Sushma Swaraj launching the Telugu version of PMO India Multi-Lingual website, in New Delhi on May 29, 2016.
The official website of India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Office, www.pmindia.gov.in is now multi-lingual.
The website can now be accessed in six regional languages: Bengali, Gujarati, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil and Telugu in addition to English and Hindi.
The website was inaugurated by the Minister for External Affairs Sushma Swaraj on Sunday.
Speaking on the occasion, the Minister said that the initiative is part of the on-going efforts of the Prime Minister Narendra Modi to reach out to the people and communicate with them in their own language.
She hoped that this initiative would further enhance the interaction between people from all parts of the country and the Prime Minister on various issues concerning their welfare and development.
The Minister further said that other regional language versions of the website will be available in a phased manner.
The six regional language websites can be accessed here: Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Malayalam, Tamil, and Telugu.


Showing results for tags 'tame'.
Been alpha and friends with all big tribes in farmer easy pvp, Na, no one has ever been able to find a TUSO on our server. We have some pretty good tames for trade, trust me. Please HMU if you have a TUSO pair you'd be willing to trade, I'll give discord when someone replies to this.
Hi, i'll try a Lot of time, but the tosuteuthis never grab mi dino, then i can't give him black Pearl.
the time it takes is not a problem in multiplayer since you do not need to be playing for time to pass, but in a single player no, I have to be playing the game for the timer to go down, 22 hours of real game are enough, if 5 hours already seemed too much when I pair other dinosaurs now with 22 hours, it should be like in multijuagor that also because playing that time only for a single egg is exaggerated and is that they are low level griffins, please add it as in multiplayer or reduce the mating time because it is really exaggerated.
Auto-decay in 3 min ?
Okay so using a taming calculator(2 different ones) my tribe has tamed 5 Spino's since extinction update. All five times the calculations were off, like we were feeding it prime instead of mutton? Anyone else having this issue? And when are they going to bless us with the fix to rock drake eggs missing???
Argy is not picking up tamed dinos or tribemembers for me on sever 37 pve Xbox one. This makes the game very frustrating and boring as i cant even go for proper metal runs or any resource on the mountain tops as I cant fly an anky there and there not very fast so that would be one lonnnggg tedious journey or go with a pick which is even more lame.
Im unable to change harvest/taming rates or log into admin on my extinction server (xb1). I cant even pull the admin bar up. Tried changing the settings 3 times.
I tamed a level 150 giga today just curious to what you tamed ?
I'm so happy I got a 140 white Mososaurus while only using 50 raw prime meat. I want to know other aweaome tames that went on during the Extra Life Charity Event.
as the picture,i cannot tame a tusoteuthis...is that a bug?
What's the point of having these colored events when you can't tame?
Can we have a Tameable Reaper Queen?
So we know the Reaper Queen is not acquirable, but i think it would be cool to get this variant Reaper for new pvp meta. Because i think the Giga is too much nerfed for what it is (until is getting it's own TLC). Getting a reaper king is like have a buffed natural armor Rex, but i feel we should have a new super predator to be well rewarded and have new way to play against imprinted pvp dinos and fighting against the wild giga (Which is insanely OP) for PvE. I don't know what do you think? Would you like to get a tameable Reaper Queen for pvp or it should stay has a mini-boss?
So I saw someone on reddit say tame a wolf from the ice cave. Is this possible?
The current tame limit for Singleplayer mode is 40, I find that this number is too low and really hope an increase is in the future.
This morning I was going out for a quick ride and opened the behemoth gate to get outside our base. The gate caught me and my raptor ride and I tried to get away and through the gate, but somehow it pinched us in the corner between the gate and wall and killed the raptor. Is this a glitch? I have been through gates many times and this is the first time something like this happened.
Cant tame a wolf lvl 165, he Just dont eat Carno Kibble..


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About Feed
Łukasz Rawa
Editor, Wiadomości Handlowe
Łukasz Rawa is an editor of the magazine "Wiadomości Handlowe" ("Trade News") and the wiadomoscihandlowe.pl news portal. Previously, he worked for the PTWP Group as a portalspozywczy.pl and "Rynek Spożywczy" magazine journalist. He also worked with "Nowy Przemysł", "Bilans Dodatni", "The City", "Audio" and with Polish Radio Online. Since 2016, he has been an organiser of the "Meat Congress", the most important annual conference dedicated to the meat sector.
Feed is a corporate magazine published by the Jerónimo Martins Group with the purpose of sharing a fresh outlook on some of the matters that will change or are already changing our businesses' ecosystem. This editorial project aims to bring to its pages fragments of the world where the Group lives and grows.
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Orland Park Children's Theater director writes troupe's first holiday show, 'Fixing Christmas'
By Jessi Virtusio
The cast of Orland Park Children's Theater's "Fixing Christmas" from Dec. 15 to 18 at the Cultural Center includes Evelynn Galivan (front row, from left), Penny Magana, Caitlin Annel, Avina Storino, Rylee Skafar, Cora Borner (middle row, from left), Quinn Cleofe, Teresa Kolssak, Zoe Carlson, Mara Nagle (back row, from left), Savanna Sanchez, Nicholas Huie and Ben Hertzog. (Orland Park Children's Theater)
Jean Petrow, division manager for the village of Orland Park's Recreation & Parks department, suggesting a Christmas children's production to Tina Cucci Fischer and Bryan Riess prompted his latest play.
"I'd written a Christmas show years ago for Orland but it wasn't a children's show. It was an adult show," said Riess about "Simple Miracle," which Orland Park Theatre Troupe staged in 2013 at Orland Park Civic Center and for which he served as assistant director and a cast member.
"It was a lot of fun because I love Christmas. It's just fun to write something Christmassy."
Riess spent approximately four months writing "Fixing Christmas," which he directs with fellow Orland Park resident Fischer, who runs Orland Park Children's Theater with him.
Tickets for the original four Dec. 16 to 18 performances at the Cultural Center in Orland Park sold out so Orland Park Children's Theater added a Dec. 15 performance to the run.
"Without giving away the whole show, basically it's about two of Santa's elves," said Riess, who also codirects Orland Park Recreation & Parks' Kids Improv-able team with Fischer.
"Their job is to go around and make sure that the Christmas spirit is alive and well all over the world. They find a place where it is not so they decide that it is going to be their job to fix Christmas.
"It's a children's home where there's a group of orphans living. The show is pretty much the elves trying to bring the magic of Christmas to this group of children that otherwise do not get to enjoy Christmas."
"Fixing Christmas" includes Frankfort, Lockport, Mokena, Orland Park, Palos Park and Tinley Park actors.
"We love our cast," said Riess, who has been involved with Orland Park Recreation & Parks' productions since 2009.
"It's a well-rounded cast in its entirety. It's kids from all over the place, different ages, boys and girls. They have different skills. Some of the kids are acting in the show. Some are just singing in a little Christmas choir but they're from all different walks of life.
"It's great to work with them because you get to see so many different types of people."
Katie Bordelon, 13, of Orland Park has the position of junior director.
"That's a new opportunity here in Orland that we probably want to continue because it gives her experience on the other side of the table, not just taking notes but giving the notes," said Fischer.
"She has been with us and the program since she was very young. She's taken our workshops and our classes. She did audition for this show. We wanted to offer her the opportunity to display what she knows to her peers. It's going really well. She's very generous and positive with the cast so that's cool."
Riess, who met Fischer when they were cast members in Orland Park Theatre Troupe's "The Wizard of Oz" in 2011 at Carl Sandburg High School Performing Arts Center in Orland Park, said "Fixing Christmas" is intended to be uplifting.
"I just try to give a good, warmhearted feeling and message about Christmas," said Riess, who dressed as Scrooge and participated with Orland Park Children's Theater alumni in the Holiday Festival, Tree Lighting and Parade in November at Orland Park Village Center.
"Hopefully people will see 'Fixing Christmas' and they'll walk away and have a renewed spirit of Christmas when they're leaving the theater. I still believe in Santa Claus so I want everybody else to as well."
'Fixing Christmas'
When: 7 p.m. Dec. 15 (Dec. 16-18 shows are sold out)
Where: Cultural Center, 14760 Park Lane, Orland Park
Information: 708-349-1402; orlandpark.org/departments/recreation
Jessi Virtusio is a freelance reporter for the Daily Southtown.
Decent: Metal, plastic and glass shards in the grass keep the tornado alive in the memories of its victims


We are 'popping up' all over South East Queensland and beyond! We are currently located at 2/2 Latrobe Terrace, Paddington, Queensland, until November 3rd.
Let us know what you think of our concept and our services and of course, vote for your suburb to be our next pop-up destination. XOXO LSOS.


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What's Your Money Style?
Based on Your Answers,
Your Money Style is:
So what does that mean?
It's been said that the way you do money is the way you do everything. Interesting thought, no? It may not be true in every category but certainly realizing this provides insight into your personality and what makes you comfortable. It also provides insight into what you might want to change, if anything.
Your balanced money style means you desire and look for predictable, consistent results, although you aren't afraid to try new things as long as you don't see potential for a big disaster.
You're willing to take a risk as long as there's no chance of a huge loss.
You recognize the value of variety, which might show up as liking different things for dinner, different styles of clothing or bonds in your portfolio for consistency and stocks for growth.
Seeing how your money style spills over into other areas of your life can help you make objective choices about everything.
How One Stop can help
Our network of advisors runs the gamut in debt, equity and business consulting expertise. Our resources and experts are able to help you find the financial solution that fits your needs and your comfort / money style.
Membership comes with many perks. There's a Q&A forum where you can interact with experts and individuals, run ideas by them and get great feedback. There's an impressive training library, put together by dozens of financial experts to help you in diverse circumstances.
And there's an exclusive lender search capability filled with the resources you need. I'm looking forward to seeing you there!
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Looking for Business Investors?
Small business financing sources include both debt financing and equity financing. Some businesses, rather than taking out loans, aim to attract organizations or individuals who specialize in funding startups or growing businesses. This is called equity financing.
A simple way to think of this is that equity financing is using other people's money to finance your business and the people who provide that equity become the company's investors.
Common Equity Types
With equity financing, a business owner trades a percentage of their business for a specific amount of money. For example, depending on the estimated business valuation, a business owner might offer 5% of their company in exchange for $100,000. This form of financing enables a business to receive the capital it needs without taking on additional debt.
Click each equity type below for more info.
Whereas a venture capitalist can be either an individual or a firm that invests in small companies, generally using money pooled from various investment sources, large corporations, and pension funds, an angel investor is an typically a high net worth accredited individual investor who uses their own money to invest in small businesses.
Crowdfunding is the use of small amounts of capital from a large number of individuals to finance a new business venture. Crowdfunding makes use of the easy accessibility of vast networks of people through social media and crowdfunding websites to bring investors and entrepreneurs together, with the potential to increase entrepreneurship by expanding the pool of investors beyond the traditional circle of owners, relatives, angel investors and VC's.
SBA SBIC
A small business investment company (SBIC) is a type of privately-owned investment company that is licensed by the Small Business Administration (SBA). Small business investment companies supply small companies with both equity and debt financing. They provide a viable alternative to venture capital firms for many small enterprises seeking startup capital.
Seed and Pre-Seed Investors
The goal of the pre-seed investor might be to help you fund your company's ability to demonstrate that your product fulfills a market need. In contrast, the seed round investment phase is is often raised more for the purpose of proving product-market fit. But really, the two terms are often ambiguous and interchangeable. The simplest definition is that seed and pre-seed investments are for very early stage companies whi likely don't yet have a product or service actually on the market generating revenue.
Series A, B, C
Series A: Once a business has developed a track record (an established user base, consistent revenue figures, or some other key performance indicator), that company may opt for series A funding in order to further optimize its user base and product offerings. In the past, Series A rounds raised approximately $2 million to $15 million, but this number has increased on average due to high tech industry valuations, or unicorns The average Series A funding as of 2020 is $15.6 million.1
Series B: Series B rounds are all about taking businesses to the next level, past the development stage. Building a winning product and growing a team requires quality talent acquisition. Bulking up on business development, sales, advertising, tech, support, and employees requires larger investment amounts. The average estimated capital raised in a Series B round is $33 million. Companies undergoing a Series B funding round are well-established, and their valuations tend to reflect that. Most Series B companies have valuations between around $30 million and $60 million, with an average of $58 million.
Series C: Businesses that make it to Series C funding are already quite successful. These companies look for additional funding in order to help them develop new products, expand into new markets, or even to acquire other companies. In Series C rounds, investors inject capital into successful businesses, in an effort to receive more than double that amount back. Series C funding is focused on scaling the company, growing as quickly and as successfully as possible.
Venture capital (VC) is a form of private equity and a type of financing that investors provide to startup companies and small businesses that are believed to have long-term growth potential. Venture capital generally comes from well-off investors, investment banks, and any other financial institutions.
Mezzanine financing is a hybrid of debt and equity financing that gives the lender the right to convert to an equity interest in the company in case of default, generally, after venture capital companies and other senior lenders are paid. It is set up as a secondary form of debt and is also known as junior or subordinated debt. In essence, the subordinated debt fits between the initial loan and the client's equity. The primary loan will always take precedence over the mezzanine loan, and the initial lender will recoup their debt first.
Royalty Financing
Royalty financing is a type of investment where the business gets money based on future revenue. It's similar to an advance on a paycheck since the investors get their money back through royalties that are a percentage of the company's future revenue. Royalty financing is usually used for companies with anticipated large revenue streams. Less profitable companies might not be able to repay the loan plus pay their ongoing business expenses.
The repayment terms and the total amount repaid are negotiated at the start of the loan. The company's income and revenue determine how long it takes to repay the loan, which in turn affects the final repayment amount. Usually, a cap will be placed on the repayment amount during the initial negotiations.
An initial public offering (IPO) refers to the process of offering shares of a private corporation to the public in a new stock issuance. Public share issuance allows a company to raise capital from public investors. The transition from a private to a public company can be an important time for private investors to fully realize gains from their investment as it typically includes share premiums for current private investors.
Meanwhile, it also allows public investors to participate in the offering. The IPO almost always takes placed after the previous series A, B and C rounds have continued to prove that the company is enjoying continued profitability and substantial growth potential.
YOUR BUSINESS STAGE
Conceptual Phase Business
Existing Business
FUNDING AMOUNT SEEKING (if applicable)


Sanford AirMed has been operating out of Bemidji since 2012, and in that time they've served over 500 patients and logged over 1,000 flight hours. Sanford officials hope the new hangar will continue to expand their services. "The space is more efficient. It's more economical…Overall, it improves our operation and efficiency," said Schultz.
Sanford AirMed will be operating from their new hangar 24/7, 365 days a year. Sanford AirMed also has locations in Bismarck, Fargo, and Sioux Falls. Their next expansion will be in Dickinson, North Dakota.


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McDermott Library Plans Readings of Famous Banned Books
By Office of Media Relations •Sept. 28, 2012
McDermott Library is celebrating the 30th anniversary of Banned Books Week on Tuesday, Oct. 2. Jady Neal, ordering specialist at the library, holds a copy of one of the banned books: Truman Capote's In Cold Blood.
Many readers have opened the pages of a book that at one time had been banned or challenged. The list includes the seemingly harmless Huckleberry Finn and Harry Potter as well as the coming-of-age novel A Separate Peace.
As a part of the American Library Association's 30th Anniversary Banned Books Week, Eugene McDermott Library at The University of Texas at Dallas has organized readings by faculty, administrators and students of notable banned or challenged books. Free and open to the public, the "Banned Books Read-Out" of passages and excerpts is scheduled for 1 to 3 p.m., Tuesday, Oct. 2, in the McDermott Suite on the fourth floor of McDermott Library.
"Censorship has always been an important issue for libraries, and reading from several of these formerly banned and contested books will remind us of our rights based on the First and 14th Amendments," said Director of Libraries Ellen Safley. "We are most pleased by the enthusiastic support from our faculty and administration for volunteering to participate in this inaugural reading."
Deans and professors volunteering to read include:
Dr. Bert Moore, dean of the School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
Dr. James Marquart, dean of the School of Economic, Political and Policy Sciences.
Dr. Sheila Piñeres, dean of undergraduate education.
Dr. Emily Tobey, associate provost and Nelle C. Johnston Chair in Communication Disorders in Children.
Dr. Edward J. Harpham, professor of political science and associate dean of undergraduate education.
Dr. Clay Reynolds, professor and director of creative writing, School of Arts and Humanities.
Dr. Mary Urquhart, associate professor, Department of Science/Mathematics Education.
Dr. Marc R. Hairston, research scientist, W.B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences.
Banned books on the reading list include (clockwise from top right) Women in Love, To Kill a Mockingbird, The Awakening and A Separate Peace.
Other readers will include Vice President for Communications Susan Rogers, Vice President for Development and Alumni Relations Aaron Conley, UT Dallas Police Chief Larry Zacharias, Assistant Provost for Policy and Program Coordination Serenity King, McDermott Scholars Sheridan Taylor and Josh Brumett, and McDermott Library Head of Reference Linda Snow.
Books have been banned and targeted for removal from libraries and school reading lists for a variety of criticisms, including inappropriate themes for some age groups, alcohol abuse, physical abuse, prostitution, excessive violence, anti-government content, discrimination against women and minorities, derogatory language, blasphemy and depictions of sexuality.
Among the reading selections are Women in Love by D.H. Lawrence (1920); Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (Fanny Hill) by John Cleland (1748); Brideshead Revisited by Evelyn Waugh (1945); A Separate Peace by John Knowles (1960); Nickel and Dimed by Barbara Ehrenreich (2001); Lord of the Flies by William Golding (1954); The Awakening by Kate Chopin (1899); In Cold Blood by Truman Capote (1965); and To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee (1960).


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Home Around the province Aecon partners with LiUNA to deliver Women in Trades program
Aecon partners with LiUNA to deliver Women in Trades program
By Donna Mayer
Motivated by the ongoing recruitment challenge in the construction sector and a desire to increase gender diversity in the workplace, one of Canada's largest construction and infrastructure development companies has contracted with the largest construction local union in North America to deliver apprenticeship training to an all-female class.
Spearheaded by Aecon's Utilities division, the Labourers' International Union of North America (LiUNA) Local 183 Training Centre delivered the first phase of their Apprentice Construction Craft Worker training to a class of 12 women this summer.
The apprentices are currently on Aecon job sites around Ontario working towards their Red Seal certifications. A second class of trainees has recently commenced at the training centre.
Described as a program dedicated to helping women lace up their boots and kick start their careers at Aecon, the Aecon Women in Trades (AWIT) program offers women career-building opportunities in the trades through hands-on training, mentorship and field experience.
"We're building a workforce as diverse as the communities we help build every day," says Jenna Wood, Director, Human Resources, Aecon Utilities. "Recruiting and retaining the best talent our industry has to offer and embracing their unique perspectives and identities make us stronger."
Aecon operates across its construction segment in the Civil, Urban Transportation, Nuclear, Utility and Conventional Industrial sectors, and provides project development, financing, investment and management services through its Concessions segment.
Aecon approached LiUNA in February looking for a training delivery partner for their pool of candidates. By May, 12 new recruits were in the classroom.
"It kind of fit their model," says Sandro Pinto, executive director of the LiUNA Local 183 Training Centre, of their Apprentice Construction Craft Worker program. "It is very well rounded."
LiUNA's Apprentice Construction Craft Worker program includes everything from form-setting and concrete work, to small tools, machines, and earth-work. There is extensive emphasis on health and safety.
"We build a more alert worker," says Pinto.
Turning to LiUNA to deliver the training component of their program was a natural fit for Aecon.
"Aecon has a long-standing, successful partnership with LiUNA which is critical to the delivery of many of Aecon's projects," says Wood. "We're proud to once again work with LiUNA and strengthen our workforce through diversity."
The Aecon Women in Trades (AWIT) Program includes an introduction to Aecon, the construction industry and the Utilities sector, extensive training, including health and safety, job-specific skills and preparing for work on-site and job-readiness training, as well as information on career paths in construction.
"The program gives women the opportunity to gain hands-on skills and explore what a career in this industry has to offer, or which craft they are most interested in before entering the field," says Wood.
"Throughout the training and upon field placement, the women make strong connections and network with other women in the AWIT program and across Aecon," says Wood.
The AWIT program is led by Aecon Utilities, which provides construction services across Canada in the areas of telecommunications infrastructure, fibre optic networks, power distribution networks, gas pipelines, district and renewable energy, as well as water distribution and sewer collection systems.
Following the training, program participants are placed in roles in high https://nygoodhealth.com demand within Aecon's Utilities group in Ontario, such as utility/general labourer, directional driller, or fibre optic splicer. Placements depend on availability, the participants' preferences and role-specific requirements.
"Our first group of 12 participants are now successfully working in a variety of roles and work types across our Aecon Utilities business and have had the opportunity to apply their training to the field. We are excited to see them begin their careers in the Construction industry, and look forward to seeing them continue to progress in this field with Aecon," says Wood.
The first class of women will be going back to the classroom for second level training 10-12 months after their initial field work.
"It is a Red Seal apprenticeship," said Pinto. "They are eligible for all Red Seal benefits including tax-deductions for companies."
The union had not operated a women's only class before this program. Will it work, they wondered?
"It really did," says Pinto. "The instructor raved about how engaged the women were." The women will become union members and the union will support them in the field to complete their apprenticeship.
"The union is going to support a woman as it supports a man," said Pinto.
The training partnership is the most recent Aecon initiative to recruit women to the sector and the company. Aecon has been making gender diversity and inclusion corporate strategic priorities in recent years. According to Wood, Aecon seeks out opportunities to hire and promote women at all operational levels and is committed to employing women throughout the business in operational, engineering and construction roles. Women currently fill leadership roles on Aecon's Board of Directors and Executive Committee, and women provide operational expertise in several senior management positions.
In 2014, the company established the Aecon Women Inclusion Network (AWIN). The network's three-part mission is to support women through mentorship, build awareness and support within the company, and develop a strong presence externally in support of attracting, retaining and advancing women in the industry.
Relying on AWIN "champions" from within the company's ranks, the network provides mobile workshops and seminars designed to address the challenges faced by women and their families that can influence their professional contributions.
Wood says expansion of the AWIT program is likely, pending program evaluation results.
"There is no reason why women can't work in the construction industry," says Pinto. "It's going to take large employers like Aecon to say we are going to recruit."
LiUNA Local 183 represents more than 52,000 construction workers in the Greater Toronto Area.
Pinto estimates that the training centre has between 6-8% women in its training programs on average. He would like to see 20 per cent of participants in training courses be women.
"Internally we are talking about additional programs for women," said Pinto. "We have to find the right partner."
The Aecon Human Resources Department and Wood were both recently named as finalists in the HRD Canada Magazine Awards. The department is nominated for Canadian HR Team of the Year while Wood is in the running for the HR Rising Star of the Year award. The awards will be held in Toronto on Sept. 12.
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The battery discharger published in this website may be improved by adding a Schottky diode (D3). This ensures that a NiCd cell is discharged not to 0.6–0.7 V, but to just under 1 V as recommended by the manufacturers. An additional effect is then that light-emitting diode D2 flashes when the battery connected to the terminals is flat. The circuit in the diagram is based on an astable multivibrator operating at a frequency of about 25 kHz. When transistor T2 conducts, a current flows through inductor L1, whereupon energy is stored in the resulting electromagnetic field. When T2 is cut off, the field collapses, whereupon a counter-emf is produced at a level that exceeds the forward voltage (about 1.6 V) of D2.
A current then flows through the diode so that this lights. Diode D1 prevents the current flowing through R4 and C2. This process is halted only when the battery voltage no longer provides a sufficient base potential for the transistors. In the original circuit, this happened at about 0.65 V. The addition of the forward bias of D3 (about 0.3 V), the final discharge voltage of the battery is raised to 0.9–1.0 V. Additional resistors R5 and R6 ensure that sufficient current flows through D3. When the battery is discharged to the recommended level, it must be removed from the discharger since, in contrast to the original circuit, a small current continues to flow through D3, R2-R3, and R5-R6 until the battery is totally discharged.
The flashing of D2 when the battery is nearing recommended discharge is caused by the increasing internal resistance of the battery lowering the terminal voltage to below the threshold level. If no current flows, the internal resistance is of no consequence since the terminal voltage rises to the threshold voltage by taking some energy from the battery. When the discharge is complete to the recommended level, the LED goes out. It should therefore be noted that the battery is discharged sufficiently when the LED begins to flash.


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Year : 2013 | Volume : 138 | Issue : 6 | Page : 882-887
Effect of zoledronic acid on bone mineral density in patients of celiac disease: A prospective, randomized, pilot study
Mukul Kumar1, Ashu Rastogi1, Sanjay Kumar Bhadada1, Anil Bhansali1, Kim Vaiphei2, Rakesh Kochhar3
1 Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
2 Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
3 Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
Sanjay Kumar Bhadada
Associate Professor, Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160 012
Background & objectives: The symptoms of celiac disease (CD) are varied and metabolic bone disease (MBD) is less recognized amongst all manifestations in CD patients. Bone disease in CD is attributed to secondary hyperparathyroidism, which in turn is associated with increased bone remodelling. Improvement in bone mineral density (BMD) with gluten free diet (GFD) is known, but the data on efficacy of bisphosphonates in CD patients are limited. Bisphosphonates being a potent inhibitor of bone resorption may be useful in patients with CD having low BMD. The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of zoledronic acid on BMD in CD patients.
Methods: A total of 28 CD patients were randomized to receive GFD, calcium and cholecalciferol (group A), and zoledronic acid (group B). Baseline biochemical tests and T-score by dual energy x-ray absorptiometer were done and repeated after 12 months.
Results: The T-score showed improvement in the control arm (group A) from -3.31 ± 1.46 to -2.12 ± 1.44, a gain of 35.9 per cent (P<0.05) and in drug arm (group B) -2.82 ± 1.27 to -1.06 ± 1.84, registering a gain of 62.4 per cent (P<0.001). However, there was no difference in improvement of T-score in zoledronic acid group as compared to the control group.
Interpretation & conclusions: Administration of zoledronic acid was not found to be better than GFD alone in increasing BMD in CD patients with low BMD in this pilot study.
Keywords: Bisphosphonates - bone mineral density - celiac disease - osteomalacia - osteoporosis - T- score - zoledronic acid
Kumar M, Rastogi A, Bhadada SK, Bhansali A, Vaiphei K, Kochhar R. Effect of zoledronic acid on bone mineral density in patients of celiac disease: A prospective, randomized, pilot study. Indian J Med Res 2013;138:882-7
Kumar M, Rastogi A, Bhadada SK, Bhansali A, Vaiphei K, Kochhar R. Effect of zoledronic acid on bone mineral density in patients of celiac disease: A prospective, randomized, pilot study. Indian J Med Res [serial online] 2013 [cited 2020 Jan 19];138:882-7. Available from: http://www.ijmr.org.in/text.asp?2013/138/6/882/126834
Celiac disease (CD) occurs in genetically susceptible individuals and is caused by intolerance to gluten, a protein component of wheat [1] . CD can present atypically, with the predominance of extraintestinal manifestations like iron deficiency anaemia, short stature [2],[3] , recurrent stomatitis, infertility, metabolic bone disease or it may be detected in a patient on routine screening with other pre-existing autoimmune disease [4] .
CD affects almost all organ systems including skeletal system. The spectrum of metabolic bone disease (MBD) in patients with CD includes pain in bones, rickets/osteomalacia, osteopenia, osteoporosis and rarely, pathological fractures. At diagnosis, the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in CD varies widely from 36 to 100 per cent and 27 to 73 per cent, respectively [5] . However, the prevalence of fractures in patients with CD (low bone mineral density, BMD) is controversial. Various case control studies and population based surveys have presented contrasting evidence about the risk for fractures in CD patients [6],[7],[8],[9],[10] .
Bone disease in CD is attributed to malabsorption and secondary hyperparathyroidism, which results in reduced bone mass, alteration in bone quality and increased risk of fractures [11],[12] . Bisphosphonates are most commonly used for the prevention and treatment of all forms of osteoporosis [13] . Bisphosphonates have been found to be useful in post-menopausal osteoporosis and secondary hyperparathyroidism, but it is not clear whether bisphosphonates are useful in younger CD patients with low BMD [14],[15] . We hypothesized that bisphosphonates being a potent inhibitor of bone resorption and increased bone remodelling, may be useful in CD patients with low BMD. The aim was to study the effect of zoledronic acid on BMD in CD patients as compared to those on standard treatment protocol.
Material & Methods
Subjects: This randomized, prospective pilot study was carried out between April 2008 and December 2009 in the Departments of Endocrinology and Gastroenterology of Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh. The study was approved by the Institute's Ethics Committee and a written consent was obtained from each participant. Newly diagnosed CD patients aged ≥18 yr were enrolled and followed prospectively for one year. Patients with symptoms suggestive of CD were tested for IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody (tTGAb). Those positive for tTGAb were subjected to endoscopy; mucosal details in the descending part of the duodenum were recorded, and 2-4 biopsies were taken. Histological interpretation was done by an experienced pathologist as per modified Marsh classification [16] . The diagnosis of CD was based on the presence of elevated IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody (tTGAb) and duodenal biopsy suggestive of villous atrophy.
All CD patients with low BMD (T score <-1.0) were included. Postmenopausal women, pregnant women, patients taking drugs (currently or within last one year viz. steroids, anticonvulsants, anticoagulants, calcium supplements) and having diseases (chronic liver disease, chronic kidney disease, thyrotoxicosis, other malabsorptive disorders) known to affect BMD, smokers and persons consuming alcohol (≥3 drinks/day) were excluded.
Study design and randomization: Fifty subjects with proven CD were screened, of whom 16 were excluded for various reasons and the remaining 34 gave the consent to participate in the study. These subjects underwent BMD measurements at lumbar spine and those with low BMD (T<-1.0, 28 subjects) were divided into two groups (group A and B) through random allocation software [Figure 1]. Concealment of allocation was done. The patients in group A were given calcium supplements 1000 mg/day of calcium carbonate, injection cholecalciferol 0.6 million units [if 25(OH)D <20 ng/ml)] along with gluten free diet (GFD). The group B in addition also received 4 mg zoledronic acid, administered intravenous in 100 ml of normal saline over 15-30 min. Flu-like symptoms were explained to the subjects and were advised to take paracetamol, if necessary. Patients were observed over a period of 12 wk for any acute/ sub acute side effects with zoledronic acid.
Figure 1: Flow chart of randomization of study subjects.
Measurements: A detailed history was taken and physical examination was performed. The baseline investigations included haemogram, liver and renal function tests, 25(OH)D, and iPTH. 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) were estimated by radioimmunoassay using Diasorin kits (DiaSorin Inc. Stillwater, Minnesota, USA). IgA tTG was done by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, (D-tek, Blue Well, Belgium). BMD was estimated on a Norland dual energy X-ray absorptiometer (DXA) at baseline and it was repeated one year later, in similar conditions, at lumbar spine. Daily calibrations of BMD measurement were done using the phantom. The CV of DXA at lumbar spine was 0.9 per cent and inter-measurement variability was 0.35 per cent. A change in BMD should be more than 3 per cent to be able to detect appreciable change.
Outcomes: The change in BMD with zolendronic acid as compared to standard treatment group in CD patients was assessed after one year.
Statistical analysis: The statistical analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, version 13.0 for Windows). All quantitative variables were estimated using measures of central location (mean, median) and measures of dispersion (standard deviation). Normality of data was checked by measures of Kolmogorov Smirnov tests of normality. For normally distributed data means were compared using Student's t-test for the two groups. For skewed data, Mann-Whitney test was applied. Qualitative or categorical variables were described as frequencies and proportions. Proportions were compared using Chi square or Fisher's exact test whichever was applicable. To see correlation between different variables, Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman's correlation coefficient were calculated. All statistical tests were two-sided and performed at a significance level of α=0.05. Increase in bone mineral density from baseline to one year was compared using Wilcoxan signed rank test (a non-parametric version of paired t test). For analyzing the data, Chi square test was applied to find out statistical significance between the various categorical variables and BMD. Kruskal Wallis test was applied for continuous data not normally distributed. ANOVA was used to compare continuous data that is normally distributed and Post-hoc analysis was done by Bonferroni. Multivariate regression analysis was applied taking improvement in BMD T-score as a dependent variable and other parameters as independent variables.
Twenty eight patients (82%) had low BMD (T score <-1) which included osteoporosis and osteopenia in 14 (41%) subjects each. These subjects were further randomized to group A (control arm, n=13) and group B (drug arm, n=15). Two subjects in group A expired because of unrelated reason during follow up and 26 subjects completed the study. Mean lag time between onset of symptoms and diagnosis of CD was 3.76 yr (range 1-10 yr). The baseline characteristics of patients in groups A and B are shown in [Table 1] and histopathological findings on duodenal biopsy revealed Marsh type 1 in one patient, type 2 in seven patients (20.6%), type 3 a in five patients (14.7%), type 3 b in 20 patients (58.8%) and type 3 c in one patient.
Table 1: Baseline characteristics of patients group A and group B
Diarrhoea was the most common presenting manifestation (n=27, 79.4%), and it was the chief complaint in 21 (61.7%) patients. Short stature was present in 13 patients (38.2%). Three females (8.8%) presented with symptoms of menstrual irregularities, and secondary infertility and two males had hypogonadism. One patient presented with weight loss and poor weight gain was the presenting manifestation in 13 patients (38.2%). One patient was detected to have CD during family screening and found to have short stature.
Effect of zoledronic acid: The T-score showed improvement in the control arm from -3.31 ± 1.46 to -2.12 ± 1.44, a gain of 35.9 per cent (P<0.05) (changes in individual patient's T-score are shown in [Table 2], and in drug arm -2.82 ± 1.27 to -1.06 ± 1.84, a gain of 62.4 per cent (P<0.001) (changes in individual patient's T-score are shown in [Table 3]. However, no significant difference was observed on comparing the improvement in T-score between the two groups. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that only lag duration of symptoms (P=0.047) predicted the improvement in BMD T-score; but age, biochemical parameters like calcium, phosphorus, 25(OH)D 3 , iPTH, tTG IgA levels and initial BMD T-score did not achieve statistical significance. Fever was observed in eight patients in the zoledronic acid group within the first 3 days of administration and was managed with oral paracetamol. Tetany was observed in one patient, as he missed his calcium tablets but improved with calcium and vitamin D supplements.
Table 2: T scores initial and after one year of intervention in control arm
Table 3: T scores initial and after one year of intervention in drug arm
In this pilot study, a high prevalence of low BMD was seen in adult patients with CD. There was a significant improvement in BMD in both the groups. The rise in BMD was higher in the drug arm compared to control group but did not achieve statistical significance.
Diarrhoea was the most common presenting manifestation (79.4%), followed by short stature
(38.2%) and poor weight gain (38.2%). Other less common presentations were amenorrhoea, oligomenorrhoea, recurrent abortions (8.8%), secondary infertility and hypogonadism. Fragility fractures, dermatitis herpetiformis and diabetes mellitus were not found in any of the patients.
Low BMD is a well known consequence of CD [7] , MBD can be found in symptomatic as well as in asymptomatic CD patient. In the present study, the prevalence of low BMD including osteopenia and osteoporosis as measured at spine was high and was consistent with published literature [14] . The specific indications for treatment of osteoporosis in patients with CD are fragility fracture and low BMD with an increased risk of fracture. GFD alone has been shown to cause significant improvement in BMD and showed results similar to those achieved by bisphosphonates in the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis, with a reduction in bone remodelling [18],[19] . GFD is also associated with reduction in PTH levels, improvement in vitamin D levels and other biochemical parameters in CD patients [20],[21] .
The important contributing factor for low BMD in CD is secondary hyperparathyroidism which can be tackled by bisphosphonates [6] and presently, bisphosphonates have been the most commonly used drug for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis [13] . Zoledronic acid has been shown to be efficacious in reducing vertebral, nonvertebral and hip fractures in postmenopausal women, including a few with CD [13] . However, there are no systematic data to assess the anti-osteoporotic efficacy of bisphosphonates in CD patients. Recently, Widjaja et al[22] have reported improvement in T and Z-score in a single patient of CD with osteoporosis after 18 months of oral alendronate (dose of 10 mg/day). Zoledronic acid was chosen over other bisphosphonates in the present study because of its potency and long half life, thus, ensuring compliance. Parenteral route was preferred to circumvent the issue of oral absorption in CD.
The optimal timing for BMD measurements in CD remains to be established, but an initial measurement at the time of diagnosis, followed by repeat measurement 12 months later can detect patients with persistent osteopenia [23] . In the present study, there was a significant improvement in clinical, biochemical parameters and T-score after 12 months of GFD, calcium and vitamin D supplementation in CD patients in both the groups. The significant improvement in BMD within one year in our patients could be attributed to relatively young age of the patients, early diagnosis of CD, proper compliance, adherence to gluten free diet and adequate supplementation with vitamin D and calcium. However, despite the significant gain in BMD on treatment with GFD, there was residual osteopenia and osteoporosis (9 patients) at the end of one year. Various studies [18],[20],[21] have shown that the there is reversible component to the osteopenia present at the time of diagnosis of the CD which can be improved with GFD as observed in our study. The maximum increase occurs in the first year (average of 5%), but the final BMD remains below average, with a final Z score of approximately -1.0 for the spine [24] .
One of the limitations of the present study was a small number of subjects. Secondly, in this younger population group, improvement in BMD after
zoledronic acid could have been depicted in terms of Z-score. We were unable to have Z score, as normative data for the Z-score of Asian Indian children and adolescents have not been established. It would be worthwhile to plan a long term study to see the effect of early administration of zoledronic acid on peak bone mass in young CD patients. The effect of zoledronic acid on biochemical markers of bone turnover could have been assessed, though we did not measure these. The risk of fracture is the critical endpoint for interventional studies in MBD; hence studies of sufficient duration and of adequate power to demonstrate outcomes in terms of fracture should be conducted.
In conclusion, GFD alone significantly improves the BMD in CD patients. Administration of zoledronic acid was not significantly better than GFD alone in increasing BMD in CD patients with low BMD.
1. Green PHR, Christophe C. Celiac disease. N Engl J Med 2007; 57 : 1731-43.
2. Bhadada SK, Bhansali A, Kochhar R, Menon AS, Sinha SK, Dutta P, et al. Does every short stature child need screening for celiac disease? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23 : 353-6.
3. Bhadada SK, Bhansali A, Ravikumar P, Kochhar R, Nain CK, Dutta P, et al. Changing scenario in aetiological profile of short stature in India-growing importance of celiac disease: a study from tertiary care centre. Indian J Pediatr 2011; 78 : 41-4.
4. Bhadada SK, Kochhar R, Bhansali A, Dutta U, Kumar PR, Poornachandra KS, et al. Prevalence and clinical profile of celiac disease in type 1 diabetes mellitus in north India. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 26 : 378-81.
5. Katz S, Weinerman S. Osteoporosis and gastrointestinal disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 6 : 506-17.
6. Vestergaard P, Mosekilde L. Fracture risk in patients with celiac disease, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis: a nationwide follow-up study of 16,416 patients in Denmark. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156 : 1-10.
7. Meyer D, Stavropolous S, Diamond B, Shane E, Green PHR. Osteoporosis in a north american adult population with celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96 : 112-9.
8. Vasquez H, Mazure R, Gonzalez D, Flores D, Pedreira S, Niveloni S, et al. Risk of fractures in celiac disease patients: a cross-sectional, case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95 : 183-9.
9. Thomason K, West J, Logan RF, Coupland C, Holmes GK. Fracture experience of patients with coeliac disease: a population based survey. Gut 2003; 52 : 518-22.
10. Ludvigsson JF, Michaelsson K, Ekbom A, Montgomery SM. Coeliac disease and the risk of fractures - a general population-based cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 25 : 273-85.
11. Chakravarthi SD, Jain K, Kochhar R, Bhadada SK, Khandelwal N, Bhansali A, et al. Prevalence and predictors of abnormal mineral bone metabolism in recently diagnosed adult celiac patients. Indian J Gastroenterol 2012; 31 : 165-70.
12. Selby PL, Davies M, Adams JE, Mawer EB. Bone loss in celiac disease is related to secondary hyperparathyroidism. J Bone Miner Res 1999; 14 : 652-7.
13. Black DM, Delmas P, Eastell R, Reid IR, Boonen AS, Cauley JA, et al. Once-yearly zolendronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2007; 356 : 809-22.
14. Pérez-Castrillón JL, Andres-Calvo M, Izquierdo-Delgado E, Mendo M, de Luis D, Dueñas-Laita A. Celiac disease and osteoporosis: A review. Open Bone J 2009; 1 : 23-7.
15. Watts NB, Diab DL. Long-term use of bisphosphonates in osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95 : 1555-65.
16. Oberhuber G, Granditsch G, Vogelsang H. The histopathology of celiac disease: time for a standardized report scheme for pathologists. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 11 : 1185-94.
17. Szymczak J, Bohdanowicz-Pawlak A, Waszczuk E, Jakubowska J. Low bone mineral density in adult patients with coeliac disease. Endokrynologia Polska 2012; 63 : 270-6.
18. Valdimarsson T, Löfman O, Toss G, Ström M. Reversal of osteopenia with diet in adult celiac disease. Gut 1996; 38 : 323-7.
19. Mataulen C, Gonzalez D, Mazure R, Vázquez H, Lorenzetti MP, Maurino E, et al. Effect of treatment on bone mass, mineral metabolism and body composition in untreated celiac disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92 : 313-8.
20. Kemppainen T, Kröger H, Janatuinen E, Arnala I, Lamberg-Allardt C, Kärkkäinen M, et al. Bone recovery after gluten-free diet: a 5-year follow-up study. Bone 1999; 25 : 355-60.
21. Sategna-Guidetti C, Grosso SB, Grosso S, Mengozzi G, Aimo G, Zaccaria T, et al. The effects of 1- year gluten withdrawal on bone mass, bone metabolism and nutritional status in newly-diagnosed adult celiac disease patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14 : 35-43.
22. Widjaja D, Kannegantia KC, Patela M, Chilimuria SS. Role of alendronate in managing osteoporosis in celiac disease - illustrative case report. Gastroenterol Res 2011; 4 : 26-9.
23. Lewis NR, Scott BB. Guidelines for osteoporosis in inflammatory bowel disease and coeliac disease. BSG Guidelines Gastroenterol 2007; 14 : 1-16.
24. Lewis NR, Scott BB. Should patients with coeliac disease have their bone mineral density measured? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 17 : 1065-70.
Kumar M
Rastogi A
Bhadada SK
Bhansali A
Vaiphei K
Kochhar R
Bisphosphonates - bone mineral density - celiac disease - osteomalacia - osteoporosis - T- score - zoledronic acid
© Indian Journal of Medical Research | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow
Online since 25 February, 2011


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Dream11 is the new title sponsor for IPL 2020, outbidding Unacademy, Tatas to win a deal
- August 19, 2020August 19, 2020 - admin
Fantasy gaming platform Dream11 won the IPL title sponsorship rights on Tuesday with a bid of 222 rupees, replacing Chinese wireless operator Vivo for a four and a half month contract.
Dream11 has been one of the IPL sponsors for several years.
"Dream11 won the rights with a bid of 222 rupees," IPL chairman Brijesh Patel told PTI.
The multinational conglomerate Tata Group is known to have not made a final bid, while two educational technology companies – BYJUs (201 crore) and Unacademy (170 crore) – finished second and third.
Vivo and the BCCI have suspended a contract for 440 rupees per year for this season due to the border distance between India and China. The IPL begins September 19 in the United Arab Emirates and has moved out of India this year due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
There are certain questions about the Chinese firm Tencent's investment in Dream11, but one of BCCI insiders familiar with the development said it is less than 10 percent. Dream11 is an Indian company founded by Harsh Jain and Bhavit Sheth.
"Dream11's stakeholders, including the founders and anyone over 400 employees, are Indian," said a BCCI source.
"Your Indian investors are Kalaari Capital and Multiples Equity. Even Dream11's product is only available to Indians. Tencent only holds a single-digit percentage of the minority stake," added the official.
As recently as last month, the BCCI's Anti-Corruption Unit (ACU) filed for an investigation into the company after it was reported that the platform had links to a fake T20 league held in a Punjab city, but when A game in Sri Lanka was streamed live.
The ACU investigations revealed that the kits used by the players in the tournament had the Dream11 logo and the event was broadcast live on FanCode. Both Dream11 and FanCode are part of the Dream Sports group.
Although the BCCI managed a title sponsor in a short period of time, the incoming money is less than what it received from Vivo."… that was always the case. Those who had expected Vivo's offer to agree were not aware of the current economic climate. The Tatas may have submitted an expression of interest, but were never interested in a tender.
"BCCI wanted Tata because their presence gives them a lot of credibility," said an industry expert.
BCCI insiders believe that the Dream11 deal along with the official sponsorship amount from UnAcademy and the payment app Cred – the two companies that have been added to the Central Sponsorship Pool – will cover the losses significantly."Think for four months and you will see that for such a short period of time it's not a bad deal at all," said another BCCI veteran.
The director and actor Nishikant Kamat dies at the age of 50 in Hyderabad. "Gone Too Early": Tributes to Nishikant Kamat from Drishyam star Ajay Devgn and others
Transfer to CBI cannot be a routine affair: Supreme Court


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Sony to open up PlayStation platform
Sony looking to open up PlayStation games and connectivity, no longer a closed platform
By: Trace Hagan | Gaming News | Posted: Aug 27, 2012 6:30 pm
Sony is starting to think differently about how it presents the PlayStation brand to users. Previously, with the PlayStation 1, 2, and 3, only games approved by Sony could be played on the system. Well, at least until modders and hackers got their hands on the system. However, with the massive losses that Sony showed during its last earnings, it's doing everything it can to expand.
Sony has realized that the PlayStation can no longer be a closed platform. They need to open it up and allow other developers to write games and other manufacturers to create controllers that interface with it. In order for it to compete with mobile and PC gaming, these things are a must as they are already available in the competition.
"[The] old model of these very siloed platforms is breaking down a bit," said Ryan, Sony Computer Entertainment Europe head honcho. "PS2 was not a connected device. PSP was not really a proper connected device. PS3 is and PS Vita most definitely is. So we have the ability now to have devices talk to each other. We are having to reset a lot of our thinking. And I am enjoying that. But it is a challenge, because we've been pushing PS1, PS2, and PS3, basically the same way, and then all of a sudden we are like 'You have to forget that and think differently.'"
With iOS and Windows 8, however, manufacturers are starting to close down what can and cannot be run on a device. This worries many game developers, as it should, and they are likely somewhat wary and cautious about Sony's change-of-heart. However, one thing is clear, the days of a single device having a single use are over.
NEWS SOURCES:Digitaltrends.com
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change of direction


"Widows," a Chicago action-thriller that includes scenes at Parkway Gardens and Daley's restaurant in Woodlawn, will open this weekend in local theaters in Chicago.
Anticipation has been building since film critics on the popular website gave the movie a 95 percent after it viewed at the Venice Film Festival last month and at the Toronto International Film Festival in September. Steve McQueen, who became the first Black director to win an Oscar, for "12 Years A Slave" served as "Widows" director and co-author of the screenplay.
The movie stars Oscar winner Viola Davis, and Colin Farrell, who are part of the 16-member cast. Black actors Daniel Kaluuya, (Black Panther and Get Out), Cynthia Erivo (The Color Purple on Broadway) and Brian Tyree Henry also star in the film.
In Chicago amidst a time of turmoil, four widows with nothing in common except high debts try to pull off a 5 million-dollar heist after their husbands are killed. Davis stars as Veronica Rawlins, one of the widows, who is also a longtime Chicago Teachers Union staffer.
The Chicago Sun Times film critic Richard Roeper called "Widows" a dazzling masterpiece.
Chicago-based Lawndale Productions began filming in May 2017. 20th Century Fox is the movie's distributor. Producers filmed scenes on the city's West Side and in Hyde Park before wrapping up production at Parkway Gardens, a 35-building complex that sits on less than an acre of land running from 6330-6546 S. King Drive.
One scene was shot at Daley's restaurant, 809 E. 63rd St. Opened in 1892, Daley's is Chicago's oldest restaurant. After 126 years, the restaurant will soon relocate across the street to a new, bigger space in a mixed-use housing development.
The Chicago locations for "Widows" include five churches and a penthouse apartment in a Mies van der Rohe building on Lake Shore Drive, where Davis' character lives. There is also a scene at the Waldorf Astoria hotel on the Gold Coast.
The Chicago Film Office in 2016 reported a record $1.3 billion was generated between 2011 and 2015. To boost film and television production in Chicago, filmmakers received a 30 percent tax credit on production spending, and a 30 percent tax break on employees who make $100,000 or more per year.
Not many movies and television series that are filmed in Chicago are made in low income Black neighborhoods like Parkway Gardens. What may draw filmmakers to these urban areas is the gritty image that they have in the news media. Miami's Liberty Square housing project is still celebrating after "Moonlight" won Best Picture at this year's Oscar awards. Now, Parkway Gardens is grabbing a piece of the limelight.


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Lucy Edwards- Radio 1's First Blind Presenter
When Lucy Edwards found out she had been chosen to be a presenter on Radio 1, she spent the day "jumping up and down like a bunny rabbit".
"But then I was like, 'Right, let's do this'," she says.
Lucy, 23, will be Radio 1's first-ever blind presenter.
She will be taking over the late morning slot on 28 and 29 December and says she wants to create a show that feels "like family".
"We've got my lovely guide dog Olga at my feet. We've got cute cuddly vibes. We've got some amazing tunes to be played."
Lucy came through Radio 1 and 1Xtra's search for new presenters – which will see 35 guests taking over the airwaves for five days over Christmas.
Among them are students, podcasters, a tattooist and a shop manager.
Lucy – who has a YouTube channel and is a freelance reporter and presenter – will have the honour of playing Radio 1's greatest hits during her slots.
And there's one artist she's told her producers to get on the playlist.
"We need to have Katy Perry. Because I just think she's a babe, really."
'A small, blind, ginger woman from Birmingham'
Lucy – who's had to keep the job secret for a couple of weeks – says she feels "a sense of responsibility" as the first blind presenter on Radio 1.
"I'm so excited to be representing the blind crew, the disabled community," she says.
"I personally think it's really important to stand up and be out there as a blind person saying, 'Hey, I am really really proud of my disability'.
"I'm proud to be who I am. I'm a small, blind, ginger woman from Birmingham."
Lucy has a condition called Incontinentia Pigmenti which affected her eyesight at a young age.
She lost sight in her right eye at the age of 11, and in her left eye at 17.
Lucy has been presenting for a few years.
As well as her YouTube channel, she's worked on the BBC's Ouch podcast about living with disabilities and Radio 4's programme In Touch – which is about blind and partially-sighted people.
So what advice does she have for others who want to become presenters?
"Always take every opportunity. You don't want to miss anything that comes to you in life," she says.
"I never want to say no to things – building your portfolio is really important.
"Get your microphone out where you are. Maybe even make your own podcast, your own YouTube channel.
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text:
Deloitte Plans To Hire Up To 500 Across Connecticut In 3-City Expansion
Connecticut Basic Business Taxes 2012
Connecticut Direct Financial Incentives 2012
Deloitte, a professional services organization providing clients with audit, consulting, financial advisory and tax services, plans to expand its operations throughout Connecticut at its facilities in Hartford, Stamford and Wilton, creating between 200 and 500 new jobs.
"We are proud to be expanding our footprint in Connecticut with Governor Dannel Malloy's First Five program," said Henry Phillips, northeast regional managing partner, Deloitte LLP. "Deloitte's vision to grow the local economy is supported by the Governor, through a commitment to our clients, giving back to the communities in which we live and work, and developing and investing in our people."
"The First Five program is about jobs, and about making Connecticut competitive again," said Governor Malloy, in commenting about the new program that offers firms state tax credits. "By securing a company like Deloitte, we are not only creating good paying jobs with good benefits in our state, we're making our state a better place to do business."
As an incentive to retain the firm, which employs a workforce of about 1,153 in The Constitution State, $16 million will be provided through Governor Malloy's First Five program, which is administered by Department of Economic and Community Development.
DECD's performance-based financial assistance package will include between $9 million and $14.5 million in grants over 6 years, provided Deloitte meets specific milestones. According to public records, $9,000,000 will be awarded if 1,153 jobs are retained and 200 jobs are created on or before 2013. If the company retains 1,353 jobs and creates 150 for a total of 1,503 positions on or before 2018, then $2,500,000 will be awarded: if the company retains 1,353 jobs and creates 300 for a total of 1,653 positions in that same period, $5,500,000 will be awarded.
"Deloitte, like the Department of Economic and Community Development, is in the business of helping businesses. Its 51,000 people in more than 90 cities across the country all have one goal: supplying clients with the services, resources and information they need to be more competitive," said Catherine Smith, commissioner of DECD. "With Governor Malloy's First Five program, we're helping Deloitte reduce its operating costs and expand its Connecticut operations, which ultimately will position the company for future growth."
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Editor's Note: To Incent or Not to Incent?


CETPPMC Cut Off 2019 - Does CETPPMC have sectional cut off?
The Linguistic and Religious Minority Medical and Dental colleges Welfare Association will release their CETPPMC cut off marks after the announcement of CETPPMC result. The candidates must secure the minimum CETPPMC cutoff mark to get shortlisted for the counseling rounds of the CETPPMC. The CETPPMC cutoff marks will be different for each counseling rounds. The CETPPMC cutoff marks will also vary with the category of candidates. Difficulty level, No(s) of candidates, No of qualified candidates and no of seats are the factors for determine cutoff marks for CETPPMC.
Based on CETPPMC 2018 exam analysis by experts the CETPPMC 2018 slot was moderate.
Sri Venkateshwaraa Dental College, Puducherry.


text:
The Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary
Habsburg (sometimes spelled Hapsburg, but never so in official use) was one of the major ruling houses of Europe.
Their principal roles were as:
Holy Roman Emperors (several centuries to 1806), and
rulers of Austria (as dukes 1282–1453, archdukes 1453–1804, and emperors 1804–1918),
Kings of Hungary (1437–1918),
Kings of Spain (1516–1700), and
Kings of Bohemia (1526–1618 and 1621–1918).
Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867.
1 A brief history of the House of Habsburg
1.1 From Counts of Habsburg to Holy Roman Emperors
1.2 Division of the House: Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs
1.3 House of Habsburg-Lorraine: the Austrian Empire
2 Main Line
2.1 Ancestors
2.2 Counts of Habsburg
2.3 Kings of Germany
2.4 Dukes of Austria
2.5 Albertine line: Dukes of Austria
2.6 Leopoldine line: Dukes of Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol
2.6.1 Leopoldine-Innerösterreich sub-line
2.6.2 Leopoldine-Tyrol sub-line
2.7 Reuniting of Habsburg possessions
2.7.1 Holy Roman Emperors previous to the reunion of the Habsburg possessions
2.7.2 Kings of Hungary previous to the reunion of the Habsburg possessions
3 Main Line: Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria
3.1 Spanish Habsburgs: Kings of Spain, Kings of Portugal (1580-1640)
3.2 Austrian Habsburgs: Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria
3.3 House of Habsburg-Lorraine (Lothringen), main line: Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria
3.3.1 House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Grand dukes of Tuscany
3.3.2 House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Dukes of Modena
3.3.3 House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Duchess of Parma
3.3.4 House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Emperor of Mexico
3.4 House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Emperors of Austria
3.5 House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Heads of the House of Habsburg (post-monarchy)
4 Habsburgs as Kings of Hungary
4.1 Albertine line: Kings of Hungary
4.2 Austrian Habsburgs: Kings of Hungary
4.3 House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Kings of Hungary
5 Habsburgs as Kings of Bohemia
5.1 Main line: Kings of Bohemia
5.2 Albertine line: Kings of Bohemia
5.3 Austrian Habsburgs: Kings of Bohemia
5.4 House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Kings of Bohemia
6 Habsburgs as Queens Consort of France
6.1 Austrian Habsburgs
6.2 Spanish Habsburgs
6.3 Habsburg-Lorraine
7 Also see
A brief history of the House of Habsburg
From Counts of Habsburg to Holy Roman Emperors
The name is derived from the Swiss Habichtsburg (Hawk Castle), the family seat in the 12th and 13th centuries at Habsburg, Switzerland. From South-East-Germany the family extended its influence and holdings to the eastern reaches of the Holy Roman Empire, roughly today's Austria (1278 - 1382). Within only two or three generations, the Habsburgs had managed to secure an initially intermittent grasp on the imperial throne that would last for centuries (1273 - 1291, 1298 - 1308, 1438 - 1740, and 1745 - 1806).
After the marriage of Maximilian I with Mary, heiress of Burgundy (the Low Countries) and the marriage of his son Philipp the Handsome with Juana, heiress of Spain and its newly-founded empire, Charles V inherited an empire where "the sun does not set".
Under Maximilian II, the Habsburgs first acquired the land upon which would later be erected the Schönbrunn Palace: the Habsburgs' summer palace in Vienna and one of the most enduring symbols of the dynasty.
Division of the House: Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs
After the April 21, 1521 assignment of the Austrian lands to Ferdinand I from his brother Emperor Charles V (also King Charles I of Spain) (1516 - 1556), the family split into the Austrian Habsburgs and the Spanish Habsburgs. The Austrian Habsburgs held (after 1556) the title of Holy Roman Emperor, as well as the Habsburg Hereditary Lands and the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary, while the Spanish Habsburgs ruled over the Spanish kingdoms, the Netherlands, the Habsburgs' Italian possessions, and, for a time, Portugal. Hungary, nominally under Habsburg kingship from 1526 but mostly under Ottoman Turkish occupation for 150 years, was reconquered in 1683 - 1699.
The Spanish Habsburgs died out in 1700 (prompting the War of the Spanish Succession), as did the Austrian Habsburgs in 1740 (prompting the War of the Austrian Succession). However, the heiress of the last Austrian Habsburg (Maria Theresa) had married Francis Stephan Duke of Lorraine, and their descendants carried on the Habsburg tradition from Vienna under the dynastic name Habsburg-Lorraine. It is speculated that extensive intra-family marriages within both lines contributed to their extinctions.
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: the Austrian Empire
On August 6 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was wound up under the French Emperor Napoleon I's reorganisation of Germany. However, in anticipation of the loss of his title of Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II declared himself hereditary Emperor of Austria (as Francis I, thereof) on August 11, 1804, three months after Napoleon had declared himself Emperor of France on May 18, 1804.
Emperor Francis I of Austria used the official great title: "We, Francis the First, by the grace of God Emperor of Austria; King of Jerusalem, Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia, and Lodomeria; Archduke of Austria; Duke of Lorraine, Salzburg, Würzburg, Franconia, Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola; Grand Duke of Cracow; Prince of Transylvania; Margrave of Moravia; Duke of Sandomir, Masovia, Lublin, Upper and Lower Silesia, Auschwitz and Zator, Teschen, and Friule; Prince of Berchtesgaden and Mergentheim; Princely Count of Habsburg, Gorizia, and Gradisca and of the Tyrol; and Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and Istria".
In 1867 effective autonomy was given to Hungary under the terms of the Ausgleich or "compromise" (see Austria-Hungary) until the Habsburgs' deposition from both Austria and Hungary in 1918 following defeat in World War I.
The current head of the Habsburg family is Otto von Habsburg, Emperor Karl's eldest son.
Before Rudolph rose to German king, the Habsburgs were Counts in what is today south-western Germany and Switzerland.
Guntram the Rich (ca. 930 - 985 / 990) Father of:
Lanzelin of Altenburg (d. 991).
Besides Radbot, he had sons named Rudolph I , Wernher, and Landolf.
Counts of Habsburg
Radbot of Klettgau , built the Habsburg (ca. 985 - 1035). Besides Werner I, he had two other sons: Otto I , who would become Count of Sundgau in the Alsace, and Albrecht I .
Werner I , Count of Habsburg (1025 / 1030 - 1096). Besides Otto II, there was another son, Albert II , who was reeve of Muri from 1111 - 1141 after the death of Otto II.
Otto II of Habsburg; first to name himself as "of Habsburg" (d. 1111) Father of:
Werner II of Habsburg (around 1135; d. 1167) Father of:
Albrecht III of Habsburg (the Rich), d. 1199. Under him, the Habsburg territories expanded to cover most of what is today the German-speaking part of Switzerland. Father of:
Rudolph II of Habsburg (d. 1232) Father of:
Albrecht IV of Habsburg, (d. 1239 / 1240); father of Rudolph IV of Habsburg, who would later become king Rudolph I of Germany. Between Albrecht IV and his brother Rudolph III , the Habsburg properties were split, with Albrecht keeping the Aargau and the western parts, the eastern parts going to Rudolph III.
Kings of Germany
Rudolph I was king of Germany (then an elective position, as its successive post, the Holy Roman Emperor, would be) from 1273 - 1291.
Dukes of Austria
In the late middle ages, when the Habsburgs expanded their territories in the east, they often ruled as dukes. "Duke of Austria" is a bit misleading, though: Austria proper at the time covered what is today Lower Austria. The Habsburg possessions also included Styria, and then expanded west to include Carinthia and Carniola in 1335 and Tyrol in 1363. Their original scattered possessions in the southern Alsace, south-western Germany and Vorarlberg were collectively known as Vorderösterreich. The Habsburg dukes gradually lost their homelands south of the Rhine and Lake Constance to the expanding Old Swiss Confederacy. Unless mentioned explicitly, the dukes of Austria also ruled over Vorderösterreich until 1379, after that year, Vorderösterreich was ruled by the Princely Count of Tyrol. Names in italics designate dukes that never actually ruled.
Rudolph II, son of Rudolph I, duke of Austria and Styria together with his brother 1282 - 1283, was dispossessed by his brother, who eventually would be murdered by one of Rudolph's sons.
Albert I (Albrecht I), son of Rudolph I and brother of the above, duke from 1282 - 1308; was Holy Roman Emperor from 1298 - 1308. See also below.
Rudolph III, oldest son of Albert I, designated duke of Austria and Styria 1298 - 1307
Frederick the Handsome (Friedrich der Schöne), brother of Rudolph III. Duke of Austria and Styria (with his brother Leopold I) from 1308 - 1330; officially co-regent of emperor Louis IV since 1325, but never ruled.
Leopold I, brother of the above, duke of Austria and Styria from 1308 - 1326.
Albert II (Albrecht II), brother of the above, duke of Vorderösterreich from 1326 - 1358, duke of Austria and Styria 1330 - 1358, duke of Carinthia after 1335.
Otto the Jolly (der Fröhliche), brother of the above, duke of Austria and Styria 1330 - 1339 (together with his brother), duke of Carinthia after 1335.
Rudolph IV the Founder (der Stifter), oldest son of Albert II. Duke of Austria and Styria 1358 - 1365, Duke of Tyrol after 1363.
After the death of Rudolph IV, his brothers Albert III and Leopold III ruled the Habsburg possessions together from 1365 until 1379, when they split the territories in the Treaty of Neuberg, Albert keeping Austria proper and Leopold ruling over Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, the Windish March , Gorizia, Friuli, Tyrol, and Vorderösterreich.
Albertine line: Dukes of Austria
Albert III (Albrecht III), duke of Austria until 1395, from 1386 (after the death of Leopold) until 1395 also ruled over the latters possessions.
Albert IV (Albrecht IV), duke of Austria 1395 - 1404, in conflict with Leopold IV.
Albert V (Albrecht V), duke of Austria 1404 - 1439, Holy Roman Emperor from 1438 - 1439 as Albert II. See also below.
Ladislaus Postumus, son of the above, duke of Austria 1440 - 1457.
Leopoldine line: Dukes of Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol
Leopold III, duke of Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol, and Vorderösterreich until 1386, when he was killed in the Battle of Sempach.
William (Wilhelm), son of the above, 1386 - 1406 duke in Innerösterreich (Carinthia, Styria)
Leopold IV, son of Leopold III, 1391 regent of Vorderösterreich, 1395 - 1402 duke of Tyrol, after 1404 also duke of Austria, 1406 - 1411 duke of Innerösterreich
Leopoldine-Innerösterreich sub-line
Ernest the Iron (der Eiserne), 1406 - 1424 duke of Innerösterreich, until 1411 together and competing with his brother Leopold IV.
Frederick V (Friedrich), son of Ernst, became emperor Frederick III in 1440. He was duke of Innerösterreich from 1424 on. Guardian of Sigismund 1439 - 1446 and of Ladislaus Postumus 1440 - 1452. See also below.
Albert VI (Albrecht VI), brother of the above, 1446 - 1463 regent of Vorderösterreich, duke of Austria 1458 - 1463
Leopoldine-Tyrol sub-line
Frederick IV (Friedrich), brother of Ernst, 1402 - 1439 duke of Tyrol and Vorderösterreich
Sigismund, also spelled Siegmund or Sigmund, 1439 - 1446 under the tutelage of the Frederick V above, then duke of Tyrol, and after the death of Albrecht VI in 1463 also duke of Vorderösterreich.
Reuniting of Habsburg possessions
Sigismund had no children and adopted Maximilian I, son of duke Frederick V (emperor Frederick III). Under Maximilian, the possessions of the Habsburgs would be united again under one ruler, after he had re-conquered Lower Austria from Matthias Corvinus, who resided in Vienna and styled himself duke of Austria from 1485 - 1495.
Holy Roman Emperors previous to the reunion of the Habsburg possessions
Rudolph I, emperor 1273 - 1291
Albert I, emperor 1298 - 1308
Albert II, emperor 1438 - 1439
Frederick III, emperor 1440 - 1493
Kings of Hungary previous to the reunion of the Habsburg possessions
Albert, king of Hungary 1437 - 1439
Ladislaus V Posthumus, king of Hungary 1444 - 1457
Main Line: Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria
Maximilian I, emperor 1493 - 1519
Charles V, emperor 1519 - 1556
Spanish Habsburgs: Kings of Spain, Kings of Portugal (1580-1640)
Philip I of Castile, second son of Maximilian I, founded the Spanish Habsburgs in 1506 by marrying Joanna the Mad, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. Philip promptly died, leaving the thrones of Castile and Aragon to be inherited and united into the nation of Spain by his son:
Charles I 1516-1556, aka Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor; converdivided the House into Austrian and Spanish lines
Philip II of Spain 1556-1598, also Filipe I of Portugal 1580-1598
Philip III, also Filipe II of Portugal 1598-1621
Philip IV 1621-1665, also Filipe III 1621-1640
Charles II 1665-1700
The War of the Spanish Succession took place after the extinction of the Spanish Habsburg line, to determine the inheritance of Charles II.
Austrian Habsburgs: Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria
Ferdinand I, emperor 1556 - 1564
Maximilian II, emperor 1564 - 1576
Rudolph II, emperor 1576 - 1612
Matthias, emperor 1612 - 1619
Ferdinand II, emperor 1619 - 1637
Ferdinand III, emperor 1637 - 1657
Leopold I, emperor 1658 - 1705
Josef I, emperor 1705 - 1711
Charles VI, emperor 1711 - 1740
NB: Maria Theresa of Austria, Habsburg heiress and wife of emperor Francis I Stephen, reigned as Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia 1740 - 1780
House of Habsburg-Lorraine (Lothringen), main line: Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria
Francis I Stephen, emperor 1745 - 1765
Joseph II, emperor 1765 - 1790
Leopold II, emperor 1790 - 1792
Francis II, emperor 1792 - 1806
The House of Habsburg-Lorraine retained Austria and attached possessions after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire; see below.
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Grand dukes of Tuscany
Francis Stephen 1737-1765 (aka Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor)
Leopold I 1765-1790 (aka Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor)
The grand duchy of Tuscany became a seperate line at this point:
Ferdinand III 1790-1800, 1814-1824
Leopold II 1824-1849, 1849-1859
Ferdinand IV 1859
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Dukes of Modena
The duchy of Modena was assigned to a minor branch of the family by the Congress of Vienna. It was lost to Italian unification.
Francis IV 1814-1831, 1831-1846
Francis V 1846-1848, 1849-1859
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Duchess of Parma
The duchy of Parma was likewise assigned to a Habsburg, but did not stay in the House long before succumbing to Italian unification.
Maria Luisa 1814-1847
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Emperor of Mexico
Maximilian, an adventurous younger son, was invited as part of Napoleon III's manipulations to take the throne of Mexico. The adventure did not end well.
Maximilian I 1864-1867
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Emperors of Austria
Francis I, emperor of Austria 1804 - 1835: was Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
Ferdinand I, emperor of Austria 1835 - 1848
Franz Joseph, emperor of Austria 1848 - 1916, sometimes referred to in English as "Francis Joseph"
Karl, emperor of Austria 1916 - 1918, sometimes referred to in English as "Charles". He died in exile in 1922.
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Heads of the House of Habsburg (post-monarchy)
Charles I was expelled from his domains after World War I and the empire was abolished.
Charles I (1918-1922)
Otto von Habsburg (1922-present)
(Zita of Bourbon-Parma, guardian, (1922-1930))
Habsburgs as Kings of Hungary
The kingship of Hungary remained in the Habsburg family for centuries; but as the kingship was not strictly inherited and was sometimes used as a training ground for young Habsburgs, the dates of rule do not always match those of the primary Habsburg possessions. Therefore, the kings of Hungary are listed seperately.
Albertine line: Kings of Hungary
Austrian Habsburgs: Kings of Hungary
Ferdinand I, king of Hungary 1526 - 1564
Maximilian I, king of Hungary 1563 - 1576
Rudolf I, king of Hungary 1572 - 1608
Matthias, king of Hungary 1608 - 1619
Ferdinand II, king of Hungary 1618 - 1637
Ferdinand III, king of Hungary 1625 - 1657
Ferdinand IV, king of Hungary 1647 - 1654
Leopold I, king of Hungary 1655 - 1705
Joseph I, king of Hungary 1687 - 1711
Charles III, king of Hungary 1711 - 1740
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Kings of Hungary
Maria Theresa, queen of Hungary 1740 - 1780
Joseph II, king of Hungary 1780 - 1790
Leopold II, king of Hungary 1790 - 1792
Francis, king of Hungary 1792 - 1835
Ferdinand V, king of Hungary 1835 - 1848
Francis Joseph I, king of Hungary 1848 - 1916
Charles IV, king of Hungary 1916 - 1918
Habsburgs as Kings of Bohemia
The kingship of Bohemia was for centuries a position elected by its nobles. As a result, it was not an automatically inherited position. The king of Bohemia tended to be a Habsburg, but was not always. Hence, the kings of Bohemia and their ruling dates are listed seperately.
Main line: Kings of Bohemia
Rudolph I, king of Bohemia 1306-1307
Albertine line: Kings of Bohemia
Albert, king of Bohemia 1437 - 1439
Ladislaus Posthumus, king of Bohemia 1444 - 1457
Austrian Habsburgs: Kings of Bohemia
Ferdinand I, king of Bohemia 1526 - 1564
Maximilian I, king of Bohemia 1563 - 1576
Rudolph II, king of Bohemia 1572 - 1611
Matthias, king of Bohemia 1611 - 1618
Ferdinand II, king of Bohemia 1621 - 1637
Ferdinand III, king of Bohemia 1625 - 1657
Ferdinand IV, king of Bohemia 1647 - 1654
Leopold I, king of Bohemia 1655 - 1705
Joseph I, king of Bohemia 1687 - 1711
Charles II, king of Bohemia 1711 - 1740
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Kings of Bohemia
From the accession of Maria Theresa, the kingship of Bohemia became united with the Austrian possessions.
Maria Theresa, queen of Bohemia 1742 - 1780
Joseph II, king of Bohemia 1780 - 1790
Leopold II, king of Bohemia 1790 - 1792
Francis, king of Bohemia 1792 - 1835
Ferdinand V, king of Bohemia 1835 - 1848
Francis Joseph I, king of Bohemia 1848 - 1916
Charles III, king of Bohemia 1916 - 1918
Habsburgs as Queens Consort of France
From the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries, the greatest non-Habsburg power in Europe was usually France. As a result, in usually futile attempts to either unite Europe under the Habsburg family or to prevent French enmity, Habsburg daughters were wed to successive kings of France.
Austrian Habsburgs
Elisabeth of Austria (1554 - 1592), wife of King Charles IX of France
Anne of Austria (1601 - 1666), wife of King Louis XIII
Spanish Habsburgs
Maria Theresa of Spain (1638 - 1683), wife of King Louis XIV
Habsburg-Lorraine
Marie Antoinette (1755 - 1793), wife of King Louis XVI
List of rulers of Austria
Habsburg Monarchy
Austrian Empire
"Erzherzog Dr. Otto von Habsburg" (Autorisierte Ehrenseite)
Habsburg Biographies
Habsburg Resource Centre on SurnameWeb
http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~stephan/Rulers/hapsburg3.html
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text:
Osornophryne talipes est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Bufonidae.

Répartition
Cette espèce se rencontre dans la province d'Imbabura en Équateur et dans les départements de Nariño et Cauca en Colombie à environ  d'altitude dans la cordillère Centrale.

Publication originale
 Cannatella, 1986 : A New Species of Osornophryne (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Andes of Ecuador. Copeia, , , .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Anoure (nom scientifique)
Bufonidae
Faune endémique des Andes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The River Widow follows Adah Branch in the midst and aftermath of a terrible storm and flood that nearly destroyed her small town. As we open the novel, Adah accidentally kills her abusive husband Lester. After dragging his body in to the flood waters, she is also swept away. She's rescued from a rooftop, and then remembers her stepdaughter, Daisy.
Daisy has been staying with Lester's family. He learned his abusive tendencies somewhere, and it's quickly apparent exactly where it came from. Adah returns to the home of her in laws exclusively with the hope that she can protect little Daisy.
Will The River Widow be successful?
Honestly, I'm not sure. I gave the book three stars. The family was unnecessarily mean. Their grammar was terrible, so reading their dialogue was difficult.
I was quite bothered by the addition of a new love interest for Adah. I liked the fact that there was someone there for her, looking out for her. However, the ending completely nullified all of their relationship.
Speaking of the ending, it felt like The River Widow needed to be wrapped up rather quickly. Almost like the author ran out of ideas and wrapped it all up as quickly as she could.
All in, The River Widow was a great travel read. It kept me entertained and wanting to find out how it ended. I guess that's a mark of a decent novel.