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Displaying items by tag: transformation
China Unicom taps Huawei for cloud computing solution
Written on Monday, 29 January 2018 07:03
Huawei has partnered with telecom provider China Unicom to deploy the latter's first private cloud resource pool based on Huawei's CloudFabric solution. The move marks a significant step for China Unicom in enabling its business transformation in the cloud era.
The development of cloud computing technologies and services has enabled China Unicom to expand its businesses. Traditional data centers are no longer aligned with larger numbers of servers and the requirements for quick provisioning of new services. In response to increasingly complex business demands, China Unicom has joined forces with Huawei to build an intelligent and simplified private cloud resource pool using the CloudFabric solution.
The private cloud resource pool, built exclusively by Huawei, encompasses an extensive data center network resource pool with Virtual Extensible LAN (VXLAN) technology to increase the number of servers from 1,000 to over 5,000 and raise network resource utilization by 90 percent. In addition, Huawei used SDN controllers to facilitate automatic network configuration, significantly shortening the new service provisioning cycle from months to days. Operating efficiency also improved by more than 50 percent.
"Huawei is dedicated to innovation and research aimed at enabling Carriers' Cloud Transformation," said Wang Lei, General Manager of Huawei's Data Center Network Domain. "The CloudFabric system deployed by Huawei and China Unicom simplifies service deployment and O&M and enhances flexibility. As a leader in the ICT industry, Huawei's cooperation with China Unicom signifies a new phase of our joint innovation in the digital transformation era."
Huawei's CloudFabric solution has now been deployed at more than 1,200 data centers in over 120 countries. By building agile, open and secure cloud data centers for customers, Huawei is committed to helping operators and enterprises gain a competitive edge in the cloud service market.
Published in Enterprise Cloud Computing
Ericsson confirms it will be laying off 3,000 employees in Sweden
Written on Tuesday, 04 October 2016 11:59
Swedish telecoms equipment manufacturer Ericsson confirmed recent media reports on Tuesday, October 4, that it will be cutting up to 3,000 jobs in Sweden, in areas including production, research and development. However, Ericsson plans to hire 1,000 people in R&D over the next three years, as it undergoes a "large transformation".
"We continue to have a strong focus on research and development, and since many years, most Ericsson employees work in software development and services, rather than hardware production," chief executive Jan Frykhammar said in a statement. "The measures are necessary to secure Ericsson's long term competitiveness as well as technology and services leadership," he added.
Ericsson currently employs around 16,000 people in Sweden and a total of 116,000 people worldwide. The job cuts in Sweden will affect around 1,000 positions in production, 800 in research and development (R&D), and some 1,200 in other operations, according to the company. Ericsson said it planned to reduce the number of administrative positions in R&D, but needed to increase its competence in new technologies, and therefore needs to hire around 1,000 engineers in Sweden over the next three years.
Ericsson also announced that it will be making "general cost of reductions and take out external costs, primarily by reducing the number of consultants in Sweden by 900, but also through general reductions in operating expenses." The company has struggled through a difficult period, which resulted in the firing of Ericsson's former CEO Hans Vestberg in July after seven years in the position.
Published in Telecom Vendors
Nokia's President of Mobile Networks discusses innovation, transformation and progress
Written on Tuesday, 05 April 2016 06:12
Samih Elhage, president of Mobile Networks, Nokia, discusses the company's progress through the years including its significant transformation in the industry.
In an interview with Active Telecoms, Samih Elhage, president of Mobile Networks, Nokia, talked about the company's progress through the years including its significant transformation in the industry.
What has been Nokia's scope of operations for the past years?
For the last four years, we have been focusing on mobile networks and services, and we have built a very strong technology leadership position. We wanted to create scale and scope; hence, the strategic logic to acquire Alcatel-Lucent. We gained technical control of Alcatel-Lucent in January, and have just completed a second opening of the public exchange offer, with Nokia owning around 91 percent of Alcatel-Lucent's shares.
Our objective was to create scale in mobile, but at the same time to expand the scope by widening the portfolio. The combined companies represented more than 26 billion Euros in net sales in 2015, with very decent operating profitability. We decided within the new Nokia to organize the company with four business groups plus Nokia technologies.
One of the groups is mobile networks, which will be our largest business with around 60,000 employees and number one in the market in LTE, which is the forward-looking technology for the years to come. Mobile networks is also starting to significantly shift resources towards 5G, consistent with our goal to be a leader in this area.
The second group is fixed networks, including copper-based and fiber-based solutions, and number one in BDSL in the market.
The third business group is responsible for IP routing and optical networks, which will make us number two on a global basis in IP routing. And our optical business is number one in Europe, Middle East and Africa region.
As for the fourth group, it's application and analytics, which is the set of a software capabilities that is required to improve the services end-to-end on the network infrastructure. This includes analytics, customer experience management, security and communication suites for the enterprise environment.
The fifth group is called Nokia technologies, with a focus on monetizing our IP assets, where we have more than 30,000 patent families, as well as the incubation of new technologies in media, healthcare, etc.
There are two lines of businesses that were divested by Nokia, which are BSS and microwave. With the acquisition of Alcatel-Lucent, will you go back to this business, especially now that Alcatel is active in these two lines?
Our strategy is to continue to focus on these businesses and to become number one or two in every single business we play in; it's an extremely important business strategy. So now the new Nokia includes a line for OSS, BSS and microwave, where we have a very good microwave business which is run by the vertical general manager under mobile networks business group. As for the BSS solution, it runs under the application and analytics business group.
It's worth mentioning that when we were in Nokia Siemens Networks (NSN) we decided to sell these businesses because they were very small. But the situation has changed significantly with the acquisition of Alcatel-Lucent.
Last year, it was mentioned that Nokia will return to dealing with devices, especially after the launch of a tablet under your brand name. Are there any plans to continue with this?
Nokia has a very strong brand. Actually, we didn't launch a tablet within Nokia, but we licensed the Nokia brand in cooperation with a particular player. Brand licensing is one of Nokia Technologies' focus areas. As for the rumors, we don't have anything new to say on that, I'm afraid.
On a global scale, what are your plans towards 5G?
First, we believe LTE will come in multiple phases to continue to improve the capabilities of networks. As you know, we now have LTE-Advanced; there will be LTE-Advanced Pro and then we will reach 5G. We believe there will be an evolution from LTE to 5G, and for this reason we are investing heavily in 5G. We have specific customers lined up to start to evolve with us in 5G, and this is really the initial manifestation of the demonstration of the capability of 5G which will start in 2017.
Is there any specific speed that you will reach in your lab testing?
With LTE we are currently seeing peak rates of approximately 1 gigabits per second (Gbps) possible in a commercial environment. This will go up to beyond 3 Gbps with LTE-Advanced Pro and then 5G will continue the trend; and, we have demonstrated 30 Gbps at Mobile World Congress.
On a regional scale, which region will be the largest to new Nokia?
In the new Nokia, we serve the top 15 operators around the globe. Based on the pro forma figures for the new organization, North America is the biggest region. As you know, Verizon, AT&T, Sprint and T-Mobile are four large operators where we have a very strong position. The second biggest region is Europe, then Asia-Pacific, China, Middle East and Africa and Latin America. Having said that, we have a very well-balanced distribution of the business around the globe.
Since the standardization of 5G has started early, which spectrum will you be using?
It depends on the customer that we are working with. We will use around 2.6 GHz and then it depends on the countries which would like to use different spectrum. As for the standardization, usually 3GPP will come first before productization of the technology, but the problem that we are facing now is that the cycle of technology is becoming shorter so we can't wait for this long period of standardization. We are definitely continuing to innovate while at the same time continuing to work on the standards.
What will the acquisition of Alcatel bring to the French speaking countries?
It's worth mentioning that from a technology perspective in the total market, we are bringing the full solutions for the operators whether in mobile network, broadband access, copper-based or fiber-based technology, optical or routing. We are bringing the full scope of technologies and networking capabilities to serve operators' needs.
Moreover, we have a very strong innovation capability. In 2015, we had around 4.5 billion Euros of R&D spend with 40,000 thousand R&D engineers spanning all these technologies. More importantly, within the R&D capability, we have what we call Nokia future works and technologies which drives innovation.
And now with this Alcatel combination we have Bell Labs which is a very well-known name for very advanced innovation. As for what we can bring to the operators in Africa with the technologies that we have, it's complete in the sense that we have fixed-based solutions and microwave.
Is it easy for Nokia to digest more people inside its culture, since you already had Motorola and now Alcatel?
We don't see it as an issue because we believe that every company brings a heritage of a capability that is strengthening Nokia. As an example, when we acquired Motorola, it brought with it significant quality processes that improved our quality in products and services as well as managing our customers.
Now with Alcatel we are bringing another set of capabilities, but what holds these different capabilities together is our culture. It is based on high performance culture by which you manage the mode of operations of the day to day business. Secondly, the behavior is what you need to have in order to achieve the business objectives. This behavior is driven by set of values which is based on respect, trust, achievement and renewal which is very important for us as a senior executive team and which we institute in our company, bringing it together.
When we started back in 2007 - and look where we are today - it's clear the company went through multiple evolutions. In the days when we did the transformation of Nokia Siemens Networks, we had to reduce the company from 73,000 people to 48,000, but in reality, we reduced the company by more than 48,000 people and we rehired more than 17,000 people. Having said that, looking at the diversity of perspective and roots of innovation, this creates strength for the company.
You had a bigger presence at the MWC 16. What are the significant innovations that you have you showcased?
We focused a lot on our innovation capability, so you have seen lots of specific cases in the different areas of cloud such as networking capabilities. We have shown lots of capabilities related to LTE-Advanced Pro, 5G, the internet of things, application and analytics, services and how we optimize the networks, core networking and specifically how we are evolving the monolithic network architecture to cloud-based, end-to-end architecture.
How are you accelerating the process towards a smart world?
First, let me tell you about our vision which is the programmable world. It is a high level view of things, but we believe in expanding the human possibilities of technologies. Our vision is really how we want to make the world a better place, and how we believe the world will become a better place driven by making everything connected. This is the center of what IoT is all about; you have these set of devices that are connected with the people.
On top of it will come the software and networking capabilities to bring meaning to these connections, and then on top of that you have set of applications and analytics in order to allow you to drive specific applications. The world is becoming smarter by enabling everything that gets connected to get connected, and giving the ability to create meanings to these connections. And this definitely brings a smart enterprise, city and home, all this to become part of the internet of things.
After joining Nokia, what kind of transformation has the company been through?
I started in Nokia Siemens Networks in 2012 as COO. Then, in 2013, I became COO and CFO until I became the president of mobile networks on January 8, 2016. So, the transformation of the company started back in 2012; we were able to strengthen the profitability by reinforcing our portfolio and market position on a global basis. Part of the transformation is the acquisition of Alcatel-Lucent which allowed us to get the scale and scope, and I was part of this team which drove this significant step.
Therefore, now as part of my new role I will continue to strengthen Nokia's market position and technology innovation, as well as lead the market in providing new capabilities to enable the new vision of the world, and providing the network capabilities to our customers that they can give to their customer or end users.
Where does Nokia stand from a digital transformation perspective?
For the last few years, we started to build a foundation for our digital transformation by significantly revamping our IP infrastructure and by the evolution of our IP infrastructure to the cloud. However, in addition to that, we need to have new set of networking capabilities to allow us to optimize the mode of operations on a daily basis to serve our customers, or to enable our employees to be more efficient in managing the business on a daily basis.
But at the same time, we are still at a point where we believe we have lots of things to do, and for this reason, we have a very aggressive strategy in this regard. In services, for instance, we have started to use digital robots to help us optimize our services capabilities. We have the foundation now; we have started to build, but we still have a lot to do in the digital business.
What are your plans for the Middle East region?
Middle East and Africa is a very important region for us because we have a very good growth potential across different areas of technology. So our strategy is to continue to increase growth in technologies that can allow us to expand the networking capabilities in LTE and LTE-Advanced Pro, as well as expanding broadband, IP routing capabilities and fiber optics network infrastructure. And on top of this, we will continue to create the overall servicing capabilities that are necessary to manage the networks in an effective way.
Published in Interviews
Vodafone targets net zero carbon emissions by 2040
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For this month's Full Flower Moon, join Nicole Adriana Casanova and Siedeh Foxie for a revelation and visioning of healing with the medicine of the flowers.
The full moon in May is known as the 'Flower Moon.' It signifies the blooming of flowers and those that bare their petals. In many practices found in civilizations of the past, flowers have often been revered for their ability to heal and uplift any surrounding through their presence and essence alone. The flowers offer medicine that work on the spiritual-etheric bodies and is one of the most natural ways we express feelings and heal through the power of plants. Participants will experience an ancient Inca Flower Ceremony—passed down by Quechuan elder, Tito La Rosa—where we will connect to the soul of universe through the building of an intentional flower mandala in meditation and prayer to raise our collective vibration.
This ancient tradition of ceremony allows us to receive mental and emotional clarity, expand the intimate awareness of our hearts, and restore a sense of balance and harmony into our communities and the world. Nicole and Siedeh will guide the group to build the flower mandala by weaving intentions of gratitude, love, beauty, and joy. As the mandala grows with each offering, we invite outdated beliefs and personal narratives to be transmuted for new energy to emerge and align with the abundance in our lives.
Nicole and Siedeh will perform a flower limpia(spiritual Cleansing) and blessing with each individual during the ceremony. Once the mandala is completed, each participant will have a moment with the mandala to choose flowers that express their becoming, working with them on their own to further receive its teachings.
Nicole Adriana Casanova is a student if Maestro Manuel Rufino, Taino elder and founder of Golden Drum cultural center in Brooklyn, New York. Nicole is a writer, poet, and storyteller, a 200 RYT Yoga Alliance certified Yoga and Meditation Teacher, a certified Reiki Master in the Usui and Karuna Reiki Riojo, a Shamanic Practitioner, a Human Movement teacher, and Magical Awakening Practitioner. Nicole blends decades of expertise in the wellness and holistic field to create one of a kind empowerment experiences in groups as well as one-on-one settings. As a Soul Architect, Nicole bridges practices and teachings from various wisdom traditions around the world, with intuitive knowledge and practical know how to create one of a kind blueprints of empowerment, healing, and remembrance.


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Health topics Health systems Health technologies and medicines Improving access to quality essential medicines in Kyrgyzstan
Country work
Improving access to quality essential medicines in Kyrgyzstan
WHO/Mihail Grigorev
In June 2017, Kyrgyzstan introduced 3 new laws focused on medicines and medical devices. National health authorities worked for several years on developing these strategic laws, and WHO actively contributed to the process and promoted their adoption.
The new laws on medicines allow the state to regulate the prices of essential medicines, making them more affordable to patients. Improving access to quality essential medicines for the population is a significant measure for strengthening a country's health system. It is also an integral step forward on the path to universal health coverage, which Kyrgyzstan set out to achieve when it adopted the Sustainable Development Goals.
Referring to the process, Dr Kosmosbek Cholponbaev, Minister of Health of Kyrgyzstan said, "Technically and financially WHO helped a lot. Moreover, we have studied all the rules and practices that exist around the world and have developed our own drug pricing policy".
Kyrgyzstan's path to accessing essential medicines
In Kyrgyzstan, almost all citizens pay for medicines out of pocket and the state only pays for 10% of the cost. Medicines are the second-largest expenditure for most families after food. Recent studies have shown that essential medicines in Kyrgyzstan are among the most expensive in the world. The markups on the cost of medicines by pharmaceutical companies can reach as much as 130%.
Historically, during the early years of Kyrgyzstan's independence, the government did not interfere with prices in the pharmaceutical market. Meanwhile, price controls were actively established and revised in many countries of the European Union. Many countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States – including Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, Ukraine and Uzbekistan – have adopted laws on pricing regulation.
In August 2017, 3 new strategic laws on regulating medicines and health technologies came into effect in Kyrgyzstan. The laws were a major turning point in strengthening the Kyrgyz health-care sector overall.
Promoting new laws and strengthening collaboration
In 2018, national authorities, with WHO's support, made bold steps towards the development of bylaws in different areas of medicines and medical devices regulation necessary to implement and fully enforce these new legal provisions.
To ensure correct interpretation, additional bylaws were also introduced to support medicine pricing regulation, enhancing overall regulation in this sector. In this context, WHO continues to provide specific technical assistance to Kyrgyzstan to achieve internationally recognized standards on:
the regulation of quality and circulation of medicines and medical devices
post-marketing control and monitoring of medicines and medical devices
the transparency, predictability and accountability of the pharmaceutical sector.
The state can now monitor the effectiveness and side effects of drugs that have already been allowed onto the market through post-marketing control measures. High-quality medical products will now enter the market more easily, because medicines that have already been tested by strong regulatory authorities – such as the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency – or prequalified by WHO, will be given preference.
"Enforcement of the laws will have a positive impact on the availability of safe, effective and affordable medicines and medical devices in Kyrgyzstan, which is a key pillar of universal health coverage and the health-related Sustainable Development Goals," said Dr Nazira Artykova, WHO Representative and Head of the WHO Country Office in Kyrgyzstan.
Strengthening capacity of the National Medicines Regulatory Agency
In order to implement the new laws effectively, the country must increase the capacity of governmental institutions and authorities responsible for the regulation of the pharmaceutical sector. WHO is assisting in this process by supporting the Kyrgyz National Medicines Regulatory Agency (NMRA) to conduct a self-assessment and produce an institutional development plan. The NMRA plays a key role, serving as a gatekeeper for medicines entering the national market.
The NMRA is currently assessing the maturity of its regulatory function, using a harmonized approach: the WHO Global Benchmarking Tool. WHO technical assistance will enable the identification of strengths and areas for improvement, as well as the elaboration of an institutional development plan. This plan will identify the technical and financial support needed for its implementation with continued monitoring of progress and impact.
To further promote health equity, Kyrgyzstan recently updated its national list of essential medicines. This document provides guidance on which medicines are considered most effective and safe, and meet the most important needs in the country's health system, and should therefore be accessible and affordable for the population. The updated national list contains 85% of the medicines on the WHO Essential Medicines List, which recommends medicines with proven clinical efficacy and safety as well as comparative cost-effectiveness. The WHO Essential Medicines List is revised every 2 years, and is a guide for countries on the core medicines that a national health system needs.
Going forward, WHO will continue to work closely with the Ministry of Health in ensuring access to essential medicines. Effective regulatory systems are an essential component of health systems and contribute to better public health outcomes. WHO plays a pivotal role in supporting countries in strengthening their regulatory systems to ensure that all medicines brought onto the market are safe and effective.
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Q: if two graphs have the same distinct eigenvalues, can we conclude that they are isomorphic? i think i saw something like the statement of the question above but i am not sure.
Given two graph G and H if they have the same characteristic polynomial and it does not have any repeated roots,then G and H are isomorphic ?
if any one could give me the reference to the proof or even if its a true statement.

A: Here are the edge sets for two trees on 12 vertices.
Graph 1:
$\left[\left(0, 1\right), \left(1, 2\right), \left(2, 3\right),
\left(2, 10\right), \left(3, 4\right), \left(3, 11\right), \left(4, 5\right), \left(5, 6\right), \left(6, 7\right), \left(7, 8\right), \left(8, 9\right)\right]$
Graph 2: $\left[\left(0, 1\right), \left(1, 2\right), \left(2, 3\right), \left(3, 4\right), \left(4, 5\right), \left(4, 9\right), \left(5, 6\right), \left(6, 7\right), \left(6, 10\right), \left(7, 8\right), \left(10, 11\right)\right]$
Both graphs have exactly two vertices of degree three, but in the first graph they are adjacent and in the second they are at distance two.
For both graphs the characteristic polynomial is $(x - 1) \cdot (x + 1) \cdot (x^{10} - 10x^{8} + 33x^{6} - 40x^{4} + 13x^{2} - 1)$ (where the degree 10 factor is irreducible).

A: No, we cannot. However, it is easy to determine if they are isomorphic or not as long as they are cospectral and have distinct eigenvalues (multiplicity 1).
Let $A,B$ are adjacency or laplacian of two graphs that you want to test. Their eigendecompositions are $A=U \Sigma U^{T}$ and  $B=V \Sigma V^{T}$. See their eigenvalues ($\Sigma$ is a diagonal matrix which keeps eigenvalues) are the same and let's suppose it has distinct values.
$S$ is a diagonal matrix that includes $\mp1$ and $P$ is a permutation matrix where each column and row there is single 1 and rest of them 0.
If you find $P$ and $S$ matrices that meets $PU=VS$ then they are isomorphic, unless they are not.
If some eigenvalues are repeated in $\Sigma$, even though you find $P$ and $S$ matrix that meets $PU=VS$, still you cannot say they are isomorphic.
check out this couse notes;
http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/spielman/561/lect08-18.pdf

A: Check out these notes by Daniel Spielman.

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September 21, 2011 by Dmitry Gorenburg
The death of Tupolev
To continue the aircraft theme of the last few weeks, I just read a very informative article by Ruslan Pukhov that appeared in last week's NVO. In this article, Pukhov contrasts the state of Russian aircraft design bureaus that have successfully made the transition to the post-Soviet economic environment, such as Sukhoi and (to a lesser extent) MiG, with those that haven't, such as Ilyushin and (especially) Tupolev.
One might have expected quite the opposite situation, as MiG and Sukhoi designed aircraft exclusively for the military during the Soviet period, while Ilyushin and Tupolev combined military and commercial aviation. Given the complete lack of government financing for military procurement during the 1990s, one might have thought that a greater diversity of projects and clientele might have helped the latter two companies to come out of the 1990s in better shape than the purely military design bureaus.
Pukhov describes the many false starts made by Tupolev in its efforts to remain competitive in the commercial aircraft industry, including such recent howlers as a proposal for in-flight refueling of passenger aircraft. But the main source of its problems resulted from an inability to launch full serial production of its Tu-204/214 medium-range passenger airliner, which was designed in the late 1980s and has now become somewhat outdated. The situation was made worse by Tupolev's difficulties in servicing these aircraft. Other potential projects, such as the Tu-334 regional jet and the supersonic Tu-444 business jet have fared even worse. The Tu-334 was recently canceled with only two prototypes built after two decades of effort, while the Tu-444 is unlikely to ever move beyond the concept stage. As a result, Tupolev seems poised to be completely shut out of the commercial airliner market in the very near future
Tupolev's position in military procurement is not much better. Tupolev's core military business was in long range and strategic bombers. While there are ongoing plans to modernize existing aircraft, these programs are proceeding very slowly. Pukhov believes that if the military ever decides to develop a new long range bomber, it is unlikely that Tupolev would get the contract for this work. Tupolev's Soviet-era efforts to develop UAVs is largely useless for the types of missions required of 21st century UAVs. There is no chance that Russian efforts to design UAVs would be based on Tupolev's experience in this field.
By contrast, Sukhoi in the last decade has not only developed a number of successful new combat aircraft, but has also entered the commercial aircraft market with the SSJ-100. The difference between these manufacturers goes a long way toward explaining the differences in the Russian military's ability to relatively quickly restore the potential of its combat aircraft, versus the problems it is having in modernizing its transport aviation and developing an indigenous UAV capability. As Pukhov argues in his conclusion, the failure of companies such as Tupolev and Ilyushin to adapt has opened the door for new entrants to take over the commercial and military transport aircraft sectors. In addition to Sukhoi, the leading candidate for this role is Irkut, formerly just a manufacturing concern, which has now entered the design field with a new mid-range commercial airliner currently in developed and expected to enter production in 3-4 years. Tupolev, for its part, is likely to face closure in the next few years as United Aircraft Corporation consolidates its holdings.
Posted in Russian Air Force	| Tagged Ruslan Pukhov, Sukhoi, Tupolev, United Aircraft Corporation | 1 Comment


Garnet (Heart Chakra) is one of the most ancient of the healing crystals. Known as the stone of "contentment of the heart" it is a sensual stone used for thousands of years to foster romantic love, passion and devotion. It enhances sexuality, sensuality and intimacy. Garnet attracts positive thoughts, boosts energy and promotes self-love bringing warmth, devotion, understanding, trust, sincerity and honesty to relationships.
Garnet has been described from as far back as the Bronze Age over 5000 years ago, to the travels of Noah where garnet reportedly supplied the light on the ark. It has been used not only to foster love but also to enhance faith, truth and consistency while relieving pain and depression.
Garnet acts with great speed bringing order to chaos and boosting energy while it revitalizes. Garnet not only attracts love, it provides protection from evil.


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Air quality remains 'very poor'; authorities forecast significant deterioration on Sunday
Adverse weather, air quality, Declined Declines, Delhi's air, Important on Sunday, Pollution, very bad
Delhi's air quality continued to remain in the 'very poor' category Thursday due to unfavourable meteorological conditions that slowed down dispersion of pollutants even as authorities forecast "significant deterioration" in pollution levels over the weekend.
The overall air quality index (AQI) of Delhi was recorded at 353, according to Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) data.
An AQI between 0 and 50 is considered 'good', 51 and 100 'satisfactory', 101 and 200 'moderate', 201 and 300 'poor', 301 and 400 'very poor', and 401 and 500 'severe'.
The CPCB said seven areas in Delhi — Ashok Vihar, Anand Vihar, Jahangirpuri, Mundka, Rohini, Vivek Vihar and Wazirpur — recorded 'severe' air quality.
Twenty areas in the national capital recorded 'very poor' air quality while it was 'poor' in six areas, it said.
The level of PM2.5 — particles in the air with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometres — was recorded at 206 and the PM10 level was recorded at 360, it said.
In NCR, Ghaziabad, Faridabad and Noida recorded 'very poor' air quality while Gurgaon fell into the 'poor' category, CPCB data showed.
According to the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, the wind speed and ventilation index are "extremely unfavourable" for dispersion of pollutants.
Ventilation index determines how fast pollutants can get dispersed.
The ventilation index of around 6,000 sqm/second gets rid of pollutants, but it fell to 2,500 sqm/second on Thursday in the city.
According to the Centre-run System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting (SAFAR), the air quality is 'very poor' and likely to improve due to a slight increase in the wind speed. It will, however, remain in the 'very poor' category for the next two days.
"Due to cold front up in the north, the wind speed has increased, so a decline (in pollution levels) is expected. However, at the time of withdrawal (of high wind speed) after two to three days, a lot of moisture may enter Delhi which is not favourable for the air quality. The contribution from stubble burning is nil," the SAFAR said.
The government agency SAFAR further said the air quality of the national capital is expected to "significantly deteriorate" on Sunday due to a decline in temperature which might lead to entrapment of pollutants.
It, however, said the air quality even after "significant deterioration" is likely to stay in the 'very poor' level and not reach the 'severe' category.
The CPCB has come out with a list of nearly six lakh diesel and petrol vehicles that are over 10-years-old and will not be allowed to ply in Haryana.
The list gives details of the registration mark series, name of the authority and registration numbers of these vehicles plying in Haryana, including NCR cities of Gurgaon, Sonipat and Bahadurgarh.
As many as 2,87,613 petrol vehicles that were older than 15 years have been listed while 3,07,453 diesel vehicles more than 10-years-old have also been named, the CPCB said on its website.
Maharashtra proposes 16 per cent quotas for Marathas
BJP alleges TRS hand in Rohingyas' inclusion in Hyderabad voter lists


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One of the most troublesome governance issues is that of frequent transfers of civil servants. Do you think a fixed tenure for civil servants is the way forward to ensure continuity in administration leading to good governance?
Topic: Role of civil services in a democracy. 3. One of the most troublesome governance issues is that of frequent transfers of civil servants. Do you think a fixed tenure for civil servants is the way forward to ensure continuity in administration leading to good governance? (250 words) Difficulty level: Moderate Reference: Insights on India …
Continue reading "One of the most troublesome governance issues is that of frequent transfers of civil servants. Do you think a fixed tenure for civil servants is the way forward to ensure continuity in administration leading to good governance?"
The civil service is the engine room of modern government as they play a crucial part in making policies that reflect the needs of the public. Discuss.
Topic: Role of civil services in a democracy. 2. The civil service is the engine room of modern government as they play a crucial part in making policies that reflect the needs of the public. Discuss. (250 words) Difficulty level: Easy Reference: Insights on India Why the question: The question is part of the static …
Continue reading "The civil service is the engine room of modern government as they play a crucial part in making policies that reflect the needs of the public. Discuss."
Women revolutionaries made unforgettable contributions to the growth of militant nationalism in India. Comment.
Topic: The Freedom Struggle – its various stages and important contributors /contributions from different parts of the country. 1. Women revolutionaries made unforgettable contributions to the growth of militant nationalism in India. Comment. (150 words) Difficulty level: Medium Reference: The Hindu Why the question: A recent book highlights the contribution of women revolutionary of Bengal. …
Continue reading "Women revolutionaries made unforgettable contributions to the growth of militant nationalism in India. Comment."


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About the coalition
Analyses and Research
I vote for the first time
The 2016 Local elections
The 2014 General elections
Early Local Elections
ELECTIONS IN STOLAC
Elections in BiH
Electoral legislation
Electoral irregularities
History of election observation in BiH
Others about elections in BiH
Reports about elections observation
Analyses/Research
Guide to election irregularities
The Election Day in all nine municipalities/towns in BiH commenced in accordance with the Election Law of BiH
The Coalition "Pod lupom" today observe early elections for mayors/city mayors in all nine municipalities/towns in BiH.
In most polling stations, the Election Day commenced in accordance with the Election Law of BiH. A small number of election irregularities registered at certain polling stations. Non-partisan citizens observers of the Coalition "Pod lupom" are deployed at about 60% of regular polling stations. Also, there are seven mobile teams deployed in the field.
Preparations for the opening of polling stations generally went in accordance with regulations. The ballot box was shown empty and then sealed in all polling stations. Also, there was not recorded a shortage of any of the election material before polling stations were opened.
In one pooling station the marks of political subjects were not removed within a 50-meter radius from the polling station.
Most polling stations were opened on time with the exception of nine polling stations where registered lateness in opening for about 15 minutes.
By 09:00, the Coalition "Pod lupom" did not receive any notification of incident situations at polling stations.
The Coalition "Pod lupom" calls on all political subjects to comply with electoral rules and silence. The Coalition also calls all BiH citizens to get out and vote in the largest number possible and to report any irregularity observed by calling the number 033 268 160 or via e-mail to info@podlupom.org
The following press release on the course of the voting and possible critical situations in the polling stations the Coalition is planning to release at 3:00 PM.
For all additional information please contact Nina Zubović, the Coalition's Public Relations Co-ordinator via e-mail pr@podlupom.org or at 033 268 160 and 063 396 534.
Which one of the Coalition's ''Pod lupom'' recommendations for the improvement of electoral process in BiH is the priority?
Coalition for Free and Fair Elections – Pod lupom was founded in May 2014 with the aim of implementing the project of civic, non-partisan observation of General elections in 2014.
The contents of this website are the sole responsibility of Coalition Pod lupom and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union.


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Le suffrage universel consiste en la reconnaissance du droit de vote à l'ensemble des citoyens. Il est défini par opposition au suffrage restreint qui réserve le droit de vote à certains citoyens, en particulier au suffrage censitaire ou au suffrage capacitaire. Il est l'expression de la souveraineté populaire et de la volonté générale dans un régime démocratique. Dans sa version moderne, il est individualisé, c'est-à-dire qu'il s'effectue selon le principe « une personne, une voix », contrairement au vote plural ou au vote familial.

L'expression « suffrage universel » est attestée au  : sa plus ancienne occurrence connue se trouve chez Denis Diderot dans une de ses Lettres à Sophie Volland, datée de , avec le sens de  ; François Guizot est le premier à l'employer dans le sens de  dans la  de son cours d'histoire moderne, en .

Histoire

Le droit de vote permet aux citoyens d'un État d'exprimer leur volonté, à l'occasion d'un scrutin, afin d'élire leurs représentants et leurs gouvernants, de répondre à la question posée par un plébiscite ou un référendum, ou encore de voter directement leurs lois. Pour les démocraties modernes il s'agit du principal droit civique, considéré comme fondamental.

Le suffrage universel est le mode de scrutin adopté par les démocraties modernes, d'abord en tant que suffrage universel masculin puis en tant que véritable suffrage universel, étendu au droit de vote des femmes. Institué en France pendant la Révolution française, avec le décret du 11 août 1792, il fut supprimé par le Directoire avant d'être rétabli, presque par surprise, lors de la Révolution de 1848 . En vigueur lors du Second Empire, bien que fortement limité en raison des conditions pesant sur la procédure, avec notamment la nomination des candidats par l'État — ce qui l'apparentait à ce qui se passe dans les régimes du  à parti unique mais instituant le suffrage universel —, il fut ré-institué lors de la Troisième République et depuis accepté en tant que fondement de la démocratie. Bien qu'admis dès 1848, le principe du vote secret n'est réellement mis en place qu'avec l'institution de l'isoloir en 1913, tandis qu'il faut attendre 1944 pour que les femmes obtiennent le droit de vote (première application en 1945). Dans de nombreux autres pays, à l'exception de la Suisse, l'écart entre le suffrage universel masculin, souvent adopté plus tardivement qu'en France (1870 pour l'Allemagne) et le suffrage universel proprement dit (incluant donc, les femmes), est bien moindre.

L'histoire du suffrage universel ne concerne pas uniquement l'élection des représentants politiques, puisqu'elle croise aussi celle de l'institution des jurys populaires, ou l'élection des magistrats et autres responsables politiques (c'était le cas dans la France révolutionnaire, et ça l'est toujours aux États-Unis).

Par ailleurs, outre la proclamation du principe lui-même du suffrage universel, les conditions de son application concrète et l'extension du droit de vote à certaines catégories de la population qui pouvaient en être exclues (les femmes, mais aussi les personnes condamnées pour certaines peines, les « malades mentaux » ou encore les enfants, mais aussi les domestiques ou les vagabonds) font partie de son histoire. On pouvait en effet affirmer le principe du suffrage universel, tout en restreignant par certaines lois électorales sa portée. Des conditions de domicile ou d'alphabétisation (notamment lorsqu'il fallait soi-même écrire le nom des candidats sur les bulletins) ont ainsi été imposées. En France, il faut attendre par exemple la loi pour l'égalité des droits et des chances, la participation et la citoyenneté des personnes handicapées pour que des personnes mises sous tutelle puissent voter, après autorisation d'un juge, la loi du 5 mars 2007 sur la réforme de la protection des majeurs faisant du droit de vote des majeurs sous tutelle la norme.

Extensions du droit de vote vers le suffrage universel

Le suffrage universel se définit par opposition à d'autres types de suffrages restreints qui limitent le droit de vote à une partie de la population en raison de la fortune, de l'éducation, du sexe, de l'âge, de la religion, de la race, de la nationalité, des condamnations pénales, basé sur l'égalité devant la loi.

Les limitations à l'exercice du suffrage universel en France

Expression de la volonté populaire d'une nation, le suffrage universel est réputé n'avoir de sens que s'il est réservé aux citoyens de cette nation. La loi fixe les conditions censées garantir la représentativité du suffrage :

 L'inscription sur les listes électorales Être présent le jour du vote n'est pas une condition suffisante pour pouvoir voter. L'inscription sur les listes électorales rendue obligatoire par la loi du 10 novembre 1997 (inscription d'office des personnes de nationalité française lorsqu'elles atteignent l'âge de 18 ans) est la condition de l'exercice de ce droit. La souveraineté populaire est la possibilité de décision du peuple en dernier ressort. Le suffrage est universel car il se déroule sans avoir recours à ses représentants élus (souveraineté nationale) ni aux partis politiques. Le citoyen vote individuellement et à bulletin secret. Un électeur ne peut être inscrit que sur une seule liste électorale, dans la commune où se trouve son domicile réel.

 La nationalité Expression fondatrice de la citoyenneté et de la souveraineté populaire, le suffrage est réservé aux citoyens. Chaque citoyen est réputé posséder une fraction de la souveraineté nationale ; les étrangers ne peuvent pas voter (bien que ce point soit sujet à débat actuellement pour certains groupes politiques, concernant les étrangers résidant en France depuis longtemps et concernant les élections dites « locales »). Il existe également certains cas particuliers ; en pratique, un Français déchu de sa nationalité entre le jour d'émission de la carte électorale, et le jour du vote peut voter, alors qu'il n'est plus français.

 L'âge Pour pouvoir voter, il faut avoir atteint la majorité électorale (civile et politique). L'âge requis, autrefois fixé à 21 ans, a été abaissé à 18 ans en 1974.

 L'aptitude morale Certains condamnés n'ont pas le droit de vote. Ne pas jouir de ses droits civiques, civils et de famille signifie être « indigne de la qualité d'électeur » ; certains condamnés sont ainsi jugés « moralement indignes ».

 Majeurs en tutelle Les citoyens qui ne jouissent pas de toutes leurs facultés mentales sont « incapables de discernement politique » (excepté s'il y a l'autorisation du chef de tutelle).

 Le secret du vote Jusqu'à l'entrée en vigueur de la loi du , le secret du vote n'était pas protégé. L'utilisation d'enveloppes est depuis obligatoire dans la totalité des bureaux de vote, afin de protéger « l'indépendance du vote ».

Suffrage universel direct et indirect
Le suffrage universel peut s'exprimer de deux manières :
 suffrage direct lorsque le corps électoral désigne directement son ou ses représentants (par exemple le président de la République française ou l'Assemblée nationale française),
 suffrage indirect lorsque le corps électoral élit un collège restreint de « grands électeurs », qui à son tour désigne le ou les représentants du peuple. Par exemple, le président des États-Unis ou les membres du Sénat français sont désignés par un mode de scrutin indirect.

Les premières assemblées modernes élues au suffrage universel

États-Unis

Chaque État fédéré des États-Unis dispose de sa propre constitution et de sa propre législation en matière de droit de vote. Toutefois, un certain nombre de règles ont été imposées aux États par le Congrès fédéral. À l'indépendance, le suffrage était limité aux hommes blancs propriétaires, et souvent aux protestants. Le premier État à abolir la condition de propriété fut le New Hampshire en 1792, le dernier fut la Caroline du Nord en 1856. Les dernières restrictions discriminant l'accès au droit de vote des Afro-Américains et des autres minorités n'ont été abolies que par le Voting Rights Act en 1965. La première entité à accorder le droit de vote aux femmes aux États-Unis fut le Territoire du Wyoming en 1869 ; ce droit fut étendu en 1920 à toutes les élections par le  amendement. Le droit de vote fut abaissé à 18 ans en 1971 par le  amendement.

France

La Constitution de 1793 — qui ne sera pas appliquée en raison de la guerre et sera supprimée lors de la réaction thermidorienne — prévoit pour la première fois le suffrage universel (ou semi-universel car réservé aux hommes) et une démocratie semi-directe.

De 1815 à 1848, sous la monarchie, le peuple est totalement exclu du suffrage par le rétablissement du suffrage censitaire. Malgré l'abaissement des critères de cens, le nombre d'électeurs passe seulement de  en 1817 à  en 1846. Sous la monarchie de Juillet, le ministre royaliste et libéral Guizot s'oppose au suffrage universel qu'il considère comme un principe absurde.

En 1848, pour contourner l'interdiction de réunion et d'association instaurée par la monarchie, les partisans du suffrage universel, auquel s'oppose le roi, organisent des banquets qui se transforment en discours politiques. La répression de ces rassemblements, qui fait plusieurs morts, conduit à la révolution de 1848. Le suffrage « universel », encore réservé aux hommes, sera rétabli par la Deuxième République en 1848, sous l'impulsion d'un gouvernement provisoire composé de républicains libéraux et de socialistes. De nombreuses personnalités s'y opposent néanmoins, notamment Alexis de Tocqueville. Dès 1850, le suffrage universel est suspendu avec l'exclusion des populations jugées « dangereuses » du droit de vote.

Sous la Troisième République, le Sénat dominé par l'aile droite du Parti radical ne cessera de repousser le vote des femmes malgré les divers votes et propositions de l'Assemblée nationale, notamment une proposition du républicain Ferdinand Buisson, ainsi que le vote à l'unanimité des députés sous le Front populaire qui ne sera pas retranscrit à l'ordre du jour au Sénat. Les femmes obtiennent le droit de vote en 1944 à la suite d'une ordonnance du général de Gaulle.

Chronologie
Le suffrage universel est prévu, en France, dans les constitutions suivantes :

 Constitution de la Convention (1793-1795) : cette constitution n'est jamais appliquée mais prévoit l'application du suffrage universel masculin aux élections législatives et mettait en place l'usage du référendum.
 Constitution du Consulat et du Premier Empire (1799-1815) : la constitution consulaire du 22 frimaire an VIII permettait le recours au plébiscite (référendum), dont Napoléon Bonaparte usa à plusieurs reprises, pour modifier la constitution et établir le régime impérial.
 Constitution de la Deuxième République (1848-1852) : élection du président de la République au suffrage universel masculin. Le suffrage « universel » est établi par la Deuxième République en 1848, mais il exclut toutefois les femmes, le clergé et les Algériens. Le corps électoral, jusque-là restreint par le suffrage censitaire, passe néanmoins de  à plus de 9 millions. Les militaires votent également, qu'ils soient en congé ou en activité.
 Constitution du Second Empire (1852-1870) : permettait le recours au référendum, grâce à Napoléon III, dans la tradition du Premier Empire (Napoléon I) ; en outre, s'agissant du Corps législatif, l'article 36 de la Constitution de 1852 disposait que .
 Constitution de la Troisième République (1875-1940) : élections de l'Assemblée nationale, et, pour l'essentiel, du Sénat, au suffrage masculin.
 Constitution de la Quatrième République (1946-1958) : élection du Parlement au suffrage universel masculin et féminin.
 Constitution de la Cinquième République (depuis 1958) : élection du président de la République (à la suite du référendum de 1962) et du Parlement au suffrage universel et possibilité d'avoir recours au référendum.

Royaume-Uni
Au Royaume-Uni, John Cartwright fut le premier à en réclamer l'adoption, dans son pamphlet Take your Choice (1776). La classe dirigeante britannique rejette cependant avec une certaine véhémence l'idée de démocratie, qualifiée par le philosophe conservateur Edmund Burke de « dictature de la populace » et de « multitude porcine ». L'historien whig Thomas Babington Macaulay voit pour sa part le suffrage universel comme étant « absolument incompatible avec la survie de la civilisation. »

Le 16 août 1819, un rassemblement ouvrier réunit à Manchester près de soixante mille personnes pour réclamer l'établissement du suffrage universel. Sur ordre des magistrats, la marche est réprimée par la milice montée (la Yeomanry), avec l'aide de l'armée régulière. Au cours de la charge, 16 à 18 personnes sont tuées et plus de 650 blessées, dont environ un quart sont des femmes. Le « massacre de Peterloo » est depuis lors considéré comme l'un des évènements fondateurs de l'histoire ouvrière britannique.

Le Reform Bill de 1832 fit passer le droit de vote de 200 000 à un million d'hommes (environ le cinquième de la population masculine). Une grande agitation populaire entraine l'adoption du Reform Act de 1867 qui augmente le nombre d'électeurs mais continue de priver du droit de vote la moitié de la population masculine. D'autre part, « aucun des dirigeants, qu'ils fussent libéraux ou conservateurs, n'attendaient de cet édit qu'il établisse une constitution démocratique. » Il faut attendre 1918 pour que le droit de vote soit étendu à tous les hommes de plus de 21 ans et aux femmes de plus de 30 ans.

Belgique

C'est immédiatement après la première guerre que le Suffrage universel masculin fut introduit par la volonté manifeste du roi Albert I et la pression sociale. Cette démarche soudaine est appelée par les conservateurs le coup de Loppem. En effet, les élections législatives pour mettre en place l'assemblée constituante auraient dû être menées selon le principe du vote plural alors en vigueur, mais il n'en fut rien.

Italie

En 1948, l'Assemblée constituante, tout en exprimant, avec l'approbation de l'ordre du jour d'Antonio Giolitti, le support de la représentation proportionnelle dans l'élection des membres de la Chambre des députés, ne vise pas à rigidifier cette question en termes législatifs, la constitutionnalisation de choix proportionnaliste ou de placer formellement pour les systèmes électoraux, dont la configuration est laissée à la loi ordinaire.

La Cour constitutionnelle, avec arrêt  de 2014, a résumé les principes qui régissent le droit électoral italien : « Il est [...] un modèle de système électoral imposé par la Constitution, car elle laisse à la discrétion du législateur de choisir le système qu'il juge le plus approprié et efficace compte tenu du contexte historique [...] Les dispositions attaquées visent à faciliter la formation d'une majorité parlementaire appropriée, afin d'assurer la stabilité du gouvernement du pays et à accélérer le processus de prise de décision, ce qui constitue sans autre objectif constitutionnellement légitime [...] une altération du système démocratique établi par la Constitution, basé sur le principe fondamental de l'égalité du vote (art. 48, deuxième alinéa, de la Constitution.). Il ne lie pas en fait le législateur au choix d'un système particulier, cependant il exige que chaque vote puisse potentiellement contribuer aussi efficacement à la formation des organes élus (décision n°43 de 1961) et prend des nuances différentes selon le système électoral choisi. Dans les systèmes constitutionnels cohérents avec l'italien, dans lequel il est également envisagé que le principe et ne sont pas constitutionnalisés la formule électorale, la Cour constitutionnelle a expressément reconnu, pendant un certain temps, que si le législateur adopte le système proportionnel, même partiellement, il suscite une attente légitime qui se traduira par un déséquilibre sur les effets du vote, et qui est une évaluation inégale de la « charge » du vote « résultante » pour la répartition des sièges, il est nécessaire d'éviter des dommages pour la fonctionnalité de l'organe parlementaire ».

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes
 Mémoire sur les élections au scrutin, par M. de Borda, 1784

Histoire du droit
Droit de vote

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Mineralogy / Petrology
Learning Geology
3D Modeling of Open Pit Based on AutoCAD and Application
During the process of mining investigation, design & construction, a great deal of geological data must be processed and gave a feedback to the practical production. The storage management of geological data in traditional mining engineering is mainly based on characters, drawings and charts, and it is inconvenient for the modification, query and analysis of the information, and furthermore the traditional method uses 2D plane to represent 3D geologic body, is lack of spatial concept, and the application of traditional method falls short of visual and efficiency, is unable to realize reasonable planning of mine, optimal design and optimal mining[1].
3D geologic model of open-pit mine is lifelike, intuitive, accurate, dynamic and informative, improving geological professionals' understanding of geological data, increasing the utilization of the information and motivating the professionals' analysis as well[2]. Meanwhile, more significantly, it has the functions of accurate mining design and production planning[3]. Therefore, the research on 3D geological modeling of open pit is of actual significance and practical value. Basic geologic data of an open pit coalmine will be adopted in this paper. It takes AutoCAD 2008 as a software platform and uses C#.NET for secondary exploration of the platform to construct its 3D geologic model used in engineering.
Construction of geological database
Geological data are the basis for the construction of 3D geological model of open pit[4], thus to collect , organize and store geological data with uniform format via geological database could not only guarantee the continuity and accuracy of the data but also combine them with 3D space, which is favorable for the analysis and utilization of the data in 3D space.
In the process of constructing 3D geological model of open pit, the common geological data mainly includes borehole data, profile data, contour data, measurement acceptance maps and production planning maps, etc. Prior to modeling, collection and arrangement of geological data were required, which mainly involved input of borehole data into Excel sheet in a certain format, vectorization of some original maps, checking and deleting redundant points and lines, etc[5]. Access 2003 was used as database. The blank database was constructed first of all, and then the geological data from the Excel sheet was exported to the blank database, followed by logical check of the imported results to avoid errors that might occur during data input. After the checking is done and accuracy is ensured, the geological database was constructed.
Spatial interpolation technique
Various geological data of open pit is obtained by means of geological exploration. Due to the limitation by factors such as terrain conditions, capital etc, all the geological data obtained is so sparse, limited and irregular that it is hard to describe the actuality of the geologic body of the mine; therefore, it is essential to select specific interpolation methods to construct geologic models meeting the accuracy requirements.
Common interpolation methods include: Tessellation polygon method, polygon projection method, distance power inverse ratio method,Kriging method, trend method, weighted least square method, etc.
For different interpolation methods are applicable to different conditions, the appropriate interpolation methods shall be selected according to the geologic body's own characteristics to ensure appropriate accuracy.
Construction of 3D geological model
Geological model generally includes the three types: wire-frame models, such as fault model; and surface models, such as terrain model; and solid models, such as rock mass and coal seam model. The three models form 3D geological model for the open pit.
The fault wire-frame model does not only play an important role in the solid model construction and spatial form analysis of coal seam, but also has an impact on the arrangement of the mining engineering.
The fault lines in contour map of coal seam roof & floor are mainly applied to construct the fault wireframe model as follows: firstly, 2D fault lines are transformed into 3D ones; secondly, the data points of coal roof & floor are extracted from geological database to assign elevation to fault lines; lastly, the spatial position of fault lines is extracted and the fault wire-frame model is constructed. The constructed fault wire-frame model is shown in figure 1.
Fig. 1. Fault wire-frame model
Terrain model
The terrain model of open pit includes the original ground surface and stope situation, the construction of 3D terrain model can intuitively and clearly display the spatial relationship among the ground surface of mining area, stope situation of the open pit, coal seam and the geological structure. In this paper, the use of triangulated irregular network with constrains[7]to first generate unconstrained triangular net, and topographic isoline and bench line are took as constraint lines, and then the non-constraint triangular network is subdivided to construct the terrain model of open pit. This method has taken the characteristics of ladder-like surface distribution of the open-pit into full consideration. The constructed terrain model is shown in figure 2.
Fig. 2. Terrain model
The construction of solid model is the most important part during the whole process of modeling. The solid model not only has powerful 3D visualization function, but also is the constraints of constructing block model [8]. The solid model of coal & rock seam is constructed on the basis of mergence method, the modeling process is shown in figure 3.
Fig. 3. Modeling process of solid model
The modeling steps are as follows:
Geological database is linked. Data points of coal roof & floor are extracted from the database.
Delineating boundary bore holes in which coal is found to form modeling regional polygon through observing all the extracted data points.
Data points are interpolated by choosing proper interpolation method and grid interval.
Surface model of coal roof & floor will be constructed by interpolation points and fault lines.
The redundant triangulation net which is beyond the modeling region will be deleted, and then surface models of coal roof & floor are formed.
Boundary lines of coal roof & floor are produced by the models, and then surface model of coal side is produced by the boundary lines.
Solid model of coal seam is produced by combining coal roof & floor and side models.
The constructed coal seam solid models are shown in figure 4.The construction method of rock seam model is the same as constructing coal seam model.
Fig. 4. Solid modes of coal seam
Block model
The solid model only describes the spatial form of geologic bodies (such as rock mass, coal seam, etc), but it doesn't reflect the internal characteristics or properties of the geologic bodies[9].Not only a mastery of space position of geologic body but a mastery of intrinsic properties and its change law are required during the process of mining design and production, therefore, it is necessary to construct the block model. The modeling process of block model is shown in figure 5.
Fig. 5. Modeling process of block model
Construction of empty block model
Coordinate ranges of block model is determined according to spatial scope of solid model which will be estimated. Suitable size of block and secondary block are selected, and then the empty block model is constructed. But block model without attribute has no practical significance; therefore, block model should be added attribute. Block attribute can be used to reflect geological body's different properties of block element,such as bulk density, coal & rock types, reserves grade, coal rate,rock rate, sulfur content, calorific value,etc.
The assignment of block model
Assignment of block model includes two types: One is attribute value which is a certain value, which is directly assigned on the basis of extraction of the range of assignment by constraints, namely single assignment.The other is attribute value which should be calculated by referring to some sample data according to certain rules, and then specific block will be assigned[10].
The attribute of coal & rock types is assigned by single assignment. The attributes of reserves grade and bulk density are assigned by polygon projection method, the reserves blocks in reserves calculation map are used as assignment polygon. The attributes of coal rate, rock rate, sulfur content, calorific value are assigned by distance power inverse ratio method according to sample data from geological database. The constructed block model is shown in figure 6.
Fig. 6. Block model of coal seam
Engineering application
Quantities of mining & stripping of open pit are calculated according to block model[11]. Take an open pit for example, to calculate the quantities of mining & tripping during August and September 2010.Surface models of stope status between August and September are constructed. The constructed block model is constrained by surface model of stope status in August, and the blocks below the surface model are taken. Then, the blocks above the surface model are taken by means of the second constraints of the blocks based on surface model of stope status in September. Mining induced range of the open pit is generated by the twice constraint. The mining-induced range is shown in figure 7. Every block with the same attributes is added up and queried to calculate the quantities of mining & striping. The calculation result is shown in table 1.
Fig. 7. The mining-induced range
Table 1.The calculation table of quantities of mining & striping
This article details the construction and applications of 3D geological model for open pit by taking a certain open pit as example and offers great values for both theoretical study and actual applications.
– The modeling method introduced above takes AutoCAD as a platform to construct wire-frame model of faults, terrain model and coal & rock solid model of open pit, and compared with traditional methods, it has powerful 3D visualization capability, which can vividly show the relationship of spatial locations among terrain, geologic body and geologic structure.
– Block model is constructed by adopting the solid model as constraints, by use of the block model quantities of mining & stripping of open pit can be accurately calculated. Compared with the traditional plane calculation method and profiling calculation method, it has quite a few features, such as simple, rapid, accurate and so on.
– The modeling method is simple and clear in thought and algorithm design is easy to implement. As a method worthy of a trial, it should be studied further.
Source: 3D Modeling of Open Pit Based on AutoCAD and Application
Authors: Hao Zhao*, Runcai Bai, Guangwei Liu
Liaoning Technical University, Zhonghua Road NO.47,Fuxin 123000,China
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Mortgage Servicing "Notices of Error" – Does The Catch-All Catch It All?
Consumer Financial Services Review Blog
Kris D. Kully
Mortgage loan servicers have a wide range of responsibilities. However, does everything servicers do constitute "servicing"? Or do servicers do some things that are not "servicing"?
The answer is important because the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act and its Regulation X impose strict obligations on servicers to respond to certain borrower communications related to "servicing," but not to nonservicing. The courts, including two recent federal courts of appeals, are drawing fine lines between the two.
RESPA requires a mortgage loan servicer to respond in a timely manner to a borrower's request to correct errors relating to "allocation of payments, final balances for purposes of paying off the loan, or avoiding foreclosure, or other standard servicer's duties." Section 1024.35 of Regulation X specifies that a servicer must acknowledge, investigate, and respond to a borrower's "notice of error" within strict timeframes, so long as the notice is in writing and provides enough information for the servicer to identify the account and the asserted error. In addition, after receipt of a notice of error, a servicer is prohibited, for 60 days, from furnishing adverse information to a consumer reporting agency regarding any payment that is the subject of the notice.
Section 1024.35 then provides a list of covered errors that are subject to those requirements. The list includes errors that could arise in typical servicing activities – errors related to the acceptance, application, or crediting of borrower payments; and to disbursing amounts for taxes, insurance premiums, or other charges. The list of covered errors also includes those that could arise in default servicing – errors related to providing information regarding loss mitigation options, making foreclosure notices or filings, moving for foreclosure judgments or orders of sale, or conducting foreclosure sales.
Then, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("CFPB") included a catch-all provision to section 1024.35, such that a covered error includes "any other error relating to the servicing of a borrower's mortgage loan."
Courts have been considering the scope of those responsibilities since even before the CFPB issued that list in 2013. Recently, two circuit courts of appeals have indicated that some activities of servicers do not constitute "servicing," particularly where loan modifications are involved.
In one recent case, the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit considered errors the borrower asserted related to seeking a permanent loan modification. The servicer had denied the borrower's request due to title issues related to the nonrecordation of mortgage documents. (The borrower also asserted that the servicer lost certain documents and wrongly rejected a payment.) The lower court held that the error was not related to servicing, but rather to the servicer's decision to deny her a loan modification, and as such was not a covered error. The court explained that the asserted error (a failure to record) did not relate to the receipt or making of payments and thus did not constitute "servicing." The court also pointed to the preamble discussion in the CFPB's 2013 rulemaking, explaining that the agency declined to include, in its list of covered errors, a servicer's evaluation of loss mitigation options.
However, in January the Second Circuit reversed that holding, deciding that the catch-all provision – covering any other error relating to servicing – is broad enough to cover the borrower's asserted errors. The Second Circuit had requested an interpretation from the CFPB, which stated its belief that the asserted error related to the underlying mismanagement of the mortgage loan documents. Consistent with that interpretation (addressed further below), the court held that the mismanagement of loan documents constitutes an error in "servicing," because that mismanagement affected the borrower's eligibility for modified payments, and the receipt of payments is "servicing."
In February, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals considered somewhat similar facts but went the other way. In that case, the servicer had denied a borrower's request for a loan modification due to certain title issues. The Fourth Circuit looked back to a Ninth Circuit case that predated the CFPB's 2013 catch-all provision, holding that challenges to loan terms are not related to servicing. The Fourth Circuit held that the only error the borrower challenged was the servicer's decision on a loan modification application – which is related to loan terms, the court held, and not "servicing."
While those two courts (and certain others) appear to agree that failure to properly evaluate a borrower for a loss mitigation option is not a covered error, they obviously came to opposite conclusions as to the coverage of the catch-all provision. However, Regulation X does provide that certain activities beyond just accepting and making payments are related to "servicing" and as such are covered. For instance, as mentioned above, a covered error expressly includes a servicer's failure to provide accurate information regarding loss mitigation options. Difficult line-drawing exercises will, then, continue to plague servicers, which face forbearance expirations and piles of unique loss mitigation circumstances, in addition to their payment-receiving and payment-making duties.
It is worth noting that the CFPB, in its interpretation requested by the Second Circuit, stated that "in determining that a servicer's failure to correctly evaluate a borrower for a loss mitigation option was not an error under § 1024.35, the Bureau did not conclude that errors related to loss mitigation were generally excluded from § 1024.35's reach. Just the opposite." The CFPB reminded the court of a preamble statement in 2016 that "even absent appeal rights under § 1024.41(h), borrowers may still submit a notice of error under § 1024.35 relating to the loss mitigation or foreclosure process and to the servicing of the loan, and servicers must comply with the applicable provisions of § 1024.35 regarding such notices of error." The CFPB stated that in practice, "a large fraction of error assertions relate to loss mitigation," and that "the Bureau did not categorically exclude complaints related to loss mitigation from § 1024.35's error resolution procedures, or otherwise establish a bright line between 'servicing' on one hand and 'loss mitigation' on the other." It seems, then, that although the CFPB declined to include a servicer's evaluation of loss mitigation options in its codified list of covered errors, the agency is now asserting a broad scope for its catch-all provision.
The CFPB's interpretation appears to go beyond the findings of certain courts. While a full survey of relevant case law is beyond the scope of this piece, one court held that a notice of error cannot be used simply to assert the servicer's failure to respond to a borrower request for information. Although section 1024.36 of Regulation X requires servicers to respond to covered "requests for information," the court emphasized that the failure to do so is not listed as a covered error, nor does it fit within the catch-all provision as "related to servicing." Other courts have dissected a borrower's communication to consider how much of it relates to servicing as opposed to non-servicing activities. One court stated that a passing reference to servicing issues, among non-servicing issues, is insufficient to "shoehorn" a communication into a "notice of error." Another court reviewed a borrower's lengthy communication and concluded that while it was possible that one or more of the borrower's requests for information may have touched on servicing practices, the court could not fairly hold that the letter sought information related to the "servicing" of the loan.
With the varying conclusions regarding what constitutes covered "servicing" errors under Regulation X's strict "notice of error" requirements, it can be difficult for servicers to manage compliance. What is at stake if a servicer fails to comply with the strict "notice of error" requirements for a borrower's covered communication? Regulatory enforcement is obviously a possibility. In addition, RESPA provides the borrower the right to bring an action against the servicer (including a class action), although the borrower must show actual damages, or a pattern or practice of noncompliance, in order to succeed.
Of course, Regulation X imposes other requirements on servicers besides the strict "notice of error" obligations. Servicers must have policies and procedures to ensure they can (among other things) provide accurate and timely information in response to borrowers' requests, and that they can investigate, respond to, and make appropriate corrections in response to borrower complaints (including oral requests and complaints). In addition, the policies and procedures must ensure that they can identify documents and information required for a complete loss mitigation application and can properly evaluate an application for all eligible loss mitigation options. Regulation X also imposes strict loss mitigation procedures on servicers. However, as certain courts have held, the extent to which the "notice of error" obligations apply to those loss mitigation procedures could be subject to some fine line-drawing.
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Li Xiaodong Visits Xishan Trading Co. to Promote Jingdong Favored-buy Project - News - XiShan Coal Electricity Group Co., Ltd.
May 2, Xishan Coal and Electricity Group chief accountant Li Xiaodong went to Trading Company to conduct a special research on the promotion of Jingdong favored-buy project.
At the meeting, the trading company reported the current progress of Jingdong favoured-buy project and the next promotional program.
Li Xiaodong pointed out that the strategic cooperation agreement between Xishan Coal Electricity and Jingdong should be taken as an opportunity to unify a thought and take advantage of the situation to vigorously promote the implementation of the project. It was necessary to find the accurate position, work out a complete promotion plan, perfect pre-sales and after-sales service systems, improve totally the contract and refined management through establishing a professional operation team, to finally build a high-quality and inclusive shopping platform for the enterprise and all the staff.


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Student and Scholar Opportunities
New Beginnings, la lucha continúa
Alejandro Baer on September 15, 2021
Rapprochement over estrangement, renewal, and hope, these sorely needed values strengthen our rituals for new beginnings. This applies to the new academic term and the Jewish New Year, which converged as we strive to overtake the pandemic this September of 2021. Sadly, the bright start to our gatherings was soon clouded by the disturbing news about attacks and attempts to cause harm to Hmong and Jewish communities in the Twin Cities.
Racist anti-Asian and anti-Black attacks and antisemitic assaults are very often perpetrated by the same offenders. Undoubtedly, blind hatred and intolerance are motivators of such heinous acts. The importance of collaboration and solidarity in the face of unabashed hostility cannot be understated and it is heartening when diverse communities unite, rally, and respond with a sense of shared purpose. At the same time, we are aware that antisemitism cannot be fully grasped when merely absorbed and understood as just another form of racism.
In my undergrad course on antisemitism in the Spring semester, students were frequently at a loss when confronted with the complex and contradictory nature of antisemitism. Jews have been despised and attacked for real or imagined religious practices, racialized with other minorities, and put on the bottom of a human hierarchy crafted by pseudoscientific propagandists. They are disliked for their particularism, for embracing Zionism, or for being rootless cosmopolitans. Jews are inferior and corrupted and at the same time resented, perceived as being on top and pulling the strings of power. A flyer posted by Neo-Nazis on our campus not long ago said, "The Jews are destroying your country through mass immigration and degeneracy." In this type of delusional hatemongering, Jews are the masterminds of a plot to substitute the White population with people of color. Similarly, the infamous Charlottesville torch-carriers chanted "Jews will not replace us."
But the inherent difficulty of the subject matter was not the only source of confusion among my students. Perplexity was heightened by the shortcomings of current anti-racist scholarship and anti-racist initiatives to fully address the multifaceted relation of Jews to White majority society and the pervasive nature of antisemitism. Our colleague James Loeffler couldn't have put it more clearly in a recent blog post: "The American reckoning with racism has been painful and necessary; the reckoning with antisemitism has been at best an afterthought."
We are committed to change this. Together with our colleagues at the Center for Jewish Studies, we will host the virtual symposium "Antisemitism and Racism in a Moment of Reckoning" on November 8th and 9th. How do racism and antisemitism overlap and where do they diverge, and why? What are constructive ways we can better deal with antisemitism in anti-racist scholarship and practice? How have antisemitism and the Jewish experience been included or excluded in diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives on US campuses?
I am grateful for the dedication and hard work of the Center's team (Joe Eggers, Meyer Weinshel, Jillian LaBranche, and Sailer) and the support of our affiliated faculty members, without whom we couldn't bring to you such a breadth of opportunities to learn, grow and engage.
We look forward to seeing you online and on-campus this semester.
Alejandro Baer, Ph.D., is a professor of sociology and the Stephen C. Feinstein Chair and Director of the Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies
About Center for Holocaust & Genocide Studies
The Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies at the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities promotes academic research, education and public awareness on the Holocaust, other genocides and current forms of mass violence. It was established in 1997 by Dr. Stephen Feinstein as an interdisciplinary research center. Read more…
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Home > Blog > Research Data Management France DCC And Jisc Mrd Programme Suggest Possible Approaches
Research data management in France: DCC and Jisc MRD programme suggest possible approaches
Laura Molloy
ADBU, the association of French academic library directors, held a study day on research data management (RDM) as part of their 43rd Annual Congress on 19 September 2013 in Le Havre. A DCC colleague and I were invited to speak about recent developments in this area in the UK.
I opened the day with a talk on the importance of improved RDM and provided some examples of approaches from the UK context to serve as possible models of routes forward. After describing current RDM drivers and challenges, I outlined the work of the Jisc Managing Research Data (MRD) programme. One of the points I stressed was that, as previous research had identified a need for institutional-level RDM capacity development, the programme had deliberately made interventions at this level to promote awareness, build technical infrastructure and develop skills.
The DCC has of course worked closely with the Jisc MRD programme throughout, and cross-pollination between the two initiatives has resulted in a cohesive approach to advocacy and to the development of infrastructure and skills in a large number of UK higher education institutions.
The models presented a different national picture to that of France, where there appear to be pockets of activity in certain areas but possibly a lack of cohesion across institutions and particularly between universities and other research institutions. There was an indication that more obligation from the government, particularly on the area of data management planning, would be useful in raising awareness and participation amongst the researcher population. Greater participation was recognised as a key area for France as the European Commission's Horizon 2020 programme gets underway, and the open access agenda across Europe is increasingly piquing the interest of research libraries.
Alex Ball of the DCC also spoke at the event; he described how librarians currently support RDM and speculated how the role of the 'data librarian' might evolve in future. To illustrate his talk, he drew examples from the DCC's Institutional Engagements programme and the RDM activity at the University of Bath. Both DCC talks noted that librarians are already well-positioned to handle the research data challenge; Alex developed this theme by suggesting how their existing skills might be developed, and drew comparisons with other skill bases – detectives, consultants, negotiators, business analysts, publishers and so on. Among his conclusions, he suggested that as well as seeing librarians learning to be data specialists, we will see more scientists and other researchers recruited into the library profession.
In the closing panel session, we saw some disappointment that France appears to be behind in responding to the challenges of RDM, but also hopeful signs of progress. The work of INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) was praised for making RDM attractive for researchers. And in a culture where developments are often top-down, it is refreshing to see the new working group for research data within BSN (Bibliothèque Scientifique Numérique) take a more bottom-up, participatory approach.
For an overview of the French context, the French government's research infrastructures roadmap 2012-2020 is available online.
My slides are available from SlideShare.
Update: Alex's presentation is also available from the University of Bath repository.
ADBU, Europe, France, research data management, research institutes, research libraries, universities


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Isodiametra vexillaria är en plattmaskart som först beskrevs av Ernst Marcus 1948.  Isodiametra vexillaria ingår i släktet Isodiametra och familjen Isodiametridae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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