text:
Rhenus Logistics India Bringing Efficiency, Transparency & Best Practices
At Rhenus, our focus is on achieving excellence in operations, sales, digitization, and human resources, while keeping customer centricity as the core of our business model, says Vivek Arya, Managing Director, Rhenus Logistics India, a leading integrated logistics solutions provider.
What are Rhenus's national and international operations, and the areas it is providing integrated logistics support and solutions.
With 33,500 employees, Rhenus is one of the leading providers of integrated logistics services with business operations in more than 820 locations across 50 countries. In the last few years, Rhenus has expanded its footprint across all the continents spanning Australia, Asia, Africa, America, and Europe. We are a truly inter-continental organization with an appetite for growth and long-term investments for our customers.
Some of our value-added services include Overseas Warehousing, FTWZ, Control Tower, Global Service Center (to handle customs documentation & procedures), and Cross Border Trucking to SAARC nations, to name a few.
We also handle domestic and international project movements. Be it multi-modal transportation via flat bed, trailer, inland barge, deep sea vessel, truck rail or air charter, or the complex customs clearance procedures; we are well equipped to handle them all through our in-house services. We believe in a solution-driven approach to meet customer requirements.
What services and solutions are being provided by Rhenus Logistics India?
Rhenus Logistics is a joint venture with the Western Arya Group which has been in this business for over six decades. Rhenus grew from a trucking company to an Integrated Logistics Solution & Service Provider, and after a successful partnership with Western Arya for five years, we formed a JV in 2010. Our Indian operations are spread across 70 locations with 2000 employees.
The Indian arm of Rhenus Logistics is offering world-class services customized to suit every customer's needs, along with real-time, end-to-end visibility throughout the supply chain. As a solution-driven organization, it is providing a range of services that include Air & Ocean, Customs Clearance, Domestic and International Trucking, and Warehousing - all under one roof.
We are particularly strong in segments like Chemicals & Petro-Chemicals, Automotive & Engineering, Pharma & Healthcare, to name a few. We are also the industry's frontrunner in obtaining various certifications and we follow international standards of EHS
What is the scope of India's logistics sector and what enabling business milieu is needed to grow the sector?
Logistics in India has a very bright future as there is a lot of potential for growth and a lot to be achieved, unlike logistics in developed countries like USA, Germany, and Japan, which have reached their peak in logistics management.
However, we need to create efficiencies within the system in order to have a world-class supply chain. While having the lowest cost for each component of the logistics chain, India has one of the highest 'total costs' to deliver. Taking an integrated approach and using technology will help India achieve the target of lowering its logistics costs.
Businesses need to think of costs from a total cost perspective, rather than purchasing each component of logistics individually. Logistics service providers need to move from operational to strategic engagements. In the digital world, Freight is a mere Commodity while Services will swing customer preferences.
In India, the need is Integrated End-to-End Logistics Solutions. This would encompass integrated infrastructure / assets platform, integrated services platform, and integrated digital platform. Such initiatives will pave the way towards consolidation, process standardization, technological upgradation, and digital transformation.
How do you think Multi-Modal Transportation and setting up of Multi-Modal Logistics Parks will propel India's logistics efficiency to newer heights?
The Gati Shakti – National Master Plan for Multi-modal Connectivity, for instance, aims to provide integrated and seamless connectivity for movement of people, goods, and services from one mode of transport to another. It will facilitate last-mile connectivity of infrastructure and reduce travel time for people.
The Multi-Modal Logistics Parks will save cost through economies of scale and growth, reduce transit time and processing time, optimally use all modes of transport, thus reducing overall logistics cost.
There is a lot of potential for growth of India's Logistics Sector, but we need to create efficiencies to have a world-class supply chain; we need integrated end-to-end logistics solutions which will pave the way for consolidation, standardization, technological upgradation, and digital transformation.
For the success of Logistics Parks in India, the approach should be to take on ports as partners by linking a port to 2 or 3 Logistics Parks. This will provide economies of scale and the possibility of using domestic coastal shipping and inland waterways. These multi-modal parks will improve the country's logistics sector by lowering overall freight costs, reducing vehicular pollution and congestion, and cutting warehousing costs. Setting up of such parks will reduce human touchpoints by making way for automation and highly compliant processes.
What benefits will accrue from the much-awaited National Logistics Policy and the National Warehousing Policy?
The National Logistics Policy aims at reducing logistics cost, which is quite high in India compared to other nations. This policy will strengthen the infrastructure and bring in better efficiencies in the coming years. Larger footprints will lead to higher levels of standardization, mechanization, automation, and implementation of the latest technologies to derive economies of scale.
India has a per capita warehousing stock of just 0.02 sqm as compared to 4 sqm, 0.8 sqm and 1.09 sqm of USA, China, and UK, respectively. This presents huge opportunities for the setting up of industrial parks and multi-modal logistics parks across the country.
How well-equipped is your company to transport temperature-controlled pharmaceuticals in India?
A robust infrastructure, technology adaption, and an experienced team puts us in a strong and proactive position to service the critical requirements of the pharmaceutical companies. Be it temperature-controlled warehousing, first mile or international transportation or last mile distribution requirements, we are well equipped to handle them.
With our strategically located state-of-the-art warehouses across India, our strong transportation network, and a highly experienced team, Rhenus India has been catering to requirements like procuring oxygen concentrators, warehousing, last mile deliveries of PPEs and medical supplies across India, air chartering of medical supplies, cold storage, etc. since the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic.
Globally, Rhenus has enhanced its pharma capabilities and has created a niche vertical to support customers on a global basis.
For the cold chain supply system to grow in India, both the service users and the providers will need to have a long-term view on investments; only a strategic partnership will make the environment conducive for investments required in this sector.
How are disruptive technologies like IoT, Big Data, and AI bringing more efficiency, productivity, and accountability in your services?
We understand the importance of Data & Digital excellence in the Supply Chain Industry. We also understand how important it is for our customers to have end-to-end visibility, along with accurate data points to take timely and data-driven decisions. Our SCS (Supply Chain Solution) team works with several proprietary as well as third party tools in a cloud environment and makes use of Big Data available across the entire ecosystem and transforms it to actionable insights with the help of AI.
What are the company's plans to set up a network of warehouses pan-India?
Currently, Rhenus India has 31 fully compliant and certified warehouses strategically located across India with 2.4 million sq.ft. of warehousing space. These include both dedicated and multi-user facilities. All our warehouses follow the international standard of EHS. Our storage solutions include heavy-duty selective pallet racking system for customized storage, shelving systems for smaller / spare parts, and automated vertical lean storage system for safe and optimized storage of products, and temperature controlled / cold room storage facilities.
Artificial Intelligence, IoT, and Big Data have proved to be very helpful across all the value streams of supply chain, be it automating time-consuming tasks, predictive analysis, optimization, remote monitoring, or warehouse automation etc.
Our IT systems (Track & Trace, GPS, IoT Sensors, Warehouse Management System with an EDI connectivity) enable complete visibility. The Rhenus Warehouse Management System covers the whole spectrum of warehousing operations - both inbound, outbound, inventory control and management, and yard management. Our systems provide customers visibility of all our warehouse activities and the ability to keep track of their inventory on real-time basis.
Rhenus India is also willing to making investments in automation and robotics as per the long-term requirements of our customers.
Our upcoming multi-user chemical warehouse in Gurugram is equipped to handle 18000 pallet positions for hazardous chemicals; it also (exclusively) provides block space for flammable chemicals. These facilities are CCOE-approved and have the consent of the Pollution Control Board to establish and operate. We've also reduced our carbon footprint by being environmentally conscious.
What other plans does the company have in the pipeline?
We will soon be launching our fifth business unit, Supply Chain Solutions, of ILS / 4 PL, and new products will be introduced in all the four business units. We will invest in 'sustainability' and set high international standards of HSE. The launch of a carbon neutral LCL product and exploring electric vehicles in our trucking business will be some of our initiatives.
Rhenus India will continue to invest in people, resources, and infrastructure. We are a net debt-free company. Digital Excellence, HR excellence and Customer Centricity will be the pillars of our future growth. We will focus on providing integrated solutions to our customers and integrate our services forward and backward as per customer needs.
Lifting & Specialized Transport January - February 2022
Previous article: Moglix: Providing End-to-End Solutions to Infra Companies Prev
Next article: Liugong India: Upgrading & Aligning Products for Indian Market Next
Moteurs Baudouin
We are fully geared up with the technological advancements required to meet the CPCB IV+norms with our flexible and dependable power solutions. Gurunath Kulkarni. For over 100 years, Baudouin has been designing the highest quality diesel and gas engines for
Builders Association of India: Bridging the Gaps
Nimesh Patel, President, BAI & Managing Director, Maruti Infrastructure Limited, discusses the challenges and issues faced by the construction and real estate industries of India; why BAI is propagating a Unified Standard Contract Document, and how the
Volvo CE India: Designing Machines to Give Power & Precision
Volvo machines are 10-15% more fuel efficient, they comply with CEV IV emission norms, and can run on alternative eco-friendly fuels such as biodiesel. We lay strong emphasis on operator training for efficient use of every machine that we sell, avers Dimitrov
Tata Hitachi India: Developing Indigenous High-Tech Machines
To serve the Indian infra development sector more industriously, we will continue to undertake extensive R&D and introduce machines with high-tech features, cost-effective solutions, high performance, and fuel efficiency, avers Sandeep Singh, Managing
L&T: Industry Leading Initiatives & Achievements
Arvind K Garg, Senior Vice President and Head, L&T Construction & Mining Machinery, enumerates the technologies and products introduced by Komatsu and L&T, the company's extensive customer service programs, and proactive skill development initiatives which
ACE: Electrifying the Industry
Sorab Agarwal, Executive Director, informs that the company is set to become India's first 'swadeshi' manufacturer of electric construction equipment with the launch of a fully electric mobile crane, whose technology has been developed indigenously at their
Terex: Strengthening Foothold Across India
Jaideep Shekhar, Managing Director, Asia & EMEAR, informs that the company will continue to strengthen its foothold in the Indian market by bringing in new technologies, expanding its product portfolio, and entering new construction territories. Its aim is to
Schwing Stetter India: Formulating Plans to Adapt to Demand Trends
V.G.Sakthikumar, Managing Director, informs that since sustainability is an integral part of the company, they are pursuing collaborations and R&D to bring innovative solutions, increase usage of green energy in its facilities, and reduce carbon
Escorts Kubota: Prioritizing Customer Benefits
Sanjeev Bajaj, Chief Executive, Escorts Kubota Limited, is confident that 2023-24 will be a great year for the CE business and demand may be more than the current capacity, largely led by domestic consumption due to the infra push by the Government before the
Puzzolana Group: Increasing Operational Efficiencies
Abhijeet Pai, President, informs that the company's wide ranging value-added services for its customers has positioned it as a total solution provider in the Crushing & Screening Industry. The focus at bauma this year will be on M-sand, aggregates, railway
Sany India: In Sync With Changing Trends
Dheeraj Panda, Chief Operating Officer - Sales, Marketing & Customer Support, Sany India, informs that the company has taken a significant step forward towards sustainability with its B-V biodiesel machines, and is also testing electric technologies for
CRCHI: Making Tunnel Construction Smarter & Safer
CRCHI is positioned in world markets as a large enterprise with a strong focus on research, design, and manufacturing of customized underground engineering and rail transit equipment, informs Song Shuang, Vice Managing Director, Overseas
Manitou South Asia: Widening Industrial Footprint in India
Hafeez Khan, Managing Director, informs that the company is well-equipped to meet the higher anticipated demand in FY23-24 with its versatile material handling solutions, value-based services, and strategic partnerships with rental companies. Bauma is the perfect
KYB Conmat India: Focus on India-Centric Equipment
Premraj Kashyap, MD, informs that the company is fully geared up to meet upcoming demand in FY23-24 and has added a lot of innovative products to their Concrete Equipment portfolio, including a new range of Self-Loading Concrete Mixers. The government intends
JCB India: Committed to India's Growth Story
Sales of construction equipment, a barometer of economic activity, is expected to increase in double digits in the ongoing financial year on the back of increased government spending on infrastructure projects, especially in rural areas, observes Deepak
Wirtgen India: Enabling Sustainable Construction
The Wirtgen Group and John Deere are working on various smart technologies, including electric machines, and on sustainable construction through its recycling business, informs Ramesh Palagiri, Managing Director & CEO. Wirtgen's production systems are
Ammann India: Forging Ahead
Anand Sundaresan, Managing Director, discusses the grey areas in the construction equipment industry of India and how the company's technologically advanced systems and processes can help meet many of the challenges; and factors that are differentiating
CDE Asia: Sourcing Sand Ethically for the Construction Industry
With the advanced recycling solutions now available, it is possible to achieve a self-reliant, circular economy where different waste streams can be recycled and converted into high-quality sand and aggregates for use in construction, informs Manish
Etrack: Offering the most Advanced & Green mobile Crusher & Scalpers in India
Keestrack is introducing the most advanced and innovative technology for crushers and scalpers through its manufacturing facility in Neemrana, Rajasthan. Swaminathan Dhandapani, CEO, discusses the company's strategies to drive business in India
LiuGong India: Committed to Make in India
Nischal Mehrotra, Vice President - Sales & Marketing, informs that the company has expanded its product offerings with large tonnage excavators, mini excavators, dozers, electric wheel loaders and trucks, and is geared up to meet the anticipated higher


text:
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:paddingBottom="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
    android:paddingLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
    android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
    android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
    tools:context="com.stupid.method.demo.activity.RecylerActivity" >

    <android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView
        android:id="@+id/recyclerView"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:scrollbars="horizontal" />

</RelativeLayout>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
States101.com
U.S. State
State Populations
Gender Ratios
Random State
State Adjectives
State Postal Codes
U.S. Census Bureau | Census.Gov
King George County, Virginia Gender Ratios
Gender Ratio:
Total Population:
There are more men than women in King George County, Virginia. Total population of King George County, Virginia is estimated at 25,371 people with 12,828 male and 12,543 female. There are 285 more men than women in the county, which is 1.12% of the total population.
The King George County, Virginia Gender Ratio is 102 men to 100 women (102:100) or 1.02. King George County, Virginia's gender ratio is higher than the Virginia State average of 97 men to 100 women (97:100) or 0.97. The gender ratio is also higher than the national average of 97 men to 100 women (97:100) or 0.97.
Note: All ratios are written as Male to Female
Back to Virginia Page
King George County, Virginia Gender Ratios By Age
Gender Ratios vary by age group as well as location. The table below shows the gender ratios breakdown in King George County, Virginia by age.
King George County Ratio
Virginia State Ratio
Nationwide Ratio
0 to 4 109 to 100 105 to 100 104 to 100
10 to 14 100 to 100 104 to 100 104 to 100
30 to 34 97 to 100 101 to 100 100 to 100
40 to 44 100 to 100 98 to 100 100 to 100
55 to 59 102 to 100 93 to 100 93 to 100
70 to 74 95 to 100 86 to 100 79 to 100
80 to 84 92 to 100 † 70 to 100 79 to 100
85 and over 47 to 100 † 50 to 100 79 to 100
† Due to very low population in this demographic, the ratio shown is not statistically significant.
Cities in King George County, Virginia
Gender Ratios on this page are an aggregate of the gender ratios in the following cities within the region:
Dahlgren, Dogue, Jersey, King George, Ninde, Rollins Fork, and Sealston.
Other acceptable city names that fall in this region include:
Shiloh.
Gender Ratios in Washington D.C.
Factors Affecting Gender Ratios
Gender Ratios in Asia
List Countries with the Highest and Lowest Gender Ratios
U.S. Cities with the Best Gender Ratios for Men and Women
© 2021 States101.com. All rights reserved. View Sitemap. Usage is subject to our Terms and Privacy Policy.
States101.com is a free public resource site, and is not affiliated with the United States government or any Government agency
We have detected that your current location is Connecticut.
You may also be interested in our sister-site romannumerals.guide — a great resource for teaching roman numerals in the classroom.
** This Document Provided By States101.com **
Source: https://www.states101.com/gender-ratios/virginia/king-george-county

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Category Archives: Capitol Hill Report
Category "Capitol Hill Report"
DoD Updates Investigation of PFAS Contamination
Capitol Hill ReportBy Admin September 19, 2019 Leave a comment
The Department of Defense provided an update on the status of a PFAS Task Force examining contamination in the ground water of military installations during a media roundtable last week, noting that hundreds of military installations are affected and authorities are still working on the issue. PFAS stands for Per- and Polyflouroalkyl Substances, a toxic…
Legislative SITREP for Monday, September 16, 2019
Capitol Hill Report, SITREPBy Admin September 16, 2019 Leave a comment
AUSN Holds First Navy Now Webinar on TRICARE — Watch Now If you have family members spread across the country, how can you make sure everyone gets their TRICARE benefits? What is the TRICARE TAMP program? TRICARE expert Capt. Marylynn Marrese answers these questions and many more in our first webinar on the subject of…
9/11: Remembering the Pentagon Fallen
Those who sign up to serve in the United States Navy — or in any of the other branches of our military — understand that it's a dangerous job. But the 33 Navy sailors and nine Navy civilians working in the southwest section of the Pentagon on Sept. 11, 2001, probably did not feel they…
AUSN Legislative SITREP For Monday, September 9, 2019
Capitol Hill Report, SITREPBy Admin September 9, 2019 Leave a comment
Congress Wants Quick Passage Of NDAA Despite Differences: Report Despite major differences between the House and Senate versions of the National Defense Authorization Act, authorizers are going to try to quickly pass a final bill before the fiscal year ends, according to a report. [Read more] DoD To Start Consolidating All Military Hospitals The Department…
Congress Pushing For Quick Passage Of NDAA Despite Differences: Report
Capitol Hill ReportBy Admin September 9, 2019 Leave a comment
Despite major differences between the House and Senate versions of the National Defense Authorization Act, authorizers are going to try to quickly pass a final bill before the fiscal year ends, according to a report. Congress is back this week on a five-week summer recess, and Defense News reports that staff for both the House…
DoD To Start Consolidating All Military Hospitals
The Department of Defense will begin a major effort to consolidate all military hospitals and clinics under a single agency starting Oct. 1. On that date, all services will start the final two years of a multi-year transition to shift all medical facilities to the Defense Health Agency. The shift is scheduled for completion by…
Gilday Replaces Richardson as Chief of Naval Operations
Adm. Michael Gilday has officially taken the helm of the Navy as the 32nd Chief of Naval Operations, taking over for Adm. John Richardson who is retiring after 37 years. Navy Secretary Richard Spencer served as the presiding officer and guest speaker during the ceremony at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C. late last…
DoD Releases Report On Consolidating Exchange And Commissary
Capitol Hill ReportBy Admin August 27, 2019 Leave a comment
The Department of Defense has released a report that explores the feasibility of consolidating the exchange and commissary entities into a single defense resale system without causing problems for beneficiaries. Some of the recommended reforms in the report include a consolidation of back-office functions like human resources, information technology, procurement efforts, and restructure resale governance.…
Support Builds In Senate For Repealing The 'Widow's Tax' In NDAA
Sixty-four U.S. senators have signed a letter urging the chairmen of the House and Senate Armed Services Committees to keep a repeal of the "widow's tax" in the final version of the National Defense Authorization Act as the two sides go to conference. The letter was authored by Sens. Doug Jones (D-Ala.) and Susan Collins…
AUSN Submits Letter To Congress On NDAA
The House and Senate have both passed their own versions of the National Defense Authorization Act, and there are significant differences between the two of them. Both sides will need to work quickly in conference to deliver a final version before the end of this fiscal year, and AUSN has identified a number of provisions…


text:
El Concierto para piano en re bemol mayor, op. 38, de Aram Jachaturián fue compuesto en 1936 y estrenado en Moscú el 12 de julio de 1937 por Lev Oborin con dirección de Lev Steinberg.

Estructura
La pieza tiene una duración aproximada de poco más de treinta minutos y está dividida en tres movimientos:
Allegro ma non troppo e maestoso
Andante con anima
Allegro brillante

El primer movimiento está escrito en forma sonata. Luego de unos pocos compases introductorios en la orquesta, el piano introduce en octavas el tema principal. El segundo tema, de carácter elegíaco, es expuesto por el oboe y luego reexpuesto por el piano sin acompañamiento orquestal.

En el segundo movimiento destaca el uso del flexatono, que a veces es sustituido por un vibráfono. En este movimiento el piano introduce una melodía adaptada de una canción popular del Cáucaso.

Referencias
 Tranchefort, François-René (ed.): Guide de la musique symponique. Fayard, 1986. Existe versión en castellano. ISBN 978-2-213-01638-2

jachaturian
concierto piano
Composiciones de 1936
Composiciones en re bemol mayor

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Here you can find information on the past results, history and betting tips for the premier league game between Wolverhampton Wanderers V Newcastle United.
You can find a variety of Wolverhampton Wanderers V Newcastle United United betting tips online from the different betting providers. Have a look at some of the top football betting sites to see the current offers available.
One of the most common things that football fans bet on is which team will win the match. A more specific way to bet is to predict what the exact score will be. Rather than just predicting Newcastle United to win, you might put a bet on them beating Wolverhampton Wanderers 2-1, or any other scoring combination you want.
The next match between Wolverhampton Wanderers Vs Newcastle United is scheduled to take place on Monday 11th February 2018.
Wolverhampton Wanderers currently play their matches at Amex Arena.


WVU Mountaineer play-by-play announcer @TonyCaridi tweeted this morning, "If you won the Mega Millions lottery….what 3 hoop officials would you pay to never work another game?" I thought Tony had hit on a fabulous idea and immediately visualized a Big East referee who I'd buy out first. I won't name him, but from missed calls to no calls, his officiating is inconsistent and technically flawed. Buying him out would be a small parting gesture to the Big East. Clearly a win-win situation. So what if the official would be benefiting from his poor performance.
The world would be a better place if fans could limit their exasperation and verbal tirades to bad passes, poor shot selection, and air balls. I felt that I was now destined to win the Mega Millions jackpot so I could save NCAA athletics and bring joy to the hearts of Mountaineer fans everywhere. The dream didn't last long. I heard a voice next season asking me, "What were you thinking?" I wasn't. I was caught up in what I thought was right at the moment. Thinking about it was almost as positively reinforcing as the act would have been itself. But like many everyday people are tempted to do, I would have been giving up what I wanted in the future (sound officiating) for what I wanted now (this official never to work another game).
I wasn't thinking about the other officials. This official works games in a crew. He's also a member of the larger Big East officiating crew, which is part of the NCAA officials group. What would I be rewarding with the buy-out? Poor officiating. If I could do that without anyone ever knowing, I could tell myself it was OK because of the benefit to the greater good. That kind of thinking could get me into trouble and would be the groundwork for more bad and potentially unethical decisions. One way or another, whether I tried to hide it or make up a story to cover up my intentions, everyone would know that I was rewarding poor officiating. I can just image the officiating that would follow when the officials knew that some guy with too much money was retiring officials who made bad calls against his team. But for 5 minutes, it seemed like a really great idea. This sort of thing happens all of the time in organizations.
Clearly identify what you'll be rewarding – Stop and think this through. What might seem obvious to you, might not be to the performer or others. When giving a reward, clearly specify to the performer what was done to earn the reward. If you're concerned that you might be misinterpreted, your description could also include what the reward was not for.
Think through the potential impact on others – People observe cause-and-effect relationships in their work environment (e.g., he did this and that happened). Take a few minutes to think through how your actions might prompt, reinforce, or punish the behaviors of others. Your goal should be to establish a culture in which everyone knows that good things happen to those who do the right things and produce the right results.


The branches sound uncannily like foghorns but it's tricky getting a consistent tone. As a consequence this is the most disciplined work with pine branches i've done so far. Friday night was a session with a group of singers and it worked out well, some nice stories of experiences with foghorns in years gone by. When fog came down the horns would start up and create an eerie atmosphere with blasts from different points on the coast overlapping in the foggy beach environment. They could be heard at night along the coast too.
My piece is a bit like a 'foghorn phase' (a la Steve Reich) where i will play the blasts from two or more stations in a loop and observe the overlap. I've titled it "Amplified Pine Weather Alert System". My performances will be at 11am and 3pm and for one of these i will be inside a paper sculpture!


text:
Cricket South Africa optimistic about hosting India for three T20Is in August
Posted On / May 22, 2020 / by Anirudh Singh
Quinton de Kock, Virat Kohli (Pic Source: Twitter)
Cricket South Africa (CSA) is hopeful that Team India will tour the country in late August to mark the resumption of cricket in the wake of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The plan is for the teams to compete in three T20Is behind closed doors, possibly in a sanitised accommodation, training and playing bio-bubble.
Graeme Smith, CSA's Director of cricket, said that they are also in constant touch with the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) regarding the same.
"We have been talking to them, and the commitment is there to get the three T20s done," Smith said at a news conference on Thursday. "There is an element of guesswork, and no-one knows what things will be like at the end of August. But we believe we are a socially-distanced sport and that we can play behind closed doors."
CSA's acting chief executive Jacques Faul told a virtual media briefing on Thursday that the BCCI is keen to honour its commitment to tour the country.
"India wants to honour its agreement. If it's postponed, maybe a bit later," Faul said. "We've had a very good discussion with them."
It is believed that the reason India agreed to tour South Africa was to arrest the board's financial slide. Ahead of the 2019-20 season, CSA is estimating losses worth USD 36 million over the next four years. Provided the tour goes ahead, it might affect South Africa's series against West Indies which is scheduled to begin from mid-July. In that case, there is a possibility that the series might be moved to a later date.
Well, Virat Kohli & Co's last international assignment which got interrupted due to the outbreak of the novel coronavirus was against the Quinton de Kock-led Proteas side in mid-March. While the first game was abandoned due to rain in Dharamsala, the next two games in Lucknow and Kolkata were called off.
TAGS: BCCI, Cricket South Africa, India, South Africa, T20I
CATEGORY: India, News, South Africa, T20


text:
Albumin solution to an unmet need in cancer immunotherapy
AU researchers join forces with world leaders to develop a new albumin-based platform for long-acting, efficient, and safer immunotherapy. Assoc. Prof. Ken Howard and his research team have published their findings in a new Nature family journal.
Associate Professor Ken Howard and his research team join forces with world leading scientists to develop new platform for tunable immunotherapy. (Image: Nature Commun Biol 4, Article no. 310 (2021))
Associate Ken Howard is head of the Bioengineered Drug Designs Lab at Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University. (Photo: Maria Randima, AU Photo)
11. marts 2021 af Lise Refstrup Linnebjerg Pedersen
Cancer immunotherapy aims to simulate the patient's own immune defence to attack cancer cells.
Bispecific antibodies are a drug attractive comprising of a single molecule fusion of an antibody that binds the patient T-cells and the other the cancer cell. Bringing the T-cell and cancer cell in close proximity results in T-cell destruction of the cancer.
Current T-cell engaging bispecific antibodies have a short blood circulatory half-life, meaning they are quickly removed from the body. The patient, therefore, requires high and frequent dosing of the immunotherapy, which can lead to tissue damage and infusion reactions.
Consequently, there is a need for safe strategies to control the circulation in the bloodstream of the immunotherapy.
Joining forces to engineer immunotherapies with a programmable half-life
Associate Professor Ken Howard and his research team in the Bioengineered Drug Designs Lab have worked together with global leaders, Luis Alvarez-Vallina from the University Hospital in Madrid and Jan Terje Andersen at the University of Oslo to develop T-cell engaging bispecific antibodies with tunable half-life. The collaboration has resulted in a paper first-authored by Ole Mandrup in a Nature family journal.
Howard's research focuses on albumin, the most abundant protein in human blood with a long circulatory half-life due to engagement with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and the use of albumins engineered with different affinity for FcRn as a method to control the movement of albumin drugs in the body. What the researchers did was to engineer constructs of T-cell engaging bispecific antibodies created by Luis Alvarez-Vallina (LiTE) fused to. The hypothesis was that the albumins would extend the half-life of the overall construct (Albu-LiTE).
In fact, the circulation time of the Albu-LiTE constructs was shown to be programmable by the albumin type and its FcRn affinity, which allows fine-tuning of the circulatory half-life. A proof-of-concept was provided in a humanized albumin/FcRn AlbuMus mouse.
Killing cancer cells in new AlbuMus mouse strain
Therapeutic evaluation was performed in a world's first immunocompromised version of the AlbuMus developed by the Howard lab for testing albumin-based anti-cancer drugs.
Human cancer cells were injected into the mice and the lack of an immune system ensured that the cells were not rejected by the mouse's body. The Albu-LiTE construct was injected into the mice along with immune cells isolated from a human volunteer. The researchers observed that only one dose of the AlbuLiTE therapy was required to inhibit the growth of the tumors in contrast to conventional therapies.
The potential benefit of the extended half-life is long-acting effects as well as lower and less frequent doses given to the patient.
"Albumin offers a safe alternative to present half-life extension technologies that can be engineered into the design of bispecific antibodies to meet an unmet challenge in the field. We have applied our albumin expertise in the establishment of an immunotherapy platform at iNANO and within CEMBID that allows programmable half-life to tailor pharmacokinetics to maximise therapeutic efficacy and safety," Says Ken Howard.
READ ALSO: iNANO researcher part of international network with world leaders in gene therapy and regenerative medicine
Read more about the results in Nature Communications Biology:
"Programmable half-life and anti-tumour effects of bispecific T-cell engager-albumin fusions with tuned FcRn affinity" by Ole A. Mandrup, Sui Ching Ong, Simon Lykkemark, Anders Dinesen, Imke Rudnik-Jansen, Niels Frederik Dagnæs-Hansen, Jan Terje Andersen, Luis Alvarez-Vallina & Kenneth A. Howard.
The research was carried out by researchers from Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Department of Biomedicine (Aarhus University), University of Oslo, and University Hospital of Madrid. The work was financially supported by the Novo Nordisk Foundation (Center for Multifunctional Biomolecular Drug Design, CEMBID) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.
Associate Professor Ken Howard
Email: kenh@inano.au.dk
New drug design may be a step towards developing long-awaited immunotherapy against prostate cancer 4. november 2022


Jonty and Mel's super cute Stop Motion Save the Date Video is quirky and jaunty in more ways than one - perfect for getting guests in the mood for the wedding!
We met at law school and ended our degrees last year, and we are doing our articles this year. We wanted to send out a save the date because the weekend we were getting married was surrounded by loads of public holidays. After googling loads of wedding blogs, it was decided that we would shoot a stop motion save the date video! It was easy and could be emailed to our guests before the formal invites came out closer to the date. But we had no idea where to get it done. We decided to take a chance with a mutual friend and art student who focused on photography (Matt Levings), and thought, what the heck, why not? It actually turned out great, and we shot the video a day after Jonty and I finished our final exams. We had loads of fun picking the scenes and making the props, and my best friend helped us on the day. We love Wits University, as it has so many cherished memories for us, so we thought it would be a great keepsake for years to come. The shoot was really fun, each frame was individually shot, and took about 6 and a half hours to shoot, we were only allowed to move an inch at a time, which was a great laugh!
Thanks to Jonty and Mel for sharing their story and their stop motion save the date video with us. And of course, big thanks to videographer Matthew Levings for sharing his work - we're delighted. Hopefully it will inspire some more couples to have a little fun with their save the date.


Information security on its computers and networks should be a concern for every organization – big and small, profit and not for profit, manufacturing and service. We may hear occasional national news stories about breaches of security and lost confidential information at big corporations or government agencies, but security breaches happen every day with victims of all sizes and types.
Protecting information has to be a priority – and it requires effort. How effective these efforts are, however, mostly depends on how organized and systematic the efforts are. That is the purpose of ISO 27001. It provides a proven, systematic Information Security Management System (ISMS) framework that can work for any business or organization. Like other successful aspects of a business, a successful information security effort requires having defined and controlled processes to fulfill objectives. This comes from a properly designed and implemented management system as described in ISO 27001.
Like other ISO standards (i.e, ISO 9001, ISO 14001), ISO 27001 uses a management philosophy based on the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) continually improving process approach. Here, the processes needed to produce desired results are defined (Plan), executed (Do), and monitored (Check), then periodically reviewed and improved (Act). This is an important distinction between simply defining requirements. With a process approach, not only are requirements defined, but the processes to fulfill the requirements are defined as well.
Using a continually improving process approach, objectives (i.e. fulfill security requirements) are reviewed and corrections made as needed. Just as importantly, requirements and controls are reviewed as well. Are they adequate? Have external or internal changes in the environment affected security requirements? This ISMS approach also allows for building information security slowly by addressing high priority needs first, than adding controls as needed so they match the organization's needs. This is more practical than a huge initial effort to put a large, perhaps unnecessary, bureaucracy in place from the beginning.
What is in ISO 27001?
Since the ISO 27001 ISMS approach to information security closely aligns with the Quality Management System described by ISO 9001 or the Environmental Management System described by ISO 14001, it can be used in conjunction with other organizational efforts to define and meet requirements, perhaps under an integrated quality management system.
Management Responsibility: Every successful organizational effort requires a strong commitment from top management to take responsibility for it just like other quality management processes.
Continual Improvement: The standard requires evidence that processes are being reviewed for effectiveness, and that the ISMS is regularly audited to ensure it is operating as defined.
That standard also includes three annex sections. Annex A provides a list of security controls typically required by organizations. IT security managers sometimes use this annex as shopping list of where to start when building ISMS requirements.
Organizations that implement an ISO 27001 ISMS can also gain independent 3rd party certification that the information security system conforms to ISO 27001 Standard's requirements. This signals to everyone, inside and outside the organization, that information security is taken seriously, and it has a functional management system in place to meet information security requirements.
Building a reputation for information security in today's climate can have strategic and competitive advantages.


text:
\section{Introduction}

The jamming transition of non-spherical particles is qualitatively
different from that of spherical
particles~\cite{van2009,torquato2010}. Several experimental and
numerical investigations uncover that (i) systems consisting of
non-spherical particles are not isostatic at their jamming transition
point~\cite{donev2004}, while systems of spherical particles are
isostatic~\cite{bernal1960}, (ii) the pair correlation of non-spherical
particles does not exhibit the power law singularity at the jamming
transition point~\cite{brito2018universality}, while that of spherical
particles does~\cite{donev2005}, and (iii) the critical exponents of
non-spherical particles are different from those of spherical
particles~\cite{mailman2009,schreck2012}.

The theoretical understanding of the jamming of non-spherical particles
is challenging because particles do not hold rotational symmetry. In the
previous work~\cite{brito2018universality,ikeda2019mean}, we proposed a
way to bypass this difficulty by considering the mapping from
non-spherical particles to the breathing particles (BP), defined as a
system of spherical particles for which their radii are allowed to
fluctuate~\cite{BP2018}. An advantage of the BP particles is that the
model holds the rotational symmetry, and thus, one can apply the same
technique developed for the spherical particle without any
difficulty. Using the BP, we theoretically and numerically confirmed
that the gap and force distributions of non-spherical particles are
regular and finite even at the jamming transition point, while those
quantities exhibit the power law in the case of spherical
particles. Furthermore, we showed that the critical exponents of several
physical quantities, such as the contact number, shear modulus, and
characteristic frequencies of the density of states, have different
values from those of spherical particles. This confirms that the jamming
of non-spherical particles belongs to a different universality class
from that of spherical particles.

This paper is a longer version of our previous
work~\cite{brito2018universality}. We shall give a more straight forward
derivation of the scaling functions without mapping to the BP particles,
and additional numerical data supporting the theoretical results. The
organization of the remaining paper is as follows.  In
Sec.~\ref{152654_8Jul19}, we develop a variational argument for
non-spherical particles.  In Sec.~\ref{152720_8Jul19}, we discuss the
connection between nonspherial particles and BP. In
Sec.~\ref{152733_8Jul19}, we discuss the universal form of the gap and
force distributions near the isostatic point.  In
Sec.~\ref{163348_3Jul19}, we discuss the scaling behavior of the density
of states of the BP and show that the characteristic frequencies exhibit
the same scaling as non-spherical particles. In
Sec.~\ref{152804_8Jul19}, we summarize and conclude the work.

\section{Variational argument}
\label{152654_8Jul19} Here we derive the scaling functions of
non-spherical particles for a small asphericity by using the variational
argument~\cite{wyart2005effects,yan2016}. In the previous
work~\cite{brito2018universality}, we performed this calculation by
mapping the Gay-Berne potential, which is a model for ellipsoids, to the
breathing particles (BP), which is the model consisting of spherical
particles where the radii of particles can vary
continuously~\cite{BP2018}. In this paper, instead, we present a more
direct derivation of the scaling functions of non-spherical particles
without using the mapping to the BP model.

\subsection{Interaction potential}
  For concreteness, we consider the following
interaction potential:
\begin{align}
V_N &= \sum_{i<j}v(h_{ij}),\label{235848_23Jan19}
\end{align}
where $h_{ij}$ denotes the minimal distance between the $i$-th and
$j$-th particles, and $v(h)$ denotes a purely repulsive and finite
ranged potential, such as the harmonic potential $v(h)=h^2\theta(-h)/2$,
where $\theta(x)$ denotes the Heaviside function.

\subsection{Perturbation around spherical particles}
We first derive a convenient expression of interaction potential for a
small asphericity.  Non-spherical particle have rotational degrees of
freedom in addition to the translational degrees of freedom. We assign
the vectors $\bm{x}_i$ and a unit vector $\bm{u}_i$ to express the position
and direction of the $i$-th particle, respectively. The radius
$\sigma_i$ of a non-spherical particle along the direction $\hat{r}$
varies depending on both $\bm{u}_i$ and $\hat{r}$. We shall assume that
there is a small parameter $\Delta$ representing the deviation from a
sphere. We expand the radius using $\Delta$ as
\begin{align}
 \sigma_i(\hat{r},\bm{u}_i) = \sigma^{(0)} + f(\hat{r},\bm{u}_i)\Delta + O(\Delta^2),
\end{align}
where $\sigma^{(0)}$ represents the radius of the reference sphere,
and $f(\hat{r},\bm{u})$ represents the coefficient of the first order
term.  Following the similar procedure, one can expand the gap function,
which is the minimal distance between the $i$-th and $j$-th particles.
The first order correction of $\Delta$ comes from the change of radii
of the $i$-th and $j$-th particles along the direction
$\hat{r}_{ij}=(\bm{x}_i-\bm{x}_j)/\abs{\bm{x}_i-\bm{x}_j}$, namely,
\begin{align}
 h_{ij}(\Delta) -h_{ij}(0)
 &=
 -\Delta \left[f(\hat{r}_{ij},\bm{u}_i) + f(-\hat{r}_{ij},\bm{u}_j)\right]+ O(\Delta^2),
\end{align}
where $h_{ij}(0)$ is the gap function of the reference spherical
particles:
\begin{align}
h_{ij}(0) = r_{ij} -\sigma_i^{(0)}-\sigma_j^{(0)}.
\end{align}
Substituting this into Eq.~(\ref{235848_23Jan19}) and expanding
by $\Delta$, we have
\begin{align}
V_N &= U_N + Q_N,\label{165606_24Jan19}
\end{align}
where
\begin{align}
 U_N &= \sum_{i<j}\left[v(h_{ij}^{(0)}) +  w_{ij}\Delta^2\right],\nonumber\\
 Q_N
 &= \sum_i g_i(\bm{u}_i).\label{165758_24Jan19}
\end{align}
Here $ w_{ij} \Delta^2$ denotes the $O(\Delta^2)$ term of the
interaction potential, and we have introduced the auxiliary function as
\begin{align}
 g_i(\bm{u}_i) &= -\Delta\sum_{j\neq i}v'(h_{ij}(0))
 \left[f(\hat{r}_{ij},\bm{u}_i)+f(-\hat{r}_{ij},\bm{u}_i)\right].\label{165611_24Jan19}
\end{align}
From Eqs.~(\ref{165758_24Jan19}) and (\ref{165611_24Jan19}),
one can show that
\begin{align}
 Q_N \sim g_i \sim p\Delta,\label{184142_24Jan19}
\end{align}
where $p\sim - v'(h)$ denotes the pressure.

To understand the physical meaning of $\Delta$, it is convenient to
clarify the relation between $\Delta$ and the sphericity $\mathcal{A}$, which
represents how far is the shape of a particle from a perfect sphere;
$\mathcal{A}=1$ for a perfect sphere and $\mathcal{A}>1$ otherwise.  By definition, $\mathcal{A}$
takes a minimal value at $\Delta=0$, which allows us to expand it as
$\mathcal{A}(\Delta) = 1 + \frac{1}{2}\mathcal{A}''(0)\Delta^2 + O(\Delta^3)$, leading to
\begin{align}
\Delta \sim (\mathcal{A}-1)^{1/2}.
\end{align}
This is a useful relation to compare with numerical and experimental
results.

\subsection{Variational argument for spherical particles}

In this work, we derive the scaling behaviors of non-spherical particles
by using the variational argument and assumption of the marginal
stability. The variational argument gives a typical amplitude of the
minimal eigenvalue near the jamming transition point, while the marginal
stability requires that the minimal eigenvalue vanishes. For spherical
particles, this approach can reproduce the correct scaling of the excess
contact number and shear modulus~\cite{wyart2005effects}. Since our
argument is very similar to that of spherical particles, we first give a
summary of the variational argument of spherical particles.

For spherical particles, the interaction potential is given by the
$\Delta\to 0$ limit of Eqs.~(\ref{165606_24Jan19}).  We consider a
quadratic expansion of the potential around an equilibrium
position:
\begin{align}
\delta V_N = \sum_{ij=1}^N\delta\bm{x}_i\pdiff{V_N}{\bm{x}_i\partial \bm{x}_j}\delta\bm{x}_j
 = \sum_{ij=1}^N\delta\bm{x}_i
\left[
 \pdiff{^2 v(h_{ij}(0))}{h_{ij}(0)^2}\pdiff{h_{ij}(0)}{\bm{x}_i}\pdiff{h_{ij}(0)}{\bm{x}_j}
 + \pdiff{v(h_{ij}(0))}{h_{ij}(0)}\pdiff{^2h_{ij}(0)}{\bm{x}_i\partial \bm{x}_j}
 \right]\delta\bm{x}_j.
\end{align}
The second term in the square bracket is the so-called pre-stress, which
is proportional to the pressure and reduces the
eigenvalues~\cite{alexander1998}.  If we neglect the pre-stress, the
quadratic expansion of the potential can be rewritten as
\begin{align}
 \delta V_N = \frac{k}{2}\sum_{\alpha}^{Nz/2}\delta r_\alpha^2,
\end{align}
where $k$ denotes the characteristic stiffness of the potential, $\alpha
= (i,j)$ denotes the contact pair, $z$ denotes the contact number per
particle, and $\delta r_{ij} =
\hat{r}_{ij}\cdot(\delta\bm{x}_i-\delta\bm{x}_j)$. We shall start from an
isostatic configuration $z=2d$, where the system has a zero mode and
thus $\lambda_{\rm min}=0$. To obtain a configuration above the jamming
transition point, we add $N\delta z/2$ extra contacts. With this
setting, one can express the minimal eigenvalue in a variational form:
\begin{align}
 \lambda_{\rm min} \sim
 k\min_{\delta\bm{x}_i}
  \frac{\sum_{\alpha=1}^{Nd}\delta r_\alpha^2
 + \sum_{\alpha=Nd +1}^{N\delta z/2}\left(\delta r_\alpha - y_\alpha\right)^2}{\sum_{i=1}^N \delta\bm{x}_i\cdot\delta \bm{x}_i},
\end{align}
where $y_\alpha = \varepsilon$ denotes the rest length of the additional
contacts.  Combining an appropriate linear transformation and finite $N$
scaling, one can estimate the typical amplitude of $\lambda_{\rm min}$
for $\delta z\ll 1$ as~\cite{yan2016}
\begin{align}
\lambda_{\rm min} \sim k\delta z^2.\label{115708_4Nov19}
\end{align}
So far, we have neglected the effects of the pre-stress.  For spherical
particles, one can show that the pre-stress always gives a negative
contribution to the eigenvalues~\cite{wyart2005effects}. As the
pre-stress is proportional to the pressure, $\partial v(h_{ij}(0))/\partial h_{ij}(0)\sim -p$,
we get
\begin{align}
 \lambda_{\rm min} \sim k\delta z^2 - cp,\label{112928_4Nov19}
\end{align}
where $c$ denotes a positive constant. At the jamming transition point,
$\delta z=0$ and $p=0$, meaning that the system is marginal stable
$\lambda_{\rm min}=0$. We assume that this marginal stability persists
even above the jamming transition point; we require $\lambda_{\rm
min}\sim 0$ or at most $\lambda_{\rm min}\sim p$.  From this condition
and Eq.~(\ref{112928_4Nov19}), we have~\cite{wyart2005effects}
\begin{align}
 \delta z \sim p^{1/2}.\label{144022_4Nov19}
\end{align}
This reproduces the results of numerical simulations in two and three
dimensions~\cite{ohern2003}.

\subsection{Variational argument for non-spherical particles}

Now we apply the variational argument to non-spherical particles. We
first discuss the stability of a system consisting of non-spherical
particles. At the jamming transition point $p=0$, $Q_N$ vanishes, and
the number of constraints given by $V_N$ is
\begin{align}
 N_{V}^c &= \frac{Nz}{2},
\end{align}
where $N$ denotes the number of particles, and $z$ denotes the number of
contacts per particle. For non-spherical particles, $N_V^c$ is smaller
than the number of degrees of freedom, meaning that there are
unconstrained modes, which we hereafter refer to as the \textit{zero
modes}. The number of the zero modes is
\begin{align}
 N_0 = N(d+d_{\rm rot})-N_{V}^{c} = Nd_{\rm rot}-\frac{N}{2}\delta z,
\end{align}
where $\delta z = z-2d$, and $d_{\rm rot}$ denotes the number of
rotational degrees of freedom per particle. For $p>0$, $Q_N$ has a
finite value that would stabilize some of the zero modes. $Q_N$ gives
$N_{Q}^c= Nd_{\rm rot}$ number of constraints, the typical
stiffness of which is $k_R = \partial_{\bm{u}_i}\partial_{\bm{u}_j}Q_N \sim
p\Delta$.  This indeed suffices to stabilize the
zero modes:
\begin{align}
 N_Q^c- N_0 = \frac{N}{2}\delta z > 0.
\end{align}

When $\delta z\ll 1$, the system is considered to be nearly isostatic if
one only takes into account the zero modes. In this case, we can apply
the variational argument in Ref.~\cite{yan2016} to the zero modes, as in
the case of spherical particles near the jamming transition point. By
repeating a similar argument used in the previous sub-section, we obtain
\begin{align}
 \lambda_{\rm min} \sim k_{R}\delta z^2 \sim c_1 p\Delta \delta z^2,
\end{align}
where $c_1$ is a constant. Here we assume that $c_1>0$, which can be
validated by the explicit calculations for ellipsoids interacting with
the Gay-Berne potential, and breathing particles~\cite{BP2018}.
However, this assumption is not validated for some shapes of particles.
We shall discuss this point in Sec.~\ref{152804_8Jul19}. If we take
into account the second order term of $\Delta$, we have
\begin{align}
 \lambda_{\rm min} \sim p\left[c_1\Delta \delta z^2 + c_2 \Delta^2 +
 O(\Delta^3)\right],\label{145853_28Jun19}
 \end{align}
where all terms should be proportional to $p$, because the zero mode
vanishes as $p$. Although the first order term of $\Delta$ can be
positive, the pre-stress, in general, destabilizes the system due to the
structural buckling~\cite{alexander1998}. Therefore, it is natural to
assume that the second order term gives a negative contribution $c_2<0$.
The marginal stability requires $\lambda_{\rm min}\sim 0$, meaning that the
first and second terms in the RHS of Eq.~(\ref{145853_28Jun19}) should be canceled
each other, which leads to the scaling of $\delta z$:
\begin{align}
 \delta z \sim \Delta^{1/2}\sim (\mathcal{A}-1)^{1/4}.\label{140052_26Jan19}
\end{align}
\begin{figure}
\centering \includegraphics[width=.8\textwidth]{fig1}
\caption{Scaling of the contact number of non-spherical particles.  The
symbols denote the numerical results, and the solid line denotes the
theoretical prediction $z-4\sim (\mathcal{A}-1)^{1/4}$. Data for non-spherical
particles are taken from Ref.~\cite{vanderwerf2018}. }
\label{140029_26Jan19}
\end{figure}
In Fig.~\ref{140029_26Jan19}, we compare the theoretical prediction,
Eq.~(\ref{140052_26Jan19}), with the numerical results of various shapes
of non-spherical particles in Ref.~\cite{vanderwerf2018} where the jammed
configurations were generated by the binary search combining isotropic
compression and decompression. We get an excellent agreement with the
theory and numerical result, though there are visible deviations for
$\mathcal{A}-1\ll 1$, which might be originated from the lack of statistics,
numerical precision, or finite size effects.

In the $\Delta\to 0$ limit, Eq.~(\ref{140052_26Jan19}) should be
smoothly connected to the result of spherical particles
Eq.~(\ref{144022_4Nov19}).  From this condition, one can decide the
scaling form of $\delta z$ as
\begin{align}
\delta z = \Delta^{1/2}\mathcal{Z}(\Delta^{-1}p),\label{164137_1Feb19}
\end{align}
where
\begin{align}
 \mathcal{Z}(x) &=
 \begin{cases}
  const & (x\ll 1),\\
  x^{1/2} & (x\gg 1).
 \end{cases}
\end{align}
$\mathcal{Z}(x)$ is a finite and regular function at $x=0$, and thus one can
expand it as $\mathcal{Z}(x) = \mathcal{Z}(0) + \mathcal{Z}'(0)x +\cdots$, which leads to
\begin{align}
 z -z_J \sim \frac{p}{\Delta^{1/2}},
\end{align}
where $z_J = 2d + \Delta^{1/2}\mathcal{Z}(0)$. This is again consistent with a
numerical result of ellipsoids~\cite{schreck2010}.

We now turn our attention to the scaling of the shear modulus $G$. In
the standard numerical procedure to calculate $G$, one first imposes the
small strain and then minimizes the energy. Comparing the resultant
energy with that of the undeformed one, one can calculate
$G$~\cite{ohern2003}. Previous numerical and theoretical investigations
prove that the square root singularity $G\sim p^{1/2}$ appears near the
jamming transition of spherical
particles~\cite{ohern2003,wyart2005effects}. We here discuss how this
scaling is altered for non-spherical particles. We assume that the
imposed shear excites only the zero modes because the typical energy of
those modes is much smaller than the other near the jamming transition
point. When $\Delta\ll 1$, the zero modes mainly consists of the
rotational degrees of freedom.  The typical displacement $\delta u_i$
caused by the imposed shear strain $\delta\gamma$ is roughly $\delta u_i
\sim \delta\gamma/\Delta$. After the minimization, the energy difference
caused by the shear can be expressed as
\begin{align}
 \delta V_N \sim \delta Q_N \sim \min_{\bm{y}_i} \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{\alpha=1}^{d_{\rm rot}}
 k_{i}^\alpha\left(\delta \tilde{u}_i^\alpha + y_i^\alpha\right)^2,\label{192356_26Jan19}
 \end{align}
where $k_i$ and $\delta\tilde{\bm{u}}_i$ denotes the eigenvalue and
eigenvector of
$\partial_{\bm{u}_i^\alpha}\partial_{\bm{u}_i^\beta}g_i(\bm{u}_i)$, respectively.
$\bm{y}_i=\{y_i^1,\cdots, y_i^{d_{\rm rot}}\}$ denotes the vector spanned
by the $N_0$ zero modes to be chosen to minimize the energy. Using the
standard technique of the linear algebra, one can eliminate $N_0$ terms
among $Nd_{\rm rot}$ terms in Eq.~(\ref{192356_26Jan19}) (see. Ch.7 in
Ref.~\cite{wyart2005rigidity}). Thus, the typical amplitude of $\delta
V_N$ is
\begin{align}
 \delta V_N \sim k_R (Nd_{\rm rot}-N_0)\left(\frac{\delta \gamma}{\Delta}\right)^2
 \sim  \frac{N p\delta z \delta\gamma^2}{\Delta}.
\end{align}
The shear modulus $G$ is then calculated as
\begin{align}
 G\sim \frac{\delta V_N}{N\delta \gamma^2} \sim \frac{p}{\Delta^{1/2}}.\label{203456_26Jan19}
\end{align}
The result is consistent with the numerical results of
ellipsoids~\cite{mailman2009}. In the $\Delta\to 0$ limit,
Eq.~(\ref{203456_26Jan19}) smoothly connects to the result of spherical
particles~\cite{ohern2003,wyart2005effects},
\begin{align}
 G\sim p^{1/2}.
\end{align}
This requires the following scaling form:
\begin{align}
 G = \Delta^{1/2}\mathcal{G}(\Delta^{-1}p),\label{011728_28Jan19}
\end{align}
where the scaling function $\mathcal{G}(x)$ satisfies
\begin{align}
 \mathcal{G}(x) &=
 \begin{cases}
  x & (x\ll 1),\\
  x^{1/2} & (x\gg 1).
 \end{cases}
\end{align}
\begin{figure}
\centering \includegraphics[width=.8\textwidth]{fig2} \caption{Saling
plot of the shear modulus of ellipsoids.  The symbols denote the
numerical results.  The solid and dotted lines denote the theoretical
predictions $G\sim \delta\varphi$ and $G\sim\delta\varphi^{1/2}$,
respectively. Data are taken from Ref.~\cite{mailman2009}.}
						       \label{011655_28Jan19}
\end{figure}
In Fig.~\ref{011655_28Jan19}, we confirm our scaling prediction for
ellipsoids interacting with harmonic potential, where $\Delta$ can be
identified with the aspect ratio, and $p\propto \delta\varphi\equiv
\varphi_J-\varphi$.  One can see that the data of different aspect
ratios are collapsed on a single curve, proving the validity of the
scaling prediction Eq.~(\ref{011728_28Jan19}).

\section{Connection between non-spherical particles and breathing particles}
\label{152720_8Jul19}

The above argument can be generally applied for models having extra
degrees of freedom, in addition to the translational degrees of freedom.
Besides non-spherical particles, another interesting model that belongs
to the same universality class is the so-called breathing particle (BP)
model~\cite{brito2018universality}. The model consists of $N$
polydisperse particles, the radii of which can change continuously. The
interaction potential of the model is given by
\begin{align}
 V_N= U_N + Q_N,\label{152005_2Feb19}
\end{align}
where
\begin{align}
 U_N &= \sum_{i<j}\frac{h_{ij}^2}{2}\theta(-h_{ij}),
 & h_{ij}&= r_{ij}-R_i-R_j,\label{152030_2Feb19}
\end{align}
and
\begin{align}
 Q_N &= \frac{k}{2}\sum_i \left(R_i-R_i^0\right)^2
 \left(\frac{R_i^{0}}{R_i}\right)^2.\label{152035_2Feb19}
\end{align}
We chose the stiffness $k$ so that the standard deviation of the radii
is proportional to $\Delta$:
\begin{align}
 \Delta \propto \sqrt{\frac{1}{NR_0^2}\sum_{i}\left(R_i-R_i^{0}\right)^2}.
\end{align}
From the saddle point condition, $\partial_{R_i}V_N=0$, one can infer
that
\begin{align}
 k \sim \frac{p}{\Delta}.
\end{align}
By introducing the new variable $u_i\equiv (R_i-R_i^0)/\Delta$,
Eqs.~(\ref{152030_2Feb19}) and (\ref{152035_2Feb19}) can be rewritten as
\begin{align}
U_N &= \sum_{i<j}\frac{h_{ij}^2}{2}\theta(-h_{ij}),& h_{ij}&=
r_{ij}-R_i^0-R_j^0 + \Delta(u_i+u_j),\nonumber\\ Q_N &= \frac{k_R}{2}\sum_i
u_i^2 \left(\frac{R_i^0}{R_i^0+\Delta u_i}\right)^2,\label{111309_2Aug19}
\end{align}
where
\begin{align}
 k_R = \Delta^2 k  \sim \Delta p.\label{115557_20Jun19}
\end{align}
Note that $k_R$ now has the same order as that of non-spherical
particles. Thus, one can repeat the same arguments in the previous
sections for non-spherical particles, which leads to the same critical
exponents~\cite{brito2018universality}. The numerical implementation of
the BP model is rather simpler, and the calculation time is shorter than
those of non-spherical particles, as the extra degrees of freedom are
simple scalar variables. For this reason, we shall use the BP in the
numerical experiments in the following sections, instead of non-spherical
particles. To obtain jammed configurations of the BP system, we use the
FIRE algorithm to find the inherent structures of the potential
Eq.(\ref{111309_2Aug19}). We use the Barendsen barostat to find them at
a fixed pressure. All the details are explained in
Ref.~\cite{brito2018universality}.

\section{Universal scaling of the gap and force distributions near isostatic point}
\label{152733_8Jul19} Here we show that the gap and force distributions
exhibit the universal scaling behavior near the isostatic point.

\subsection{Definition of the distribution functions}
Here we investigate the gap distribution
\begin{align}
 \rho(h) &\equiv \frac{1}{N}\ave{\sum_{i<j}\delta(h_{ij}-h)}.
\end{align}
At the zero temperature $T=0$, $\rho(h)$ has a gap at
$h=0$~\cite{ohern2003}. For this reason, it is convenient to define
distributions for the positive and negative $h$, separately. We define
a positive gap distribution
\begin{align}
 g(h) &\equiv \theta(h)\frac{\rho(h)}{\int_0^\infty dh \rho(h)},\label{003451_22Jan19}
\end{align}
and a force (normalized negative gap) distribution
\begin{align}
 P(f) &\equiv \theta(-h)\frac{\rho(h)\diff{h}{f}}{\int_{-\infty}^0
 \rho(h)\diff{h}{f}df},\label{003504_22Jan19}
\end{align}
where $\theta(x)$ is the Heviside function, and $f= -h/p$. It is well
known that at the jamming transition point of spherical particles,
$g(h)$ and $P(f)$ exhibit the power laws for small $h$ and
$f$~\cite{donev2005,charbonneau2012uni}:
\begin{align}
 g(h) &\sim h^{-\gamma},\nonumber\\
 P(f) &\sim f^{\theta}.\label{145304_28Jan19}
\end{align}
$\gamma$ does not depend on the spatial dimensions $d$ for $d\geq 2$ and
follows the mean-field prediction
$\gamma=0.41$~\cite{charbonneau2014fractal}, while $\theta$ exhibits the
weak $d$ dependence due to the localized
excitations~\cite{charbonneau2015jamming}.  Below, we discuss that the
power law is generally truncated at finite $h$ and $f$ if the system is
not isostatic.

\subsection{Finite size scaling}

Here we first describe the distribution functions of spherical particles
when the number of particles $N$ is finite.  Then, in the next
subsection, we show that the scaling of finite $N$ can be generalized to
the scaling of non-isostatic systems, including non-spherical particles
at the jamming transition point.

The minimal gap $h_{\rm min}$ of the $N$ particle system is calculated
by using the extreme statistics~\cite{kallus2016}
\begin{align}
\int_0^{h_{\rm min}}g(h)dh \sim h_{\rm min}^{1-\gamma} \sim \frac{1}{N}
 \Rightarrow h_{\rm min} \sim N^{-\frac{1}{1-\gamma}}.\label{151001_28Jan19}
\end{align}
When $h\ll h_{\rm min}$, $g(h)$ quickly decreases, implying that the
power law divergence of $g(h)$, Eq.~(\ref{145304_28Jan19}), is truncated
at $h\sim h_{\rm min}$. Thus, the scaling form of $g(h)$ at finite $N$
would be~\cite{kallus2016}
\begin{align}
 g(h) &\sim \begin{cases}
	     N^{\mu\gamma} p_0^{+}(h N^{\mu}) & (h\ll  N^{-\mu}),\\
	     h^{-\gamma} & (h\gg N^{-\mu})
	    \end{cases},\label{165351_2Jun19}
\end{align}
where $p_0^{+}(x)$ is a regular and finite function, and
\begin{align}
 \mu = \frac{1}{1-\gamma}.
\end{align}
\begin{figure}
\centering \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{fig3}
  \caption{Cumulative gap distribution (left) and its sclaing plot
  (right).  Symbols are results of numerical simulations of the harmonic
  potential at the jamming point for different system sizes, and the
  lines are theoretical predictions. } \label{123653_3Jun19}
\end{figure}
We perform the numerical simulation for two-dimensional harmonic
spheres to test the above conjecture.
Instead of $g(h)$, we observe the
cumulative distribution $Z(h) = \int_0^{h'} dh' g(h')$ to improve the
statistics. From Eq.~(\ref{165351_2Jun19}), $Z(h)$ should satisfy
\begin{align}
 Z(h) &\sim \begin{cases}
	     N p_0^{+}(h N^{\mu}) & (h\ll N^{-\mu}),\\
	     h^{1-\gamma} & (h\gg N^{-\mu})
	    \end{cases}.\label{124624_3Jun19}
\end{align}
In Fig.~\ref{123653_3Jun19}, we plot $Z(h)$ and its scaling form for
several $N$.  The excellent scaling collapse justifies our scaling
argument.

\subsection{General scaling form of the distribution functions near isostatic point}

We want to generalize the above argument for more general systems close
to the isostatic point $\delta z\ll 1$. For this purpose, we
shall consider some function $F(h)$ which has the following scaling form
for $\delta z\ll 1$:
\begin{align}
F(h) = \delta z^\alpha \mathcal{F}(\delta z^\beta h),\label{105738_6Aug19}
\end{align}
where $\alpha$ and $\beta$ denote the critical exponents we want to
determine from the finite size scaling. The extensive numerical
simulations of spherical particles prove that the scaling like
Eq.~(\ref{105738_6Aug19}) persists up to $\delta z =
1/N$~\cite{goodrich2012,goodrich2016}, suggesting that for a finite
size system at the jamming transition point, we have
\begin{align}
F(h) = N^{-\alpha} \mathcal{F}(N^{-\beta} h).\label{110616_6Aug19}
\end{align}
In other words, the scaling for $\delta z\ll 1$ can be obtained by
substituting $N=\delta z^{-1}$ into the result of the finite size
scaling.
From Eqs.~(\ref{165351_2Jun19}) and
(\ref{124624_3Jun19}), we have
\begin{align}
 g(h) &\sim \begin{cases}
	     \delta z^{-\mu\gamma} p_0^{+}(h\delta z^{-\mu}) & (h\ll \delta z^{\mu})\\
	     h^{-\gamma} & (h\gg \delta z^{\mu})
	    \end{cases},\label{111321_2Jul19}
\end{align}
and
\begin{align}
 Z(h) &\sim \begin{cases}
	     \delta z^{-1} p_0^{+}(h \delta z^{-\mu}) & (h\ll \delta z^{\mu})\\
	     h^{1-\gamma} & (h\gg \delta z^{\mu})
	    \end{cases}.\label{111325_2Jul19}
\end{align}
We propose that the above equations hold for any system sufficiently
near the isostatic point, \textit{i.e.}, $\delta z\ll 1$.  We shall test
this conjecture for the BP at the jamming transition point, at which we
have shown that $\delta z \sim
\Delta^{1/2}$~\cite{brito2018universality}. In Fig.~\ref{154547_5Jun19},
we show $Z(h)$ and its scaling form of the BP at the jamming transition
point. The excellent scaling collapse justifies the validity of
Eqs.~(\ref{111321_2Jul19}) and (\ref{111325_2Jul19}). Note that the same
equation of Eq.~(\ref{111321_2Jul19}) holds exactly in the case of
the mean-field model of non-spherical
particles~\cite{brito2018universality,ikeda2019mean} and the spherical
particles slightly above the jamming transition point, where $\delta z
\sim p^{1/2}$~\cite{franz2017}.
\begin{figure}
\centering \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{fig4}
\caption{Cumulative gap distribution (left) of non-spherical particles
and its sclaing plot (right).  Symbols are results of numerical
simulations of the BP system for different values of variance of the
 radii $\Delta$ and a system with N=8192 particles. Lines are
the theoretical predictions.}  \label{154547_5Jun19}
  \end{figure}

For the force distribution $P(f)$, one can apply a similar argument, leading to
\begin{align}
P(f) &\sim \begin{cases} \delta z^{\theta\nu}p_0^{-}(f\delta z^{-\nu}) &
	    (f\ll \delta z^{\nu})\\ f^\theta & (f\gg \delta z^{\nu})
	   \end{cases},
\end{align}
where $p_0^{-}(x)$ denotes a finite and regular function, and we have
introduced the critical exponent by
\begin{align}
\nu &= \frac{1}{1+\theta}.
\end{align}
The numerical justification of $P(f)$ is rather tricky because one
should carefully separate the localized and extended modes to compare them
with the theoretical prediction~\cite{charbonneau2015jamming}, which we
leave for future work.

\section{Vibrational density of states}
\label{163348_3Jul19}

The vibrational density of states $D(\omega)$ characterizes the low
temperature physics of solids~\cite{kittel1996}. In this section, we
investigate $D(\omega)$ of the BP model near the jamming transition
point, which exhibits the same scaling as non-spherical particles.  The
results shown in the following are made for a system with $N=484$
particles.

\subsection{Characteristic frequencies}
We first describe the qualitative shape of $D(\omega)$ and define the
characteristic frequencies.
\begin{figure}
\centering \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{fig5} \caption{ (a)
Density of states $D(\omega)$ for the BP system at $\Delta=10^{-3}$ and
$p=10^{-4}$ and the definition of the characteristic frequencies.  (b)
The $\Delta$ dependence of the characteristic frequencies. Lines
are the theoretical predictions, $\omega_0 \propto \Delta ^{1/2}$, $\omega_1
\propto \Delta $, and $\omega_2 \propto \Delta ^{1/2}$ (c) The $p$
dependence of the characteristic frequencies.  Line is the theoretical
prediction, $\omega_0 \propto p^{1/2}$.  } \label{151912_18Jun19}
\end{figure}
In Fig.~\ref{151912_18Jun19} (a), we show the typical behavior of
$D(\omega)$ of the BP model. $D(\omega)$ consists of the three separate
parts: (i) the lowest band at $\omega_0$, (ii) the intermediate band at
$\omega_1$, and (iii) the highest band starts from $\omega_2$. In
Fig~\ref{151912_18Jun19} (b), we show the $\Delta$ dependence of the
characteristic frequencies, $\omega_0$, $\omega_1$, and $\omega_2$.  The
characteristic frequencies are well fitted by the following power laws
(see solid lines):
\begin{align}
 &\omega_0 \sim \Delta^{1/2},&
 &\omega_1 \sim \Delta, &
 &\omega_2 \sim \Delta^{1/2}.
\end{align}
In Fig.~\ref{151912_18Jun19} (c), we show the $p$ dependence of
$\omega_0$.  We found that
\begin{align}
\omega_0\sim p^{1/2},
\end{align}
while $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$ remain constant (not shown). The above
scaling is the same as ellipsoids if we identify
$\Delta$ with the aspect ratio~\cite{schreck2012}, which is another
evidence that the BP and ellipsoids belong to the same
universality class.

Using the previous theoretical
analysis~\cite{brito2018universality,ikeda2019mean}, we can understand
the above scalings in the three regions. (i) The lowest band corresponds
to the zero modes stabilized by the positive part of the pre-stress. As
the pre-stress scales as $k_R \sim p\Delta$, Eq.~(\ref{115557_20Jun19}),
the characteristic frequency of the mode is $\omega_0\sim \sqrt{k_R}\sim
p^{1/2}\Delta^{1/2}$. (ii) The intermediate band corresponds to the
breathing motion of the BP or the rotation of ellipsoids.  Therefore,
the characteristic frequency is $\omega_1\sim \sqrt{\partial_R^2
V_N}\sim \Delta$. (iii) The highest band corresponds to the
translational degrees of freedom. As in the case of spherical particles,
the characteristic frequency is proportional to $\delta
z$~\cite{wyart2005rigidity}. Using Eq.~(\ref{140052_26Jan19}), we get
$\omega_2\sim \Delta^{1/2}$. Herewith we recover the above numerical
results. To give further evidence to support the above picture, we
calculate the weights of each band by numerically integrating
$D(\omega)$. If the above description is correct, one should have the
following equations:
\begin{align}
&N_0 = N \left(1-\frac{\delta z}{2}\right),&
&N_1 = \frac{N\delta z}{2},&
&N_2 =  dN,\label{121418_20Jun19}
\end{align}
where $N_i$ denotes the number of the modes included in the $i$-th band.
Since the total number of modes is $3N$, the fraction $f_i$ of modes in
each band is given by $f_i=N_i/3N$.  In Fig.~\ref{204902_18Jun19}, we
show the $\Delta$ and $p$ dependencies of $f_i$ and compare with the
theoretical prediction Eqs.~(\ref{121418_20Jun19}). We obtain quite good
agreement.
\begin{figure}
  \centering \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{fig6} \caption{The
 weights of the three bands of the $D(\omega)$ as the example shown in
 Fig.~(\ref{151912_18Jun19})-a. Symbols denote the numerical results for
 the BP system, and the solid lines denote the theoretical predictions,
 see main text.  (a) The $p$ dependence at fixed variance
 $\Delta=10^{-1}$.  (b) The $\Delta$ dependence at fixed pressure $p =
 10^{-4}$.}  \label{204902_18Jun19}
\end{figure}

\section{Summary and discussions}
\label{152804_8Jul19}

\begin{figure}
\centering \includegraphics[width=.8\textwidth]{fig7} \caption{ Summary
 of the scaling prediction.  $\Delta$ denotes the linear deviation from
 the spherical particles.  (left) The shear modulus $G$ as a function of
 the pressure $p$. $G$ exhibits the linear scaling $G\sim p$ for $p\ll
 \Delta$, while $G\sim p^{1/2}$ for $p\gg \Delta$. (right) The gap
 distribution $g(h)$. $g(h)$ exhibits the power law $g(h)\sim
 h^{-\gamma}$ for $h\gg \Delta^{\mu/2}$, while it converges to a finite
 value for $h\ll \Delta^{\mu/2}$.} \label{140122_2Aug19}
\end{figure}

In this paper, we investigated the jamming transition of non-spherical
particles and breathing particles.  Using both numerical and scaling
arguments, we confirmed that the critical behavior of the jamming of
non-spherical particles and breathing particles is qualitatively
different from that of spherical particles.  In the left panel of
Fig.~\ref{140122_2Aug19}, we summarize our scaling prediction for the
shear modulus $G$.  Note that, for non-spherical particles ($\Delta>0$),
$G$ always shows the linear pressure $p$ dependence sufficiently near
the jamming transition point ($p\ll \Delta$), while it exhibits the
square root dependence for spherical particles ($\Delta=0$). This means
that the critical exponent of $G$ changes discontinuously at $\Delta=0$
from one to one half; in other words, the small asphericity is enough to
change the universality class of the jamming transition.  We also show
that non-spherical particles and breathing particles are not critical at
the jamming transition point in terms of the gap distribution $g(h)$,
see the right panel of Fig.~\ref{140122_2Aug19}. The power law
divergence of $g(h)$ is truncated at finite $h$, and thus the gap
distribution is finite and analytic even at the jamming transition
point. This is a sharp contrast to spherical particles, where the power
law divergence of $g(h)$ persists up to $h=0$. Furthermore, we fully
characterized the scaling of the characteristic frequencies of the
density of states near the jamming transition point, which are again
dramatically different from those of spherical particles.

There are still several open questions. A tentative list is the
following:
\begin{itemize}
 \item It is important to understand the
       rheological properties of the system near the jamming transition
       point. It has been shown that the divergence of the viscosity is
       strongly connected to the lowest excitation of the density of
       states~\cite{lerner2012unified}. As discussed in
       Sec. \ref{163348_3Jul19}, the density of states of non-spherical
       particles is very different from that of spherical particles,
       which would change the critical exponent of the viscosity compared to
       that of spherical particles. A further study of this point is
       left as an open problem.

 \item In this work, we assumed that the pre-stress gives a positive
       contribution for the first order of $\Delta$, $c_1>0$. This
       assumption is violated for non-spherical particles consisting
       of spherical particles, such as dimers. In this case, the
       rotational motions of non-spherical particles can be identified
       with the translational motions of particles that consists
       non-spherical particles. Therefor, the system becomes isostatic
       and exhibits the same scaling of that of spherical
       particles~\cite{schreck2010,papa2013}. Furthermore, Platonic
       solids are also known to be isostatic at the jamming transition
       point~\cite{smith2011}. Further studies are necessary to uncover
       when the assumption $c_1>0$ can be validated.

 \item In this work, we assumed that the two particles could have at
       most one contact. This assumption is correct for particles of
       convex shape. However, for particles of non-convex shape, the two
       particles can have more than two contacts. The extension of our
       work for such non-convex shape particles is an interesting future
       work. We believe that the study along this direction would be a
       promising way to introduce the effect of the friction, which is
       considered to be originated from the surface roughness of the
       constituent particles.
\end{itemize}

\ack We thank F.~Zamponi and P.~Urbani for previous joint
research~\cite{brito2018universality} on which this work is based.

This project has received funding from the European Research Council
(ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programme (grant agreement n.723955-GlassUniversality).  This work was
supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (\#454953, Matthieu
Wyart and \#454955).

\section*{References}

 \bibliographystyle{iopart-num.bst}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: mongodb queries find total number of cities in the database Hi everyone I have a huge data that contains some information like this below:
  { "_id" : "01011", "city" : "CHESTER", "loc" : [ -72.988761, 42.279421 ], "pop" : 1688, "state" : "MA" }
  { "_id" : "01012", "city" : "CHESTERFIELD", "loc" : [ -72.833309, 42.38167 ], "pop" : 177, "state" : "MA" }
  { "_id" : "01013", "city" : "CHICOPEE", "loc" : [ -72.607962, 42.162046 ], "pop" : 23396, "state" : "MA" }
  { "_id" : "01020", "city" : "CHICOPEE", "loc" : [ -72.576142, 42.176443 ], "pop" : 31495, "state" : "MA" }

I want to be able to find the number of the cities in this database using Mongodb command. But also the database may have more than one recored that has the same city. As the example above.
I tried:
  >db.zipcodes.distinct("city").count();
2015-04-25T15:57:45.446-0400 E QUERY    warning: log line attempted (159k) over max size (10k), printing beginning and end ... TypeError: Object AGAWAM,BELCHERTOWN ***data*** has no method 'count'

but I didn't work with me.Also I did something like this:
   >db.zipcodes.find({city:.*}).count();

  2015-04-25T16:00:01.043-0400 E QUERY    SyntaxError: Unexpected token .

But it didn't work also and even if does work it will count the redundant data (city). Any idea?

A: Instead of doing
db.zipcodes.distinct("city").count();

do this:
db.zipcodes.distinct("city").length;

and there is aggregate  function, which may help you.
I have also found 1 example on aggregate (related to your query).
If you want to add condition, then you could refer $gte / $gte (aggregation) and/or $lte / $lte (aggregation)
See, if that helps.

A: You can also use the aggregation framework for this. The aggregation pipeline has two $group operator stages; the first groups the documents by city and the last calculates the total distinct documents from the previous stream:
db.collection.aggregate([
    {
        "$group": {
            "_id": "$city"
        }
    },
    {
        "$group": {
            "_id": 0,
            "count": { "$sum": 1 }
        }
    }
]);

Output:
/* 1 */
{
    "result" : [
        {
            "_id" : 0,
            "count" : 3
        }
    ],
    "ok" : 1
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Exclusive: Iran's Release of Lebanese Prisoner Was Failed Overture to US
The Algemeiner
Freed Lebanese businessman Nizar Zakka, who had been detained in Iran since 2015, gestures as he arrives at the Presidential Palace in Baabda, Lebanon, June 11, 2019. Photo: Reuters / Aziz Taher.
Iran's release last month of Nizar Zakka, a Lebanese businessman with US permanent residency, after four years in prison
Iran's release of Lebanese prisoner was failed overture to U.S.
By Lesley Wroughton, Jonathan Landay and Arshad Mohammed WASHINGTON, July 10 (Reuters) - Iran's release last month of Nizar Zakka, a Lebanese businessman with U.S....
Exclusive: Iran's release of Lebanese prisoner was failed overture to U.S
By Lesley Wroughton, Jonathan Landay and Arshad Mohammed WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Iran's release last month of Nizar Zakka, a Lebanese businessman with U.S. permanent...
US-Iran missed opportunity to solve tensions after Nizar Zakka's release: Report
Iran's release last month of Nizar Zakka, a Lebanese businessman with U.S. permanent residency, after four years in prison was meant as an opening for US-Iranian talks,...
International Business Times 2019-07-10
Iran's release of Lebanese prisoner Nizar Zakka 'was failed overture to US'
Iran's release of Nizar Zakka, a Lebanese businessman with US permanent residency, last month was meant as an opening for US-Iranian talks. The gesture, however, was not...
The National 2019-07-10
Why War With Iran Is Just....A Horrendous Idea
Sen. Lindsey Graham discusses Iran
Al Jazeera English | Live
Trump Retains Latitude to Strike Iran
What's Driving U.S. Sanctions On Iran | NPR
Iran's president taunts Trump with personal insult
Iran will proceed with plans to surpass caps on uranium stockpile limit
US Iran and a Drone
Iran released prisoner in outreach to US: report
Iranian officials hoped to initiate talks with the Trump administration last month following the release of a prisoner with U.S. permanent residency but were rebuffed by U.S. officials who reportedly saw the gesture as insignificant, according to a report by Reuters. Several sources told the news outlet that Iran's government had ordered the release of Lebanese businessman...
Iran and the US claim they\'re not on speaking terms, but they\'re doing a lot ...
For two governments who claim they aren't talking, the United States and Iran sure seem to have a lot to say to each other these days. Both sides remain adamant that the prospects of formal negotiations are slim. And yet, officials from the two countries have exchanged a flurry of messages over social media in recent weeks. Those doing the talking include President Donald Trump...
Iran and the U.S. Claim They're Not on Speaking Terms, But They're Doing a Lot ...
For two governments who claim they aren't talking, the United States and Iran sure seem to have a lot to say to each other these days. Both sides remain adamant that the prospects of formal negotiations are slim. And yet, officials from the two countries have exchanged a flurry of messages over social media in recent weeks. Those doing the talking include President Donald Trump...
Hamodia
France says Franco-Iranian academic arrested in Iran
More Paris (AFP) - A Franco-Iranian academic based at a prestigious Paris university has been arrested in Iran and denied contact with consular staff, the French foreign ministry said Monday. The detention of Fariba Adelkhah, a well-known expert on Iran and Shiite Islam at Sciences Po, risks increasing tension between Paris and Tehran at a critical moment in the crisis over the...
Yahoo Daily News
Iran arrests French-Iranian academic
TEHRAN - Iran confirmed Tuesday the arrest of a French-Iranian academic without giving any details of her case, the latest in a long list of dual nationals held in the country's prisons. The detention of Fariba Adelkhah, 60, risks increasing tension between Paris and Tehran at a critical moment in efforts to save a landmark 2015 nuclear deal. Adelkhah is a well-known expert on...
Middle East Online
US drone shooting highlights Iran's advanced weapons technology
The shooting down of a US spy drone a couple of weeks ago has focused attention on Iran\'s weapons technology. Iranians celebrated what they hailed as an important show of military strength. Al Jazeera\'s Zein Basravi reports from Tehran. - Subscribe to our channel: http://aje.io/AJSubscribe - Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/AJEnglish - Find us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/aljazeera - Check our website: https://www.aljazeera.com/ #AlJazeeraEnglish #USDrone #IranWeapons...
Will there be war with Iran? Probably not. But here is a last minute school survival guide to let you know what to expect if next time if tensions escalate into another unsolvable conflict. Twitter: https://twitter.com/AltHistoryHub...
Sen. Lindsey Graham, R-South Carolina, joins moderator Margaret Brennan to discuss Iran\'s nuclear program. Subscribe to the\"Face the Nation\" Channel HERE: http://bit.ly/1SUQc68 Watch Full Episodes of \"Face the Nation\" HERE: http://cbsn.ws/20pbkSF Follow \"Face the Nation\" on Instagram HERE: http://bit.ly/23Xuhk4 Like \"Face the Nation\" on Facebook HERE: http://on.fb.me/23Xmz9E Follow \"Face the Nation\" on Twitter HERE: http://bit.ly/1o3QDQo Follow \"Face the Nation\" on Google+ HERE: http://bit.ly/23XuaoG Get the latest news and best in original reporting from CBS News delivered to your inbox. Subscribe to newsletters HERE: http://cbsn.ws/1RqHw7T Get your news on the go! Download CBS News mobile apps HERE: http://cbsn.ws/1Xb1WC8 Get new episodes of shows you love across devices the next day, stream local news live, and watch full seasons of CBS fan favorites anytime, anywhere with CBS All Access. Try it free! http://bit.ly/1OQA29B --- \"Face the Nation\" is America\'s premier Sunday morning public affairs program. The broadcast is one of the longest-running news programs in the history of television, having debuted November 7, 1954 on CBS. Every Sunday, \"Face the Nation\" moderator and CBS News senior foreign affairs correspondent Margaret Brennan welcomes leaders, newsmakers, and experts to a lively round table discussion of current events and the latest news....
@Al Jazeera English, we focus on people and events that affect people\'s lives. We bring topics to light that often go under-reported, listening to all sides of the story and giving a \'voice to the voiceless\'. Reaching more than 270 million households in over 140 countries across the globe, our viewers trust Al Jazeera English to keep them informed, inspired, and entertained. Our impartial, fact-based reporting wins worldwide praise and respect. It is our unique brand of journalism that the world has come to rely on. We are reshaping global media and constantly working to strengthen our reputation as one of the world\'s most respected news and current affairs channels. Subscribe to our channel: http://bit.ly/AJSubscribe Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/AJEnglish Find us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/aljazeera Check our website: http://www.aljazeera.com/ #AlJazeeraEnglish #BreakingNews #AlJazeeraLive...
Amid heightened tensions between Washington and Tehran, U.S. President Donald Trump enters the week bolstered by Senate action that indirectly affirmed his latitude to order military strikes against Iran. VOA's Michael Bowman reports, late last week the Senate defeated an effort to force Trump to obtain congressional approval for any non-defensive military action taken against the Islamic nation. Originally published at - https://morigin.voanews.eu/a/trump-retains-latitude-to-strike-iran/4979791.html...
For 40 years, the U.S. and Iran have been locked in an almost nonstop confrontation. In the latest escalation, the U.S. is demanding that other countries stop buying Iranian oil — the one product that keeps that country\'s economy afloat, if just barely. These sanctions will further weaken Iran\'s already fragile economy and add to tensions in the region, but to what end? • Read or listen to: \"Aggressive Rhetoric Ramps Up Between U.S. And Iran\" at https://n.pr/2XowcQa ------------------------------------------------------ Follow NPR elsewhere, too: • Twitter: https://twitter.com/npr • Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/NPR • Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/npr/ • Tumblr: http://npr.tumblr.com/ • Snapchat: https://www.snapchat.com/add/npr ABOUT NPR NPR connects to audiences on the air, on demand, online, and in person. More than 26 million radio listeners tune in to NPR stations each week and more than 36 million unique visitors access NPR.org each month making NPR one of the most trusted sources of news and insights on life and the arts. NPR is also the leading publisher of podcasts, with 36 original shows and an average of 4 million listeners per week. NPR shares compelling stories, audio and photos with millions of social media users on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest, YouTube and Snapchat; NPR News and NPR One apps, online streaming, podcasts, iTunes radio and connected car dashboards help meet audiences where they are. NPR\'s live events bring to the stage two-way conversations between NPR hosts and the audience in collaboration with the public radio Mem...
President Donald Trump threatened Iran with \"obliteration\" after its President Hassan Rouhani accused the White House of suffering from a \"mental disability.\" Jake Tapper discusses with CNN\'s Boris Sanchez and Republican Rep. Adam Kinzinger. #CNN #News...
Iran\'s stockpile of enriched uranium is likely to breach an internationally agreed limit within days, amid heightened tensions with the US. https://www.sbs.com.au/news/ #SpecialBroadcastingService #SBSnewsAU...
Get 75% off NordVPN! Only $2.99/mo, plus you get an additional month FREE at: https://nordvpn.org/covertcabal or, at checkout, use codeword: covertcabal ------------------------ We started a Podcast - Tac Ops - www.youtube.com/tacops - or find it on any typical podcast location If you\'d like to help support me continue to create videos, you can do so here... Patreon (Monthly) - https://www.patreon.com/CovertCabal PayPayl (One Time Donations) - https://www.paypal.me/covertcabal Discord - https://discord.gg/E7p2Z2X Amazon Prime 30 Free Trial - https://amzn.to/2AiNfvJ Microphone I use = https://amzn.to/2zYFz1D Video Editor = https://amzn.to/2JLqX5o Military Aircraft Models = https://amzn.to/2A3NPxu Military Strategy Book = https://amzn.to/2AaqwST ---------------------------------- Credits: Footage: Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ The NATO Channel Ministry of Defence of Estonia Department of Defense (US) \"The appearance of U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) visual information does not imply or constitute DoD endorsement.\" KCNA - North Korea State Media Music: BTS Prolog - Kevin MacLeod - incompetech.com Iranian Limpet Mine Author: Mehdi Bakhtiari creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en Iranian Ra\'ad SAM system Author: M-ATF creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en Hassan Rouhani\'s Inauguration Author: Mahmoud Hosseini creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en Shahab 2 Missile Author: Vahid alpha creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/...
Support CaspianReport ✔ Patreon ► https://www.patreon.com/CaspianReport ✔ PayPal ► https://www.paypal.me/caspianreport ✔ Merchandise ►https://teespring.com/stores/caspianreport ✔ Amazon ► https://www.amazon.com/shop/caspianreport BAKU - Tension between Washington and Tehran are once again at their peak after two oil tankers were attacked on June 13th near the entrance to the Persian Gulf. The incidents were the second in a month, and US officials were quick to blame Iran but cited no proof. Iran, meanwhile, denied any wrongdoing. Although it's unclear what exactly happened, the event has stoked fears that a military confrontation between Iran and the United States is imminent. Truth, however, is the first casualty of war and so it matters little what truly happened. Yet, miscalculation, misinterpretation and bad judgement can conspire to turn a minor clash into a full-blown fight. What we want to know is how a hypothetical conflict between Iran and the United States would play out. Crypto endorsement ✔ Bitcoin ► 1MwRNXWWqzbmsHova7FMW11zPftVZVUfbU ✔ Ether ► 0xfE4c310ccb6f52f9D220F25Ce76Dec0493dF9aA0 ✔ Bitcoin Cash ► 1BKLti4Wq4EK9fsBnYWC91caK7NZfUhNw9 Follow on social media ✔ Twitter ► https://twitter.com/CaspianReport ✔ Facebook ► https://www.facebook.com/CaspianReport Soundtrack ✔ Interlinked ► CO.AG Music ✔ Background Music 4 ► CO.AG Music ✔ A System of Numbers ► CO.AG Music Licensed under Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/...
The shooting down of a US spy drone a couple of weeks ago has focused attention on Iran\'s weapons technology. Iranians celebrated what they hailed as an important show of military strength. Al Jazeera\'s Zein Basravi reports from Tehran. - Subscribe to our channel: http://aje.io/AJSubscribe - Fol
Will there be war with Iran? Probably not. But here is a last minute school survival guide to let you know what to expect if next time if tensions escalate into another unsolvable conflict. Twitter: https://twitter.com/AltHistoryHub
Sen. Lindsey Graham, R-South Carolina, joins moderator Margaret Brennan to discuss Iran\'s nuclear program. Subscribe to the\"Face the Nation\" Channel HERE: http://bit.ly/1SUQc68 Watch Full Episodes of \"Face the Nation\" HERE: http://cbsn.ws/20pbkSF Follow \"Face the Nation\" on Instagram HERE: http://b
@Al Jazeera English, we focus on people and events that affect people\'s lives. We bring topics to light that often go under-reported, listening to all sides of the story and giving a \'voice to the voiceless\'. Reaching more than 270 million households in over 140 countries across the globe, our vie
Amid heightened tensions between Washington and Tehran, U.S. President Donald Trump enters the week bolstered by Senate action that indirectly affirmed his latitude to order military strikes against Iran. VOA's Michael Bowman reports, late last week the Senate defeated an effort to force Trump to ob
For 40 years, the U.S. and Iran have been locked in an almost nonstop confrontation. In the latest escalation, the U.S. is demanding that other countries stop buying Iranian oil — the one product that keeps that country\'s economy afloat, if just barely. These sanctions will further weaken Iran\'s al
President Donald Trump threatened Iran with \"obliteration\" after its President Hassan Rouhani accused the White House of suffering from a \"mental disability.\" Jake Tapper discusses with CNN\'s Boris Sanchez and Republican Rep. Adam Kinzinger. #CNN #News
Iran\'s stockpile of enriched uranium is likely to breach an internationally agreed limit within days, amid heightened tensions with the US. https://www.sbs.com.au/news/ #SpecialBroadcastingService #SBSnewsAU
Get 75% off NordVPN! Only $2.99/mo, plus you get an additional month FREE at: https://nordvpn.org/covertcabal or, at checkout, use codeword: covertcabal ------------------------ We started a Podcast - Tac Ops - www.youtube.com/tacops - or find it on any typical podcast location If you\'d like to
Support CaspianReport ✔ Patreon ► https://www.patreon.com/CaspianReport ✔ PayPal ► https://www.paypal.me/caspianreport ✔ Merchandise ►https://teespring.com/stores/caspianreport ✔ Amazon ► https://www.amazon.com/shop/caspianreport BAKU - Tension between Washington and Tehran are once again at their