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Brands behaving badly... spells doom
By Tony Walford-08 April 2020 07:30am
'Banking brands will come under the spotlight'
As the world faces its gravest crisis since the second world war and the Great Depression, it is inevitable that our attention will focus on behaviour – of all sorts.
Since the Covid-19 pandemic affects just about everyone, will impact every corner and sector of every economy around the world; and because the disease occupies just about every square inch of newsprint and every minute on virtually every type of media, there's no other story in town and, in developed economies at least, it feels as if we are on some sort of war footing.
And while during the war and the Depression, negative coverage tended to focus on the bad behaviour of individuals or groups (from nations to companies), in our brand-dominated age, the focus in 2020 falls on brands.
Interestingly, earlier on in this developing story, coverage tended to focus on the brands that were doing good things, behaving altruistically.
But as the scale of the crisis has escalated, and the reach of the virus has become universal, and in the "wartime spirit" of "we're all in this together", it is now expected that brands will behave well, acknowledging the depth of the crisis.
So, earlier this week the housebuilder Taylor Wimpey – one of the first construction firms to close down its sites – said it was scrapping annual bonuses and announced that its board were taking a 30% pay cut; and, the same day a number of major banks announced that, following order from the Bank of England they were scrapping shareholder dividends and were thinking of doing the same with bonuses.
Given the crucial role that the banks – who have, in the eyes of a great deal of the public yet to be forgiven for their role in the 2008 crash – are going to play in the coming weeks and months, especially as hundreds of thousands of companies and individuals teeter on the edge of ruin, banking brands will come under the spotlight more than any other brand. Already they have been criticised for being 'too commercial', and I think, as a result of public and governmental pressure, we can see banks becoming less hard-nosed and fulfilling a social function, perhaps even working in the service of the wider public good rather than the demands of stockholders.
Given the scale and reach of the suffering caused by this pandemic, the public – and perhaps governments, particularly if they're looking to get re-elected – aren't going to forget or forgive those brands which transgress, and not just banks either, which brings me neatly onto a fascinating survey – The Trust Barometer, compiled by PR giant Edelman from 12,000 respondents in leading global economies – published this week.
It says that brands' actions during the coronavirus pandemic will have a significant impact on future purchasing behaviour for consumers (as a side note, it will be fascinating to see how followers of certain Premier League football clubs, who have so far made an absolute hash of things during this crisis, react. As every marketing student knows, footy clubs enjoy unrivalled brand loyalty – if they are seen as behaving in a way that goes against current sentiment, such as furloughing ground staff whilst continuing to pay the full salaries of professional footballers, what will happen to their support?).
Already, reveals the Barometer, consumers are demanding that the must change the way they interact and communicate during the Covid-19 crisis, with 65% agreeing with the statement 'How well a brand responds to this crisis will have a huge impact on my likelihood to buy that brand in the future'. When looking at individual country responses, the figure for the UK was 64%, with China (interestingly) way out in front with 88%. One-third of respondents said they had already stopped using a brand that was not acting appropriately in response to the global crisis.
The importance of the role brands could play is reflected in the sentiment that globally 62% of consumers said they did not think their particular country would make it through the crisis without brands playing a "critical role" in the fight against Covid-19.
And, even more importantly, consumers are holding companies to very high standards – the first thing they demand of brands and their owners is for them to 'protect the well-being and financial security of their employees and suppliers, even if it means suffering big financial losses'; with 90% of global respondents supporting this statement and 52% saying brands 'must' do this to earn or keep their trust.
Another vast majority (89%) said brands should shift to producing items that help people meet the new challenges presented by the virus and/or offer free or lower-priced products to health workers and other high-risk individuals. We've already seen this, with formula 1 racing teams and others offering to make ventilators (and working with the NHS to design and provide equipment), companies such as Zara owner Inditex switching to mask and PPE production, Diageo providing 96% ethyl alcohol used in vodka and gin production to the production of hand sanitizer and LVMH, the luxury conglomerate, is switching production from making high-end perfumes to turning out the same. Various take-out food and coffee shops such as Pret were providing free hot drinks and discounted food to NHS staff and Uber are offering free rides and meals to NHS staff, whilst onboarding a significant number of independent restaurants and speeding up payments via Uber Eats.
This is the new normal – it's no longer good enough to be 'great value' or 'good quality', brands now not only have to respond to the crisis in a positive way, but they also have to be seen to be doing so. 90% of respondents expect brands to keep the public fully informed of how they are changing the way they operate in light of the global health crisis.
Brands are warned against being light-hearted in their communication strategies with 57% advising against advertising that is too humorous. The public are entertaining themselves by sharing amusing videos and cartoons on social media, they don't want brands to try to be funny and gatecrash the party. And it would appear they don't want really want brands to connect with them regarding virus-related issues via social media with only 19-31% (depending on platform) wanting communications via Social, compared to 45% via traditional media (TV, newspapers and outdoor) or email (41%).
Unsurprisingly, the most trusted spokespeople are doctors and health authorities (trusted by 78%), but strikingly, brand CEOs and brand ambassadors/experts were still trusted by 44% and 48% respectively, meaning that high ranking directors and marketers have an opportunity to build on and reinforce themselves as trusted advisers (or need to, depending on your point of view).
So, in our new reality, brands should properly contribute to the greater good; not act alone. One of the criticisms of big pharma right now is that the companies are protecting, rather than sharing, their data – data sharing is seen as crucial to developing a breakthrough. Brands need to collaborate and work towards a common goal – we have seen this with supermarkets ensuring specific times kept free for vulnerable shoppers and sharing deliveries and data about stock levels with each other; they should solve, not sell; their marketing messages must be authentic and considered in tone, they must communicate with emotion, compassion and facts.
And what part can marcomms agencies play? I think it will be a crucial one – one of wise counsel as opposed to just being the "people who sell". Agencies need to focus on enhancing their role as protectors of brands. In this way, traditional agencies, which understand brand stories better than anyone (perhaps even more than the brands themselves), who know the power of visual and textual narratives to change behavior and reassure, can claw back some of the ground they have lost to 'in-house' and the big consulting firms.
But that's a subject for a future piece.
Tony Walford is a partner at M&A advisory Green Square
This article is about: World, Coronavirus, Marketing, Marketing Services, Brand


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Ingapirca Archeological Site, Sights, Tourist Attractions
Cañar is located in the southern region of Ecuador and is the location of one the most important historical attractions in Ecuador. Situated just two hours outside of Cañar is the Ingapirca Archeological Site, or as it is also known, the Ingapirca Ruins. The importance of this archeological site is due to its architecture, being constructed from stone that was perfectly shaped by the builders of the time and held together by mortar. It is also a visual educator on the life and culture of the Inca and of the Cañari that once inhabited the ruins. The complexity of the ruins also shows that much planning had gone into the design of the complex and many historical artifacts have been retrieved.
The Ingapirca Archeological Site is made up of a temple, which is known as the Temple of the Sun, storage chambers, observatories and roads, each with it own purpose. The temple is a very fascinating part of the complex and is located in the center of the archeological site. When investigated, it is clear that the temple, which was constructed with thick walls that are four meters in height, was used for rituals and other religious ceremonies. It is also strategically placed, so is could have been used for military purposes as well. It is clear that the chambers that were constructed next to the temple were for the sole use of priests.
Another interesting area of the Ingapirca Archaeological Site is the castle. This building is a perfect example of the architecture that was used by the Inca. Archeologists believe that the castle was used as both a center for sun worshipping and as a fortress. It is complete with storage chambers, patios and even has a bathing area.
The Archeological Museum has a magnificent model of the Ingapirca Ruins on display. This makes it easier for the visitor to understand the outlay of the site and see the different viewpoints of the complex. There are a wide variety of artifacts that were found at the site on display, including beautifully crafted jewelry, handmade textiles and different ceramic items. Evidence of both the Inca and Cañari cultures is visible on the site and it is therefore a historically important attraction in Ecuador, as it is the legacy of Ecuador's pre-Hispanic era.
back to Sights
Ecuador's economy is mainly based on mining, agriculture and fishing. The mining and exporting of oil have played a dominant role in the country's economy since the early 1970's. Recent years have seen Ecuador's economy depend more and more on the export of cocoa and bananas, of which Ecuador is the world's largest exporter and has been for several decades.
If you would like to exchange traveler's checks for Ecuadorian money please visit the exchange houses or any of the banks in the cities. Commission charged for cashing in of traveler's checks ranges from 1% to 4%. Traveler's checks are a great way to bring money into Ecuador as they offer greater security i.e. you can be reimbursed should the checks get lost or stolen.
Arco Capilla Rosario
Carondelet Palace
El Sagrario Chapel
Guayaquil Historical Park
Ingapirca Site
La Merced Church
La Tolita Site
Metropolitan Cathedral Quito
Moorish Clock Tower
Old Cathedral Cuenca
Plaza De San Francisco
San Augustine Monastery
Sanctuary Guapulo
Santa Elena Site

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home News Two taken to the hospital for excessive alcohol consumption in BG
Two taken to the hospital for excessive alcohol consumption in BG
Two Bowling Green State University students were taken to the hospital Friday morning for excessive alcohol consumption.
An 18-year-old woman was taken to the hospital after she was found drunk and covered in vomit.
At 12:09 a.m. Friday, a Bowling Green police officer on patrol downtown spotted a woman sitting on a bench in the 100 block of North Main Street. She was hunched over on the bench covered in vomit, according to the police division report.
There also was vomit on the ground surrounding her feet and on her shoes.
She had the odor of alcoholic beverage on her person, her speech was slurred and she was unable to form coherent sentences, according to the report.
The woman told police she was not in possession of her driver's license but provided a date of birth which put her at 18 years old.
She said she had consumed three cans of Four Loko and taken one shot of liquor.
BG EMS took the woman, identified as Jessica Twaresky, to the hospital.
Twaresky, with a Ridge Street address on the BGSU campus, was cited for underage/under the influence and disorderly conduct/unable to care for self.
At 12:18 a.m. in the same area, police were advised on a man passed out on the sidewalk.
The man was found holding the wall and was bent over vomiting, according to the police report.
The man, identified as Christopher Bertsch, had slurred speech and had difficulty completing sentences. He also swayed while standing and almost fell over multiple times. He had vomit all over his clothing and told police someone had vomited on him.
When asked what he had been drinking, he replied hard liquor.
Bertsch, 19, of Maumee and with a local address on the BGSU campus, was transported to the hospital and was cited for underage consumption.
At 12:46 a.m., an officer observed a man urinating on a building behind 414 E. Wooster St. He was stopped as he tried to walk away.
The officer smelled a strong odor of an alcoholic beverage on the man's breath and he also had heavily slurred speech, his eyes were glassy and blood shot, according to the police report.
Justin Stahorsky, 20, Brunswick, was cited for underage/under the influence and was released to a friend.
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Scratch cookies will melt in your mouth


The Center for Medicare/Medicaid Services (CMS) is finally revising the methodology on how Physicians (and other Professionals) are reimbursed. Historically, the Medicare Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR) formula determined the annual rates. (SGR is how much an organization can grow without borrowing more money, but for this particular situation, it means the yearly cost to care for each Medicare Beneficiary that does not exceed the GDP).
The past "doc fix" included an annual March 1st update (by congress) of the physician fee schedule based on the actual and expected expenditures (target SGR). After repeated years of debate, negotiation and fluctuation, the "doc fix" and was stopped in 2015 with the "permanent doc fix."


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Interview: Lebolt Bolts Digi-Avid for Apple
By Mel Lambert. The news in late June that Dave Lebolt had left Avid to join Apple sent a wave of speculation through the pro-audio industry. Why the move, which follows a recent exodus of staff from the beleaguered company? And what will Lebolt be taking on at Apple? For a generation of DAW users, Lebolt was "Mr. Digidesign." Will he repeat his success with the Cupertino, CA-based computer firm?
By PSN Staff
Dave LeboltBy Mel Lambert.
The news in late June that Dave Lebolt had left Avid to join Apple sent a wave of speculation through the pro-audio industry. Why the move, which follows a recent exodus of staff from the beleaguered company? And what will Lebolt be taking on at Apple? For a generation of DAW users, Lebolt was "Mr. Digidesign." Will he repeat his success with the Cupertino, CA-based computer firm?
Having joined Digidesign/Avid in 1994, Lebolt become general manager, and last year was named EVP and chief technology officer. In this exclusive interview with Pro Sound News, Lebolt discusses some of his immediate interests and the product focus he might bring to Apple.
Regarding his reasons for departing Avid, the technologist is candid: "Basically, I had been with the company for 15 years, and we have accomplished a lot of really cool stuff together." But, he joked, "In tech, if you stay so long with one company, usually you can end up being seen as a 'dinosaur'–or at least not in the loop about what's new. I wanted to move on to a new chapter in my work life.
"One of the main factors was work/life balance. In my CTO position as an emissary for Avid, I was traveling a couple of weeks a month. I want more time at home and ways to approach other interests, like music. And I wanted to get some new challenges that were outside my core focus; I was missing hands-on product development."
What changes can we expect to see within the pro-audio and -video industries during the next five years, PSN wondered?
"The kind of things that come to mind," Lebolt offers, "include different applications for people to do work that evolves over time separately from one another. There are a number of challenges about how to make it simpler for people to solve workflow problems. Within pro-audio and -video–an area that has been close to my heart for a long time–there are [considerations] like metadata handling and how shared workgroups can work together. Or how to extend the integration of high-end systems into the mid- and entry-level, to collaborate over the web with wide-area networks. Open standards will drive customer interoperability. Avid, Apple and other companies have customers that want their [projects] to work together. The days of total islanding are over; that doesn't work very well for customers. That's a good trend to look at together with an overall consolidation in our business. Plus the digital transition in live-sound audio.
"The next stage in the evolution will be to migrate some of these goodies into other segments and make it easier for people to be more productive. An example: Consider the ways that people work in post production or broadcast. There, the Holy Grail is being able to work on changing projects. Project management–sometimes called Change-Conform–is a very common need that has never been solved in a super-elegant way.
"During collaborative music production, it is often hard to hand off projects from one person to another and determine which person owns which piece of it. We need to get working on the next generation of the types of technology Rocket Network pioneered–some of which I helped bring to Digidesign/Avid–to provide community integration between creative people. These are overall challenges that design teams in our industry need to solve. 'Coopetition'–or cooperative competition–is the key; how do companies make it work for their businesses and, at the same time, also help their customers?"
And what are likely to be the breakout technologies of the next several years? "Mobile devices are clearly [important] for both creative work and also review/approval," Lebolt states. "They can also be great for people just fooling around and being creative–little musical instruments, for example. Faster web connectivity can have a profound effect on how people collaborate. Upload speeds are not as high as we'd like…yet. And it also might be about how people get information. There is a big change from traditional [over-the-air , satellite and cable] broadcasting to web-based activity; accessing data quickly is very important.
"IEEE AVB networking–audio/video bridging over Ethernet–is a very interesting, real-time transport mechanism for moving signals. Currently, it's in the middle of coming into being; AVB is not as well known in the video community, but it can change the way people use I/Os for computers; how they move around a large number of audio streams and video signals (instead of using SDI, for example). It will be interesting to see how AVB falls out."
So our available technologies will continue to become more affordable, faster and offer greater creative options? "Yes," Lebolt agrees, "I see it going that way. It is amazing how things have changed in the 15 years I was with Digidesign and Avid; I don't see that entirely slowing down. Look at what's happening with mobile devices and people [developing] AV-oriented applications for them. It is really going to change the way we work!"
Mel Lambert heads up Media&Marketing, a full-service consulting service for pro-audio firms and facilities. www.mediaandmarketing.com
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Want to get your business name out there? Save your samples for your parties. Give goodie bags with candy wrapped with your business printed on them.
Each goodie bag will contain 4 pieces of candy wrapped, 5 hershey kisses 5 lollipops in a cute seasonal goodie bag with your Advertisement and business card.


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Malicious Emails
RepKnight
Unwanted cybercrime awards: Russia tops 'dark web medals' table
By Ashton Young, Wed 28 Feb 2018
They might have had a rough time at the Winter Olympics, but Russia did manage to win something – albeit something they wouldn't want to win.
RepKnight has been delving deep into the dark web to publish an alternative medal table that details the country-specific top level domains (excluding global top level domains .com, .net and .org) that feature most heavily on the dark web.
All up, RepKnight tallied around 7.5 million email addresses posted on the dark web in just one month. 'Global' TLDs such as .com and .net account for nearly two thirds of those credentials identified, but that still means RepKnight found over 2.7 million email credentials on the dark web associated with 'national' TLDs.
RepKnight cybersecurity analyst Patrick Martin says the dark web is a substantial and still growing threat to businesses all over the world.
"While we're not going to be handing out any awards to the 'winners' of our alternative medal table, it certainly offers a clearer picture of which countries are being targeted by cyber criminals," says Martin.
"Organisations need to wake up to the threat of the dark web and do more to step up the security of their data as well as their network."
Russia barely made it to the Winter Olympics after only just being allowed to participate in PyeongChang in the first place. It's more bad news for the country on the dark web as the .re top level domain finished top of RepKnight's alternative table with eight gold medals, three silver and two bronze.
Germany (.de) and France (.fr) both had strong showings in the Winter Olmypics and unfortunately this was reciprocated on the dark web medal table with the nations taking second and third place respectively.
Great Britain (.co.uk) rounded out the top 10 on the dark web medal table, just behind the Czech Republic (.cz) and Italy (.it), and ahead of the US (.us) and Sweden (.se).
Norway as the fourth largest Scandinavian country did exceedingly well in both formats after topping the medals table in South Korea and also stationing its top level domain .no second to last on RepKnight's medal table.
The methodology that RepKnight used to allocate the 'awards' included:
1. Scraped dark web for the sheer number of email addresses for each country participating in the Winter Olympics 2. Ranked the results by the most common domains 3. Assigned the 306 medals up for grabs in the tournament accordingly — gold to the top 102 email domains, silver to 103–204, bronze to 205–306 4. Totalled the number of gold, silver and bronze for each country and ranked countries according to number of gold medals
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"Together, our solutions uniquely solve the challenges of IoT security, from embedding security protections on-chip or at device manufacturing to on-device secure communications and firmware updates once in the field.">>
CrowdStrike ranks #1 for modern endpoint security for second year running
"Endpoint security is mission critical in today's complex landscape, and CrowdStrike has proven time and again that our technology has transformed the approach that modern organisations take to tackle threats.">>


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iRobot Roomba 500 Series SDK
    1.0.0-alpha

A C++ wrapper for the iRobot Roomba 500 Series Open Interface (OI) Specification.

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roomba

series500

oi

OICommand

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roomba::series500::oi::OICommand Class Reference

The Roomba Open Interface (OI) OICommand static class.
 More...

#include <OICommand.h>

Inheritance diagram for roomba::series500::oi::OICommand:

  <map id="roomba::series500::oi::OICommand_map" name="roomba::series500::oi::OICommand_map">
<area href="class_o_i_command___t_c.html" alt="OICommand_TC" shape="rect" coords="0,56,205,80"/>
</map>

Classes

struct  	clock_time_t

 	Time representation for the scheduling methods.  More...

Public Types

enum  	ReturnCode : int8_t {

  SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE = -100,
INVALID_PARAMETER = -10,
INVALID_MODE_FOR_REQUESTED_OPERATION = -2,
OI_NOT_STARTED = -1,

  SUCCESS = 0

 }

 	Return codes.

typedef std::pair< Pitch, uint8_t > 	note_t

 	A musical note is defined by the frequency related pitch and length or duration.  More...

Public Member Functions

ReturnCode 	operator() (const std::vector< uint8_t > &raw_instructions_, const OIMode resulting_mode_=static_cast< OIMode >(-1), const BaudCode resulting_baud_=static_cast< BaudCode >(-1))

 	Direct access to the Open Interface.  More...

OICommand::ReturnCode 	connectToSerialBus (const std::function< size_t(const uint8_t *, const size_t)> fnSerialWrite_, const BaudCode baud_code_=BAUD_115200)

 	Establishes a serial channel with the hardware.  More...

void 	end (void) const

 	Releases control of the Roomba.  More...

ReturnCode 	start (void)

 	Starts the OI.  More...

ReturnCode 	baud (const BaudCode baud_code_)

 	Sets the baud rate in bits per second (bps).  More...

ReturnCode 	control (void)

 	The effect and usage of the Control command are identical to the Safe command.  More...

ReturnCode 	safe (void)

 	Puts the OI into Safe mode.  More...

ReturnCode 	full (void)

 	Puts the OI into Full mode.  More...

ReturnCode 	clean (void)

 	Starts the default cleaning mode.  More...

ReturnCode 	max (void)

 	Starts the Max cleaning mode.  More...

ReturnCode 	spot (void)

 	Starts the Spot cleaning mode.  More...

ReturnCode 	seekDock (void)

 	Sends Roomba to the dock.  More...

ReturnCode 	schedule (const bitmask::Days day_mask_, const clock_time_t *const clock_times_) const

 	Sends Roomba a new schedule.  More...

ReturnCode 	setDayTime (const Day day_, const clock_time_t clock_time_) const

 	Sets Roomba's clock.  More...

ReturnCode 	power (void)

 	Powers down Roomba.  More...

ReturnCode 	drive (const int16_t velocity_, const int16_t radius_) const

 	Controls Roomba's drive wheels.  More...

ReturnCode 	driveDirect (const int16_t left_wheel_velocity_, const int16_t right_wheel_velocity_) const

 	Controls the forward and backward motion of Roomba's drive wheels independently.  More...

ReturnCode 	drivePWM (const int16_t left_wheel_pwm_, const int16_t right_wheel_pwm_) const

 	Controls the raw forward and backward motion of Roomba's drive wheels independently.  More...

ReturnCode 	motors (const bitmask::MotorStates motor_state_mask_) const

 	Controls the forward and backward motion of Roomba's main brush, side brush, and vacuum independently.  More...

ReturnCode 	pwmMotors (const int8_t main_brush_, const int8_t side_brush_, const int8_t vacuum_) const

 	Controls the speed of Roomba's main brush, side brush, and vacuum independently.  More...

ReturnCode 	leds (const bitmask::display::LEDs led_mask_, const uint8_t color_, const uint8_t intensity_) const

 	Controls the LEDs.  More...

ReturnCode 	schedulingLEDs (const bitmask::Days day_mask_, const bitmask::display::SchedulingLEDs led_mask_) const

 	Controls the state of the scheduling LEDs present on the Roomba 560 and 570.  More...

ReturnCode 	digitLEDsRaw (const bitmask::display::DigitN raw_leds_[4]) const

 	Controls the 7 segment displays.  More...

ReturnCode 	digitLEDsASCII (const char ascii_leds_[4]) const

 	Controls the 7 segment displays using ASCII character codes.  More...

ReturnCode 	buttons (const bitmask::Buttons button_mask_) const

 	Push Roomba's buttons.  More...

ReturnCode 	song (const uint8_t song_number_, const std::vector< note_t > &song_) const

 	Specify songs to be played at a later time.  More...

ReturnCode 	play (const uint8_t song_number_) const

 	Select a song to play.  More...

ReturnCode 	sensors (const sensors::PacketId packet_id_) const

 	Request sensor data.  More...

ReturnCode 	queryList (const std::vector< sensors::PacketId > &sensor_list_) const

 	Request list of sensor packets.  More...

ReturnCode 	stream (const std::vector< sensors::PacketId > &sensor_list_) const

 	Start a data stream based on a query list.  More...

ReturnCode 	pauseResumeStream (const bool resume_) const

 	Stop and restart the stream.  More...

Protected Member Functions

ReturnCode 	pollSensors (const command::OpCode opcode_, const std::vector< sensors::PacketId > &sensor_list_) const

 	Core functionality of both queryList() and stream()  More...

Protected Attributes

std::function< size_t(const

uint8_t *, const size_t)> 	_fnSerialWrite

 	A function supplying multi-byte write access to the serial bus.  More...

OIMode 	_oi_mode

 	The operating mode of the Open Interface.  More...

BaudCode 	_baud_code

 	The baud rate associated with the serial bus.  More...

Detailed Description

The Roomba Open Interface (OI) OICommand static class.

The Roomba Open Interface (OI) OICommand is a C++ wrapper for data to be written the serial bus. It provides functionality such as request throttling with respect to baud rate, ensuring full parameter sets are delivered to the underlying serial interface, as well as offering error codes without crashing the system.

Member Typedef Documentation

          typedef std::pair<Pitch, uint8_t> roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::note_t

A musical note is defined by the frequency related pitch and length or duration.

The information is stored in std::pair data structure where the first member represents the pitch and the second represent a scalar to apply to 1/64th of a second (i.e. the value 32 is half a second).

Member Function Documentation

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::baud
          (
          const BaudCode
          baud_code_	)

Sets the baud rate in bits per second (bps).

This command sets the baud rate in bits per second (bps) at which OI commands and data are sent according to the baud code sent in the data byte.

Parameters

[in]	baud_code_

Note

The default baud rate at power up is 115200 bps.

Available in modes: Passive, Safe, or Full.

Return values

SUCCESS

INVALID_PARAMETER

OI_NOT_STARTED

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::buttons
          (
          const bitmask::Buttons
          button_mask_	)
           const

Push Roomba's buttons.

This command lets you push Roomba's buttons.

Parameters

[in]	button_mask_

Note

The buttons will automatically release after 1/6th of a second.

Available in modes: Passive, Safe, or Full.

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::clean
          (
          void
          	)

Starts the default cleaning mode.

Note

Available in modes: Passive, Safe, or Full.

Changes mode to: Passive.

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::connectToSerialBus
          (
          const std::function< size_t(const uint8_t *, const size_t)>
          fnSerialWrite_,

          const BaudCode
          baud_code_ = BAUD_115200

          )

Establishes a serial channel with the hardware.

This method must be called before any other methods of this class. It establishes a serial channel between the Open Interface class and the underlying hardware. The default baud for communicating with the Roomba outside the Open Interface is 115200, if the external microcontroller is unable to communicate at that speed, an alternative baud, 19200, is available. To enable the slower baud on the Roomba you must power-on the Roomba by holding down the clean/power button, or the Roomba can be signaled on the baud rate change line.

Parameters

[in]	fnSerialWrite_	A function that writes to the serial bus at either 115200 or 19200 baud.

[in]	[baud_code_]	The baud rate at which the specified serial function will write to the serial bus (default value: BAUD_115200).

 Non-variable Configuration:

Data bits: 8

Parity: None

Stop bits: 1

Flow Control: None

Warning

If the baud rate of fnSerialWrite is not synchronized to the baud rate of the Roomba, then this class will be unable to communicate with the Roomba's Open Interface.

Return values

SUCCESS

INVALID_PARAMETER

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::control
          (
          void
          	)

The effect and usage of the Control command are identical to the Safe command.

See also

OICommand::safe

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::digitLEDsASCII
          (
          const char
          ascii_leds_[4]	)
           const

Controls the 7 segment displays using ASCII character codes.

This command controls the four 7 segment displays on the Roomba 560 and 570 using ASCII character codes. Because a 7 segment display is not sufficient to display alphabetic characters properly, all characters are an approximation

Parameters

[in]	ascii_leds_	An ASCII char array (valid values range from (32-126).

Note

Available in modes: Safe or Full

Warning

Not all ASCII codes are implemented.

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

INVALID_MODE_FOR_REQUESTED_OPERATION

INVALID_PARAMETER

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::digitLEDsRaw
          (
          const bitmask::display::DigitN
          raw_leds_[4]	)
           const

Controls the 7 segment displays.

This command controls the four 7 segment displays on the Roomba 560 and 570.

Parameters

[in]	raw_leds_	An array representing the four 7 segment display values.

Note

All use red LEDs

Available in modes: Safe or Full.

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

INVALID_MODE_FOR_REQUESTED_OPERATION

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::drive
          (
          const int16_t
          velocity_,

          const int16_t
          radius_

          )
          	 const

Controls Roomba's drive wheels.

This command controls Roomba's drive wheels. A Drive command with a positive velocity and a positive radius makes Roomba drive forward while turning toward the left. A negative radius makes Roomba turn toward the right. Special cases for the radius make Roomba turn in place or drive straight, as specified below. A negative velocity makes Roomba drive backward.

Parameters

[in]	velocity_	(-500 – 500) The average velocity of the drive wheels in millimeters per second (mm/s).

[in]	radius_	(-2000 – 2000) The radius in millimeters at which Roomba will turn. The radius is measured from the center of the turning circle to the center of Roomba.

Special cases

Straight = 32768 (0x8000) or 32767 (0x7FFF)

Turn in place clockwise = -1

Turn in place counter-clockwise = 1

Note

Available in modes: Safe or Full.

Warning

Internal and environmental restrictions may prevent Roomba from accurately carrying out some drive commands.

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

INVALID__MODE__FOR_REQUESTED_OPERATION

INVALID_PARAMETER

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::driveDirect
          (
          const int16_t
          left_wheel_velocity_,

          const int16_t
          right_wheel_velocity_

          )
          	 const

Controls the forward and backward motion of Roomba's drive wheels independently.

This command lets you control the forward and backward motion of Roomba's drive wheels independently. A positive velocity makes that wheel drive forward, while a negative velocity makes it drive backward.

Parameters

[in]	left_wheel_velocity_	(-500 – 500) The velocity of the left wheel in millimeters per second (mm/s).

[in]	right_wheel_velocity_	(-500 – 500) The velocity of the right wheel in millimeters per second (mm/s).

Note

Available in modes: Safe or Full.

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

INVALID_MODE_FOR_REQUESTED_OPERATION

INVALID_PARAMETER

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::drivePWM
          (
          const int16_t
          left_wheel_pwm_,

          const int16_t
          right_wheel_pwm_

          )
          	 const

Controls the raw forward and backward motion of Roomba's drive wheels independently.

This command lets you control the raw forward and backward motion of Roomba's drive wheels independently. A positive PWM makes that wheel drive forward, while a negative PWM makes it drive backward.

Parameters

[in]	left_wheel_pwm_	(-255 – 255) The PWM of the left wheel.

[in]	right_wheel_pwm_	(-255 – 255) The PWM of the right wheel.

Note

Available in modes: Safe or Full.

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

INVALID_MODE_FOR_REQUESTED_OPERATION

INVALID_PARAMETER

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          void roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::end
          (
          void
          	)
           const

Releases control of the Roomba.

This method will set the OI Mode to passive and return the Roomba to its docking station. It will also reinitialize the class member variables to restore it to a clean state.

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::full
          (
          void
          	)

Puts the OI into Full mode.

This command gives you complete control over Roomba by putting the OI into Full mode, and turning off the cliff, wheel-drop and internal charger safety features.

Note

Available in modes: Passive, Safe, or Full.

Changes mode to: Full.

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::leds
          (
          const bitmask::display::LEDs
          led_mask_,

          const uint8_t
          color_,

          const uint8_t
          intensity_

          )
          	 const

Controls the LEDs.

This command controls the LEDs common to all models of Roomba 500. Clean/Power uses a bicolor (red/green) LED. The intensity and color of this LED can be controlled with 8-bit resolution.

Parameters

[in]	led_mask_

[in]	color_	0 = green, 255 = red. Intermediate values are intermediate colors (orange, yellow, etc).

[in]	intensity_	0 = off, 255 = full intensity. Intermediate values are intermediate intensities.

Note

Home and Spot use green LEDs: 0 = off, 1 = on.

Check Robot uses an orange LED.

Debris uses a blue LED.

Available in modes: Safe or Full.

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

INVALID_MODE_FOR_REQUESTED_OPERATION

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::max
          (
          void
          	)

Starts the Max cleaning mode.

Note

Available in modes: Passive, Safe, or Full.

Changes mode to: Passive.

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::motors
          (
          const bitmask::MotorStates
          motor_state_mask_	)
           const

Controls the forward and backward motion of Roomba's main brush, side brush, and vacuum independently.

This command lets you control the forward and backward motion of Roomba's main brush, side brush, and vacuum independently. Motor velocity cannot be controlled with this command, all motors will run at maximum speed when enabled. The main brush and side brush can be run in either direction. The vacuum only runs forward.

Parameters

[in]	motor_state_mask_

Note

Available in modes: Safe or Full.

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

INVALID_MODE_FOR_REQUESTED_OPERATION

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::operator()
          (
          const std::vector< uint8_t > &
          raw_instructions_,

          const OIMode
          resulting_mode_ = static_cast<OIMode>(-1),

          const BaudCode
          resulting_baud_ = static_cast<BaudCode>(-1)

          )

Direct access to the Open Interface.

Direct access sends bytes directly to the Open Interface. Direct access is potentially dangerous, because the parameters are not checked and the device can be left in a "waiting" state.

Parameters

[in]	raw_instructions_	A stream of bytes guaranteed to be a valid command chain by the caller.

[in]	resulting_baud_	The baud rate the Roomba will be using after the execution of the byte stream provided in the data_ parameter.

[in]	[resulting_mode_]	The OI mode the Roomba will be left in after the execution of the byte stream provided in the data_ parameter.

Note

If resulting_mode_ is not provided, then this function will incur the overhead associated with polling the state of the device to restore the current state.

Warning

If resulting_baud_ is given an erroneous value, the OICommand will no longer be able to calculate buffer overrun protection, even if you have synchronized the caller and the Roomba correctly.

If resulting_mode_ is given an erroneous value, the OICommand will be left in an invalid state. At this time the stability and behavior of this class become undefined. If you are unsure, then you

Return values

SUCCESS

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::pauseResumeStream
          (
          const bool
          resume_	)
           const

Stop and restart the stream.

This command lets you stop and restart the steam without clearing the list of requested packets.

Parameters

[in]	resume_	An argument of false stops the stream without clearing the list of requested packets. An argument of true starts the stream using the list of packets last requested.

Note

Available in modes: Passive, Safe, or Full.

See also

OICommand::stream

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::play
          (
          const uint8_t
          song_number_	)
           const

Select a song to play.

This command lets you select a song to play from the songs added to Roomba using the Song command. You must add one or more songs to Roomba using the Song command in order for the Play command to work.

Parameters

[in]	song_number_	(0-4) The number of the song Roomba is to play.

Note

Available in modes: Safe or Full

See also

OICommand::song

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

INVALID_MODE_FOR_REQUESTED_OPERATION

INVALID_PARAMETER

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::pollSensors
          (
          const command::OpCode
          opcode_,

          const std::vector< sensors::PacketId > &
          sensor_list_

          )
          	 const

protected

Core functionality of both queryList() and stream()

Both queryList() and stream() have identical implementations. The only difference is the original Open Interface opcode, which tells the the Roomba to send the data once or until asked not to.

Parameters

[in]	opcode_	Send either QUERY_LIST or STREAM

[in]	sensor_list_	A vector of packet ids

See also

OICommand::queryList

OICommand::stream

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

INVALID_PARAMETER

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::power
          (
          void
          	)

Powers down Roomba.

This command powers down Roomba. The OI can be in Passive, Safe, or Full mode to accept this command.

Note

Available in modes: Passive, Safe, or Full.

Changes mode to: Passive.

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::pwmMotors
          (
          const int8_t
          main_brush_,

          const int8_t
          side_brush_,

          const int8_t
          vacuum_

          )
          	 const

Controls the speed of Roomba's main brush, side brush, and vacuum independently.

This command lets you control the speed of Roomba's main brush, side brush, and vacuum independently. With each parameter, you specify the duty cycle for the low side driver (max 127). Positive speeds turn the motor in its default (cleaning) direction. For example, if you want to control a motor with 25% of battery voltage, choose a duty cycle of 127 * 25% ~ 32.

Parameters

[in]	main_brush_	(-127 – 127)

[in]	side_brush_	(-127 – 127)

[in]	vacuum_	(0 – 127)

Note

The vacuum only runs forward.

The main brush and side brush can be run in either direction.

Default direction for the side brush is counter-clockwise.

Default direction for the main brush/flapper is inward.

Available in modes: Safe or Full.

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

INVALID_MODE_FOR_REQUESTED_OPERATION

INVALID_PARAMETER

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::queryList
          (
          const std::vector< sensors::PacketId > &
          sensor_list_	)
           const

Request list of sensor packets.

This command lets you ask for a list of sensor packets. The result is returned once, as in the Sensors command. The robot returns the packets in the order you specify.

Parameters

[in]	sensor_list_	A vector of packet ids

Note

Available in modes: Passive, Safe, or Full.

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

INVALID_PARAMETER

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::safe
          (
          void
          	)

Puts the OI into Safe mode.

This command puts the OI into Safe mode, enabling user control of Roomba. It turns off all LEDs. The OI can be in Passive, Safe, or Full mode to accept this command.

Note

If a safety condition occurs (see above) Roomba reverts automatically to Passive mode.

Available in modes: Passive, Safe, or Full.

Changes mode to: Safe.

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::schedule
          (
          const bitmask::Days
          day_mask_,

          const clock_time_t *const
          clock_times_

          )
          	 const

Sends Roomba a new schedule.

This command sends Roomba a new schedule. To disable scheduled cleaning, send all 0s.

Parameters

[in]	day_mask_	A bitmask representing the days of the week

[in]	clock_times_	A sparse array of clock_time_t variables following { Sun time, Mon time, ..., Sat time }.

Note

The day_mask variable will determine which days the array elements will be applied to, disabled days will be zero filled.

If a clock_time_t variable contains any values out of range, then the corresponding day will be ignored.

If Roomba's schedule or clock button is pressed, this command will be ignored.

Available in modes: Passive, Safe, or Full.

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::schedulingLEDs
          (
          const bitmask::Days
          day_mask_,

          const bitmask::display::SchedulingLEDs
          led_mask_

          )
          	 const

Controls the state of the scheduling LEDs present on the Roomba 560 and 570.

Parameters

[in]	day_mask_

[in]	led_mask_

Note

All use red LEDs

Available in modes: Safe or Full.

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

INVALID_MODE_FOR_REQUESTED_OPERATION

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::seekDock
          (
          void
          	)

Sends Roomba to the dock.

Note

Available in modes: Passive, Safe, or Full.

Changes mode to: Passive.

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::sensors
          (
          const sensors::PacketId
          packet_id_	)
           const

Request sensor data.

This command requests the OI to send a packet of sensor data bytes. There are 58 different sensor data packets. Each provides a value of a specific sensor or group of sensors.

Parameters

[in]	packet_id_	Identifies which of the 58 sensor data packets should be sent back by the OI.

Note

A value of 100 indicates a packet with all of the sensor data. Values of 0 through 6 and 101 through 107 indicate specific subgroups of the sensor data.

Available in modes: Passive, Safe, or Full.

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

INVALID_PARAMETER

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::setDayTime
          (
          const Day
          day_,

          const clock_time_t
          clock_time_

          )
          	 const

Sets Roomba's clock.

Parameters

[in]	day_

[in]	clock_time_	(hour [0-23] and minute [0-59])

Note

If Roomba's schedule or clock button is pressed, this command will be ignored.

Available in modes: Passive, Safe, or Full.

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

INVALID_PARAMETER

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::song
          (
          const uint8_t
          song_number_,

          const std::vector< note_t > &
          song_

          )
          	 const

Specify songs to be played at a later time.

This command lets you specify up to four songs to the OI that you can play at a later time. Each song is associated with a song number. The Play command uses the song number to identify your song selection. Each song can contain up to sixteen notes. Each note is associated with a note number that uses MIDI note definitions and a duration that is specified in increments of 1/64th of a second.

Parameters

[in]	song_number_	(0-4) The song number associated with the specific song.

[in]	song_	A vector of std::pairs composed of Note and duration.

Note

If you send a second Song command, using the same song number, the old song is overwritten.

Available in modes: Passive, Safe, or Full.

See also

OICommand::play

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

INVALID_PARAMETER

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::spot
          (
          void
          	)

Starts the Spot cleaning mode.

Note

Available in modes: Passive, Safe, or Full.

Changes mode to: Passive.

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::start
          (
          void
          	)

Starts the OI.

You must always send the Start command before sending any other commands to the OI.

Note

Available in modes: Passive, Safe, or Full.

Changes mode to: Passive. Roomba beeps once to acknowledge it is starting from "off" mode.

Return values

SUCCESS

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

          OICommand::ReturnCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::stream
          (
          const std::vector< sensors::PacketId > &
          sensor_list_	)
           const

Start a data stream based on a query list.

This command starts a stream of data packets. The list of packets requested is sent every 15 ms, which is the rate Roomba uses to update data.

Parameters

[in]	sensor_list_	A vector of packet ids

Note

This method of requesting sensor data is best if you are controlling Roomba over a wireless network (which has poor real-time characteristics) with software running on a desktop computer.

Available in modes: Passive, Safe, or Full.

Warning

It is up to you not to request more data than can be sent at the current baud rate in the 15 ms time slot. If more data is requested, the data stream will eventually become corrupted. This can be confirmed by checking the checksum.

See also

OICommand::pauseResumeStream

Return values

SUCCESS

OI_NOT_STARTED

INVALID_PARAMETER

SERIAL_TRANSFER_FAILURE

Member Data Documentation

          BaudCode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::_baud_code

protected

The baud rate associated with the serial bus.

This variable is used to calculate buffer overrun protection.

          std::function<size_t(const uint8_t *, const size_t)> roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::_fnSerialWrite

protected

A function supplying multi-byte write access to the serial bus.

This function is provided from the call to connectToSerialBus() after class has been instantiated.

See also

OICommand::connectToSerialBus

          OIMode roomba::series500::oi::OICommand::_oi_mode

protected

The operating mode of the Open Interface.

This variable is used to track the current operating mode of the open interface (i.e. Off, Passive, Safe, Full)

The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:

/Users/zachary_fields/Development/bitbucket/irobot-roomba-500-series-sdk/OICommand/OICommand.h

/Users/zachary_fields/Development/bitbucket/irobot-roomba-500-series-sdk/OICommand/OICommand.cpp

<address class="footer">
Generated on Thu Nov 13 2014 17:17:10 for iRobot Roomba 500 Series SDK by

 1.8.7
</address>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Tooting Commons Management Advisory Committee
The voice of the users of the Tooting Commons
Features Map
The Tooting Commons comprise two distinct parts, both ancient common lands, and both now in the London Borough of Wandsworth.
Tooting Bec Common — the northern and eastern part and 152 acres – takes its name from the Bec Abbaye in Normandy, to which the land was given in the 11th century, .
It became one of the first commons formally established under the Metropolitan Commons Act of 1866 when the Metropolitan Board of Works acquired the manorial rights for £13,798 in 1873.
Tooting Graveney Common – the southern and western part and 62 acres – once included a slim strip which ran down Church Lane, now lost, and was acquired for £3,000 in 1875. A small portion of land in front of the Heritage Park residential development was added in exchange for land taken for road widening at the junction with Church Lane in the 1990s.
The dividing line between the Commons is now marked by Dr Johnson Avenue, originally a country path believed to have been used by Dr Samuel Johnson for trysts with Hester Thrale, his 'dear mistress'.
Tooting Bec Common adjoins the Woodfield Ground, which is owned by London Borough of Wandsworth although geographically, and for planning purposes, within the London Borough of Lambeth. This had been part of a farm, later an estate which was gradually split up and largely sold principally for development. The Woodfield Ground was sold to the London County Council in 1928. Although not formally part of the Commons the Woodfield Ground is also represented through the MAC.


text:
home > > what is a coal mining
what is a coal mining
Coal Mining and Transportation - Energy Explained, Your ,
Coal miners use large machines to remove coal from the earth Many US coal deposits, called coal beds or seams, are near the earth's surface, while others are deep undergroundModern mining methods allow coal miners to easily reach most of the nation's coal reserves and to produce about three times more coal in one hour than in 1978...
Mining - Wikipedia
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an ore body, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer depositThese deposits form a mineralized package that is of economic interest to the miner Ores recovered by mining include metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, chalk, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay...
Although the United States has the vast coal resource described in the previous chapter, perhaps as much as 4 trillion tons, the key issue for policy makers is the amount of coal that is economically recoverableThis is not a fixed quantity, but depends on the geological resource, the market price, and the cost of mining The particular characteristics of the coal mining industry create unique ....
Coal Mine - Museum of Science and Industry
Since 1933, Coal Mine has taken MSI guests down the mineshaft, along the rails, and through the walls of a true-to-life coal mine It was the Museum's very first exhibit, and it's been a guest favorite ever since You'll dig this descent into a "working" coal mine, an engaging tour of mining methods and machinery through the years...
Mining | Definition of Mining at Dictionary
Mining definition, the act, process, or industry of extracting ores, coal, etc, from min See more...
Coal - LSA
In underground mining, workers and machinery go down a vertical "shaft" or a slanted tunnel called a "slope" to remove the coal Mine shafts may sink as much as 1,000 feet deep One underground mining method is called room-and-pillar mining With this method, much of the coal must be left behind to support the mine's roofs and walls...
Top Coal-Mining Stocks for 2019 - Investopedia
May 01, 2019· Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel on earth, and it is a major source of energy Coal is widely used across the globe to generate electricity The coal mining process involves extracting coal ....
Coal Facts for Kids
Coal History The history of coal dates as far back as 100 BC with the Chinese; however the Romans and Greeks also used this element Several decades later in the year 1200, a monk wrote about a black substance found deep below the surface of the ground...
Glossary of Mining Terms - Coal Education
A Abutment - In coal mining, (1) the weight of the rocks above a narrow roadway is transferred to the solid coal along the sides, which act as abutments of the arch of strata spanning the roadway; and (2) the weight of the rocks over a longwall face is transferred to the front abutment, that is, the solid coal ahead of the face and the back abutment, that is, the settled packs behind the face...
Find out if a property is affected by coal mining - GOVUK
You can check if a property is in a former coal mining area and order a mining report if it is Property near to past mining activities may be at risk of being on unstable ground (sometimes called ....
What to Know Before Searching for a Mining Job
Sep 17, 2018· The mining industry is always on The miners usually work long shifts of 10 to 14 consecutive days, with some days off between shifts The remote location of the mining operations requires some miners to remain in the mining camp for months before going back home...
Coal and Air Pollution | Union of Concerned Scientists
Air pollution from coal-fired power plants is linked with asthma, cancer, heart and lung ailments, neurological problems, acid rain, global warming, and other severe environmental and public health impacts Coal has long been a reliable source of American energy, but it comes with tremendous costs ....
12 Environmental Effects of Coal Mining - Environment 911
Coal and coal waste contain heavy metals such as lead, mercury and arsenic, which are highly toxic both to plant and animal life #3 Acid Rain Possibly one of the scariest environmental effects of coal mining is the threat of acid rain...
What is Coking Coal - Aspire Mining Limited
Coking coal, also known as metallurgical coal, is used to create coke, one of the key irreplaceable inputs for the production of steel There are many varieties of coal in the world, ranging from brown coal or lignite to anthracite...
Coal mining - Wikipedia
Coal mining greatly increased during the industrial revolution and the following decad The main mining areas were around Aachen, the Ruhr and Saar area, along with many smaller areas in other parts of Germany These areas grew and were shaped by coal mining and coal processing, and this is still visible even after the end of the coal mining...
How Do They Do It__ Coal Mining Videoflv - YouTube
Nov 25, 2010· This feature is not available right now Please try again later...
What Is the Environmental Impact of Mining and Burning Coal?
Mining and burning coal for fuel is harmful to the environment; but, because coal is so abundant and cheap, many people are reluctant to give it up as a fuel source Coal starts as peat, or sections of partially decomposed organic matter that accumulate on ,...
Coal mining definition and meaning | Collins English ,
Coal mining definition: the act, process, or industry of extracting coal from the earth | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples...
What is mining? - Mongabay
What is mining? Mining is the extraction (removal) of minerals and metals from earth Manganese, tantalum, cassiterite, copper, tin, nickel, bauxite (aluminum ore), iron ore, gold, silver, and diamonds are just some examples of what is mined Why mine? Mining is a money making business...
Basic Information about Surface Coal Mining in Appalachia ,
"overburden" (rock above the coal seam), and "interburden" (rock between coal seams) Overburden and interburden are disposed of in adjacent valleys because the broken rock will not all fit back into the mining pit, and disposal alternatives are limited The usual method of disposing of this excess ....
Coal | Facts, Uses, & Types | Britannica
Apr 25, 2019· Coal: Coal, one of the most important primary fossil fuels, a solid carbon-rich material, usually brown or black, that most often occurs in stratified sedimentary deposits, which may later be subjected to high temperatures and pressures during mountain building, resulting in the development of anthracite and even graphite...
Coal mining | World Coal Association
Coal mining is only a temporary use of land, so it is vital that rehabilitation of land takes place once mining operations have stopped In best practice a detailed rehabilitation or reclamation plan is designed and approved for each coal mine, covering the period from the start of operations until well after mining ,...
How Does Coal Mining Affect the Environment? | Reference
Coal mining affects the environment in several ways: underground coal mining introduces toxins such as methane gas into waterways and the atmosphere, and surface coal mining contributes to deforestation and erosion Coal mining displaces large amounts of water, which in ,...
What is coal? | World Coal Association
Coal is a fossil fuel and is the altered remains of prehistoric vegetation that originally accumulated in swamps and peat bogs The energy we get from coal today comes from the energy that plants absorbed from the sun millions of years ago...
Coal - Energy Explained, Your Guide To Understanding ,
Nov 26, 2018· Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock with a high amount of carbon and hydrocarbons Coal is classified as a nonrenewable energy source because it takes millions of years to form Coal contains the energy stored by plants that lived hundreds of millions of years ago in ....
What is Underground Mining? (with pictures) - wisegeek
May 29, 2019· Underground mining is a technique used to access ores and valuable minerals in the ground by digging into the ground to extract them This is in contrast with techniques like open pit mining, in which the surface layers of ground are scooped away to access deposits, or mountaintop removal, in which the top of a mountain is simply shaved off to access the ore inside...
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> Content tagged with "borrow"
Can I borrow a book even if I don't have my student ID yet?
How do I find out when a book that has been ordered will be ready for borrowing?
Can i borrow a book if i have lost my student ID?
can we borow from NLA?


Our employees spend every day creating experiences that matter. A well-balanced employee benefits program is our way of showing them how much we appreciate their dedicated service.
Thanks to our comprehensive benefits program, we're able to support our talented employees in many different ways and put their best interests forward.


text:
#95 Alchemist Nation Podcast – Getting Started In Creative Real Estate Investing With Adam Adams
In this episode of the Alchemist Nation Real Estate Podcast, I talk to Adam Tripple Adams who has 520 episodes on his Creative Real Estate Investing podcast and I wanted to know what brought him into the podcast arena in the first place. He says that he has a business partner who used to host a podcast years ago when they first came out. His business partner has always been on the cutting edge of technology no matter what it was. He has always been doing technology companies where he founded the very first email marketing company. He has always been cutting edge, he has been in bitcoin before he and I knew what it was. As far as podcasting came out, he launched a podcast that's what he wanted to do though he ended up quitting it. Adam recalls having a meetup group that was doing well in terms of growth and he wanted to take it to the next level where he had barely bought an Apple phone and for the first time, he bought an apple phone to learn more about podcasts. He says that it was 2017, they started recording in May with his partner's help where he already had a mic, the computer that would do it, the software that would do the editing, all that kind of stuff. He was oblivious to technology but he knew that he wanted to start one though he knew that there were so many things that would have held him back from doing it that when he had a business partner that knew it from A – Z who was perfect. He did the voicing and his partner did all the hard stuff.
To listen to Adam Adams' Alchemist Nation Real Estate Podcast on Anchor: #95 Alchemist Nation Podcast – Getting Started In Creative Real Estate Investing With Adam Adams
I ask Adam how he got into real estate in the first place because he doesn't talk about it a lot, what inspired him into the first deal, and what made him think real estate. He says that his first real estate deal was because he comes from a family of real estate investors but he postponed it. Adam narrates about his first deal when he was in college when his Stepdad was tired of waiting for him to bring real estate into his own path, his stepdad purchased a piece of property that he gifted to him in 2005. His stepdad's accountant told him that he needs his son to pay for it where he was like his stepdad couldn't just give it to him just like that because he was going to pay a bunch of taxes. So his stepdad kind of made him pay for it when he was in college and he didn't really have money. So he paid the same price that he paid for it which wasn't very much though a lot for a college student. His first deal was really thrown to him like coerced through some type of either Christmas gift and birthday gift in that year but that's how they got started but he wasn't passionate about it though he thought it was really cool that he could say as a college student that he owned a cabin lot.
I further ask Adam what type of real estate he is playing in now because I know he is the king of creative finance, king of teaching people how to find money, raising capital, hanging out in the syndication arena. What does his portfolio look like and more importantly where does he see it going and how does he want it to look like. He says that it is a great question though he didn't expect it. For him and his team at Blue Spruce Holdings, they own, manage and they're general partners in four different communities and they want to buy more though they didn't buy a single property in the last 18 months. For them, it is the acquisition fees you make as a syndicator are very beneficial and they want to make them but what's great is that they don't necessarily have to close on a deal to have enough money in the bank. They can pay their rent or mortgages or housing, or food with what they have now which is awesome. He is also a passive investor where he has been involved in three bigger deals of like 400 units. His goal is that he would love to see their holdings company, Blue Spruce Holdings, and his business partners grow the portfolio in a smart way. They don't want to just close something for an acquisition fee if they don't think it can give money to passive investors. His other side of the goal is that he has invested in 3 apartment communities right now passively and his goal is to only invest in apartment communities.
Adam offers 3 pieces of advice to 20 years old Adam on how to succeed in real estate
1) – Focus on your future before you focus on the now.
2) – Get into multifamily sooner, go for cashflow not for just owning stuff and feeling good about owning them.
3) – Instead of doing a triathlon, go do mountain biking.
To get in touch with Adam, visit https://realbluespruce.com/
PrevPrevious#94 Alchemist Nation Podcast – Your 401k Is Not Dead Yet Bring It To Life with Clay Malcom Part 1 & 2
Next#96 Alchemist Nation Podcast – Mauricio Rauld Raise Capital The Right Way Don't End Up In JailNext


text:
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    <declare-styleable name="GlideImageView">
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MIAMI BEACH, Fla. — Alto Global Processing has announced the official launch of the company.
The company said the team was formed by combining the strengths of three entities including technology, banking and operational partners.
Alto Global Processing specializes in the issuing of private merchant services and gateway services in the high-risk merchant sector of the online payment processing space.
The management team of Alto Global Processing said it had monitored and reviewed the state of the online billing industry and is confident that its business model will enable the company to be competitive due to the team's experience, banking relationships and access to sophisticated technology.
"The entire online adult industry has rapidly evolved over the past two years in a manner that makes the business environment more challenging than ever," CEO Luca Bizzotto said.
"Along with an increase in affiliate programs competing, decrease in quality webmasters and access to free content, the credit card association has become more savvy with policing merchants who continue to be overly aggressive and ultimately forcing bank closures due to fraudulent practices. So, to combat these trends, Alto Global Processing has taken a unique approach to solidifying their position as a banking partner to merchants.
The company said that in order to service merchants by offering them private merchant accounts, Alto Global Processing is dedicated to seeking banking relationships where there is true investment into the bank.
"More specifically, Alto Global Processing's banking portfolio consists of banks that are not saturated with typical adult clients," the company said.
The company said Alto Global Processing's bank investment becomes more beneficial for clients and merchants in the ability to offer competitive rates, turn applications around in a quicker manner, to see the 'big picture' of a merchant, and to have more control in ensuring the merchant processes at its highest potential.
The company said this philosophy extends to Alto Global Processing gateway services. The team owns the code behind the platform giving clients access to custom services, discounted fees and customer service.
For more information, contact info@AltoGlobalProcessing.com.


text:
Q: Show pictures after read with tkinter I'm building a project where I use the tkinter library. Purpose: Create with a tkinter window, where initially there are two buttons 'open 1' and 'open 2', when any image is opened, the selected image is displayed.
I added my existing code.
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import filedialog

start = tk.Tk()
start.title("Start")
start.geometry("700x400")

filenames = ["", ""]

def bu_1():
    file = filedialog.askopenfilename(title="Open 1.", filetypes=(("PNG", "*.png"), ("JPG", "*.jpg")))
    filenames[0] = file
    #code to show picture
def bu_2():
    file = filedialog.askopenfilename(title="Open 1.", filetypes=(("PNG", "*.png"), ("JPG", "*.jpg")))
    filenames[1] = file
#code to show picture

open_1 = tk.Button(start, text="Open 1.", padx=10, pady=5, command=bu_1)
open_1.grid(row = 0, column = 0, padx = 30)
open_2 = tk.Button(start, text="Open 2.", padx=10, pady=5, command=bu_2)
open_2.grid(row = 0, column = 1, padx = 70)

start.mainloop()

But i do not know how I can do that. Maybe someone could help?

A: Answer could be found:
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/loading-images-in-tkinter-using-pil/
def open_img():
    # Select the Imagename  from a folder
    x = openfilename()

    # opens the image
    img = Image.open(x)

    # resize the image and apply a high-quality down sampling filter
    img = img.resize((250, 250), Image.ANTIALIAS)

    # PhotoImage class is used to add image to widgets, icons etc
    img = ImageTk.PhotoImage(img)

    # create a label
    panel = Label(root, image = img)

    # set the image as img
    panel.image = img
    panel.grid(row = 2)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
You are here: Home / Biomarker Bulletin / Biomarker Bulletin: July 24, 2013
Biomarker Bulletin: July 24, 2013
July 24, 2013 | by Walter Jessen
Reading time: 2 – 4 minutes
Biomarker Bulletin is an occasionally recurring update of news focused on biomarkers aggregated at BiomarkerCommons.org. Biomarkers are physical, functional or biochemical indicators of normal physiological or disease processes. The individualization of disease management — personalized medicine — is dependent on developing biomarkers that promote specific clinical domains, including early detection, risk, diagnosis, prognosis and predicted response to therapy.
Big Data From Alzheimer's Disease Whole Genome Sequencing Will Be Available to Researchers Due to Novel Global Research Database
The Alzheimer's Association and the Brin Wojcicki Foundation announced recently that massive amounts of new data have been generated by the first "Big Data" project for Alzheimer's disease. The data will be made freely available to researchers worldwide to quickly advance Alzheimer's science.
Abbott Announces New Test to Help Doctors Determine Personalized Treatment Path for Patients with Hepatitis C
Abbott recently announced that it has introduced the first FDA-approved hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotyping test for patients in the United States. Abbott's fully automated RealTime HCV Genotype II test determines the specific type or strain (referred to as the genotype) of the HCV virus present in the blood of an HCV-infected individual. Genotyping the HCV virus provides physicians with important information they can use to create a personalized, targeted diagnosis and treatment path to improve clinical outcomes.
Cambia Health Solutions and GNS Healthcare to Co-Develop Next Generation Medication Adherence Platform Using Big Data Analytics
Cambia Health Solutions and GNS Healthcare recently announced they are collaborating to build a platform for harnessing data-driven predictive models focused on medication adherence. The partnership will focus on predicting Meaningful Adherence™ – identifying where improving medication adherence can have the most meaningful impact on clinical and cost outcomes.
U.S. FDA Approves Gilotrif (afatinib) as First-line Treatment for Lung Cancer Patients with EGFR Mutations
Boehringer Ingelheim announced last week that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved afatinib tablets under the U.S. brand name GILOTRIFTM for oral use, as a new first-line treatment for patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumours have epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 19 deletions or exon 21 (L858R) substitution mutations as detected by an FDA-approved test.
Filed Under: Biomarker Bulletin Tagged: Alzheimer's disease, Biomedical Research, EGFR, Gilotrif, hepatitis C, Lung Cancer, medication adherence, non-small lung cancer
kwiKBio Aims to Fast Track Research with Crowdsourcing Campaign
The Brain's GPS System and the Nobel Prize for Medicine
Using Big Data Analytics to Predict Metabolic Syndrome
Walter Jessen is a senior writer for Highlight HEALTH Media.


Can you even begin to imagine the world that we would be living in if Nazi Germany never happened. All of the creativity, imagination and genius that belonged to all of the millions of lives that were destroyed needlessly.
What Really Died At Auschwitz? Join us for this conversation which is not held enough in any country concerning the millions of lives lost during the holocaust.
A Christian Pespective is dedicated to speaking about events past and presend from a Christian Perspective.
We will bring with us knowledgeable guests from varied backgrounds and experiences to help detemine what is the Christian perspective concerning the issues of the day.


text:
American Family Association: Tell the NFL to Fine Players Who Do Not Respect National Anthem
Friday, September 9, 2016 @ 8:33 AM
TUPELO, Miss.—Over the past few weeks, a handful of NFL players have refused to stand during the playing of America's national anthem. Many fans have been outraged as the NFL sits idly by while its employees, whose salaries the fans support through ticket sales, disrespect this great nation.
In a new Action Alert to its one million-plus friends and supporters, the American Family Association (AFA, www.afa.net) is urging those concerned to contact NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell and encourage a policy that will fine players for not respecting the national anthem.
"Some proponents of this protest by players have cited the First Amendment as a justification for these actions," said AFA President Tim Wildmon. "While the First Amendment prevents government from abridging freedom of speech, it does not prevent the NFL from having a code of conduct that requires its employees to stand at attention during the playing of the national anthem. The NFL has fostered an environment that allows blatant disrespect for our anthem, flag and nation.
"In no other country," Wildmon continued, "would athletes have the economic freedom to earn the salaries they can make in America. Even that fact alone should encourage them to show respect to our nation, and as their employer, the NFL should set guidelines, as any other corporation would. Sponsors of the NFL are urged to push back on them, too, for their lackadaisical attitude toward this serious matter."
AFA is educating Americans about standards that Congress has established for participation in and respect for the national anthem. 36 U.S. Code 301 says that "all other persons present should face the flag and stand at attention with their right hand over the heart, and men not in uniform, if applicable, should remove their headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart..."
"The National Football League has many standards when it comes to player conduct," Wildmon continued. "Players are only allowed to wear gear during interviews and games that are authorized by the NFL, for example. Violation of the gear standards can bring hundreds of thousands of dollars in fines. Refusing to show respect by sitting or kneeling during 'The Star-Spangled Banner' should be one of the violations for which players are fined."
In fact, E!Online.com provided a list of what it calls 14 "crazy and ridiculous" examples of players being fined for violating NFL policy.
"How embarrassing will it be if dozens of professional athletes begin to sit on the bench while the national anthem is performed?" Wildmon added. "Imagine the disrespect for America that will follow if the NFL continues to allow this."
AFA is urging Americans to tell the NFL to respect 36 U.S. Code 301 and fine players who refuse to stand during the national anthem by taking action in several ways:
Call NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell at (212) 450-2000.
Connect with Goodell via Facebook, NFL.com or on Twitter.
E-mail Goodell through his public relations contact (a pre-written message is provided online)
For more information on American Family Association, visit www.afa.net or follow AFA on Facebook or on Twitter @AmericanFamAssc.