides.
ARABLOUEI: And, eventually, the Allies decided to land at the Italian port of Anzio, where they'd try and stomp out the Axis presence in the country.
(SOUNDBITE OF MONTAGE)
UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #4: The first military surprise blow in the Italian stalemate comes in a bold, large-scale landing on the Nazi-held post near Anzio.
UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #5: Hardly a soldier gets ashore without trial by fire.
UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #6: The objective was to take Rome, not in a week or a month...
WINEGARD: The Allies are going to outflank the German line in Italy and land behind the German line, with landings at Anzio, to march on Rome.
ARABLOUEI: So, at that point, the Nazis decided to consult their experts on malaria.
UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #6: Here, the retreating Germans dug in. Every bridge was blown.
WINEGARD: And so what the Nazis do is reverse the draining pumps to actually suck water back in, destroy the canals, destroy the dikes, cut down trees, to turn it back into, essentially, just a quagmire, a nasty marshland again, and reflood the Pontine marshes to reintroduce malaria to Naples and Anzio to slow down the Allied advance.
ABDELFATAH: And it did some serious damage.
WINEGARD: Over 40,000 Allied troops contract malaria, including my wife's grandfather, who was at Anzio and contracted this pontine biological weaponry malaria. And he says it was, you know, just absolutely horrible and that the mosquitoes at Anzio were worse than the German shelling - is what he told me. And so it's a deliberate act of premeditated biological warfare conducted by the Nazis in Anzio.
ABDELFATAH: Malaria has been used as a weapon of war for millennia, but it's also sparked a fierce battle within our own bodies.
ARABLOUEI: Coming up, how a genetic mutation that's been passed down for thousands of years led an early society in Africa to conquer neighbors in its region and how that exact same mutation still impacts people today.
DASOLA OLUJIMITI: Hello. My name is Dasola Olujimiti (ph) from Lagos, Nigeria, and you're listening to THROUGHLINE from NPR. I love THROUGHLINE. It's my best podcast ever. Thank you.
ARABLOUEI: On October 21, 2007, the Pittsburgh Steelers were playing against the Denver Broncos. And on the field that day was defensive back Ryan Clark.
UNIDENTIFIED ANNOUNCER #1: Intercepted. Kickoff by Ryan Clark. Clark back to the 25.
WINEGARD: They lost to Denver with a last-minute field goal, actually.
UNIDENTIFIED ANNOUNCER #2: There it is. There's the hold. There's the kick. It's away. It's good. It's good.
ARABLOUEI: The game was at Empower Field in Denver.
WINEGARD: Which is, you know, high-altitude. And he got on the plane, actually, after the game.
RYAN CLARK: I was getting on a plane to come home, and I told the trainer - I said, my spleen hurts.
WINEGARD: He had some really sharp, stabbing pains under his ribs, and he knew it wasn't the normal bumps and bruises of playing a professional football game.
CLARK: I couldn't deal with the pain. I called. I was like, I'm going to die. If somebody doesn't get up here very soon - I was like, I'm not going to make it.
WINEGARD: So they stopped the plane on the tarmac, and he was rushed to the hospital.
ARABLOUEI: After a stint in the hospital, Ryan was sent home to Pittsburgh. For a month, he suffered fevers and excruciating pain. He couldn't eat, and he lost 40 pounds in the process. Eventually, after a battery of tests, doctors figured out what was wrong. Ryan had suffered a splenic infarction. In other words, his spleen was dying.
WINEGARD: It was discovered that the root cause of this was sickle cell trait.
CLARK: It's not visible. I wasn't bleeding. My arms were still attached. You know, so it wasn't anything people could see to be like, yeah, dude, you're in pain.
ARABLOUEI: The high altitude, combined with sickle cell trait, had triggered this physical reaction.
WINEGARD: Robbing his blood's ability to transport oxygen to his organs, so necrosis set in, or death of the tissue in the organs.
ARABLOUEI: Once they figured out what was wrong, Ryan was treated and began to recover.
WINEGARD: He survived this horrible ordeal, and he actually, you know, came back to play football and ended up winning the Super Bowl with the Steelers after this ordeal. So there is a bit of a happy ending to Ryan Clark's story.
ABDELFATAH: This thing, this sickle cell trait, that nearly killed Ryan Clark in 2007 was passed down to him through hundreds of generations from his ancestors in west Central Africa, the Bantu, beginning nearly 8,000 years ago. The Bantu are a mix of different ethnic groups united by a common language family. They established some of the earliest human societies when they began cultivating agriculture.
WINEGARD: Specifically, these Bantu farmers are clearcutting for their yam and plantain crops. And essentially, what that does is open up the canopy to allow sunlight in, which warms things up. And then you add water to irrigate your crops. And adding water to rivets in the ground - it's a cordial invitation to mosquito breeding.
ABDELFATAH: And malaria.
WINEGARD: They unleash falciparum malaria, and this is the most deadly one. This is the game changer. So very quickly through natural selection - and this happens so quickly - natural selection starts to promote sickle cell in the Bantu population to give them immunity to malaria.
ABDELFATAH: Sickle cell refers to the unusual shape of the blood cells that form as a result of this genetic adaptation. It's not completely understood how it works, but we do know that this unusual shape somehow protects humans from malaria.
WINEGARD: The mosquito actually literally changes our DNA. It attests to what must have been cataclysmic in near-genocidal rates of malaria in Africa at this time.
ABDELFATAH: And it provided an incredible genetic advantage for the Bantu people.
WINEGARD: The Bantu are armed with, essentially, their sickle cell to rebuff malaria.
ARABLOUEI: Over the next several thousand years, they expanded into other parts of the continent. They swept through the south and east of Africa. Bantu culture spread far and wide, and so did sickle cell trait.
ABDELFATAH: But sickle cell trait wasn't just an advantage. It had some fatal downsides. If you were unlucky and both your parents passed down the sickle cell gene to you...
WINEGARD: That's called sickle cell disease, and that's essentially a death sentence.
ABDELFATAH: Well, it was back then. Now, if only one sickle cell trait was passed down to you, you could fight off malaria and survive childhood, which was great, except the only problem then was...
WINEGARD: The problem is it robs the ability of the body and the blood to transport oxygen. So you might - on average, before modern medicine, you'd live to, you know, the ripe old age of roughly 21 to 24 years old.
ARABLOUEI: This adaptation, which was passed down for a specific reason in a specific time and place, stayed in the blood of the Bantu people for millennia. And when some of the Bantu were forcibly brought to the Western Hemisphere as enslaved people, the sickle cell trait came with them.
WINEGARD: This shows the legacy of the mosquito in our current populations with Ryan Clark and in this African American population with sickle cell and these genetic shields.
ABDELFATAH: This mosquito - this tiny, tiny animal - changed the genetics of millions of people who traveled across a continent. And eventually, some of those people were captured and sent across an ocean, and their DNA would go with them.
ARABLOUEI: When we come back, how the mosquito might make you think differently about the American Revolution.
ANISH DAKGUPTA: Hi. This is Anish Dakgupta (ph) from St. Louis, Mo. And you're listening to THROUGHLINE from NPR.
ABDELFATAH: We all think we know the story of the American Revolution. People were mad about taxes. The Boston Tea Party broke out. George Washington and his crew took up arms and defeated the imperial British army with unconventional tactics. And while some of that is sort of true, there's a big - or should we say small - part of this story that is rarely mentioned - mosquitoes.
(SOUNDBITE OF GUNFIRE)
ARABLOUEI: It's 1778, three years into the American Revolutionary War. The first half of the war was fought almost entirely in the North. George Washington and the Continental Army were having mixed success and spent a lot of energy running from the British army, trying to buy more time.
WINEGARD: The British are very upset that Gen. Washington won't essentially commit to a decisive battle to end the war. And Washington knows he can't do this because he doesn't have anything. If he commits to a decisive battle and loses, the revolution's over. But as long as he can keep an army, however ill-supplied and under-equipped in the field, the British have to defeat and chase this army.
ARABLOUEI: All the while, he's desperately waiting for help to come.
WINEGARD: He waits for his political lords, essentially, in the Continental Congress to get some supplies, get some allies, get some weapons and hopefully get France on board. This is essentially playing cat and mouse, and it frustrates the British.
ARABLOUEI: So they change their strategy.
ABDELFATAH: The British concentrated their forces in the southern colonies of Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia. Second in command of this campaign was Gen. Charles Cornwallis, who landed in Charleston with 9,000 British soldiers.
WINEGARD: And these soldiers come primarily from Northern England and Scotland, these British soldiers. So there was malaria in England, but these soldiers specifically are recruited from Northern England and Scotland, away from the malarial fenlands of England. So they're not what is called seasoned.
What seasoning is - essentially, the more you suffer, the less you suffer. Now, I don't suggest this as an inoculation strategy. But generally speaking, the more you contract malaria, the less severe the symptoms are and the less likelihood of dying.
So the American soldiers have been seasoned to their colonial malaria. They've had malaria. They've been seasoned to it, where these British soldiers come over - they haven't been seasoned to their own English malaria, let alone colonial stew of malaria.
ABDELFATAH: And this new set of circumstances in the South forced Cornwallis to adopt some unusual tactics.
WINEGARD: If you look at his campaign in the South in 1780, 1781, he is zigzagging all over the place. It is one of the strangest marches you've ever seen on a map. And so why is Cornwallis doing this? Is he running away from the Americans? Is he chasing the Americans? No. He's trying to find a healthy spot for his troops.
STEVE TYSON, BYLINE: (As Charles Cornwallis) With a third of my army sick and wounded, which I was obliged to carry in wagons or on horseback, the remainder without shoes and worn down with fatigue, I thought it was time to look for some place of rest and refitment.
WINEGARD: And he says this repeatedly in his correspondences. He says, like, malaria is ruining my army, and he's asking British loyalists in the southern colonies where there's a healthy spot. And because their seasoned, they say, oh, just go that way. And then he gets there, and his troops are cut to pieces by malaria again.
TYSON: (As Charles Cornwallis) I am now employed in disposing of the sick and wounded and in procuring supplies of all kinds to put the troops into a proper state to take the field. I am, likewise, impatiently looking out for the expected reinforcement from Europe to enable me either to act offensively or even to maintain myself in the upper parts of the country where alone I can hope to reserve the troops from the fatal sickness which so nearly ruined the army last autumn - April 10, 1781.
ARABLOUEI: As Cornwallis was running around looking for a safe, mosquito-free spot for his troops, he got an order from his superiors to retreat and fortify at the port of Yorktown in Virginia.
WINEGARD: Yorktown is a little hamlet situated in the tidewater estuaries between the James and York rivers. Essentially, it's rice paddies. It's marsh land. So he holds up in Yorktown. French Navy comes. They're eventually joined by Gen. Washington and the Americans, and they ensnare the British in Yorktown. This is in August, which is prime mosquito time in prime mosquito country in these marshlands surrounding Yorktown.
ARABLOUEI: His army was decimated. And in October, Gen. Cornwallis surrendered.
TYSON: (As Charles Cornwallis) I have the mortification to inform your Excellency that I have been forced to give up the post and to surrender the troops under my command, the troops being much weakened by sickness as well as by the fire of the besieges.
ARABLOUEI: In his correspondences, Cornwallis lays some of the blame for his surrender on malaria.
TYSON: (As Charles Cornwallis) Our numbers had been diminished by the enemy's fire, but particularly by sickness.
WINEGARD: He's like, I don't have anybody who can even stand up to fight. He only has 35% of his troops roughly who are able to even stand up.
TYSON: (As Charles Cornwallis) Our force diminished daily by sickness to little more than 3,200 rank and file fit for duty.
WINEGARD: The rest are either sick, dead or dying of malaria.
ARABLOUEI: The siege of Yorktown was the final battle in the war between the colonies and Great Britain, opening the path for the formation of the United States.
WINEGARD: So in a way, the anopheles mosquito is a founding mother of the United States, and she deserves to have her nice proboscis face tucked in between Washington and Jefferson on Mount Rushmore.
ABDELFATAH: Our founding mother, the mosquito, looms large over the history of humanity. And as Tim told us, her reign is not limited to our past. She may completely transform our future.
WINEGARD: Human beings are crisscrossing the planet for trade, travel, business at record rates to record numbers of destinations in record numbers everywhere. Disease is a constant baggage to human migration. Whether that be war, trade, travel, it doesn't matter. It's a universal creature and has been for forever, essentially. Her reach and her historical impact and influence kind of cross both time and space. Time is kind of irrelevant to her reach because at every stage the mosquito and these pathogens have essentially been able to circumvent our frontline weapons to continue what they're prewired to do, and that's simply reproduce.
WINEGARD: So we are constantly trying new and innovative techniques to break this eternal stalemate that we've had with our deadliest enemy and deadliest predator.
ARABLOUEI: That's it for this week's show. I'm Ramtin Arablouei.
ABDELFATAH: I'm Rund Abdelfatah, and you've been listening to THROUGHLINE from NPR.
ARABLOUEI: This episode was produced by me.
ABDELFATAH: And me, and...
JAMIE YORK, BYLINE: Jamie York.
LAWRENCE WU, BYLINE: Lawrence Wu.
LAINE KAPLAN-LEVENSON, BYLINE: Laine Kaplan-Levenson.
LU OLKOWSKI, BYLINE: Lu Olkowski.
N'JERI EATON, BYLINE: N'Jeri Eaton.
ARABLOUEI: Fact-checking for this episode was done by Kevin Volkl.
ABDELFATAH: Special thanks to Radiyah Chowdhury and Steve Tyson for their voiceover work.
ARABLOUEI: Thanks also to Anya Grundman.
ABDELFATAH: Our music was composed by Ramtin and his band, Drop Electric, which includes...
ANYA MIZANI: Anya Mizani.
SHO FUJIWARA: Sho Fujiwara.
NAVID MARVI: Navid Marvi.
ARABLOUEI: And one last note - on Apr. 16, we're hosting a virtual trivia night. We'd love to see all of you there. For information on how to sign up, go to our Twitter, @throughlinenpr.
ABDELFATAH: If you have an idea or like something on the show, please write us at throughline@npr.org or find us on Twitter - @throughlinenpr.
ARABLOUEI: Thanks for listening.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR's programming is the audio record.
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