Respect for all people of the world, my grandfather, Mohandas K. Gandhi, believed can only come through the respect of all religions. Consequently, ever since my birth in 1934, I participated in universal prayers offered in a simple room at home with just an oil lamp in the middle of the circle of worshippers. We offered prayers from every major scripture of the world and grew up learning about the Saints and myths of each.
Our form of prayers came to be known as "Gandhian Prayers" and while grandfather was alive every morning and evening at 5 public prayers were held in whichever town or city he was visiting. This was widely known by all in India so that thousands congregated at the appointed time. Among the congregants were Christians, Jews, Hindus, Muslims and the many other religions represented in India. It was through this daily practice that grandfather sought to bring about a quiet - a nonviolent - revolution among the people of India.
Now, more than fifty years after his death when India is devastated by religious strife people ask why was Gandhi not more forceful in transforming the people of India? Why wasn't a law passed? Or, did he really make an impact on the people of India with his universality or was it just another meaningless exercise in futility? To find answers to these and other related questions one needs to understand the philosophy of nonviolence which was the core of his life.
In nonviolence force of any kind is anathema. Grandfather always maintained: "We can change people's hearts only by love, not by law." The best way to express love is through sincere practice. In other words, living what we want others to learn.
In spite of his attempt to transform through love he did attract opposition from the rabid and rigid among the majority Hindu community. Members of the Hindu Mahasabha (Conference), which shares the philosophy of intolerance with the currently ruling Bharatiya Janata Party, made multiple attempts to assassinate Gandhi, a clear indication that grandfather was making a difference in the Indian society.
Grandfather often said: "A friendly study of all the scriptures is the sacred duty of every individual." He made the "friendly study" of all scriptures and found that while all of them contained gems of wisdom none of them could claim to have the "whole Truth."
As children growing up in his shadow he often told us a story from the Upanishads (Hindu Scripture) of six blind men who were asked to describe an elephant by feeling it. Each had a different perspective of the elephant because each was feeling a different part of the animal. Clearly, they were able to gain just a fraction of the Truth, yet what little they learned was not entirely untrue.
Our understanding of religion and its role in helping believers attain the Whole Truth or Salvation has a bearing on this story. Like the six blind men we have a fragment of the Truth and in our arrogance we mistake it to be the Whole Truth. It is this arrogance that leads us to believe that we "possess" the Truth as against grandfather's belief that we can only "pursue" the Truth. "Possession" leads to competition and strife, while "pursuit" leads to cooperation and understanding, the only way peace and understanding can prevail in the world.


Nate installs and maintains AV and networking equipment in accordance with business requirements, develops and monitors equipment testing schedules and delegates duties to junior technicians. He also makes decisions and solves problems, monitors processes and materials, and evaluates machinery information to ensure conformity to industry standards.
Summer handles day-to-day support of customer's accounts. She serves as the primary point of contact between vendors, business partners and IT WebSmith. Summer proforms planning and optimization for the accounts, as well as developing a relationship our clients.


"GLOBALIZACIJA" RIMSKOG CARSTVA I ŠIRENJE KRŠĆANSTVA.
This article explores some of the factors which enabled Christianity become a world religion in a relatively brief span of time. As well as looking at the culture of the time, it examines the contribution of military, legal, monetary and communication factors in the Roman Empire. These factors were a cohesive force which made a vast empire, of many ethnic groups (nations), cultures and religions, into a unified social-political and economic-cultural space. All these factors bear marks of the Roman Empire and Greco-Roman civilization, and therefore they may be treated under the heading "globalization" of the Roman Empire. In their oral and written address to their audiences and in their mutual correspondence, the first proclaimers of the Good News made extensive use of the advantages of these "globalizing" factors on their missionary journeys. However, the crucial and the most important driving force behind the rapid spread of Christianity was the self-awareness of the first Christian proclaimers of their universal mission, their finn belief in the saving power of the Gospel and their conviction that all peoples are in an urgent need of God's salvation.
"Godziny próby" w życiu i działalności polskich sercanów w latach powojennych.
"Parafia Frysztak w latach 1918-1945", Krzysztof Szopa, Tuchów 2005.
The author evokes several moments in the summer of 1990, namely the enthronement of bishop Daniel Ciobotea as metropolitan of Moldavia and Bucovina, and a visit in the Republic of Moldavia to his native places. The article presents church personalities of the 90's in Romania and Molda- via.
The liturgical Solemnity of Most Sacred Heart of Jesus was approved 250 years ago. This solemnity is celebrating on the Friday after the octave of the Solemnity of the Most Holy Body and Blood of Christ (Corpus Christi). The Polish bishops Memorial of 1765 was really important document which helped in approval the Sacred Heart solemnity. That is why every Sacred Heart worshipper should read and know this document. 250th anniversary of approval this worship is the best time to do this. The Memorial presents the beginning of Sacred Heart worship history and meaning this worship for every worshipper. What is more this document shows arguments for approval of the liturgical solemnity of the Sacred Heart. Memorial shows clearly that orthodox Sacred Heart worship exist in the Church and this worship is accepted and still promoting by the Holy See. That is why this worship needs official approval of the appropriate form of the Mass, and breviary. Polish Bishops Memorial especially ask for approval of these texts for Poland. One of the reasons of it is Polish people are real Sacred Heart worshippers and they believe that this Heart helps them in every difficult situation.
There is unique artifact of baroque art in the St. George the Martyr church of the Franciscan minor convent in Kaunas. There are 28 images of saint martyrs and confessors. In the archive of this convent we can find the earliest information about these images. There is a record of 1741 in which they are mentioned. Today they are in quite poor condition, but there is no equivalent to this gallery, even if in its unrestored condition. Every image reveals an individual way to holiness. In every painting there is a poetic inscription whose purpose is to describe a painted friar. This research is another opportunity to look at the way to holiness and the way to art.
Although a strong church from the beginning, with special spiritual life and moral-religious leading personalities, the Romanian Orthodox Church has started late with canonisation of saints. It is the merit of Patriarch Justinian and the members of the Holy Synod of the time, in October 1955 in full Stalinist regime, that several Romanian saints were canonized, whose relics were on this land for centuries. The following were declared then saints of the Romanian Orthodox Church: St. John the Wallachian (12th of May), St. Hierarchs Elias Iorest and Sava Brancovici, Metropolitans of Transylvania from the seventeenth century as witnesses (24th of April), St. Pious Visarion Sarai and Sophrony of Cioara and pious peasant Oprea Nicolae (21st of October), St. Hierarch Calinic of Cernica (11th of April) and St. Hierarch Joseph the New from Partoş (15th of September).


text:
Q: How to combine neo4j and elasticsearch I am developing a Question answering application and for that I need to use neo4j and elasticsearch in the same maven project. I am using elasticsearch to make my application more robust.
As we know that neo4j and elasticsearch works on different version of lucene, so whichever version I include in dependency, it gives an error.
Here is what I am doing:
First elasticsearch will index the data and the data and relationships will be stored as graphdatabase using neo4j. Then the user will input as a query, through which the data will be retrieved with the help of indexes. This data will be trigerred in graphdatabasev using trigger score which will be then propagated along the graphdatabase to find relevant results according to the user query.
Is there any way that I can integrate neo4j and elasticsearch in same maven project, or is there any other way through which these two modules can interact seperately.
Thanks

A: Please check out our integration page:
http://neo4j.com/developer/elastic-search/
Which has some discussion and also an example project to get you started.
http://github.com/neo4j-contrib/neo4j-elasticsearch

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


অপিয়াম ডেন রেইড, পেপার কাটিং Headline for the very 1st drug bust in Canada. May Doyle and Nell Robertson of Victoria were found in a Market Alley drug den, but only the Chinese operator was prosecuted. The "trapdoor" was actually just a regular door covered by newspapers. Daily Province, 30 September 1908.
বহুল প্রতিক্ষিত একটা সিরিজের সাথে বুড়াভাইর ফিরে আসা! আহা, মধু!
ঘুম ভাঙা মানুষের গল্পে শুভেচ্ছা স্বাগতম!


text:
The regtech revolution is upon us
Numerous theories have emerged as to why the UK has endured such a severe productivity problem over the last decade. Growth in productivity of just 2 per cent during that period would typically have been accomplished within a single year prior to the financial crisis, and thus the 'productivity puzzle' continues to confound economists. In all likelihood, there are a number of reasons why productivity rates have stagnated, but one of the most compelling has been the increase in regulation, and the resultant compliance burden on companies.
Clearly, after the so-called 'casino banking' which precipitated the global meltdown, such intervention was a necessity. In the UK, the Financial Services Authority made way for the revered Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) in 2013, and most experts agree that the banking system is now far more stable, and better capitalised to deal with any future economic headwinds.
Yet, as regulators continue to flex their muscles, an ever-bigger army of legal, compliance and risk assurance specialists are needed within companies. Until now, it's been a labour-intensive line of work - both in terms of the watchdog enforcing the rules, and the professionals adhering to them. The latter play a vital role, but, from a productivity perspective, there is little in the way of value created in the economy by such workers, and the expansion of this niche serves to further undermine productivity rates.
Poor productivity may seem like a reasonable price to pay for a safer financial system. But what if the two weren't mutually exclusive? Or at least, not to the same extent that they are now?
When machines and regulators meet
The UK has been a pioneer with integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into regulatory technology - or 'regtech', as it is commonly known. Last year, the FCA, in conjunction with the Bank of England, launched its Digital Regulatory Reporting (DRR) initiative – one geared towards developing machine-readable reporting, and using technologies such as Recurrent Neural Network and semantic web to forge simple, more-efficient processes for financial institutions to comply with regulatory requirements. Specifically, it sought to establish reporting rules which are more automation-friendly, according to BankingTech.
Eliminating the need for human interpretation for such reporting has the double benefit of both cutting down the cost burden for companies, and also the number of reports they are obliged to submit. Much of the FCA's focus was on how best to dovetail this machine-readable regulatory framework with a standardised language. And this venture has already yielded success, with the FCA confirming late last year that it had integrated machine-reading technologies into two of its regulations (related to mortgage lending criteria and capital requirements), and expansion into other regulations has already begun in 2019.
The role of AI, semantics and humans
This may only be the very genesis of the regtech revolution so far, but it represents impressive progress. That said, the exponential gains will undoubtedly come through AI and ML. The rate at which these technologies can process and store data is a game-changer, and advanced algorithms can even provide outputs and analysis which resemble human thought. As such, AI has the potential to go beyond the menial, and provide real-world, problem-solving capabilities.
Semantic web, which involves a network of web pages developed and tagged in a standardised way that is readable by machines, could well be the main catalyst for the rise of AI within regtech. The one barrier to semantic web is the human dependency in developing the structured data which underpins this language, and the difficulties this presents when it comes to scaling up. However, the rise of cognitive computers may yet help to automate the development of this structured data through AI-based algorithms, and pave the way for semantic technologies to power the regtech revolution.
Whichever medium of AI comes to the fore, the role of human expertise most certainly won't become obsolete in the near future. Ramping up efficiency, and reducing the need for professionals to carry out mundane tasks is the basis for a successful marriage between AI and regulation. Yet optimising the integration of AI and ML, and maximising their capabilities, will perpetually require a human touch.
And of course, in a fast-changing world, ongoing oversight to identify risks, and ensure existing rules are fit for purpose will always be beyond the scope of robots. The very concept of compliance itself is also contingent upon the compass of morality, and this should not be forgotten either.
Keeping up with the Zuckerbergs
Nevertheless, in a world of disruptive technologies and borderless financial services, the rapid evolution of regtech is a pre-requisite if regulators are to keep pace. And that goes for companies too. In the UK alone, firms must comply with the standards set out by the likes of the FCA, the PRA, the Payment Systems Regulator, the Competition and Markets Authority and the Open Banking Implementation Entity. Many such rules are not aligned either, so the burden is a considerable one. Factor in firms who operate at a global level; dealing with a whole new set of regulators in other countries, and the scale of complexity becomes all-consuming.
This underscores the importance of integrating AI into compliance in a coherent way which is adopted uniformly by watchdogs and central banks the world over. There are considerable challenges on the way - not least from the likes of Facebook's new Libra crytocurrency, and the myriad of loopholes regulators will need to plug within this particular niche. It is only through artificial intelligence and machine learning that regulators will be able to get ahead of the curve with such trends - whilst still promoting efficiency, and maintaining an environment where compliant, law-abiding firms can prosper.
Our website offers information about saving, investing, tax and other financial matters, but not personal advice. If you're not sure whether peer-to-peer lending is right for you, please seek independent financial advice, and if you decide to invest with Lending Works, please read our Key Lender Information PDF first.
As with all investments, your capital is at risk.
Bitcoin: Bubble or paradigm shift?
Brendan Ashe - 7 Dec 2017
Contactless, fintech and the future of payments
Scott Robertson - 27 Apr 2018
Should we fear a cashless society?
Scott Robertson - 21 Jun 2019

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
<?php

namespace Chestnut\Auth;

use Chestnut\Container\ContainerContract;
use Firebase\JWT\ExpiredException;
use Firebase\JWT\JWT;

define('CHESTNUT_AUTH_LOGIN_SUCCESS', 1);
define('CHESTNUT_AUTH_WRONG_PASSWORD', 2);
define('CHESTNUT_AUTH_ACCOUNT_NOT_FOUND', 3);

/**
 * This file is part of Chestnut\Auth
 *
 *  @author Liyang Zhang <zhangliyang@zhangliyang.name>
 */

/**
 *  Chestnut Auth Component
 */
class Auth {

	/**
	 *  @var Chestnut\Container\Contaier
	 */
	protected $app;

	/**
	 *  @var Chestnut\Database\Nut\Model
	 */
	protected $auth;

	/**
	 *  @var string
	 */
	protected $model;

	/**
	 *  @var boolean
	 */
	protected $remember;

	/**
	 *  Constructor
	 *
	 *  @param Chestnut\Container\Container $app
	 */
	public function __construct(ContainerContract $app) {
		$this->app = $app;

		$this->model = $app->config->get('auth.model', 'Model\\Auth');
	}

	/**
	 *  Get model by modelName
	 *
	 *  @return Chestnut\Database\Nut\Model
	 */
	public function getModel() {
		return new $this->model;
	}

	/**
	 *  Login
	 *
	 *  @param  string  $account
	 *  @param  string  $password
	 *  @param  boolean $remember
	 *
	 *  @return mixed
	 */
	public function login($account, $password, $remember = false) {
		if ($auth = $this->getModel()
			->where('user_name', $account)
			->orWhere('wx', $account)
			->orWhere('weibo', $account)
			->orWhere('qq', $account)
			->orWhere('phone', $account)
			->orWhere('email', $account)
			->first()) {
			if (password_verify($password, $auth->password) || in_array($password, session_flash('oauth_token'))) {
				$this->boot($auth);

				$this->remember = $remember;

				return CHESTNUT_AUTH_LOGIN_SUCCESS;
			}

			return CHESTNUT_AUTH_WRONG_PASSWORD;
		}

		return CHESTNUT_AUTH_ACCOUNT_NOT_FOUND;
	}

	/**
	 *  Check auth status
	 *
	 *  @return boolean
	 */
	public function check() {
		if ($this->isLogged()) {
			return true;
		}

		$token = $this->app->cookie->get('chestnut_token');
		$key = $this->app->config->get('app.app_key');

		try {
			$token = JWT::decode($token, $key, ["HS256"]);
		} catch (ExpiredException $exp) {
			return false;
		} catch (\UnexpectedValueException $uve) {
			return false;
		}

		if (
			$token->iss !== $this->app->config->get('app.domain')
			&& $token->aud !== $this->app->config->get('app.domain')
		) {
			return false;
		}

		if ($token->nbf > time()) {
			return false;
		}

		$this->boot($token->uid);

		return true;
	}

	/**
	 *  Boot auth
	 *
	 *  @param  mixed $auth
	 *
	 *  @return void
	 */
	public function boot($auth) {
		if (is_numeric($auth)) {
			$auth = $this->getModel()->find($auth);
		}

		$this->auth = $auth;
	}

	/**
	 *  Determine auth has given permission
	 *
	 *  @param  string  $permission
	 *
	 *  @return boolean
	 */
	public function hasPermission($permission) {
		if (is_null($this->auth)) {
			return false;
		}

		if (in_array('all', $this->auth->permissions)) {
			return true;
		}

		return in_array($permission, $this->auth->permissions);
	}

	/**
	 *  Generate json web token
	 *
	 *  @return string
	 */
	public function generateJWT() {
		$key = $this->app->config->get('app.app_key');

		$token = [
			'iss' => $this->app->config->get('app.domain'),
			'aud' => $this->app->config->get('app.domain'),
			'iat' => time(),
			'nbf' => time(),
			'exp' => $this->remember ? time() + 604800 : time() + 86400,
			'uid' => $this->auth->id,
		];

		return JWT::encode($token, $key);
	}

	/**
	 *  Determine auth is logged
	 *
	 *  @return boolean
	 */
	public function isLogged() {
		return isset($this->auth);
	}

	public function __call($method, $parameters) {
		return call_user_func_array([$this->auth, $method], $parameters);
	}

	public function __get($key) {
		return $this->auth->$key;
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Anvil Chorus
Coro di Zingari (3:06)
Courtesy of Musopen
The Anvil Chorus is the English name for the Coro di Zingari[1] (Italian for "Gypsy chorus"), a chorus from act 2, scene 1 of Giuseppe Verdi's 1853 opera Il trovatore. It depicts Spanish Gypsies striking their anvils at dawn – hence its English name – and singing the praises of hard work, good wine, and Gypsy women. The piece is also commonly known by its opening words, "Vedi! Le fosche".
Italian libretto and poetic English adaptation[edit]
Zingari e zingare:
—Vedi! Le fosche notturne spoglie
—De' cieli sveste l'immensa volta;
—Sembra una vedova che alfin si toglie
—i bruni panni ond'era involta.
—All'opra! all'opra!
—Dàgli, martella.
—Chi del gitano i giorni abbella?
—La zingarella!
Uomini:
—Versami un tratto; lena e coraggio
—Il corpo e l'anima traggon dal bere.
—Oh guarda, guarda! del sole un raggio
—Brilla più vivido nel mio [tuo] bicchiere!
—All'opra, all'opra!
—La zingarella![2]
Gypsy men and women:
—See how the clouds melt away
—from the face of the sky when the sun shines, its brightness beaming;
—just as a widow, discarding her black robes,
—shows all her beauty in brilliance gleaming.
—So, to work now!
—Lift up your hammers!
—Who turns the Gypsy's day from gloom to brightest sunshine?
—His lovely Gypsy maid!
—Fill up the goblets! New strength and courage
—flow from lusty wine to soul and body.
—See how the rays of the sun play and sparkle
—and give to our wine gay new splendor.
Other uses[edit]
Thomas Baker wrote Il Trovatore Quadrille (1855) for piano, which includes a movement based on this chorus.[3] Similarly, pianist/composer Charles Grobe wrote variations on the Anvil Chorus for piano in 1857.[4] A swing jazz arrangement by Jerry Gray for the Glenn Miller Orchestra in 1941 reached #3 on the U.S. Billboard charts.[5] The melodic theme also served as the inspiration for "Rockin' the Anvil" for swing jazz ensemble and accordion on John Serry Sr.'s 1956 album Squeeze Play.
The tune of the chorus was closely parodied in "The Burglar's Chorus" in Gilbert and Sullivan's 1879 comic opera The Pirates of Penzance, and soon after became a popular song with the lyrics Hail, Hail, the Gang's All Here.[6]
^ The Ricordi score uses the title "Coro di Zingari", not "degli Zingari", on p. 100 of its score.
^ Italian and English text
^ Il Trovatore Quadrille by Thomas Baker: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
^ Anvil Chorus, Op. 910, by Charles Grobe: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
^ "Billboard Magazine (USA) Weekly Single Charts For 1941". Hits of All Decades. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
^ Richard Taruskin (14 August 2006). "12". Music in the Nineteenth Century: The Oxford History of Western Music. Oxford University Press. pp. 596–597. ISBN 978-0-19-979602-1. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
Opera portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anvil_Chorus&oldid=865412195"
Opera excerpts
1853 compositions
Compositions by Giuseppe Verdi
Choral compositions
Works with IMSLP links
This page was last edited on 23 October 2018, at 19:47 (UTC).


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People come and go. We lose people even when we think everything is going well in life. Some cope up with it. And some write letters to their lost lovers.
Or should I call you my ex?
It's been exactly 24 hours of our break up. Or I should say mine, since it was not mutual. I don't know why I still want to communicate with you. It hurts though. Staying away from you and now you have added to this distance. Do you think I can ever cross this? All hopes are lost, the feeling that you'd ever come back is gone. The morning was so dull. It was hard to grasp onto reality. But time passed. Yet it stopped at this moment, when I was in the shower and you had called to end things. Wish I hadn't picked up that call. Wish I hadn't said stuff I said the night before.
Maybe we could have lasted another month or so?
I stayed under the shower for long today and cried. Cried so hard and yet not a sob could be heard. Nobody could listen to what I was going through.
I wish I did this with you too. Not tell you my problems, not let you listen to me cry. Not be dependent on you.
I always found letters to be the best form of communication. It could take a day or two to reach you. And my emotions are out in the light too. And I don't have to be in direct contact of you, which I so wish we did, stay in direct contact that is. All this wouldn't have happened. It tears me up, to even think of all those perfect moments we shared with each other whenever we could meet. That is the kind of love everyone craves for and we had it. Why did we have to throw it away?
Distance makes the heart grow fonder they said. When did it turn to contempt?
There are so many things I wish I could change. Including this break up. And all the wrong things we said to each other. All the misunderstandings. All the warped perceptions about each other.
It's not your fault. You did what you did was right. For the both of us. Because the decision couldn't be taken by me. I would have dragged this relationship into the dumps, trying to save it every time.
Maybe we actually weren't supposed to be together. We did defy all the odds and all the stars though. Nature had to come back at us. But why is that only one of us is severely wounded?
This heartbreak is worse. Everything pains. I really hope nobody ever has to go through this ever.
Maybe I wasn't the best lover you could ever get.


text:
Händelser
1 januari – Danmark övertar ordförandeskapet i Europeiska unionens råd.
1 mars – Sauli Väinämö Niinistö efterträder Tarja Halonen som Finlands president.
6 april – Azawad utropar sig självständigt.
1 juli – Cypern övertar ordförandeskapet i Europeiska unionens råd.
6 december - Enrique Peña Nieto tillträder som Mexikos president.

Val och folkomröstningar
22 januari och 5 februari – Sauli Niinistö väljs till president i Finland.
Februari – Grekland går till parlamentsval.
4 mars – Vladimir Putin väljs till president i Ryssland.
22 april – François Hollande väljs om som president i Frankrike.
6 & 20 maj – Tomislav Nikolić väljs till president i Serbien.
30 juni – Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson väljs om som president på Island.
6 november
Demokraten Barack Obama väljs om som president i USA.
Vid en folkomröstning i Puerto Rico säger 45% av de deltagande ja till att bli en delstat i USA.

Organisationshändelser
6 januari – Jonas Sjöstedt väljs till ny partiledare för Vänsterpartiet efter Lars Ohly.
21 januari – De svenska Socialdemokraternas partiledare Håkan Juholt avgår efter knappt tio månader på posten.
27 januari – Stefan Löfven väljs till ny partiledare för Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti.

Avlidna
1 januari – Kiro Gligorov, Makedoniens förste president 1991–1999.
9 januari – Malam Bacai Sanhá, Guinea-Bissaus president 1999–2000 och 2009–2012.
13 januari – Rauf Denktaş, Nordcyperns förste president 1985–2005.
3 februari – Wilhelm Wachtmeister, 88, svensk diplomat, ambassadör i Washington 1974–1989.

Referenser

Fotnoter

Externa länkar

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Two explosions injured several near the race's finish line on April 15.
Medical workers wheel the injured across the finish line during the 2013 Boston Marathon following explosions, Monday, April 15, 2013.
In this image from video provided by WBZ TV, spectators and runners run from what was described as twin explosions that shook the finish line of the Boston Marathon.
Medical workers aid injured people at the finish line of the 2013 Boston Marathon following explosions.
A Boston police officer clears Boylston Street following explosions at the finish line of the 2013 Boston Marathon.
Police clear an area after explosions rock the area near the finish line of the Boston Marathon.
President Barack Obama talks on the phone with FBI Director Robert Mueller to receive an update on the explosions that occurred in Boston, in the Oval Office, April 15, 2013.
Speaker John Boehner speaks to the president around 5:30 on Monday, April 15, about the tragedy in Boston.
People react to an explosion at the 2013 Boston Marathon in Boston, Monday, April 15, 2013.
Police officers react to a second explosion at the finish line of the Boston Marathon in Boston on April 15.
Pennsylvania Avenue is closed in front of the White House in wake of the bombing attacks at the Boston Marathon on April 15.
President Barack Obama leaves the podium after speaking in the James Brady Press Briefing Room at the White House in Washington, on April 15, following the explosions at the Boston Marathon.
Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis speaks as Massachusetts Gov. Deval Patrick listens (second from left) at a news conference in Boston April 15.
Massachusetts Gov. Deval Patrick speaks at a news conference in Boston April 15.
President Obama ordered flags lowered to half-staff at the White House and federal buildings across the nation April 16 in honor of the victims of the Boston Marathon bombings.


So, Alex is in a robotics club and today was the first day of strategy meetings for regional competitions. Today was the first day of many and even though I am not in the club, I have just had a small taste of how hectic, busy and robotically absorbed our lives are going to be. It's really cool stuff and I actually loved hanging out and checking in. But, um, wasn't I supposedly doing something else today?
I so totally blew that off... the whole thing where I was going to come clean with projects and cleaning, post about it and show the process. My bad. Ah, but not all bad. If you want to see how the process was supposed to work, then I suggest you visit "Infinity More Monkeys" and see a successful version of what I had hoped to accomplish today.
And now I am going to talk Geek with my guys and see what's up for tomorrow. My plan is to go with the flow.
I'd have that 'deer in the headlights' look if any one talks robotics or computer tech. I don't know how you do it, but WOW!
Hmmm, ummm, ahhh, not true......I don't care who you are THAT'S FUNNY!
Sigh. Now I just need to stop sitting here, basking in the beauty of a relatively clean room, and take the show on the road; the rest of the house could use the once over, twice, as well.
Never ends. Is the robotics club part of the Lego competitions? Dean and Ken recently went to observe a local meet and were mighty impressed.


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Home Blog Domestic Violence Domestic Violence Conviction: You Just Lost Your Right to Own a Firearm
Domestic Violence Conviction: You Just Lost Your Right to Own a Firearm
by Joel Mann
August 25, 2016 | Domestic Violence
Domestic violence charges can be devastating and embarrassing both personally and professionally. Often an accused will do anything to make these criminal charges go away even if he or she is innocent. As a result, many individuals charged of domestic violence will plead guilty without realizing all the rights he or she is relinquishing.
In a recent United States Supreme Court decision, Voisine v. United States, the Court ruled individuals convicted of a misdemeanor domestic violence charge, cannot own or possess a firearm under U.S.C. §922(g)(9). It is immaterial whether the conduct that led to the domestic violence charge involved a firearm.
1 Domestic Violence and Firearm Debate in the United States
2 Supreme Court Rules Individuals Convicted of Domestic Violence Lose Gun Rights
3 Domestic Violence Law in Nevada
Domestic Violence and Firearm Debate in the United States
In a 6-2 decision, the Supreme Court decided in Voisine an individual convicted of misdemeanor domestic violence loses the right to own or possess a firearm regardless of whether the conduct was considered reckless or intentional under the applicable state law.
Whether an individual should lose gun rights for a misdemeanor domestic violence conviction has been long debated in the United States. In 2014 the United States Supreme Court ruled in U.S. v. Castleman 134 S. Ct. 1405, 1409 (2014) that an individual loses his or her gun rights following a conviction for domestic violence if the conduct was intentional. However, it remained unsettled whether an individual should lose gun rights for unintentional, yet reckless domestic violence offense.
The petitioners in Voisine were both convicted of domestic violence under Maine Criminal Code § 207. Maine Criminal Code § 207 defines assault as "… intentionally, knowingly or recklessly causes bodily injury or offensive physical contact to another person".
Because the statute is divisible, meaning an individual can be convicted of domestic violence for intentional or reckless conduct, the petitioners asserted the conduct leading to the domestic violence conviction was reckless and should not be considered a violation of U.S.C. §922(g)(9).
Under U.S.C. §922(g)(9) "it is unlawful for any person who has been convicted in any court of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence to… possess in or affecting commerce, any firearm or ammunition; or to receive any firearm or ammunition which has been shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce".
Supreme Court Rules Individuals Convicted of Domestic Violence Lose Gun Rights
In the majority opinion, Justice Kagan asserted an individual should lose his or her gun rights for both intentional and reckless domestic violence offenses. In the opinion, Justice Kagan distinguishes the difference between reckless and accidental conduct. She states an individual who accidentally drops a plate near his or her family member and causes injury is different from the individual who hurls the plate at his or her family member.
Specifically, she stated "That hurt counts as a "use" of force even if the husband did not know for certain (or have as an object), but only recognized a substantial risk, that a shard from the plate would ricochet and injure his wife."
Because of the active employment of force during reckless conduct and conscious disregard of the substantial risk of causing harm, an individual is precluded from gun ownership under U.S.C. §922(g)(9).
Domestic Violence Law in Nevada
Under Nevada law, there is a wide array of conduct which constitutes domestic violence. An individual may be convicted of domestic violence under NRS 33.018 for engaging in the following criminal acts against a relative or person with whom he or she is in a dating relationship:
Destruction of private property
Unlawful entry to the other person's residence
The following persons are considered a family member:
Spouse or former spouse
Blood Relatives (children, parents, siblings, cousins, aunts, uncles, grandparents, etc.)
Relatives by marriage (step-parents, step-siblings, step-children etc.)
Other person with whom the person is residing
Other person with whom the person is having a dating relationship
Other person with whom the person has a child in common
The term "dating relationship" means frequent, intimate associations primarily characterized by the expectation of affectional or sexual involvement. The term does not include a casual relationship or an ordinary association between persons in a business or social context.
A conviction for domestic violence under Nevada law can result in the loss of the right to own or possess a firearm in addition to restraining orders or jail time. It is important to consult an experienced Las Vegas criminal defense attorney to increase your chances of retaining your constitutional rights.
Joel Mann is an experienced Clark County criminal defense attorney with over 18 years of experience defending individuals facing the toughest criminal charges, including domestic violence, battery causing substantial bodily harm, battery domestic violence, and battery domestic violence with strangulation.
Contact Joel Mann of the Law Office of Joel M. Mann at (702) 474-6266 to schedule an initial consultation. The Law Office of Joel M. Mann strongly defends individuals throughout Clark County, including Las Vegas, Henderson, Boulder City, Mesquite, and surrounding areas.
Domestic Violence & Firearms – Visit the Smart Gun Laws website to read about the dangers of guns in the hands of domestic abusers, along with summaries of state and federal laws concerning firearm possession.
Domestic Abusers Owning Guns – Read more about why domestic abusers frequently get to keep their guns
Safe Nest – Read more about how Safe Nest is Nevada's largest and most comprehensive charity devoted solely to domestic violence issues.
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Nevada's unemployment rate has reached over 13% – the highest in the state's history. In the midst of record-high unemployment rates, the job market is even more cutthroat than usual. In this competitive job market, you may find yourself at a disadvantage if you have a criminal conviction on your…
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Tag Archives: Birmingham Black Barons
The First Jackie Robinson All-Stars
The above advertisement is from the first, and least successful, of Jackie Robinson's post season barnstorming tours.
In August of 1946, The Pittsburgh Courier said, "Jackie Robinson's All-Stars" would play in several Eastern and Midwest cities after the Montreal Royals' season ended.
The tour got off to bad start because the promoters—said to be from Pittsburgh, but never named in newspaper accounts—scheduled games to begin at the close of the International League season, failing to take into account that Robinson and Montreal would be playing in the Little World Series against the Louisville Colonels, the American Association champions. East Coast games, including one at the Polo Grounds and one in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania were cancelled as a result.
After Robinson's season ended, his "All-Stars" made up the game in Harrisburg and then played a handful of games in the Midwest before heading to California.
The All-Stars included Artie Wilson of the Birmingham Black Barons, John Scott of the Kansas City Monarchs. Ernie Smith, a one-time member of the Chicago American Giants, who played in 1946 with the Boston Blues in Branch Rickey's U.S. Baseball League, and Bill "Wee Willie" Pope of the Pittsburgh Crawfords.
Wee Willie Pope
Robinson's All-Stars did not win a game in California. They lost three games to Bob Feller's All-Stars—a team which included Bob Lemon, Stan Musial, Charlie Keller, Ken Keltner and Phil Rizzuto. Feller's club won 6 to 0 in San Francisco, 4 to 2 in San Diego, and 4 to 3 in Los Angeles. Feller pitched five innings each in the San Diego and Los Angeles games—striking out 11 in the first game, and 10 in the second (he left that game having not allowed a hit through five innings).
One of those games was the impetus of the long-term animosity between Robinson and Feller that came to a head before the 1969 All-Star game. At a press luncheon, Robinson noted the lack of black managers and front office personnel in major league baseball. Feller criticized Robinson saying "The trouble with Jackie is that he thinks baseball owes him something." Feller told The Associated Press (AP) the bad feelings between the two started during the San Diego game on the 1946 tour:
"Jackie was getting a lot of publicity at the time since it was known he was being groomed to be the first Negro in big league baseball (and) threatened not to go on the field unless he got more money."
Robinson told The AP Feller's charge was "A damned lie."
In 1975, Feller told The AP they "buried the hatchet," before Robinson died in 1972:
"We discovered that out arguments were petty. Both of us admitted our errors. When Jackie died, we were good friends."
Others claimed Feller never let the feud go.
The advertisement above is for the final game Robinson's All-Stars played. They faced the Oakland Larks, the champions of Abe Saperstein's short-lived West Coast Negro Baseball Association (Negro Pacific Coast League) who posted a 14-3 record—the team barnstormed after the league folded and claimed a 56-12 record for all games played that season.
The teams played at San Bernardino's Perris Hill Park; Robinson played center field. The San Bernardino County Sun said he made "two stellar catches," and was 3 for 4 with a double. Despite Robinson's efforts, the Larks won 8 to 5.
After Robinson's final game with the All-Stars, he wasn't quite finished for the year. He joined the Los Angeles Red Devils, an integrated professional basketball team –three other well-known baseball players were members of the Red Devils: George Crowe, Irv Noren, and Everett "Ziggy" Marcel (the son of Oliver Marcelle).
Robinson's brief professional basketball career ended in January of 1947.
Tags: Abe Saperstein, American Association, Artie Wilson, Birmingham Black Barons, Bob Feller, Bob Lemon, Boston Blues, Branch Rickey, Charlie Keller, Chicago American Giants, Ernie Smith, George Crowe, International League, Irv Noren, Jackie Robinson, Kansas City Monarchs, Ken Keltner, Little World Series, Los Angeles Red Devils, Louisville Colonels, Montreal Royals, Negro Pacific Coast League, Oakland Larks, Oliver Marcelle, Phil Rizzuto, Pittsburgh Crawfords, Polo Grounds, Stan Musial, West Coast Negro Baseball Association, Ziggy Marcel
Lost Advertisements–"Fast Games–League Stuff"
Above are two advertisements for a six-game, three town series between The New Orleans Black Pelicans and the Monroe Monarchs in 1931 Both teams were members of the Louisiana-Texas Colored League.
After single games in Bastrop and Tallulah, the clubs played four games, including a Sunday doubleheader at Monroe's Casino Park. The ad for the two games in the smaller towns promised "Fast Games–League Stuff," and "An opportunity for these towns to witness regular league games."
Both advertisements said that "Black Diamond" would be on the mound for the Pelicans.
Pitcher Robert Pipkin was so popular in his native state in the early 1930s that he was more often referred to by the nickname "Black Diamond" than his actual name–which was just as often misspelled Pipkins or Pipken or Pipkens. The Chicago Defender said the left-hander was six-feet tall and weighed 180 pounds.
Typical of Negro League players of the era, Pipkin played for at least a dozen professional and semi-pro teams from 1928-1942. With the exception one season with the Cleveland Cubs (1931), he spent his entire career in the south. In addition to the Pelicans, he played for the Birmingham Black Barons, the Houston Black Buffaloes and local New Orleans clubs like the Flinkote Giants and the Dr. Nut Algiers Giants.
While he had a somewhat mythic reputation in Louisiana, even in the white press–The Monroe Morning World called him "One of the greatest Negro hurlers in the entire country"–he was generally unknown in the North.
The note at the bottom of the advertisement for the three games in Monroe is a reflection of the times in Louisiana:
"Separate Accommodations for White People
"Separate entrance in charge of white official; also separate section in grandstand as well as special parking grounds with watchman in charge."
Tags: Birmingham Black Barons, Casino Park, Cleveland Cubs, Flinkote Giants, Houston Black Buffalos, Louisiana-Texas Colored League, Monroe Monarchs, New Orleans Black Pelicans, Robert Pipkin
Nath McClinic—Negro Leaguer, Southern Lawman
Nathaniel "Nath" McClinic (often incorrectly referred to as "Nat") was humble about his abilities. Every Negro League contemporary of McClinic I had the opportunity to speak with over the years described him as being one of the best centerfielders of the post-integration era Negro Leagues, possessing great speed and an excellent arm.
McClinic would simply say "I could run and throw, but I couldn't hit the curveball."
Born in Georgia in 1924, McClinic served in the Army on Iwo Jima and led the Army baseball team to island championships before his discharge in 1946.
Nathaniel "Nath" McClinic
Upon his return from the service, McClinic and fellow Georgian Earnest Long were signed by the Chattanooga Choo Choo's in the Negro Southern League. McClinic also spent time with the Cleveland Buckeyes and Birmingham Black Barons in the Negro American League. The only official records for McClinic are two at bats with no hits for Cleveland in 1948.
McClinic settled in Rome, Georgia after his professional career, managing and playing for the Lindale Dragons in the semi-pro Georgia Negro State League—also called the Josh Gibson League—Lindale was one of the best semi-pro clubs in the south throughout the late forties and early fifties, and had great success against local white teams.
In 1965 McClinic became the first African-American police officer in Floyd County Georgia, a year later he became the first African American graduate of the Georgia State Police Academy.
McClinic often told the story of one of his first arrests after joining the force. He and the only other African-American officer arrested a white man for public intoxication. Upon bringing the man to the police station, McClinic was told, "Don't ever arrest a white man, regardless of what you see him doing." Later that year a new police chief was appointed and the order was rescinded.
McClinic served as an officer and investigator for the next twenty years, retiring in 1986.
Nath McClinic
After his retirement, McClinic was a regular attendee at Negro League reunions and was honored in Cooperstown in 1991 as one of the "Living Legends of the Negro Leagues."
McClinic passed away April 3, 2004, in Rome, Georgia.
Tags: Birmingham Black Barons, Chatanooga Choo Choo's, Cleveland Buckeyes, Nath McClinic, Negro American League, Negro Southern League


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Our Opinion: Trump joke or not, school censorship's no laughing matter
A Wilson Times Co. editorial
President Donald Trump is in the thick of yet another high school free speech controversy.
A North Surry High School student made a joke about Trump during an improv club meeting on Wednesday, …
President Donald Trump gestures to people cheering him across the tarmac as he, arrives on Air Force One with first lady Melania Trump and their son Barron Trump at Palm Beach International Airport, in West Palm Beach, Fla., Friday, March 23, 2018. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster)
Posted Friday, November 15, 2019 8:32 pm
A North Surry High School student made a joke about Trump during an improv club meeting on Wednesday, according to media reports. School officials call the joke "inappropriate" and "in poor taste" but won't say why. An entire school district is scrambling to distance itself from the gag and the Surry County Sheriff's Office is conducting a full-blown investigation.
While a First Amendment analysis is difficult without knowing exactly what was said, context clues suggest sweeping overreaction and a rush to unlawful government censorship, making this case similar to other North Carolina public school dust-ups over the 45th president.
For starters, why are sheriff's deputies investigating a high-schooler's improv act? Surry County Schools has consistently used the word "joke" to describe the student's words. If the ad-libbed line was perceived as a threat, the U.S. Secret Service would be involved. Threatening the president is a federal crime, and county sheriffs don't have jurisdiction in such matters. If it wasn't a threat, it wasn't illegal.
If the joke was sexually explicit or included vulgar language, it could have broken school rules — but that's a determination for teachers and principals to make. There is no North Carolina law against telling bawdy jokes. The sheriff's office is either in over its head or wading in the shallow waters of noncriminal school discipline where it doesn't belong.
Authorities can't use speech the U.S. Constitution clearly protects as a pretense for investigation because doing so creates a chilling effect that discourages others from speaking. "(G)overnmental inquiry alone trenches upon First Amendment rights," federal District Judge Lawrence Whipple wrote in the 1978 Paton v. LaPrade case.
Equally concerning, the school district has consciously chosen to frame the issue around political speech. Surry County Schools didn't say a student made a lewd joke or a profane joke, it said in a prepared, written statement that, "Regrettably, the performance included an inappropriate joke about the president."
Was the gag "inappropriate" on its own, or was criticizing Trump what made it so?
Public schools can forbid profanity and obscenity, but students retain the expressive core of their First Amendment rights and school rules must be both viewpoint-neutral and content-neutral. Punishing students specifically for engaging in political criticism is unconstitutional and un-American.
"It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate," Justice Abe Fortas wrote in the Supreme Court's landmark Tinker v. Des Moines decision upholding students' right to wear black armbands in protest of the Vietnam War.
People are allowed to make fun of the commander-in-chief. It's North Carolina, not North Korea.
While a young Trump critic is under the government's microscope this week, Trump supporters have found themselves in hot water in at least two of our state's public high schools. Censorship is a threat to the president's fans, not just his foes.
Cheerleaders at North Stanly High were admonished for holding a Trump campaign banner before an Aug. 30 football game. School officials told them they weren't allowed to show support for the president and the North Carolina High School Athletic Association put the entire cheer squad on probation.
The school district and NCHSAA were wrong, and we said so. The punishments were flagrant free speech violations and the sports sanctioning body later lifted its suspension, likely in fear of a swift smackdown in federal court.
In October 2018, Harnett Central High School's principal kicked a student out of the stands and sent him home for wearing a Trump T-shirt to a football game. As media coverage and public pressure intensified, Harnett County Schools reassigned the principal and affirmed students' right to engage in political speech.
The First Amendment isn't easily brushed aside and high school censors are almost always made to regret their heavy-handed haste. Surry County deputies and school officials need to close the book on the improv club kerfuffle, brush up on their constitutional law and — just maybe — learn how to take a joke.


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Veteran Middle School Science Teacher with a fun personality!
My name is Meredith and I LOVE teaching and getting to know students! I taught 7th and 8th grade science for 6 years, 7th grade social studies for 1 year and was the STEM grade level coordinator so I am well versed in the engineering design process. I think science and math are fun and I love to show students how these subjects can be fun. I hit it off really well with 4th-10th graders. I always loved school and I want my students to love it too!


country Albania, is not as touched by this phenomena as our neighbours however, its effects continue to be deeply linked with us. A consistent part of the Albanian population has been living outside of the national boarders for more than a quarter of a century, and in the recent years immigration to the EU has significantly increased. Issues such as the housing practices of asylum seekers in our country, but also phenomena such as Albanian asylum seekers in the EU, unaccompanied minors in Italy, England, and elsewhere are concerning problems which should be analysed and treated with attention and competence.
GUS Albania has been working in depth with these topics. The latest activity that took place in Tirana in this framework was part of the Get Start project. This project, funded by the European Union program – Erasmus Plus, aimed to produce a reflection on the refugee crisis and humanitarian issues that challenge the EU. This activity was attended by 30 international experts working with refugees and migrants as well as NGOs GUS Italy, Antigone Greece, public body AFAD Turkey (Turkish Emergency and Civil Protection Authority).
GUS Albania, during the one-week work in Tirana, introduced the experts and partners to the best experiences in the field of Migration in Albania. Although in a context other than neighbouring countries, Albanian actors in the field of Migration gave integrative practices and models which proved to be extremely interesting for the participants.
At the discussion session with the Asylum Directorate at the Ministry of Internal Affairs and at the National Reception of Asylum Seeker Centre – Babrru, the participating organizations in this project were acquainted with policies for the reception and integration of migrants and refugees in Albania. During a discussion held at the Tirana Migration Directorate, international experts were also introduced with the law concerning asylum seekers and foreigners as well as the practices of the Migration and Border Police.
migration such as UNHCR, RMSA, Trauma and Torture Centre, academics from Wisdom University and others. A detailed description of the foreigner's perception on this issue was discussed at the premises of the Tirana Municipal Council, where experts were welcomed by the deputy chairman and the directors of the Youth and Promotion Directory of the city.
Participating organizations from Italy, Turkey and Greece presented their work in the respective countries and also they exchanged the best experiences that they found more adapting to the contexts of the countries they operate in. Experts jointly analysed the latest developments addressing the challenges and future potential issues.
Get Start started in February 2017 in Ancona, Italy, where partners from Italy, Greece, Turkey and Albania were familiarized with its projects, purposes and objectives. In Thesaloniki, Greece in May 2017, partner organizations and institutions opened training sessions and exchanged their experiences. The project, which included analytical parts from fieldwork, reflected on methodologies and policies for a more efficient management of the migration crises. The projects main focus was on the importance of integration of asylum seekers and migrants, based on universal values of Human Rights.
effective field responses to the migration issues.


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Die Kommuneqarfik Sermersooq ist eine grönländische Kommune mit etwa 24.000 Einwohnern und einer Fläche von 531.900 km². Der Kommunalsitz ist die grönländische Hauptstadt Nuuk.

Lage
Die Kommuneqarfik Sermersooq umfasst sowohl einen südlichen Teil der Westküste Grönlands als auch den gesamten bewohnten Ostteil des Landes. Jenseits der Halbinsel Akia liegt an der Westküste im Norden die Qeqqata Kommunia. Im Süden grenzt die Kommune an der Bucht Alanngorsuaq bzw. am östlich davon verlaufenden Sund Sannerutip Imaa an die Kommune Kujalleq. An der Ostküste verläuft die Grenze zur Kommune Kujalleq durch den Fjord Kangerlussuatsiaq. Im Norden grenzt der Ostteil nördlich von Jameson Land an den Nordost-Grönland-Nationalpark. Somit grenzt sie als einzige an alle anderen Kommunen Grönlands.

Geschichte
Kommuneqarfik Sermersooq wurde am 1. Januar 2009 durch die Zusammenlegung der bisherigen Gemeinden Nuuk, Paamiut, Ivittuut, Ammassalik und Ittoqqortoormiit gegründet. Der Name der Kommune bedeutet übersetzt "wo es eine Kommune mit viel Eis gibt".

Orte
Der Küstenlinie entlang von Westen nach Osten liegen folgende Orte in der Kommuneqarfik Sermersooq:

Politik

Bürgermeister
 2009–2019: Asii Chemnitz Narup (Inuit Ataqatigiit)
 2019–2022: Charlotte Ludvigsen (Inuit Ataqatigiit)
 seit 2022: Avaaraq S. Olsen (Inuit Ataqatigiit)

Kommunalwahlergebnisse

Kommunalrat
Folgende Personen wurden 2021 in den Kommunalrat gewählt:

Grün hinterlegte Abgeordnete gehören der Koalition an.

Wirtschaft
Der wichtigste Wirtschaftssektor in der Kommuneqarfik Sermersooq ist die öffentliche Verwaltung, die sich vor allem in der Hauptstadt Nuuk abspielt. Zahlreiche grönländische Unternehmen haben ihren Sitz in Nuuk.

Die Fischerei spielt im westgrönländischen Teil der Kommune eine geringere Rolle als im Rest des Landes. Es werden vor allem Kabeljau, Heilbutt, Rotbarsch und Seewolf sowie Garnelen und Krabben gefischt. In den 1970er Jahren florierte der Kabeljaufang im Süden der Kommune, die Erträge gingen ab den 1980er Jahren jedoch stark zurück und sorgten für eine Wirtschaftskrise.

In Ostgrönland spielen Jagd und Fischerei eine größere Rolle. Es werden Robben, Eisbären, Moschusochsen, Hasen, Polarfüchse, Wale und Seevögel gejagt.

Der Tourismus spielt eine große Rolle sowohl in West- als auch in Ostgrönland. Nuuk wird häufig für längere Besuche genutzt, während in Ostgrönland häufig Tagestouristen aus Island anreisen.

In der Kommuneqarfik Sermersooq wird in geringem Maße Bergbau betrieben.

Verkehr
Die westgrönländischen Küstenbereiche sind ganzjährig eisfrei, während Ostgrönland von November bis Juli – Ittoqqortoormiit sogar von September bis Juli – wegen der Eisverhältnisse nicht mit dem Schiff erreichbar ist. Es gibt vier kleinere Flughäfen in der Kommune: Nuuk, Paamiut, Kulusuk und Nerlerit Inaat, von wo aus die umliegenden Dörfer und Städte mit Helikoptern angeflogen werden.

Wappen
Das Wappen der Kommune wurde von Tina Windahl Halle entworfen und zeigt das eisbedeckte Meer, einen Inussuk und die Sonne. Die Wellen im Meer und das Eis symbolisieren das Klima der Kommune. Der Inussuk, der von den Inussuit auf der Inselgruppe Nukariit (Tre Brødre) inspiriert ist, symbolisieren die Zusammenarbeit beim Finden des richtigen Wegs. Die Sonne symbolisiert die West- und Ostküste, da die Sonne im Osten auf- und im Westen untergeht.

Städtepartnerschaften
Die Kommuneqarfik Sermersooq ist die einzige Kommune Grönlands, die auf Kommunalebene Partnerschaften hat.
  Aalborg, Dänemark
  Dalvík, Island
  Gentofte, Dänemark
  Herlev, Dänemark
  Kópavogur, Island
  Tromsø, Norwegen

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Sermersooq


The crown jewels of the rosette-forming succulents, easy-care Echeveria come in a rainbow of colors and can be easily found at nurseries. Some of our top picks include rose-colored 'Afterglow', frilly-edged 'Blue Curls', deep purple 'Black Prince', and pearly lavender 'Perle von Nurnberg'. All Echeveria perform splendidly in containers and grow well in garden beds in mild-summer areas.
These primarily low-growing succulents are excellent planted as ground covers, tucked between rocks in walls, and planted to trail over the edges of containers. Chartreuse Sedum 'Angelina' is particularly useful as a bright complement to grey-green Echeveria.
The fleshy rosettes of aeonium come in a rainbow of colors—from lemon yellow (Aeonium 'Sunburst') to deep maroon (Aeonium 'Zwartkp')—and take little water to thrive. With their bold forms and upright growth habit, they're a natural choice for accent plants in garden beds and containers.
From towering tequila-producing blue agave (Agave tequiliana) to ornamental artichoke agave (Agave parriya), there's a reason to find a place for one of these spiny specimens in any garden. Their architectural shapes are particularly stunning silhouetted against walls and hedges. Plant spine-free Agave attenuatta along pathways to avoid being poked.
The fleshy rosettes of most Dudleya varieties are covered by a chalky powder giving them the appearance of being freshly dusted with powdered sugar. To keep the powder from washing off, grow varieties such as Dudleya birttonii in areas sheltered from heavy rain such as on sunny covered patios or on bright windowsills.
Mostly from South Africa, aloes vary widely in form and size from 6-inch miniatures (Aloe 'Blue Elf') to tree varieties (Aloe arborescens). These showy succulents make great accents to Spanish-style and desert gardens.
These South African natives are characterized by forming opposing pairs of fleshy leaves. In spring, many send up spikes of coral bell-shaped flowers. Look for varieties with a mounding growth habit, such as Cotyledon orbiculata 'Pig's Ear, which can be used effectively in garden beds or container designs.
There's more to Crassula than the common Jade Plant (Crassula ovata). This diverse genus from South Africa includes mat-forming types with magenta flowers (Crassula schmidtii) and varieties that grow in braid-like geometric patterns (Crassula mucosa). All thrive with little water and well-draining soil.
The tightly packed rosettes of Sempervivum spread by forming tiny off-shoots from parent rosettes (hence, "hens and chicks"). Many are native to the mountains of Europe and can be more cold-hardy than their Echeveria counterparts. Color and shape vary widely among hybrids, with some forming intricate filaments across each rosettes (Sempervivum arachnoideum 'Cobweb Buttons').
The plump rosettes and mounding growth habit of Graptopetalum give them visual weight in borders and large containers. On rocky slopes and areas without foot traffic, they make excellent ground covers. If plants get too leggy, snap off long-stemmed rosettes and allow to root in dry soil for more plants.
The leaves of Kalanchoe vary from paddle-shaped (Kalanchoe luciae) to ones that resemble fuzzy elephant ears (Kalanchoe beharensis). Most are native to Madagascar and South Africa and grow well in full sun or light shade (in hot summer climates) with little care.
The cylindrical silvery-blue leaves of this low-growing succulent provide year-round interest in mild climates. Add to garden beds for calming swaths of blue or grow in containers in full sun. Most common varieties are Senecio mandraliscae and slightly smaller Senecio serpens.


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This eBook guide teaches you how to defend yourself and your family from the incoming cold that has hurt people all over the nation. The Polar Vortex has struck the United States, and it will continue to bring cold and freezing to people all over the nation. You can try to ignore the problem, but that does not make it go away. In fact, not preparing for the cold is what gets a lot of people killed. Last year, at least 21 people died as a result of the cold. You do NOT want to be one of those people! This ebook guide teaches you to defend yourself against the bitter cold and learn to deal with all of the hazards that accompany bitter cold temperatures. Leon Wilde, author and speaker at survival camps, brings you this book to help you survive the bitter winter temperatures. Don't get caught unawares!
The Arctic hosts a minor, but unique component of global biodiversity in that it contains endemic species and unique ecological processes and adaptations caused by a short growing season, a long and cold winter during which complete darkness reigns for a period which correlates with latitude (with equivalent periods of midnight sun each summer), and sea ice. Although the Arctic has relatively few species, the genetic diversity of many of these species is high, creating a mosaic of distinct populations and subspecies (Groombridge & Jenkins 2000 CAFF 2001). Knowledge of individual species and their distributions is fundamental in all ecological investigations. As biodiversity is lost across the globe (Wall et al. 2001), it becomes urgently important to document what species are present.
Many regions of the world, such as the Indian Subcontinent, the Andes region of South America, Kazakhstan, California, and the American High Plains, rely on melt water from glaciers and heavy winter snows to feed streams and rivers that provide water for irrigation. These high altitude water sources have traditionally been viewed as renewable resources that can be depended upon to provide moisture during the growing season and are then replenished by snow falls during the frigid winters. However, rising temperatures have caused glaciers to shrink or disappear and have been linked to reduced snow pack at high altitudes.
Seasonal cycles of planets are discussed in general terms in Chapter 7. The very low solar radiation received at the distant orbits of Uranus and Neptune leads to extremely cold outer atmospheres, particularly in the case of Neptune. These planets provide an opportunity to examine the novel features of an atmosphere driven by an exceedingly weak trickle of solar energy, supplemented by an equally feeble trickle of heat from the interior. Despite the weak thermal driving, Neptune has by far the strongest winds in the Solar system, as well as a variety of interesting meteorological features. We will not say much about planetary winds, but as in the case of the gas giants, a good understanding of the thermal structure is a prerequisite for any attack on the meteorology.
At the crop-ecosystem level, it is expected that crop yields will be enhanced in the northern regions of the former Soviet Union, Canada and Europe. The cereal-growing belts of North America might shift northwards by several hundred kilometres for every degree Celsius rise in temperature. The predicted yield increases in the higher latitude regions are primarily due to a lengthening of the growing season and the mitigation of negative cold weather effects on plant growth (Parry and Rosenzweig, 1993). Negative effects on crop and livestock productivity are expected in northern middle latitude countries like the USA, Western Europe and most of Canada's currently productive agricultural regions. This is due to a shortening of the growing period caused by increased temperatures and evapotranspiration rates (Tobey et al., 1992 see also Chapter 4).
The climate of Antarctica embraces the most extreme cold conditions found on Earth. Antarctica is cold because the solar radiation is only 16 of that at equatorial regions, and also because of the high average surface elevation of the ice sheet, which in places exceeds 4,000 m. Temperatures as low as -89 C have been recorded at Vostok (Fig. 2.1), and -49 C at the South Pole. However, mean annual air temperatures increase nearer the coast where land is exposed, and in the northernmost areas (-25 C at Mt. Fleming at the head of Wright Dry Valley near the edge of the Polar Plateau, -20 C at Vanda Station in the Dry Valleys, -18 C at McMurdo Station on Ross Island, -15 C at Hallett Station). Further north, in coastal areas of East Antarctica, warmer climates are found (MacNamara 1973 Burton and Campbell 1980). At Davis Station in the Vestfold Hills, mean annual temperature is -10.2 C, while at Molodezhnaya and Casey (Fig. 2.1) similar temperatures to those at Davis Station are experienced.
Quite separate from the effects of temperature on wheat phenology are the effects of temperature extremes. Extreme cold may kill wheat, and late frost induces sterility (Russell and Wilson, 1994). Chilling temperatures (below 5 C) and hot temperatures (above 30 C) at anthesis can damage pollen formation, which in turn reduces grain set and can decrease yield (Dawson and Wardlaw, 1989 Tashiro and Wardlaw, 1990). There is a wide range of susceptibility to these effects among varieties. GEC will probably cause lower yields due to temperature extremes, simply by changing the frequency of temperature extremes over the short periods of particularly sensitive stages of plant development. Tolerance to such conditions will require breeding and selection of better adapted varieties (Acevedo, 1991).
Permafrost microorganisms also tend to be more halotolerant than organisms from the overlying active layer soil (Gilichinsky 2002a Steven et al. 2008a). Microbial survival in extremely cold environments is under the influence of ice formation and, consequently, little biologically available liquid water is present. Therefore, water activity is probably an important factor influencing microbial survival in permafrost (Gunde-Cimerman et al. 2003). In addition, during freezing and the binding of water in ice crystals, ions are expelled and concentrate in the remaining liquid phase (Price 2007). Thus, there may be a connection between halotoler-ance and microbial survival at extremely low temperatures.
At first, environmental concern was about global cooling. The 1960s were, climatologists now believe, the coldest decade of the 20th century, and several winters toward the end of the 1970s and beginning of the 1980s seemed to accelerate the trend. Numerous major magazines, such as Time and Newsweek, ran cover stories proclaiming the possibility of a new ice age, and the sudden rise in the price of home heating oil starting with the Arab Oil Embargo of 1973-74 only increased worries about the Earth growing colder. Staff at the Lamont-Doherty Observatory were asked to comment on global cooling a number of times, but none of their pronouncements on the subject came anywhere close to the importance given to the first major statement about global warming, which came in the summer of 1988.
When scientists think about sea-level rise, therefore, they are contemplating glaciers, rather than icebergs. Glaciers are basically large masses of ice on land. They are created in areas where much more snow falls in the winter than can melt in the summer. Compressed under its own weight over many years, the snow eventually turns into ice.
In Europe, excess winter mortality is especially high in the United Kingdom (75,76). Indeed, relative excess winter mortality in the United Kingdom is approximately twice that in Scandinavian countries (72) and the Russian Federation (77). Social and behavioural adaptation to cold weather plays an important role in preventing winter deaths in high-latitude countries (78). The social or behavioural causes of the large excess mortality in winter in the United Kingdom are not well understood. Seasonal patterns of respiratory infections such as influenza are a significant cause of winter deaths, especially in epidemic years.
While high porosity and low thermal conductivity make snow a protective blanket against extreme cold, this same openness makes it quite permeable to flows of air and water. Snow acts as both a source and a transmitter of water, quickly routing it through to the ground, which then channels much of the water to streams or rivers. Knowledge of the snow melting rate and snow hydrological processes (Marsh, 1990 Bales and Harrington, 1995) allows a more accurate prediction of flooding and of the distribution of water for agriculture and forest growth. Possible increased rainfall and snowmelt as a result of global warming increase the urgency for accurate runoff predictions (Jones, 1996). As well as its hydrological significance, snow acts as a buffer to chemical species transported by wind, rain, and meltwater (Bales etal, 1989 Davis, 1991 Harrington and Bales, 1998).
Typical hydraulic loading rates on a single-stage filter range from 0.4 to 0.6 MG ac-d (0.37 to 0.56 m3 m2-d). If the SS in the influent to the filter will routinely exceed 50 mg L, the hydraulic loading rate should be reduced to 0.2 to 0.4 MG ac-d (0.19 to 0.37 m3 m2-d) to increase the filter run. In cold weather locations, the lower end of the range is recommended during winter operations to avoid the possible need for bed cleaning during the winter months.
12.4.3 .Without adaptive measures, risks to health due to more frequent heatwaves, particularly in central and southern Europe, and flooding, and greater exposure to vector- and food-borne diseases are anticipated to increase 12.3.1.2, 12.6.1 . Some impacts may be positive, as in reduced risk of extreme cold events because of increasing winter temperatures. However, on balance, health risks are very likely to increase 12.4.11 .
The world's oceans also have a major effect on climate. Water has a higher specific heat than land, which means that it is more resistant to changes in temperature than is land. Thus, the fact that the majority of the earth is covered in water helps to keep temperatures stable worldwide. Moreover, the high specific heat of water affects local climates. Regions of land that are close to water tend to have warmer winters and cooler summers. Regions of land that are farther from water tend to have cold winters and hot summers.
Global Change Research Program, the warming projected by climate models over the next several decades suggests increases in rain episodes over frozen ground or rapid snow melting events that can increase flooding. Over the coming century, winter snowfalls and periods of extreme cold will probably decrease. Of major concern for this area are changes in the intensity and frequency of hurricanes.
A band of tundra existed just south of the major ice sheets in North America and Eurasia, at least during the last glaciation, and probably also during previous glacial periods of the Pleistocene. The ice sheets themselves helped create the sort of chilled climatic conditions that favor tundra vegetation. Bitterly cold winds flowed off the ice sheets, creating cold regional climates. When the ice sheets reached their maximum extent during the last glaciation, their outer margins were in the midlatitudes (45-50 N), so during such times, Arctic tundra communities existed much farther south than at any other time.
Northern wetlands and tundra ecosystems exist in the extremely cold desert climate of the Arctic. Yet, they often remain waterlogged during the summer, as the water balance is positive precipitation exceeds evaporation. This combination of factors affects the seasonality and rates of carbon exchange experienced by northern wetlands and tundra (Figure 15.9). Despite extreme cold temperatures during the winter, these ecosystems continue to respire (Vourlitis et al. 2000). Respiration occurs because microbes can remain active and decompose organic matter deep in the soil in unfrozen zones.
In the Southern Ocean, wind-driven upwelling in and south of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current is an essential part of the MOC. The strength of Southern Hemisphere westerlies can affect the strength of this upwelling and may be the major control on the Southern Hemisphere MOC. Atmospheric warming would not easily disrupt the temperature, although it could affect the net upwelling transport (Toggweiler and Samuels, 1995). A weakened southern polar vortex would be associated with an equatorward shift of the storm track and a reduction in intensity of the cyclonic ocean circulations and upwelling. This might affect the ice edge (reduction in ice cover), which would exacerbate the warming and further weaken the polar vortex. However, because of the deep upwelling the impact of the oceanic portion of this feedback would not be as pronounced as if the upwelling had a much shallower source.
Proper control of the ventilation system is important to the maintenance of aerobic conditions at all times and to the minimization of heat loss during cold weather operation. As discussed in Section 19.2.4, the openings on natural draft ventilation systems must be reduced during cold weather operation to reduce airflow and the resulting heat loss. In contrast, openings must be increased as much as possible during more temperate conditions to encourage adequate air-flow.
For example, crops typically grown under certain agroclimatic conditions may face large increases in yield variability due to weather extremes during the growing season. Persistent extremes, such as drought, excessively hot summers, and excessively cold winters may alter the growing season, cause soil erosion, and land degradation. Other factors such as crop diseases and crop pests may be influenced by variable climatic conditions in a specific growing area.
A number of skeptics, however, continue to question the science and oppose policy changes regarding climate change. Some claim that climate change is not taking place at all and that warming is simply a natural cycle of change that is not due to human activity. If Hurricane Katrina forced some skeptics to rethink their assumptions about the severity of the threat, the unusually cold winter in 2006-07 was cited as further evidence of the uncertainty of the problem. A sizable portion of the U.S. population continues to believe that changing human behavior will have no effect on the process whatsoever. Instead, humans must simply adapt to changing circumstances.
Are also influencing stratospheric ozone depletion. In particular, greenhouse gases are expected to enhance radiative cooling of the lower stratosphere and increase stability of the Arctic polar vortex, creating conditions that will further aggravate ozone depletion 6,8 . Recovery from ozone depletion and elevated UV is likely to be slow over the next half century 9 .
Strikes, and then later by learning how to create it at will. Control of fire brought greater protection against cold weather and wild animals, the ability to render raw meat more edible, and the possibility of manipulating the landscape by intentionally burning to improve prospects for game, in effect an early form of wildlife management.
According to the Koppen (Parker, 1972) climate classification system, the most typical climate in the USSR is humid continental, marked by at least some (but sometimes not much) precipitation all year round but with cool summers and cold winters. This type of climate is characteristic for 31 percent of the USSR. By way of comparison, this same type of climate can be found only in small parts of Alaska in the USA. The most typical climate in the USA is humid temperate, characterized by rain all year round with hot summers and mild winters. This type of climate is characteristic for 34 percent of the land area in the USA, but is found in only 0.5 percent of the USSR in an area along the Black Sea coast (Parker, 1972).
The significance of a need for redefinition can be underlined by overall changes in the patterns of death rates from extreme climate events. US death percentages (CSCCC 2007) lean increasingly away from major disaster events towards thermal or first order extremes. In percentages terms for the period 1992-2002, thermoregulatory deaths accounted for 82 of the total 1275 annum extreme cold 53 , heat 28 , flood 9 , lightning 5 , tornado hurricane 5 . Since reductions in death rates is largely a matter of economic development and research and investment, a more sophisticated understanding of first order thermoregulatory processes may have the potential for relatively large net returns.
Hotter temperature extremes and more frequent, more intense, and longer-lasting heat waves are robust projections of the models examined by the IPCC, portending increased heat-related illness and mortality. Growing seasons will also become longer because of earlier spring warming and later fall cooling, but crops will face greater heat stress and associated drought during the growing season. Cold spells will become less frequent, causing fewer deaths and economic losses associated with cold weather.
A distinctive characteristic of the Arctic atmosphere is the surface weather systems associated with a large-scale, cold-cored westerly circumpolar circulation in the middle and upper atmosphere (see Polar Vortex). Cyclones (low atmospheric pressure areas) and anticyclones (high pressure) are embedded in and steered by this flow, and variability in the path of these can radically affect the weather and climate beneath the vortex.
The compilation of composite trans-Atlantic hydrographic sections presented in Figs. 24.2 and 24.3 introduces all principal water masses of the subpolar North Atlantic evolving from their warmest and saltiest state of the mid-to-late 1960s to the extremely cold and fresh phase of 1994 and then to the generally warmer and saltier conditions of the recent years. The differences between the two extreme states have been thoroughly analyzed in several recent publications (Yashayaev 2007a, b Yashayaev et al. 2007a Boessenkool et al. 2006). Here we review and expand those analyses by considering two other trans-Atlantic sections (2001 shown in Figs. 24.2c and 24.3c, and 1962 shown in Fig. 24.14) and by discussing temperature changes.
Grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), a native of the African continent, is grown extensively in the southern Great Plains as a seed crop for animal feed. It is weakly perennial in tropical regions, but is killed by frost at higher latitudes. Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), a weedy relative of cultivated sorghum, is in the U.S. a troublesome weed that overwinters by production of rhizomes, fleshy underground stems capable of winter survival. It may be feasible to convert a tetraploid variety of grain sorghum from an annual to a perennial growth habit by combining in hybrids good grain quality with the ability to produce winter-hardy rhizomes (Piper and Kulakow, 1994). The ease of making this transfer will depend on the number of genes controlling the production of rhizomes and whether or not overwintering ability is genetically associated with poor agronomic characteristics.
The presence of fungi was least investigated in polar glaciers. Filamentous fungi and yeasts were found in the microbial cryoconite holes that probably serve as biological refuges during extreme cold Margesin et al., 2002 Reeve et al., 2002 . Viable filamentous fungi and yeasts have been isolated from 10,000-13,000 years old Greenland ice Ma et al., 1999, 2000 , 12,000 years old Antarctic Vostok ice core sections Christner et al., 2000, 2002 , and even from Antarctic ice layers up to 38,600 years old Abyzov, 1993 . In all these cases the isolated fungi were filamentous and their numbers were low, while viable yeasts of the genera Cryptococcus and Rhodotorula have been found only in the upper, younger ice-sheet horizons and surface layers of ice and snow. The oldest yeasts were isolated from horizons 700-3,250 years old Abyzov, 1993 .
Central Yukon has a sub-Arctic continental climate with long, bitterly cold winters, short mild summers, low relative humidity, and low to moderate precipitation (Table 3). Intrusions of mild air from the Pacific Ocean moderate the climate of the region from the Arctic climate that characterizes northern Yukon 77 . The Dawson Range shares this climate modified by higher elevations. However, higher elevations do not necessarily experience colder temperatures throughout the year. Air temperature decreases with increasing elevation during the summer months but, during the winter, cold air is frequently trapped within the Yukon River Valley and other major valleys causing a temperature inversion 77 . The Dawson Range has a periglacial climate. It is situated within a region of Yukon classified as having extensive discontinuous permafrost 19 . However, the summits of the Dawson Range lie below the regional firn line.
The optimal time for construction also has to be determined. Preferably exposure of frozen soils is to be done during winter. This limits the thermal disturbance caused by the construction activity. In fact, by exposing the foundation to the cold winter temperatures and placing insulation at the end of the winter, initial foundation temperatures can be obtained that are colder than average. In addition, access on frozen terrain is easier than on thawed ground. However, winter construction is tougher on the machinery and workers due to climatic conditions (cold temperatures, snow), the period of sunlight is much shorter, and the construction site or the access route may be located in avalanche zones.
The directional angle that Earth's rotational axis tilts defines, in part, these extreme cold periods and the relatively warm periods the planet experiences. The rare warm period currently being experienced has led to the rise of human civilization on Earth. The complex interaction of orbital variations, solar intensity, and the unprecedented increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere is yet to be fully understood. While humanity cannot control celestial mechanics, it can modify its own behavior when it comes to greenhouse gases emissions.
For example, all of the Laurentian Great Lakes were invaded by alewife. which became the primary forage base for salmonids (Christie 1974). Alewife populations cycle explosively, but may be undergoing a long-term decline due to overstocking of salmonids, a series of cold winters and other factors. In Lake Michigan, effects of the alewife decline are compensated by expansion of the native club populations. Lake Ontario, in contrast, has lost its native club populations and a sustained alewife decline could lead to collapse of the fishery.
The length of the Greenland right whale varies between 12 and 18 m although a whale can reach lengths of 20 m, only a few exceed 18 m. At birth, the length is about 4 m. In general, females are longer than males. After the feeding season the animal has a layer of blubber approximately 60 cm thick, which helps protect against extreme cold, and the average weight of an adult whale is about 75-100 metric tons. The body coloration is black, but there is a white spot on its chin on the lower jaw, and a light spot on the tail and or fluke plates. The skin is smooth. The throat, chest, and belly lack ventral grooves and the back is smooth with no dorsal fin or ridge as other related species have.
The discharge of glacial streams is highly variable, depending on the season, time of day, and cloud cover. Maximum discharges occur during the afternoon on warm, sunny summer days, and minima on cold winter mornings. Beneath or within a glacier, the water flows in tunnels and is generally pressurized during periods of high discharge. In addition to debris washed in from unglaciated highlands adjacent to the glacier, a glacial stream can pick up large amounts of debris along its path at the base of the glacier. For this reason, meltwater streams issuing forth at the snout of a valley glacier or along the margin of an ice sheet are generally laden to transporting capacity with debris.
For the past 600 yr (Fig. 21.7A) the hemispheric picture is dominated by temperatures below the mean of the reference series. A pronounced cold interval appears around ad 1450 and other prolonged cooler intervals are centred around ad 1600, 1700 and between ca. 1800 and 1900. How far does climate data from Iceland mimic this record The data from Stykkisholmur, northwest Iceland (Fig. 21.3), extends back to ad 1820. The winter (J, F, M) and summer (J, J, A) trends (Fig. 21.7C) indicate an interval of both cold winter and summer temperatures centred on ad 1860 followed by a rather dramatic increase in temperatures, led by winter values, starting ca. ad 1900. The correlation between winter and the subsequent summer temperatures is quite evident (r2 0.48) the correlation between the Mann et al. (1999) series and Stykkisholmur is only r2 0.14.
The first studies of the thermocline were motivated by Ellis' (1751) measurements that revealed extremely cold water at depth in the tropical Atlantic. Rumford (1800) speculated that cold currents from polar regions must sustain the low temperatures in low latitudes. Lenz (1845), who first noticed that the depth of the thermocline decreases with decreasing latitude in the tropics (see Fig. 4.4.1a), inferred that there is equatorial upwelling sustained by a pair of thermohaline cells, one in each hemisphere (see Warren, 1981b, for a historical review of this topic). A century later, these ideas are quantified (Robinson and Stommel, 1959 Robinson and Welander, 1963) in a model in which the thermocline depends on a balance between the downward diffusion of heat and the upwelling of cold water.
Glaciers form mainly by the accumulation and compaction of snow, and are deformed by flow under the influence of gravity. When snow falls it is porous, and with time the pore spaces close by precipitation and compaction. When snow first falls, it has a density of about 1 10th that of ice after a year or more the density is transitional between snow and ice, and it is called firn. After several years the ice reaches a density of 0.9 g cm3, and it flows under the force of gravity. At this point glaciers are considered to be metamorphic rocks, composed of the mineral ice.
Chemically perturbed region That region of the polar vortex containing air which has been exposed to PSCs and, in general, contains high abundances of CI,. of darkness every day. polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) These clouds form in the cold temperatures of the lower stratosphere of the winter and early spring polar vortex. Type I PSCs form from the co-condensation of H20 and HN03, while type II PSCs form from the condensation of water vapor. Chemistry necessary for the formation of the ozone hole occurs on the surfaces of these clouds, polar vortex The air mass that is located poleward of the polar night jet. This region is cold (so allows the formation of PSCs) and isolated from mid-latitudes by the strong zonal winds of the polar night jet. potential temperature (theta) The temperature that the parcel would have if it were moved adiabatically to a reference pressure, usually the surface pressure (1000 hPa).
The Arctic climate is characterized by short, cold summers and long, extremely cold winters. It has 24 h of daylight during much of the summer, and darkness during much of the winter. Mean daily temperatures above 0 C occur only during the warmest part of the summer. The range of mean July temperatures is 7-10 C in the southern part of the Arctic and 3-5 C in the northern part. The coldest month is February, with temperatures of -20 to -40 C. Total annual precipitation is generally low (60-160 mm) and occurs mostly as snow.
Strength of the feedbacks is defined by climate system composition (for example, how many elements of the climate system are under consideration), an initial state (for example, the recent climate, or an ice age), and the nature of the relationship among climate variables spanned over spatial and time domains. For example, an atmospheric feedback initiated by surface warming due to an increase in carbon dioxide is different in dry and moist atmospheres the presence of water vapor in the atmosphere increases the strength of the dry atmosphere positive feedback on the surface temperature. Feedbacks initiated in a cloudy and or polluted atmosphere are different from ones initiated in a clear (no clouds) and clean (no aerosols) atmosphere. Feedbacks resulting from a volcano confined to the polar vortex region (or just to one hemisphere) will be different from the feedbacks resulting from a tropical volcano eruption.
Owing to their high heat capacity, steel slag aggregates have been observed to retain heat considerably longer than conventional natural aggregates. The heat retention characteristics of steel slag aggregates can be advantageous in hot mix asphalt repair work in cold weather.
The Barents Region covers approximately 1,347,000 km2 of Arctic and Subarctic areas, and contains these climate types but with differences. The region borders the Northern sea in the west, where the Gulf Stream gives humid and relatively warm winters and cool summers. The northeast of the region borders the Arctic Ocean, and has large areas of permafrost. The inland areas of the region have usually long, cold winters and hot, short summers.
The failure of the winter snows or rains, the spring rains, or even summer showers to come can also be accompanied by weather patterns that are damaging. Warm winter temperatures may trick plants into blossoming as if the warm seasons of the year have arrived. The sudden return of cold weather can then bring freezing temperatures that damage or kill plants that have emerged from a wintertime dormant state.
Global ice melt and sea-level rise are events that scientists are still struggling to understand. One of the most unconventional theories is that the increase in temperatures worldwide could result in a new ice age, rather than in overheating. The logic supporting the concept of a new ice age involves currents. Currents are continuous, directed movements of ocean water. They are caused by a number of factors, including wind and the rotation of the earth. They are also affected by differences in temperature and salinity (or salt content).
Some scientists argue that climate change was the culprit. They point to environmental stresses 12,500 years ago tied to changes in Earth's orbit strong solar radiation that caused hot summers and rapid melting of the great North American ice sheets, weak solar radiation that produced cold winters, and swift northward migration of forest and grassland vegetation into regions from which the ice had melted. One argument was that the grassland habitats favored by many grazing and browsing animals were squeezed out by these coincident and large-scale climatic changes, and that many species became extinct for lack of suitable habitat.