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Application of Functional Nanoparticle Finishes on Cotton Textiles
Vigneshwaran N*, Bharimalla AK and Arputharaj A
ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, India
*Corresponding author: Vigneshwaran N, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
Submission: June 20, 2018;Published: July 13, 2018
With the recent advancements in the fields of nanoscience and technology, a new area has been developed within the realm of textile finishing nanofinishing. With an ever-increasing demand for improved functionalities in cotton textiles, nanofinishing helps to realize the required functionalities with the limited amount of additives. Nanoparticles, not only impart the functional properties onto the cotton textiles, but also, reduce the amount of materials required for finishing with uniform distribution of the functionalizing agents on the treated surface. This review focuses on the recent advancements of nanofinishing for cotton textiles with special emphasis on the use of nanoparticles like silver, titania, zinc oxide and silica to impart functional properties like antibacterial, UV-protection, water-repellency and flame retardancy.
Keywords: Antibacterial; Cotton textiles; Flame-retardant; Nanofinishing; UV-protection; Water-repellent.
Functional finishes are very much essential in cotton textiles to cover their inherent problems like susceptibility to microbial attack, staining, wrinkling to name a few. Nanofinishing or nanocoating the surface of cotton textiles is one approach to the production of highly active surfaces to have UV-blocking, antimicrobial and self-cleaning properties [1]. Engineered nanoparticles are customsynthesized particles in the size range less than 100nm, by focusing on desired property enhancement. Conventionally, the basic textile materials or their compositions are changed to achieve the desired property. But, with the help of nanotechnology, it could be achieved by engineering the particle size of various finishing agents. Nanomaterials are generally synthesized by two different approaches: Top-down and Bottom-up. Macroparticles are sizereduced to form nanoparticles by applying mechanical, chemical or bio-energy in case of top-down approach; and, ions/atoms are assembled to form nanoparticles in bottom-up approach. Where top-down approach provides very high yield, bottom-up approach provides product of high quality. Based on the type and nature of application, combination of synthesis protocols are followed for large-scale production [2]. The bottom-up approach permits control of the chemical and structure architecture; however, manual assembly of individual components is clearly prohibitive in time and cost. Top-down technologies provide a progressive interface from the real world (meters, millimetres, micron) to control at the nanometer scale [3]. Eco-friendly and biological synthesis are the latest approaches to overcome the eco-toxicity and safety issues. Plants, algae, fungi, bacteria, and viruses have been used for production of low-cost, energy-efficient, and nontoxic metallic nanoparticles [4].
Stabilization of nanoparticles is a major issue while dealing with their applications in diversified fields like sensors, filters, composites and smart textiles. Due to high surface energy, the synthesized nanoparticles tend to aggregate/agglomerate among themselves to reduce their instability. Hence, there is a requirement for addition of stabilizer or protective agents into the nanoparticle system to maintain their size dependent properties. Some of the size dependent properties include surface plasmon resonance, quantum confinement effect, superconductivity, super-paramagnetism, and so on. Moreover, the morphology and size distribution of prepared nanoparticles vary with the concentration of the stabilizer and type of the precursors [5]. In this review, we focus on the use of nanoparticles in textile finishing, their application protocols and their potential for future expansion.
Application protocols
The incorporation of nanoparticles on the surface of textile materials inherits a major challenge in terms of durability and efficacy. In most cases, nanoparticles on its own do not have good affinity towards the textile materials. Either they need to be surface modified or applied using a binder to impart the affinity [6,7]. To overcome these problems, many researchers including our team are working on in-situ formation of nanoparticles on the surface of textile materials by utilizing their macro and mesopores as templates. Figure 1 shows various alternatives for application of nanoparticles on the surface of textile materials. For in-situ processing: in case of cellulosic and woolen textile materials, the basic substrate is swollen by chemical treatment and the openedup pores are used as template for synthesis of nanoparticles. Once the chemical environment is withdrawn, the opened-up pores collapse, holding the nanoparticles inside the system. For synthetic polymers, nanoparticles are added during extrusion, so that, the polymeric filament holds them very tightly. Alternatively, surface etching of the textile materials are done to impart nano-finishing on the surface. For ex-situ processing: the simplest way is by paddry- cure method, wherein, a polymeric binder applied along with the nanoparticles treatment to the textile materials [8]. Also, it is possible to surface modify the nanoparticles and chemically link to the surface of the textile materials. In recent developments, it is reported to impart nanofinishes using electro-spraying wherein, with the help of very high voltage (up to 80kV), polymeric solution is converted to nanoparticles/nanofibers and deposited on the surface of textile materials [9].
Figure 1: Application protocols for nanoparticles onto textile materials.
Types of finishes applied on cotton textile products
Nanofinishing refers to the use of nanotechnology on the textile products to impart functional properties. It refers to both the external application of nanomaterials on the surface and in-situ preparation of nanostructures in the textile materials.
Antimicrobial finish: Antimicrobial finished textiles are required not only in medical field, but also for use in hotels, hostels, railways, home furnishings and other public places. In conventional silver treatment or nano-Ag treatment, the treated textiles achieve their antimicrobial activity mainly due to the release of silver ions. Hence, the antimicrobial efficacy of the treated textile is related to the capability of antimicrobial agents to release silver ions [10]. Both Ag ions and nano-Ag can participate in the intermolecular interactions with the cell membrane of bacteria. In some literature, it is reported that the nano-Ag smaller than 10nm can penetrate into the microbial cell and bind to the thiol groups of enzymes and nucleic acids [11]. Alternatively, in the presence of oxygen, the nano-Ag may catalytically accelerate the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are highly toxic to the microbial cells [12]. In some cases, the nanoparticles interrupt the process of DNA replication and causes cell mortality. The various mechanisms of antibacterial activity by nanomaterials are given in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Possible mechanisms of antimicrobial activity by nanomaterials on microbes.
UV protection finish: Ultraviolet (UV) rays, part of the energy that comes from the sun, can burn our skin and cause cancer. UV rays are made up of three types: ultraviolet A (UVA), ultraviolet B (UVB), and ultraviolet C (UVC). Though UVC is the most dangerous type, it can't penetrate Earth's ozone layer. UVA and UVB do penetrate the ozone layer and reach the surface of Earth. Both UVA and UVB are reported to cause skin cancer, including melanoma. When straight UV light falls onto a textile material, a part of the UV light is reflected, the other part gets absorbed. The absorbed light is transmitted through the cloth as shown in Figure 3(a). Textile materials can provide protection against harmful effects of UV radiation if the necessary attention is paid while engineering the basic design and structure of the material. Metal oxides such as ZnO, TiO2 in nano form absorb UV light and act as a UV protecting agents for textile material. The band gap energy should be in range of 3-3.5eV to act as good UV absorption material. The required band gap can be achieved simply reducing the size of a particle as given in Figure 3(b). The band gap increases from 3.19eV in case of micro-ZnO to 3.32eV in Nano ZnO. Table 1 shows the band gap energies for different metal oxides [13]. Doping of metal oxides [14] and synthesis of hybrid nanomaterials are the methods to produce tailor-made material for specific end use. Sol-gel method of production of nano-titania [15] and in situ generation of nano- ZnO on cotton fabric [16] result in durable UV protective materials. In sol-gel method, the metal precursor undergoes rapid hydrolysis to produce the metal hydroxide solution, followed by immediate condensation resulting in three-dimensional gels. During drying, it forms the crystalline metal oxide nanoparticles. In case of in situ process, the metal precursors enter the swollen cotton fibres and subjected to double decomposition and hydrolysis resulting in nanoparticles formation inside the pores.
Figure 3: Textile fabric interaction with light (a) and influence of particle size in band gap energy of ZnO (b) [14]. VB indicates valence band and CB, conduction band.
Table 1: Band gap energy of different metal oxides [13].
Water repellence finish: Cotton, the king of fibres, is the best suitable substrate for use in fabrics for necessary comfort. But, the hydrophilicity of the cotton fibres makes them non-usable where there is requirement for water repellency. In this regards, researchers are trying to mimic the hydrophobic surface structure of the lotus leaf (LOTUS EFFECT®) by modifying the surface of cotton in the nano-scale. Water-repellent finish is used to protect textile fabrics from wetting, without adversely affecting the other properties such as air permeability of the finished fabrics. This is achieved by reducing the free energy at the textile surface. The degree to which the amount of water can be attached to a surface is determined by the surface free energy. Surface with lower surface energy could not be wetted with water [17]. Surface tension of textile surface should be lower than that of the liquid to achieve active repellent surface. Surfaces that exhibit low interactions with liquids are referred to as low energy surfaces, i.e., if the bonding forces between the fabric surface and the liquid are less than the internal cohesive interactions within the liquid, the drop will not spread. Low energy textile surface can be produced via chemical reaction of the repellent material with the fabric surface. Examples of these are fatty acids, waxes and fluorocarbon treated surfaces.
Super hydrophobic surfaces such as leaves of the lotus plant are extremely difficult to wet. The contact angles of a water droplet exceed 150° and the roll-off angle is lesser than 10°. This is referred to as the Lotus effect [18]. Dirt particles are picked up by water droplets due to a complex micro and nano scopic architecture of the surface, which minimizes adhesion. One of the approaches for developing a super hydrophobic surface consists of a two-step process: producing nanostructure surface followed by a treatment with a fluorocarbon containing polymer or silane compounds [19]. Unconventional new approaches for the design of super hydrophobic surfaces are focused on the surface functionalization of silica nanoparticles with non-fluorinated alkylsilanes [20] or fluorosilanes [21]. Cotton fabrics treated with silica nanoparticels (synthesized via sol-gel process) in combination with very low amount of water-repellent agent exhibits super-hydrophobicity with a contact angle above 130degree [22].
Flame retardant finish: During any fire accident, the fibres that caught fire after initial ignition were cotton followed by polyamide, filament acetate, viscose and others. Thus, the cellulosic garments were reported to be the most flammable [23]. Cellulose undergoes thermal decomposition at temperatures above 300°C. It forms not only water and carbon dioxide, but also carbon monoxide, methanol, ethanol, acetone, formic acid, acetic acid, and other products which will ignite and burn with an adequate supply of air. It is generally assumed that an effective flame-retardant finish controls pyrolysis by inducing the cellulose to carbonize through dehydration at temperatures below 300°C [23]. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) technique provides a quantitative measure of reduced flammability for fabrics over broad ranges of chemical treatment [24]. Recent research is focused on use of nanoparticles to impart flame-retardant properties. Nano zinc oxide applied on bleached jute fabric to imparted fire retardant property. Nano zinc oxide was prepared from aqueous Zinc acetate by co-precipitation method in the presence of NaOH followed by calcination at 600 °C. It was then applied on the jute fabric using an aqueous solution of Potassium Methyl Siliconate as dispersing media by pad-dry method. Application of 0.01% of nano ZnO on jute fabric showed reasonably good fire retardant performance [25]. Also, it was reported to impart multifunctional properties by using hybrid nanoparticles. Cotton fabrics with good water–oil-repellence and flame-retardant properties with relatively durable properties could be produced using nanosols containing guanidine dihydrogen phosphate and urea, together with tetraethylorthosilicate and hexadecyltrimethoxysilane as precursors, and lower concentrations of Guard AFB® as commercial water–oil-repellent agent [26].
Safety and ecotoxicology
The washing of nano-Ag treated textiles potentially releases both dissolved and particulate silver, and, few of the Ag released are of the particles having size larger than 450nm [27]. Hence, life cycle assessment is very much essential to know the movement of nanomaterials and their status/fate once out of control into the environment. A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment [28] was reported to compare nanosilver T-shirts with conventional T-shirts with and without biocidal (triclosan) treatment. The "cradle-togate" climate footprint of the production of a nanosilver T-shirt was 2.70kg of CO2-equiv for the flame spray pyrolysis method. Production of conventional T-shirts with and without the biocide triclosan has emissions of 2.55kg of CO2-equiv (contribution from triclosan insignificant). Consumer behavior considerably affects the environmental impacts during the use phase. Lower washing frequencies compensated for the increased climate footprint of nanosilver T-shirt production. The toxic releases from washing and disposal in the life cycle of T-shirts appear to be of minor relevance [28].
The safety issues need to be addressed in laboratories, industries and also in their site of use. The awareness need to be created among the customers for their safe handling and disposal. Also, a crucial point of future developments in nanotechnology is the consideration of the ethical, legal, and societal implications of this technology. The means of introducing nanotechnology based products into the society, and their relevant policies are to be discussed with various stakeholders. The means of addressing ethical, legal, and social issues will determine the trust by the public and the future of nanotechnology based innovation.
International standards for nanotechnology
International Standardization Organization (ISO)/Technical Committee (TC) 229 is working on the development of standards for Nanotechnologies [29]. Standardization in the field of nanotechnologies that includes either or both of the following:
A. Understanding and control of matter and processes at the nanoscale, typically, but not exclusively, below 100 nanometres in one or more dimensions where the onset of size-dependent phenomena usually enables novel applications,
B. Utilizing the properties of nanoscale materials that differ from the properties of individual atoms, molecules, and bulk matter, to create improved materials, devices, and systems that exploit these new properties.
Specific tasks include developing standards for: terminology and nomenclature; metrology and instrumentation, including specifications for reference materials; test methodologies; modelling and simulations; and science-based health, safety, and environmental practices.
Other leading standards setting organizations and their relevant nanotechnology committees are:
A. ASTM (formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials) International's Committee E56 (Nanotechnology) [30].
B. International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Committee 113 (Nanotechnology Standardization for Electrical and Electronics Products and Systems) [31].
Nanotechnology is revolutionizing the way in which the functional properties are imparted to the textile materials. Cotton, the king of natural fibres, requires nanotechnological interventions to achieve the functionalities like antibacterial, UV protecting, super hydrophobic and flame retardancy. Nanofinishing also helps to impart these properties without affecting the inherent comfort nature of cotton. Also, the amount of material required to impart the functional property is relatively less due to its nano-size range. But,caution needs to be exercised to avoid excess and improper usage of the nanomaterials and to restrict the entry of waste nanoparticles into the environment.
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Kamarulzaman N, Kasim MF, Rusdi R (2015) Band gap narrowing and widening of ZnO nanostructures and doped materials. Nanoscale Res Lett 10(1): 1034.
Hafizah N, Sopyan I (2009) Nanosized TiO2 photocatalyst powder via sol-gel method: Effect of hydrolysis degree on powder properties. Int J Photoenergy 2009(8): 1-8.
Arputharaj A, Vigneshwaran N, Shukla SR (2017) A simple and efficient protocol to develop durable multifunctional property to cellulosic materials using in situ generated nano-ZnO. Cellulose 24(8): 3399-3410.
Wang H, Shi H, Li Y, Wang Y (2014) The effects of leaf roughness, surface free energy and work of adhesion on leaf water drop adhesion. PLOS ONE 9(9): 1-10.
Latthe SS, Tereshima C, Nakata K, Fujishima A (2014) Super hydrophobic surfaces developed by mimicking hierarchical surface morphology of lotus leaf. Molecules 19(4): 4256-4283.
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Gao Q, Zhu Q, Guo Y, Yang CQ (2009) Formation of highly hydrophobic surfaces on cotton and polyester fabrics using silica sol nanoparticles and nonfluorinated alkylsilane. Ind Eng Chem Res 48(22): 9797-9803.
Przybylak M, Maciejewski H, Dutkiewicz A, Dąbek I, Nowicki M (2016) Fabrication of super hydrophobic cotton fabrics by a simple chemical modification. Cellulose 23(3): 2185-2197.
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© 2018 Jamal Hossen. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.


Funerals are conducted in the church or, at times, in a funeral home. Trinity's clergy may preside at the funeral of someone who has not been a member of their church, provided that the family is willing to follow the practices of the Episcopal Church. These include a funeral being a celebration of the person's life, closing the casket before the service, and following the liturgy in the Book of Common Prayer which may or may not include a Eucharist.
Please contact a priest as soon as the person has died or, if you anticipate a death, before the person has died.
Episcopal clergy can also offer "last rites" as a comforting liturgy at the time of death.


Learners are required to read and correct spelling mistakes.
The present downloadable handout is a great resource for elementary school students at Beginner (pre-A1) and Elementary (A1) level. It was designed for developing your learners' Reading and Writing skills. It features the theme of Giving Directions.


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Sky Blue FC Extends Win Streak with Victory Over Spirit
by Stephen Roca July 25, 2016
PISCATAWAY, NJ—On July 23, Sky Blue FC (6-4-4, 22 pts) secured a 1-0 victory over the visiting Washington Spirit (8-2-3, 26 pts) in front of their fans at Yurcak field on the Rutgers campus.
Achieving something they haven't since 2014, Sky Blue FC extended their unbeaten to streak to three and disrupted Washington's first-place chances, sending themselves into a tied position for fourth place with the Chicago Red Stars.
Sky Blue is now responsible for two of the Spirit's three losses, controlling the series at 2-1. The two squads will meet up again in Boyds, Maryland on July 30.
With muggy conditions and a scorching sun, small breaks were implemented to give the players time to replenish their energy.
On the heat, head coach Christy Holly said, "We knew that you can't play at that fierce tempo we like. We can't play that high tempo game and real high press. It's more game management."
The first half was off to a slow start, as both teams focused on defense, conserving their energy for attacking opportunities.
This strategy would pay off in the 24th minute when goalkeeper Caroline Casey intercepted a poor quality through-ball from the Spirit, voiding the team's attempt to score.
Starting the counter-attack, Casey passed left over to center-back Christie Rampone, who found left-back Erin Simon leaking up the sideline. From midfield, Simon sent a through-ball past the Spirit's out of position right-back and over to Leah Galton.
With a wide-open flank as the defense pushed up, Galton blazed down the field like American Pharaoh and fiercely charged inside the box.
At the six, Galton quickly fired a shot above keeper, Kelsey Wys and into the upper netting of the goal.
Galton, a rookie midfielder from England, constantly used her dangerous speed to make the defense chase after her, letting the heat to exhaust the defense and her speed play to Sky Blue's advantage.
A minute later, forward Tasha Kai found herself one-on-one with Wys after receiving a beautiful lob pass from midfielder, Catherine Zimmerman who placed it over the Spirit backline.
With pressure quickly coming from behind, Kai attempted a grounder to the right side, however Wys used cat-like reflexes to sprawl out for a fingertip save, sending the ball just a hair wide of the goal.
From this point on, Sky Blue was able to make the Spirit play to their style, which consisted of executing excellent defense, swallowing up any attempt into the middle of the field by the Washington, and converting it into overlap runs, first inside to Lytle who would look for either Galton or Zimmerman streaking up the sidelines.
"The players showed their IQ on the field. They worked together, they picked their moments and said at some point we can slow this down," said Coach Holly. "Bore them to death, that's totally fine. We'll slow it down and pick a time when we're ready, not when they're ready."
With the slow pace, the midfield would continue to utilize Zimmerman and Galton to rush up field and catch the Spirit off guard, resulting in good opportunities and plenty of corners.
The game was dictated through from the defense. If the Spirit were able to get past Shawna Gordon and Nikki Stanton in the midfield, the Sky Blue backline shutdown everything that came at them.
Christie Rampone, Erin Simon, Erica Skroski, and Kristin Grubka forced the ball outside, forcing the Spirit to shoot pressured shots from distance and attempt crosses at terrible angles.
Keeper Caroline Casey's job was made easy, yet there was a sequence of three real chances the Spirit had inside the center of the box in the second half.
With each diving save, Casey quickly needed to get back up and prepare the rebounds Joanna Lohman and Cheyna Williams were finding. With each shot, Casey knew exactly where to be in order to make critically timed saves.
"I think from the 40th minute on I kind of saw the team (Spirit) I'm used to seeing," said Spirit head coach Jim Gabarra. "Not fortunate to get a goal and get back in the game. The first 40 minutes was atrocious….we were very reactionary and passive."
With players like Kai and Galton playing through injuries, Holly said, "It says everything about the team. There were players out there that should not have been on that field because the pain threshold they were going though."
"They want to win, they want to do it for each other. That's something have in years going back."
Sky Blue FC will return home to Yurcak Field on Saturday, August 27, hosting the Chicago Red Stars at 7:00 p.m., and tickets for that match are available now.
Additionally, all fans who eat at Quaker Steak & Lube in Edison before the game will receive free parking for the match.
Stephen Roca
Previous Comedian Takes Plea Deal to Avoid Jail in High-Profile Gun Case
Next Two Hospitalized After Being Assaulted With an "Edged Weapon"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Зеф Люш Марку (; ) е албански комунист от Косово, смятан за първата жертва на така наречения бял терор в Кралството на сърби, хървати и словенци.

Биография

Зеф Люш Марку е роден в косовския град Призрен през април 1885 година. В родното си място завършва основно училище и два гимназиални класа, след което се преселва в Скопие. Работи първоначално като работник в Държавния монопол, а след като града попада в Сърбия в 1912 година започва работа в Сръбско-френската банка. През тези години влиза в работническото движение и става един от главните активисти разпространяващи социалистическите идеи. Член е на Комунистическата партия на Югославия още от основаването ѝ в 1919 година. Като делегат на областния съвет на КПЮ за Скопие на 19 ноември 1920 година пристига в Дяково, за да помогне на тамошната партийна организация при агитацията за предстоящите парламентарни избори. Арестуван е и убит в затвора в Дяково през нощта на 2 срещу 3 декември 1920 година. След неговото убийство КПЮ организира протести и демонстрации в Скопие и Белград.

Името му носи Средно училище на град Скопие "Зеф Люш Марку".

Бележки

Югославски комунисти
Албански политици
Родени в Призрен
Скопяни
Косовски албанци

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Sun-Herald City2Surf presented by Westpac is not just Sydney's favourite sporting event; it is the world's largest run, with 85,000 registered participants in 2012 - a greater number than the London and New York Marathons combined.
The special Gold Charity entry allows participants to choose from a list of high profile Australian charities, to run and raise funds. It is perfect for those who would like to make fundraising the focus of their event experience, while securing a spot behind the Red start group. These entries are strictly limited.


DIY is the way to go this season. Especially when the products on the shelves are not working for you. Because we are prone to developing bad skin during winter season. We caught up with Zodidi who lets us in on how she makes her own Bentonite Clay face mask. We just might survive the winter blues.
There are so many benefits of using bentonite clay, but I just wanted to focus on the amazing benefits you'll get by applying this mask!
You can clearly see why I use this amazing clay on my skin. Who wouldn't want gorgeous skin?
Use a plastic spoon for this clay, never metal as it interferes with the acidity level of the mask.
1. Take about 1 teaspoon of the bentonite clay powder and about 1 tbs ofwarm water and 1 teaspoon of apple cider vinegar (ACV) and put it in a bowl or cup.
Note: You can use water or ACV as a liquid for the mask. The ACV tends to make the mask a little more powerful/harsh on your skin, so if you have sensitive skin you may want to use water (which is what I use).
2. Mix the ingredients well, until it forms a paste consistency. You can add a little more water or a little more powder, if the consistency doesn't seem like it will easily spread on your face.
3. Apply the bentonite clay mask to your face. Some people also spread it down their neck and upper chest, too. I use my fingers, but a cotton ball or cosmetic sponge also works great.
4. Leave the mask on for about 20 to 30 minutes. I usually end up leaving mine on for an hour because I apply it fairly thick and it does take about 15 minutes to just dry. As the mask dries, your face will start to feel tight.
5. Rinse off the mask using just water. You may have to gently scrub a little with your fingers to get it off, I usually just hop into the shower to rinse everything off. It tends to stick to your skin.
After you rinse the mask off, your skin may look a little pink for a few minutes. This usually happens to everyone after using the mask because the clay increases blood flow to your face as it pulls out toxins.
Will you be trying out Zodidi's face mask too? Because we will!
Follow her on Instagram to get more DIY tips on homemade products.


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Watch: School Damage Unveil Music Video For New Single "Meeting Halfway"
Melbourne DIY pop/alt band School Damage have unveiled the video for their new single "Meeting Halfway".
The song is "about how disagreeing with your friends isn't always such a bad thing", and is taken from their forthcoming new album 'A To X', out on August 31 via Chapter Music. Pre-order your copy here.
The video was directed by Carolyn Hawkins (who also plays keyboard and sings in the band). Watch it below.
(facebook.com/SchoolDamageRockers)
Publicado por KOOL ROCK RADIO en Wednesday, August 08, 2018
Etiquetas: A To X, Alternative, bedroom pop, DIY Pop, Meeting Halfway, new single, new video, School Damage


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text:
Vermont Democratic Us Rep. Peter Welch To Seek Senate Seat
By LISA RATHKE and WILSON RING
Alex Brandon, ASSOCIATED PRESS
FILE - Rep. Peter Welch, D-Vt., listens as former Ambassador to Ukraine Marie Yovanovitch testifies before the House Intelligence Committee on Capitol Hill in Washington,Nov. 15, 2019, during the second public impeachment hearing of President Donald Trump's efforts to tie U.S. aid for Ukraine to investigations of his political opponents. Vermont's sole member of the U.S. House of Representatives, Democratic Rep. Peter Welch, announced Monday that he will run for the U.S. Senate seat now held by Democratic Sen. Patrick Leahy. (AP Photo/Alex Brandon, File)
Vermont's sole member of the U.S. House of Representatives, Democratic Rep. Peter Welch, announced Monday that he will run for the U.S. Senate seat now held by Democratic Sen. Patrick Leahy.
Welch's decision comes a week after the 81-year-old Leahy's announcement that he will not seek reelection to the seat he first won in 1974.
Democrats are clinging to a slim majority in the Senate, and the 2022 election could change that.
"It's just a critical moment in our democracy and in our country," the 74-year-old Welch told The Associated Press on Monday. "Are we going to continue to make progress facing climate change? Are we going to fight for reproductive rights and racial justice? Are we going to help working families?"
If elected to the Senate, Welch would be giving up the seniority he has earned during his years in the House, where he said he has proved he can work across the aisle.
"The way you get things done in Washington is by building coalitions," he said. "What I've demonstrated in the state Senate and in Congress is to continue to reach out and work with anybody who wants to help solve problems that are affecting all of us. It is the way forward."
Welch promised to continue to fight to ensure working families have access to child care and paid family leave. He said he also would work to pass a Green New Deal to protect the environment, lower the cost of health care and prescription drug costs, ensure that women have control over their own health care decisions and protect voting rights and American democracy.
Welch was in the Capitol during the insurrection on Jan. 6, when a violent mob loyal to President Donald Trump stormed the building in a failed bid to overturn Trump's 2020 presidential election loss to Joe Biden.
"After that happened and the House was cleared, 147 of my colleagues voted to overturn the election," Welch said. "That's never happened in our history where violence was used and there was an effort to stop the peaceful transfer of power."
Shortly after Welch announced his candidacy, Vermont's independent U.S. Sen. Bernie Sanders endorsed him, saying he "has the knowledge and experience to hit the ground running as a strong advocate for Vermont's working families."
The decisions by Leahy and now Welch will create the first open seats in Vermont's three-member congressional delegation since 2006, when Sanders moved to the Senate and Welch took his seat in the House.
Welch, who during his years in the House has been consistently one of Vermont's top vote-getters, would have an instant advantage over other potential candidates.
Vermont's popular Republican governor, Phil Scott, has said he is not interested in running for the Senate. It's unclear whom the state GOP will find to run for either the Senate seat or the House seat, but the party chair said many Vermont residents want a fresh face in Washington.
"Peter Welch is a relic of the past, and now is the time for Vermonters to choose a candidate with an eye on the future, and Vermont Republicans will provide voters with options for a future that works — not one that continues us down the path of Welch's 'Imperiled Democracy,'" Vermont GOP Chair Paul Dame said in a written statement on Monday.
Vermont has never sent a woman or a member of a racial minority community to Washington. Several female politicians have been floated as possible candidates for the vacant seats, but the only person who has said publicly that she was considering making a bid for the House is Democratic state Sen. Kesha Ram Hinsdale, who is part Indian.
If Welch is elected to the Senate, he'd be 75 when he joins. He wouldn't comment directly on whether that would set him up to be a one-term senator.
"I have to get elected to a term before I talk about any future term," he said.
Welch, of Norwich, was first elected to the U.S. House in 2006.
During his years in the House, he has worked for energy efficiency, cutting the prices of prescription drugs, investing in infrastructure and expanding broadband into rural areas of Vermont and the country.
As of this year, Welch served as a chief deputy whip of the House Democratic Caucus and a member of the Democratic Steering and Policy Committee.
In the House, he has served on the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, the Committee on Energy and Commerce and the Committee on Oversight and Reform.
Welch was born in Springfield, Massachusetts. He moved to Vermont in the early 1970s after graduating from law school. He served as a public defender and founded his own law firm.
He was elected to the Vermont Senate in 1980 and became the first Democrat elected as Senate president pro tempore in 1985. He was reelected to the state Senate in 2002 and served in that role until he was was elected to the House four years later.
This story has been corrected to show state Sen. Kesha Ram Hinsdale has said that she is considering a bid for the House seat, not that she would make a bid for the House seat.
2020 United States presidential election
Peter Welch
Patrick Leahy


text:
Representing Light. Symbolism of Early Christian Lamp Decorations from Central Balkan Region (4th till 7th Centuries)/ Представљање светлости. Симболика украса ранохришћанских светиљки са простора централног Балкана (IV-VII век)
Danijela Tešić Radovanović (see profile)
Byzantine Studies, Early Medieval, History of Art, Late Antiquity, Religious Studies
Ancient Mediterranean religions, Balkans, Iconography, Late Antiquity, Mediterranean studies, Roman art
Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade
christian art, christian iconography, lamp and light symbolism, Roman lamps
http://dx.doi.org/10.17613/ajph-3w30
The aim of this research, focusing on representations of light and the symbolism of early Christian lamp decorations, has been to examine and summarise the existing knowledge of the symbolism of light in the Mediterranean region and the models by which this symbolism was manifested in the early Christian visual culture. Lamps with Early Christian representations, whose cult significance and decoration are in direct relation with the symbolic aspects of light, are considered in the context of transculturality of Late Antiquity, as well as political and religious changes that marked the period. Thus, the research focus has been transferred from iconographic analysis to interdisciplinary iconological research, which, apart from the meaning of the image, examines the role of objects in certain cultural and religious contexts, as well as the observer's attitude towards the lamp as the vessel of light. In order to identify the aspects of light symbolism it was necessary to observe the beginnings of the interaction of man with fire, the first source of artificial light, presumed to instigate the earliest cult actions. The cult role of light and fire as archetypal symbols, as well as of the lamps perceived as mediators through which light symbolism is manifested, was subsequently analysed within the various religious practices of the Mediterranean. Particular attention is dedicated to the meaning of light, fire and lamps in the Old and New Testaments, being the direct source of Christian symbolism of light.
Item Name: tesic-radovanovic_danijela.pdf
Activity: Downloads: 11


The World Bank has been supporting Shimla, Panaji and Goa under KGGTF project " ICT enabled integration for Green Growth" for India. Based upon a diagnostic study conducted, water management was identified as one of the key priority areas for Shimla.
The Smart Cities Mission (SCM) was launched by the Government of India in June 2015 to create 100 'smart cities' in five years (by 2020).
The Corporation of the City of Panaji has prepared a detailed project Report (DPR) and allied Engineering Drawings on Solid Waste Management Plan for Panaji City on an integrated approach line with the guidelines of MoEF / CPCB and MSW Rules 2000.
This document introduces ESE Command Center (Smart center platform) solutions for Smart Cities.
The Document is the proposal submitted by Panaji, Goa to government of India under India Smart City Mission Challenge - Stage II of Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. The proposal was selected through the competition and Panaji was selected as winning Smart City under the project.
This document comprises essays on Korea Green Growth policies and cases, real estate market trends and immigration integration challenges.
This document contains the following articles relevant to Smart Cities: 1) Conflict Management Using Q Methodology in Territorial Development, 2) Smart Future City: Social Changes in the Age of U-city, 3) Smart Growth and Location Industry in the Capital Region.
This document contains the following articles relevant to Smart Cities: 1) Advanced Measures for Water Resources Management in the Green Growth and Integration Era.
This document contains the following articles relevant to Smart Cities: 1) National Minimum Standards for Transportation Services.
This document contains the following articles relevant to Smart Cities: 1) Housing Issues in Korea's Rural Villages and Policy Measures, 2) Development of National Geographic Information Systems: Korea Global Cooperation Experience.
This document contains two articles that are relevant to Smart Cities: 1) Building a Smart and Safe City: Focus on Reducing Crime, 2) Mitigating Disaster through Urban Planning.
The document contains the following articles relevant to Smart Cities: 1) Promoting Urban Regeneration in the Era of Population Decline, 2) Improving the Urban Living Environment for Senior Citizens, 3) Transportation Policies in the Era of Aging.
This document contains the following article relevant to Smart Cities: 1) Beyond Habitability: Korea's Urban Policy.
The KRIHS Space and Environment Vol. 46 issue comprises the following essays relevant to Smart Cities: 1) Future Prospects of Korea's National Territory.


2008-11-07 Assigned to BAUSCH & LOMB INCORPORATED reassignment BAUSCH & LOMB INCORPORATED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ALTMANN, GRIFFITH E., KINGSTON, AMANDA C.
2008-11-18 Assigned to CREDIT SUISSE reassignment CREDIT SUISSE SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: B & L DOMESTIC HOLDINGS CORP., B&L CRL INC., B&L CRL PARTNERS L.P., B&L FINANCIAL HOLDINGS CORP., B&L MINORITY DUTCH HOLDINGS LLC, B&L SPAF INC., B&L VPLEX HOLDINGS, INC., BAUSCH & LOMB CHINA, INC., BAUSCH & LOMB INCORPORATED, BAUSCH & LOMB INTERNATIONAL INC., BAUSCH & LOMB REALTY CORPORATION, BAUSCH & LOMB SOUTH ASIA, INC., BAUSCH & LOMB TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION, EYEONICS, INC., IOLAB CORPORATION, RHC HOLDINGS, INC., SIGHT SAVERS, INC., WILMINGTON MANAGEMENT CORP., WILMINGTON PARTNERS L.P., WP PRISM, INC.
A toric ophthalmic lens having substantially zero spherical aberration for a first circular aperture having a first diameter and substantially zero spherical aberration for a second circular aperture having a second diameter, the first diameter being at least 4 mm and the second diameter being at least 3 mm, the first diameter being at least 0.5 mm larger than the second diameter. A series of ophthalmic lenses, each lens comprising a same spherical power as the other lenses in the set, and a unique cylindrical power, each lens comprising (i) a first toric surface, and (ii) a second surface, at least one of the first surface and the second surface being aspheric in a meridian, the lens having substantially zero spherical aberration for all circular optical zone diameters less than 4 mm.
The present invention relates to toric ophthalmic lenses, and more particularly to toric ophthalmic lenses having selected spherical aberration characteristics.
Ophthalmic lenses having a toric surface in an optical zone (commonly referred to as "toric ophthalmic lenses") are used to correct refractive abnormalities of the eye associated with astigmatism. For example, such toric lenses may be configured as spectacles, contact lenses, intraocular lenses (IOLs), corneal inlays or corneal onlays.
In such lenses, the optical zone provides cylindrical correction to compensate for astigmatism in the cornea and/or crystalline lens. The optical zone of the lens will have a meridian of highest dioptric power and a meridian of lowest dioptric power. Since astigmatism that requires correction is usually associated with other refractive abnormalities, such as myopia (nearsightedness) or hypermetropia (farsightedness), toric ophthalmic lenses are generally prescribed with a spherical power to correct myopic astigmatism or hypermetropic astigmatism. A toric optical zone may be formed on either a posterior lens surface (to achieve a "back surface toric lens") or an anterior lens surface (to form a "front surface toric lens").
Toric ophthalmic lenses are manufactured with a selected orientation of the cylindrical axis of the toric surface as determined by a corresponding stabilization structure (e.g., an eye glasses frame, a contact lens ballast or haptics of an IOL). Said orientation is referred to herein as offset. For example, this relationship may be expressed as a number of degrees that the cylindrical axis is angularly displaced from a vertical axis of the lens. Toric ophthalmic lens prescriptions specify offset, with toric lenses generally being offered in 5 or 10-degree increments ranging from 0 degrees to 180 degrees.
In summary, to define an optical correction, a prescription for a toric ophthalmic lens will typically specify a spherical power, a cylindrical correction and offset. In addition, an ophthalmic lens prescription may specify an overall lens diameter as well as various other fitting parameters. For example, in the case of contact lenses, a base curve may also be specified.
Toric ophthalmic lenses like all ophthalmic lenses can be characterized by an amount of spherical aberration. Unlike spherically symmetric lenses, toric ophthalmic lenses may have spherical aberration characteristics along a first meridian that are different than the spherical aberration characteristics along a second meridian.
As set forth in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/057,278, filed Feb. 11, 2005 by Altmann, it is desirable that a spherically symmetric (e.g., non-toric) lens have no inherent spherical aberration. In other words, a plane wavefront (e.g., coming from an object at an optically infinite distance) will be refracted by the lens to a sharp focal point in an image plane. A lens having no spherical aberration is advantageous in that an amount of misalignment or decentering of the lens from the visual axis, which typically happens to a lens in an ocular system, will not give rise to asymmetric aberrations such as coma or astigmatism.
Aspects of the present invention are directed to achieving zero spherical aberration in toric (i.e., rotationally asymmetric) ophthalmic lenses. Other aspects of the present invention apply the Applicant's discovery that, even though spherical aberration may be equal to zero or substantially zero for a given aperture (e.g., a 5 mm diameter circular aperture) of a toric ophthalmic lens, the spherical aberration for a smaller aperture (e.g., a 3 mm diameter circular aperture) of the same lens may not be zero. Accordingly, toric ophthalmic lenses according to aspects of the present invention have zero spherical aberration for a first, relatively large aperture and zero spherical aberration for a second, relatively small aperture.
An aspect of the invention is directed to a toric ophthalmic lens having substantially zero spherical aberration for a first circular aperture having a first diameter and substantially zero spherical aberration for a second circular aperture having a second diameter, the first diameter being at least 4 mm and the second diameter being at least 3 mm, the first diameter being at least 0.5 mm larger than the second diameter.
In some embodiments, the substantially zero spherical aberration for the first aperture and the second aperture is achieved for 546 nm light. In some embodiments, the first diameter is at least 4.5 mm and the second diameter being at least 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the first aperture and the second aperture both have spherical aberration magnitudes that are less than 1/10 of wave (i.e., in the range of positive 1/10 of a wave to negative 1/10 of a wave).
In some embodiments, the lens has a posterior optical zone and an anterior optical zone, at least one of the posterior optical zone and the anterior optical zone is toric, the toric optical zone being biaspheric. In some embodiments, at least one meridian of the toric optical zone comprises even-powered aspheric terms. The at least one meridian of the toric optical zone may comprise only even-powered aspheric terms.
In some embodiments, the lens is an intraocular lens. In some embodiments, the lens is a contact lens.
Another aspect of the invention is directed to an ophthalmic lens, comprising a first toric surface, and a second surface, at least one of the first surface and the second surface being aspheric in a meridian, the lens having substantially zero spherical aberration for all circular optical zone diameters less than 4 mm.
In some embodiments, the substantially zero spherical aberration is achieved for 546 nm light. In some embodiments, the lens has substantially zero spherical aberration for all circular optical zone diameters less than 4.5 mm. In some embodiments, the lens has substantially zero spherical aberration for all circular optical zone diameters less than 5.0 mm. In some embodiments, the spherical aberration has a magnitude of less than 1/20 of wave for all circular optical zone diameters less than 4 mm.
In some embodiments, the aspheric meridian is a meridian of a toric surface. In some embodiments, the aspheric meridian is a meridian of a circularly symmetric surface.
In some embodiments, the toric surface is biaspheric.
In some embodiments, at least one meridian of the toric surface comprises even-powered aspheric terms. In some embodiments, the toric surface comprises only even-powered aspheric terms.
Yet another aspect of the invention is directed to a series of ophthalmic lenses, each lens comprising a same spherical power as the other lenses in the set, and a unique cylindrical power. Each lens in the series comprises (i) a first toric surface, and (ii) a second surface. At least one of the first surface and the second surface is aspheric in a meridian, such that the lens has substantially zero spherical aberration for all circular optical zone diameters less than 4 mm. The lenses in the series may be configured like any of lenses described above.
Dimensions described herein refer to dimensions of a finished lens. For example, the lenses are fully cured and/or the lenses are fully hydrated.
In contact lens embodiments, the term "effective base curvature" is defined herein to mean the average radius of curvature of the posterior surface calculated over the entire posterior surface of a lens optic, including the periphery.
As used herein the term "substantially zero spherical aberration" means in the range between positive one-tenth of a wave and negative one-tenth of a wavelength (i.e., a magnitude of one tenth of wave) in the visible band. It will be appreciated that it is typically advantageous that substantially zero aberration occur for light at 546 nm, the approximate wavelength at which a human eye has its highest sensitivity. However, substantially zero spherical aberration may be achieved for any suitable wavelength in the visible band (400-700 nm) or for the entire visible band.
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross of an example of a contact lens embodiment of a lens according to aspects of the present invention.
As stated above, aspects of the present invention apply the applicants' discovery that, even though spherical aberration may be equal to zero or substantially zero for a given aperture (e.g., a 5 mm circular aperture) of a toric ophthahnic lens, the spherical aberration for a smaller aperture (e.g., a 3 mm circular aperture) of the same lens may not be zero. This unexpected occurrence arises due to the relatively complex shape of a toric lens. Toric ophthalmic lenses according to aspects of the present invention have an aspheric surface selected to provide zero spherical aberration for a first relatively large aperture and zero spherical aberration for a relatively small aperture.
FIGS. 1A-1C are schematic illustrations of an example embodiment of a toric ophthalmic lens 1 according to aspects of the present invention. In the illustrated embodiment, a posterior central zone 11 (also referred to herein as a posterior optical zone) of posterior surface 3 is toric. The posterior central zone is the portion of the posterior surface that is optically corrected. Posterior surface 3 includes a peripheral zone 12 surrounding the central zone 11. In some embodiments, a blend zone is present between the central zone 11 and the peripheral zone 12. A blend zone is a non-optically corrected region that provides a more gradual transition from the central zone 11 to the peripheral zone 12 than would occur if the central zone were immediately adjacent to peripheral zone 12.
As illustrated in FIG. 1B, a central zone 21 of an anterior surface 4 of toric ophthalmic lens 1 has a spherical power. Anterior surface 4 includes at least one peripheral curve 22 surrounding central zone 21. Central zone 21, in combination with central zone 11, is adapted to produce an image that is suitably corrected for vision.
In the illustrated embodiment, central zone 11 of posterior surface 3 of toric ophthalmic lens 1 is biaspheric. That is, the surface is constructed such that aspheric terms are present in each of a meridian of highest dioptric power and a meridian of lowest dioptric power of the toric surface. The aspheric terms are blended together in regions between the meridians to form a smooth surface using a conventional technique. According to aspects of the present invention, the lens has substantially zero spherical aberration for all optical zone diameters of less than 4 mm. Such optical zones are typically, but not necessarily, centered about an optical axis OA.
In some instances, confirmation that a suitable spherical aberration has been achieved for all diameters can be had by measuring spherical aberration for circular apertures (centered about an optical axis of the lens), the apertures having diameters between a maximum diameter and a minimum diameter. For example, for a lens having a maximum diameter of 5 mm, confirmation that a suitable spherical aberration has been achieved for all diameters can be had by measuring spherical aberration for a 5 mm diameter circular aperture, a 4 mm diameter circular aperture and a 3 mm diameter circular aperture, and confirming that a substantially zero spherical aberration has been achieved for each. Confirmation of suitable spherical aberration performance can be had during design of the lens using design software and/or, after manufacture, using metrology techniques. In some instances, for such a lens, confirmation that a suitable spherical aberration has been achieved for all diameters can be had by measuring spherical aberration for a 5 mm diameter circular aperture, a 4.5 mm diameter circular aperture, a 4 mm diameter circular aperture, a 3.5 mm diameter circular aperture, and a 3 mm diameter circular aperture, and confirming that a substantially zero spherical aberration has been achieved for each aperture. Under typical circumstances, for aperture diameters of less than 3 mm, a lens is practically operating in a paraxial regime and spherical aberration is negligible.
Typically, a lens is specified to have substantially zero spherical aberration for light at 546 nanometers (nm) (i.e., approximately a wavelength of maximum sensitivity for photopic conditions). However, lenses may be designed for wavelengths or bandwidths at any suitable wavelength within the visible band (i.e., approximately 400-800 nm). It is typically advantageous that spherical aberration be in a range between positive one-tenth of a wave (of the selected wavelength) and negative one-tenth of a wave. In some embodiments, the spherical aberration is in a range between positive one-fifteenth of a wave and negative one-fifteenth of a wave, or in a range between positive one-twenty fifth of a wave and negative one-twenty fifth of a wave.
For example, a biaspheric surface may be selected to be biconic (i.e., a conic term as shown in Equation 1 is selected for each of the highest dioptric power and lowest dioptric power meridians). Alternatively, the biaspheric surface can be selected to comprise a conic and even aspheric terms, as shown in Equation 2, or any other suitable aspheric configuration (e.g., only even aspheric terms).
where zconic is the sag of a conic surface; c is the curvature of said surface; k the conic constant; and r a radial coordinate. If k=0, then the surface would be spherical.
where each αn is a coefficient term corresponding to a given polynomial term.
It will be appreciated that Equation 2 includes a conic term and even-powered polynomial terms. It will also be appreciated that z (r) (i.e., sag) in each of Equations 1 and 2 will vary as a function of x and y for a toric surface. In embodiments of the present invention that include even aspheric terms, at least one of the αn terms is non-zero. It will be understood that it is typically desirable that the number of αn terms selected to be non-zero be the minimum necessary to achieve a selected performance and the magnitude of each αn be as small as possible. By so controlling the number and magnitude of said terms, sensitivity to decentration may be reduced, and manufacturability and testing of lenses may be simplified.
It will also be appreciated that, in some embodiments, the lenses include surfaces having only even-powered aspheric terms. It is further to be appreciated that although even-powered polynomial terms may be all that are necessary to achieve selected aberration performance for a lens, in some embodiments, odd-powered polynomial terms may be added. For example, odd-powered aspheric terms may be appropriately used with contact lens embodiments, where decentration is likely.
In the illustrated embodiment, posterior surface 3 is a biaspheric, toric surface and is combined with an underlying spherical shape such that the surface provides an appropriate spherical optical power. The curvature of anterior central zone 21 is selected such that anterior central zone 21, in combination with posterior central zone 11, provides a desired spherical power of the lens.
In the illustrated embodiment, the lens is configured with a biaspheric surface on the posterior surface (i.e., on the toric surface) to achieve substantially zero spherical aberration for all optical zone diameters less than 5 mm; and the anterior surface is spherical. In other embodiments in which a toric surface is located on the posterior surface, a biaspheric surface may be located only on the anterior surface. It will be appreciated that if the biaspheric surface is placed only on a surface opposite toric surface, the lens will have two non-spherical surfaces. In some embodiments, such a configuration may be undesirable due, for example, to manufacturing complications associated with having two complex surfaces.
It is to be appreciated that although the illustrated lens has a posterior surface that is toric, according to aspects of the present invention, the anterior and/or posterior surfaces may be toric.
Additional aspects of the lens according to aspects of the present invention are directed to toric ophthalmic lenses characterized by substantially zero spherical aberration for a first aperture having a first diameter and substantially zero spherical aberration for a second aperture having a second diameter. According to such aspects, the first diameter is at least 4 mm, and the second diameter is at least 3 mm. Also according to such aspects, the first diameter is at least 0.5 mm larger than the second diameter. In some embodiment, the first diameter is at least 4.5 mm, and the second diameter is at least 3.5 mm. In such embodiments, the first diameter is at least 0.5 mm larger than the second diameter. In some embodiments, the first diameter is at least 5 mm, and the second diameter is at least 4 mm. In such embodiments, the first diameter is at least 0.5 mm larger than the second diameter.
FIG. 2 schematically illustrates an example of an embodiment of a toric contact lens 200 according to aspects of the present invention. In the illustrated embodiment, central zone 211 (also referred to herein as the posterior optical zone) of posterior surface 203 is toric, i.e., this zone has a surface that provides a desired cylindrical correction, and may include spherical power. Posterior surface 203 includes a peripheral zone 212 surrounding the central toric zone 211.
In contact lens embodiments, the peripheral surface, including the peripheral zone, is configured to fit on a surface of the eye. A blend zone 213 may be disposed between the peripheral zone 212 and central toric zone 211. The blend zone is a non-optically corrected region that provides a more gradual transition from the central toric zone 211 to the peripheral zone 212 than would occur if the central toric zone were immediately adjacent to peripheral zone 212. Such a blend zone may be added to improve comfort for a wearer.
A central zone 221 of an anterior surface 204 of lens 200 is spherical. The curvature of central zone 221 is selected such that central zone 221, in combination with central zone 211, provides a desired spherical power of the lens. Anterior surface 204 includes at least one peripheral curve 222 surrounding central zone 221. It is to be appreciated that although the illustrated lens has a posterior surface that is toric, as described above, according to aspects of the present invention, the anterior and/or posterior surfaces may be toric. Also as described above, one or more aspheric terms may be added to the anterior and/or posterior surface to achieve appropriate spherical aberration correction.
Also as described above, toric contact lenses are provided with a stabilization structure so that the lenses maintain a desired rotational orientation on the eye. For example, lens 200 may include a prism ballast 225 wherein peripheral section 224 has a different thickness than an opposed peripheral section including ballast 225 of the lens periphery. (Ballast 225 is at a "bottom" portion of the lens, since, when this type of toric lens is placed on the eye, the prism ballast is located downwardly.) The ballast is oriented about an axis, referred to herein as the "ballast axis." As discussed above, toric ophthalmic lens prescriptions define an offset of the ballast axis from the cylindrical axis of the toric zone by a selected angle. The term "offset" is inclusive of angles of 0 degrees or 180 degrees, which describe lenses in which the cylindrical axis is coincident with the ballast axis.
Sets of lenses having spherical aberration correction according to aspects of the present invention may be useful. For example, such a set may comprise a series of ophthalmic lenses, each lens comprising a same spherical power as the other lenses in the series, and a unique cylindrical power. Each lens in such a set may comprise (i) a first toric surface, and (ii) a second surface; at least one of the first surface and the second surface is aspheric in a meridian. In some such embodiments, such lenses are configured to have substantially zero spherical aberration for all circular optical zone diameters less than 4 mm.
In other such embodiments of sets, such lenses are configured to have substantially zero spherical aberration for a first circular aperture having a first diameter and substantially zero spherical aberration for a second circular aperture having a second diameter. In such embodiments, the first diameter is at least 4 mm and the second diameter is at least 3 mm, the first diameter being at least 0.5 mm larger than the second diameter.
Table 1 illustrates an example of a series of lenses according to aspects of the present invention in which each lens has a spherical power of 20 diopters and each lens has a unique cylindrical power. Cylindrical power of the lenses is provided on the posterior surface. Each surface of a lens has a suitable conic constant for a meridian of highest dioptric power and a suitable conic constant for a meridian of lowest dioptric power. As shown in Table 2, for each lens, for apertures having diameters of 3 mm, 4 mm and 5 mm, respectively, the spherical aberration is equal to substantially zero at 546 nanometers.
Table 3 illustrates an example of a lens according to aspects of the present invention in which the lens has a spherical power of 20 diopters and has a cylindrical power of 2.00 diopters. Cylindrical power is provided on the posterior surface. The anterior surface of the lens has even aspheric terms (α) and suitable conic constant terms (k) for a meridian of highest dioptric power and a meridian of lowest dioptric. As shown in Table 4, for apertures having diameters of 3 mm, 4 mm and 5 mm, respectively, the spherical aberration is equal to substantially zero at 546 nanometers.
Table 5 illustrates an example of a series of lenses according to aspects of the present invention in which each lens has a spherical power of 20 diopters and a cylindrical power of 2 diopters. As shown in Table 6, for each lens, for apertures having diameters of 3 mm, 4 mm and 5 mm, respectively, the spherical aberration is equal to substantially zero at 546 nanometers. Tables 5 and 6 show that by selecting an aspheric term (e.g., conic term) for one or more of (i) a circularly symmetric (i.e., non-toric) surface, (ii) the meridian of highest power of a toric surface, and (iii) the meridian of lowest power of a toric surface, a lens can be designed to have suitable spherical aberration performance. In the first lens of Table 5, in addition to a conic term in a non-toric surface, one meridian of the toric surface has a toric term. In the second lens of Table 5, only the non-toric surface has a conic term. In the third lens of Table 5, no conic term is present in a non-toric surface, and both meridians of the toric surface have a toric term. Although the lenses in Table 5 are shown with conic terms as described above, the lenses could have achieved similar spherical aberration performance if even and/or aspheric terms were implemented.
1. A toric ophthalmic lens having substantially zero spherical aberration for a first circular aperture having a first diameter and substantially zero spherical aberration for a second circular aperture having a second diameter, the first diameter being at least 4 mm and the second diameter being at least 3 mm, the first diameter being at least 0.5 mm larger than the second diameter.
2. The lens of claim 1, wherein the substantially zero spherical aberration for the first aperture and the second aperture is achieved for 546 nm light.
4. The lens of claim 1, wherein the first aperture and the second aperture both have spherical aberration magnitudes that are less than 1/10 of wave.
5. The lens of claim 1, wherein the lens has a posterior optical zone and an anterior optical zone, at least one of the posterior optical zone and the anterior optical zone being toric, the toric optical zone being biaspheric.
6. The lens of claim 1, wherein the lens has a posterior optical zone and an anterior optical zone, at least one of the posterior optical zone and the anterior optical zone being toric, at least one meridian of the toric optical zone comprises even-powered aspheric terms.
7. The lens of claim 6, wherein at least one meridian of the toric optical zone comprises only even-powered aspheric terms.
8. The lens of claim 1, wherein the lens is an intraocular lens.
9. The lens of claim 1, wherein the lens is a contact lens.
a second surface, at least one of the first surface and the second surface being aspheric in a meridian, the lens having substantially zero spherical aberration for all circular optical zone diameters less than 4 mm.
11. The lens of claim 10, wherein the substantially zero spherical aberration is achieved for 546 nm light.
12. The lens of claim 10, wherein the lens has substantially zero spherical aberration for all circular optical zone diameters less than 4.5 mm.
13. The lens of claim 10, wherein the lens has substantially zero spherical aberration for all circular optical zone diameters less than 5.0 mm.
14. The lens of claim 10, wherein the spherical aberration has a magnitude of less than 1/20 of wave for all circular optical zone diameters less than 4 mm.
15. The lens of claim 10, wherein the meridian is a meridian of a toric surface.
16. The lens of claim 10, wherein the meridian is a meridian of a circularly symmetric surface.
17. The lens of claim 10, wherein the toric surface is biaspheric.
18. The lens of claim 10, wherein at least one meridian of the toric surface comprises even-powered aspheric terms.
19. The lens of claim 18, wherein the toric surface comprises only even-powered aspheric terms.
20. The lens of claim 10, wherein at least one meridian of the toric surface comprises only odd-powered aspheric terms.
21. The lens of claim 10, wherein the lens is an intraocular lens.
22. The lens of claim 10, wherein the lens is a contact lens.
23. A series of ophthalmic lenses, each lens comprising a same spherical power as the other lenses in the series, and a unique cylindrical power, each lens comprising (i) a first toric surface, and (ii) a second surface, at least one of the first surface and the second surface being aspheric in a meridian, the lens having substantially zero spherical aberration for all circular optical zone diameters less than 4 mm.


text:
"We aim to unlock the creativity in all of us," says Satya Nadella
Lindsay James
By Lindsay James on 27 September 2017
During his keynote at this week's Microsoft Ignite conference in Orlando, CEO Satya Nadella told the audience of over 25,000 how there isn't a single industry that isn't being transformed by technology.
"We collectively have the opportunity to lead in this transformation," he said.
"In the midst of this monumental change, our timeless values help us stay grounded in the things that matter most. How do we empower people? How do we bring about economic growth without degrading human dignity? How do we use tech to promote inclusiveness?
Nadella went on to explain the impact that technology can have on moving our economy and society forward. "While our mission remains constant, technology paradigms come and go. Where before we held a worldview of a mobile-first, cloud-first world, that worldview is evolving to the new technology paradigm of the intelligent cloud and the intelligent edge," he said.
"Three characteristics define this shift: the move to multi-device, multi-sensory interactions; artificial intelligence driving predictive insights across devices; and a new fabric of serverless, or distributed, computing power. In this new era, Microsoft is building systems of intelligence, virtuous cycles and new feedback loops that help create data and refine how you reason over this data to gain insights from information.
"These systems of intelligence and how we bring about the technology, how we bring about this cultural shift, is what Microsoft is focused on, with four core ingredients. We call them solution areas: modern workplace, business applications, applications and infrastructure, and data and AI. These ingredients transcend product category definitions and business models."
According to Nadella, these solution areas will empower everyone in an organisation to be more creative and collaborative, and ultimately apply technology to help shape the culture of work. "And importantly, secure your organisation's digital estate," he said. "It's this cultural shift that's top of mind for every leader and every organisation, and that's what we want to enable with Microsoft 365.
"We aim to unlock the creativity in all of us, so that you can bring out the best in everyone in your organisation."
Nadella went on to explain how Ford is breaking down organisational and geographical boundaries by using the power of mixed reality to brainstorm, design and develop new vehicles. Read more on this story here.
He also highlighted how Microsoft is transforming the data and intelligence that powers the modern workplace. "The Microsoft graph is perhaps one of the most important data assets – core to thinking about how customers unlock value," he explained. "Today, we're announcing the first phase of integration between the LinkedIn graph and the Microsoft graph. With this rich platform and rich data graph you can start building AI-first applications. You can bring the power of AI, the power of natural language, the power of deep learning to the enterprise and unlock it."
"…Adding Dynamics 365 to this connected graph, we have an opportunity to redefine what customers can expect from their business applications.
"Every business process is being digitised, from relationship sales, talent and people processes, operations, customer service, field service and more. For this evolution to be successful, we must move from monolithic suites and disconnected data silos to modern, modular apps with a common data model. You need a platform approach."
One way this is coming together is in the combination of business applications, mixed reality and IoT. Nadella pointed towards mining as an example. "Mining has complex engineering requirements, stringent health and safety policies, and very significant up-front capital expenses. To stay competitive, mining companies have invested in technologies like AI, sensors and geospatial analytics to digitise their operations and become true data-driven businesses," he said.
"But the connected mining operation is taking transformation one step farther by using Microsoft Teams, Microsoft HoloLens, Dynamics 365 and Azure to bring everyone together, from management to the geologist to help people succeed in ways never before possible.
"These innovations can be applied to any business and across industries when data, software and mixed reality come together to drive digital transformation."
Read the full transcript of Satya Nadella's keynote here.
News, Office, Dynamics, Azure, AI
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Tags: Satya Nadella Ignite


According to a recent report by the real estate consulting firm CBRE South Asia, office leasing activity across India's top eight markets increased by 25% in Q1 2018. Approximately 11 mln sqft of office space has been recorded to be absorbed in the said quarter.
The highest demand for office space was reported in Bengaluru, and the city accounted for more than the combined share of the markets of Delhi-NCR, Mumbai and Hyderabad during the January to March period.
Supply of office space too tripled at 9.7 mln sqft during the review period. More than 80% of this new supply was in Bengaluru, Mumbai, Chennai and Delhi-NCR.
"Constrained supply of ready-to-move-in space, coupled with rising rentals, has led to this trend gaining traction in recent months. The uptick in leasing activity in the first quarter is largely due to several projects getting completed. Going forward, as corporate continue to evaluate cost-effective options and stagger their expansion plans, pre-commitments in under-construction projects will have a significant impact on office leasing activity across key cities," said Ram Chandnani, managing director (Advisory & Transaction Services) of the company.
Tech corporates led office space take-up during the quarter with a 25% share, while BFSI firms garnered a 24% share. The share of e-commerce firms rose to 15%, thanks to a few large-sized deals by leading global and domestic players.
Pre-commitments continue to be the primary mode of transaction, especially in cities such as Bengaluru that had a shortage of quality ready-to-move-in supply.
During the quarter, 45% of all the transactions were for small-sized spaces while mid-sized transactions accounted for a 42% share. There were a few large-sized deals, most of which were recorded in Bengaluru, followed by a few in Mumbai, Delhi-NCR, Chennai and Hyderabad.


text:
Q: Prove some inequality using Jensen's inequality How do I prove this using Jensen's inequality?
$$\biggl|\prod_{i=1}^n x_{i}\biggl|^p \le {n^{p-1}}\sum_{i=1}^n |x_{i}|^p$$
I've tried log on both sides but I couldn't find a common expression.
on the right side I did:  $$log( E(n|x|)^p) = log({n^{p-1}}\sum_{i=1}^n |x_{i}|^p)$$
and on the left side:  $$ E(log(|x|)^{np}) = log\bigg(\bigg|\prod_{i=1}^n x_{i}\bigg|\bigg)^p$$

A: It's wrong.
Try $p=1$, $n=2$ and $a=b=3$.
We need to prove that $6\geq9$, which is not so true.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


India's experience shows a wider notion of vulnerability is needed to protect human rights, says Alan Leroux.
A pilot project makes solar power plants more effective by keeping heat in sand and releasing it later.
A mobile tech project is helping eight Sub-Saharan African nations access new family planning data every six months.
After five years of war and chaos, the country has lost its self-sufficiency in wheat production, research shows.


text:
Q: scheme recursive function with multiple lambdas How do I make a procedure from a function that makes procedures recursive?
for example, lets have a function that returns a procedure, the returned procedure will take two arguments (x and y). When called with z as an argument it will recursively call itself until z fulfills some requirements
(define test
  (lambda (x y)
    (lambda z
      (if (> z 100)
          z
          (RecursiveCallToChangeValueOfZ (+ x y z))))))

A: Here are three variations:
#lang racket

;; use internal definition
(define test
  (lambda (x y)
    (define f
      (lambda z
        (if (> z 100)
            z
            (f (+ x y z)))))
    f))

;; use letrec (which internal definition expands to
(define test2
  (lambda (x y)
    (letrec ([f (lambda z
                  (if (> z 100)
                      z
                      (f (+ x y z))))])
      f)))

(require mzlib/etc)
;; use rec (a little syntactic sugar that expands to the previous solution)
(define test3
  (lambda (x y)
    (rec f (lambda z
             (if (> z 100)
                 z
                 (f (+ x y z)))))))


text:
"""Error handling and custom exceptions."""
# Copyright (c) 2012-2022 Wibowo Arindrarto <contact@arindrarto.dev>
# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause

from pathlib import Path
from typing import Any, IO, Optional

from click import ClickException
from structlog import get_logger

__all__ = [
    "VoltCliError",
    "VoltConfigError",
    "VoltError",
    "VoltMissingTemplateError",
    "VoltResourceError",
]

log = get_logger(__name__)

class VoltError(Exception):

    """Base Volt exception class."""

class VoltCliError(VoltError, ClickException):

    """Exceptions displayed as error messages to users."""

    def show(self, _: Optional[IO[Any]] = None) -> None:
        log.error(f"{self}")

class VoltConfigError(VoltCliError):

    """Raised for errors related to configuration values."""

class VoltResourceError(VoltConfigError):

    """Raised for errors when loading resources."""

class VoltMissingTemplateError(VoltResourceError):

    """Raised for errors when loading templates."""

class _VoltServerExit(SystemExit):

    """Raised to indicate the development server exiting."""

    def __init__(self, run_file_path: Path, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
        self.run_file_path = run_file_path
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Last September, UT Knoxville's Dr. Larry Taylor made a media splash with the announcement that he and other scientists had found evidence that water existed throughout the surface of the moon. More than a thousand media outlets carried news of the discovery.
Later in the year, along came NASA saying its LCROSS satellite had uncovered water even deeper inside the moon during its impact into a lunar crater.
Taylor and his colleagues based their findings on data from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper—M3 for short— a NASA instrument housed on an Indian satellite.
M3 analyzes the way light from the sun reflects off the lunar surface to understand what materials compose the lunar soil. Light is reflected off different minerals in specific wavelengths, so those reflected wavelengths show which minerals are in the thin upper layer of soil.


This beautifully sculpted Motorcycle award is available in three sizes and painted in antique gold. It comes on a gloss black base with plenty of room for personalization. This award is a great way to recognize any champion.
This beautifully sculpted motocross helmet award is available in three sizes and painted in antique gold. It comes on a gloss black base with plenty of room for personalization. This award is a great way to recognize any champion.


(HTML) A hypertext document format used on the web. HTML is built on top of SGML. "Tags" are embedded in the text. A tag consists of a "<", a "directive" (in lower case), zero or more parameters and a ">". Matched pairs of directives, like "<title>" and "</title>" are used to delimit text which is to appear in a special place or style.
where "" and "" delimit an "anchor", "href" introduces a hypertext reference, which is most often a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) (the string in double quotes in the example above). The link will be represented in the browser by the text "foo" (typically shown underlined and in a different colour).
The "fragment identifier", "baz", can be used in an href by appending "#baz" to the document name.
Other common tags include
 for a new paragraph, .. for bold text,
 for an unnumbered list,
 for preformated text,
,
 ..
 for headings.
HTML supports some standard SGML national characters and other non-ASCII characters through special escape sequences, e.g. "é" for a lower case 'e' with an acute accent. You can sometimes get away without the terminating semicolon but it's bad style.
Most systems will ignore the case of tags and attributes but lower case should be used for compatibility with XHTML.
The web Consortium (W3C) is the international standards body for HTML.


Airport Shuttle Service provides fast, reliable shuttle service to and from selected airports and exclusive luxury transportation for our service areas. We proudly serve all of San Diego and the surrounding communities. We also service LAX, Orange County and their surrounding communities.
We have built our businss by providing hassle-free and professional service, clean late model luxury cars, vans and SUVs for exclusive transportation. Our drivers are dependable, knowledgable and willing to go that extra-mile to ensure your satisfaction.


text:
Treasury's Capital Purchase Program
Represented a number of financial institutions with respect to their application and receipt of funds under Treasury's Capital Purchase Program.
Administrative Enforcement Proceedings
Represents financial services industry professionals in disciplinary matters and administrative enforcement proceedings.
Bank Mergers & Acquisitions
S&P Global Market Intelligence rankings has listed our Firm as one of the top firms in the nation in number of announced bank and thrift merger and acquisition transactions during the past 10 years. For the last decade, our Firm ranked #1 in the Midwest. In total, we have represented buyers and sellers of financial institutions in more than 200 mergers and acquisitions.
Capital Raising Transactions
Represented many financial institutions with respect to public offerings and private placements of common stock, subordinated debentures and convertible subordinated debentures.
Corporate Bank Regulatory Applications & Filings
Prepare filings for submission to banking regulators including applications for branch establishment, acquisition and closure, subsidiary formations and charter conversions.
Debt & Equity Financings
Represented numerous financial institutions in private offerings of debt securities to enhance current capital positions. Successfully structured acquisitions of troubled banks through use of preferred and convertible instruments, including buyer price protections.
First Busey Corporation and Main Street Trust, Inc. Merger of Equals
Represented Main Street in connection with the merger of equals involving First Busey and Main Street resulting in a financial institution with assets of $4.1 billion.
First Farmers State Bank Merger with Bank Of Pontiac
Represented Pontiac Bancorp, Inc., the parent company of Bank of Pontiac, in its purchase agreement with Minier Financial, Inc., the parent company of First Farmers State Bank.
Formation of De Novo Banks
Counsel to over 100 state and national de novo banks and bank holding companies across the country. The breadth of our practice has yielded a unique ability among our lawyers to gain familiarity with the laws and bank regulatory agencies of multiple jurisdictions throughout the United States. Established first Illinois state bank organized as a limited liability company.
Merger of Equals Between ISB Financial Corporation and MidWestOne Financial Group, Inc.
Represented ISB Financial Corporation in connection with the merger of equals involving ISB Financial and MidWestOne Financial Group, Inc. resulting in a financial institution with assets of $1.5 billion.
Northwestern Suburban Bancorp, Inc. Sale to Midwest Banc Holdings, Inc.
Represented Northwest Suburban Bancorp, Inc. with respect to its sale for $140 million to Midwest Banc Holdings, Inc.
Prairie Financial Corporation Acquisition by Integra Bank Corp.
Represented Prairie Financial Corporation in connection with its $122 million acquisition by Integra Bank Corp.
Represented multiple sponsors in their formation of and capital raising for private investment funds, investment advisory, regulatory and corporate matters for such funds, including, hedge funds, managed futures funds,commodity pools and private equity funds.
Advised numerous banks regarding federal and state compliance matters involving lending, deposits and operations.
Regulatory Examinations & Enforcement Actions
Assisted numerous clients regarding regulatory examination issues and negotiated more than 100 enforcement actions. Represented many troubled banks regarding insolvency and potential receivership issues.
Securities Regulation & Compliance for Publicly-Traded Bank Holding Companies
Represent multiple publicly-traded bank holding companies.
St. Joseph Capital Corp. Acquisition by Old National Bancorp
Represented St. Joseph Capital Corp. with respect to $77 million sale to Old National Bancorp
Treasury Management Products
Prepare agreements for treasury management products including remote deposit capture, ACH origination and internet banking
Representative Experience
Administrative Staff & Paralegals
BF Discovery
© 1984-2021 Barack Ferrazzano Kirschbaum & Nagelberg LLP


text:
Civil Rights & Employment
Complex Tort Litigation
Catastrophic Injury & Wrongful Death
Environmental Toxic Torts
Managed Care Abuse
Sexual Abuse, Trafficking & Domestic Violence
U.S. Product Recalls
Unsafe & Defective Products
Employee Benefits / ERISA
Ethics and Fiduciary Counseling
Public Client
Securities Litigation & Investor Protection
Whistleblower / False Claims Act
Discuss Your Claim
Portfolio Monitoring
Current Cases
Civil Trial Attorney Wallace McCall Celebrates 40 Years of Legal Service
PALM BEACH GARDENS, Fla. – Palm Beach County Civil Trial Attorney Wallace B. McCall, celebrates 40 years of legal service on May 1, 2013. Mr. McCall was sworn into the Florida bar on May 1, 1973 and become Board Certified as a civil trial lawyer in 1984.
Mr. McCall joined the Leopold Law firm in 2010 and has a practice dedicated to representing individuals in the areas of medical, hospital and nursing home malpractice, catastrophic injury, wrongful death, and product liability. Mr. McCall is distinguished by Martindale-Hubbell with an AV Preeminent Rating and has served as lead counsel in over 100 jury trials. In addition to his legal service, he has successfully published two volumes of poetry. In 2007 Mr. McCall won First, Second, Third and Honorable Mention in the Metered and/or Rhymed Category in the Poets of the Palm Beaches Annual Poetry Contest.
Mr. McCall obtained a bachelor's of art degree in political science from the University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee and is a graduate of J.D. Stetson University College of Law in St. Petersburg, Florida. He is a recipient of the Judge O. Wehle Award in Trial Practice, as well as a member of the Palm Beach County Bar Association, Florida Justice Association, Palm Beach County Justice Association, and the American Board of Trial Advocates.
Cohen Milstein
© 2019 Cohen Milstein Sellers & Toll PLLC. All rights reserved.
ATTORNEY ADVERTISING. Prior results do not guarantee a similar outcome.


Solar panel efficiency has never been higher. This means that solar shoppers have more high-efficient panels to choose from than ever before.
Solar panel efficiency improvements often capture the news headlines as new potential technology advances offer greater energy production in less space.
This efficiency refers to how much energy can be generated from a certain amount of sunlight. The higher the efficiency, the more energy your system can produce.
Efficiency is most important when space is limited. If you want a net-zero home and you want your rooftop to produce all the electricity your household consumes, you might have a limited amount of space.
Most home solar systems are mounted on the roof, and not all roofs are ideal for solar energy, with shading and a complicated roofline that limits panel placement. It is also ideal to angle panels pointing south for the most energy production.
Using more efficient panels will increase the total amount of energy you can produce.
Should I install the most efficient solar panels?
SunPower and Panasonic currently manufacture the most efficient solar panels in the market at an average efficiency of 20.6 percent and 20.3 percent respectively. By comparison, many other popular solar modules are around 15 percent to 18 percent efficient.
Although solar panel efficiency is an important consideration, it is not the only one. High-efficiency solar panels typically come at a higher cost when considering the energy output of the system overall.
When space is limited, solar panel efficiency becomes a higher priority for most solar shoppers. Cost, value, solar panel warranties, and aesthetics are also important concerns to consider.
If your roof is shaded, other technologies, such as microinverters and power optimizers can also help mitigate the impacts of shading on solar system output.
How can I learn about my solar panel options?
One way to find the best system for your home is by shopping around and getting multiple bids from solar installers. Because there are many solar panels in the market, different solar providers will likely use different solar panels.
In many cases, large installers don't necessarily offer lower prices or better service, so it is helpful to contact small solar installers as well.
Some of these solar power systems require battery backup, adding to the cost of a solar system and has environmental drawbacks. Most solar system owners are connected to the power grid and sell back excess electricity to the power company.
Solar installations do not require batteries, as stated in your article.
@David: Yes! You are correct. The author has edited the article to reflect this comment.