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18 Aug, 2015 in Attorney General's Ministry and Ministry of Foreign Affairs / Belize Guatemala Dispute / Government / International / Issues / Ministry of National Security / National / OAS / People / Politics / Safety / Safety & Security / Security / submitted tagged Alvarado / Belize / BELIZE CITY / Belize Defense Force / Belizean / Belizean people / Caribbean / Central America / Coast Guard / Europeans / Foreign Affairs / Garifuna / Government / Guatemala / Honduras / ICJ / International Court of Justice (ICJ) / Issues / Latin America / Maya / Mexico / Nicaragua / OAS / Police Force / Politics / Pope Alexander the VI / Portugal / Refugee Camps / Safety / Saint Vincent & The Grenadines / Security / Security Council of the United Nations / Spain / Stann Creek / Toledo / Treaty of Tordesillas / UN / United Nations by FiWeBelize
By: Wellington C. Ramos
The Guatemalan claim to Belize like all the claims that exist among the countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, has their roots in the Treaty of Tordesillas that was signed between Spain and Portugal in 1493 and approved by the then Catholic Pope Alexander the VI of Spain. Neither Spain, Portugal or the Catholic Pope, had the right to come all the way to this part of the world to take away the land of the indigenous people of this planet. Such action is deemed as genocide committed by all those who were involved in this inhumane act. All territories taken by these individuals, must be returned back to those who were there at the time they came to use force to wage and unjustified war against these people's nation state. In addition all titles to land obtained by these Europeans must be voided and the lands must be handed back to the true owners the indigenous people who live in these countries today.
Just look at the way Spain treated the Mayas in Guatemala from the time Alvarado conquered that nation state in the 1500's. It is the same way that the Guatemalan people and government has been treating the Maya people since Guatemala became independent in the 1820's. Guatemala has compulsory service so even the same Mayas who join their military are involved in removing their own people from their villages and slaughtering them. This has caused thousands of Guatemalan Mayas to flee into Belize and Mexico to seek refuge. Belize and Mexico does not have to accept them. They can send them right back across the border or setup Refugee Camps by the border until the United Nations get involved to determine their status. I would prefer that Belize ask the United Nations to setup the refugee camps than to just accept them into Belize and then grant them Belizean citizenship. Why? because if Belize continue to grant them Belizean citizenship, we will reach a point where there will be more Guatemalans in Belize than Belizeans and that will be what could be described as a; population invasion. We are slowly heading in that direction now.
Guatemalans who become citizens of Belize or any other country cannot renounce their Guatemalan citizenship under their constitution. The political parties in Belize both the UDP and PUP have been allowing these people to come into Belize and be given Belizean citizenship because they need their votes and are afraid that if they reject them they will lose the Maya vote in the southern districts of Toledo and Stann Creek. In fact, the Maya vote has become a political football where both political parties has used it to their advantage. Now, the Maya people have increased significantly in numbers and are using their strength to exert pressure on the Belize government for their indigenous rights. They cannot go to Guatemala, Mexico or any of the other republic where they were born to do that because they would be killed by the Guatemalan, Mexican or the countries' military.
I believe that we should set up the Refugee Camps rather than just let them come into Belize and setup villages because then that will expose Guatemala to the world for what they are the biggest violators of human rights in Central America. Then the Government of Belize will go to the United Nations General Assembly and state a case against Guatemala on behalf of the Maya Refugees. We will tell all the countries of the world, that we cannot negotiate with Guatemala under the current circumstances and as such we want some UN troops to be stationed in Belize to end the flow of refugees into our country. Once the members of the United Nations send troops into Belize to supervise our border, the Security Council of the United Nations, will place pressure on Guatemala to end their territorial claim to Belize and sign a treaty with us acknowledging our rights to our territory. Belize have a large percentage of Maya people as well.
My Belizean brothers and sisters the root of the Guatemalan claim lies in this unlawful treaty that I mentioned earlier and nothing else. The 1859 Treaty should be voided because it is a follow up to the treaty of Tordesillas. When our country became independent on September the 21st 1981, we submitted a map of Belize with boundaries included in the map. The nations of the world accepted Belize as it is now and that cannot change unless the people and government of Belize decides to cede our territory to Guatemala or another country. Mexico has said that they ceded some of their land in the southern part of their country to the British in a Treaty to make Belize what it is today.
That land does not Belong to Mexico as well, it belongs to the native Mayas who were there before the Spanish conqueror Hernando Cortez came and took it in 1519. All these Europeans who came to this part of the world were thieves and murderers who came to this region and committed genocide against our people. My people the Garifuna are victims of their genocide and this is how we ended up in the countries of; Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Belize and later the United States of America. After we were removed by the British on March the 14th, 1797 from our motherland; "YURUMEIN" now known as; Saint Vincent & The Grenadines. We cannot and should not expel the citizens of these countries who were born and became citizens of these countries.
After the Europeans colonized these territories, they brought them as slaves and indentured servants to occupy them. I am opposed to any human rights violation that is committed against any human being and I hope and pray that all human beings especially those who claim to be Christians take this same position. Many of us are racist and we complain about racism when people are racist against us. If you are a racist person, you should not complain when somebody is racist against you because you are all in the same organization. Racism, is responsible for most of the genocide that has and is occurring on this planet earth. Because people tend to treat other human beings the way they see and portray them.
The United Nations have passed several resolutions but the one that they need to pass is for all the nations of the world to do everything in their capacity to end racism. Until this is done, there will never be peace on this planet earth and we will continue to kill human beings like ourselves as if the world belong to us and us alone. This planet was created for all of us. There is enough room for all human beings to coexist with each other. There are some of us who have this fantasy belief that it is only for their; family, friends and cronies but we will all leave it here because they cannot fit in our caskets. The International Court of Justice (ICJ), is only one option to resolve our territorial dispute with Guatemala. I would like to see other options be explored like this one that I am proposing now. We need Belizean people in our Foreign Affairs Department, who are great political thinkers because we do not have the monopoly on all ideas. Every great idea or ideas should be put into consideration by a team of thinkers and then strategies should be devised to deal with this unending saga.
This claim to me is a nuisance and is on the minds of most Belizean people. I may never live to see the end of it. Even though I want it to see it end as soon as possible. Guatemala does not need Belize's land because they have so much land without the resources to develop it. They just want to be a stumbling block in Belize's progress. Belize need politicians who will stand up to them and tell them; death rather than surrender. One of these days Belize will get a Prime Minister who have served in the military and this talking will all end. They do not want to invade Belize because that will end their claim once the United Nations and the other countries in the world steps in and that could lead to a Treaty forced upon them by the humane nations of the world. They are only using this claim to hustle money for themselves which they are doing quite well.
I like many other Belizeans who are descendants through Guatemalan parenthood, qualify for Guatemalan citizenship through descent because my grandmother; Indelecia Petillo was born in Labuga, Guatemala. In addition Guatemala has claimed that Belize belongs to them and all the people who were born in Belize, are eligible for Guatemalan citizenship. Guatemala, you can keep your citizenship that has restrictions on freedoms on it. When I look at the way your government has been slaughtering the indigenous Maya people for centuries now it scares me to death. I can imagine what you would do with this Black Garifuna male person.
No, Belize have some problems yes but they are not as severe as yours. Belizeans we need to start to love each other and commit ourselves to servicing our country in some way or form. With the small population that we possess, we will need all Belizeans to fight for our country. A majority of our people live in the United States and many of them like myself have served in the US Armed Services. This is why we need to pass Article-7 Amendment to grant natural born Belizeans with dual citizens all the rights they deserve. This will give them the motivation to still feel attached to their place of birth. We will never be able to defend our country against any foreign aggression without the support and commitment of our citizens who are living abroad. I hereby extend my deepest appreciation and gratitude for all the men and women who have served and is currently serving in the Belize Defense Force, Coast Guard, Police Force and all branches of the uniformed services. We in the United States and abroad who served in the armed services at home and abroad, are behind you all and will be ready when called upon. The defense of our homeland is a lifetime commitment. A man or woman without a country has nothing to brag about.
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The National Council of Jewish Women Greater Houston Section is now accepting applications for the Dr. Lee K. Fein Scholarship. Students who maintain a permanent address in the greater Houston area who will be college juniors, seniors, and graduate students for the academic year 2019 – 2020 may apply. The award is $1,500. It is unrestricted, meaning the student can use the money for books, room, board, or whatever is needed.
This scholarship was started by Dr. Feine to help worthy college upperclassmen or graduate level students majoring in education, health, social welfare, Jewish Studies, or any career aimed at serving the community. It has gone to nurses and teachers, law students, psychology students and others who are training to make a difference.
Dr. Feine, a dentist, was a community activist, a professional woman, and a devoted wife and mother whose memory is honored through this scholarship each year. She was an active, lifetime member of NCJW who devoted herself to the organization when it needed her most.
The scholarship is open to all students, without regard to gender, race, or religion. It is awarded based on financial need, academic achievement, and career goals. Deadline for submission is March 10, 2019.
NCJW is a volunteer organization, inspired by Jewish values, that works to improve the quality of life for women, children, and families and to ensure individual rights and freedoms for all through its network of 90,000 members, supporters, and volunteers nationwide.


Looking to earn some extra credits for your graduate or post-grad studies?
If you are unable to access high-end scholarships or get an all-encompassing loan, summer internships are the answer. Summer internships serve in three ways: they are a source of income, they can help you get extra credits and they provide you with the hands-on expertise and knowledge in your own future career.
Summer internship programs are in big demand in the West and in the US, as this is the time when college students can pick up valuable skills and experience. Looking for internship programs is not that easy, as there is a vast variety of them available out there, and you need to find the one of interest to you, that can also help with your course or professional pursuits. Even if you have found one, you need to be selected from a large number of applicants. So, how can you ensure that you can get selected for a suitable summer internship program?
One of the most critical things which will play a primary role in your selection is the application essay. It is through the application essay that the admission office gets an idea of the candidate who is applying for the summer internship and whether they possess the abilities required to go through it.
The application letter also conveys the attitude, the skill in expression and the intellectual ability of the candidate. All your academic qualifications are not enough to convince the employer to hire you: the application letter has to depict the type of person you are and show your aptness for the internship position.A poorly written and organized letter may convey little of your meritorious qualities.So instead of agonizing over how to write a perfect application letter, order one instead. It will be prepared by experts in the writing field.
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The application letter is to be addressed to the Head Of the Department you are interested in. The introduction section of the letter requires you to introduce yourself. This would mean including information such as the course you are studying, the college and the year or semester of study. These particulars are required to convince that you are a genuine student. In the next paragraph, you can mention the objective of writing this letter. You will have to mention that you are writing the letter as you are interested in applying for the particular internship program offered in the department. This has to be mentioned along with a brief statement of why you consider yourself suitable for the post of an intern in the department.
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Prizes and awards won would certainly make your application more impactful and raise the stakes in the application process. This may convince the Department Head that granting you an internship would be beneficial, both for them and for you. You can additionally support your application by providing other experiences such as volunteering work, event management experience as well as other activities, relevant to your application.
A brief paragraph that describes your other essential qualities such as hard-working, attention to details, team-worker, leadership qualities, innovativeness or creativity, critical thinking and others that are necessary for your working in the situation and your relationship to the others there. This would portray you as a sociable person who can not only contribute to the team's efforts but also an effective and talented worker.
The concluding paragraph of the letter should stress on your suitability for the internship by outlining your specific qualifications for the job.


text:
Smutek je jedna z emocí, stav nálady, který je opakem radosti. Smutek je reakcí na událost, která se nás nepříznivě dotýká, jako je např. ztráta blízkých osob či cenné věci, zhasnutí naděje, křivda, nevděk apod. Smutek z trvalé ztráty něčeho velmi významnéno (např. úmrtí blízké osoby) je vystupňován v žal, též hoře, tedy smutek akcentovaný zoufalstvím nad nenávratnem nejvyšší hodnoty. Nevypořádá-li se člověk s žalem, může se propadat depresi. Přechod mezi žalem (přirozeným smutkem) a depresí ("chorobným" smutkem) je plynulý.

Zármutek, stejně jako ostatní emoce, částečně potlačuje některé životní potřeby – při silném smutku klesá chuť k jídlu, dostavuje se nespavost. Jedním z projevů intenzivního smutku je ronění slz, tedy pláč.

Biologická funkce smutku není prozatím uspokojivě vysvětlena, předpokládá se, že smutek je jednak formou sociální signalizace ("volání o pomoc") a jednak přípravou na reorganizaci činnosti.

Od roku 1996 se  27. duben slaví jako Mezinárodní den smutku, a má připomenout všechny kteří někdy byli při práci zraněni nebo utrpěli smrtelný úraz.

Biblický přístup

Zármutek je Novým zákonem používán k popisu emoce, která je člověku nepříjemná. Možno také říci, že pro Nový Zákon je zármutek opakem radosti. Bůh považuje zármutek za něco, co člověku není příjemné. V určitých situacích člověka od zármutku ochraňuje. Na jiném místě Nový Zákon používá slovo zármutek také v souvislosti s nepříjemnou emocí. Nicméně člověk před ním chráněn není. Zármutek je označen za nevyhnutelný projev lásky (slovo použito především v překladu Bible kralické (smutné)). Dokonce je uvedeno, že děti, které neprocházejí zármutkem kázně, nejsou děti vlastní, tedy milované, ale děti cizí. Nezbytným závěrem z této úvahy, je, že zármutek má svou prospěšnost, dokonce prospěšnost nenahraditelnou.

Druhy zármutku
 Zármutek podle Boha – Nový Zákon rozlišuje mezi zármutkem podle Boha a zármutkem podle světa. Zármutek podle Boha je, jak už bylo uvedeno výše, prospěšný. Dosáhne li tento zármutek podle Boha určité intenzity, přinese v životě člověka ovoce v podobě pokání, a nakonec vede k záchraně. Přespříliš zármutku může však člověku ublížit.
 Zármutek podle světa – Zármutek podle světa je zřejmě opakem zármutku podle Boha, neboli k pokání nesměřuje a v konečném důsledku působí smrt.

Zajímavé je také podívat se nad čím se rmoutí novozákonní postavy:
 Nad hříchem – Pavlovy komentáře v 2. listu Korintským, kapitole 7, se pravděpodobně vztahují k chybě, na niž Pavel upozorňuje v 1. listu Korintským, kapitole 5. Zármutek, který je detailně rozebírán v 2. listu Korintským, kapitole 7, je tedy vztažen k chybě, hříchu, jehož se křesťané v Korintu dopustili.
 Nad zatracením bližních – Pavel prožívá zármutek nad zatracením Izraelského národa, který nepřijal Krista
 Nad odchodem člověka – Pavel se obává zármutku nad odchodem Epafrodita. Učedníci se rmoutí ve chvíli rozloučení s Pánem Ježíšem.

Odkazy

Reference

Literatura

Související články
 Smutek (vexilologie)
 Nostalgie
 Splín
 Kübler-Rossové model

Externí odkazy

 Heslo Smutek (str.927) v online Biblickém Slovníku Adolfa Novotného

Emoce

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Un trilby es un sombrero de ala estrecha. El trilby fue primero un sombrero característico de los hombres ricos; a veces denominado «trilby marrón» en Gran Bretaña y frecuente en las carreras de caballos.

La empresa de sombreros londinense que tradicionalmente comercializaba el trilby lo describía como un «sombrero de ala corta en picado desde atrás hacia adelante», comparado con el fedora, el cual tiene un «ala más ancha que el trilby». El trilby también tiene una copa ligeramente más baja que el diseño típico del fedora.

Historia
El nombre del sombrero deriva de la adaptación teatral de la novela Trilby de George du Maurier en 1894. El protagonista llevó un sombrero de este estilo en la primera producción de Londres y empezó a apodarse «sombrero trilby».
Su forma es bastante similar a la del sombrero tirolés.

Tradicionalmente el sombrero estaba hecho de fieltro y pelo de conejo, pero ahora suelen hacerse de otros materiales, como tejido sintético, paja, algodón, lana y nailon. El sombrero alcanzó su cénit de popularidad en los años 1960; los automóviles americanos de la época hacían imposible llevar sombreros de copa alta para conducir. Su popularidad se vio mermada en los 1970, cuando los hombres empezaron a dejar de usar sombreros y la moda pasó a basarse en el peinado.

El sombrero volvió a resurgir en la década de 1980, cuando se comercializó como tendencia de moda retro para hombres y mujeres.

En la cultura popular
Frank Sinatra solía vestir sombreros trilby, de hecho hay un diseño de marca que tiene su nombre. El poeta jamaicano Linton Kwesi Johnson, también usaba un trilby durante sus actuaciones. Peter Sellers interpretando al Inspector Clouseau llevaba un trilby, así como Herbert Johnson en El nuevo caso del inspector Clouseau (1964) de Blake Edwards, segunda entrega de su saga de La Pantera Rosa; el trilby empezó a verse fabricado de tejido sintético en las películas posteriores. El Inspector Gadget también lleva un sombrero trilby.

Véase también

 Fedora
 Homburg
 Sombrero de pastel de cerdo
 Gat (sombrero)
 Chacó, un sombrero militar alto, cilíndrico
 Gorra

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 El trilby, ¡el sombrero que nunca pasa de moda!
 Historia de los sombreros de fieltro y paja (sombreros de vestir)

Sombreros
Moda de los años 2010
Moda de los años 2000
Moda de los años 1990
Moda de los años 1980
Moda de los años 1960
Moda de los años 1950
Moda de los años 1940
Moda de los años 1930
Moda de los años 1920


text:
Uber to start watching its drivers more closely
By Bruce Brown	 June 30, 2016
Prathan Chorruangsak / Shutterstock
Uber is introducing a new driver-monitoring feature sure to arouse mixed feelings among its drivers, according to the Wall Street Journal. Most drivers probably will welcome additional information about customer ratings, but at the same time may feel they're being monitored too closely.
There will be at least two sets of cities involved in testing new driver monitoring systems. In each case, the drivers' smartphones will be used both to collect and transmit the data and to report to the drivers.
In New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, and at least six other cities, drivers will receive reports after each trip on how smooth their driving was, including scores for acceleration and braking. If the drivers go over the speed limit, Uber will send an immediate alert, not waiting for the after-trip report. If that sounds Big Brother-ish to you, you're not alone.
A separate test in unidentified cities will watch for drivers touching their cell phones while in motion. By using the phones' internal gyroscopes Uber will be able to tell if drivers are sending text messages. Texting while driving is a safety concern. It's also illegal in 46 states plus Washington, DC, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Island, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures.
Many Uber drivers bristle over the fact that they're considered independent contractors, and would prefer to be treated as employees. And since they are considered independent contractors, drivers may consider monitoring their phone use invasive. Commercial-driver employees have been monitored by employers via various technologies for at least 50 years. (The original method employed motion-activated pens that marked a circular paper card as it rotated inside a locked clock in a truck cab.) But independent contractors are assumed to be just that — independent.
According to Uber, the purpose of the monitoring is to provide better feedback about rider ratings, the Wall Street Journal reports. If, for example, a driver gets high scores for behavior but poor driving scores, resulting in low ratings, that information could help the drivers. Uber also said the monitoring reports during the testing won't be used by the company to penalize drivers with low scores. However, the company did not rule out negative consequences for low-scoring drivers in the future.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Annual Joe and Steve Mercer Memorial Scholarship Speech Tournament, sponsored by the Department of Communication and Journalism and open to all UNM students, was recently held with six students taking top honors for their ability to influence an audience.
The scholarship fund was endowed by Mrs. JoAnn Mercer in memory of her late son and husband who were active in collegiate debate as students. Its purpose is to provide support for students interested and excelling in public speaking.
The contestants are asked to present a seven to eight-minute persuasive speech on a topic of relevance to New Mexico audiences. Twenty-six student speakers entered the competition. The top six speakers from the preliminary rounds advanced to the final round.
Speech topic: Unequal Access to Education in N.M.


text:
Devil's Run
The First Nick Craig Adventure
A "routine" missing persons case takes private investigator Nick Craig on a bloody international trail that leads from the Vermont countryside through the violent streets of Juarez to an exclusive resort high in the Colorado Rockies. There he must confront a murderous criminal conspiracy and an enemy from his own dark past.
A Nick Craig Short
Recuperating from the events of "Devil's Run", Nick Craig finds himself the prime suspect in the murder of a fellow private eye. As he unravels the mystery, he is targeted for death by a legendary assassin.
The Third Nick Craig Adventure
A dying man's last words launch Nick Craig into a world of mysterious billionaires, beautiful women, and deadly assassins. Who or what is the Sea Harpy? The answer may be the key to preventing World War III.
The Nick Craig Adventures
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Legal Resources for the Incarcerated
Home Page > Publications > Research Library > Police and Policing
The Power of Observation: An Empirical Analysis of the Effects of Body Worn Cameras on Police Use of Force and Productivity Taeho Kim, October, 2019(This study finds that body worn cameras are associated with a drop of 43% in use of force, a reduction of 81% in subject injury, yet not with officer injury, or other productivity measures such as crime and clearance rates.)
Atlas of Surveillance: Southwestern Border Communities Electronic Frontier Foundation, October, 2019"We found 36 local government agencies using automated license plate readers (ALPR), 45 outfitting officers with body-worn cameras, and 20 flying drones."
The Price of Taxation by Citation: Case Studies of Three Georgia Cities that Rely Heavily on Fines and Fees Institute for Justice, October, 2019"Our findings also suggest taxation by citation is shortsighted. Cities may gain revenue, but they may also pay a price for it in the form of lower community trust and cooperation."
The Role of Police Unions in the 21st Century Texas Public Policy Foundation, September, 2019"However, police unions have more recently become involved in policy issues beyond those bounded by typical labor relations--for instance, criminal justice public policy and training; and union involvement can become problematic."
"Get on the Ground!": Policing, Poverty, and Racial Inequality in Tulsa, Oklahoma Human Rights Watch, September, 2019"Our analysis of 2012-2017 data provided by the Tulsa Police Department, shows that black people in Tulsa are 2.7 times more likely to be subjected to physical force by police officers than white people on a per capita basis."
Policing, Poverty, and Racial Inequality in Tulsa, Oklahoma Human Rights Watch, September, 2019"Human Rights Watch found that, beyond the statistical disparities of treatment by police of the different races, black people nearly all had personal experiences of abusive policing, ranging from extreme violence towards themselves or family members, to m"
Risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States by age, race-ethnicity, and sex Frank Edwards, Hedwig Lee, and Michael Esposito, August, 2019"For young men of color, police use of force is among the leading causes of death."
The 911 Call Processing System: A Review of the Literature as it Relates to Policing Vera Institute of Justice, August, 2019"Analysis of calls for service data provides a huge and largely untapped opportunity for researchers and practitioners to inform and transform policy and practice."
The National Initiative for Building Community Trust and Justice: Key Process and Outcome Evaluation Findings Urban Institute, August, 2019"Although community perceptions improved in the aggregate, views of police and police legitimacy remain largely negative in the neighborhoods most affected by crime and disadvantage."
Gatekeepers: The Role of Police in Ending Mass Incarceration Vera Institute of Justice, August, 2019"The mass enforcement of relatively minor law violations suggests that policing practices currently tend toward punitive approaches in ways that are often not necessary to achieve public safety."
Arrest, Release, Repeat: How police and jails are misused to respond to social problems Prison Policy Initiative, August, 2019"Our analysis confirms that people who are repeatedly arrested and jailed are arrested for lower-level offenses, have unmet medical and mental health needs, and are economically marginalized."
Network exposure and excessive use of force: Investigating the social transmission of police misconduct Marie Ouellet, Sadaf Hashimi, Jason Gravel, and Andrew V. Papachristos, July, 2019"Our findings indicate officers' peers may serve as social conduits through which misconduct may be learned and transmitted."
Changes in Enforcement of Low-Level and Felony Offenses Post-Ferguson: An Analysis of Arrests in St. Louis, Missouri Lee Ann Slocum, Claire Greene, Beth M. Huebner, and Richard Rosenfeld, July, 2019"We find that there was an initial reduction in low-level arrests of Whites and Blacks in the wake of Ferguson. Enforcement of misdemeanors and ordinance violations then increased and returned to expected levels, but only for Blacks."
Confirmation Bias and Other Systemic Causes of Wrongful Convictions: A Sentinel Events Perspective Kim Rossmo and Joycelyn Pollock, July, 2019"Detectives must minimize the risk of error by accurately assessing evidence reliability and avoiding premature shifts to suspect-based investigations. Resolving issues of cognitive bias and avoiding logic/analytic mistakes are equally important."
Police-Mental Health Collaborations: A Framework for Implementing Effective Law Enforcement Responses for People Who Have Mental Health Needs Council of State Governments, July, 2019"Increasingly, officers are called on to be the first--and often the only--responders to calls involving people experiencing a mental health crisis."
When Stop and Frisk Comes Home: Policing Public and Patrolled Housing Alexis Karteron, July, 2019"Largely because of the vast array of behavior that is regulated in public and patrolled housing, law enforcement officers have broad authority to stop, arrest, and search people in and around such locations."
Fighting Crime or Raising Revenue? Testing Opposing Views of Forfeiture. Brian Kelly, June, 2019"These results add to a growing body of scholarly evidence supporting forfeiture's critics, suggesting that claims about forfeiture's value in crime fighting are exaggerated at best and that police do use forfeiture to raise revenue."
Policing Women: Race and gender disparities in police stops, searches, and use of force Prison Policy Initiative, May, 2019"Women make up an increasing share of arrests and report much more use of force than they did twenty years ago."
Road Runners: The Role and Impact of Law Enforcement in Transporting Individuals with Severe Mental Illness Treatment Advocacy Center, May, 2019"Approximately one-third of individuals with severe mental illness have their first contact with mental health treatment through a law enforcement encounter."
Racial Disparities in D.C. Policing: Descriptive Evidence From 2013-2017 ACLU of the District of Columbia, May, 2019"From 2013 to 2017, Black individuals composed 47% of D.C.'s population but 86% of its arrestees. During this time, Black people were arrested at 10 times the rate of white people."
Aggressive Policing and Academic Outcomes: Examining the Impact of Police Joscha Legewie, Chelsea Farley, Kayla Stewart, May, 2019"Aggressive policing in communities can harm Black boys' educational performance, as measured by state tests."
Failing to Protect and Serve: Police Department Policies Towards Transgender People National Center for Transgender Equality, May, 2019(Only 9 of the 25 departments reviewed include gender identity and/or expression language in their non-discrimination policy, which is the best way to clarify that transgender people are protected.)
More Black than Blue: Politics and Power in the 2019 Black Census The Black Futures Lab, May, 2019"More than half (55 percent) of respondents have personally had a negative interaction with the police at some point, and 28 percent have had at least one negative interaction in the last 6 months."
The Voluntariness of Voluntary Consent: Consent Searches and the Psychology of Compliance Roseanna Sommers and Vanessa K. Bohns, April, 2019"This is problematic because it indicates that a key justification for suspicionless consent searches--that they are voluntary--relies on an assessment that is subject to bias."
Driver's License Suspension in North Carolina Brandon L. Garrett and William Crozier, March, 2019"We found that there are 1,225,000 active driver's licenses suspensions in North Carolina for non-driving related reasons, relating to failure to pay traffic fines and court courts, and failure to appear in court for traffic offenses."
Cops and No Counselors: How the Lack of School Mental Health Staff is Harming Students ACLU, March, 2019"We found that schools with police reported 3.5 times as many arrests as schools without police. As a result, students with disabilities and students of color are frequently sent into the criminal system."
A large-scale analysis of racial disparities in police stops across the United States Stanford Computational Policy Lab, March, 2019"Our investigation of nearly 100 million traffic stops across the United States reveals evidence of widespread discrimination in decisions to stop and search drivers."
Dirty Data, Bad Predictions: How Civil Rights Violations Impact Police Data, Predictive Policing Systems, and Justice Rashida Richardson, Jason Schultz, Kate Crawford, March, 2019"The failure to adequately interrogate and reform police data creation and collection practices can result in skewed predictive policing systems and create lasting consequences that will permeate throughout the criminal justice system."
A Proposal to End Regressive Taxation through Law Enforcement The Hamilton Project, March, 2019"Over the past few decades the directives handed down to the everyday agents of law enforcement have incrementally shifted focus away from public safety and toward public finance."
New Era of Public Safety: A Guide to Fair, Safe, and Effective Community Policing The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, March, 2019(This report was developed to give individuals, communities, activists, advocacy organizations, law makers, and police departments the knowledge to carry out police reform.)
The Great Decoupling: The Disconnection Between Criminal Offending and Experience of Arrest Across Two Cohorts Vesla M. Weaver, Andrew Papachristos, and Michael Zanger-Tishler, February, 2019"The criminal justice system, we argue, slipped from one in which arrest was low and strongly linked to offending to one where a substantial share of Americans experienced arrest without committing a crime."
Aggressive Policing and the Educational Performance of Minority Youth Joscha Legewie and Jeffrey Fagan, February, 2019"Aggressive policing can thus lower educational performance for some minority groups, providing evidence that the consequences of policing extend into key domains of social life, with implications for the educational trajectories of minority youth."
How Police Technology Aggravates Racial Inequity: A Taxonomy of Problems and a Path Forward Laura Moy, February, 2019"Police technology may (1) replicate inequity in policing, (2) mask inequity in policing, (3) transfer inequity from elsewhere to policing, (4) exacerbate inequitable policing harms, and/or (5) compromise oversight of inequity in policing."
Police Contact and the Legal Socialization of Urban Teens Amanda Geller and Jeffrey Fagan, February, 2019"We find that both personal and vicarious police contact are associated with increased legal cynicism...Legal cynicism is amplified in teens reporting intrusive contact but diminished among teens reporting experiences characterized by procedural justice."
Every Three Seconds: Unlocking Police Data on Arrests Vera Institute of Justice, January, 2019"Across the United States, an arrest occurs every three seconds."
Cellphones, Law Enforcement, and the Right to Privacy Brennan Center for Justice, December, 2018"New technologies that extend the power and reach of law enforcement are likely to exacerbate existing biases in policing and add more surveillance to communities that are already extensively policed."
The Contagiousness of Police Violence Thibaut Horel, Trevor Campbell, Lorenzo Masoero, Raj Agrawal, Andrew Papachristos and Daria Roithmayr, November, 2018"Most remarkably, within two years, exposure to a single shooting more than doubles a network neighbor's probability of a future shooting."
Contacts Between Police and the Public, 2015 Bureau of Justice Statistics, October, 2018(When police initiated the contact, black and Hispanic residents were more likely to experience the threat or use of physical force than white residents.)
Militarization fails to enhance police safety or reduce crime but may harm police reputation Jonathan Mummolo, August, 2018(This article argues that militarized police units are more often deployed in communities with large shares of African American residents, they fail to enhance officer safety or reduce local crime, and may diminish police reputation in the mass public.)
Emerging Issues in American Policing Volume 4, July 2018 Vera Institute of Justice, July, 2018(This quarterly digest presents innovations in the field of policing from leading academic journals and research publications.)
Unequal Treatment: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Miami-Dade Criminal Justice ACLU Florida Greater Miami, July, 2018(This report finds that from arrest to sentencing, racial disparities exist at each decision point in the Miami-Dade County's criminal justice system.)
Officer-involved Shootings and Custodial Deaths in Texas Texas Justice Initiative, June, 2018(Overall, most deaths that occur in Texas law enforcement custody are due to natural causes, but that nearly half of all deaths of inmates housed alone in a jail cell are suicides.)
Police killings and their spillover effects on the mental health of black Americans: a population-based, quasi-experimental study Jacob Bor, Atheendar S Venkataramani, David R Williams, Alexander C Tsai, June, 2018"Police killings of unarmed black Americans have adverse effects on mental health among black American adults in the general population."
America Under Watch: Face Surveillance in the United States Georgetown Law Center on Privacy and Technology, May, 2018"For the millions of Americans living in Detroit and Chicago, face surveillance may be an imminent reality."
Swept Up in the Sweep: The Impact of Gang Allegations on Immigrant New Yorkers New York Immigration Coalition, May, 2018"By broadly casting immigrant Latinx youth as gang members to be targeted for incarceration and deportation, even the outward pretense of basic rights and due process is pushed to the side."
Police Stops and Searches of Indigenous People in Minneapolis: The Roles of Race, Place, and Gender Marina Mileo Gorsuch and Deborah Rho, April, 2018"Our analysis shows that Minneapolis police disproportionately stopped Native Americans in Minneapolis in non-vehicle stops and suspicious vehicle stops, but not in traffic enforcement stops."
A Deeper Dive into Racial Disparities in Policing in Vermont Stephanie Seguino and Nancy Brooks, March, 2018(This report substantiates earlier analyses, finding that Black and Hispanic drivers in Vermont are more likely to be stopped and arrested than White or Asian drivers.)
Social Media Monitoring in Boston: Free Speech in the Crosshairs ACLU Massachusetts, February, 2018(From 2014-16 the Boston Police Dept. used a social media surveillance system to gather data irrelevant to law enforcement concerns. It treated ordinary citizens as justifiable targets of surveillance, without deterring or solving serious crimes.)
Face Off: Law Enforcement Use of Face Recognition Technology Electronic Frontier Foundation, February, 2018"Law enforcement officers can use mobile devices to capture face recognition-ready photographs of people they stop on the street; surveillance cameras boast real-time face scanning and identification capabilities."
Estimating the Effects of Law Enforcement and Public Health Interventions Intended to Reduce Gun Violence in Baltimore Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, January, 2018"Although surges in arrests for illegal drug distribution may have a very short-term (1-2 months) violence-reducing effect in an area, there appear to be violence-generating effects up to a year after these drug arrest surges."
Collective Bargaining and Police Misconduct: Evidence from Florida Dhammika Dharmapala, Richard H. McAdams, and John Rappaport, January, 2018"Collective bargaining rights lead to about a 27% increase in complaints of officer misconduct for the typical sheriff's office."
Civil Asset Forfeiture: Forfeiting Your Rights Southern Poverty Law Center, January, 2018(This report finds that civil asset forfeiture snares mostly low-level offenders and many individuals who are never charged with a crime in the first place into an unequal system that undercuts due process and property rights.)
2017 Police Violence Report Mapping Police Violence, December, 2017"Compiling information from media reports, obituaries, public records, and databases like Fatal Encounters and the WashingtonPost, this report represents the most comprehensive accounting of deadly police violence in 2017."
Policing the Houseless 2.0 Million Dollar Hoods, December, 2017"This report documents that LAPD arrests of houseless persons continued to climb during the first six months of 2017 and that just five charge categories accounted for the majority of houseless arrests."
The Price for Freedom: Bail in the City of L.A. Million Dollar Hoods, December, 2017(The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), using the Los Angeles County Superior Court's misdemeanor and felony bail schedules, levied over $19 billion in money bail on persons they arrested between 2012 and 2016.)
Who Does Civil Asset Forfeiture Target Most?: A Review of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department's Forfeiture Activities for Fiscal Year 2016 Nevada Policy Research Institute, August, 2017"Forfeitures disproportionately target neighborhoods with relatively high levels of minorities and low-income residents."
What "Stop-and-Frisk" Really Means: Discrimination & Use of Force Prison Policy Initiative, August, 2017"This report analyzes the racially disparate use of force in police stops in New York City in 2011."
It Matters If You're Black or White: Racial Disparities in the Handling of Complaints against North Charleston Police Officers NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc., July, 2017"Although 60 percent of the citizen complaints against NCPD officers were filed by Black residents, their complaints were much less likely to be sustained by NCPD than complaints filed by White residents."
Freedom To Thrive: Reimagining safety & security in our communities The Center for Popular Democracy, Law for Black Lives, and the Black Youth Project 100, June, 2017"This report examines racial disparities, policing landscapes, and budgets in twelve jurisdictions across the country, comparing the city and county spending priorities with those of community organizations and their members."
Language from police body camera footage shows racial disparities in officer respect Stanford University, June, 2017"Officers speak with consistently less respect toward black versus white community members, even after controlling for the race of the officer, the severity of the infraction, the location of the stop, and the outcome of the stop."
Increases in police use of force in the presence of body-worn cameras are driven by officer discretion: a protocol-based subgroup analysis of ten randomized experiments Journal of Experimental Criminology, May, 2017"The core of the analysis presented below is to understand what role police discretion plays in the emergent area of police BWCs."
The Impact of Police on Criminal Justice Reform: Evidence from Cincinnati, Ohio Robin S. Engel, Nicholas Corsaro, M. Murat Ozer, May, 2017"When arrest becomes systematically viewed by police as a limited and precious commodity, to be used sparingly and for the most chronic or serious offenders, change throughout the criminal justice system will likely result."
Paying More for Being Poor: Bias and Disparity in California's Traffic Court System Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights of the San Francisco Bay Area, May, 2017"The available county-level data shows that African-American people in particular are four to sixteen times more likely to be booked on arrests related to failure to pay an infraction ticket."
Consequences of Policing Prostitution: An Analysis of Individuals Arrested and Prosecuted for Commercial Sex in New York City Urban Institute, April, 2017"The history of criminalizing prostitution is long, but its modern incarnation in New York City is inextricably intertwined with "broken windows policing," which originated in the early 1990s."
Bullies in Blue: Origins and Consequences of School Policing American Civil Liberties Union, April, 2017"[A]t at its origins, school policing enforced social control over Black and Latino youth who could no longer be kept out of neighborhoods and schools through explicitly discriminatory laws."
To Protect and Serve: Trends in State-Level Policing Reform, 2015-2016 Vera Institute of Justice, April, 2017"Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Utah and Washington have enacted laws that either limit the use of certain types of force, such as chokeholds, or mandate or strengthen police training on the legal boundaries of justifiable force."
How Do People in High-Crime, Low-Income Communities View the Police? Urban Institute, February, 2017"27.8% of respondents agreed/strongly agreed that police almost always behave according to the law. Approximately one-third agreed or strongly agreed that police stand up for values that are important to them and often arrest people for no good reason."
Behind the Badge: How Police View Their Jobs, Key Issues, and Recent Fatal Encounters Between Blacks and Police Pew Research Center, January, 2017"27% of all white officers but 69% of their black colleagues say the protests that followed fatal encounters between police and black citizens have been motivated at least to some extent by a genuine desire to hold police accountable."
Police Employment, Officers Per Capita Rates for U.S. Cities Governing, October, 2016"In 2016, police departments serving cities with populations exceeding 25,000 employed an average of 16.8 officers and 21.4 total personnel for every 10,000 residents."
Driving While Black: A Report on Racial Profiling in Metro Nashville Police Department Traffic Stops Gideon's Army, October, 2016"Between 2011-2015, MNPD (Metro Nashville Police Department) stopped an average of 1,122 per 1,000 black drivers: more black drivers than were living in Davidson County."
Every 25 Seconds: The Human Toll of Criminalizing Drug Use in the United States Human Rights Watch and the ACLU, October, 2016"More than one of every nine arrests by state law enforcement is for drug possession, amounting to more than 1.25 million arrests each year."
Police Violence and Citizen Crime Reporting in the Black Community Professor Matthew Desmond, Harvard University; Professor Andrew Papachristos, Yale University; Professor David Kirk, University of Oxford, September, 2016"This study shows that publicized cases of police violence against unarmed black men have a clear and significant impact on citizen crime reporting."
Investigation of the Baltimore City Police Department U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division, August, 2016"[T]he Department of Justice concludes that there is reasonable cause to believe that BPD engages in a pattern or practice of conduct that violates the Constitution or federal law."
Demilitarizing America's Police: A Constitutional Analysis The Constitution Project, August, 2016"The use of military equipment and tactics by law enforcement has clear--and serious--constitutional implications."
Texas Custodial Death Report Police, jail, and prison deaths 2005-2015 Texas Justice Initiative, July, 2016(This report examines who is dying in the Texas criminal justice system and how they are dying.)
The Science of Justice: Race, Arrests, and Police Use of Force Center for Policing Equity, July, 2016"[T]he analyses of 12 law enforcement departments from geographically and demographically diverse locations revealed that racial disparities in police use of force persist even when controlling for racial distribution of local arrest rates."
Forfeiting the American Dream: How Civil Asset Forfeiture Exacerbates Hardship for Low-income Communities and Communities of Color Center for American Progress, April, 2016"The abuse of civil asset forfeiture falls hardest on those who are least able to weather the economic shock of losing a home, car, or financial resources—namely, low-income individuals and people of color."
Police Integrity Lost: A Study of Law Enforcement Officers Arrested U.S. Department of Justice, April, 2016"This study is a quantitative content analysis of archived news articles and court records reporting on the arrest(s) of law enforcement officers in the United States from 2005-2011."
Stopped, Fined, Arrested: Racial Bias in Policing and Traffic Courts in California Back on the Road California, April, 2016"[T]here are dramatic racial and socioeconomic disparities in driver's license suspensions and arrests related to unpaid traffic fines and fees."
Racial Disparities in Florida Safety Belt Law Enforcement ACLU, February, 2016"American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) analysis of the most recent seatbelt citation data confirms that the Florida Safety Belt Law has been applied more often to Black motorists than white motorists."
Police Perspectives Guidebook Series Vera Institute of Justice, February, 2016"To improve relations between police and the communities they serve, this three-part guide series—written for police, by police—highlights practical, field-informed approaches to building trust with multiracial and multi-ethnic communities."
Police Body-Worn Camera Policies Brennan Center for Justice, January, 2016"To help foster and inform this discussion, we have pulled together body camera policies from many police departments that have made them publicly available, as well as model policies from several organizations."
Overlooked in the Undercounted: The Role of Mental Illness in Fatal Law Enforcement Encounters Treatment Advocacy Center, December, 2015"The risk of being killed while being approached or stopped by law enforcement in the community is 16 times higher for individuals with untreated serious mental illness than for other civilians."
Selective Policing: Racially Disparate Enforcement of Low-Level Offenses in New Jersey ACLU of New Jersey, December, 2015"Racial disparities between Black and White arrests exist in every city studied."
Tracking Enforcement Rates in New York City 2003-2014 Misdemeanor Justice Project at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, December, 2015"This third report from the Misdemeanor Justice Project documents the changing patterns in felony arrests, misdemeanor arrests, criminal summonses, and stop, question and frisk activities in New York City from 2003-2014."
Police Use of Nonfatal Force, 2002-11 Bureau of Justice Statistics, November, 2015"Of those who had contact, 1.6% experienced the threat or use of nonfatal force by the police during their most recent contact."
A Multi-Level Bayesian Analysis of Racial Bias in Police Shootings at the County-Level in the United States, 2011-2014 University of California, Davis, November, 2015"The results provide evidence of a significant bias in the killing of unarmed black Americans relative to unarmed white Americans[.]"
Policing for Profit: The Abuse of Civil Asset Forfeiture Institute for Justice, November, 2015"In 1986, the Department of Justice's Assets Forfeiture Fund took in $93.7 million in revenue from federal forfeitures. By 2014, annual deposits had reached $4.5 billion--a 4,667 percent increase."
Diversity on the Force: Where Police Don't Mirror Communities Governing, September, 2015"Despite efforts to improve diversity, minorities remain largely underrepresented in many local police departments."
Police Body Worn Cameras: A Policy Scorecard The Leadership Conference, Upturn, August, 2015"This scorecard evaluates the body-worn camera policies currently in place in major police departments across the country."
Local Police Departments, 2013: Equipment and Technology Bureau of Justice Statistics, July, 2015"The percentage of local police departments that authorized their officers to use conducted energy weapons such as Tasers increased from 60% in 2007 to 81% in 2013."
Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality Against Black Women African American Policy Forum, July, 2015(The failure to highlight and demand accountability for the countless Black women killed by police over the past two decades leaves Black women unnamed and thus underprotected in the face of their continued vulnerability to racialized police violence.)
Deadly Force: Police Use of Lethal Force In The United States Amnesty International, June, 2015(No one knows how many people are killed by police in the US, but estimates range from 400 to 1000 people each year. Yet not one state in the US complies with international human rights standards on the use of lethal force by police.)
Guilty Property: How Law Enforcement Takes $1 Million in Cash from Innocent Philadelphians Every Year -- and Gets Away with It ACLU of Pennsylvania, June, 2015"Every year, Pennsylvania law enforcement agencies take roughly $14 million in cash, cars, and homes from property owners and never give it back."
Local Police Departments, 2013: Personnel, Policies, And Practices Bureau of Justice Statistics, May, 2015"About 27% of local police officers were members of a racial or ethnic minority, compared to 15% in 1987. """
Above the Law: An Investigation of Civil Asset Forfeiture in California Drug Policy Alliance, April, 2015(Asset forfeiture abuses in California reveal the troubling extent to which law enforcement agencies have violated state and federal law.)
San Francisco's Disproportionate Arrest of African American Women Persists Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice, April, 2015"African American women, 5.8 percent of San Francisco's total female population, constituted 45.5 percent of all female arrests in 2013."
NC Traffic Stops The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, April, 2015(Since 2000, the North Carolina Highway Patrol has been collecting data whenever a police officer stops a motorist, and since 2002, all sizable police departments in the state have done so.)
No Right to Rest: Criminalizing Homelessness in Colorado The Denver Homeless Out Loud Report Team, April, 2015"In addition to formal citation and arrest, this survey finds evidence of extrajudicial harassment of homeless people. Both police and private security forces commonly harass and enforce punishments on homeless people, even without legal authority to do so"
Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department Department of Justice Civil Rights Division, March, 2015"This investigation has revealed a pattern or practice of unlawful conduct within the Ferguson Police Department that violates the First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, and federal statutory law."
Arrest-Related Deaths Program Assessment: Technical Report Bureau of Justice Statistics, March, 2015"Provides a technical assessment of the coverage of the Arrest-Related Deaths (ARD) component of the Deaths in Custody Reporting Program (DCRP)."
Arrest-Related Deaths Program: Data Quality Profile Bureau of Justice Statistics, March, 2015"Data from the ARD represent a national accounting of persons who have died during the process of arrest, including homicides by law enforcement personnel and deaths attributed to suicide, intoxication, accidental injury, and natural causes."
Stop and Frisk in Chicago ACLU of Illinois, March, 2015"Black Chicagoans were subjected to 72% of all stops, yet constitute just 32% of the city's population."
2014 Annual Report Denver Office of the Independent Monitor, March, 2015"In particular, the police uses of force within District 6 during the pilot project were frequently not recorded by body worn cameras."
Campus Law Enforcement, 2011-12 Bureau of Justice Statistics, January, 2015"About 75% of the campuses were using armed officers, compared to 68% during the 2004-05 school year."
Born Suspect: Stop-and-Frisk Abuses & the Continued Fight to End Racial Profiling in America NAACP, 2015"This report is an analysis of the fight to end racial profiling in New York and the potential for nationwide implementation these efforts in every jurisdiction across the country."
Militarization and police violence: The case of the 1033 program Casey Delehanty, Gardner-Webb University, 2015"We find a positive and statistically significant relationship between 1033 transfers and fatalities from officer-involved shootings across all models."
Citizens Police Data Project Invisible Institute, 2015"28,567 allegations of misconduct were filed against Chicago Police Department officers between March 2011 and September 2015."
Sheriffs Addressing the Mental Health Crisis in the Community and in the Jails Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice, 2015"This report identifies successful practices that local law enforcement can employ to reduce the arrest and incarceration of people living with mental illness in their jurisdictions."
The criminogenic and psychological effects of police stops on adolescent black and Latino boys Del Toro et al., 2015"Our findings suggest that the single most common proactive policing strategy--directing officers to make contact with individual boys and young men in "high-crime" areas--may impose a terrible cost."
Decriminalization and Depenalization of Marijuana Possession: A Case Study of Enforcement Outcomes in Prince George's County Meghan Kozlowski, Emily Glazener, James A. Mitchell, James P. Lynch, Jinney Smith, 2015"The results suggest that changing arrest policies for low-quantity marijuana possession led to increases in enforcement for other low-level misdemeanor offenses. Additionally, our findings shed light on net-widening as a potential unintended consequence."
Hot Spots Policing George Mason University Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, 2015"Hot spots policing covers a range of police responses that all share in common a focus of resources on the locations where crime is highly concentrated."
Survey of law enforcement access to sealed non-conviction records Collateral Consequences Resource Center, 2015"25 states, plus two territories, the District of Columbia and the Federal system, exempt law enforcement agencies generally from sealing or expungement laws, or in a few cases have no law authorizing sealing of non-conviction records."
CPD Traffic Stops and Resulting Searches in 2013 ACLU of Illinois, December, 2014"City-wide. The rate of black drivers in the stops (46%) is far higher than the rate of black residents in the city population (32%)."
Over A Million Dollars A Day: The Daily Waste of the NYPD's Misdemeanor Arrest Practices Police Reform Organizing Project, December, 2014"Figures for the first nine months of 2014 show that the NYPD makes: an average of 648 misdemeanor arrests per day at the daily cost to the city of $1,134,000."
Aggressive Policing and the Mental Health of Young Urban Men Geller et al., December, 2014"Participants who reported more police contact also reported more trauma and anxiety symptoms, associations tied to how many stops they reported, the intrusiveness of the encounters, and their perceptions of police fairness."
Law enforcement duties and sudden cardiac death among police officers in the United States: case distribution study British Medical Journal, November, 2014"Stressful law enforcement duties are associated with a risk of sudden cardiac death that is markedly higher than the risk during routine/non-emergency duties."
On the Streets of America: Human Rights Abuses in Ferguson Amnesty International, October, 2014(This briefing outlines some of the human rights concerns witnessed by Amnesty International and recommendations that need to be implemented with regards to the use of lethal force by law enforcement and the policing of protests.)
Black, Brown and Targeted: A report on Boston Police Department Street Encounters from 2007-2010 ACLU of Massachusetts, October, 2014(Most alarmingly, the analysis found that Blacks were subjected to 63% of these encounters, even though they made up just 24% of Boston's population. The analysis also showed that crime does not explain this racial disparity.)
Criminal, Victim, or Worker?: The Effects of New York's Human Trafficking Intervention Courts on Adults Charged with Prostitution-Related Offenses Red Umbrella Project, October, 2014(Decreasing the incarceration of people charged with prostitution is a good step forward, but as long as people who are in the sex trades are "rescued" through arrest, they will continue to be re-victimized by the police and the courts.)
Police Officer Body-Worn Cameras Office of Justice Programs, September, 2014"The evaluations in Mesa and Rialto documented substantial drops in citizen complaints following deployment of the technology. The UK studies documented a similar effect."
Investigation of the Newark Police Department United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division, July, 2014"Approximately 75% of reports of pedestrian stops by NPD officers failed to articulate sufficient legal basis for the stop, despite the NPD policy requiring such justification."
War Comes Home The Excessive Militarization of American Policing American Civil Liberties Union, June, 2014"Using... federal funds, state and local law enforcement agencies have amassed military arsenals purportedly to wage the failed War on Drugs, the battlegrounds of which have disproportionately been in communities of color."
Stop-and-Frisk: A First Look Six Months of Data on Stop-and-Frisk Practices in Newark American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey, February, 2014"Although black Newarkers represent 52 percent of the city's population, they make up 75 percent of all stops."
Officer Involved Shooting Information Philadelphia Police Department, 2014"An officer involved shooting is the discharge of a firearm, whether accidental or intentional, by a police officer, whether on or off duty."
Evaluation of the Shreveport Predictive Policing Experiment RAND Corporation, 2014"The program did not generate a statistically significant reduction in property crime."
Standing with LGBT Prisoners: An Advocate's Guide to Ending Abuse and Combating Imprisonment National Center for Transgender Equality, 2014"According to the National Transgender Discrimination Survey, 16% of transgender adults have been in a prison or jail for any reason."
Justice in Washing State Survey, 2012 Revised and Updated 2014 The Washington State Minority Health Commission, The Washington State Center for Court Research, 2014"When we asked about their personal encounters with police officers and the courts, we found substantial differences between Whites and African Americans in terms of the frequency of negative encounters."
Coming of Age with Stop and Frisk: Experiences, Perceptions, and Public Safety Implications Vera Institute of Justice, September, 2013"Young people who have been stopped more often are less willing to report crimes, even when they are the victims. Each additional stop in the span of a year is associated with an 8% drop in the person's likelihood of reporting a violent crime."
Requests for Police Assistance, 2011 Bureau of Justice Statistics, September, 2013"An estimated 1 in 8 U.S. residents age 16 or older, or 31.4 million persons, requested assistance from police at least once, most commonly to report a crime, suspicious activity, or neighborhood disturbance."
Police Behavior during Traffic and Street Stops, 2011 Bureau of Justice Statistics, September, 2013"Of those involved in traffic and street stops, a smaller percentage of blacks than whites believed the police behaved properly during the stop."
Justifiable Homicides by Law Enforcement Officers: What is the Role of Mental Illness? Treatment Advocacy Center, National Sheriff's Association, September, 2013"The transfer of responsibility for persons with mental illness from mental health professionals to law enforcement officers has brought with it major problems for the latter."
Racial Disparities in Arrests in the District of Columbia, 2009-2011 Washington Lawyers' Committee, July, 2013"While there are about as many African Americans aged 18 or older (47.6%) as there are adult whites (42%) living in this city, eight out of 10 adults arrested for a crime in Washington are African American."
Collecting DNA at Arrest: Policies, Practices, and Implications Urban Institute, May, 2013"Arrestee DNA laws led to more profiles in CODIS, contributed to additional hits, imposed significant administrative and analytic burdens on many state crime laboratories and collecting agencies, and raised important legal and policy issues."
Operation Ghetto Storm Malcolm X Grassroots Movement, April, 2013"There is no centralized database that keeps track of extrajudicial killings by police... With no numbers, there can be no studies, no analysis of trends and no accountability."
Mapping Muslims: NYPD Spying and its Impact on American Muslims The Muslim American Civil Liberties Coalition (MACLC), The Creating Law Enforcement Accountability & Responsibility (CLEAR), The Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund (AALDEF)., March, 2013"Interviewees noted deep apprehension of the NYPD's intentions and practices towards them, including day-to-day interactions with beat-police officers such as filing stolen phone complaints, asking an officer for directions, or reporting hate crimes."
The Crisis Continues Inside Police Internal Affairs American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey, February, 2013"164 of the local police departments we spoke to unlawfully denied complaints by telephone. Only 207 of the 371 New Jersey police departments that our volunteers spoke to indicated that they would allow complaints to be filed by telephone."
Policing and the Economic Downturn Striving for Efficiency Is the New Norm Police Executive Research Forum, February, 2013"In 2010, 58% of responding agencies said that police services in their community had already declined or would decline with the implementation of recent or planned budget cuts. In 2012 that figure dropped to 44%."
Predictive Policing: The Role of Crime Forecasting in Law Enforcement Operations RAND Corporation, 2013"Predictive policing is the application of analytical techniques--particularly quantitative techniques--to identify likely targets for police intervention and prevent crime or solve past crimes by making statistical predictions."
The Health Effects of Conducted Energy Weapons The Expert Panel on the Medical and Physiological Impacts of Conducted Energy Weapons Council of Canadian Academies, 2013"Since 1998, at least 33 deaths have followed the deployment of a CEW in Canada."
Policing Immigration New York University School of Law; University of Chicago Law School, 2013"The data undermine the government's claim that Secure Communities is principally about making communities more secure from crime."
Engaging Police in Immigrant Communities Promising Practices from the Field Vera Institute of Justice, October, 2012"This report describes a variety of approaches to building and maintaining effective police-immigrant relations developed by a diverse group of law enforcement agencies."
Arrest in the United States, 1990-2010 Bureau of Justice Statistics, October, 2012"The number of murder arrests in the U.S. fell by half between 1990 and 2010. The adult and juvenile arrest rates dropped substantially in the 1990s, while both continued to fall about 20% between 2000 and 2010, reaching their lowest levels since at least"
Federal Law Enforcement Officers, 2008 Bureau of Justice Statistics, June, 2012"From 2004 to 2008, the number of officers employed by Customs and Border Protection increased by more than 9,000 (or 33%), the largest increase at any federal agency."
Rethinking the Blues How We Police in the U.S. and at What Cost Justice Policy Institute, May, 2012"Crime is at the lowest levels it has been in over 30 years, but funding for police increased 445 percent between 1982 and 2007, with federal funding increasing the most at 729 percent."
Arrests Effected by SSA or Officers assigned to School Safety Division New York City Police Department, October, 2011
Contacts between Police and the Public, 2008 Bureau of Justice Statistics, October, 2011"Black drivers were about three times as likely as white drivers and about two times as likely as Hispanic drivers to be searched during a traffic stop."
Census Of State And Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2008 Bureau of Justice Statistics, July, 2011"From 2004 to 2008, state and local law enforcement agencies added about 9,500 more full-time sworn personnel than during the previous 4-year period."
Tribal Law Enforcement, 2008 Bureau of Justice Statistics, June, 2011"Eleven of the 25 largest tribal law enforcement agencies served jurisdictions covering more than 1,000 square miles."
The Early Release of Prisoners And its Impact on Police Agencies and Communities in California Police Executive Research Forum, May, 2011"...there is research indicating that enforcement alone is ineffective in lowering recidivism rates, and in any case, prisons are far too expensive to be used as a default sanction for many criminal offenders."
Missouri Vehicle Stops 2009 Annual Report Missouri Attorney General's Office, 2011
Local Police Departments, 2007 Bureau of Justice Statistics, December, 2010"In 2007, 75% of local police officers were employed by departments that authorized the use of conducted energy devices such as Tasers, compared to 47% in 2003"
Stop, Question & Frisk Policing Practices In New York City A Primer Center on Race, Crime and Justice at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, March, 2010"In 2009 alone, Blacks and Hispanics combined were stopped 9 times more than Whites."
Aviation Units in Large Law Enforcement Agencies, 2007 Bureau of Justice Statistics, July, 2009"In 2007, 92% of aviation units engaged in vehicle pursuits. Almost 90% of units performed counternarcotics missions, and about 80% conducted counterterrorism missions. Nearly 70% of units engaged in firefighting activities"
State and Local Law Enforcement Training Academies, 2006 Bureau of Justice Statistics, February, 2009"Of an estimated 57,000 recruits who entered basic training programs during 2005, 86% or 49,000, successfully completed their program and graduated from the academy."
Campus Law Enforcement, 2004-05 Bureau of Justice Statistics, February, 2008"Three-quarters of campus law enforcement agencies used sworn officers with full arrest powers."
Arrest-Related Deaths in the United States, 2003-2005 Bureau of Justice Statistics, October, 2007"Three-quarters of the law enforcement homicides reported to DCRP involved arrests for a violent crime. Public-order offenders accounted for 8% of homicides, followed by property (4%) and drug offenders (2%)."
Analysis of the NYCPD's in the Context of Claims of Racial Bias Andrew Gelman, Jeffrey Fagan, and Alex Kiss, September, 2007"[F]or violent crimes and weapons offenses blacks and Hispanics are stopped about twice as often as whites."
Contacts between Police and the Public, 2005 Bureau of Justice Statistics, April, 2007"In 2005 police searched 9.5 percent of stopped blacks and 8.8 percent of stopped Hispanics, compared to 3.6 percent of white motorists."
Federal Law Enforcement Officers, 2004 Bureau of Justice Statistics, August, 2006"Women accounted for 16% of Federal officers in 2004. A third of Federal officers were members of a racial or ethnic minority in 2004. This included 17.7% who were Hispanic and Latino, and 11.4% who were black or African American."
Citizen Complaints about Police Use of Force Bureau of Justice Statistics, June, 2006"Large State and local law enforcement agencies... received more than 26,000 citizen complaints about officer use of force during 2002. This total figure resulted in [an] overall rate[] 6.6 complaints per 100 full-time sworn officers."
Characteristics of Drivers Stopped by Police, 2002 Bureau of Justice Statistics, June, 2006"Among traffic stops of young male drivers in 2002, 11% were physically searched or had their vehicle searched by police. Among these young male drivers who were stopped, blacks (22%) and Hispanics (17%) were searched at higher rates than whites (8%)."
Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2004 Bureau of Justice Statistics, June, 2006"Although local police employment was up slightly nationwide from 2000 to 2004, 20 of the nation's 50 largest local police departments saw a decline in sworn personnel during this period, including 6 of the 7 largest."
Local Police Departments, 2003 Bureau of Justice Statistics, May, 2006
Sheriffs' Offices, 2003 Bureau of Justice Statistics, May, 2006
Traffic Stop Audit Project An Institutional Ethnography of Traffic Stop Policy and Practice in the Minneapolis Police Department Council on Crime and Justice, April, 2006"The distinction between traffic law enforcement stops (e.g. speeding) and investigative stops is often blurred. Law enforcement stops are often made for investigative purposes rather than expressed criminal intent."
Report to the Legislature of the State of Illinois: The Illinois Pilot Program on Sequential Double-Blind Identification Procedures Illinois State Police, March, 2006"The data collected shows that the sequential double-blind method led to a lower rate of suspect identifications as well as a higher rate of known false errors."
Traffic Stop Data Collection Policies for State Police, 2004 Bureau of Justice Statistics, June, 2005
Stress Among Probation and Parole Officers and What Can Be Done About It National Institute of Justice, June, 2005
Contacts between Police and the Public: Findings from the 2002 National Survey Bureau of Justice Statistics, April, 2005
Low Level Offenses in Minneapolis: An Analysis of Arrests and their Outcomes Council on Crime and Justice, October, 2004(The diperate treatment of Black and White people is greater at the hand of the police than in the courts.)
Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics, 2000: Data for Individual State and Local Agencies with 100 or More Officers Bureau of Justice Statistics, April, 2004
Minnesota Statewide Racial Profiling Study Council on Crime and Justice, September, 2003"Results show that law enforcement officers stopped and searched Black, Latino, and American Indian drivers at greater rates than White drivers, yet found contraband on Blacks, Latinos, and American Indians at lower rates than in searches of White drivers."
Federal Law Enforcement Officers, 2002 Bureau of Justice Statistics, August, 2003
Reporting Crime to the Police, 1992-2000 Bureau of Justice Statistics, March, 2003
Local Police Departments 2000 Bureau of Justice Statistics, January, 2003
Sheriffs' Offices 2000 Bureau of Justice Statistics, January, 2003
Tribal Law Enforcement, 2000 Bureau of Justice Statistics, January, 2003
Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted, 2001 Federal Bureau of Investigation, December, 2002
Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2000 Bureau of Justice Statistics, October, 2002
Police Departments in Large Cities, 1990-2000 Bureau of Justice Statistics, May, 2002(Police per capita up 7% over the decade)
Characteristics of Drivers Stopped by Police, 1999 Bureau of Justice Statistics, March, 2002"Approximately 422,000 persons age 16 or older said the police used or threatened to use force against them at least once during 1999."
Traffic Stop Data Collection Policies for State Police, 2001 Bureau of Justice Statistics, December, 2001
Violence in the Workplace, 1993-99 Bureau of Justice Statistics, December, 2001"Law enforcement officers most at risk for workplace violence"(This report presents data for 1993 through 1999 from the National Crime Victimization Survey estimating the extent of workplace crime in the United States.)
Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted, 2000 Federal Bureau of Investigation, November, 2001
Federal Law Enforcement Officers, 2000 Bureau of Justice Statistics, July, 2001
Sheriffs' Offices 1999 Bureau of Justice Statistics, May, 2001
Contacts between Police and the Public: Findings from the 1999 National Survey Bureau of Justice Statistics, March, 2001(In 1999 an estimated 43.8 million persons age 16 or older had least one face-to-face contact with a police officer.)
Policing and Homicide, 1976-98: Justifiable Homicide of Felons by Police and Murder of Police by Felons Bureau of Justice Statistics, March, 2001
Community Policing in Local Police Departments, 1997 and 1999 Bureau of Justice Statistics, February, 2001(changes in the prevalence of community oriented policing policies)
Federal Law Enforcement Officers, 1998 Bureau of Justice Statistics, March, 2000"Number of Federal law enforcement officers grew 11 percent in two years"
Sheriffs' Departments, 1997 Bureau of Justice Statistics, October, 1999"personnel increases in local sheriff's departments"
Use of Force By Police: Overview of National and Local Data Bureau of Justice Statistics, October, 1999
Local Police Departments, 1997 Bureau of Justice Statistics, October, 1999(personnel increases in local police departments)
Driving While Black: Racial Profiling On Our Nation's Highways American Civil Liberties Union, June, 1999"All the evidence to date suggests that using traffic laws for non-traffic purposes has been a disaster for people of color and has deeply eroded public confidence in law enforcement."
Shielded from Justice: Police Brutality and Accountability in the United States Human Rights Watch, July, 1998
Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 1996 Bureau of Justice Statistics, June, 1998
Police Use of Force Bureau of Justice Statistics, November, 1997
Campus Law Enforcement Agencies, 1995 Bureau of Justice Statistics, December, 1996(600 agencies at 4-year schools with 2,500+ students)
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Prospect report: Braves camp
By Mike Rosenbaum
Every Spring Training, prospects get a chance to show what they can do as they prepare for the upcoming season. Some compete for jobs in big league camp, while others vie for spots on Minor League affiliates. MLB Pipeline will visit all 30 camps this spring, and today we check
Every Spring Training, prospects get a chance to show what they can do as they prepare for the upcoming season. Some compete for jobs in big league camp, while others vie for spots on Minor League affiliates. MLB Pipeline will visit all 30 camps this spring, and today we check in on the Braves.
LAKE BUENA VISTA, Fla. -- With the No. 2-ranked farm system and an MLB Pipeline-best eight Top 100 prospects, the fruits of the Atlanta Braves' rebuild are starting to show.
• Braves' Top 30 Prospects list | Q&A with Joey Wentz
Never has that been more evident than this spring through the standout performance of Atlanta's top prospects, most notably Ronald Acuna. MLB Pipeline's No. 2 overall prospect was reassigned to Minor League camp on Monday despite torching Grapefruit League pitching at a .432/.519/.727 clip, with 19 hits and four home runs over parts of 16 games.
:: MLB Pipeline Spring Training reports ::
But while Acuna represents an obvious piece of the Braves' exciting future, it will be the club's waves of pitching prospects, currently staggered throughout the Minors, that could help Atlanta return to its competitive ways in the coming years. What's more, many of those highly touted pitching prospects have continued to make strides in developing this spring.
"It's exciting for us to be moving our younger players to the [Major League] side like we have this spring," Braves Minor League field coordinator Dave Trembley said. "They're getting recognized and getting closer to playing at that level, and I think it's been good exposure for a lot of our guys to go over there."
No. 31 overall prospect Mike Soroka (Braves' No. 3) and No. 58 Kolby Allard (Braves' No. 6) both performed well during their respective time in Major League Spring Training, and 2017 first-rounder Kyle Wright (No. 30 overall, Braves' No. 2) gained valuable experience in his first big league camp. The performances of all three hurlers, both individually and collectively, suggest that they are on the cusp of making an impact at the next level.
"It shows that the process is paying off," Trembley reflected. "We've had very good scouting, our player development department is very strong, we have good coaches -- but the makeup of our players, along with their ability, speaks for itself. For me, that's the most exciting part: the makeup and the ability of our players match what it will take to be a very good Major League player for a long time. That's the key."
Trembley's words underscore one of the Braves' greatest strengths as an organization: the ability to identify the right players to challenge with aggressive assignments at a young age. That took place throughout the team's farm system last season, as Soroka and Allard excelled as teenagers in Double-A, while several of the club's 2016 Draft picks established themselves as the next big wave of pitching prospects poised to ascend the system.
"I think our philosophy of challenging guys was demonstrated last year by us putting guys at higher levels coming out of high school and with one year experience in professional baseball," Trembley said. "We pushed guys at higher levels and moved them along. I think you'll continue to see that, especially with guys who we feel have the makeup to handle that."
Among the hurlers who fit that bill, according to Trembley, is the aforementioned crop of 2016 draftees in Ian Anderson, Joey Wentz and Bryse Wilson, all of whom comprised an impressive Class A Rome starting rotation in their first full seasons. While Anderson, Atlanta's No. 5 prospect and No. 51 on the Top 100 already comes with considerable fanfare, Wentz and Wilson, currently Nos. 10 and 13 on the team's Top 30 list, have Trembley and the rest of the Braves' development staff plenty excited.
"He has stuff, ability, size and durability," said Trembley of Wentz, a 6-foot-5 left-hander who garnered South Atlantic League Most Outstanding Pitcher honors at age 19 in 2017 after he finished among the circuit leaders with 152 strikeouts (second), a .209 opponents' average (.209) and a 2.60 ERA (fourth).
"Joey is very attentive and mature, both on and off the field," continued Trembley, "and for a young guy, he has great attention to detail and takes ownership of his career."
As for Wilson, the 2016 fourth-rounder with a two-sport background has impressed the organization with his makeup and work ethic as he blossomed on the mound in his first full season. Spending all of 2017 with Rome, the North Carolina prep product pitched to a 2.50 ERA with a 1.04 WHIP and 139 strikeouts in 137 innings (26 starts).
"He's a power pitcher who has movement," Trembley noted. "He's a ground-ball guy, sinks the ball really well, and he's working here on developing a third pitch -- a changeup. He's going to move up a level this year, and I wouldn't be surprised if, before the season is over, he moves up another one."
Camp standouts
The Braves made Drew Lugbauer their 11th-round pick in 2017, targeting the University of Michigan product for his left-handed power as well as his defensive versatility. After playing a host of positions for the Wolverines and then manning primarily the infield corners with some occasional work behind the plate during his pro debut, the Braves' No. 30 prospect is using his first pro Spring Training to refine his catching skills and impressive club officials in the process.
"He's a big, strong, athletic kid behind the plate who can really throw, with big left-handed power to all fields," said Trembley of the 21-year-old Lugbauer, who connected on 13 home runs in 60 games across two levels last summer, including the South Atlantic League. "We think he's going to be something this year. There are a lot of reasons to be excited about Drew, and we really like him behind the plate."
Also standing out this spring among the organization's backstop contingent this spring has been No. 24 prospect Brett Cumberland. The 22-year-old catcher opened eyes by reaching the Class A Advanced Florida State League in his first full season, and he built on that success during the offseason with a successful campaign in the Australian Baseball League.
"We like [Brett] because he can hit from both sides of the plate with pop," Trembley said. "He made probably the most improvements in a short period of time as just about anyone in our system -- defensive analytics show tremendous improvement with his receiving, pitch framing, receiving, blocking from the beginning of last year."
Mike Rosenbaum is a reporter for MLB Pipeline. Follow him on Twitter at @GoldenSombrero.


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Paul Botten-Hansen, född 26 december 1824, död den 7 juli 1869, var en norsk författare och biblioteksman.

Botten-Hansen var universitetsbibliotekarie i Kristiania efter Fredrik Wilhelm Keyser. Som redaktör för Illustreret nyhedsblad utövade Botten-Hansen ett stort inflytande på norskt kulturliv. Särskilt hans recensioner betydde mycket för den norska litteraturen. Han publicerade även en del andra litterära arbeten, lustspelet Huldrebryllopet, samt de biografiska arbetena La Norvège littéraire (1868) och Norsk bogfortegnelse 1848-1865 (1870, tillsammans med Siegwart Petersen).

Källor
 Svensk uppslagsbok. Malmö 1939.

Norska bibliotekarier
Universitetsbibliotekarier
Norska fackboksförfattare
Danskspråkiga fackboksförfattare
Franskspråkiga fackboksförfattare
Norska dramatiker
Danskspråkiga dramatiker
Personer i Norge under 1800-talet
Födda 1824
Avlidna 1869
Män
Svensk uppslagsbok